THE BAHAMA FLOEA BY NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D. DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND CHARLES FREDERICK MILLSPAUGH, M.D. CIFATCH OF BOTANY, HELD 1 I'fll'M OF NATURAL HISTORY lib ;a NEW YO . BOTANIC A GARDEN NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORS Ji \e 2G, 1920 Bl Copyright, 1920 By Nathaniel Lord Britton PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. CONTENTS PAGES Introduction ......... v-viii Bahama Flora ........ 1-645 Exploration and Collections ...... 646-655 Bibliography 656-662 Index • 663-695 INTRODUCTION. The numerous Bahama Islands form an archipelago situated east of Florida and north of Cuba and Hispaniola, comprising 29 islands, 661 cays and 2387 rocks with a total land area of about 4424 square miles; the nearest island to the Florida coast is Gun Cay, distant about 40 miles nearly east from Cape Florida; the island nearest Cuba is the little Cay Sal, about 35 miles north, across the Nicholas Channel, while the nearest to Hispaniola is Great Inagua, lying about 60 miles north of Cape St. Nicholas. The axis of the archipelago is in a general way northwest and southeast, with a total Length of over 600 miles ; the greatest width, disregarding the islands of the outlying Cay Sal Bank, from Gun Cay to Man-of-War Cay, Abaco, is about 150 miles. The most northern cays of the Little Bahama Bank north of the Great Bahama Island are in north latitude about 27° 30' ; the south- ern side of Great Inagua is in north latitude about 20° 55'. Gun Cay is in west longitude about 79° 20'; cays of the Turk's Islands are in west longitude about 71° 10'. The many islands and cays stand on banks, in shallow water, with oceanic depths among and between them. The region has, doubtless, been subjected to alternate periods of uplift and depres- sion in past geologic time, but the vertical movements have prob- ably been relatively small ; during times of uplift, some of the present islands may have been connected, but there is no evidence that there ever was land connection with either Florida, Cuba or Hispaniola. Most of the islands are low, but hilly and rocky, the ranges of hills usually running lengthwise of the island ; on New Providence, the hills rise to about 100 feet elevation; on Cat Island, aneroid barometer readings indicated altitudes up to 205 feet (published records of greater elevations on Cat Island were not substantiated by our observations) ; on Watling's Island, hills rise to about 140 feet. Most of Andros, the Great Bahama and Abaco are low and nearly level. At points wThere the hills come to the sea there are bold rocky headlands, such as Columbus Bluff, at the southern end VI INTRODUCTION. of Cat Island. On the western side of Andros and on the southern side of New Providence are large areas known as "swash," subject to overflow by the sea in storms. Beaches of white limestone sand are occasional, and the interior of parts of some of the islands is quite sandy (white-lands), notably Eleuthera, Little San Salvador and some of the Berry Islands. Large salt-water lakes at sea level, but without connection with the ocean, unless underground, are striking features on New Providence (Lake Cunningham) and on Watling's Island. Mangrove swamps are local along the coastal lines. There are no fresh-water streams, but fresh-water marshes exist on some of the larger islands. The rocks of the Bahama Islands are wholly aeolian limestone ; their surface is often greatly eroded into sharp "dog-tooth" pro- jections, and there are many "sink-holes," these sometimes 10 feet deep or deeper. Small caves are occasional. Where composed mainly of sand, the soil is often of considerable depth, but it is usually thin and meagre, often colored red or reddish (red-lands) by iron oxide leached from the limestone. There are extensive forests of the Caribbean Pine (Pinus cari- baea), much reduced in recent years by lumbering, on the Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros and New Providence, and this tree occurs again on the Caicos Islands, but does not exist on any other islands of the Archipelago. On the larger islands, notably Andros, New Providence and Great Bahama, and on some of the smaller ones, hardwood forests (coppices) occur, sometimes wholly enclosed by pinelands, like the similar ' ' hammocks ' ' of southern Florida. These coppices are made up of a considerable variety of tall tree species. On' most of the smaller islands, however, and in parts of the larger ones, the woody vegetation is wholly of shrubs and low trees, often of great density of growth, forming the "scrub-lands." Portions of these areas may have had larger trees upon them in the past, cut out for lumber and firewood, but over great areas there is no evi- dence of large trees ever having existed. Locally some of these areas are known as "low coppices." The relationships of the native Bahamian flora are, as would be expected, with those of Florida, Cuba and Hispaniola, and it may be assumed that the species which are in common have been trans- ported from one or another of the land masses by natural agencies of winds, migratory birds or oceanic currents. INTRODUCTION. Vll The flora as here recorded is composed of species as follows: Bahama Flora Endemic Spermatophyta 995 133 Pteridophyta 33 0 Bryophyta 69 1 Thallophyta: Fungi 150 18 Lichens 197 19 Algae (incl. Diatomeae) . . 519 14 Myxomycetes 11 0 1982 185 The Fungi, except the' Basidiomycetes, are as yet very incom- pletely known, many more lichens probably exist in the Bahamas, and the fresh-water and aerial algae have been little collected or studied. Practically nothing is known about the Bacteria. In addition to the numerous collections made by the authors, or under their supervision, the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden and the Field Museum of Natural History contain the per- sonal herbarium of Mr. Lewis J. K. Brace and the prime set of the collections of Mrs. Northrop, Dr. W. C. Coker, Mr. Win. Cooper, Mr. A. H. Curtiss, Mr. Alex. E. Wight, Dr. J. T. Rothrock and Prof. F. S. Earle. In addition the Missouri Botanical Garden kindly loaned to the authors the complete original collection of Prof. A. S. Hitchcock. These collections enabled them to substan- tiate the species published in Dolley's "Provisional List of the Bahamas, etc."; Mrs. Northrop 's "Flora of New Providence and Andros," and Coker 's "Vegetation of the Bahama Islands." The authors have also, at various intervals, been able to consult the col- lections of Catesby, Eggers, Hjalmarson, Daniell, Herrick, Allen, Barbour and Bryant, and others deposited in European and Amer- ican herbaria. This has rendered possible the critical notes and ob- servations recorded in the text concerning a large number of species heretofore erroneously accredited to the Bahamas. In addition to the exsiccatae mentioned above a complete series of living orchids, cacti and bromeliads, together with many other plants of special interest were brought into the Garden conserva- tories and there observed through several flowering seasons. The authors have not included cultivated species except such as have shown a strong tendency to become spontaneous. viii INTRODUCTION. Grateful acknowledgment for assistance in the preparation of this volume is tendered to Dr. John K. Small, for critical compara- tive work as regards plants of Florida and for proof-reading; to Mr. Percy Wilson for bibliographical work, proof-reading and in- dexing ; to Mr. W. R. Maxon for information relative to the Ferns ; to Mrs. N. L. Britton for her contribution of the treatment of the Musei; to Professor Alexander W. Evans for his contribution of the Hepaticae ; to Professor Lincoln W. Riddle for the chapter on Lichens; to Dr. Marshall A. Howe and Mr. Frank S. Collins for the chapters on Algae; to Mr. Charles S. Boyer for the list of Diatoms; to Dr. Fred J. Seaver and Dr. William A. Murrill for their work on the Fungi; and to Mr. L. J. K. Brace for many notes and for lists of common names of plants. Much information regard- ing species was also obtained from the Royal Gardens, Kew, Eng- land, and from the British Museum of Natural History, and is highly appreciated. LIE*, NEW YO BOTANfC 3ARDEJ THE BAHAMA FLORA All plants may be grouped in four main categories, known as Phyla or Subkingdoms, as follows : Phylum 1. Spermatophyta, those which bear seeds, a seed being different from all other vegetable structures by containing an embryonic plantlet. All spermatophytes bear flowers of one kind or another, and this phylum is also called Anthophyta, or flowering plants and, to distinguish it from the three other phyla collectively, Phanerogamia. Phyla 2, 3 and 4 taken together are called Cryptogamia ; all these are seedless. Phylum 2. Pteridophyta, comprises ferns and fern allies; all are flowerless and have two separate and distinct alternating generations, the one represented by the fully developed plant having root, stem and leaves, with vascular tissue and bearing spores, a spore being a single vegetable cell capable of growing into a new plant ; the other, called the prothallium stage, is small, inconspicuous, grows from the spores, has no vascular tissue, is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves, and bears the sexual organs; from the female organ of the prothallium (archegonium) the fully developed spore-bearing plant again arises; the male organ, borne either on the same prothallium or on a different one, is called an antheridium. Phylum 3. Bryophyta, consists of mosses and their allies; all are small flowerless plants with alternating sexual and non- sexual (spore-bearing) generations, but the spore-bearing genera- tion never becomes separated and independent; the sexual gen- eration is commonly the more conspicuous and is, in most cases, differentiated into stem and leaves, while the spore-bearing gen- eration is never thus differentiated ; their spores are borne in con- ceptacles termed capsules, and from the spores the plant again develops. Bryophytes consist almost wholly of cellular or non- vascular tissue. Phylum 4. Thallophyta, includes the algae, fungi and lichens ; l 2 SPERMATOPHYTA. all are flowerless and their methods of reproducing and propaga- tion are varied. They contain no vascular tissue (except a few large algae) and the plant body is not differentiated into stem and leaves. Many of them are of microscopic size. Phylum 1. SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed-bearing Plants. Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), and a terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes undifferentiated before germination. Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the apex or side of a modified leaf (filament) . The macrosporanges (ovules) are borne on the face of a flat or inrolled much modified leaf (carpel) and contain one macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops the minute female prothallium, an archegone of which is fertilized by means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprout- ing from the pollen-grain. There are two classes which differ from each other as follows : Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary) ; stigmas 1 or more. ClaSS 1. AXGIOSPEEMAE. Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale ; stigmas none. Class 2. Gtmnospekmae. Class 1. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such leaves joined to- gether, in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen-grains (micro- spores) on alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) germinate, sending out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissues and reaching an ovule enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle), and its tip coming in contact with a germ-cell in the embryo-sac, fertilization is effected. In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle. There are two sub-classes, distinguished as follows: Cotyledon one ; stem endogenous. Sub-class 1. Monocottledones. Cotyledons normally two; stem (with rare exceptions) exogenous. Sub-class 2. Dicotyledones. TYPHACEAE. Sub-class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Embryo with a single cotyledon and. the first leaves of the germinating plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly imbedded ; no distinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire, com- monly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinc- tion of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3-merous or 6-merous. t Carpels 1 or more, distinct (united, at least partially, in Vallisneriaceae and others of the Xaiadales, which are aquatic herbs, in Hydrocharitales and in some palms and Pandanales) ; parts of the usually imperfect flowers mostly unequal in number. Inflorescence various, not a true spadix. Leaves neither compound nor flabellate. Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales. Endosperm mealy or fleshy ; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales, or want- ing ; flowers monoecious, spicate or capitate Endosperm none, or very little. Perianth rudimentary, of 4 small sepals in Potamoycton, or none. Perianth present. Carpels distinct. Carpels united. Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales, ar- ranged in spikes or spikelets. Leaves pinnately or palmately compound, or fla- bellate ; trees or shrubs. Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe ; or plants minute, floating free, the flowers few or solitary on the margin or back of the thallus. ft Carpels united into a compound ovary ; flowers mostly in 3's or 6's. Seeds with endosperm. Endosperm mealy ; ovary mostly superior. Endosperm fleshy or horny. Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute ; ovary inferior ; flowers very irregular. Order 1. Pandanales. Order 2. Kaiadales. Order Order 3. 4. Alismales. Hydrocharitales Order 5. Poales. Order 6. Arecales. Order 7. Arales. parts of the usually complete Order Order 8. Xyridales. 9. Liliales. Order 10. Orchidales. Order 1. PANDANALES. Our species aquatic or marsh plants, with narrow elongated leaves and very small, imperfect and incomplete flowers in spikes or heads. Perianth of bristles, or of chaffy scales. Ovary 1, 1-2-eelled. Endo- sperm mealy or fleshy. The order takes its name from the tropical genus Pandanas, the so- called Screw-Pine. Family 1. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cat-tail Family. Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and glabrous erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, sheath- ing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes, which are subtended by spathaeeous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided at intervals by smaller bracts, which are caducous, the staminate spikes uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens 2-7, the filaments connate. 4 ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Ovary 1, stipitate, 1-2-celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Mingled among the stamens and pistils are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate tips. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious. The family comprises only the following genus : 1. TYPHA L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] About 10 species, widely dis- tributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Typha latifolia L. * 1. Typha angustifolia L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. Typha domingensis Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 532. 1807. Typha angustifolia domingensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 512. 1864. Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 m. high. Leaves narrowly linear, 3-20 mm. wide, erect, often as long as the stem ; spikes light brown, the staminate and pistil- late portions usually separated, the two together sometimes 0.5 m. long, the pis- tillate, when mature, 6-16 mm. in diameter, and provided with bractlets; stig- mas linear or linear-oblong; pollen-grains simple; fruit not furrowed, not bursting in water; outer coat of the seed not separable. In fresh water or slightly brackish marshes, Great Bahama, Abaco, New Provi- dence, Andros, Eleuthera, Watling's Island : — Bermuda : Jamaica ; Cuba to Tortola and Trinidad : southern United States to Patagonia ; Europe ; Asia. Referred by Dolley to Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail. Slag. Order 2. NAIAD ALES. Aquatic or marsh herbs, the leaves various. Flowers perfect, monoe- cious or dioecious. Perianth rudimentary, or wanting. Parts of the flower mostly unequal in number. Carpels 1 or more, distinct and separate or united; endosperm none, or very little. Carpels distinct. Fam. 1. Zannichelliaceae. Carpels 2, united, or 1 only. Fam. 2. Cymodoceaceae. Family 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. Pondweed Family. Perennial plants, the foliage mostly submerged. Leaves very narrow or broad. Flowers monoecious or perfect, small, and inconspicuous. Perianth present or none. Stamens 1-4, with extrorse anthers. Carpels 1-seeded. Fruit drupe-like. Endosperm none. Four genera and sixty or more species, mostly inhabiting fresh water. Perianth of 4 segments. 1. Potamogeton. Perianth wanting. 2. Ruppia. 1. POTAMOGETON L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753. Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and floating, the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. Spathes stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base of the leaf or petiole, enclosing the young buds and usually soon perishing after expanding. Peduncles axillary, usually emersed. Flowers small, spicate, green or red. Perianth-segments 4, short-clawed, concave, valvate. Stamens 4, ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 5 inserted on the claws of the perianth-segments. Anthers sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, attenuated into a short style, or with a sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 drupelets, the pericarp usually thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylotropous, with an uncinate embryo thickened at the radicular end. [Greek, in allusion to the aquatic habitat.] About 65 species, mostly natives of temperate regions. Type species: Potamogeton natans L. 1. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. 21. 1771. Stems slender, compressed, much branched, sometimes 4 m. long. Floating leaves pointed at the apex, mostly rounded or subcordate at the base, 1.5— 10 cm. long, 8-30 mm. wide, 10-18-nerved, on petioles 2-1 01 cm. long; submerged leaves pellucid, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, cuspidate, rather stiff, 2-15 cm. long, 2-16 mm. wide, 3-9-nerved, the uppermost often petioled; peduncles often thickened upward, sometimes clustered ; stipules spreading, obtuse, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; spikes 1.8-4 em. long; fruit roundish or obliquely obovoid, 2-3 mm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, obtuse, apical; apex of the embryo nearly touching the base, pointing slightly inside of it. In fresh water pools and ditches. Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma : — North America and Europe. Pondweed. 2. RUPPIA L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753. Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate 1-nerved leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. Flowers on a capillary spadix-like peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each with 2 large separate sacs attached by their backs to the peduncle, having between them several pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a small obliquely-pointed drupe, several in each cluster and pedicelled; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and both that and the hypocotyl immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Eupp, a German botanist.] In the development of the plants the staminate flowers drop off and the peduncle elongates, bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusters at the end, but after fertilization it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the surface of the water. Three or four species, widely distributed, the following typical. I 1. Ruppia maritima L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753. Stems usually whitish, often 1 m. long, the internodes irregular, naked. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, 1.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths with a short free tip; peduncles in fruit sometimes 0.3 m. long; pedicels 4-6 in a cluster, 1-3.5 cm. long; drupes with a dark hard shell, ovoid, about 2 mm. long, often oblique or gibbous at the base, pointed with the long style, but varying much in shape; forms with very short peduncles and pedicels, and with broad, strongly marked sheaths occur. In shallow salt and hrackish water throughout the archipelago : — Coast of Eastern North America; Bermuda; Cuba to Trinidad; temperate and tropical regions of the OUi World. Ditch-grass. 6 CYMODOCEACEAE. Family 2. CYMODOCEACEAE Kerner. Manatee-grass Family. Submerged marine perennial herbs, with long rootstocks. Leaves linear, sheathing. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary or cymose. Staminate flowers of 2 long-pedicelled anthers, the anthers 2-celled, longitudinally de- hiscent. Pistillate flowers of 1 or 2 carpels, the 1 or 2 stigmas filiform. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded. Two known genera, the following. Stigmas 2; leaves mostly terete. 1. Cymodocea. Stigma 1 ; leaves flat. 2. Halodule. 1. CYMODOCEA Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 96. 1805. Leaves terete in our species, acute. Flowers dioecious. Pistillate flowers of 2 carpels; stigmas 2. Seed pendulous. [Named for Cymodoee, one of the Nereids.] Type species: Cymodocea aequorea Konig. 1. Cymodocea manatorum Aschers. Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freimde, 1868 : 19. 1868. Eootstoek branched, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 0.4-3.2 dm. long, terete or nearly so, about 2 mm. thick, their bases enclosed by membranous stipular sheaths 1-5 cm. long. Shallow salt water, Great Bahama, Abaco, Mariguana : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies. Manatee-gkass. 2. HALODULE Endl. Gen, 1368. 1841. Marine perennials with jointed rootstocks and linear, flat sheathing leaves, the small flowers dioecious. Perianth wanting. Staminate flower of 2 anthers unequally attached to a pedicel. Pistillate flower a solitary naked carpel; style short; stigma one, slender. Fruit globular, small. [Greek, referring to the saline habitat.] A few species of tropical and subtropical waters. Type species: Diplanthera tridentata Steinh. 1. Halodule Wrightii Aschers. Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1868: 19. 1868. Diplanthera Wrightii Aschers. in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Nachtr. 37. 1897. Eootstoek slender, nearly white, 3 dm. long or longer, copiously rooting at the nodes. Leaves narrowly linear, 1 mm. wide or less, acute, sheathing at the base, the scarious sheath 1-3 cm. long; anthers about 6 mm. long; fruit nearly black. Shallow salt water, Rose Island, Eleuthera. Mariguana : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; St. Thomas ; St. Croix ; Jamaica ; Martinique ; Panama. Order 3. ALISMALES. Acraatic or uliginous herbs, mostly acaulescent and with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, mostly basal, broad or narrow. Flowers perfect, monoe- cious or dioecious, clustered. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 thin petals, or sometimes wanting. Stamens several or many; filaments slender or short; anthers with inconspicuous connectives. Pistils few to many, dis- tinct; ovary superior; style stout or slender; stigma small. Fruit a head of achenes in the following family. ALISMACEAE. 7 Family 1. ALISMACEAE DC. ' Water-Plantain Family. Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose stems and basal long-petiolecl sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate. Flowers pedieelled, the pedicels vertieillate and subtended by bracts. Receptacle flat or convex. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or more; anthers 2-celled. extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries 1-celled, usually with a single ovule in each cell. Carpels becoming achenes in fruit in our species. Seeds uncinate-curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Endosperm none. Latex- tubes are found in all the species, according to Mieheli. About 13 genera and 70 species, of wide distribution in fresh water swamps and streams. Flowers perfect. 1. Echinodorus. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 2. Sagittaria. 1. ECHINODORUS Richard; Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848. Perennial or annual herbs with long-petiolecl elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, often cordate or sagittate leaves, 3-9-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or lines. Scapes often longer than the leaves; inflorescence racemose or panicu- late, the flowers vertieillate, each verticil with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles. Flowers perfect; sepals 3, distinct, persistent; petals white, deciduous; receptacle large, convex or globose; stamens 12-30; ovaries numer- ous; style obliquely apical, persistent; stigma simple. Fruit achenes, more or less compressed, coriaceous, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek, in allusion to the spinose heads of fruit.] About 14 species, mostly natives of America. Type species: Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. 1. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Kar. 109. 1857. Alisma cordifolia L. Sp. PI. 343. 1753. Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848. Leaves variable in form, often broadly ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 15-20 cm. long and wide, but in smaller plants sometimes nearly lanceolate, acute at each end and but 2-5 cm. long ; petioles angular, striate ; scapes 1 or more, erect, 12-40 cm. tall; flowers 3-6 in the verticils; pedicels erect after flowering; sepals shorter than the heads; petals 4—6 mm. long; stamens often 12 ; styles longer than the ovary ; fruiting heads bur-like, 4-6 mm. in diameter ; achenes about 3 mm. long, narrowly obovate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak apical, oblique, about one-half the length of the achene. In sink-holes and fresh water swamps. Andros, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Crooked Island, Aeklin's Island, Fortune Island. Great Exuma, Grand Turk : — South- eastern United States ; Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Thomas and Barbadoes. Bcr-head. 2. SAGITTARIA L. Sp. PI. 993. 1753. Perennials, mostly with tuber-bearing cr nodose rootstocks, basal long- petioled nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, and erect, decumbent or floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodes. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in verticils of 3's, pedieelled, the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted. Sepals 8 ELODEACEAE. persistent, those of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our species. Petals 3, white, deciduous. Stamens inserted on the convex receptacle ; stami- nate flowers sometimes with imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes with imperfect stamens; ovule solitary; stigmas small, persistent. Achenes numerous, densely aggregated in globose or sub- globose heads, compressed. Seed erect, curved. [Latin, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves of some species.] About 40 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Sagittaria sagittifolia L. 1. Sagittaria lancifolia L. PL Jam. Pug. 27. 1759. Monoecious, glabrous; scape rigid, erect, stout or rather slender, striate, branched or simple, longer than the leaves. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, firm, entire, the blades 5-9-nerved, 0.2-0.4 m. long, gradually narrowed into the long petioles, apparently pinnately veined; flowers numerous, 1-2.5 cm. broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually not united at the base, glabrous or nearly so, equalling or shorter than the fruiting pedicels; stamens numerous; filaments cobwebby -pubescent, equalling or longer than the anthers; achene narrowly obovate-cuneate, 2-3 mm. long, winged on both margins, its sides smooth, its beak tapering, oblique. In fresh water or slightly brackish swamps and savannas. Xew Providence. Andros, Great Bahama : — Southern United States to Argentina ; Jamaica ; Cuba to Barbadoes. Laxce-leaved Sagittaria. Order 4. HYDRO CHARIT ALES. Floating or more or less emersed herbs, perennial by rootstocks or stolons. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes. Perianth of 2 dissimilar series of parts or the corolla wanting. Stamens 3-12. Carpels 3-15, united. Ovary inferior, with several parietal placentae or several-celled. Endosperm none. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae ; stigmas 3-5. Fam. 1. Elodeaceae. Ovary 6-9-celled ; stigmas 6-9. Fam. 2. Htdeocharitaceae. Family 1. ELODEACEAE Dumort. Tape-grass Family. Stoloniferous or rhizomatous aquatics, fresh-water or marine, submerged or the leaves sometimes floating. Leaves various, opposite, verticillate or fascicled. Flowers small, regular or nearly so, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, enclosed in a spathe composed of 1-3 bracts. Calyx of the pistillate flowers with a tube and 3 lobes or sepals, that of staminate flowers often small or obsolete. Petals 3 or wanting. Stamens 3-12 ; fila- ments short or the anthers sessile. Pistil 1 ; ovary 1-celled with 2-5 parietal placentae ; ovules usually numerous. Fruit small, indehiscent. Seeds with- out endosperm. 1. HALOPHILA Thouars; Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 429. 1829. Submerged or floating marine herbs, with slender rootstocks, branched stems and opposite or whorled, petioled leaves, the dioecious flowers solitary in spathes. Staminate flower peduncled, with 3 sepals, and 3 stamens with nearly HYDEOCHABITACEAE. 9 sessile, extrorse anthers. Pistillate flower sessile, with 3 very small sepals, a 1-celled, beaked ovary and a 3-parted style. Fruit enclosed in the spathe. Seeds numerous, the embryo with spirally bent cotyledons. [Greek, salt-loving. J About 7 species of tropical distribution. Type species: Caulinia ovalis B. Br. 1. Halophila Engelmanni Aschers. in Neumayer, Anleit. Wiss. Beob. 368. 1875. Rootstocks buried in sand or mud in water up to 4 m. deep or deeper, branched, the slender stems 3-6 dm. long. Leaves linear-oblong to oblanceolate, mostly whorled at the ends of the branches, short-petioled, 1-3 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved, finely and sharply serrulate; pistillate flowers axillary, enclosed by 2 lanceolate bracts, the hypanthium flask-shaped, about 8 mm. long, the sepals minute, the 3 stigmas filiform, about 3 cm. long; staminate flowers unknown. In salt water, often washed ashore, Abaco, North Bimini, Rose Island, Great Exuma : — Florida ; Cuba. Halophila. Family 2. HYDROCHAEITACEAE Aschers. Frog's-bit Family. Submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers regu- lar, mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 bracts or leaves. Perianth 3-6-parted, the segments either all petaloid or the 3 outer ones small and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary at its base in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovaiy 6-9-celled. Styles 6-9. with entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Ovules anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit ripening under water, inde- hiscent. Seeds numerous, without endosperm. About 14 genera and 40 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. 1. THALASSIA Banks; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 96. 1805. Marine herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves several at a joint, sheath- ing at the base, linear, elongated, the scape arising from the cluster of leaves. Flowers dioecious, solitary in narrow spathes of two bracts, these united into a tube at the base. Staminate flowers long-pedicelled; perianth of 3 petaloid sepals; stamens 6; filaments very short; anthers opening laterally. Pistillate flower nearly sessile in the spathe, caducous; ovary 6-9-celled, beaked. Fruit stalked, rugose or nearly echinate, opening by many valves. Seeds numerous. [Greek, referring to its growth in the ocean.] Two known species, the follow- ing typical. 1. Thalassia testudinum Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 96. 1805. Submersed, glabrous. Eootstocks creeping, elongated; stems short, arising from the nodes of the rootstock; leaves 2-5, sheathing the stem; blades linear, strap-like, 0.5-3 dm. long, obtuse, withering-persistent; scapes solitary, central; fruit globose or oval, echinate-pubescent, pointed. In shallow salt water, Andros and New Providence to Watling's Island and Inagua : — Bermuda; Florida; throughout the West Indies. Ttjbtle-grass. Catesby, 2 : pi. 88. 2 10 POACEAE. Order 5. POALES. Grasses and sedges. Monocotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous, with leafy or leafless, usually simple, stems (culms), the leaves usually narrow and elongated, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers mostly perfect, small, incomplete, in the axils of dry, chaffy scales (glumes) arranged in spikes or spikelets. Fruit a caryopsis ("grain) : culm mostly hollow. Fam. 1. Poaceae. Fruit an achene ; culm solid. Fam. 2. Cypekaceae. Family 1. POACEAE R. Br. Grass Family. Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees. Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed. Leaves sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side oppo- site the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rarely wanting, called the ligule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflo- rescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts, called scales (glumes), the' two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one or both of these sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale and with its back toward the axis (raehilla) of the spikelet, generally 2- keeled; sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, sub- tended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit a seed- like grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy. About 3500 species widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on all kinds of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The species are more nu- merous in tropical countries, while the number of individuals is much greater in temperate regions, often forming extended areas of turf. A. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales or below a subtending involucre, or attached to and deciduous with the internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower imperfect. 1. Fruiting scale and palet hyaline, thin, more delicate than the empty scales. * Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the upper, part of the same spike. •!. Tripsacum. ** Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and sometimes perfect, more commonly staminate or empty, or sometimes reduced to a single scale, or wanting. Axis of the racemes continuous. 2. Imperata. Axis of the racemes articulated. Raceme single : pedicels and internodes of the rachis club-shaped. 3. Schizachyrium. Racemes in pairs or more ; pedicels and rachis- internodes filiform. 4. Andropogon. 2. Fruiting scale and palet never hyaline and thin, as firm as the empty scales, or firmer. 1. Spikelets prickly. 5. Nazia. 2. Spikelets not prickly, but sometimes enclosed in a spiny involucre. POACEAE. 11 * Spikelets in clusters of 3 or 4, the empty scales forming a false involucre. ** Spikelets otherwise arranged. t Spikelets not sunken in the rachis. t Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves. § Scales awnless. Fruiting scale chartaceous, the mar- gins hyaline and flat. Racemes in whorls, or approximate at the summit of the stem ; outer scales of the spikelet with short hairs or glabrous. Racemes on an elongated axis ; outer scales of the spikelet clothed with long hairs exceed- ing the spikelet. Fruiting scale indurated, rigid, the margins inrolled and not hyaline. Opening in the fruiting scale turned toward the rachis. Opening in the fruiting scale turned away from the rachis. Spikelets plano-convex, arranged in secund racemes, of 3 scales. Spikelets unequally biconvex, in panicles, or rarely in secund racemes, of 4 scales. Culms herbaceous. Culms woody. §§ Scales, or some of them, awned or awn- pointed. Third scale awned or awn-pointed, the second and first scales awnless or with awns successively shorter. Third scales awnless or awn-pointed, the second and first scales with awns successively longer, jj Spikelets with an involucre. Involucre of bristles. Bristles persistent ; spikelets de- ciduous. Bristles deciduous with the spikelets. Involucre of 2 spine-bearing valves. tt Spikelets sunken in one side of a flat thick rachis. B. Spikelets articulated above the empty persistent scales, 1-many-flowered. 1. Stems herbaceous, hence annual ; leaves scattered. * Spikelets of 3 scales, 1 -flowered. Flowering scale awned. closely embracing the grain. Awns 3. Awn 1. Flowering scales awnless, the grain dropping from it when mature. ** Spikelets of 4 or more scales, usually with 2 or more flowers. t Spikelets in 2 rows, forming 1-sided spikes or racemes. Spikelets wholly deciduous. Spikelets not wholly deciduous. 1 perfect flower in each spikelet. No empty scales above the flowers. 1-several empty scales above the flower. Spikes in whorls or closely approxi- mate. Second empty scale acute ; awn of the flowering scales usually long. Second empty scale truncate or 2- toothed : flowering scales awnless or awn-pointed. Spikes remote. 2-several perfect flowers in each spikelet. Spikelets densely crowded ; spikes digitate. Spikes with terminal spikelets. Spikes with the rachis extending beyond the spikelets in a naked point. 6. Anthcphora. 7. Syntherisma. 8. Valota. 9. Axonopm. 10. Paspalum. 11. Panicum. 12. Lasiacis. 13. Ecltinochloa. 14: Oplismcnus. 15. Chaetochloa. 16. Cenchropsis. 17. Cenchru8. 18. Stenotaphrum. 19. Aristida. 20. Muhlenbcrgia. 21. Sporobolus. 22. Spurt ina. 23. Capriola. 24. CMoris. '_'.". Eustachy8. 2ti. Boutclouu. 27. Elcusinc. 28. Dactyloctcnium. 12 POACEAE. Spikelets alternate; spikes remote. 29. Lcptochloa. tt Spikelets in open or spiki-like panicles or racemes. Rachilla with hairs longer than the flowering scales and enveloping them ; tall reed-like grasses. 30. Phragmitcs. Rachilla and flowering scales glabrous. Flowering scales 3-nerved ; first 2 scales of the spikelets empty. Inflorescence of long branches, along which the appressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels ; lateral nerves of the flowering scales pubescent. 31. Diplachne. Inflorescence an open or contracted pan- icle, rarely racemose ; lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. 32. Eragrostis. Flowering scales 5— many-nerved ; first 2-6 scales of the spikelets empty. Plants not dioecious : spikelets flat, 2-edged. 33. Uniola. Flants dioecious ; spikelets compressed. 34. Distichlis. 2. Stems woody, perennial ; leaves on short branches which form dense whorls at the nodes. 3.j. Arthrostylidium. 1. TRIPSACUM L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1261. 1759. Tall perennial grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad, flat leaves and monoecious flowers. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary or clus- tered, elongated spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2 's at each node of the upper part of the axis, 2-flowered, consisting of four scales, the two outer coriaceous, the two inner thinner, the palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pistillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints of the spike, 1-flowered; stigmas exserted; style slender. Grain partly enclosed in the excavations of the spikes, covered in front by the horny exterior lower scale. [Name from the Greek, in allusion to the polished outer scales.] About 7 species, natives of America, the following typical. 1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1261. 1759. Eootstoek 1.25-2.5 cm. thick; culms stout, erect, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves smooth and glabrous, 3 dm. or more long, 1.25-3.75 cm. wide; spikes terminal, and in the upper axils, solitary or 2-3 together, 1-1.25 dm. long; outer scales of the staminate spikelets linear and obtuse, 8 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, faintly many-nerved; exterior scale of the pistillate spikelets horny, shining. Scrub-lands. Inagua : — Rhode Island to Nebraska, Florida and Texas ; Hispaniola ; Trinidad : Mexico : South America. Gama-grass. 2. IMPERATA Cirillo, PI. Ear. Neap. 2: 26. 1792. Perennial grasses with elongated leaves, the spikelets in dense terminal spike-like, silvery-hairy panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, un- equally pedicellate in pairs; scales 4, thin, hyaline, awnless, the 2 outer ones empty, pilose, the third glabrous, usually empty, the fourth glabrous, subtend- ing a perfect flower and its 2-nerved palet. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles distinct, stigmas plumose. [Commemorates Ferrante Imperate, Italian naturalist of the sixteenth century.] About 5 species of tropical distribution. Type species: Lagurus cylindricus L. 1. Imperata brasiliensis Trim Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 331. 1832. Culms 8 dm. high, or less; sheaths glabrous; leaf -blades erect, 1-4 dm. long, less than 1 cm. wide, the upper surface densely hirsute near the base, the POACEAE. 13 apex long-acuminate, the base narrowed; panicle 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 cm. thick, obtuse, its branches erect or nearly so ; spikelets 3-4.5 mm. long, the subtend- ing hairs about twice as long, nearly white. Borders of savannas, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba ; continental tropical America. Silver-plume Geass. 3. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees, Agrost. Bras. 331. 1829. Annual or perennial grasses, the spikelets in spike-like racemes, terminat- ing the culm or its branches. Eachis articulated, the internodes cup-shaped or appendaged, the basal callus barbed. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the rachis, one sessile, the other stalked, the sessile one dorsally compressed, 1-flow- ered, the flower perfect; first scale 2-keeled with infolded margins, the second awnless or bristle-tipped, the third 2-nerved or nerveless, the fourth usually 2-cleft, usually bearing a bent awn. Stalked spikelet usually flowerless. Stamens mostly 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, cleft-chaff.] Some 40 species, or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Andropogon brevifolius Sw. Leaf-blades flat, or sometimes conduplicate when dry, never terete ; racemes glabrous or nearly so. 1. S. semiberbe. Leaf-blades terete ; racemes long-hairy. 2. 8. gradle. 1. Schizachyrium semiberbe Xees, Agros. Bras. 336. 1829. Andropogon semiberbis Kunth, Enum. 1: 489. 1833. Perennial; culms glabrous, branched, erect, 6-12 dm. high; leaves glabrous; sheaths compressed, keeled; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; racemes nar- row, 5-8 cm. long, the internodes of the rachis as long as the sessile spikelets or shorter, glabrous or nearly so; sessile spikelets 5-7 mm. long, the first scale glabrous or with a few short hairs, its infolded margins touching, the third and fourth scales ciliate, the fourth 2-cleft nearly to the base, its awn 12-15 mm. long; stalked spikelet of one hispidulous scale about 3 mm. long, with an awn about as long. Pine-lands, New Providence : — Florida : Cuba : Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Trini- dad : Smith America. Recorded by Coker as Andropogon tcner Kunth. Stiff Beard-grass. 2. Schizachyrium gracile (Spreng.) Xash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 60. 1903. Andropogon gracilis Spreng. Syst. 1: 284. 1825. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, except the inflorescence ; culms slender, branched, 2-6 dm. high. Sheaths striate ; leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, terete, less than 1 mm. in diameter; racemes long-stalked, 3-5 cm. long, the rachis clothed with long silky hairs; sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the first scale char- taceous with hispidulous keels, the second scale acute, the fourth 2-eleft, bearing an awn 13-20 mm. long; stalked spikelet of one short-awned scale 1-2.5 mm. long. Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Kleuthera. ('at island. North Caicos : — Florida; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Porto Rico; Cuba ; Guadaloupe. Slender Beard-urass. 4. ANDROPOGON L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753. Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axil- lary racemes. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile, and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or 14 POACEAE. reduced to a scale, or none. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer 2 coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.] About 150 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Andropogon hirtum L. Branches of the inflorescence crowded at the summit of the stem in 1 or more dense corymbiform clusters. 1. A. glomeratus. Branches of the inflorescence scattered along the stem in a long narrow panicle. 2. A. virginicus. 1. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. X. Y. 67. 1888. Cinna glomerata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788. Andropogon tenuispatheus Xash, X. A. El. 17: 113. 1912. Culms 1.5 dm. high or less, much branched, the ultimate flowering branches forming oblong corymbiform clusters, the nodes of the secondary branches densely barbed. Sheaths keeled; leaf-blades 4 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide; spathes 2.5-3 cm. long, glabrous; racemes in pairs, 1-2 cm. long; sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet a rudimentary scale, or wanting. Pine-lands, scrub-lands, and savannas, Abaeo. Andros, New Providence, Eleuth- era, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island. Crooked Island, Mariguana, Inagua : — south- eastern United States: Mexico: West Indies: tropical continental America. Re- ferred by Dolley to Anatherum macrurum, following Grisebach. Bushy Beard- grass. Bed-grass. 2. Andropogon virginicus L. Sp. PI. 1046. 1753. Culms tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, many times longer than the basal leaves; sheaths, at least the lower ones, more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins; leaves 4 dm. long or less, more or less hirsute on the upper surface near the base; spathes 3-5 cm. long, racemes generally in pairs, 2-3 cm. long; sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting or rarely present as a minute scale. Pine-lands and white-lands, Abaco, Elbow Cay, Great Bahamas, Great Sturrup Cav, New Providence, and YVatling's Island : — Bermuda ; Massachusetts to Missouri and southward to Mexico ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. Virginia Beard-grass. 5. NAZIA Adans. Fam. PL 2: 31, 581. 1763. Annual grasses, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and 1-flowered deciduous spikelets, either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 2 or 3, the outermost small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with hooked prickles, the third membranous, subtending a palet and perfect flower. [Xame unexplained.] Two species, of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Cenchrus racemosus L. 1. Nazia aliena (Spreng.) Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 17: 28. 1899. Lappago aliena Spreng. Xeue Entdeek. 3: 15. 1822. Tufted, 1-3 dm. high, the culms often rooting at the lower nodes, slender, glabrous. Sheaths glabrous; leaf -blades 2-8 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, their margins ciliate. Inflorescence 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long; the second scale bearing prickles 0.5 mm. long or less, the prickles with swollen opaque bases. Sandy fields, Grand Turk Island and Ambergris Cay : — southwestern United States to the Argentine; Cuba to St. Thomas and Antigua. Prickle-grass. POACEAE. 15 6. ANTHEPHOEA Schreb. Besehr. Gras. 2: 105. pi. 44. 1810. Tufted grasses, the culms often branched, erect or prostrate, the leaves mostly flat, the 1-flowered spikelets in deciduous clusters of 3 or 4, forming elongated terminal, slender spikes. Empty scales of the spikelets rigid, the first one indurated, large, involucre-like, the others acute or short-awned; upper and inner scales thin, the innermost enclosing a thin palet and a perfect flower, the stamens 3, the styles united at the base, the stigmas plumose. [Greek, flower-bearing.] Five known species, of tropical distribution, the following typical. 1. Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze, Bev. Gen. PI. 759. 1891. Tripsacum hermaphroditum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1261. 1759. Annual; culms 3-10 dm. long, rooting and branching at the lower nodes. Leaves flat, 7-20 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous or hirsute, acuminate; spikes 2-12 cm. long, continuous and dense, or interrupted below, about 4 mm. thick, the slender rachis flexuous; clusters of spikelets about 7 mm. long; lower scales ovate to elliptic, acute to acuminate, glabrous or hispidulous. South Caicos : — West Indies and continental tropical America, commonly in waste and cultivated grounds. Anthephora. 7. SYNTHEEISMA Walt. PI. Car. 76. 1788. Annual grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in 3 's, in secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. Spikes often purplish. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppression of the lowest one; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, sub- tending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop-making, in allusion to its abundance.] Species about 20, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Syn- therisma praecox Walt. Rachis of the racemes with the angles naked, not winged ; first scale of the spikelet usually wanting. 1. S. flliformis. Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged, thus making it appear flat ; first scale of the spikelet usually present. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, one fifth as wide as long. acuminate. 2. S. digitata. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, one fourth as wide as long or more, acute. 3. S. sanguinalis. 1. Syntherisma flliformis (L.) Xash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 420. 1895. Panicum filiforme L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753. Milium paniceum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788. Syntherisma paniceum Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 152. 1912. Culms 1.5—7 dm. tall. Sheaths at least the lower ones hirsute; leaves 3-20 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending; spike- lets about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, in pairs, the first scale wanting, the second 3-nerved, the third 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut- brown at maturity. White-lands, sea-beaches, and roadsides, Andros, New Frovidence. and Oat Island : — New Hampshire to Michigan, Florida and Mexico ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; Forto Rico. Slender Finger-grass. 16 POACEAE. 2. Syntherisma digitata (Sw.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 142. 1908. Milium digit at urn Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788. Bigitaria horisontalis Willd. Enum. 92. 1809. Panicum horizontale Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 54. 1818. Syntherisma setosa Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 300. 1898. < 'ulms 4-10 dm. long, branched, tufted, at length decumbent below and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves more or less densely hirsute, 2-12 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide; racemes several, 3-14 cm. long, whorled or alternate or ap- proximate in pairs, widely spreading; raehis very narrow; spikelets in pairs, about 2.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; first scale minute, glabrous; second scale 3-nerved, appressed-pubescent; third scale 7-nerved, also appressed- pubescent; fruiting scale nearly 2 mm. long, shorter than the third, elliptic, greenish when mature. Sandy places and cultivated ground, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma. Eleuthera, Watling's Island, Long Island: — Florida; throughout tropical America. Southern Crab-grass. 3. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 77. 1867. Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753. Bigitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 1: 52. 1772. Bigitaria marginata Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 102. 1821. Bigitaria fimbriata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 226. 1827. Panicum. fimbriatum Kunth, Rev. 33. 1829. Syntherisma marginatum Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 154. 1912. Culms 8 dm. long or less, finally branched, prostrate at the base and root- ing at the lower nodes. Lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hirsute; blades 2-8 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, erect or ascending, glabrous or more or less pubescent; racemes 2-9, 2-12 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate, in pairs or whorls; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very acute, in pairs; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third appressed-pubescent with long hairs, the second one 3-nerved, the third slightly exceeding the flower- ing scale, 7-nerved, the pubescence usually becoming widely spreading, the fourth one lanceolate, very acute, yellowish white at maturity. Sandy places, roadsides and waste places. Great Bahama, Abaco, New Provi- dence. Eleuthera. Long Island. Elbow Cay, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Inagua : — temperate and tropical America. Native of the Old World. Referred by Hitch- cock to Panicum Linkiunum Kth. Larger Crab-grass. 8. VALOTA Adans. Fam. PI. 2:495. 1763. Tall perennial grasses, with fiat leaves and large terminal pubescent pan- icles. (Spikelets lanceolate, acute or acuminate; scales 4, the 3 outer ones membranous, empty, the first minute or rudimentary, the second silky-pilose and ciliate, the fourth one shorter, glabrous, shining, ehartaceous. [Perhaps in honor of P. Yallot.] Several species, of warm temperate and tropical Amer- ica, the following typical. i 1. Valota insularis (L.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 188. 1906. Andropogon insulare L. Syst. Xat. ed. 10, 1304. 1759. Panicum leucophacum II.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 97. 1815. Panicum insulare Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 60. 1818. Trichachne insularis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 86. 1829. Culms erect, slender, 1-1.6 m. high, clustered. Leaves 3 dm. long or less, 1-2 em. wide, acuminate, glabrous or their sheaths pubescent; panicle narrow, often 3 dm. long, little, if any more than 3 cm. thick; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, POACEAE. 17 acuminate; second and third scale 3-nerved, long-hairy; fruiting scale chestnut- brown. Sandy soil and cultivated ground, Abaco, Andros. New Providence. Eleuthera, Great Exuma, Cat Island, Long Cay, Acklin's Island, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Bermuda ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Referred by Dolley to Tricholaena leucophaca. Silky-grass. 9. AXONOPUS Beauv. Agrost. 12. 1812. Perennial grasses, with the culms usually rooting at the lower nodes, with flat leaves and 1-flowered spikelets, borne singly in 2 rows in one-sided spikes which (in our species) are disposed in a single pair at the summit of the culm, or sometimes with an additional one a short distance below. Spikelets oblong to lanceolate, convex on the outer surface, flat on the inner. Scales 3, the outer 2 membranous, the inner one firm and with its opening turned toward the rachis, substending a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, foot-axis.] About 12 species, of warm tem- perate and tropical regions, the following typical. 1. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812. Milium compressitm Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788. Paspahim tristachyon Lam. Tab. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. Anastroplms compressus Schlecht.; Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 79. 1903. Stolons numerous, leafy, sometimes 6 dm. long. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, slen- der, compressed, glabrous; sheaths loose; leaves glabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate, obtuse, those of the culm 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the stolons about 2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, 2.5-5 cm. long, approxi- mate at the summit of the long and slender stalk; spikelets not crowded nor secund, about 2 mm. long, acute. Grassy places, New Providence : — Virginia to Florida and Texas ; the West In- dies and continental tropical America. Flat Joint-grass. 10. PASPALUM L. Syst. Xat. ed. 10, 855. 1759. Perennial grasses, various in habit, with generally flat leaves and 1-flow- ered spikelets, borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on 1-sided spikes, which are single, in pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer surface, convex on the inner. Scales 3, the outer ones membranous, the inner one indurated and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. [An ancient Greek name for some grass, used by Hippocrates.] About 160 species, of wide dis- tribution in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Type species: Panicum dissectum- L. Racemes single, or, if more than 1, distant, never in pairs. Spikelets wingless. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long or less ; racemes usually short, rarely exceeding 4 cm long. Spikelets singly disposed. 1. p. Poiretii. Spikelets normally in pairs. Spikelets appressed-pubescent or glabrous. Primary pedicel much shorter than its spike- _ let. 2. P. caespitosum. Primary pedicel nearly as long as its spikelet. '■'•. I', portoricense. Spikelets glandular-pubescent. 4. P. Simpsotli. Spikelets exceeding 1.5 mm. long: racemes long, rarely under 6 cm. 5. p. glabrum. fi. 7. 8. p. p. p. secans. millegrana. flnibriatum. 9. p. conjugation, 11. p. p. ilixlii hum. vaginatum. 18 POACEAE. Racemes 6 or fewer; blades usually 4-8 mm. wide or less ; stems slender. Racemes numerous, usually 10 or more; blades up to 1 cm. wide or more; stems stout. Rachis of the spikelet glabrous ; sheaths not nodulose. Rachis sparingly pilose ; lower sheaths nodulose. Spikelets with a fimbriate wing. Racemes in pairs at the summit of the stem ; spikelets singly disposed. Racemes long and slender; spikelets less than 2 mm. long, nearly orbicular. Racemes short and stout ; spikelets over 2 mm. long, ovate. Spikelets pubescent, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long. Spikelets glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long. 1. Paspalum Poiretii E. & S. Syst. 2: 878. 1817. Perennial ; culms densely tufted, 5 dm. high or less, slender, glabrous, simple, or sometimes branched at the base. Leaves 5-10 em. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous or sparingly hirsute, or ciliate ; racemes 1-3, erect or ascending, 2-4 em. long, the rachis about 0.5 mm. wide; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, 0.9 mm. wide, elliptic, appressed-pubescent, singly disposed, the scales 3-nerved, the fruiting one oval. Savanna, Andros :■ — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica. Poiket's Pas- palum. 2. Paspalum caespitosum Fluege, Gram. Monog. 161. 1810. Paspalum Blodgettii Chapm. PI. S. U. S. 571. 1860. Tufted; culms slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, narrowly linear, flat, 5-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, erect or nearly so, with glabrous sheaths; racemes 2-6, erect, 1-5 cm. long, the rachis very narrow; spikelets in paira, a little less than 2 mm. long and nearly 1 mm. wide, elliptic, the first scale want- ing, the second and third sparingly papillose-pubescent with appressed hairs, 3-nerved, the fruiting scale yellowish white. Pine-lands, scrub-lands, and clearings, Abaco. Great Bahama, Berry Islands, South Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Inagua, and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Jamaica. Slender Pas- palum. 3. Paspalum portoricense Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 377. 1903. Culms tufted, glabrous, very slender, spreading, 6 dm. long or less, simple or rarely branched. Leaves flat, 5-12 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, with a few long hairs at the base; racemes 1-3, very slender, 2-6 cm. long, ascending; spikelets geminate, oblong-elliptic, acute, about 1.8 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, glabrous, about as long as the primary pedicel, the first and second scales 3-nerved. Crooked Island (according to Hitchcock) ; Porto Rico. 4. Paspalum Simpsoni Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 39. 1897. Paspalum gracillimum Nash, in Small, El. SE. U. S. 73. 1903. Tufted, similar to P. caespitosum ; culms slender, 4-8 dm. high. Basal sheaths hirsute, the upper glabrous; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, glabrous on both sides, the margins ciliate; racemes 3-5, spreading, 2-7 cm. long, the rachis narrow ; spikelets in pairs, obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, and 0.8 mm. thick, the first scale wanting, the second and third 3-nerved, densely pubescent with short glandular hairs. Scrub-lands, white-lands, and clearings, Great Bahama, Abaco, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence, Cave Cay. Watling*s Island. Little San Salvador, Acklin*s Island, Fortune Island, Mariguana, and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico. Simpson's Paspalum. POACEAE. 19 5. Paspalum glabrum Poir. in Lam. Eneycl. 5: 30. 1804. Paspalum Eelleri Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 376. 1903. Culms tufted, slender, glabrous, erect or ascending, simple, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves 5-20 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, roughish-margined, with a few hairs at the base of the blade ; racemes 2-6, narrow, 10 cm. long or less, erect or spread- ing; spikelets many, oval, glabrous or pubescent, 1.7-2 mm. long, obtuse. Moist grounds, Abaco and Great Sturrup Cay to Andros, North Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Cuba to Tortola and Barbadoes ; Jamaica. Referred by Hitch- cock to P. nanum C. Wright. 6. Paspalum secans Hitch. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 319. 1917. Perennial, forming clumps ; culms simple, erect glabrous, 1-2 m. tall. Leaf- sheaths with a row of white hairs at the mouth, the blades much elongated, sometimes 1 m. long, 5-10 mm. wide, flat, but in drying more or less involute, their margins serrulate; racemes 5-20, slender, spreading, 5-15 cm. long; rachis glabrous; spikelets glabrous, about 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide. Moist soil, New Providence, Acklin's Island, and Inagua:- — Cuba; Porto Rico; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; St. Croix ; Antigua. Referred by Nash to P. Schrebcrianum, Tall Paspalum. 7. Paspalum millegrana Schrad. in Schultes, Mant. 2: 175. 1824. Paspalum Underwoodii Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 375. 1903. Culms stout, 1-1.5 m. high, often clustered, smooth. Lower sheaths nodu- lose, overlapping; leaves elongated, roughish, 5-10 mm. wide, commonly pu- bescent above; racemes many, close toegther, ascending or nearly erect, 4—10 cm. long; spikelets glabrous, suborbicular or obovate-orbicular, about 2 mm. long, usually purplish; rachis sparingly pilose. New Providence Caccording to Hitchcock and Chase) : — Jamaica: Cuba; Porto Rico; Tobago; Trinidad to southern Brazil. Underwood's Paspalum. 8. Paspalum fimbriatum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 93. 1815. Annual; culms tufted, glabrous, often branched below, 3-8 dm. high, the sheaths hirsute or glabrous. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5 cm. wide or less, ciliate; racemes 2-6, erect or ascending, 2.5-7 cm. long; spikelets mostly in pairs, suborbicular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the scales papillose, 3-nerved, the lower one with a broad cleft wing, with ciliate segments, the next with a similar partial wing, the fruiting scale 7-ridged. Waste and cultivated grounds, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island : — Cuba, Ilispaniola and Porto Rico to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; South America. Fringed Paspalum. 9. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Acta Helv. 7: 129. 1762. Smooth and glabrous. Culms compressed, 2-9 dm. tall, finally decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes; leaves 4-16 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; racemes in pairs, slender, often curved, spreading or ascending, 5-12 cm. long, the rachis straight, or flexuous toward the apex, 0.6—0.8 mm. broad; spikelets crowded, much compressed dorsally, singly disposed, 1.5 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. broad, apiculate, the 2 outer scales 2-nerved, the nerves marginal, the first scale ciliate on the margins with very long lax hairs, the third scale smooth, white. Grassy places along roads, apparently introduced, New Providence: — Bermuda; Southern United States: Cuba to St. Thomas and Barbadoes: Jamaica; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Two-spiked Paspalum. 20 POACEAE. 10. Paspalum distichum L. Pugil. PI. Jam. 5. 1759. Culms 1-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock ; sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, especially at the base and on the innovations, glabrous, or more or less hairy on the margins ; leaves commonly less than 1 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, usually glabrous; racemes terminal, in pairs, ascending, 2-5 em. long; spikelets singly disposed, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, the 2 outer scales firm, 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved, the first scale glabrous, the second appressed-pubescent, the third apiculate, pubescent at the apex. Fresh water marsh. New Providence : — Bermuda ; Virginia to Florida, Texas and California, and north on the coast to Oregon ; the West Indies and tropical America. Hitchcock's plant from Fortune Island, referred to this species, proves to be P. vaginatum Sw. Joixt-grass. 11. Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Prodr. 21. 1788. Culms 2-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock; sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, at least at the base and on the inno- vations, glabrous; leaves folded, or involute when dry, 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly hairy; racemes terminal, usually in pairs, rarely more or but a single one, erect or ascending, 3-7 cm. long; spike- lets singly disposed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales glabrous, thin, the first scale 4-nerved, the lateral nerves approximate at the margin, the midnerve suppressed, the second scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves rather near together, the third scale glabrous at the apex or with 2 or 3 hairs. Borders of marshes, New Providence, Watling's Island, Fortune Island, and Inagua : — Bermuda ; southern United States ; West Indies ; tropical continental America. Sheathed Paspalum. Paspalum sp. Hitchcock and Chase (Contr. IT. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 316) record a plant of this genus from Inagua, not certainly referable to any known species. 11. PANICUM L. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, when 2-flowered the lower one staminate only. Scales 4, the 3 lower membranous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, vary- ing in the same species; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, shining, enclos- ing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns none. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruit- ing scale and palet. [Old Latin name for some grass, probably the cultivated sorghum, referring to its panicle, taken from Pliny.] About 500 species, in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Panicum miliaceum L. A. Palet little or not at all enlarged when mature. 1. Inflorescence consisting of spike-like often 1-sided branches or racemes. Spikelets singly disposed, in 2 distinct rows, on very short equal pedicels ; first scale truncate. 1. P. geminatum. Spikelets otherwise arranged, • on unequal pedicels ; first scale acute or obtuse, never truncate. Fourth scale of the spikelet transversely rugose. Panicle branches terminating with a spikelet, no prolongation. Pedicels shorter than the spikelets. Stems all fertile, the nodes naked, or occasionally sparsely pubescent. Outer scales of the spikelet with no cross-veinlets ; stems often rooting at the lower nodes. 2. P. adspersum. Outer scales of the spikelet with manifest cross-veinlets ; stems rare- ly rooting at the lower nodes. 3. P. faseiculatum. POACEAE. 21 Fertile stems tall and stout, the sterile long and creeping, the nodes densely barbed. 4. Some of the pedicels equaling or longer than the spikelets. 5. Panicle branches extending beyond the spikelet in a sterile rudiment. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. 6. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more. 7. Fourth scale of the spikelet smooth. 8. 2. Inflorescence usually a diffuse, rarely narrow panicle, its branches not spike-like. Fourth scale of the spikelet transversely rugose. Fourth scale smooth. Annuals, or if perennials, not with tufts of leaves at the base of the stem. Spikelets lanceolate to ovate, acute to acumi- nate, glabrous ; leaf-blades elongated, linear. Plants tufted, no long creeping rootstocks ; spikelets 3 mm. long or less. Panicle narrow, dense, its branches ap- pressed. Stems slender, 6 dm. tall or less ; basal sheaths round. 0. Stems stout, usually 1 m. tall or more : basal sheaths compressed, keeled, equitant. 10. Panicle broad at maturity, loose and open, its branches spreading or ascending. First scale one half as long as the spikelet or more, broadly ovate, acute. Sheaths glabrous : stems slender. 11. Sheaths densely papillose-hispid ; stems stout. 12. First scale rarely exceeding one fourth the length of the spikelet, orbicular, truncate or rounded at the apex. Plants with long stout rootstocks : leaf- blades very thick and firm ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long : seacoast grass. 14. Spikelets elliptic, pubescent ; leaf -blades broad, ovate-lanceolate. 15. Perennials, with basal tufts of leaves. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, glabrous. 16. Spikelets 2 mm. long, pubescent. Primary leaf-blades 5 mm. wide or less, strongly striate ; spikelets broadly obo void. Primary leaf-blades up to 12 mm. wide; spikelets elliptic. IS. B. Palet much enlarged when mature. 19. P. barbinode. P. maximum. P. distantiflorum. P. Chapmani. P. laxiim. 5. P. maximum. P. tenerum. P. condensum. P. (liffusnm. P. Ghiesbreghtii. 13. P. dichotomiftorum. P. amarulum. P. trichoides. P. coentlescens. 17. P. ncuranthum. P. nitidum. P. cxiguiflorum. 1. Panicum geminatum Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 18. 1775. Aquatic. Culms 6-12 dm. long, usually clothed with sheaths below; leaves glabrous, 2.5 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide; racemes 10-20, one-sided, the rachis broadly winged, appressed, 2-4 em. long; spikelet3 about 2.5 mm. long, ovate, acute, glabrous, singly disposed in 2 rows, the first scale broader than long and clasping the spikelet at its base, truncate at the apex, the fourth scale transversely wrinkled. Wet or moist places. Great Rnhnmn, Abaco. Berry Islands, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great F.xuma, Long Island. Fortune Island, Crooked Island, and Inagua : — Bermuda : southern Florida and Texas ; in tropical regions generally. Erroneously referred, by authors, to P. paspaloides Pers. Watkk-grass. 2. Panicum adspersum Trin. Gram. Pan. 146. 1826. Culms ascending or spreading, rooting at the lower nodes, branched, com- pressed, glabrous, 3-10 dm. long. Sheaths ciliate above; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. 22 POACEAE. long, 8-20 mm. wide, glabrous, or sometimes ciliate at the base, abruptly acuminate, rough-margined; panicles 6-15 cm. long, composed of many spike- like racemes; spikelets short-stalked, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, fusiform; first scale acute, glabrous, 5-nerved, about one-third as long as the whole spike- let; second and third scales 5-7-nerved, hispid at least above, rarely glabrous. New Providence and Anguilla Isles : — 'Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico, Tortola and Martinique ; Jamaica. Loose Panic-grass. 3. Panicum fasciculatum Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788. Panicum. fuscum Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788. Panicum flavescens Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788. Panicum, paniculatum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 381. 1903. Perennial; culms glabrous or somewhat pubescent above, slender or rather stout, erect, spreading or ascending, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves flat, 3 dm. long or less, 0.6-2 cm. wide, glabrous or more or less pubescent, the sheaths sometimes pilose or hispid; panicles 5-15 cm. long, the branches raceme-like, ascending; spikelets commonly approximate, short-stalked, brown, 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous, the outer scales reticulate-veined, the fourth scale rugose. Waste places. Grand Turk Island : — southern Florida and Texas ; the West Indies and tropical continental America. Brown Panic-grass. 4. Panicum barbinode Trim Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 256. 1834. Sterile culms 1-2 m. long, rooting at the nodes, the fertile ones erect, 6-10 dm. tall or more, the nodes densely barbed; leaf -sheaths often overlapping, papillose-hirsute; blades 1-3 dm. long, glabrous or pubescent, 6-16 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets about 3 mm. long, glabrous. New Providence and Acklin's Island : — Bermuda ; Florida to Texas ; the West Indies and tropical America and Old World tropics. Has been confused with P. molle Sw. Para Grass. ' 5. Panicum maximum Jacq. Ie. PI. Ear. 1: 2, pi. 13. 1781-6. Culm 1-2 m. tall or more, leafy; leaf -sheaths overlapping, glabrous, or tuberculate-pubescent; blades elongated, 1-4 em. wide, glabrous; panicle 3-6 dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so, very long; spikelets glabrous, 3-4 mm, long, the fourth scale transversely rugose. In swales and along swamps, New Providence, Eleuthera. Fortune Island, Turks Islands, and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Georgia and Florida to Texas ; the West Indies and continental America. Referred by Coker to P. elephantipes Nees. Guinea Grass. 6. Panicum distantiflorum A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 304. 1850. Culms glabrous, tufted, slender, wiry, branched, 6-8 dm. high. Sheaths compressed; leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long, only 1 or 2 mm. wide, involute in drying; panicles narrow, 2-7 em. long, their branches nearly erect; spikelets elliptic, glabrous, acute, about 1.5 mm. long; first scale about one-half as long as the whole spikelet, 5-nerved, acute; second scale obtuse, about two-thirds as long as the fruit. Srrub-lands, Long Island and Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Curasao. Narrow Panic-grass. 7 Panicum Chapmani Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 61. 1884. Culms glabrous or nearly so, tufted, slender, 3-10 dm. high, simple, or sometimes branched below. Leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acuminate, the sheaths sparingly ciliate ; panicles 3 dm. long or less, composed of sessile 1-sided spike-like racemes of 3-12 spikelets, the flexuous rachis terminated by a POACEAE. 23 short bristle: spikelets nearly sessile, about 2 mm. long, in 2 rows, obovoid, glabrous, the first scale obtuse, about one-half as long as the whole spikelet, the second scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale transversely wrinkled. Scrub-lands and along marshes. New Providence, Rose Island, Great Exuma : — southern Florida. Chapman's Panic-grass. 8. Panicum laxum Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788. Panicum agrostidiforme Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791. Panicum tenuiculmum Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 58. 1818. 'Culms simple or little branched, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, 4-12 dm. high. Sheaths hirsute above, otherwise glabrous; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent on the upper side; panicles 0.5-3 dm. long, with many, slender spike-like branches, the lower branches spreading, the ultimate branchlets mostly secund; spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long, about 0.7 mm. wide, short-stalked; first scale 1-3-nerved, about one- third the length of the whole spikelet, the second somewhat shorter than the third. Turks Islands : — nearly throughout tropical America. Red-top Panic-grass. 9. Panicum tenerum Beyr. ; Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI 1 : 341. 1834. Culms slender, stiff, tufted, glabrous, 4-9 dm. high. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower softly pubescent; leaf blades 4-15 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, or the upper much smaller, erect, somewhat involute in drying, somewhat pubescent, at least toward the base; panicles solitary and terminal, 3-8 cm. long, or also a few smaller ones lateral; spikelets 2-2.8 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, short- stalked, rather crowded; first scale about one-half the length of the whole spikelet, 1-nerved, the second and third 5-7-nerved. Open places in pine and scrublands, Andros and New Providence : — Georgia and Florida to Texas ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. Slender Panic-grass. 10. Panicum condensum Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 93. 1903. Culms tufted, branched, 0.6-1 m. tall, the basal sheaths compressed and keeled. Leaves 2-4 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, erect or nearly so; panicles large, dense, oblong, 1-2.5 dm. long, their branches erect; spikelets numerous, about 2.3 mm. long, acute, glabrous; first scale acuminate, about one-half the length of the whole spikelet; second and third scales acuminate. Fresh water swamps and wet places, Andros, New Providence, Acklin's Island and Cat Island : — New Jersey to Florida and Texas ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Guada- loupe ; Jamaica ; Mexico. Dense Panic-grass. 11. Panicum diffusum Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788. Perennial; culms tufted, spreading or ascending, simple or little branched, glabrous with pubescent nodes, 2-5 dm. high. Sheaths striate, glabrous or pubescent; leaf -blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide, sparingly pubescent; panicles 5-10 cm. long, open, the branches filiform ; spikelets few, near the ends of the panicle-branches, short-stalked, about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide; first scale acute, about one-half as long as the spikelet; second and third scales 7-9-nerved. Coppice, New Providence : — Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Thomas, Tortola and Mar- tinique, Diffuse Panic-grass. 12. Panicum Ghiesbreghtii Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 29. 1886. Panicum hirtivaginum Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 223. 1909. Perennial; culms erect, tufted, rather stout, 6-8 dm. high, the nodes hirsute. Sheaths hirsute; leaf -blades flat, up to 6 dm. long and 12 mm. wide, hirsute or glabrate ; panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches ascending; spikelet3 numerous, short-stalked, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. wide; first scale acute, 24 POACEAE. one-half to two-thirds as long as the whole 3pikelet; second and third scales 7-9-nerved. A weed, Crooked Island : — Cuba ; Forto Rico ; Guadeloupe ; Antigua ; continental tropical America. 13. Panicum dichotomifldrum Miehx Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 48. 1803. Panicum bartowense Scribn. & Merr. Circ U. S. Dept. Agric. Agrost. 35: 3. 1901. Culms at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later decumbent and geniculate, 1-1.5 m. long, branched at all the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, glabrous, or papillose-hispid, somewhat flattened; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide,' long- acuminate, scabrous on the margins and oecasionaly on the nerves ; panicles pyramidal, 1-4 dm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, crowded, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes purplish; first scale about one-fourth as long as the spike- let; second and third scales about equal, acute, 5-7-nerved; fourth scale elliptic, shining. Swamps and water holes, Great Bahama, North Bimini, Andros, New Provi- dence, Cat Cay, Watling's Island, Crooked Island, and Great Exuma : — Maine to Nebraska, Florida and Texas ; Bermuda ; Cuba. Recorded by Coker as P. ele- phantipes Nees ; has been confused with P. proliferum Lam. Spreading Witch- grass. 14. Panicum amarulum Hitchc. & Chase. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 96. 1910. Culms rather stout, tufted, glabrous, glaucous, 4-15 dm. high, the sheaths overlapping. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, leathery, the margins involute; panicle narrow, sometimes 7 dm. long, its branches erect; spikelets about 5 mm. long; first scale about one-half as long as the whole spikelet, the third somewhat longer than the second. Sea-beaches and sand dunes. Great Bahama and New Providence : — Virginia to Florida and Mississippi ; Cuba ; Jamaica. Sea-beach Grass. 15. Panicum trichoides Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788. Panicum brevifolium of authors. Not L. 1753. Panicum capUla-ceum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173. 1791. Culms slender, ascending or erect, 6 dm. high or less, pubescent. Sheaths pubescent and ciliate; leaf-blades membranous, 2-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; panicles 2 dm. long or less, their branches filiform, spreading and ascending; spikelets nearly ellipsoid, about 1.2 mm. long, spar- ingly hirsute; first scale acute, 1-nerved, about one-half as long as the whole spikelet; second and third scales 3-nerved. Turks Islands : — Jamaica : Cuba to Tortola and Trinidad ; tropical continen- tal America. Hair-like Panic-grass. 16. Panicum coerulescens Hack.; Hitchc. Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 219. 1909. Culms slender, tufted, glabrous, at first erect and simple, later reclining and with short, fascicled branches at the nodes, 8 dm. long or less. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower sometimes pubescent ; leaves of the vernal stage 5-8 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, glabrous or very nearly so ; panicles of the vernal stage 3-7 cm. long, those of the autumnal stage usually reduced to a few spikelets; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, obovoid, glabrous; first scale about one-third the length of the whole spikelet. Moist places and in swamps, Great Bahama. Andros, New Providence, Cat Island (?) Crooked Island: — New Jersey to Florida and Texas; Cuba. Referred by Dolley to P. dichotomum L. Bluish Panic-grass. 17. Panicum neuranthum Griseb. Cat. PL Cuba 232. 1866. Culms tufted, slender, at length much branched, 3-7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubescent ; leaves smooth and glabrous, the primary POACEAE. 25 erect, acuminate, 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, those on the branches shorter, erect or ascending, usually involute Avhen dry, concealing the small secondary panicles; primary panicle 2.5-10 cm. long, its branches at first erect, at length spreading; spikelets numerous, about 2 mm. long, densely pubescent with short, spreading hairs, the second and third scales 7-nerved. Swamps and savannas, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba. Nerved Panic-grass. 18. Panicum nitidum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791. Culms slender, tufted, 3-10 dm. long, erect or reclining, often becoming much-branched, the nodes bearded. Sheaths glabrous, ciliate, or the lower pubescent; leaves of the vernal stage 5-12 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, the basal ones tufted, those of the autumnal stage much smaller, 1-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; panicles of the vernal stage 5-8 cm. long, often nearly as wide, those of the autumnal stage smaller, sometimes reduced to a few spikelets; spikelets 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, pubescent, the first scale about one-third as long as the whole spikelet. Pine and palmetto lands, Great Bahama : — Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas ; Cuba. Shining Panic-grass. 19. Panicum exiguiflorum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 234. 1866. Panicum tricolor Hack. Oest. Bot. Zeitsch. 51: 370. 1901. Perennial; culms -tufted, glabrous, slender, simple or somewhat branched, erect or ascending, 1—5 dm. high. Leaves 1—6 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or their sheaths ciliate ; panicles 2-10 cm. long, their few slender branches spreading or finally reflexed, bearing several, short-stalked spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; first scale 3-nerved, about one-third as long as the spike- let; second scale nearly as long as the first; palet large, subcoriaceous, forcing the spikelet open at maturity. Moist grounds, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island and Inagua :- — Cuba. An imperfect specimen of a Panicum, perhaps representing P. lucidum Ashe, was collected on Cat Island (Britton $• Millspaugh 5776). 12. LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 16. 1910. Perennial, woody, often elongated and vine-like grasses, with flat leaves, the inflorescence of terminal panicles of large subglobose somewhat oblique 1-flowered spikelets. Scales 4, somewhat coriaceous or chartaceous, not awned, bearing an apical tuft of short hairs. Grain enclosed in the hard fruiting scale and palet. [Greek, hairy-tip.] Ten species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Panicum divaricatum L. % 1. Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 16. 1910. Panicum divaricatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 871. 1759. Culm glabrous, smooth, much branched, erect or arching, 2-3 m. long, the branches sometimes pendent. Sheaths ciliate; leaves glabrous, acuminate, those of the main culm 8-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, those of the branches smaller; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its slender branches spreading; spikelets swollen, 4-5 mm. long, the scales tipped with woolly hairs, the broad lower scale clasping. Coppices and scrub-lands. Great Bahama, Abaco. Andros. New Providence, Rose Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island. Little San Salvador, Watling's Island, Rum Cay, Conception Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, North Caicos, Little Inagua. Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : — southern Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Cane-grass. Wild Cane. 26 POACEAE. 13. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 53. pi. 11, f. 2. 1812. Usually tall grasses, commonly annuals, with broad leaves and a terminal inflorescence consisting of one-sided racemes racemosely or paniculately ar- ranged. Spikelets 1-flowered, singly disposed, or in smaller racemes or clusters on the ultimate divisions of the inflorescence. Scales 4, the outer 3 mem- branous, hispid on the nerves, the third and usually also the second scale awned, or sometimes merely awn-pointed, the awn often very long; fourth scale in- durated, shining, frequently pointed, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the stout hispid hairs of the spikelets.] Species about 12, mostly in warm and tropical countries. Type species: Panicum Crus-galli L. Outer scales of the spikelet not awned: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 1. E. colonum. ^uter scales of the spikelet, at least one of them, awned ; spikelets 2.5-4 mm. long, exclusive of the awns. 2. E. Crus-galli. 1. Ecninochloa colonum (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Pamcum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 870. 1759. 'Culms tufted, smooth and glabrous, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths compressed, usually crowded; leaves flat, 2.5-17 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide; inflorescence composed of 3-18, 1-sided, more or less spreading dense racemes 6-50 mm. long, disposed along a 3-angled rachis and generally somewhat exceeding the length of the internodes ; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3 's in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous, triangular rachis, obovate, pointed, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the second and third scales a little more than 2 mm. long, awnless, 5-nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate. Waste places, Turks Islands : — Virginia to Florida and Texas ; tropical regions. Jungle Rice. 2. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812. Panicum Crus-galli L. Sp. PI. 56. 1753. Culms 6-12 dm. tall, often branching at base. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or scabrous; panicle composed of 5-15 sessile, erect or ascending branches, or the lower branches spreading or refiexed; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; second and third scales about 3 mm. long, scabrous or hispid, the third scale more or less awned, empty, the fourth ovate, abruptly pointed. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated regions. Naturalized from Europe. Waste places, Turks Islands : — widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions. Native of the Old World. Baknyard-grass. 14. OPLISMENTJS Beauv. Fl. Owar. 2: 14, pi. 68. 1807. Perennial grasses, often decumbent and branched at the base, with broad flat leaf-blades and inflorescence composed of spikes, bearing on the lower side scattered clusters of a few spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first and second empty, awned, the first equalling or somewhat shorter than the spikelet, the third scale usually awned, empty, or enclosing a small palet, the fourth one shorter than the others, obtuse, awn- less, ehartaceous, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas plu- POACEAE. 27 more. [Greek, armed, presumably referring to the awns.] About 4 species, natives of warm regions. Type species: Oplismenus africanus Beauv. J. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) E. & S. Syst. 2: 4S1. 1817. Panicum Mrtellum L. Syst. Xat. ed. 10, 870. 1759. Oplismenus setarhts R. & S. Syst. 2: 481. 1817. Culms prostrate or nearly so, rooting at the nodes, very slender, 6 dm. long or less. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-6 cm. long, 1 cm. wide or less, their sheaths often pubescent; panicle 8 cm. long or less, its filiform short branches erect or spreading; spikelets 3 mm. long, the awns up to 8 mm. long. Cultivated ground, New Providence : — Bermuda ; South Carolina to Florida and Texas ; the West Indies and tropical continental America. 'Wood-grass. 15. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 38. 1897 Mostly annual grasses with erect culms and flat leaves, the inflorescence in spike-like clusters. Spikelets 1-flowered, or rarely with a second staminate flower, the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla, and therefore persistent. Scales of the spikelet 4, the three outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plu- mose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the bristles of the inflorescence.] Species about 35, in temperate and tropical regions. Type species : Setaria longiseta Beauv. Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged; bristles 5-16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate. 1. 0. geniculate Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters or on manifest branches ; bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet, not in- volucrate. Spikelets 2 mm. long ; leaves pubescent. 2. C. setosa. Spikelets 3 mm. long; leaves glabrous: 3. C. macrosperma. 1. Chaetoehloa geniculata (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase, Field. Mus. Bot. 3: 37. 1903. Panicum geniculatum Lam. Eneycl. 4: 727. 1798. Panicum imberbe Poir. Eneycl. Suppl. 4: 272. 1816. Chaetoehloa imberbis Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 39. 1897. Perennial ; culms 6-12 dm. long, ascending. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, compressed and keeled; leaves 1-3.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pale green or glaucous, smooth or nearly so; spike-like panicle long-exserted, rather slender, 2.5-7 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. thick; spikelets usually single, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.25 mm. wide, the first scale ovate, 3-nerved, about one-half as long as the spikelet, the second scale acute, 3-nerved, the third scale 5-nerved; bristles in two nearly equal clusters of 5 each, very slender, 6-10 mm. long. Waste places, sink-holes, and in the scrub. Abaco, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence, Exuma Chain, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island. Caicos Islands, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Angullla Isles : — Bermuda ; Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and Texas ; West Indies ; tropical continental America. Referred by Hitchcock and by Coker to Setaria glauca Beauv.; and by Mrs. Northrop to Chaetoehloa glauca. Fox-tail Grass. 28 POACEAE. 2. Chaetochloa setosa (Sw.) Seribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 39. 1897. Panicum setosum Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788. Set aria setosa Beauv. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Panicum paractaenoides Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 32: 219. 1834. Perennial, tufted ; culms wiry, slender, 3-9 dm. high, somewhat flattened. Leaves 2 dm. long or less, pubescent or scabrous, 5-15 mm. wide; inflorescence more or less branched, the branches erect, or ascending, the lower sometimes 3 cm. long; bristles 1-3 at the base of all the spikelets or of some of them, 6-12 mm. long; spikelets ovoid, about 2 mm. long. Sandy or rocky soil. Berry Islands, Water Cay, Acklin's Island, Eleuthera, Crooked Island, Inagua, Little Inagua and Anguilla Isles : — Western Texas and New Mexico; tropical America. Referred by Hitchcock to Setaria caudata (Lam.) R. & S., and by Coker to Setaria macrostachya II.B.K. Bristly Fox-tail Grass. 3. Chaetochloa macrosperma Seribn. & Merr. Bull. TJ. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 21:33. 1900. Perennial; culms rather stout, glabrous, up to 1.2 m. high. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the margins eiliate, the blades 1-3 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, glabrous; spike-like panicle 2.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 em. thick; bristles 1.5-3 cm. long; spikelets acute, 3 mm. long, the narrowly ovoid flowering scale transversely wrinkled, acute. Coastal thicket, Frozen Cay, Berry Islands : — southern Florida and Texas. Large Fox-tail Grass. [Setaria filiformis of Coker is a misprint for Scleria filiformis.] 16. CENCHROPSIS Nash, in Small, PI. SE. TJ. S. 109. 1903. Perrenial grasses, with long rootstocks and flat leaves, the spikelets in terminal spikes, each spikelet subtended by an involucre of 1 or 2 outer rows of barbed, thick-based bristles, and 1 or 2 inner rows of barbed spines longer than the bristles, the involucre jointed to the rachis and deciduous. Spikelets of 4 scales, the first and second ones empty, the third enclosing a palet one- half its length or less, the fourth enfolding a similar palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. [Greek, resembling Cenchrus.] A few species, of tropical America. Type species: Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K. 1. Cenchropsis myosuroides (H.B.K.) Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. TJ. S. 109. 1903. Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 115. 1815. Culms erect, slender, 0.6-1.5 m. tall, simple or branched above, glabrous. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, glabrous; spikes 5-20 cm. long; involucres numerous, the barbed spines about 5 mm. long, and about as long as the spike- let. In sandy places, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : — southern Florida : Mexico ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; tropical South America. Spiked Fox-tail Grass. 17. CENCHRUS L. Sp. PI. 1049. 1753. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence spike- like. Spikelets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at maturity. Scales 4; the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter sometimes having a palet and staminate flower in its axil; the fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar structure which encloses a perfect POACEAE. 29 flower. Stamens 3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, en- closed in the scales. [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably Millet.] About 12 species, in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Cenchrus echinatus L. Involucre 2-spikeleted, armed at the base with commonly shorter often reflexed spines, usually glabrous, or merely puberulent at the base. Involucre, over all, 8-12 mm. in diameter. Body of the involucre 5-6 mm. thick, finely pubescent. 1. C- carolinianus. Body of the involucre 8-10 mm. thick, densely woolly. 2. ('. tribuloides. Involucre, over all, 5 mm. in diameter or less. 3. C. microcephalus. Involucre more than 2-spikeleted, armed at the base with barbed bristles. Spines on the usually 3-spikeIeted involucre basal and slen- der, rarely any above, erect : bristles very slender. 4. C. viridis. Spines on the usually 4-6-spikeleted involucre not basal but occurring on various parts, spreading or often reflexed ; bristles stouter and almost spine-like. 5. C. echinatus. 1. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Fl. Car. 79. 1788. Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 2-9 dm. long. Sheaths usually loose, compressed, smooth; leaves 6—12.5 em. long; spikes 2.5-6.25 cm. long, sometimes partially included in the upper sheath ; involucres crowded on the scabrous rachis, 2-spikeleted, globose, pubescent except at the base, the spines s'tout; spikelets about 6 mm. long. Sand dunes, cultivated grounds, and waste places from South Bimini and Andros to Mariguana, Turks Islands, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Salt Cay Bank : — Maine to Nebraska. Arizona, Texas and Florida : West Indies and tropical conti- nental America. Referred by Hitchcock, Coker, Dolley, Mrs. Northrop, and Herrick to C. tribuloides L. Small Bur-grass. Devil-grass. 2. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. PI. 1050. 1753. Culms at first erect, later prostrate and forming mats, 4—6 dm. long, branching; leaf -sheaths compressed; blades 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth or rough, usually flat; spikes 2-6 cm. long; involucres 6-20, 1.5-2 cm. broad, enclosing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines 3-4 mm. long; spikelets 6—7 long, usually not exserted beyond the involucre. Sandy sea-beaches. New Providence (according to Hitchcock) : — New York to Florida and Mississippi ; Brazil. Large Bur-grass. 3. Cenchrus microcephalus Nash; Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. IT. S. Nat. Herb. 18:356. 1917. Culms at length prostrate and branching, up to 1 m. long, smooth and glabrous ; leaf-sheaths glabrous, or often ciliate on the margins ; blades up to 1 dm. long, or those on the innovations longer, 2-3 mm. wide, rough, commonly pubescent on the upper surface, ascending; spike 3-4 em. long, exserted; in- volucres 8-12, 5-6 mm. long, 5 mm. in diameter or less, the larger spines broad and flat, long-ciliate, the basal spines much shorter, not ciliate; spikelets 2, much exserted beyond the body of the involucre. Moist soil, Little Harbor Cay and Frozen Cay, Berry Islands. Endemic. Bahama Bur-grass. •^ 4. Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Syst. 1: 301. 1S25. C. echinatus viridis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 556. 1864. Culms erect or ascending, usually 6-8 dm. high, branched or simple, the leaf-blades flat, 4 dm. long or less. Spike usually dense and cylindric, S-12 cm. long and often much exserted; involucres usually 3-spikeleted, armed below with slender spines, the body about 4 mm. in diameter, the barbed bristles slender. Cultivated land. Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Long Island and Mari- guana : — Florida : West Indies and tropical continental America. Green Bur-grass. 30 POACEAE. 5. Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. PI. 1050. 1753. Culms finally prostrate and rooting at the nodes, branched; leaf-sheaths loose; blades 1-4 dm. long, 5-16 mm. wide, smooth or rough, flat; spikes 3-12 cm. long, finally more or less exserted; involucres 20-50, containing 4-6 spike- lets, green to purplish, villous at the base, the spines 34 mm. long, the bristles at the base numerous, slender, distinctly barbed for their whole length; spike- lets 6-7 mm. long. Sandy soil, waste places and roadsides. Frozen Cay, New Providence, Eleuth- era. Watling*s Island, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Florida and Texas ; West Indies ; tropical continental America. Southern Bur-grass. [Cenchrus hirsutus. Dolley's reference to this name is an error for Cor- choms hirsutus into which he was led by Herrick's misprint of Cenchorus hir- sutus for the same species.] 18. STENOTAPHRUM Trim Fund. Agrost. 175. 1820. Perennial creeping branched grass, with rather stout flattened culms and sh^rt linear leaves. Spikelets spieate or panicled, acute, mostly 2-flowered, imbedded in depressions on one side of the flattened rachis. Scales 4; first scale small or minute, second about as long as the spikelet, third similar to the second, subtending a staminate flower, fourth rigid, enclosing a perfect flower. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, a narrow depression.] A few species of tropical and subtropical distribution, the following typical. 1. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 794. 1891. Ischaemum secundatum Walt. Fl. Car. 249. 1788. Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank,_ PI. Rar. Monac. pi. 98. 1819. Widely creeping, sometimes 5 m. long, glabrous, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaf-sheaths keeled, flattened, the blade linear, 3-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, blunt and rounded at the apex; spikelets about 6 mm. long in spikes 4-13 cm. long. Waste places and roadsides, North Bimini, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, and Fortune Island : — Bermuda : South Carolina to Florida and Texas ; West Indies and tropical continental America. Running Crab-grass. 19. ARISTIDA L. Sp. PI. 82. 1753. Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaves narrow, often involute-setaceous. Spikelets narrow, 1-flowered. Scales 3, narrow, the two outer carinate; the third rigid and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally united at the base, the lateral awns rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Latin, from arista, an awn.] About 100 species, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Type species: Aristida adscen- sionis L. Awns about equal in length. First scale shorter than the second. Annual : blades thin, flat or involute. 1. A. adscensionis, Perennial : blades thick, folded or involute. 2. A. cognata. First scale about as long as the second ; perennial. 3. A. gyrans. Lateral awns minute. 4. A. scabra. POACEAE. 31 1. Aristida adscensionis L. Sp. PI. 82. 1753. Aristida stricta Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 534. 186-1. Xot Miehx. 1803. Annual, tufted, glabrous; culms slender, erect, or ascending, 3-7 dm. long, branching from the lower nodes. Leaf-blades thin, flat or involute; panicles narrow, 1.5 dm. long or less, with short appressed branches or the lower branches spreading; awns about equal in length, 12-20 mm. long. In sandy places and in the scrub, Great Exuma. Long Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island, Grand Turk, Caicos Islands, and Inagua : — West Indies ; Ascen- sion Island ; continental tropical America. Annual Tkiple-awned Geass. 2. Aristida cognata Trim & Eupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5i: 127. 1842. Perennial ; culms slender, tufted, spreading, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves invo- lute-filiform, the upper shorter; panicle spike-like, strict, or the top some- times nodding, its short branches ascending; awns 1-2 cm. long, horizontal when old, nearly equal in length. Roadside, Long Cay: — Jamaica; Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix. Perennial Triple-awned Grass. 3. Aristida gyrans Chapm. Bot, Gaz. 3: 18. 1878. Perennial ; culms tufted, wiry, erect, 3-7.5 dm. tall, usually simple, or little branched. Leaves 3-5 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, fiat, or becoming in- volute in drying; spike-like panicles 0.5-1.5 dm. long, strict, or sometimes nodding, the few short branches appressed; outer scales of spikelet awn-pointed, the third scale from two-thirds to three-quarters as long as the first, middle awn 1-1.5 cm. long, horizontal, the lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or divergent. White-lands and palmetto-lands, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola. Recorded by Small in Miami Flora as A. purpurascens Poir., which it resembles. Florida Triple-awned Grass. ->jt 4. Aristida scabra (H.B.K.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 62. 1829. Streptachne scabra H.B.K. Xov. Gen. 1: 124. 1815. Streptachne cubensis A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 311. 1850. Perennial; culms 1 m. high or less, erect, simple. Leaves involute, at least when dry, 2-3 dm. long, about 1 mm. thick; panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches ascending, the longer ones up to 14 cm. long; spikelets short-stalked; terminal awn about 2 cm. long, the lateral ones minute. Pine and scrub-lands, Great Sturrup Cay. Andros, New Providence. Eleuthera. Cat Island, Cave Cay, Rum Cay, Watling's Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Mariguana and Inagua : — Cuba ; Mexico. Referred by Dolley to Stipa sp. Ortachne floridana (Chapm.) Nash may not be distinct from this. Tall Triple-awned Grass. 20. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 1791. Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate in- florescence. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets 1-flowered, very rarely 2-flow- ered. Scales 3, very rarely 4; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned ; third scale 3-5-nerved, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse, acute, or very often produced into a capillary awn ; palet 2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry Muhlen- berg, 1756-1817, North American botanist.] About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic. Type species: Muhlenbergia Schreberi Gmel. 32 POACEAE. 1. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824. Stipa capillaris Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 158. 1791. Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or nearly so. Sheaths smooth, the lower short and overlapping, the upper ones much longer; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.75-3 dm. in length or more, diffuse, the capillary branches 1-2 dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets on long hair-like pedicels which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, acute or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 4 mm. long, about twice as long as the first one, the awn 6-18 mm. long. Palmetto-lands, Andros and New Providence : — Massachusetts to Missouri, Flor- ida and Texas ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. Long-awned Haib-geass. Pcefle^grassl 21. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. 169. 1810. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, 1-flowered, occasionally 2-3- flowered. Scales in the 1-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty, the first somewhat shorter; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plu- mose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the de- ciduous grain.] About 100 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very numerous in America. Type species : Agrostis indica L. Plants with no rootstocks ; culms tufted. Second scale one half as long as the spikelet or less. Panicle usually long and narrow, its branches spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets numerous. Second scale orbicular, rounded and erose-denticulate at the apex, one fourth to one third as long as the spikelet ; spikelets loosely arranged on long slender branches. 1. S. indicus. Second scale ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse, about one half as long as the spikelet ; spikelets densely arranged on the short and appressed branches. 2. 8. Berteroanus. Panicle loose and open, its branches naked at the base, spreading; spikelets few. 3. S. atrovirens. Second scale as long as the spikelet or nearly so. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; first scale about one fourth as long as the second ; panicle branches rarely over 1.5 cm. long. 4. 8. argutus. Spikelets about 2 mm. long ; first scale about one half as long as the second ; panicle branches longer. 5. 8. domingensis. Plants with long stout rootstocks ; grass of sea beaches or saline situations. 6. 8. virginicus. 1. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 170. 1810. Agrostis indica L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. Agrostis tenacissima L. f. Suppl. 107. 1781. Sporobolus Jacquernontii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 427, pi. 127. 1831. Glabrous. Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, tufted; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, attenu- ate into a long slender tip, the lower 2-3 dm. long, the uper shorter; pan- icle 1-4 dm. in length, usually elongated, narrow, spike-like; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, the second about one-third as long as the third, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the lower one shorter, and often erose- truncate. Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Eleuthera : — West Indies ; continental tropica] America. Referred by Dolley to 8. tenacissimus Beauv. West Inpian Rush-grass. POACEAE. 33 2. Sporobolus Berteroanus (Trin.) Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Xat. Herb. 18:370. 1917. Vilfa Berteroana Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sei. Xat. 41: 100. 1840. Sporobolus angustus Buckley, Proe. Phila. Acad. 1862: 88. 1863. Slender, wiry, 1 m. tall or less. Leaves smooth, nearly erect, 1-3 mm. wide, long-attenuate, the lower ones 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the upper shorter; pan- icle narrow, often 3 dm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, crowded on the short appressed branches of the panicle; second scale o^ate-oblong, about one half as long as the spikelet. Sandy places, Andros, New Providence and Turks Islands : — Bermuda ; Vir- ginia and Tennessee to Florida and Texas ; West Indies. Bull-gkass. 3. Sporobolus atrovirens (H.B.K.) Kunth, Bev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829. Vilfa atrovirens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 138 1815. Sporobolus bahamensis Hack. Oest. Bot. Zeitseh. 52: 56. 1902. Perennial, the roots of long filiform fibres. Culms very slender, tufted, erect, glabrous, 3 dm. high or less. Leaves glabrous, mostly clustered at the base, narrowly linear, 2-8 cm. long; panicle loose, open, much-branched, 6-15 cm. long, its filiform branches spreading, scattered, 2-4 cm. long; the branch- lets bearing a few spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. Acklin's Island : — Mexico. Filiform Rush-grass. 4. Sporobolus argutus (Xees) Kunth, Enum. 1: 215. 1833. Vilfa arguta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 395. 1829. Perennial; culms 3 dm. tall or less, erect, or somewhat decumbent at the base. 'Sheaths shorter than the internodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at the top ; leaves 2.5-5 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous, and often sparingly hairy at the base above; panicle 3.75-7.5 cm. in length, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, verticillate, at first appressed, finally widely spreading; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; outer scales smooth and glabrous, the' first rounded or obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second one; third scale about equalling the second, acute. Sandy soil and in the scrub. Eleuthera. Long Island, Fortune Island, Mariguana, Grand Turk, and Inagua : — Kansas and Colorado to Louisiana and Texas ; Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Croix ; Antigua ; Trinidad ; tropical continental America. Pointed Dropseed-grass. 5. Sporobolus domingensis (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. 1: 214. 1833. Vilfa domingensis Trin.; Spreng. Xeue Entdeck. 2: 59. 1821. Perennial, similar to S. argutus, but usually larger, the culms up to 4 dm. long, the panicle densely many-flowered, narrow, 9 cm. long or less, its branches 2-4 cm. long. Spikelets 2 mm. long; first scale about one-half as long as the second. Sandy places, scrub, and roadsides. Abaco. Xew Providence. Eleuthera. Little San Salvador, South. Cat Bay, Watling's Island, Long Island, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, Ambergris Cay, Caicos Islands. Grand Turk. Little Inagua, Inagua, and An- guilla Isles: — southern Florida and Texas; Cuba; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico; Jamaica. Domingan Dropseed-grass. 6. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Bev. Gram. 1: 67. 1S29. Agrostis virginica L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or decumbent, from a stout creeping rootstock. Sheaths numerous, short, overlapping and crowded at the lower part of the culm, smooth, glabrous or sometimes pilose on the margins and at the throat; leaves 2.5-20 em. long, 4 mm. wide or less at the base, distichous, acuminate into a long point, involute on the margins and at the apex, smooth beneath, 34 POACEAE. scabrous above or sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, dense and spike-like, usually exserted; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the outer scales about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale smooth and glabrous, acute, slightly shorter than the second and about equalling the obtuse palet. Moist situations, especially in brackish swamps, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Andros, New Providence. Eleuthera, Rum Cay, Long Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island, Grand Turk, Little Inagua, Inagua, Water Cay, and Anguilla Isles : — Ber- muda ; Virginia to Florida and Texas ; West Indies and tropical continental America. Sea-shore Rush-gkass. 22. SPARTINA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. 123. 1791. Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or in- volute leaves, and an inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3; the two outer empty, keeled, very unequal; the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second; palet often longer than its scale, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the cord-like leaves of some species.] ■ About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil, a few in fresh-water marshes. Type species: Spartina Schreberi Gmel. 1. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Gram. 55. 1817. Dactylis patens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 104. 1789. Spartina juncea Willd. Enum. 81. 1809. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth and glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm. long, usually ascending, more or less peduncled, the rachis slightly scabrous; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales acute, scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first usually rather less than one-half as long as the second ; third scale somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the keel, emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, longer than the first and exceeded by the palet. Sea-beaches, Eleuthera : Fortune Island : — eastern United States ; Bermuda ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Guadaloupe ; Martinique. Salt Grass. 23. CAPRIOLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763. [Cynodon Rich.; Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805.] Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spieate inflorescence, the spikes digitate. Spikelets 1-flowered, secund. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled; flowering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plu- mose. Grain free. [Name mediaeval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on this grass in waste rocky places.] Four known species, of which three are Australian, the following typical one widely distributed. 1. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 764. 1891. Panicum Dactylon L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805. Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, from long creeping and branching stolons, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or somewhat hairy, crowded at the POACEAE. 35 bases of the culms and along the stolons ; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, scabrous above; spikes 4 or 5, digitate, 1-5 cm. long, the rachis flat; spikelets 2 mm. long; outer scales hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second. Waste and cultivated lands. New Providence. Eleuthera and Inagua : — Ber- muda : southern New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas ; warm and tropical regions of both the Old World and the New. Bermuda-grass. 24. CHLORIS Sw. Prod. 25. 1788. Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes few or numerous, verticillate or approximate. Spikelets 1-flowered, ar- ranged in two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, keeled, acute; third and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower; palet folded and 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, greenish -yellow, referring to the color of the herbage.] About fifty species, mostly natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Agrostis cruciata L. Hairs on the margins or nerves of the third scale short, not manifest, appressed to and not extending beyond the apex. Fourth scale of the spikelet at least one third as long as the second scale and bearing a long awn 4 mm. long or more ; spikes 4-6, widely spreading at maturity. 1. C. Sagraeana. Fourth scale of the spikelet rudimentary, bearing an awn less than 4 mm. long ; spikes usually numerous, erect or ascending at maturity. 2. C. racliata. Hairs on the margins or nerves of the third scale long, manifest, widely spreading or extending much beyond the apex. Third and fourth scales only awned, the former densely long-hairy on the midnerve, its awn less than twice the length of the scale. Marginal hairs less than one half the length of the body of the scale, barely extending beyond its apex ; spikes 3-5. 3. C. ciliata. Marginal hairs equaling in length the body of the scale and extending much beyond its apex ; spikes usually 6 or more. 4. C. polydactyla. Third, fourth and fifth scales awned, the first glabrous on the midnerve, its awn about three times the length of the scale. 5. C. paraguiensis. 1. Chloris Sagraeana A. Eieh. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 315. 1850. Chloris eleusinoides Griseb. El. Brit. W. I. 539. 1864. Perennial ; culms ascending, 6 dm. long or less, usually branched below. Leaf-sheaths keeled, the blades narrow, involute; spikes 4-6, slender, 4-8 cm. long, horizontally spreading when old, not pectinate; spikelets imbricated, the fourth scale bearing a filiform awn 4-12 mm. long. Waste grounds and roadsides. New Providence, Fortune Island and Inagua : — Cuba : Hispaniola : St. Croix ; Antigua : Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Referred by Hitch- cock to Chloris cruciata Sw. Sagra's Chloris. 2. Chloris radiata (L.) Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788. Agrostis radiata L. PI. Jam. Pugil. 7. 1759. Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. long, usually branched, smooth and slender. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the blades flat, blunt or short-pointed, 2-15 cm. long; spikes several or many, radiating, slender, 4-8 cm. long, not pectinate; spikelets densely imbricated, the fourth scale rudimentary, bearing a filiform awn about 3 mm. long. Waste places and roadsides, New Providence : — West Indies and tropical con- tinental America. Radiate Chloris. 36 POACEAE. 3. Chloris ciliata S\v. Prodr. 25. 1788. Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or nearly erect, rather stiff, 8 dm. long or less, smooth, mostly simple. Leaf-sheaths somewhat compressed, the blades flat, long-acuminate, 7-20 cm. long; spikes few, stout, radiate, pecti- nate, 4-7 cm. long, commonly curved; spikelets pale, approximate, the third and fourth scales short-awned. Waste places and roadsides, New Providence : — Cuba to St. Thomas, St. Croix, Martinique and Grenada ; Jamaica ; South America. Fringed Chlohis. 4. Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788. Andropogon barbatum L. PI. Jam. Pugil. 30. 1759. Not Chloris bar- bata Sw. 1797. Andropogon polydactylon L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1483. 1763. Chloris barbata Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 443. 1898. Perennial ; culms 7-12 dm. high. Leaves smooth, up to 6 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, long-attenuate. Spikes 6-25, spreading, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 3 mm. long; scales 6, the 2 empty ones acuminate; third scale pilose on the nerves, bearing an awn 3-4 mm. long; fourth scale bearing an awn 2.5-3 mm. long; fifth and sixth scales awnless. Cultivated ground. New Providence, Hog Island. Eleuthera. Cat Island, Rum Cay, Long Island : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Antigua ; South America. Many-spiked Chloris. 5. Chloris paraguaiensis Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 204. 1854. Chloris barbata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 200. 1797. Not Andropogon bar- batum L. 1759. Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or erect, 3-6 dm. long, slender, smooth. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the blades flat or folded, long-acuminate, 4-12 em. long. Spikes few or numerous, radiate, pectinate, 4-8 cm. long; spikelets usually purple, the third, fourth and fifth scales filiform-awned. Waste places, New Providence, Grand Turk, and Inagua : — tropical and warm temperate regions. Paraguay Chloris. 25. EUSTACHYS Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 188. 1810. Perennial grasses, with flat or folded, usually obtuse leaf-blades, and spicate inflorescence, the spites single, in pairs or 3-many and digitate. Spikelets usually 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows. Scales 4, rarely 5, the 2 lower empty, persistent, unequal, keeled, the first generally acute, the second oblong, truncate or 2-lobed at the apex, short-awned, the others awn- less, mucronate, or short-awned, firmer than the empty scales, the third scale enclosing a perfect flower and a palet, the fourth scale empty, or rarely en- closing a staminate flower. [Greek, beautiful spikes.] About 6 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. ^ 1. Eustachys petraea (Sw-.) Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810. Chloris petraea Sw. Prodr. 25. 1788. Chloris Swartsiana Doell. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 23 : 68. 1878. Culms 3-11 dm. tall; leaves 3 dm. long or less, 10 mm. wide or less, smooth; spikes 3-11, usually 4-6, erect, 4-11 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long; scales 4, the second, exclusive of the awn, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth triangular, acute or obtusish, the awn about 0.5 mm. long; third scale about 2 mm. long, in side view elliptic and about 1 mm. wide, the POACEAE. 37 awn short or wanting; fourth scale, in side view, obovate-elliptie, rounded at the apex, awnless. Waste and cultivated lands. Great Bahama, Abaco, North Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Hog Island, Elenthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Long Cay, Mariguana, Grand Caicos, Little Ambergris Cay, Grand Turk. Inagua, Salt Key, and Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Florida and Texas; Cuba; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico; Jamaica; tropical continental America. West Indian Grass. Finger-grass. 26. BOUTELOUA Lag. Varied. Ciene. 21: 134. 1805. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in few one-sided spikes. Spikelets 1-2-fl.owered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis, the raehilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales. Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn-pointed or awned; palet hyaline, entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish botanist.] About 30 species, particularly numerous in Mexico and in the southwestern United States. Type species: Bouteloua racemosa Lag. 1. Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1891: 306. 1892. Aristida americana L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 879. 1759. Bouteloua litigiosa Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5. 1816. Perennial, tufted. Culms wiry, compressed, decumbent or ascending, 7 dm. long or less, often much branched, glabrous. Leaves involute-margined, hairy near the base, 6-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less; raceme open, composed of several spike-like branches 2-3 cm. long; spikelets about 7 on each spike, ap- pressed; second flower rudimentary, with 3 awns of about equal length. Inagua : — Cuba to Tortola and Barbados ; Jamaica ; northern South America to Panama. Mesquite -grass. 27. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1: 7. 1788. Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with fiat leaves and spieate inflores- cence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spike- lets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended beyond them ; flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the others subtend- ing flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- mose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [From the Greek name of the town where Ceres was worshipped.] Species 6, natives of the Old World. Type species: Cynosurus coracana L. ^ 1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1: 8. 1788. Cynosurus indicus L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. Andropogon re-pens Schoepf, Reise 2: 493. 1788. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base. Sheaths loose, overlapping and often short and crowded at the base of the culm, glab- rous or sometimes sparingly villous; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous; spikes 2-10, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, whorled or approximate at the summit of the culm or one or two sometimes distant ; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 3-4 mm. long; scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved, the others 3-5-nerved. Waste places, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Fortune Island, Grand Turk, Rum Cay. and Inagua : — Bermuda ; common as a weed in all warm temperate and tropical regions. Wike-grass. 38 POACEAE. 28. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Enum. Hort. Eerol. 1029. 1809. An annual grass, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in pairs or digitate. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is extended beyond them into a sharp point. Scales compressed, keeled, the 2 lower and the uppermost ones empty, the others subtending flowers. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, rugose, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the digitately spreading spikes.] A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of the Old World. 1. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809. Cynosurus aegyptius L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. Culms 1.5-6 dm. long, usually decumbent and extensively creeping at the base. Sheaths loose, overlapping and often crowded, smooth and glabrous ; leaves 1.5 dm. in length or less, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent, eiliate toward the base; spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and digitate, 1.25-5 cm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered; scales compressed, scabrous on the keel, the second awned, the flowering ones broader and pointed. Waste places, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Bahama, Fortune Island, Caicos Islands, and Inagua : — New York to California, Florida and Texas ; common as a weed in the West Indies, in tropical America, and in the tropics of the Old World. Egyptian Grass. 29. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71, pi. 15, f. 1. 1812. Usually tall annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and numerous spikes forming a simple panicle. Spikelets usually several-flowered, flattened, alternating in two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4 to many; the 2 lower empty, keeled, shorter than the spikelet ; the flowering scales keeled, 3-nerved. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.] About 12 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Type species: Cynosurus virgatus L. Spikelets with 7 or 8 scales, the flowering scales awnless, or sometimes the first and rarely the second short-awned ; leaves glabrous. 1. L. virgata. Spikelets with 5 or 6 scales, the flowering scales all awned, the awn of the first scale more than one-half as long as the body ; leaves sparingly pilose. 2. L. domingensis. 1. Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 71, 166. 1812. Cynosurus virgatxis L. Syst. Xat. ed. 10, 876. 1759. Perennial; culms rather slender, smooth, erect or decumbent, somewhat tufted, 2-10 dm. high, little branched or simple. Leaves glabrous, the blades 6-18 cm. long, 4-15 mm. wide ; spikes slender, weak, 3-12 cm. long, racemose near the top of the culm; spikelets about 4 mm. long; flowering scales awn- less or very short-awned. New Providence : — West Indies and tropical continental America. Virgate Leptochloa. POACEAE. 39 2. Leptochloa domingensis (Jacq.) Trin. Fund. Agrost. 133. 1820. Cynosurus domingensis Jacq. Misc. Austr. 2: 363. 1781. Leptochloa virgata gracilis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 538. 1864. Perennial, similar to the preceding species, but the leaf -sheaths often more or less hispid and the blades somewhat villous on the upper surface; flowering scales tipped by filiform awns 1-3 mm. long. Cultivated grounds and scrub lands, New Providence. Eleuthera, and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Mexico ; and the 'West Indies. Slender Leptochloa. 30. PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Tall perennial reed-like grasses, with broad flat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelets 3-several-flowered, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect; raehilla articulated between the flowering scales, long-pilose. Two lower scales empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet; the third scale empty or subtending a staminate flower; flowering scales glabrous, narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to its hedge-like growth along ditches.] Three known species, the following typical one widely distributed, one in Asia, the third in South America. I. Phragmites Phragmites (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 379. 1881. Arundo Phragmites L. Sp. PI. 81. 1753. Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Culms 1.5-5 m. tall, erect, stout, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, loose; blades 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 8-50 mm. wide, flat, smooth, glabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long or more, ample; spike- lets crowded on the ascending branches; first scale 1-nerved, half to two-thirds as long as the 3-nerved second one; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, equalling the hairs of the raehilla. Marshes, Andros, New Providence, and Watling's Island : — Widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Reed-grass. 31. DIPLACHNE Beanv. Agrost. 80, pi. 16, f. 9. 1812. Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaves and long slender spikes arranged in an open panicle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flow- ered, narrow, sessile or shortly pedieelled, erect. Two lower scales empty, membranous, keeled, acute, unequal; flowering scales 1-3-nerved, 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Style3 distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to the 2-toothed flowering scales.] About 15 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres, the following typical. 1. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. Agrost. 160. 1812. Festuca fascicularis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791. Leptochloa fascicularis A. Gray, Man. 588. 1848. Culms tufted, finally branching, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves erect, 1-2 dm. long, 3 mm. or less wide, involute when dry, rough; racemes 8 or more, erect or 40 POACEAE. ascending, the larger ones 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 4—8 mm. long; scales 10-12, the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long, the niidnerve extend- ing into an awn 1 mm. long or less. Swamps, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma. Cat Island. Long Cay, and Inagua : — Florida to Texas, and northward in the Mississippi valley to Illinois ; Cuba ; St. Croix ; Jamaica ; Mexico. Spike-gbass. 32. EEAGROSTIS Host, Ic. Gram. Austr. 4: 14, pi. 24. 1809. Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several feet in height, the spikelets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many- flowered, more or less flattened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-nerved, or the second 3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved; palets shorter than the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the rachilla after the fruiting scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, etymology doubtful, per- haps signifying a low grass, or Love-grass, an occasional English name.] A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed throughout all warm and tem- perate countries. Type species : Brisa Eragrostis L. Palets glabrous on the keels, or merely hispidulous. Annual : roots fibrous ; spikelets not over 1.5 mm. wide. Perennials. Pedicels several times longer than the spikelets. Pedicels shorter than the spikelets. Stems low, 3 dm. tall or less ; inflorescence race- mose or nearly so. Stemsi tall, usually over 1 m. ; inflorescence pro- fusely paniculate. Palets with keels conspicuously ciliate : annuals. Panicle contracted, spike-like, the branches short and ap- pressed ; palets with very long hairs ; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. Panicle open, its branches spreading ; palets with shorter hairs ; spikelets about 2 mm. long. 1. Eragrostis tephrosanthos Schult. Mant. 2: 316. 1824. Annual ; culms tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so, the sheath ciliate at the top; panicle open, 4-8 cm. long, its filiform branches spreading or ascending; spikelets filiform-peduneled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide ; scales and palets glabrous. Waste places and cultivated grounds, New Providence : — Cuba to St. Thomas and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. Annual Love-grass. 2. Eragrostis Elliottii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25 : 140. 1890. Poa nitida Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 162. 1817. Not Lam. 1791. Eragrostis macropoda Pilger, in Urb. Symb. Ant. 4: 106. 1903. Perennial; culms tufted, glabrous, rather slender, erect, 4-10 dm. high. Sheaths glabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; panicle 2-5 dm. long, open, its nearly filiform branches spread- ing or ascending; pedicels filiform, much longer than the spikelets; spikelets 6-13-flowered, 5-10 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm. long. Moist places in pine and palmetto-lands and open scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Abaco. Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Little San Salvador : — South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana: Cuba: Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Jamaica. Referred by Dolley to E. peatinacea Gray. Elliott's Love-grass. 1. E. tephrosanthos. o E. Elliottii. 3. E. bahamensis. 4. E. prolifera. 5. E. ciliaris. 6. E. amabilis. POACEAE. 41 3. Eragrostis bahamensis Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 149. 1893. Perennial, somewhat glaucous; culms slender, wiry, glabrous, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves setaceous, 8 cm. long or less; spikelets sessile, distant, loosely spieate, oblong, many-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; flowering scales 3-nerved, glaucous, compressed. Wet or moist rocky places. Rum Cay, Acklin's Island, Ambergris Cay, Little Inagua, Inagua and Grand Turk. Endemic. Bahama Love-grass. 4. Eragrostis prolifera (Sw.) Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 278. 1855. Poa prolifera Sw. Prodr. 27. 1788. Poa domingensis Pers. Syn. 1: 88. 1805. Eragrostis gigantea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1: 403. 1831. Perennial, tall; culms slender, up to 2 m. high, often forming large clumps. Leaves elongated, 1.5-6 mm. wide; panicle large, sometimes 6-7 dm. long, broad or narrow, the axils of its branches usually without hairs; spikelets several on the branchlets of the panicle, pale green, short-stalked, linear, about 10 mm. long; palets glabrous. In sand, Whale Cay : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe ; Martinique ; Jamaica ; Cayman Islands. Tall Love-gkass. 5. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827. Poa ciliaris L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 875. 1759. Annual; culms densely tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 3 dm. high or less; leaf-sheaths with a tuft of hairs at the top and usually ciliate, the blades flat, 2-7 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle narrow, dense, 2-10 cm. long, its branches appressed; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 6-16-flowered; palet-nerves long- ciliate. Waste places and roadsides, Great Bahama, Abaco, Little Harbor Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Acklin's Island, Long Cay, Sand Cay, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles: — Georgia and Florida to Mississippi; West Indies and tropical America. 6. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) W. & A.; H. & A. Bot. Beechey Voy. 251. 1841. Poa amabilis L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. Poa plumosa Eetz. Obs. 4: 20. 1786. Eragrostis plumosa Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827. Annual; culms slender, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high. Sheaths commonly with a tuft of hairs at the top, their margins usually cilate; leaf -blades 2-10 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less; panicle-branches spread- ing or ascending; spikelets about 2 mm. long, 4-8-flowered, the palets ciliate with very short hairs. Waste places and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Inagua : — Georgia and Florida: West Indies; tropical continental America: Old World Tropics. Re- corded by Hitchcock as E. major Retz, but written up by him on the label of his Inagua specimen as E. minor. Plumed Love-geass. 33. UNIOLA L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. Erect and often tall grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, flat, 2-edged, the flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Scales flattened, keeled, sometimes winged, rigid, usually acute; the lower 3-6 empty, unequal; the flowering scales many-nerved, the uppermost scales often smaller and empty; palets rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain compressed, free, loosely enclosed 4 42 POACEAE. in the scale and palet. [Name diminutive of unus, one, of no obvious applica- tion.] About 8 species, natives of America. Type species: Uniola paniculata L. Spikelets 12 mm. long or more; inflorescence an open loose panicle. 1. U. paniculata. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long; inflorescence of numerous short secund racemes. 2. V. virgata. ^ 1. Uniola paniculata L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. Culms 1-2.5 m. tall. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, about 6 mm. wide, in- volute when dry, attenuate into a long slender tip; panicle open, loose, 2.25-3 dm. in length or more, the branches erect or ascending, strict, rigid, the lower 6-12.5 cm. long; spikelets many-flowered, short-pedicelled, ovate to oval when mature, 1.25-2.5 cm. long; flowering scales 8-10 mm. long and scabrous on the keels. Sand dunes and beaches, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Ragged Island, Atwood Cay, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Mariguana, Turk's Islands, Inagua. and Salt Key : — Virginia to Florida and Texas ; Cuba. Sea Oats. Catesby 1 : pi. 32. 2. Uniola virgata (Poir.) Griseb. EL Brit. W. I. 531. 1864. Poa virgata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 78. 1804. Uniola racemiflora Trin. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 1: 68. 1836; Culms tufted, 1-2 m. tall, rigid. Leaves 3-5 dm. long, rigid, involute, usually curved, 2-3 mm. wide; panicle narrow, virgate, 2-5 dm. long, about 2 cm. thick, its many short branches erect, appressed, the spikelets racemose- spicate, secund, 3-4 mm. long, oval, few-flowered; flowering scales about 2 mm. long. Sandy sea-beaches, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island : — ■ Oiba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Vieques ; St. Thomas ; St. Jan ; Saba. Spike-grass. 34. DISTICHLIS Eaf. Journ. de Phys. 89: 104. 1819. Dioecious grasses, with rigid culms creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or convolute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets flat- tened, more numerous on the staminate plants than on the pistillate, 6-16-flow- ered; rachilla continuous in the staminate spikelets, articulated in the pistil- late. Two lower scales empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter than the flower- ing ones; flowering scales broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid; palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas long- plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying two- ranked, probably in reference to the spikelets.] Four known species, natives of America, inhabiting the seaeoast or alkaline soil; one of them is also found in Australia. Type species: Uniola spicata L. 1. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2: 415. 1887. Uniola spicata L. Sp. PL 71. 1753. Culms 7.5-60 cm. tall, erect from a horizontal rootstock, or often de- cumbent at the base. Sheaths overlapping and often crowded; leaves 1.25-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute; panicle dense and spike-like, 1.8-6 cm. in length, the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect ; spikelets 6-16-flowered, 8-18 mm. long, pale green ; empty scales acute, the first 1- 3-nerved, two-thirds as long as the 3-5-nerved second one; flowering scales 3-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate. Brackish soil, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling's Island, Inagua : — Nova Scotia to Washington, California, Texas, and Florida ; Mexico ; Cuba ; South America. Erroneously called Bulrush. Marsh Spike-grass. Rabbit-grass. CYPEKACEAE. 43 35. ARTHROSTYLIDIUM Eupr. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 52: 117. 1839. Woody, mostly vine-like grasses, the leaves usually borne on short branches whorled at the nodes, the leaf-blades linear or lanceolate, jointed with the sheaths. Spikelets racemose, usually appearing only after long intervals, some- times only after many years. Spikelets linear, few-several-flowered, stalked or nearly sessile, more or less secund, articulated above the lower 3 or 4 empty scales; lowest scale small, the others similar to ea^h other, acute or acumi- nate, many-nerved, not awned; palets narrow, 2-earinate, scarcely shorter than the scales. Elowers perfect. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles 2. Grain oblong. [Greek, referring to the jointed spikelets.] About 20 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Arthrostylidium RaenTcei Rupr. 1. Arthrostylidium capilli folium Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 531. 1862. Glabrous; stem slender, wiry, woody, climbing over shrubs and small trees, sometimes 5 m. long, often forming large colonies. Branches numerous, fascicled at the nodes, short; leaves capillary, flexible, 5-15 cm. long; spike- lets few, at the ends of the branches, lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, several-flowered. In low dense coppices and pinelands, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Great Exuma : — Cuba ; Porto Rico. Old Man's Beaed. Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil. Sedge Family. Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous (many species perennial by long rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with closed sheaths. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary or clustered, 1- many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent or de- ciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more. Fila- ments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ceiled. Ovule 1, anatropous, erect. Style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2-toothed. Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute. About 65 genera and 3000 speices, of very wide geog- raphic distribution. Fertile flowers perfect. Basal empty scales of the spikelet none, or not more than two. Scales of the spikelets distichous ; bristles none. 1. Cypcrus. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated (apparently distichous in Abildgaardia) . Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene. Spikelet 1 ; perianth-bristles usually present ; culms leafless. 2. Eleocharis. Spikelets usually several or numerous ; bristles none ; culms leafy below. 3. Stenophyllua. Style wholly deciduous : no tubercle on the achene. Base of the style swollen ; bristlps none. Spikelets nearly terete, not flattened. 4. Fimbristylis. Spikelets distinctly flattened. 5. Abildgaardia. Base of the style not swollen : bristles usually present. 6. Scirpus. Basal empty scales of the spikelets 3 or more. Style 2-cleft, its base persistent as a tubercle on the achene. Bristles none: culm monocephalous. 7. Dirhromena. Bristles usually present ; culm usually polycephalous. 8. Rynclwspora. 44 CYPERACEAE. Style 3-cleft, its base fused with the top of the achene ; tubercle none. Bristles none. 9. Marisoua. Bristles present. 10. Schoenvs. Flowers all imperfect: achene bony or crustaceous. 11. Scleria. 1. CYPERUS L. Sp. PI. 44. 1753. Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy near the base, and with 1 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or subterete, the scales falling away from the rachis as they mature (nos. 1-7), or persistent and the. spikelets falling away from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached (nos. 8-14). Scales concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bear- ing or the lower ones empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3, Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene. [Ancient Greek name for these sedges.] About 600 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Cyperus esculentus L. Style-branches 2 ; achene lenticular. 1. C paniculatus. Style-branches 3 ; achene trigonous. Spikelets not breaking up into one-fruited joints. Scales deciduous from the persistent rachis of the spikelets. Rachis-wings none, or very narrow. Annuals. Scales tipped with recurved awns. Scales acuminate, not awned. Perennials. Leaves flat : plants not viscid. Spikelets yellow, oblong-lanceolate. Spikelets green-brown, ovate. Leaves involute ; plant viscid. Rachis-wings manifest ; perennial. Spikelets falling away above the two persistent lower scales. Leaves and culms filiform, reclining. Leaves flat ; culms stout or slender, erect. Spikelets with 1-4 achenes. Spikelets in a single capitate cluster. Umbel compound : spikes cylindric. Spikelets with 5-20 achenes. Scales acute or cuspidate, not awned. Scales awned. Spikelets breaking up into one-fruited joints. Umbel compound : annual with flat leaves. Spikelets in a single cluster or two ; perennial with filiform leaves. 1. Cyperus paniculatus Rottb. Deser. & Icon. 40. 1773. Cyperus Gatesii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 255. 1836. Annual, bright green. Leaves 1-4 mm. wide; culms slender, tufted, 1-4 dm. tall, often surpassing the leaves; bracts of the involucre 3-5, surpassing the umbel, the longer ones up to 2 dm. long; umbel with 3-8 rays, or rarely nearly capitate: spikelets few, linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, acute; scales light chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, acute, shining, striate, deciduous at maturity; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, oblong, grayish, abruptly apicu- late, fully half as long as the scale. Moist ground, New Providence : — southeastern United States : West Indies ; tropical continental America. Referred by Clarke to Pycraeus ferrugineus ; recorded by Dolley as C. polystachyus Rottb. Paniclkd Cyperus. 2 3. C. c. cuspidatus. compressus. 4. 5. 6. 7. c. c. c. c. ochraceii8. pseudovegetus elegans. rotundus. 8. c. florid un us. 10! c. c. fuliginrus. ligularis. li. 12. c. c. brunneus. confertus. 13. c. ferax. 14. c. filiformis. CYPEKACEAE. 45 2. Cyperus cuspidatus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 204. 1816. Annual, glabrous; culms tufted, 2-14 em. tall, as long as the leaves, or longer. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, those of the umbel usually 3 or 4, sometimes 1 dm. long; umbel 2-5-rayed, rarely capitate; rays 0.5-5 cm. long; spikelets linear, 5-12 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, digitate, many-flowered; scales chestnut-brown, nearly 2 mm. long, strongly 3-5-nerved, keeled, the recurveil- spreading awn-like tip nearly as long as the body; stamens 1-3; achene broadly obovoid, 0.5 mm. long, trigonous, brown, apiculate ; style very short. Wet soil, New Providence, Cat Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, South Caicos, Inagua : — southern United States ; Cuba ; Anegada ; Yucatan ; South Amer- ica. Recorded by Hitchcock as C. aristatus Kottb. Cuspidate Cyperus. 3. Cyperus compressus L. Sp. PI. 46. 1753. Annual; culms slender, erect or reclining, smooth, 7-25 cm. long. Leaves light green, about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 2-3, the longer exceed- ing the spikelets; umbel capitate or with 2-3 short rays; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, very flat, many-flowered; scales light green with a yellow band on each side, ovate, acuminate, firm, keeled, several-nerved, falling away from the narrowly-winged rachis at ma- turity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, obtuse, dull, brown, about one-third as long as the scale. Waste grounds, New Providence : — 'United States ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; tropical continental America and Old World tropics. Flat Cyperus. 4. Cyperus cchraceus Yahl, Enum. 2: 325. 1806. Perennial ; culms rather stout, 2-7 dm. tall. Leaves 6 mm. wide or less, the basal ones mostly shorter than the ctdm, those of the involucre several, spreading, 2 or more of them much longer than the compound or simple umbel ; umbel-rays 15 em. long or less; spikelets numerous, capitate, flatfish, blunt, many-flowered, 5-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; scales yellow, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, obtusish ; stamen 1; achene ovoid, 3-angled, narrowed at both ends. Swamps, New Providence : — southern United States ; Cuba to Guadaloupe ; Ja- maica ; tropical continental America. Erroneously referred by Clarke to C. Luzulae Rottb., citing Brace no. 408 ; referred also here by Dolley. Yellow Cyperus. 5. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Syn. PL Cyp. 24. 1855. Perennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the rootstoeks; culm rather stout, 0.3-1.3 m. high, often equalled by the leaves. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth, nodulose, the midvein prominent ; leaves of the involucre 4—6, spread- ing; umbel several-rayed, compound; spikelets ovate, flat, many-flowered, light green, densely capitate, 4-6 mm. long; scales keeled, conduplicate, 1-nerved, curved, acute, longer than the linear 3-angled slightly stalked achene; stamen 1; style 3-cleft. Swamps. New Providence at Southwest Bay : — southeastern United States. Marsk Cyperus. -r' 6. Cyperus elegans L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. Cyperus viscosus Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788. Perennial by short rootstoeks; culms viscid-pubescent, 8 dm. tall or less. Leaves convolute in drying, the basal ones about as long as the culm, those of the involucre about 3, the longer ones much surpassing the inflorescence; umbel usually compound, the rays up to 15 cm. long; spikelets 2-12 in the clusters, digitate, oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, compressed; scales green-brown, ovate, strongly mucronate, about 3 mm. long; stamens and style- branches 3; achene obovoid, 3-angled, nearly black, about half as long as the scale. Marshes and sink-holes, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Acklin's Isand, Great Esuma, Inygua : — Florida: Cuba to St. Jan and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; Yucatan ; South America. Viscid Cyperus. 46 CYPERACEAE. 7. Cyperus rotundus L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks; culm rather stout, 0.1-0.5 m. high, usually longer than the leave?. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, those of the in- volucre 3-5; umbel 3-8-rayed, the longer rays 5-11 cm. long; spikelets linear, clustered, few in each cluster, acute, 8-20 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; scales dark purple-brown or with green margins and centre, ovate, acute, appressed when mature, about 3-nerved on the keel; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches ex- serted ; aehene 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale. Waste and cultivated grounds. New Providence : — United States ; Bermuda : West Indies : tropical continental America ; warm-temperate and tropical parts of the Old World. Nut-grass. 8. Cyperus floridanus Britton; Small, Fl. S. E. U. S. 170. 1903. Perennial by tuber-like bases of the culms. Culms filiform, wiry, densely clustered, erect or reclining, 0.5-2.5 dm. long; leaves filiform, or the lowest reduced to scales, some of them usually as long as the culm or longer, about 0.5 mm. wide, those of the involucre 2 or 3, similar to the lower ones, the longer much exceeding the head of spikelets, sometimes 10 cm. long; head composed of few to several spikelets; spikelets digitate, flattened, linear- subulate, 6-15 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, several-flowered, acuminate; scales oblong, 2 mm. long, chestnut-brown, blunt, strongly several-nerved, firm in texture; stamens 3; aehene linear-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long and 0.5 mm. thick, dull, dark brown. Plant with the habit of C. filiformis. Moist sandy soil, Abaco, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Santo Domingo. Florida Cyperus. 9. Cyperus fuligineus Chapm. Fl. S. States 511. 1860. Mariscus fuligineus Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 16. 1908. Perennial; culms very slender, smooth, tufted, 1-4 dm. high, rather rigid. Leaves revolute-margined, shorter than the culm, those of the involucre usually 2, unequal; spikelets linear, 6-10 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, densely crowded in a single terminal head ; scales ovate to oval, about 2 mm. long, dark brown, striate, mucronulate ; style 3-cleft; achene3 oblong-obovoid, trigonous, about 1.5 mm. long, dull, brown. Sandy and rockv soil, Berrv Islands, New Providence and Eleuthera to Am- bergris Cay, Grand Turk, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuban Cays ; Anegada ; Bonaire : Curacao. Recorded by Coker and presumably by Dolley as C. VahlU Steud. ; by Hitchcock as C. brunneus Sw. 10. Cyperus ligularis L. Amoen. Acad. 5: 391. 1759. Perennial; roots fibrous, thick; rootstock short or none; culms stout, 1.2 m. high or less. Leaves 8-20 mm. wide, pale green, rough-margined, the basal ones often overtopping the culm, those of the involucre sometimes 7 dm. long; umbel 4-12-rayed, large, compound; spikes oblong or subglobose, 8-10 mm. thick, very dense; spikelets gray to brown, 4-6 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, bearing 2-4 aehenes; fruiting scales oval or ovate, striate, blunt, 2.5-3 mm. long; aehene narrowly obovoid to ellipsoid, dark brown, dull, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm. long, half as long as the scale. Swamps. Great Bahama to Andros, New Providence, Fortune Island, North Caicos and Inagua : — southern United States : West Indies and tropical continental America ; tropical Africa. Large Cyperus. Saw-grass. 11. Cyperus brunneus Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 116. 1797. Mariscus brizaeus Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 52. 1900. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, 7 dm. high or less. Leaves 4-10 mm. wide, pale green, the basal often overtopping the culm, those of the involucre 3-5, the longer much surpassing the inflorescence; umbel few-rayed, CYPERACEAE. 47 or glomerate, simple or little compound, the rays up to 3 em. long; spikelets short-spicate, 1-2 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, with 5-10 achenes ; scales brown, ovate, apiculate, strongly striate-nerved ; achene obovoid, 3-angled. Sand dunes and white-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to the Caicos Islands, Little Inagua and Cay Sal : — Bermuda : Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico. Consists of several races differing in stalked or sessile spikes, width of leaves, the scales ovate to elliptic-oblong. Recorded by Herrick as C. Vahlii Steud. Sand or Coast Cyperus. 12. Cyperus confertus Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms rather slender, 1-4 dm. high, clus- tered. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, the basal ones as long as the culms or shorter, those of the involucre 2 dm. long or less, the longer much surpassing the in- florescence; umbel simple, 1-7-rayed; heads subglobose, about 1 cm. thick; spikelets greenish-yellow, 5-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat, bearing 5-9 achenes; fertile scales ovate, keeled, strongly striate, tipped with short, some- what curved awns ; stamens 3 or sometimes 2 ; achene oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, 1-1.5 mm. long, about half as long as the scale. Inagua: — Hispaniola to St. Thomas and to Martinique; Jamaica. Curacao; northern South America ; Galapagos. Capitate Cyperus. 13. Cyperus ferax L. C. Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792. Annual; smooth,- culms rather stout, 3-8 dm. tall, usually tufted. Leaves 5-10 mm. wide, the lower ones as long as the culm or shorter, those of the involucre 3 or more, the longer equalling or exceeding the umbel ; umbel simple or compound, several-rayed; spikelets linear, subterete, 10-20-flowered, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, the ovate-oblong, appressed, yellow-green, 7-9-nerved scales scarcely imbricated; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene trigo- nous, narrowly obovoid, obtuse. Swamps. Abaco, Cat Cay, New Providence, Exuma Chain, Eleuthera : — United States ; West Indies ; Central and South America. Coarse Cyperus. 14. Cyperus filiformis Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788. Mariscus filiformis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 213. 1816. Perennial; glabrous; culms very slender or filiform, tufted, rather weak, 2-7 dm. long. Leaves usually much shorter than the culm, about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 1 or 2, mostly longer than the 1 or 2 loose spikes ; spikelets 3-10, nearly digitate, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick, terete, erect or ascending, several-flowered ; scales yellowish with a green keel, acutish, shining, faintly striate, ovate, inrolled, not overlapping ; achene shorter than the scale, trigonous, ellipsoid, blackish, pointed at both ends. Grassy places, New Providence : — Cuba to St. Thomas and St. Croix : Jamaica. The Crooked Island reference of Hitchcock proves to be an error, his plant being Schoenus nigricans L. Slender Cyperus. Schoepf records KylUnga monocephala Rottb. as observed by him on New Providence in 1784, but no species of that genus has been collected in the Bahamas by subsequent botanists. 2. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. 1:224. 1810. Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, rot subtended by an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, or wanting in some species. 48 CYPERACEAE. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-eleft and achene 3-angled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid. Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle. [Greek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy ground.] About 340 species, widely distributed. Type species: Scirpus palustris L. Spikelets little, if at all, thicker than the culms; scales rigid; tall sedges. Achenes transversely ridged; culms nodose-septate. 1. E. interstinctu. Achenes copiously pitted : culms continuous. 2. E. ceUulosa. Spikelet thicker than the culm ; scales membranous ; low sedges. Upper sheath hyaline, scarious. 3. E. flaccida. Upper sheath truncate, oblique or 1-toothed. Perianth-bristles nearly white: achene 0.5 mm. long; culms nearly filiform. 4. E. atropurpurea. Perianth-bristles brown ; achene 1 mm. long ; culms slen- der. 5. E. capitata. 1. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) E, & S. Syst. 2: 149. 1817. Scirpus inter stinctus Vahl, Enum. 2: 251. 1806. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, terete, 4-10 dm. tall, nodose, hollow. Sheaths oblique, the lower sometimes bearing short blades; spikelet cylindric, terete, 2-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick; scales coriaceous, obtuse, faintly many-nerved, scarious-margined ; bristles about 6, retrorsely barbed, as long as the achene or shorter; style 3-eleft rarely 2-eleft; achene obovola, shining, brown, minutely many-striate and transversely ridged; tubercle conic, acute. Marshes, Great Bahama, New Providence, Acklin's Island : — eastern United States ; Bermuda : Cuba to St. Thomas and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; tropical continental America. Knotted Spike-rush. 2. Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 298. 1836. Perennial by long rootstocks; culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above, 7 dm. tall or less, not nodose. Sheaths membranous, oblique; spikelet 1.5-3 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick, cylindric, somewhat thicker than the culm; scales coriaceous, obtuse, membranous-margined, many-striate; bristles 6 or 7, nearly or quite smooth, about as long as the achene; style 3-cleft; achene broadly obovoid, trigonous, striate, copiously pitted; tubercle deltoid, about one-half as wide as the achene. Marshes, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Rose Island, Eleuth- era, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Great Emma, Inagua : — southern United States ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; Yucatan. Round-stemmed Spike- rush. * 3. Eleocharis flaccida (Rehb.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900. Scirpus flaccidus Rchb. ; Spreng. Tent. Suppl. 3. 1828. Eleocharis ochreata Nees, Linnaea 9: 294. 1834. Scirpus ochreatus Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 570. 1864. Heleocharis bahamensis Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 2: 11 in part. 1890. Perennial by slender rootstocks; culms slender or filiform, 3-angled, 0.5-3 dm. long. Upper sheath white, hyaline, membranous ; spikelet oblong or ovoid, 3-6 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick, much thicker than the culm; scales ellipticto oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, thin, pale green with a faint midvein; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate, smooth, 0.5 mm. long, 2-4 times as long as the conic, acute tubercle ; bristles 6 or 7, retrorsely barbed, as long as the achene, or shorter, or none. Wet grounds, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Southeastern United States : Cuba to St. Thomas and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; tropical continental America ; Philippine Islands. Pale Spike-rush. CYPERACEAE. 49 4. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth, Enum. 2: 151. 1837. Scirpus atropurpureus Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Heleocharis Sintenisii Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 16. 1888. Heleocliaris bdhamensis Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 2: 11. 1890. Annual; roots fibrous; culms tufted, very slender, 2-9 cm. high. Upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid, many-flowered, subacute, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter or less; scales minute, ovate-oblong, persistent, purple-brown with green midvein and very narrow scarious margins; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-3- cleft; bristles 2-4, fragile, white, minutely downwardly hispid, about as long as the aehene; achene jet black, shining, 0.5 mm. long, smooth, lenticular; tubercle conic, minute, depressed but rather acute, constricted at the base. Hog Island, New Providence, Andros, Acklin's Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Central and western United States to Central America ; Europe ; Asia. Referred by Clarke to E. camptotricha Schiceinitzii Clarke, citing Northrop 524 b, from Conch Sound, Andros, but that has trigonous achenes, proliferous spikelets and is the same as E. prolifcra Torr., its older name. Our specimen of this number has lenticular achenes ; it is possible that two species were distributed under the same number. Mrs. Northrop's no. 745, indicated on her label as the same as 524 b, was determined by Mr. Clarke as E. atropurpurea. Purple Spike-rush. 5. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 225. 1810. Scirpus capitatns L. Sp. PI. 48. 1753. Annual; roots fibrxms; culms densely tufted, nearly terete, almost filiform, 5-25 cm. tall. Upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid, obtuse, much thicker than the culm, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, many-flowered; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, pale or dark brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly searious-margined, persistent; stamens mostly 2; style 2-cleft; bristles 5-8, slender, downwardly hispid, as long as the achene; achene obovate, jet black, smooth, shining, nearly 1 mm. long; tubercle depressed, apiculate, constricted at the base, very much shorter than the aehene. Moist and wet grounds, Great Bahama, and Andros to Crooked Island, North Caicos and Inagua : — United States ; Bermuda ; West Indies ; tropical continental America ; Old World tropics. Capitate Spike-rush. 3. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4. 1825. Mostly annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, with eiliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets um- bellate, capitate or solitary, usually subtended by a 1-several-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, glabrous, its base much swollen and persistent as a tubercle on the aehene as in Eleocharis. Achene 3- angled, turgid or lenticular. [Greek, referring to the narrow leaves.] A genus of some 90 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Type species: Scirpus stenophyllus Ell. 1. Stenophyllus Wilsoni Britton, Torreya 13: 215. 1913. Perennial by short stout rootstocks; culms clustered, somewhat flattened, smooth, stiff, but rather slender, erect, 2-3 dm. tall. Basal sheaths 3 or 4, bladeless, acute, many-nerved, floccose-pubescent, the upper with a scarious margin; spikelets 2-5 together, in a terminal capitate cluster subtended by a subulate bract 0.5-2 cm. long, or sometimes by 2 bracts, linear-oblong, much compressed, 1-2 cm. long, 4 mm. wide; scales narrowly oblong to oblong- lanceolate, loosely pubescent, eiliate, light brown, membranous, obtusish, 5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the midvein prominent; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, the 50 CYPEBACEAE. pubescent branches about as long as the glabrous lower part ; achene obovoid. dull black, bluntly trigonous, nearly 1 mm. long, capped by a minute de- pressed tubercle. Castle Island and Little Inagua. Endemic. Wilson's Stexophyllus. 4. FIMBRISTYLIS ATahl, Enum. 2: 285. 1806. Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capitate, terete, several to many-flowered, subtended by a 1-many-leaved in- volucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base much enlarged, falling away from the summit of the achene at maturity. Achene lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, eancellate, or longitudi- nally ribbed or striate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style of some species.] A large genus, the species widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl. Style branches 2 ; achene lenticular. Achene longitudinally ribbed. 1. F. diphylla. Achene eancellate. reticulate or granular, not ribbed. Scales pilose-puberulent ; leaves short. 2. F. fcrruginea. Scales glabrous. Leaves elongated : inflorescence loose. Leaves involute or plano-convex. 3. F. castanea. Leaves flat. 4. F. inaguensis. Leaves short : inflorescence compact. 5. F. spathacea. Style branches 3 ; achene trigonous. 6. F. hirta. 1. Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 1806. Scirpus diphyllus Retz. Obs. 5: 15. 1789. Perennial by short rootstocks, glabrous or pubescent; culms tufted, 1-6 dm. high, slender. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; involucre- bracts 3 or 4, shorter than or surpassing the simple or compound umbel; spike- lets oblong or ovoid, 5-10 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, acute, glabrous ; style 2-cleft ; aehenes scarcely 1 mm. long, obovoid, biconvex, white or yellowish, longitudinally ribbed, reticulated, the ribs smooth. Moist soil. New Providence and Fortune Island : — southern United States ; West Indies ; tropical continental America : Old World tropics. Slender Fimbri- stylis. ^ 2. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl. Enum. 2: 291. 1806. Scirpus ferrugineus L. Sp. PI. 50. 1753. Culms tufted, erect, 2-8 dm. tall, rather slender. Leaves much shorter than the culm, often very short ; involucre-bracts 2-4, rarely exceeding the simple or slightly compound umbel; spikelets few or several, ovoid-oblong, 8-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, acutish or mucronulate, brown, pilose-puberulent toward the apex; style 2-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex, smooth, brownish, half as long as the scale. Moist saline soil. Berry Islands, Cat Cav. Andros. New Providence and Eleuthera to Mariguana and Inagua :• — West Indies ; continental tropical America. Salt Marsh Fimbristylis. 3. Fimbristylis castanea (Miehx.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. 1806. Scirpus castaneus Miehx. El. Bor. Am. 1: 31. 1803. Perennial; glabrous; culms stiff, slender, wiry, trigonous, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves rigid, involute, usually somewhat shorter than the culm, about 2 mm. wide when unrolled, their sheaths often brown, those of the involucre 3-6, the CYPEEACEAE. 51 longer sometimes exceeding the simple or compound umbel; umbel-rays several, nearly erect; spikelets ovoid or ovoid-eylindric, acute, 5-12 mm. long, the central ones sessile, the others stalked; scales obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous, brown with a green midvein; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obo- vate, brown, reticulate. Moist saline soil, Andros, New Providence. Rose Island. Eleuthera, Cat Island. Little San Salvador. Watling's Island ; Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda : eastern United States : Cuba. Recorded by Hitchcock, by Dolley and by Mrs. Northrop as Fimbri- stylis spadicea (L.) Vahl. Marsh Fimbristylis. 4. Fimbristylis inaguensis Britton, Torreya 13: 216. 1913. Perennial by short stout rootstoeks ; culms rather stout, stiff, smooth, com- pressed, 3-5 dm. tall. Basal leaves one-third to two-thirds as long as the culm, flat, rather stiff, smooth, 1-2.5 mm. wide, obtuse; leaves of the involucre 2-4, the longer one usually a little exceeding the inflorescence; umbel com- pound, 5-7 cm. broad, the rays 2-4 cm. long, ascending, the raylets slender, 0.5-2 cm. long; spikelets narrowly oblong, 8-12 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. thick, acute, many-flowered, solitary at the ends of the rays and raylets; scales brown, glabrous, dull, ovate, carinate, mucronate or the lower short-awned; achene elliptic or obovate-elliptic, flat, blunt, finely reticulated, nearly 1.5 mm. long; style-branches 2. White-lands and rocky soil. Cat Island, Little San Salvador. Watling's Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island, Exuma Chain, Little Ambergris Cay, Inagua : — Cuban Cays ; Anegada. West Indian Fimbristylis. 5. Fimbristylis spathacea Both, Xov. Sp. 24. 1821. Scirpus glomeratus Betz. Obs. 4: 11. 1786. Fimbristylis glomerata Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 166. 1900. Not Xees. 1834. Culms tufted, stiff, erect, rather slender, 1-4 dm. high. Basal leaves flat, stiff, much shorter than the culm, 1.5-3 mm. wide, spreading or ascending, the apex bluntish and mucronate ; involucral leaves mostly shorter than the compound small dense umbel; spikelets ellipsoid to short-cylindric, 3-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick ; scales ovate, brownish, glabrous, emarginate, scarious-margined ; style 2-cleft ; achene about one-half as long as the scale, biconvex, obovate, brown, granular or subtuberculate. Coppices, waste and cultivated grounds. Great Bahama, Andros. Rum Cay, Fortune Island, Cay Sal : — West Indies and tropical continental America ; Old World tropics. Justice Joseph E. Adderley. at Eight Mile Rocks. Great Bahama, informed us at the time of our visit there in February, 1905, that soon after the hurricane of August 13, 1809, this sedge appeared in clearings, and had soon spread as a trouble- some weed through cultivated lands, killing out pasture grasses in places ; it had therefore come to be called there " Hurricane Grass." 6. Fimbristylis hirta (Thunb.) B. & S. Syst. 2: 99. 1817. • Cyperus hirtus Thunb. Bhyt. Blaett. 1: 6. 1803. Scirpus exilis Boir. Encvcl. Suppl. 5: 105. 1817. Fimbristylis exilis E. & S. Syst. 2: 98. 1817. Annual ; culms 1-4 dm. long, slender, pilose at least above. Leaves nearly filiform, pubescent, half as long as the culm or less, 0.2-0.5 mm. wide; involucral bracts 3-5, longer or shorter than the umbel; spikelets 3-14, on filiform pilose umbel-rays, ovoid, 6-12 mm. long; scales few, ovate, mucro- nate, chestnut-brown, pilose-puberulent, the midvein green ; style glabrous, its 3 branches linear ; achene pyriform, pale brown, 1 mm. long, irregularly rugose, sometimes tuberculate. Bahamas, collected by Dale, according to Clarke : — Cuba ; northern South Amer- ica ; Africa. Hairy Fimbristylis. 52 CYPEEACEA E. 5. ABILDGAARDIA Yahl, Enum. 2: 296. 1806. Low, perennial or animal sedges, with slender culms, narrow or setaceous basal leaves, the involucre usually of 1 small bract, the flattened spikelets soli- tary or few together, several-naany-flowered. Scaly imbricated in 2 rows, keeled, deciduous. Bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style pubescent, deciduous, its base swollen. Stigmas 3. Achene trigonous. [Commemorates P. S. Abild- gaard, Danish botanist.] About 15 species of tropical and subtropical dis- tribution, the following typical. 1. Abildgaardia monostachya (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 296. 1806. Cyperus monostacliyos L. Mant. 180. 1771. Fimbristylis monostachya Hassk. PI. Jav. Ear. 61. 1848. Perennial, glabrous; culms tufted, very slender, smooth, thickened at the base, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide, about half as long as the culm ; involucral bract short, rarely as long as the spikelet ; spikelet ovate or ovate-lanceolate, flat, 1-1.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide; scales ovate, keeled, mucronate, pale greenish-brown with white margins; style villous, with 3 short branches; achene obovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, 3-angled, yellowish, tuberculate. Grassy places and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Fortune Island, Inagua : — Florida; Cuba to Porto Rico; St. Jan to Tobago; Anegada ; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Flat-spiked Rush. 6. SCIKPUS L. Sp. PI. 47. 1753. Annual or perennial* very small or very large sedges, with leafy culms or the leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, spicate or umbellate, subtended by a 1-several-leaved in- volucre or the involucre wanting in some species. Scales spirally imbricated all around, usually all fertile, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. Flowers per- fect. Perianth of 1-6, slender or rigid, short or elongated, barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent as a subulate tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. [Latin name of the Bulrush, said to be from sirs, the Celtic word for rushes.] About 200 species of very wide geographic distribution. Type species: Scirpus lacustris L. Bracts of the involucre several : scales long-awned ; culm trigonous. 1. S. rohustus. Bract of the involucre only 1 ; scales short-tipped ; culm terete. 2. S. validus. • 1. Scirpus rcbustus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 56. 1814. Perennial by rootstocks ; culm stout, stiff, 3-angled with flat sides, smooth, 0.5-1.4 m. tall. Leaves dark green, smooth, 5-10 mm. wide ; involucral leaves 2-4, elongated, similar to the lower ones; spikelets ovoid-oblong, stout, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. in diameter, 6-20 together in a dense terminal cluster; scales ovate, brown, puberulent, thin, the midvein excurrent into an, at length, re- flexed awn 3-5 mm. long ; bristles 1-6, fragile, shorter than the achene, or none ; style 3-cleft; achene compressed, flat on the face, convex or with a low ridge on the back, obovate-orbicular, dark brown, shining, 3 mm. long. Marshes, Little Inagua : — Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Salt Marsh Bulrush. CYPERACEAE. 53 2. Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum. 2: 268. 1806. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, smooth, terete, erect, 1-3 m. tall, sheathed at the base. Involucre-bract 1, erect, shorter than the umbel, ap- pearing as if continuing the culm ; umbel compound, its primary rays slender, 1-6 cm. long; spikelets several or many, oblong-conic, 1 to 5 together, 5-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, short-tipped; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, as long as the achene or longer; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, mucronate. Ponds, Fortune Island: — Continental North America; Bermuda; Cuba; Haiti; Porto Rico ; Jamaica. American Great Bulrush. 7. DICHROMENA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:37. 1803. Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a terminal head involucrate by the upper leaves, which are often white at the base. Spikelets compressed, several-many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated all around, several of them with imperfect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft, its branches subulate. Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, crowned with the broad persistent base of the style (tubercle). [Greek, alluding to the two-colored involucral leaves.] About 8 species, na- tives of America. Type species: Dichromena leucocephala Michx. Spikelets capitate: involucral bracts reflexed. 1. D. colorata. Spikelets subspicate ; bracts erect or the lower one spreading 2. D. inaguensis. * 1. Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1893. Schoenus coloratus L. Sp. PI. 43. 1753. Dichromena leucocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 37. 1803. Glabrous; culm slender, erect, rather sharply triangular, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves distant, narrowly linear, about 2 mm. wide, much shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish white at the base; head globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute; scales membranous, lanceolate, nearly white, 1-nerved, subacute at the apex; achene obovate, brown, nearly truncate at the summit, compressed, covered by the tubercle which is not decurrent on its edges. Scrub-lands and borders of marshes, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence to Caicos Islands and Inagua : — southeastern United States ; Bermuda ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Martinique ; Texas to Yucatan. Narrow-leaved Dichro- mena. White-headed Rush. 2. Dichromena inaguensis Britton, spec. nov. Densely tufted; culm very slender, erect, about 3 dm. tall. Leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide, two-thirds as long as the culm; involucral bracts 3-5, glabrous, erect, green or whitened only at the base, or the lower one spreading and some- times 14 cm. long; braetlets ciliolate; spikelets few, subspicate, nearly erect, about 7 mm. long; scales white, obtusish; achene yellowish brown, a little more than 1 mm. long, copiously transversely rugose, capped by a low flat- conic tubercle of about one-fourth its length. Scrub-lands between Northwest Point and Southwest Point, Little Inagua (Nash and Taylor 125 ',) . Endemic. Inagua Dichromena. 8. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl, Enum. 2: 229. 1S06. Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete culms, narrow flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously 54 Ci'PERACEAE. clustered spikelets. Scales thin, 1 -nerved, imbricated all around, usually mueronate by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imper- fect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) upwardly or downwardly barbed or scabrous bristles, wanting in some species (no. 2). Stamens com- monly 3. Style 2-eleft, 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swollen, not 3-angled, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the beak-like tubercle.] About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in warm regions. Type species: Eynchospora aurea Yahl. Style long, stout, its branches much shorter than the undivided part ; spikelets densely capitate. Heads several or numerous, panicled ; achene 1 mm. long. 1. A', cyperoidcs. Heads only 1-6; achene 2.5 mm. long. 2. li. Tracyi. Style short, its branches mostly as long as the undivided part ; spikelets loosely clustered, not capitate. Perianth-bristles none. Achene transversely wrinkled. 3. R. tenuis. Achene reticulated. 4. R. divergens. Perianth-bristles present, upwardly barbed ; achene trans- versely wrinkled. Achene not stipitate : spikelets about 2 mm. long. Perianth-bristles much shorter than the achene or obsolete. 5. R. perplexa. Perianth-bristles as long as the achene or longer. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide. 6. R. microcarpa. Leaves less than 1 mm. wide. 7. R. bahamensis. Achene stipitate; spikelets 5-7 mm. long. 8. R. marisculus. 1. Eynchospora cyperoid.es (Sw.) Mart. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Muench. 6: 149. 1816-17. Schoenus cyperoides Sw. Prodr. 19. 1788. Culms 8 dm. high or less, clustered, rather stout, trigonous, leaf-bearing up to or beyond the middle. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, the upper ones sometimes overtopping the culm ; heads subglobose, dense, usually several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, 8-12 mm. in diameter; bracts similar to the leaves, but shorter ; spikelets numerous, their scales 7, the 4 lower ones empty, 1 of the others subtending an achene ; bristles 6, upwardly hispid, longer than the achene ; style long, 2-eleft at the apex ; achene obovoid, about 1 mm. long, faintly transversely undulate; tubercle subulate, ciliate, about as long as the achene. Swampy grounds. Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Inagua : — West Indies ; tropical continental America. Capitate Beaked-bush. 2. Eynchospora Tracyi Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sei. 11: 84. 1892. Ceratoschoenus capitatus Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 529. 1860. Not 'Eyncho- spora capitata R. & S. 1817. Perennial ; culms tufted, slender, glabrous, nearly terete, erect, 5-12 dm. high. Leaves elongated, channelled, 4-8 mm. wide; spikelets lanceolate, 5-7~ mm. long, densely clustered in 1-6 globose heads which are 1-2 cm. in diam- eter ; scales yellowish-brown, ovate, acute ; bristles 6, longer than the achene, upwardly barbed ; achene flat, obovate, about 2.5 mm. long, ciliate, finely wrinkled; style 2-eleft at the apex; tubercle subulate, setose, at least as long as the achene. Wet soil, Great Bahama at West End ; Andros, in savanna near Staniard Creek : — Florida ; Cuba. Tracy's Beaked-Rdsh. CYPEEACEAE. 55 3. Rynchospora tenuis Link, Jahrb. 1«: 76. 1820. Rootstocks short, slender; culms very slender, tufted, 1.5-4 dm. long, glabrous and smooth, erect or reclining. Leaves 0.5-2 mm. wide, as long as the culm or shorter; corymbs of spikelets- 1-3, filiform-stalked; spikelets usually rather loosely clustered, about -4 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, pale, bearing a single achene; scales acute, the lower ovate, the upper lanceolate; bristles none; style deeply 2-cleft; achene obovate or nearly orbi- cular, sessile, transversely rugose, about 1 mm. broad; tubercle acute, one- fourth to one-half as long as the achene and decurrent on its margins. Moist ground. Andros, New Providence : — Cuba ; Dominica to Grenada ; trop- ical continental America. Slender Beaked-rush. 4. Rynchospora divergens Chapm. ; M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 7: 409. 1849. Perennial; culms nearly filiform, densely tufted, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves similar to the culms, usually somewhat shorter; spikelets loosely corymbose, ellipsoid, acute, about 3 mm. long ; scales ovate to elliptic ; bristles none ; style 2-cleft, the branches about as long as the undivided part ; achene orbicular- obovate, 0.5-0.8 mm. long, pale, reticulated, contracted at the base, the short tubercle depressed. Moist soil, Great Bahama. Andros. New Providence : — southeastern United States ; Cuba. Low Beaked-rush. >c 5. Rynchospora perplexa Britton; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 197. 1903. Perennial by rootstocks; culms slender, usually clustered, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves flat, grass-like, elongated, smooth, 1.5-3 mm. wide; corymbs usually several, rather loose, slender stalked; spikelets numerous, ovoid, about 2 mm. long; scales brown, obtuse or acuti^h ; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene; style 2-eleft at the summit; achene biconvex, transversely wrinkled, about 1 mm. long, the depressed tubercle broader than high. Wet grounds. Great Bahama, Abaco. Andros. New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island : — southeastern United States. Short-bristled Beaked-rush. 6. Rynchospora microcarpa Baldw. ; A. Gray, Ann. Lye. X. Y. 3: 202. 1836. Perennial by rootstocks; culms rather slender, clustered, 11 dm. high or less. Leaves flat or slightly channeled, 1-5 mm. wide; corymbs 3-6, slender- stalked, with few or many ovoid spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; scales brown; bristles 5 or 6, upwardly barbed, about as long as the achene or a little longer; style 2-cleft at the summit; achene lenticular, transversely wrinkled, scarcely 1 mm. long, the depressed tubercle blunt. Wet grounds, Andros, New Providence, Crooked Island : — southeastern United States. Small-fruited Beaked-rush. 7. Rynchospora bahamensis Britton, Torreya 13: 217. 1913. Densely tufted; rootstocks short. Culms nearly filiform, roughish, spread- ing or reclining, 2-3.5 dm. long; leaves setaceous-flattened, less than 1 mm. wide, roughish-margined, the basal ones about one-fourth as long as the culm, the upper 3-5 cm. long; spikelets oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long in 2-4 distant slender-peduncled clusters, each with a single achene; scales dark brown, ovate-oblong, mucronulate; achene elliptic-obovate, faintly transversely wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long; tubercle flattened, conic, one-third to one-half as long as the achene; bristles upwardly barbed, as long as the achene. Coppices and borders of swamps, New Providence, Andros : — Cuba ; Forto Rico. Bahama Beaked-rush. 56 CYPEEACEAE. 8. Rynchospora marisculus Lindl. & Nees; Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 142. 1842. Rynchospora jubata Liebm. Yidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 254. 1851. Perennial by rootstoeks, glabrous. Culm rather slender, 0.5-1 m. long. Leaves 2-5 dm. long, 7 mm. wide or less; corymbs usually several, distant, or the upper ones approximate, dense, the lower slender-stalked, nodding; spike- lets numerous, clustered, narrowly ellipsoid, acute, 5-7 mm. long; scales brown, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, from 1 to 3 of them subtending achenes; bristles 6 or 7, longer than the aehene, scabrous above, pilose at the base; style 2-eleft at the apex; aehene short-stipitate, obovate, transversely undulate, 1.5-2 mm. long; tubercle flat-conic, acute, about one-half as long as the aehene. Moist grounds, New Providence : — Cuba ; Haiti ; Jamaica ; tropical continental America. Loxu Beaked-rush. 9. MARISCUS (Hall.) Zinn, Cat. Hort. Goett. 79. 1757. Perennial leafy sedges, similar to large Bynchosporas, the spikelets oblong or fusiform, few-flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3- cleft, deciduous from the summit of the aehene, its branches sometimes 2-3- parted. Aehene ovoid to globose, smooth or longitudinally striate. Tubercle none. [Greek, referring to the branched inflorescence of some species.] About 40 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Type 3pecies: Schoenus Mariscus L. 1. Mariscus jamaicensis (Crantz) Britton in Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2, 1:348. 1913. Cladium jamaicense Crantz, Inst. 1: 362. 1766. Cladium occidentale Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 76. 1806. Culm stout, 1.5-3 m. high, obtusely 3-angled. Leaves very long, glabrous, 6-20 mm., wide, the margins spinulose-serrulate ; umbels several or numerous, decompound, forming a large panicle; spikelets mostly 2-5 together at the ends of the raylets, narrowly ovoid, acute, 4-5 mm. long; uppermost scale sub- tending a perfect flower; stamens 2; aehene ovoid, abruptly sharp-pointed, wrinkled, narrowed to the base, 2 mm. long. Marshes, Abaco. South Bimini, Andros and New Providence to Crooked Island and Inagua : — southern United States ; Bermuda : Jamaica ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Guadaloupe to Grenada ; Mexico. Erroneously recorded by C. B. Clarke as Lageno- carpus guianensis Nees, and by Hitchcock as Cladium mariscus (L.) R. Br. Saw Grass. 10. SCHOENUS L. Sp. PI. 42. 1753. Perennial sedges, with stiff, tufted culms, basal, narrow or semiterete leaves, the 1-few-flowered spikelets clustered, capitate or paniculate, the clusters subtended by 1 bract or few. Scales imbricated in 2 series, the lower ones empty the upper subtending flowers. Perianth of 3-6, scabrous or plu- mose bristles. Stamens 3. Style slender, scarcely enlarged at the base, 3- cleft, deciduous. Aehene trigonous; tubercle none. [Greek, a rush.] Sixty species or more, mostly natives of the Old World, the following typical. CSPERACEAE. 57 ^ 1. Schoenus nigricans L. Sp. PL 43. 1753. Glabrous; culms 2-7 dm. tall, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves similar to the culm, stiff, sharp-pointed, semiterete, 0.5-1.5 mm. thick, their bases dark brown or nearly black, shining; involucre of 2 bracts, one of them elongated, sometimes 8 cm. long; spikelets about 1 cm. long in a dense, ter- minal, capitate cluster, 5-8-flowered, compressed, their scales dark chestnut- brown, or nearly black, lanceolate, carinate, acuminate, somewhat shining; perianth-bristles 6, plumose; achene ellipsoid, white, shining, about 2 mm. long; shorter than the bristles. Swamps, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Crooked Island, Caicos : — Flor- ida ; Cuba; southern California; Europe. Black-headed Sedge. 11. SCLERIA Berg. Vet. Acad. Handl. 26: 142. 1765. Leafy sedges, mostly perennial, the spikelets small, clustered in terminal, or terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly spicate. Flowers monoecious. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated, the 1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile spikelets empty. Perianth none. Style 3-cleft, slender or sometimes swollen at the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a disk (hypogynium), or this wanting. Stamens 1-3. Achene globose or ovoid, obtuse, crustaceous or bony, white in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.] About 200 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Scleria Flagellum-nigrorum Berg. Annual ; achene with sharp transverse ridges. 1. S. verticillata. Perennial ; achene smooth. L'. 8. litlwsijviinu. 1. Scleria verticillata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 317. 1805. Roots fibrous; culms very slender or filiform, 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, erect, 1-5 dm. tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, 0.5-1 mm. wide, erect, shorter than the culm ; spikelets in several separated clusters ; bracts bristle- like; scales glabrous; achene globose, 1 mm. in diameter, crustaceous, marked by sharp distinct tranverse ridges, or somewhat reticulated; hypogynium none. Borders of marshes, New Providence : — eastern United States ; Cuba. Low Nut-rusk. 2. Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw. Prodr. 18. 1788. Scirpus lithospermus L. Sp. PL 51. 1753. Scleria filiformis Sw. Prodr. 19. 1788. Perennial by rather short rootstocks, the culms often clustered, slender, weak, glabrous, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 0.5-3 mm. wide, the upper elongated, the lowest reduced to pubescent or puberulent sheaths; panicles 1-3, distant, glabrous, small, stalked or the upper sessile; bracts filiform, glabrous; achene obovoid-ellipsoid, white, smooth, shining, about 2 mm. long, its base trigonous; hypogynium none. Coppices and scrub-lauds, Abaco, Great Bahama, Berry Islands and Andros to Mariguana and Inagua : — Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America; Old AVorld tropics. Slender Nit-hush. 58 ARECACEAE. Order 6. ARECALES. Mostly trees with unbranched, erect trunks and a terminal bud, the large leaves pinnately or palmately divided, forming a terminal crown, the small, perfect or imperfect flowers usually panicled, sessile or pedicelled, the panicle subtended by a spathe and usually bracted. Sepals and petals each 3, distinct or connate. Stamens commonly 6, sometimes 9-12; filaments distinct >or connate below; anthers introrse; pistillate flowers sometimes with staminodia. Ovary various, 1-celled, 3-celled or of 3 distinct carpels; style usually short or wanting; ovules 1 in each carpel, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded. Seed with horny or cartilaginous endosperm, the small embryo near the surface. Family 1. ARECACEAE Rchb. Palm Family. Characters of the order. About 150 genera and 1200 species, mosth tropical. Leaves palmately cleft. Petioles smooth. Style terminal in fruit. Endosperm smooth. 1. Thrinax. Endosperm grooved. 2. Coccothrinax. Style basal in fruit. 3. Sabal. Petioles spine-toothed. 4. Paurotis. Leaves pinnatelv divided. Fruit normally 2-3-lobed, not watery within. 5. Pseudophoenix. Fruit trigonous, large, watery within. 6. Cocos. 1. THRINAX Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. Unarmed, mostly tall and slender palms with nearly orbicular, palmately cleft, long-petioled leaves, the narrow segments mostly 2-cleft at the apex, the petioles flat, the inflorescence sheathed, paniculately branched, the small, perfect flowers white. Calyx and corolla more or less united into a lobed or truncate cup. Stamens mostly 6, the filaments connate at the base. Ovary 1-celled; style terminal, slender; stigma flat or concave. Drupes small, globose. Seed erect; endosperm horny, not grooved; embryo lateral. [Greek, fan.] About 12 species of Florida, the West Indies and Central America. Type species: Thrinax parviflora Sw. Fruit essentially sessile. 1. T. microcarpa. Fruiting pedicels about as long as the fruit. 2. T. parviflora. 1. Thrinax microcarpa Sargent, Gard. & For. 9: 162. 1896. Thrinax Iceyensis Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 86. 1899. Thrinax lahamensis O. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 20. 1902. A tree, up to 12 m. high, with a trunk 2-2.5 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller. Leaves 1.5 m. in diameter or less, deeply cleft into many narrow segments, green and shining above, bluish or silvery-white beneath, the ligule blunt or acute, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide ; inflorescence 2 m. long or less, as long as the leaves or shorter; pedicels very short, disk-like; perianth about 3 mm. long; ARECACEAE. 59 filaments nearly triangular; drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter, white, very nearly sessile. Sandy and rocky soil, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and Abaco to Mariguana, Caicos Islands and Inagua :- — Florida ; Cuba. Small-fruited Thatch-palm. Buffalo-top. 2. Thrinax parviflora Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. Thrinax floridana Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 84. 1899. A tree up to 9 m. high or more, with a trunk about 1.5 cm. in diameter. Leaves up to 1.5 m. in diameter, deeply cleft into numerous narrow segments, green and shining above, silvery-white beneath, at least when young, the acute ligule 1-2 cm. long; inflorescence up to 1 m. long; pedicels slender, about 3 mm. long; drupes 6-9 mm. in diameter, white, distinctly stalked. Sandy soil, North Cat Cay :— Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica. Large-fruited Thatch- palm. 2. COCCOTHRINAX Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 87. 1899. Unarmed, tall or low palms, with nearly orbicular, palmately cleft, petioled leaves, the petioles flat, the segments usually 2-cleft at the apex, the sheathed inflorescence panieulately branched, the small perfect pedieelled flowers white. Calyx and corolla united into a 6-lobed perianth. Stamens 9-12; filaments subulate. Ovary 1-celled; style terminal; stigma funnelform. Drupes small, globose. Seed erect; endosperm grooved; embryo lateral. [Greek, berry- Thrinax.] About 10 species, of Florida and the West Indies. Type species: Coccothrinax jucunda Sargent. ^ 1. Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sargent, Silva N. A. 14: 85. 1902. Thrinax argentea Lodd.; E. & S. Syst. 7: 1300. 1830. Coccothrinax jucunda Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 89. 1899. Trunk sometimes 10 m. high, usually not more than 6 m., sometimes very short, 1.5-2 dm. in diameter. Leaves nearly orbicular, 7 dm. broad or less, cleft to beyond the middle into narrowly lanceolate, acuminate segments, bright green and shining above, silvery-white beneath, at least when young, the slender petioles about as long as the blades, their bases expanded into per- sistent fibrous sheaths; panicles short-stalked, mostly shorter than the petioles; pedicels 1-3 mm. long, thickened in fruit; flowers about 3 mm. broad; stamens usually 9; fruit globose, black, 8-12 mm. in diameter. 3. SABAL Adans; Guersent, Bull. Soc. Philom. 3: 206. 1803. Unarmed palms, the stems erect, creeping or subterranean, the leaves palmately cleft, with a long petiole and a short raehis, the narrow segments bearing marginal fibres, 1-cleft or 2-cleft, the petiole concave above. Panicle3 spreading or drooping. Flowers perfect, white or greenish. Calyx-lobes 3, unequal. Petals 3, imbricated. Stamens 6; filaments subulate or lanceolate, united at the base. Ovary 3-celled; style 3-angled; stigma truncate. Drupes solitary, with a thin epicarp and a fleshy pericarp. Seed depressed-globose, (50 ARECACEAE. hard, the endosperm bony. [Name not explained.] About 18 species, of the southern United States, Bermuda, West Indies, Mexico, and northern South America. Type species: Sabal Adansoni Guersent (&. glabra (Mill.) Sargent). 1. Sabal Palmetto (Walt.) Lodd.; E. & S. Syst. 7: 1487. 1830. Corypha Palmetto Walt. Fl. Car. 119. 1788. Sabal umbraculifera Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 245. 1839. 1 nodes Palmetto O. F. Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 532. 1901. Sabal Palmetto bahamensis Beec. Palm. Amer. 38. 1907. Trunk 10-20 m. high, 3-7 dm. in diameter, often clothed, when young, with persistent leaf -bases. Leaves 1-2.5 m. broad, their many linear-lanceolate segments 2-cleft and somewhat drooping at the apex, the stout petioles concave above, often as long as the blades; panicles as long as the leaves or shorter ; flowers white, sessile ; calyx cup-shaped, 3-lobed, its lobes obtuse, about 1 mm. long; petals oblong-lanceolate 5-6 mm. long; stamens about as long as the petals; drupes globose, black, 6-12 mm. in diameter, the pulp thin. Borders of marshes, and in rocky soil, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama to Watlings, Caicos Islands, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal : — North Carolina to Florida ; ?Cuba. Pond-top. Pond Thatch. Hat Palmetto. 4. PAUROTIS O. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 21. 1902. [Acoelorraphe Wendl. Bot. Zeit. 37: 147. Hyponym. 1879.] A slender, clustered palm, the trunks united underground, forming colonies, the leaves palmately cleft with spiny-toothed petioles, the large panicles of greenish-white flowers erect or ascending, the petiole-bases long-persistent. Flowers very small and numerous, sessile and glomerate. Sepals 3, nearly orbicular; petals 3, valvate. Stamens 6; filaments short, their bases dilated and united into a short cup ; anthers ovate. Ovary 3-carpellary. Fruit small, globose. Seed globose, separable from the pericarp, the raphe not intruded into the endosperm. [Greek, referring to the few spathes of the inflorescence.] A monotypic genus. Type species: Paurotis androsana O. F. Cook. 1. Paurotis Wrightii (Griseb. & Wendl.) Britton, N. A. Trees 141. 1908. Copemicia Wrightii Griseb. & Wendl.; Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 220. 1866. Serenoa arborescens Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 90. 1899. Paurotis androsana O. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 22. 1902. Gregarious; trunks 5-8 m. high or exceptionally 10-15 m., 1-1.5 dm. thick. Leaves 6-10 dm. in diameter, deeply cleft into linear-lanceolate, acuminate seg- ments 1-2 cm. broad, light green above, pale green or whitish beneath, 2-cleft above the middle, the slender, compressed petiole about as long as the blade, its margins armed with many rigid, triangular, spine-like teeth 4-7 mm. long; panicles longer than the leaves; flowers about 1.5 mm. broad; fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter. Borders of swales and sandy ridges, Andros : — Florida ; Cuba. Saw Palmetto. Spanish-top. 5. PSEUDOPHOEN1X Wendl. Bot. Gaz. 11: 314. 1886. Unarmed palms, with a cylindric or somewhat spindle-shaped trunk en- larged at the base, and large, pinnate leaves of many, narrow segments, the rachis concave above, the petiole short. Inflorescence drooping, usually much ARECACEAE. 61 shorter than the leaves. Flowers pedicellate, monoecious, the pistillate with a short, 3-lobed calyx, 3 valvate petals and 6 stamens or staminodia, the staminate similar, a little larger. [Greek, false date.] Only one species, native of Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola. Type species: Pseudo- phoenix Sargentii Wendl. 1. Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc. Pomona College Journ. Eeon. Bot. 2: 268. 1912. Euterpe vinifera Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 : LXXXV. 1845. Pseudophoenix Sargentii Wendl. Bot. Gaz. 11: 314. 1886. Cyclospathe Northropi 0. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 25. 1902. A tree up to 8 m. high, usually lower, the trunk 2-3 dm. in diameter. Leaves spreading, 1-2 m. long; petiole concave, thin-margined, 1-2 dm. long; segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those at the middle of the leaf 4-5 dm. long, those toward the base and apex shorter; panicle about half as long as the leaves, its branches rather widely spreading, flattened and angled; petals ovate or ovate-oblong, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse, yellowish-green ; staminodia less than half as long as the petals; fruiting pedicels 4-6 mm. long; drupe orange- red, fleshy, normally 2-3-lobed, 1-2 em. broad, the calyx persistent at its base. Sandy and rocky soil, Frozen Cay, Berry Islands ; South Bimini ; Andros ; New Providence; Ship Channel Cay to Great Esuma ; Little San Salvador; Mariguana; Inagua : — Long Key and Elliott's Key, Florida ; Cuban Cays ; Santo Domingo. Re- corded by Dolley as Euterpe oleracea Mart. Hog Cabbage-palm. Hog Palmetto. 6. COCOS L. Sp. PL 1188. 1753. Unarmed palms, with pinnate leaves, their numerous segments narrow, their petioles concave above, the monoecious, bracted flowers mostly densely clustered among the petioles, the staminate uppermost in the clusters, smaller than the pistillate. Staminate flowers with 3 small valvate sepals, 3 oblong valvate petals, and 6 stamens with subulate filaments, the anthers linear. Pistillate flowers ovoid, the 3 thick sepals imbricated, the 3 coriaceous petals valvate, the ovary 3-celled, with 2 of the cells usually empty, the ovule ascend- ing. Fruit 1-seeded, often large, the pericarp fibrous, the bony endocarp 3- porose near the base. Seed with a hollow or solid endosperm, the embryo op- posite one of the pores of the endocarp. [The coco-nut.] Perhaps 30 species, of tropical America and subtropical South America, the following typical one widely distributed also in the Old World tropics, its original home unknown. > 1. Cocos nucifera L. Sp. PI. 1188. 1753. Trunk up to 30 m. high, usually 10-20 m. Leaves 3-6 m. long, some- what drooping, short-petioled, the numerous linear-lanceolate, acuminate seg- ments shining above, 5-7 dm. long, about 5 cm. wide; staminate flowers 10-12 mm. long; pistillate flowers about 2.5 cm. long; fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, bluntly 3-angled, 2-3 dm. long, the fibrous husk 2-4 cm. thick, the bony endo- carp 3-5 mm. thick, the hollow endosperm about 1 cm. thick, filled with a clear saccharine liquid, which ultimately disappears. Locally spontaneous after cultivation, nearly throughout the archipelago : — all tropical insular and coastal regions. Coco-nut. Eoystonea regia (H.B.K.) O. F. Cook, Royal Palm, recorded from the Bahamas, is known to us in the archipelago only as a planted tree. 62 LEMNACEAE. Order 7. ARALES. Monoeotyledonous herbs, mostly fleshy. Inflorescence in the Araceae (which are not now known to be represented by any wild plants in the Bahama flora although Schoepf records observing Arum sagittifolium and Orontium aquaticum on New Providence in 1784) a fleshy spadix, sub- tended by a spathe, or naked. The Lemnaceae are minute floating thalloid plants, with flowers on the margin or back of the thallus. Family 1. LEMNACEAE Dumort, Duckweed Family. Minute perennial floating aquatic plants, without leaves or with only very rudimentary ones. The plant-body consists of a disk-shaped, elon- gated or irregular thallus, Which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophyl- lous and sometimes bears one or more roots. The vegetative growth is by lateral branching, the branches being but slightly connected by slender stalks and soon separating. The inflorescence consists of one or more naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral prominence on the edge or upper surface of the plant. Each flower commonly consists of but a single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil. The anther is provided with two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely barbellate grains. The pistil is narrowed to the funnel-shaped scar-like stigmatic apex, and produces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is a 1-6 seeded utricle. The family comprises the smallest of the flowering plants and contains 4 genera and about 30 species of wide distribution. 1. LEMNA L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753. Thallus disk-shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or without two or four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single root, which is devoid of vascular tissue and is commonly provided with a thin blunt or pointed rootcap. The ovary contains from one to six ovules. Eruit ovoid, more or less ribbed. Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to the growth of these small plants in swamps.] About 10 species, in tem- perate and tropical regions. Type species: Lemna trisulca L. 1. Lemna minor L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753. Thallus obovate or subcircular, 1.5-5 mm. long, thiekish, rarely reddish or purplish tinged, short-stalked when young, provided throughout with etomata, nearly symmetrical, obscurely 3-nerved, very rarely 4-5-nerved. Eoot- cap obtuse or subtruneate; fruit symmetrical, subturbinate ; seed with a prominent protruding hilum, deeply and unequally 12-15-ribbed; ovule 1. Water-holes and sink-holes, near The Bight, Cat Island : — North temperate and subtropical zones, but not known to us elsewhere in the West Indies. Dcck-weed. BEOMELIACEAE. 63 Order 8. XYRIDALES. Monoeotyledonous herbs, mostly with narrow leaves. Flowers usually complete, their parts mostly in 3's or 6's. Corolla regular or nearly so (except in Commelina). Ovary compound, superior. Endosperm of the seed mealy. Epiphytic plants with scurfy leaves. Fam. 1. Bromeliaceae. Terrestrial plants, their leaves not scurfy. Fam. 2. Commelixaceae. Family 1. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. Pine-Apple Family. Epiphytic herbs (some tropical species terrestrial), mostly scurfy, with elongated, entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, panicled, or solitary, regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. Perianth of 3 thin distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed distinct or united petals. Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the corolla. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled ; ovules numerous in each cavity, anatropous; style short or elongated; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved in our species. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous. Embryo small, situated at the base of the copious endosperm. About 45 genera and 900 species, all natives of tropical and subti'opical America. Style filiform. Stems thread-like, pendent; flowers solitary, rarely 2. 1. Dcndropof/on. Stems not thread-like, rigid ; flowers spicate. 2. Tillandsia. Style short or none. 3. Catopsis. 1. DENDROPOGON Raf. Neog. 3. 1825. Pendulous, much-branched plants, with thread-like stems and branches, very narrow, entire leaves and yellow or greenish flowers. Sepals distinct or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens long, the 3 inner ones borne on the bases of the petals ; filaments filiform ; anthers linear. Ovary superior ; style columnar; stigmas short. Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, supported on a long funiculus which splits into fine threads. [Greek, tree-beard.] About 3 species, the following typical. 1. Dendropogon usneoides (L.) Raf. Fl. Tell 4: 25. 1838. Eenealmia usneoides L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. Tillandsia usneoides L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 411. 1762. Stems flexuous, hanging clustered in festoons from the branches of trees, 1-8 m. long, gray and, like the filiform leaves, densely silvery-scurfy all over. Leaves scattered, 2-8 cm. long, scarcely 1 mm. thick, their bases somewhat dilated ; flowers sessile and solitary or rarely 2 together in the axils of the leaves; sepals about 6 mm. long, pale green; petals yellow; stamens about as long as the calyx; capsule linear, 2-3 cm. long, at length splitting into 3 linear valves. Hanging from shrubs and trees, New Providence, Cat Island, Inagua : — Virginia to Florida and Texas ; West Indies and continental America south to Paraguay. Spanish Moss. Old Man's Beard. 64 BROMELIACEAE. 2. TILLANDSIA L. Sp. PL 286. 1753. Epiphytic plants with narrow entire leaves and white, yellow or purple flowers. Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens hypogynous or the three inner ones inserted on the bases of the petals ; filaments filiform; anthers linear or linear-oblong. Ovary superior; style sub- ulate; stigmas short. Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, sup- ported on a long funiculus which splits up into fine threads. [Dedicated to Elias Tillands, Swedish (?) botanist of the seventeenth century.] About 350 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Type species: Tillandsia utric- ulata L. Flowering stems scape-like; leaves setaceous-filiform. 1. T. recurvata. Flowering stems leafy, their leaves smaller than the basal ones. Basal leaves about as long as the flowering stems, or longer. Leaf-bases strongly convex. 2. T. Balbisiana. Leaf-bases fiat or nearly so. Leaves soft in texture ; bracts ribbed. 3. T. Valenzuelana. Leaves firm and stiff ; bracts not ribbed. 4. T. fasciculata. Basal leaves shorter than the flowering stems. Bracts and flowers erect or appressed. Stem-leaves with long tips. 5. T. circinata. Stem-leaves reduced to clasping scales. 6. T. utriculata. Bracts and flowers spreading. 7. T. aloifolia. -^ 1. Tillandsia recurvata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 410. 1762. Stems clustered on the branches of trees or shrubs, sometimes on other objects, even on telegraph wires, often forming large masses, the leaf -bearing part 3-8 cm. long, terminated by a scape-like, 1-5-flowered (mostly 2-flowered), very slender peduncle 5-12 cm. long. Leaves filiform-setaceous, about as long . as the peduncle or shorter, densely covered with soft, spreading scales, their "bases a little dilated; bracts lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, shorter than the bracts; petals blue, narrow, about as long as the bracts; capsule linear, prismatic, 2-2.5 cm. long. On trees and shrubs, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Great Exuma, Acklin's Island, Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Thkead-leaved Wild Pine. 2. Tillandsia Balbisiana Schultes; R. & S. Syst. 7: 1212. 1830. Plants usually solitary on trees or shrubs, sometimes clustered. Leaves densely appressed-scurfy, linear-attenuate from much dilated bases which form a swollen cluster 2-6 dm. long, the lower ones often as long as the rather slender flowering stems, sometimes longer; inflorescence narrow; spikes 3-8, compressed, 5-10 cm. long, the flowers rather close together; bracts oblong- lanceolate, acute, 1.5-2 cm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, about as long as the bracts; petals blue, 4-5 cm. long; capsule subcylindric, about twice as long as the bracts. On shrubs and low trees, in coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Crooked Island, Inagua, Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba ; His- paniola : Jamaica ; Central America. Balbis' Wild Pine. Cuttlefish. Referred to T. polystachya L., in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3 : 441, as determined by Prof. Wittmack, but that species is not definitely known to us from the archipelago, although also recorded by Schoepf as observed by him in 1784. 3. Tillandsia Valenzuelana A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 267. 1850. Plants usually clustered on trees or shrubs, densely appressed-scurfy. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually attenuate from near the base, soft in BROMELIACEAE. 65 texture, 4 dm. long or less, the lower often as long as the flowering stems, their bases 2-4 cm. wide, the upper similar, much smaller; spikes few or several, rather loosely flowered, 7-12 cm. long; bracts pink, numerous, 1.5-2 em. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute ; sepals lanceolate, rather shorter than the bracts; petals blue, 2-3 cm. long; capsules linear-prismatic, about twice as long as the bracts. On trees in coppices, Marsh Harbor, Abaco : — Florida ; Cuba, Jamaica ; Mexico to Colombia. Yalenzuela's Wild Pine. 4. Tillandsia fasciculata Sw. Prodr. 56. 1788. Plants usually clustered on trees, the flowering stems stout, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves densely appressed-scurfy, lanceolate-attenuate, their bases 5 cm. wide or less, the lower ones often as long as the flowering stems, the upper smaller; spikes subdigitate, compressed, 5-15 em. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute, many- flowered; bracts oblong, acute, appressed, rigid, 2-3 cm. long, red or reddish; sepals lanceolate, about as long as the bracts; petals blue, nearly twice as long as the sepals; capsules as long as the bracts or somewhat longer. On trees and shrubs, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Clustered Wild Pine. Dog-drink-water. Catesby, 2 : pi. 89. 5. Tillandsia circinata Schl. Linnaea 18: 430. 1844. Tillandsia bulbosa Chapm. PL S. States 471. 1860. Not Hook. 1827. Plants usually clustered on trees or shrubs, 1-3 dm. high, densely silvery scaly. Lowest leaves ovate, acute, 1.5-3 cm. long, the next with broadly ex- panded bases 2-4 cm. wide, abruptly narrowed above into linear-attenuate, usually recurved tips 2-8 cm. long; the upper ones similar, smaller; spikes 1-3, com- pressed, 1-2 dm. long, rather dense; bracts oblong to lanceolate, little spread- ing, 2-3 cm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, about 2 cm. long; petals blue, 2.5-3 cm. long; capsules 2-3 times as long as the bracts. On trees and shrubs, Great Bahama, New Providence, Andros, Cat Island, Wat- ling's, Fortune, Inagua, Mariguana, Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Mexico. Erroneously called Wild Onion. Silvehy Wild Pine. 6. Tillandsia utriculata L. Sp. PL 286. 1753. Plants solitary or clustered on trees or shrubs, large, sometimes 4 m. high. Basal leaves numerous, densely appressed-scaly, 3-7 dm. long, lanceolate-atten- uate with bases gradually expanded and 5-10 cm. wide, the lower ones of the flowering stem similar, but smaller, the upper reduced to acute sheathing scales 2-4 cm. long; inflorescence usually much branched, the branches long, ascend- ing or nearly erect; spikes few-flowered; bracts oblong, appressed, 1.5-3 cm. long; sepals oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long; petals white or nearly white, shorter than the stamens; capsules subcylindric, 4-5 cm. long. On trees and shrubs, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's Island, Little Inagua, Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Anegada and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. Swollen Wild Pine. > 7. Tillandsia aloifolia Hook. Exot. PI. pi. 205, 1826. Tillandsia flexuosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 749. 1823. Not Sw. 1788. Plants usually solitary on trees or shrubs, 3-10 dm. long, the flowering stem much longer than the densely appressed-scurfy leaves. Lowest leaves ovate, acute, 8 cm. long or less, the next lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, 10-20 cm. long, 3-5 em. wide near the base, those of the stem sheathing, acute, 2-5 (>6 COMMELINACEAE. cm. long; inflorescence paniculate; bracts linear-lanceolate, concave, spreading, 2-3 cm. long; sepals oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long; petals white to purple, about 2 cm. long; stamens longer than the petals; capsules eylindric, pointed, about twice as long as the bracts. On trees and rocks, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Exuina, Crooked Island. Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, Inagua, Marigunna and Caicos Islands : — Florida : Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Grenada ; Curagao ; Trinidad; Jamaica; continental tropical America. Flexuous Wild Pine. As to the Tillandsia canescens Sw., doubtfully recorded from Abaco by Eaton and Setchell, collected by Herrick, the determination was based on a very young plant without flowers or fruit; an examination of the specimen shows that it can not be certainly named, but it may be T. fasciculata Sw. 3. CATOPSIS Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 599. 1864. Epiphytic herbs, the basal leaves tufted, lepidote, entire, the flowering stem scapose, usually longer than the leaves, the inflorescence spicate or paniculate, the white or yellow flowers sessile. Flowers perfect or sometimes dioecious. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens shorter than the petals, those of pistillate flowers very short, with sterile anthers, those of staminate or perfect flowers with slender filaments and ovate or elliptic anthers. Ovary of pistillate or perfect flowers ovoid or ellipsoid; style shorter than the ovary or none. Capsule septicidally dehiscent above the middle. Seeds thick, comose. [Greek, a view, the significance not evident.] About 16 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Catopsis nutans (Sw.) Griseb. 1. Catopsis Berteroniana (Schultes) Mez. in DC. Mon. Pham. 9: 621. 1896. Tillandsia Berteroniana Schultes; E. & S. Syst. 7: 1221. 1830. Plants solitary or clustered on trees or shrubs. Basal leaves numerous, tufted, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, thin, 1-4 dm. long, acute or acuminate, pale green and whitish-pruinose ; flowering stem rather slender, 3-9 dm. high, clothed with small, appressed narrowly lanceolate leaves; inflorescence panicu- late; flowers close together or the lower distant; bracts subcoriaceous, ovate to oval, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long; sepals oval, a little longer than the bracts; petals white, oblong, about as long as the sepals; capsule ovoid, 6-10 mm. long. On trees and shrubs in coppices. Abaco. Andros, New Providence : — Florida : Cuba ; Jamaica ; northern South America. Recorded by Eaton and Setchell and by Dolley as C. nutans Griseb., by Hitchcock as C. vitellina (It. K. & O.) Baker. Mealy Wild Pine. Catesby, 2 : pi. 77. Bromelia Pinguin L. is recorded as a Bahamian plant by Dolley, but we have not found it wild on any island visited. It is widely distributed in the southern West Indies, and has been planted in the Bahamas. Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez. [Tillandsia lingulata L.] recorded by Schoepf as seen by him in New Providence in 1784, is not known to inhabit the Bahamas at the present time. Family 2. COMMELINACEAE Rehb. Spider wort Family. Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and often showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy bracts. Perianth of 2 series; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals and a COMMELINACEAE. 67 corolla of mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 or 3 of them different from the others and sterile; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers 2-celled, mostly longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, sessile or very nearly so, 2-3-eelled; ovules 1 or several in each cell, anatropous or half anatropous ; style simple; stigmas termi- nal, entire or obscurely 2-3-lobed. Seeds solitary or several in each cell of the capsule. Capsule 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Embryo small. Endosperm copious. About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. Fertile stamens 1-3. 1 Commclina. Fertile stamens 5 or 6. 2. Rhoeo. 1. COMMELINA L. Sp. PL 40. 1753. Somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-petioled or sessile leaves, and irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by spathe-like bracts. Sepals unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. Petals unequal, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of them incurved and its' anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, smaller, their anthers various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, the testa roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedi- cated to Kaspar Commelin, 1667-1731, Dutch botanist.] About 95 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Commelina communis L. Spathes not united at the base. 1- £• lonrjicattlis. Spathes united at the base. 2- c- clcgans. 1. Commelina longicaulis Jacq. Coll. 3: 234. 1789. Glabrous or very nearly so; stems procumbent or creeping, 3-8 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, their sheaths sometimes ciliate; spathe acuminate, 1-2.5 cm. long, peduncled, the 2 bracts not united by their margins; flowers few in each spathe, 6-12 mm. broad; ventral cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal 1- ovuled; capsule commonly 5-seeded (2 seeds in each of the ventral cells, 1 in the dorsal) ; seeds oblong, reticulated, about 2 mm. long. Moist waste places, New Providence : — all tropical and warm temperate regions. Referred by previous authors to C. nudiflora L. Creeping Day-flower. 2. Commelina elegans H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 259. 1816. Stems branching at the base, the branches decumbent, rooting at the nodes, with puberulent internodes; leaves lanceolate to elliptic or oblong- lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, often rounded at the base, the sheaths 1-1.5 cm. long, naked or sparingly ciliate on the margin; spathes short-peduncled, glabrous or puberulent, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute; petals blue or white; capsules obovoid, 4 mm. long, reticulated especially on the dorsal lobe; seeds 3, smooth. Moist shaded situations. New Providence : — Bermuda ; Florida : West Indies and continental tropical America. fC. communis of Schoepf. Larger Day-fi.ower. 68 L1LTACEAE. 2. EHOEO Hance; Walp. Ann. 3: 659. 1852-3. A somewhat fleshy, short-stemmed, low herb, glabrous throughout or the mouth of the leaf -sheaths pilose, the leaves much longer than the large-bracted inflorescence, the axillary peduncles simple or forked, the umbelled flowers almost concealed within the bracts. Sepals 3, petal-like, ovate-lanceolate, distinct. Petals 3, ovate. Stamens 6, nearly equal; filaments pilose; anthers oblong. Ovary 3-celled, sessile; ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds rugose. [Name unexplained.] A monotypic genus. 1. Ehoeo discolor (L'Her.) Hance; Walp. Ann. 3: 660. 1852-3. Tradescantia discolor L'Her. Sert. Angl. 5. 1788. Stems stout, 2-15 cm. high, about 1.5 cm. thick, often clustered and sometimes forming large colonies. Leaves few, nearly erect, oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 dm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, acuminate, dark green above, purple beneath, rather fleshy; peduncles 2-4 cm. long; bracts compressed-conduplicate, broader than high, 1.5-3 cm. high, acute; umbel many-flowered; pedicels about 1 cm. long; petals white, 5-8 mm. long; capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, about 4 mm. long; seeds about 3 mm. long. Shaded walls and other rocky places, Andros, New Providence :- — Cuba to St. Thomas and Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico. Oyster Plant. Boat Lily. Schoepf records Tradescantia virginica L. as seen by him in New Providence in 1784, but this United States species is not now known to grow in the Bahamas. Order 9. LILIALES. • Monoeotyledonous plants, mostly with well-developed perianth, the flowers usually regular and complete, and their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary superior or inferior, compound. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or horny. Ovary superior ("partly inferior in Alctris). Herbaceous plants or vines. Fruit a capsule. Fam. 1. Liliaceae. Fruit a fleshy berry; dioecious vines. Fam. 2. Smilacaceae. Large tall woody plants. Fam. 3. Dracaexaceae. Ovary inferior. Stamens 6 in our species. Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect. Fam. 4. Amaryllidaceae. Twining vines ; flowers dioecious. Fam. 5. Dioscoreaceae. Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 6. Iridaceae. Family 1. LILIACEAE Adans. Lily Family. Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or eorrns, or rarely with rootstoeks or a woody caudex (Yucca), the leaves vari'ous. Flowers soli- tary or clustered, regular, mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct or nearly distinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube in- ferior or partly superior (Aletris). Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the bases of its segments; anthers 2-eelled, mostly in- trorse, sometimes extrorse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; styles united; stigma 3-1'obed or capitate. Fruit a usually loculicidal capsule, or in Yucca sometimes fleshy LILIACEAE. 69 and indehiseent. Seeds various, winged or -wingless. Embryo in copious endosperm. About 125 genera and 1300 species, widely distributed. Cavities of the fruit each 1-seeded. 1. Aloe. Cavities of the fruit many-seeded. Fruit with a thin rupturing pericarp. 2. Cordyline. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. 3. Aletris. m 1. ALOE L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753. Succulent plants with a short or elongated caudex, the thick tufted leaves with spiny-toothed margins, the racemose flowers nodding. Perianth sub- cylindric, the segments connivent or coherent, their tips somewhat spreading. Stamens 6, with slender filaments and oblong anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-angled and 3-celled; style filiform, tipped by the small stigma; ovules many in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule leathery, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer- ous, black. [Name ancient.] Over 75 species, mostly African. Type species: Aloe perfoliata L. 1. Aloe vera L. Sp. PI. 320. 1753. Aloe vulgaris Lam. Encycl. 1: 86. 1783. Aloe perfoliata vera L. Sp. PI. 320. 1753. Aloe barbadensis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Acaulescent, or nearly so, stoloniferous. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, turgid, very watery within, pale glaucous-green, the marginal spiny teeth 1 cm. apart or less; scape stout, 6-12 dm. high, bearing distant, broad, acute scales; raceme dense, 1-3 dm. long; bracts lanceolate, acute, longer than the short pedicels; flowers yellow, about 2.5 em. long; stamens about as long as the perianth, the style longer. Coastal rocks, s^nn" plains and dunes, spontaneous after cultivation. Great Exuma, Cat Island. North, East and South Caicos and Salt Cay. Native of the Mediterranean Region, escaped in Bermuda, the West Indies and Central America. Aloes. 2. CORDYLINE Adans. Earn. PI. 2: 54, 543. 1763. [Saxsevieria Thunb. Prodr. Fl. Cap. 65. 1794.] Fleshy perennial herbs, the leaves tufted, basal, flat or terete, elongated, containing a strong fibre, the rather large flowers in a raceme at the end of a simple scape. Perianth-tube slender, its lobes narrow, spreading. Stamens 6, borne near the top of the perianth-tube, the filaments filiform, the anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, erect. Fruit with a thin pericarp. Seeds 1-3, subglobose, fleshy. [Greek, a club.] About 25 species, natives of Asia and Africa. Type species: Aloe hyaemthoides L. 1. Cordyline guineensis (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 35. 1918. Aletris hyaemthoides guianensis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 456. 1762. Aletris guineensis Jaeq. Hort. Vind. 1: 36. 1770. Sansevieria guineensis Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 159. 1799. Leaves linear, 1 m. long or less, nearly flat, 5-8 cm. wide, dark green and mottled, narrowed at both ends. Scape about as long as the leaves; raceme many-flowered; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; perianth nearly white, its lobes about 70 SMILACACEAE. 1.5 cm. long, linear or linear-spatulate, recurved, somewhat shorter than the tube. Waste grounds, spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence : — Florida ; Porto Rico: Cuba; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Jamaica. Native of tropical Africa. African Bowstring- Hemp. 3. ALETRIS L. Sp". PI. 319. 1753. Scapose perennial bitter fibrous-rooted herbs, with basal lanceolate leaves, and small, white or yellow, bracted perfect flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme. Perianth oblong or campanulate, roughened without, 6-lobed, its lower part adnate to the ovary. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, included; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-eelled; ovules numerous, anat- ropous; style 3-cleft above; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enclosed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, loculieidal. Seeds oblong, ribbed. Embryo small. Endosperm fleshy. [Greek, signifying to grind corn, apparently in allusion to the rough, mealy flowers.] About 8 species, natives of eastern X. Am. and Asia. Type species: Aletris farinosa L. 1. Aletris bracteata Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 27. 1902. Basal leaves tufted, grayish green, spreading, narrowly lanceolate, 10 cm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, those of the scape few, distant and very small. Scape about 6 dm. high, erect; raceme erect, many-flowered; pedicels about 1 mm. long; bracts subu- late, 4-6 mm. long; perianth white, 6-8 mm. long, tubular-oblong, about 3 mm. thick, its oblong-lanceolate lobes about one-fourth as long as the tube; anthers longer than the filaments; fruit oval, about 5 mm. long. Wet grounds in savannas and pine-barrens, Abaco and Andros : — Florida. Southern Colic-root. Family 2. SMILACACEAE Vent. Smilax Family. Mostly vines with woody or herbaceous, often prickly stems. Leaves alternate, netted-veined, several-nerved, petioled. Petiole sheathing, bear- ing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages, persistent, the blade falling awTay. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in axillary umbels. Peri- anth-segments 6. Stamens mostly 6, distinct ; filaments ligulate ; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, the cavities opposite the inner perianth-segments; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous; style very short or none; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry containing 1-6 brownish seeds. Endosperm horny, copious; embryo small, oblong, remote from the hilum. Genera 3, only the following in North America; species about 230, in warm and temperate regions. 1. SJVLTLAX L. Sp. PI. 1028. 1753. Rootstoeks usually large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climb- ing by means of the coiling appendages of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to scales. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Pedicels borne on a globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among SMILACACEAE. 71 minute braetlets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments. Staminate flowers without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the staminate, usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple (rarely white), with 3 strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer part of the pulp, connected at the base and apex. Embryo lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed. [Ancient Greek name, perhaps not originally applied to these plants.] About 225 species of wide distribution, most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Type species: Smilax aspera L. Leaves normally armed with prickels ; leaves coriaceous. 1. S. havanensis. Leaves unarmed. Leaves chartaceous, ovate, mostly 2-lobed near the base. 2. 8. auriculata. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate. 3. 8. laurifolia. *r 1. Smilax havanensis Jaeq. Enum. 33. 1760. Smilax havanensis dentata O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 40, as to Bahama plant, 1904. Smilax havanensis ovata laevis O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 41. 1904. Smilax oblongata O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 42, as to Bahama plant. 1904. Smilax oblongata viscifolia O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 43, at least as to Bahama plant. 1904. Smilax populnea O..E. Schulz, loc. cit. 43, as to Bahama plant. 1904. Woody, climbing or trailing, armed with short hooked prickles or nearly unarmed, 1-4 m. long, the branches angled, often zigzag. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to ovate or suborbicular, spinulose-dentate or entire, 2-12 cm. long, reticulate-veined, 3-7-nerved, obtuse, mucronate or emarginate at the apex, rounded, narrowed or subcordate at the base, the petioles 10-18 mm. long, the stipular sheaths about half as long as the petioles; peduncles about as long as the petioles, 4-30-flowered ; pedicels about 4 mm. long; flowers 2-3 mm. broad, the staminate somewhat larger than the pistillate; sepals and petals oblong; berries black, subglobose or ovoid, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Rocky and sandy soil, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama south to the Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola. Our held observations, and specimens, show that the synonyms cited above are of no value in differentiating the large number of races which constitute this species ; there being a wide range in leaf-form and venation and in the relative number of prickles ; also in the relative leaflness of the upper parts of the plants ; individual specimens may be unarmed. Hitchcock referred a part of his specimens of this species to S. domiiKjensis Willd. Prickly Greek-brier. Saw-brier. China-brier. Chaxey-vine. v 2. Smilax auriculata Walt. Fl. Car. 245. 1788. Smilax Beyrichii Kunth, Enum, PI. 5: 207. 1850. A glabrous vine, often 5 m. long or longer, trailing or climbing, the branches angular, zigzag, bearing a few prickles or unarmed. Leaves oblong to ovate, chartaceous, 2-10 cm. long, abruptly short-pointed, narrow or obtuse at the base, often dilated or auricled below, shining, coarsely reticulate-veined, the stout petioles 6-10 mm. long; peduncle 3-12 mm. long; pedicels several or many, slender, 4-10 mm. long; flowers yellowish-green, fragrant; sepals anil petals of staminate flowers nearly linear, 4-5 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers oblong, about 2.5 mm. long; berries black, globose, about 5 mm. in diameter. Coppices, scrub-lands, savannas and pine-barrens. Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, South Cat Cay, New Frovidence and Eleuthera : — Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. Auricled Greenbrier. China-brier. 72 DRACAEXACEAE. 3. Smilax laurifolia L. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753. Rootstoeks bearing tubers sometimes 1.5 dm. thick; stem high-climbing, terete, armed with strong straight prickles, the branches angled, mostly un- armed. Petioles stout, 6-16 mm. long; leaves leathery, evergreen, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional pair of nerves near the margins, 5-11 cm. long; peduncles stout, angled, 4-20 mm. long; umbels 6-30- flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; staminate flowers 4—6 mm. long; anthers usually about one-third shorter than the filaments; stigma 1, sometimes 2; berries black, ovoid, 4-6 mm. thick. Border of swamp, Delaport, New Providence: coppices at Staniard Creek, Andros: — Southeastern L'nited States; Cuba. Laurel- leaved Greenbrier. Catesby 1 : pi. 15. Smilax WaJteri Pursh, attributed to the Bahamas by O. E. Schulz, from a specimen supposed to have been collected by Maerter, preserved in the Munich herbarium, has not been found on any of the islands in the course of our explorations; we presume the specimen was collected in the United States. Family 3. DRACAENACEAE Link. Dracaexa Family. Perennial, often large, woody plants, mostly with erect and leafy stems, the leaves alternate, the flowers in terminal panicles or racemes. Sepals and petals each 3, nearly alike. Stamens 6 ; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled; ovules 2 to numerous in each cavity; styles united. Fruit capsular or baccate, dry or fleshy, loculicidally dehis- cent or rarely indehiscent. About 10 genera and 100 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. i 1. YUCCA L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753. Large plants, with a short sometimes subterranean eaudex, or tall woody and leafy stem, or bracted scape, the leaves linear or lanceolate, usually rigid and sharp-pointed, bearing long marginal thread-like fibres in our species. Flowers large, nodding in a terminal raceme or panicle. Perianth campanulate, or nearly globular, white in our species, of 6 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate connivent segments. Stamens hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; filaments thickened above ; anthers small, versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled ; ovules numerous; style columnar, short, with 3 stigmatic lobes. Fruit a cap- sule, or fleshy, or spongy and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flattened, hori- zontal. [The Haitien name.] About 30 species, natives of North and Central America. Type species: Yucca aloifolia L. 1. Yucca aloifolia L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753. Caudex stout, up to 3.3 m. high, often branched ; plant usually growing in colonies, forming large masses. Leaves 1 m. long or less, stiff, sharp-pointed, the upper spreading, the older lower ones deflexed, the base expanded; panicle ample, often 6 dm. long, showy ; perianth white or purplish-tinged, about 5 cm. long, its segments oblong; capsule pulpy, indehiscent, oblong, 6-8 cm. long; seeds thin. Sand dunes. New Providence : — Bermuda ; Florida to Louisiana ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Mexico. Spanish Bayonet. AMARYLLIDACEAE. 73 Family 4. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Amahyllis Family. Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), with bulbs or rootsfrocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually narrow and entire leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 6- parted or 6-lobed, the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into a tube which is adnate to the surface of the ovary (adnate only to the lower part of the ovary in Lophiola). Stamens 6 in our genera, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments or in the throat of the perianth opposite the lobes. Anthers versatile ior basifixed, 2-celled, the sacs usually longi- tudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, usually 3-eelled. Style filiform, entire, lobed, or cleft into 3 stigmas at the summit. Ovules usually numerous, rarely only 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary, ana- tropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, the embryo small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm. About 70 genera and 800 species, principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the temperate zones. Plants with rootstocks or corms. Inflorescence umbellate ; capsule circumscissile ; low herbs. 1. Hypoxis. Inflorescence paniculate ; capsule 3-valved ; large plants with flowers on tall scapes. Perianth funnelform. 2. Agave. Perianth rotate-campanulate. 3. Fvrcraea. Bulbous plants. Filaments distinct. 4. Atamosco. Filaments united below into a cup. 5. Hymenocallis. 1. HYPOXIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 986. 1759. Low, mostly villous herbs, with a corm or short rootstock, grass-like leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, the flowers rather small. Perianth 6-parted, its segments equal or nearly so, separate to the summit of the ovary, withering- persistent. Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments short; anthers erect, sagittate or entire. Ovary 3-celled; style short; stigmas 3, erect; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule thin-walled, not dehiscent by valves. Seeds globular, black, laterally short-beaked by their stalks. [Greek, originally given to some plant with sour leaves.] About 50 species, widely distributed. Type species: Hypoxis decumbens L. 1. Hypoxis juncea J. E. Smith, Spic. 15. 1792. Leaves linear-filiform, curved, 3 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, glabrous above, sheathing at the base. Scapes 2 or 3 together or solitary, filiform, mostly shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered or 2-flowered at the summit, weak, reclining or prostrate when old; bracts linear-subulate; perianth about 2 em. broad, its acute segments oblong-lanceolate, pubescent outside, yellow within; capsule 4-6 mm. long; 3eeds about 0.8 mm. in diameter. Grassy places and in pine-barrens, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Georgia to Florida, west to Texas ; Cuba. Southern Yellow -eykd Grass. 2. AGAVE L. Sp. PL 323. 1753. Fleshy herbs, some species very tall, with a short crown-like or erect caudex and a tall braeted scape, the leaves large, thick, sometimes spiny-toothed, 6 74 AMARYLLLDACEAE. basal, or clustered at the top of the caudex, the large bracted flowers in terminal spikes or compound clusters. Perianth tubular or funnelform, wither- ing-persistent, with G equal or nearly equal lobes. Stamens inserted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, exserted. Ovary 3-celled; style slender, exserted, 3-lobed ; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule 3-lobed, thick-walled, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, somewhat cuneate, black. [Greek, signifying noble.] Perhaps 150 species. All these plants, except the Sisal, are called ' ' Bamboo ' ' in the Bahamas. We have copied here the original descriptions of the Bahama species by Professor Tre- lease, who had all our specimens for his investigation, and we have nothing to add to them. Plants not suckering ; leaves broad, fleshy, curved. Leaves broad and stout, about 3 times as long as wide. 1. A. Braceana. Leaves elongated-lanceolate, much longer than wide. Prickles of the leaf-margins 10-25 mm. apart, 2-5 mm. long. Capsules broadly oblong. Leaves dull, gray; spine rather short. 2. A. iahamana. Leaves somewhat glossy, greenish ; spine elongated. 3. A. MUlspaughli. Capsules narrowly oblong. 4. A. cacozela. Prickles 5-10 mm. apart, about 1 mm. long. Spine stout ; prickles often with lenticular bases. 5. A. acklinicola. Spine slender ; prickles not lenticular. 6. A. indagatorum. Plants freely suckering ; leaves narrow, hard, straight. Leaves erect ; flowers 3.5-5 cm. long, yellow. Leaves gradually tapering, deeply concave ; prickles deltoid. 7. A. Xasliii. Leaves abruptly acute, nearly flat ; prickles slender. 8. A. inaguensls. Leaves ascending ; flowers 4.5-6.5 cm. long, yellow-green. 9. A. sisalana. 1. Agave Braceana Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 40. 1913 Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves gray, broadly oblanceolate. nearly flat, 19 by 65 cm. (or larger?); spine from brownish becoming gray, smooth, dull, straight or gently curved, conical, flat or round-grooved to about the middle or becoming involute, 3 by 10-15 mm., slightly decurrent; prickles usually 5-10 mm. apart, 2-3 mm. long, straight or the lower gently recurved, triangular, scarcely lenticular at base, the intervening margin straight, or con- cave when they are raised on low green bases; inflorescence about 7 m. high, paniculate; pedicels about 10 mm. long; flowers golden-yellow, 40-45 mm. long; ovary 20 mm. long, nearly half as long again as the perianth, oblong- fusiform; tube conical, about 7 mm. deep; segments 3-4 by 15-17 mm., three- fourths as long as the ovary; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 35 mm. long, about twice as long as the segments; capsules broadly oblong, 20 by 35 mm., shortly stipitate and beaked ; seeds 6 by 8 mm. ; bulbils unknown. Rocky and sandy soil, Abaco; Great Bahama; Andros (?). Endemic. Brace's Centuky-plant. 2. Agave bahamana Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 40. 1913. Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves dull grayish, rather narrowly lanceo- late, concave, occasionally somewhat plicate, 15 by 200-300 cm.; spine from brownish becoming gray, smooth, dull, slightly recurved, stoutly conical, usually becoming involutely grooved below the middle, 4-5 by 10-15 mm., de- current; prickles usually 5-10 mm. apart, 3-5 mm. iong, reduced above and below, straight or the longer ones appressed-recurved, triangular, scarcely lenticular at base, sometimes on small green prominences, the intervening margin nearly straight; inflorescence about 10 m. high, the upper third or so AMARYLLLDACEAE. 75 ovoid-paniculate with slightly ascending branches; bracts deltoid, not im- bricated; pedicels about 10 mm. long; flowers golden, 50-60 mm. long; ovary 30-35 mm. long, half as long again as the perianth, oblong-fusiform; tube conical, about 7 mm. deep; segments 4 by 15 mm., about half as long as the ovary, filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 30-35 mm. long, more than twice as long as the segments; capsules oblong, 25 by 50 mm., shortly stipitate and beaked; seeds 6 by 8 mm. Rocky plains and' ridges, Berry Islands, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Cave Cay and Great Exuma. Endemic. Erroneously referred by Dolley and by Urban to Agave americana L. ; by Hitchcock to Agave soholifcra Salm-Dyck. ; and by Mrs. Northrop and Coker to Agave rigida Mill. Bahama Century-plant. The four following species described by Professor Trelease, may be but races of A. bahamana. 3. Agave Millspaughii Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 41. 1913. Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves somewhat glossy, green, narrowly ob- lanceolate, concave, 15 by 125 cm. or more; spine red-brown, smooth, rather dull, straight, conical, triquetrous or V-grooved below the middle, 3-4 by 15-20 mm., deeurrent for its length or more ; prickles usually 15-25 mm. apart, 3-5 mm. long, straight and spreading or occasionally reflexed sometimes with up- curved tips, narrowly triangular, scarcely lenticular at base., the intervening margin nearly straight ; inflorescence large, paniculate ; bracts broadly tri- angular; pedicels about 10 mm. long; flowers (yellow?) 50 mm. long; ovary 25 mm. long, little longer than the perianth, fusiform; tube conical, about 7 mm. deep ; segments 4 by 15-20 mm., three-fourths as long as the ovary ; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, scarcely 30 mm. long, about one-half longer than the segments; capsules short-oblong, 20 by 35 mm., shortly stipi- tate and beaked; seeds 5 by 7 mm. Low coppices and scrub-lands, Great Exuma. Endemic. Millspaugh's Cen- tury-plant. 4. Agave cacozela Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 41. 1913. Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves yellowish green, somewhat overcast with gray, typically roughish, lanceolate, deeply concave, 20 by 150-200 cm. ; spine from brownish becoming gray, smooth ; dull, straight or the tip slightly refracted, triquetrously conical, openly grooved below the middle, 3-5 by 15-20 mm., deeurrent; prickles usually 10-15 mm. apart, 2-5 mm. long in the middle, nearly straight or the larger ones appressed-recurved, narrowly triangular, rarely lenticular at base, the intervening margin straight or somewhat concave ; inflorescence 6-7 m. high, the upper third densely ovoid-paniculate with horizontal or slightly ascending branches; bracts broadly triangular, not imbricated; pedicels about 10 mm. long; flowers golden, 50-60 mm. long; ovary 35-40 mm. long, about half as long again as the perianth, oblong-fusi- form ; tube rather open, about 7 mm. deep ; segments 4-5 by 20 mm., about half as long as the ovary; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 40-45 mm. long, rather more than twice as long as the segments ; capsules narrowly oblong, 15 by 35-45 mm., shortly conical-stipitate, beaked; seeds 4 by 6-7 mm. Said to be bulbiferous sometimes. Rocky margins of salt marshes, New Providence. Endemic. New Providence (KNTURY-PLANT. 5. Agave acklinicola Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 41. 1913. Aspect of A. Tjalmmana. Spine from red-brown becoming gray, smooth, glossy, somewhat flexuously recurved, conical, involutely grooved to or beyond the middle, 4-6 by 20-25 mm., deeurrent; prickles 5-10 mm. apart, 1-1.5 mm. 76 A.MARYLLIDACEAE. long, straight or gently curved, rather acuminately deltoid often from oblique green prominences, or with lenticular bases, the intervening margin nearly straight; inflorescence, flowers, fruit, and bulbils unknown. Acklin's Island. Endemic. Acklin's Island Century-plant. 6. Agave indagatorum Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 42. 1913. Acaulescent, not eespitose. Leaves somewhat grayish and at first very glaucous beneath, lanceolate, somewhat concave, gradually acute, 20-25 by 150-250 cm.; spine chestnut, smooth, rather glossy, nearly straight, conical, involutely grooved to the middle, 3 by 12 mm., deeurrent for about its own length; prickles 5-12 mm. apart, about 1 mm. long, straight or slightly re- curved, narrowly triangular, not lenticular at base, the somewhat membranous at first slightly pink intervening margin straight; inflorescence 9 m. high, paniculate; pedicels 15-20 mm. long; flowers unknown; capsules narrowly oblong, 20 by 55-60 mm., thick-stipitate, acuminately pointed; seeds 5 by 7-8 mm. Said by Dr. Britton to be bulbiferous. Rocky soil, Watling*s Island. Endemic. Watling's Island Century-plant. 7. Agave Nashii Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 45. 1913. Acaulescent, cespitose. Leaves gray-green, sometimes purple-tinged, gray- green, somewhat glaucous and transversely banded, attenuate-oblong, concave, 4-5 by 30-50 cm.; spine purplish brown, smooth, somewhat polished and recurved or upcurved toward the end, conical tapered, narrowly slit-grooved to beyond the middle, 3 by 15 mm., deeurrent; prickles usually 3-5 mm. apart, scarcely 2 mm. long, straight or somewhat curved, acuminately triangular, sometimes nearly or quite confluent, the intervening margin nearly straight; inflorescence 3.5-4 m. high, the upper third or more very loosely paniculate with slender outcurved- branches ; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; flowers light yellow, 35 mm. long; ovary 20 mm. long, exceeding the perianth, subfusiform or obovoid in development; tube openly conical, 3 mm. deep; segments 3 by 10 mm., half as long as the ovary ; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 25 mm. long, more than twice as long as the segments ; capsules oblong or oblong- pyriform, 20 by 35 mm., or less, slightly stipitate and beaked; seeds 4 by 4-5 mm. Sandy soil. Inagua. Endemic. Nash's Century-plant. 8. Agave inaguensis Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 47. 1913. Habit of A. Nashii. Leaves typically white-glaucous, oblong or oblanceo- late, more quickly acute, flatter, sometimes plicate, 6-9 by 40-60 em. ; spine often shorter and stouter ; prickles closer, 2-3 mm. apart, more recurved and less uniform, very narrowly triangular, almost continuously joined by a narrow blackish border; inflorescence and fruit unknown; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; flowers yellow, 50 mm. long; ovary 25-30 mm. long, exceeding the perianth, subfusiform; tube open, 5 mm. deep; segments 5 by 15-17 mm., half as long as the ovary; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 35 mm. long, fully twice as long as the segments. Little Inagua ; South Caicos. Endemic. Inagua Century-plant. 9. Agave sisalana (Engelm.) Perrine, House Rep. Document 564: 8. 1838. Agave rigida sisalana Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 3: 316. 1876. Agave sisalana armata Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 49. 1913. Subaeaulescent. Leaves finally green and somewhat glossy, at first lightly glaucous and transversely banded on the back, linear-lanceolate, nearly flat, about 10 by 150 cm.; spine dark brown, somewhat pitted and glossy, tumidly AMARYLLIDACEAE. 77 conical or triquetrous, slightly recurved, shallowly round-grooved near the base, 4—5 by 20-25 mm., not decurrent; prickles exceptionally numerous and 2-4 mm. long, but typically.minute or almost entirely suppressed; inflorescence about 6 m. high, the upper half loosely oblong-paniculate; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; flowers yellowish green, 45-60 mm. long; ovary 20-25 mm. long, shorter than the perianth, soon broadly fusiform; tube urceolate, 15-20 mm. deep; segments 6-8 by 15-20 mm., a little shorter than the ovary ; filaments inserted about the upper third of the tube, 40-70 or even 80 mm. long, twice or thrice as long as the segments; capsules, when produced, which is rare, oblong, 20-25 by 60 mm., stipitate and beaked; seeds 7 by 10 mm. Freely bulbiferous. Rocky plains, spontaneous after cultivation, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island. Native of Yucatan. Cultivated throughout the archipelago. In fields of the cultivated plant many individuals were found with spineless leaf margins, others with very spiny margins, and still others both spiny and spineless margins on the same plant. Sisal. 3. FURCRAEA Vent. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1: 65. 1793. Large succulent plants with tufted basal leaves and tall scapes, the in- florescence terminal, paniculate. Perianth of 6 spreading segments, slightly united at the base. Stamens borne on the bases of the segments; filaments thickened below the middle; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 3-celled, with many ovules in 2 rows in each cavity; style rather stout, 3-angled and thickened below, tipped by a small stigma. Capsule oblong, 3-sided, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, flat. [Dedicated to Antoine Francois de Fourcray.] About '20 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Furcraea cubensis Vent. 1. Furcraea macrophylla Baker in Hook. Ic. pi. 2501. 1899. Leaves many, the larger about 2.3 m. long by 18 cm. wide, nearly equally bright green on both sides, shallowly channeled above, rather firm, gradually narrowed to 5 cm. or 7 cm. wide above the expanded base, the lower prickles 2-3 mm. long, the upper strongly hooked forward, 2-7 cm. apart, borne on triangular, distant teeth 4-6 mm. high; scape up to 10 m. tall, about 1.5 dm. thick toward the base, its lanceolate bracts broad-based, the lower 3-6 dm. long, ascending, the upper, shorter, widely spreading; panicle branches curved and tortuous when young ; flowers white, fading yellowish green ; ovoid bulbils 2-4 cm. long are freely developed on the panicle in place of flowers. Roadsides and waste grounds, New Providence, Cat Island, Acklin's Island, North and South Caicos : — Bermuda (naturalized), Cuba, Jamaica. Originally de- scribed from garden specimens, of New Providence, grown at Kew. Mr. Percy Wilson says that the North Caicos plants grow in a forest far from habitations and have all the appearances of being native. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to F. cubensis and, doubtfullv by Drummond to F. undulata Jacobi. Drummond (Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: -43) doubtfully records F. mboixis (Jacq.) Vent, from East Caicos. Wild Sisal. 4. ATAMOSCO Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 57, 522. 1763. Acauleseent herbs, with coated bulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves dasal, narrowly linear, flat or channeled. Scape 1-flowered. Perianth white, red, pink, purple or yellow, its tube funnelform, its 6 lobes equal. Stamens 6, equal or nearly so; filaments adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube; anthers versa- tile. Ovary 3-celled : style filiform, 3-lobed at top, or stigma nearly capitate. Ovules numerous, in two rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, subglobose or depressed, more or less 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds black or nearly 78 A.MABYLLIDACEAE. so, usually flattened. [Aboriginal name.] Abcut 35 species, natives of America. Type species: Amaryllis Atamasco L. Flower rose-pink, 2-3 cm. wide. 1. .4. rosea. Flower bright red, 7-8 cm. wide. 2. A. cardinalis. 1. Atamosco rosea (Lindl.) Greene, Pittonia 3: 188. 1897. Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. Bot. Beg. 10: pi. 821. 1824. Bulbs subglobose, usually less than 2 cm. in diameter, short-necked. Scape rather slender, 2 dm. high or less, as long as the leaves or longer; leaves 3-4 mm. wide ; spathe about half as long as the peduncle, 2-clef t at the top ; perianth 2-3 cm. long, rose-pink, with a short tube and obovate bluntish segments; style 3-eleft; capsule about 8 mm. thick. Roadsides, spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence and on Grand Turk where it was observed carpeting a pasture of over five acres in extent. Native of Cuba. Erroneously called Crocus and Snowdrop. Small Pink Atamasco-lilly. 2. Atamosco cardinalis (C. H. Wright) Britton. Zephyranthes cardinalis C. H. Wright, Bot. Mag. pi. 8553. 1914. Bulbs up to 6 cm. in diameter. Scape rather stout, 10-12 cm. high, pink at the base, green above, about as long as the leaves ; leaves 6-8 mm. wide ; spathe somewhat longer than the peduncle, acute, pink, 2-3 cm. long; perianth bright red, its funnelform tube 2-3 cm. long, its oblong-oblanceolate segments 4-5 cm. long. Grown in Bahama gardens ; perhaps native somewhere in the archipelago. Red Atamasco-lily. 5. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 338. 1812. Mostly tall bulbous herbs with usually lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves, and large white capitate or umbelled flowers on solid scapes, each flower sub- tended by 2 membranous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading or recurved, narrow equal elongated lobes, united below into a long cylindric tube. Stamens in- serted in the top of the perianth-tube, the lower parts of the long filaments con- nected by a membranous crown; anthers linear, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules only 1 or 2 in each cavity; style filiform, long-exserted; stigma small, entire or nearly so. Capsule rather fleshy. Seeds usually only 1 or 2, large, green, fleshy. [Greek, beautiful membrane, referring to the crown.] About 30 species, all American. Type species: Hymenocallis littoralis Salisb. Perianth-segments as long as the tube or longer. 1. H. clecliiiata. Perianth-segments shorter than the tube. 2. H. caymanensis. 1. Hymenocallis declinata (Jacq.) M. J. Eoem. Fam. Nat. 4: 171. 1847. Pancratium declinatum Jacq. Select. Am. 99. 1763. Hymenocallis arenicola Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club. 12: 28. 1902. Bulb subglobose, often 8 cm. in diameter. Leaves fleshy, sessile, nearly linear or linear-oblong, 6 dm. long or less, 4-6 cm. wide, rounded or acute at the apex, gradually narrowed to the broadened base, many-nerved, dark green; scape stout, as long as the leaves or shorter; flowers 5-13, sessile, fragrant; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-6 cm. long; ovary oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long; perianth-tube slender, 5-10 cm. long; perianth-segments DIOSCOREACEAE. 79 linear, 8-12 cm. long, longer than the tube ; crown 3-4 cm. long, about one-third as long as the stamens ; style about as long as the perianth. Sandy coastal ridges and dunes, Great Bahama to Andros. New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island and Great Exuma : — Hispaniola to St. Jan, St. Kitts and Montserrat. Spider-lily. Day-lily. 2. Hymenocallis caymanensis Herb. Amaryl. 214. 1837. Bulb subglobose. Leaves fleshy, sessile, 3-8 dm. long, 3-8 cm. wide, linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, somewhat narrowed toward the base, green, many-nerved; scape rather stout, about as long as the leaves; flowers G-12, sessile; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 7 cm. long or less; ovary oblong, 1-2 em. long; perianth-tube 12-16 cm. long; peri- anth-segments linear, 8-10 cm. long, shorter than the tube; crown about 3 cm. long; style very slender, about as long as the perianth. In sand, Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : — Florida : Cuba ; Haiti ; Cayman Islands. Cayiiax Islands Spider-lily. Chrysolite Lily. Hymenocallis caribaea (L.) Herb, of the Lesser Antilles, is recorded from the Bahamas by Urban (Symb. Ant. 4: 151) and also doubtfully by Schoepf, but has not been found by us1 in the archipelago. It has been confused with H. declindta. Hymenocallis crassifolia Herb., of Florida, is recorded by Baker (Amaryl. 126) as from the Bahamas, but has not been found by us in the archipelago. Perhaps the specimen studied by him was of E. declinata. Family 5. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Yam Family. Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines wTith fleshy or woody root- stocks, slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and reticulate- veined leaves, and small inconspicuous dioecious or monoecious (in some exotic genera perfect) regular flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent. Staminate flowers with 6 or 3 stamens, sometimes with a rudimentary ovary. Pistil- late flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, 3 styles and 3 terminal stigmas, sometimes also with 3 or 6 staminodia; ovules 2 (rarely 1) in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 3-valved, 3-angled capsule or samaroid. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilagi- nous, enclosing the small embryo. About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of America, a few in the Old World. Fruit a 3-celled, 3-winged or 3-angled capsule. 1. Dinscnrca. Fruit a 1 -seeded samara. -■ Rajania. 1. DIOSCOREA L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753. Characters of the family as defined above, the fruit a 3-angled capsule. [Name in honor of the Greek naturalist Dioscorides.] About 160 species, most numerous in tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. Type species: Dioscorea sativa L. 1. Dioscorea alata L. Sp. PI. 1033. 1753. Glabrous, dioecious, high-climbing from a large tuber, the stem 4-winged or 4-angled. Leaves opposite, the blades broadly ovate, 7-15 cm. long, palmately 80 IEIDACEAE. nerved, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base; petioles slender, as long as the blades or somewhat shorter; staminate flowers in whorled, often panicled spikes, the rachis flexuous, the perianth about 2 mm. broad, the stamens mostly 6; pistillate flowers distant in simple spikes; capsule elliptic, 3-winged, 1.5-2 cm. long. Spontaneous after cultivation, Andros, Eleuthera : — Jamaica; Porto Rico; Tortola to Trinidad. Generally cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. Probably native of southeastern Asia. — Yam. 2. RAJANIA L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753. Twining vines, with alternate, petioled leaves and small, greenish, dioe- cious, racemose flowers, the staminate ones commonly clustered in the racemes, the pistillate solitary. Staminate flowers with a 6-cleft perianth and 6 stamens with short filaments, the pistil rudimentary or none. Pistillate flowers with 6 distinct perianth-segments, the styles 2-cleft; staminodia minute or wanting. Fruit samaroid, 1-seeded, indehiscent, the wing terminal, thin. [Commemorates John Kay, 1628-1705, famous English botanist.] Ten species or more, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Bajania hastata L. 1. Rajania microphylla Knuth, Enum. 5: 451. 1850. Slender, glabrous, often much-branched, 1-2 m. long or longer. Leaves lanceolate to ovate in outline, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate and mucronate at the apex, hastate or cordate at the base, the auricles rounded, the petiole much shorter than the blade ; staminate racemes about as long as the leaves ; pistillate racemes as long as the leaves or shorter; samaras oblong, obtuse, thin, shining, 8-12 mm. long. Rocky plains, pine-lands and interior ridges, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island and Great Exuma : — Cuba. Small Rajania. Wild Yam. Referred to R. hastata L., by Mrs. Northrop, a species now understood to be restricted to Hispaniola. Family 6. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Iris Family. Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect, mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in two series, convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform, distinct or united ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, mostly 3- celled; ovules mostly numerous in each cell, anatropous; style 3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent, 3- angled or 3-lobed (sometimes 6-lobed), many-seeded. Endosperm fleshy or horny; embryo straight, small. About 57 genera and 1000 species, of wide distribution. 1. SISYRINCHIUM L. Sp. PI. 954. 1753. Perennial mostly tufted slender herbs with fibrous roots from contracted rootstocks, simple or branched 2-winged or 2-edged stems, and linear grass-like leaves. Flowers from terminal spathes consisting of mostly one pair of oppo- site eonduplicate herbaceous bracts enclosing membranous scales; perianth ORCHIDACEAE. 81 blue, violet or white with a yellow eye, rarely all yellow, the 6 oblong or ob- ovate segments spreading and aristulate; filaments monadelphous; anthers linear or oblong, the saes distinct at base; style threadform, the branches fili- form or obsolete ; ovary 3-celled ; capsule globose, oval or obovoid, usually trigonous, loculicidally 3-valved; seeds globose to obovoid, often angled, pitted or smooth. Flowers fugacious, opening successively in sunlight, each usually lasting but a day. Probably not fewer than 125 species, nearly all American. Type species: Sisyrinchium Bermudiana L. I. Sisyrinchium miamiejise Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 26 : 226. 1899. Glabrous; stems erect, 2-3 dm. high, somewhat longer than the leaves. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, striate-nerved, acute, serrulate; peduncles 2—4, slender, 3-7 cm. long; spathes 12-15 mm. long, the bracts keeled, the outer one slightly longer than the inner ; flowers blue, about 1 cm. wide ; fruiting pedicels ex- serted, 10-15 mm. long; capsules obovoid, 3-5 mm. long, mucronulate. Margins of swamps, Great Bahama near West End : — Florida. Miami Blce- eyed Grass. Order 10. ORCHIDALES. Monoeotyledonous herbs, many tropical species epiphytes. Flowers mostly very irregular, complete and perfect, their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary inferior, compound. Seeds very numerous and minute, without endosperm. Family 1. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Orchid Family. Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, sheathing entire leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or pedicel. Stamens variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column ; anther 1 or in Cypripedium 2, 2-eelled; pollen in 2-8 pear-shaped, usually stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery, attached at the base tt) a viscid disk (gland). Style often terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or in a cavity between the anther-sacs (elinandrium). Ovary inferior, usually long and twisted, 3-angied, 1-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, mostly spindle shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated; endosperm none; embryo fleshy. About 410 genera and 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the tropics, many of those of warm regions epiphytes. Flowering stem or peduncle terminal. Leaves convolute. Anther blunt, generally rounded, usually much exceeding the rostellum and appressed to or Incumbent upon it. Lip not enclosing the column ; flowers erect or ascending : low erect herbs. 1. OarterUh Lip enclosing the column; flowers nodding; suc- culent vines. 2. Vanilla. 82 OBCHIDACEAE. Anther, at least the body, about as long as the rostel- lum and doI appressed to it. wlien beaked, the beak sometimes exceeding the rostellum. Pollinia not in distinct masses. Lip turned outward. Lateral sepals united at the base into a long spur. Lateral sepals free. Flowers in a 1 -sided spike which is sometimes spirally twisted, the peri- anth spreading or nodding ; lip not saccate. Flowers in a many-sided spike, the peri- anth ascending or erect ; lip saccate at the base. Lip turned upward. Sepals united at the base ; lip adnate to the sepal-tube, the base free from the short column. Sepals free : lip free from the sepals, the base adnate to the elongate column. Pollinia in several distinct masses. Leaves duplicate. Leaf-blades not plaited. Leaves not articulated near the base ; pollinia un- appendaged. Leaves articulated near the base ; pollinia with tail- like appendages. Column with a distinct foot ; lip and lateral sepals about equal in size. Column without a foot ; lip much larger than the lateral sepals. Ovary not produced into a hollow neck. Pollinia 4. Plants without pseudobulbs. Flowers axillary to bracts borne along a rachis. Flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle or solitary. Plants with pseudobulbs. Lip 3-lobed, longitudinally crested or appendaged : sepals and petals not attenuate. Lip deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad ; pseudobulbs terete : scape without a long basal sheath. Lip obscurely 3-lobed, the mid- dle lobe minute ; pseudobulbs flattened ; scape with a long basal sheath. Lip entire, or undulate, neither crested nor appendaged. Lip concave, shell-like. Lip nearly linear. Pollinia 8. Ovary produced into a hollow neck. Leaf-blades plaited. Flowering stem or peduncle lateral. Leaves convolute : column elongate. Column without a foot ; lip attached to the base of the column : lateral sepals free. Column with a distinct foot ; lip attached to the apex of the foot ; lateral sepals adnate to the column-foot. Leaves duplicate ; column very short. 3. Pelexia. 4. Ibid htm. 5. Stetwrrh [in chits. 6. Prescottia. 7. Ponthieva. 8. Physttrus. 0. Malaxte. 10. Polystachya. 11. Spathiger. 12. Auliza. 13. Encyclia. 14. Epicladium. 15. Anacheilium. ] 6. Nidetna. 17. Tetramicra. 18. Laeliopsis. 19. Limodorum. 20. Bletia. 21. Govenia. 22. Oncidium. 1. CAETERIA Small, Torreya 10: 187. 1910. Caulescent terrestrial orchids with clustered, fleshy tubers and erect simple stems. Leaves various, the basal ones firm, narrow, with plicate blades, the cauline ones mere sheathing scales. Flowers several, erect, axillary to scale- like bracts. Perianth colored. Sepals nearly equal, narrow, longer than the petals. Petals decidedly narrower than the sepals. Lip short, sessile, slightly OKCHIDACEAE. 83 3-lobed at the apex, with the middle lobe much longer than the lateral ones, the body with 5 longitudinal crests. Capsules erect. [Commemorates Joel Jackson Carter, 1843-1912, a diligent American botanical collector.) A mono- typic genus. 1. Carteria corallicola Small, Torreya 10: 1SS. 1910. Stems 2-3.5 dm. tall, rather slender, fleshy. Basal leaves 2-7 cm. long: blades nearly linear, narrowed at both ends, often curved; spike of flowers rather inconspicuous, erect ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 6.5-7.5 mm. long, green or greenish-yellow ; petals linear or nearly so, yellow- ish-green or greenish-white ; lip oval to orbicular-oval, 6-7 mm. long, the body yellowish, with the crests extending to the base of the middle lobe, the lobes magenta, or magenta-pink at the tips; anther magenta; mature fruit not seen. Scrub-lands, New Providence along Farringdon Road : — Florida. Carter's Orchid. 2. VANfLLA Juss. Gen. 66. 1789. Fleshy, climbing orchids, the leaves broad or reduced to mere scales, the stems giving off aerial roots, the mostly large flowers in axillary spikes or racemes. Sepals nearly alike, distinct, spreading. Petals resembling the sepals. Lip clawed, the claw adnate to and embracing the long column. Stigma borne under the rostellum. Anther convex, its sacs separate ; pollinia powdery. Capsule elongated, fleshy, indehiscent or tardily partly dehiscent. [From the Spanish name for the fruit.] About 20 species, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Epidendrum Vanilla L. Plants leal-bearing: lip not lobed. Leaves lanceolate, 4 cm. long or less. 1. V. Eggersii. Leaves linear-oblong, 7-12 cm. long. 1.5-2 5 cm. wide. 2. V. pliacantha. Plant leafless, except on youngest shoots ; lip 3-lobed. 3. V. articulata. 1. Vanilla Eggersii Rolfe, Jour. Linn. Soc. 32: 472. 1896. Fleshy, elongated, described as sometimes 30 m. in length and often 10 m. long or longer, the stems terete, 1-grooved, 1-1.5 cm. thick, the aerial roots 5-8 cm. long, tendril-like. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-8 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide; peduncle stout, geniculate, 5-10 cm. long, bearing an ovate or oblong, acute bract at each node; spike several-flowered, 6-14 cm. long, its bracts triangular-ovate, about 5 mm. long; ovary cylindric, about as long as the sepals; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 4-6 cm. long ; lip about as long as the sepals, rounded, crenate or undulate, not lobed ; column 2-2.5 cm. long ; capsule fleshy, indehiscent, cylindric or sub- clavate, 7-12 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick. Coastal thickets and coppices, Andros : — Florida ; Hispaniola to Virgin Gorda, Eggers' Vanilla. Fawcett and Rendle iFl. Jam. 2: 17) accredit Vanilla chi ricuhitn N\v. to the Bahamas, Porto Rico and St. Thomas, presumably including T\ Eggersii as a synonym of that species. This view may be correct, but we do nut have speci- mens to corroborate it. The petals of V. claviculata are described as obtuse, while those of V. Eggersii are acute. 2. Vanilla phaeantha Rchb.f. Flora 48: 274. 1865. Fleshy, often 6 m. long or longer. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, nearly sessile, 6-18 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm! wide, acute or obtuse; peduncle stout, 2-8 em. long, geniculate, leafy -bracted ; spike few-several-flowered, its bracts ovate, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; ovary cylindric, 5-6 cm. long; sepals and petals nar- 84 ORCHIDACEAE. rowly oblong or linear-oblanceolate, aeutish, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad; lip broadly ovate, convolute, retuse, crenulate, crested, about 8 cm. long; capsule narrowly cylindric, 7-8 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick. Coppices, Abaco and Great Bahama : — Florida ; Cuba : Jamaica : St. Vincent ; Trinidad. Our Bahama specimens are barren ; they were determined by Mr. R. A. Kolfe, of Kew. Oblong-LBAVKd Vanilla. 3. Vanilla articulata Xorthrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 31. 1902. High-climbing, sometimes 10 m. long or longer, branched, subterete, the stems 2 em. in diameter or less, only the youngest shoots leaf-bearing, their leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 cm. long or less. Peduncle geniculate, 3-7 cm. long, bearing triangular-ovate bracts 5-7 mm. long; spike few-several-flowered; ovary narrowly cylindric, about 3 cm. long; sepals and petals white or slightly pink, oblanceolate, aeutish or obtuse, 3-4 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide; lip broadly obovate, convolute, 3-lobed, about 3 cm. wide, the middle lobe some- what crested ; capsule subeylindric, 5-7 cm. long. Thickets and low coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Exuma, Great Guana, Watling's and Crooked Islands : — Florida and Cuba. Link-vine. Worm-vine. 3. PELEXIA Poit.; L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818. Terrestrial orchids, with thick, clustered roots, petioled basal leaves, the flowers spicate at the summit of a sheathed scape. Sepals narrow, the median one adnate to the petals, the lateral ones united below and prolonged into a spur. Lip concave, elongated, embracing the short column. Column without a foot. Rostellum subulate. Anther narrowly oblong; pollinia powdery. Cap- sule ellipsoid. [Greek, from the fancied resemblance of the lip to a hatchet.] About 20 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Neottia adnata Willd. Perianth 6 mm. long; spur short, adnate. 1. P- adnata. Perianth 2.5-3 cm. long; spur subulate, free. 2. P. setacea. 1. Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. Syst. 3: 704. 1826. Neottia adnata Sw. Fl. Tnd. Occ. 3: 1409. 1806. Pelexia spiranthoides Lindl. Bot. Reg. 12: pi. 985. 1826. Scape pubescent above, 2.5-4 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-5, glabrous, the blades elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, 3-nerved, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, the slender, nearly erect petioles 7-14 em. long, reddish; sheaths of the scape acuminate, 2-5 cm. long; spike pubescent, many-flowered, 6-12 cm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, about as long as the whitish flowers; sepals about 6 mm. long, the median one elliptic, obtuse, concave, the lateral ones linear, acute; petals linear, nearly as long as the sepals; lip tubular below, 5-6 mm. long; capsule about 1.5 cm. long, 6-ribbed. In shadv coppice, Andros at Conch Sound : — Cuba to Guadeloupe ; Jamaica ; Venezuela. Determination based on fruiting specimen only ; recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Cranicliis sp. Short-spttkked Pelexia. 2. Pelexia setacea Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 482. 1840. Scape 3-6 dm. high, puberulent above, bearing several acuminate sheaths 2-4 cm. long. Basal leaves 1-3, the blades elliptic or oval, 8-15 cm. long, acute at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, several-nerved, the slender petioles 10-18 cm. long; spike few-several-flow'ered, pubescent, 15 cm. long or less; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, long-acuminate into a filiform tip; ovary fusiform, about 2 cm. long; perianth purplish-green or greenish-white; ORCHIDACEAE. 85 sepals narrowly lanceolate, 2.5-3 em. long, the spur 8-10 mm. long; petals narrowly lanceolate, about 2 cm. long; lip white; capsule about 2 cm. long, 6-ribbed. Shady coppices. Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba to Guadeloupe and Trinidad ; Colombia to Brazil. Long-spurred Pelexia. 4. IBIDIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 1: 291. 1812. Erect terrestrial orchids, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender stems or scapes, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless, spiked, 1-3-rowed, the spikes more or less twisted. Sepals free, or more or less coherent, or sometimes united with petals into a galea. Lip concave, erect, embracing the column and often adherent to it, spreading and crisped, or rarely lobed or toothed at the apex, bearing minute callosities at the base. Column arched below, obliquely attached to the top of the ovary. Anther without a lid, borne on the back of the column, erect. Stigma ovate, pro- longed into an acuminate beak, at length bifid. Pollinia 2, 1 in each sac, powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect. About 80 species, natives of tem- perate and tropical regions. Type species: Ophrys spiralis J. E. Smith. Flowers white ; basal leaves linear. 1. I- tortile. Flowers green ; basal leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic. 2. /. lucuyanum. 1. Ibidium tortile (Sw.) House, Muhlenbergia 1: 129. 1906. Neottia tortilis Sw. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1800: 226. 1800. Spiranthes tortilis L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Par. 4: 59. 1818. Stem slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous below, pubescent above, bear- ing 2-4 bladeless acute sheaths above, and sometimes a narrowly linear leaf 2-7 cm. long, below the middle. Basal leaves 2 or 3, present at flowering time, linear, 8-30 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; spike erect, 6-13 cm. long, pubescent, the approximate flowers in a single spiral ; flowers white ; bracts ovate or ovate- lanceolate, pubescent, acute or acuminate, 6-7 mm. long, about as long as the ovary; sepals 5-6 mm. long, the median one elliptic, obtuse, the lateral ones oblong, oblique; petals oblong, about as long as the sepals; lip 4-6 mm. long, ovate-elliptic, emarginate, the callosities short; capsule about 5 mm. long. Savannas and borders of marshes. Great Bahama, Andros and New Provi- dence : — Florida ; Louisiana : West Indies. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Gyro- stachys peruviana Kuntze. Southern Ladies-tresses. 2. Ibidium lucayanum Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 312. 1907. Spiranthes lucayana Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 338. 1909. Boot of cylindrie, fleshy tubers 2-5 em. long, 8-10 mm. thick. Basal leaves present at flowering time, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate to elliptic, thin but somewhat fleshy, spreading, 5-nerved, reticulate-veined, at least when dry, 5-17 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into a rather slender petiole, which is one half to two thirds the length of the blade ; scape slender, including the spike 2-4 dm. high, its several leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, appressed, 1-3 cm. long; spike 5-25 cm. long, about 1 em. thick, usually many-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, erect, as long as the ovary or longer; flowers green, spreading; sepals linear- lanceolate, acutish, 3-4.5 mm. long; petals linear a little shorter than the sepals; lip ovate-oblong, obtusish, concave, 3-5 mm. long, about one third as 86 ORCHIDACEAE. wide as long, with two minute callosities at the base; capsule oblong, blunt, about 5 mm. long. Coppices ••mil white-lands, Lignum Vltae Cay, Andros, Eleuthera, c-.tt Island, Long island. Watllng's, Great Exuma, Crooked Island and North Caicos :■ Florida; Ancgada : Porto Uico. Erroneously recorded by Cogniaux as Bpiranthee elarta. Green Ladies tbbssbs. 5. STENORRHYNCHUS L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818. Erect, terrestrial orchids, with lanceolate to elliptic basal leaves often wanting at flowering time, the sheathed scape terminated by a spike of rather large, often showy, mostly red or yellow flowers. Sepals nearly equal, the median one adnate to the petals, the lateral ones united below and produced into a sac or spur. Petals mostly shorter than the sepals. Lip entire or nearly so, concave, without callosities. Column with a foot ; stigma under the beaked rostellum. Anther oblong or lanceolate; pollinia powdery. [Greek, narrow beak.] About 25 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Neottia speciosa Willd. 1. Stenorrhynchus lanceolatus (Aubl.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 642. 1864. Limodorum lanceolatum Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 821. 1775. Sati/rium orchioides Sw. Prodr. 118. 1788. Stenorrhynchus orchioides L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818. Leaves 1-3, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, bright green, glabrous, 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into margined petioles, wanting at flowering time. Scape rather stout, 3-6 dm. high, erect, scurfy or somewhat glandular-pubescent, bearing several, acuminate, sheath- ing scales 2-4 cm. long; spike several-many-flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers ; flowers red or yellow, 2-3 cm. long; ovary oblong, oblique at the apex; sepals glandular, lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved; lip lanceolate, acute or acuminate, saccate at about the middle; capsule about 1 cm. long. Pine-lands and scrub-lands. Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Trinidad ; Mexico to Colombia and Paraguay. Leafless Beaked-oechid. 6. PRESCOTTIA Lindl. in Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 115. 1825. Terrestrial orchids, with clustered roots, erect, scape-like stems, broad, tufted, basal leaves convolute in the bud, and small flowers in a terminal spike. Sepals broad, connate at the base. Petals narrow, thin, mostly shorter than the sepals. Lip broad, concave, 2-auricled at the base of the blade, erect. Column short; rostellum retuse, as long as the anther or longer. Pollinia powdery. Capsule small, oblong or ovoid. [Commemorates John D. Prescott, English botanist, died 1837.] About 30 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Prescottia plantaginifolia Lindl. 1. Prescottia oligantha (Sw.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 454. 1840. Cranichis oligantha Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788. Slender, glabrous, 2-4 dm. high. Basal leaves few, ovate to elliptic, 2-7.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, OECHIDACEAE. 87 about 13-nerved, the petioles 1.5-3 mm. long; scape with several, narrow, acute, bladeless sheaths 1-3 cm. long; spike slender, densely flowered, 2-7 cm. long; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; ovary obovoid-oblong; sepals 1-nerved, pinkish, rounded, about 1 mm. long; petals narrowly obovate or oblong, obtuse, a little shorter than the sepals, white or pink; lip 3-nerved, 1-1.5 mm. long, the blade roundish, minutely auricled ; capsule about 4 mm. long. Coppices and shaded stone walls, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and Guadeloupe; Jamaica. Small Prescottia. 7. PONTHIEVA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 199. 1813. Terrestrial orchids with fibrous roots, tufted basal leaves, and small, loosely racemose flowers on sheathed, erect scapes. Sepals spreading, the lateral ones slightly inequilateral. Petals clawed, spreading, nearly triangular, adnate to the short column, unsymmetrical. Lip adnate to the column, clawed, concave, ascending, spurless. Anther shorter than the rostellum; pollinia 4, in pairs, powdery, pendulous. Capsule ellipsoid. [Commemorates de Ponthieu, who sent American plants to Sir Joseph Banks.] About 20 species, of tropical and warm temperate America. Type species: Neottia glandulosa Sims. 1. Ponthieva Brittonae Ames, Torreya, 10: 90. 1910. Roots clustered, slender, villous. Basal leaves about 4, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 10 cm. long or less, acute at the apex, narrowed into petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; scape slender, 2-4 dm. high, bearing several oblong, acute sheaths, pubescent above ; raceme 1-2 dm. long, pubescent, several-many- flowered; bracts oblong, acute or acuminate, about 5 mm. long; pedicels ascending, 8-10 mm. long; sepals about 4 mm. long; petals lanceolate, obtuse, a little longer than the sepals ; lip 3-lobed, subsaccate, 4.5 mm. long, the lateral lobes rounded, the median lobe oblong. Pine-land near Fresh Creek, Andros, Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence : — Florida. Mrs. Britton's Ponthieva. 8. PHYSURUS L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 55. 1818. [Erythrodes Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 410. 1825.] Leafy-stemmed, terrestrial orchids, with thick, clustered roots, the leaves broad, petioled, parallel-nerved and reticulate-veined, convolute in the bud, the small flowers in a terminal spike. Sepals distinct, nearly equal, the small petals cohering with the median one. Lip erect, 3-lobed, embracing the short column, produced below into a blunt pouch-like spur. Anther about as long as the rostellum. Pollinia granular, pendent. Capsule ellipsoid to obong. [Greek, referring to the pouch-like spur.] About 60 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Orchis plantaginca Willd. 1. Physurus querceticola Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 505. 1840. Phi/sums Sagraeanus A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 253. 1850. Stem slender, erect, glabrous, 3 dm. high or less. Leaves several, distant, ovate to lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute, acuminate, or the lower ones obtuse at the apex, rounded or subtruncate at the base, the petioles 5-20 mm. long, their 88 ORCHIDACEAE. bases much dilated, sheathing the stem, the upper sheaths bladeless; spike 2-7 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, a little shorter than the ovary; sepals about 4 mm. long, linear or linear-lanceolate; lip with a dilated claw and a nearly orbicular blade terminated by a drooping or recurved triangular tip, the pouch-like spur shorter than the ovary. Under bushes in pine-lands and in savannas. Great Bahama and Andros : — Florida to Louisiana ; Cuba ; Guadeloupe. Low Phtsueus. 9. MALAXIS Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788. Low orchids with a solid bulb, 1-leaved or 2-leaved. Flowers small, white or green, in a terminal raceme. Sepals spreading, separate, the lateral ones equal at the base. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip cordate or eared at the base, embracing the column. Anther erect between the auricles, 2-celled; pollinia 4, smooth and w7axy, 2 in each sac, the pairs cohering at the summit, without caudicles or glands. Capsule oval, sometimes nearly globose, beakless. [Greek, in allusion to the soft tissues.] About 140 species, widely distributed, the following typical. 1. Malaxis spicata Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788. Microstylis spicata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Oreh. 19. 1830. Glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, 2-leaved near the base, and with 1 or 2 sheaths below the leaves. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute, the lower one the larger, the sheathing petioles 1-5 cm. long; raceme narrow, 8 cm. long or less, many-flowered ; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-4 mm. long, pedicels 5-9 mm. long; middle sepal about 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute or bluntish, the lateral ones about as long, obtuse ; petals linear, 2 mm. long; lip about 4 mm. long, its terminal lobe linear-oblong; capsule about 8 mm. long. Coppice, Crooked Island: — Florida; Cuba to Porto Rico and Martinique: Jamaica. We are indebted to Mr. Oakes Ames for the determination of the Crooked Island specimen. Slender Malaxis. 10. POLYSTACHYA Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 103. 1825. Epiphytic, leafy-stemmed orchids, the stems usually clustered, sheathed at the base, the roots thick-fibrous, the many-nerved leaves eonduplicate in the bud, the upper reduced to long, narrow scales, the small flowers in terminal, panicles or spike-like racemes. Median sepal narrower than the lateral ones. Petals narrower than the lateral sepals. Lip jointed with the base of the column, spurless, sessile, bent below, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes small. Column short, with a distinct foot. Anther terminal, lid-like, convex, usually 1-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, broadly ovate or nearly hemispheric, not appendaged. [Greek, many spikes.] About 170 species, mostly of tropical regions. Type species: Cranichis luteola Sw. Leaves several, oblong-ligulate ; racemes numerous. 1. P. minuta. Leaves 2, linear or linear-lanceolate ; racemes few. 2. P. folios®. OECHIDACEAE. 89 1. Polystachya minuta (Aubl.) Britton; Small, Fl. SE. TL S. 328, 1329. 1903. Epidendrum minutum Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 824. 1775. Dendrobium polystachyum Sw. Act. Holm. 21: 247. 1800. Cranichis luteola Sw. Fl. Ind. Oec. 3: 1433. 1806. Polystachya luteola Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 103. 1825. Stems rather slender, 2-6 dm. long. Sheaths many-striate, 2-4 cm. long; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 6-30 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, shorter than the stem; panicle 3 dm. long or less, sometimes reduced to a single raceme; racemes rather densely several-many-flowered; bracts acute, about 2 mm. long; flowers greenish-yellow; buds obliquely 3-angled; median sepal ovate, 3-4 mm. long, the lateral ones oblique, a little longer; petals nar- rowly spatulate, shorter than the sepals; lip about 4 mm. long, glandular-hairy within, the median lobe emarginate, the lateral lobes incurved; capsule 10-12 mm. long. On trees in coppices, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda, south to Trinidad and South America. Large Polystachya. Catesby, 2 : pi. 55. 2. Polystachya foliosa (Hook.) Kchb. f.; Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 640. 1863. Stelis foliosa Hook. Ann. Nat. Hist. 2: 330. 1839. Stems slender, 2 dm. long or less. Sheaths striate, 1-3 cm. long; leaves usually 2, linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-16 em. long, 3-8 mm. wide, obtuse or minutely 2-3-toothed at the apex, shorter than or equalling the stem ; racemes 1-5, narrow, rather densely several-many-flowered; flowers yellow or yellowish; bracts acute or acuminate, 1-2 mm. long; median sepal ovate, about 1.5 mm. long; lateral sepals broadly ovate, about 2 mm. long; petals spatulate, rounded, 1.5-2 mm. long; lip nearly 2 mm. long, obovate, its lateral lobes incurved, not much smaller than the median one. On tree-trunks, Andros : — Grenada ; Trinidad ; northern South America. Small Polystachya. 11. SPATHIGER Small, Fl. Miami 55. 1913. Epiphytic, usually branched, creeping or pendent orchids, with slender leafy stems, narrow sessile leaves and small flowers in the axils of spathe-like bracts, forming terminal spikes ; pseudobulbs none. Leaves duplicate in the bud, the blades not plaited, jointed at the base. Lateral sepals broader than the median one. Petals scarcely broader than the sepals. Lip reniform or nearly orbicular, concave. Column adnate to the lip. Pollinia 4, appendaged. [Greek, spathe-bearing.] About 10 species of tropical and subtropical America, the following typical. 1. Spathiger rigidus (Jacq.) Small, Fl. Miami 55. 1913. Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Often much branched, 5 dm. long or less. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, subcoriaceous, 3-8 cm. long; flowers greenish-white; lateral sepals ovate, about 6 mm. long; petals narrowly spatulate or oblong; blade of the lip about 3 mm. long, suborbicular, with callosities near the base; capsule about 1.5 cm. long. On trees, New Providence : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe to Trinidad ; continental tropical America. 90 ORCHIDACEAE. 12. AULIZA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soe. 1: 294. 1812. Epiphytic or terrestrial orchids, with erect or ascending, leafy, often clustered stems, sub-coriaceous sessile leaves with sheathing bases, and rather large pedieelled flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, or solitary; pseudo- bulbs none. Sepals often elongated. Petals linear to spatulate. Lip various. Column adnate to the base of the lip. Pollinia 4, appendaged. [Greek, perching.] Eighty species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Epidendrum ciliare L. 1. Auliza nocturna (Jacq.) Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913. Epidendrum noctumum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Epiphytic or saxicolous; stems stiff, clustered, rather slender, usually erect, 3-11 dm. high. Leaves oblong to elliptic, oblong-lanceolate or linear- oblong, 7-16 cm. long, acute at the apex, partly clasping at the base, the sheaths cylindrie, the lower ones bladeless; flowers solitary or two together, peduncled, the peduncle 2-10 cm. long; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long; lateral sepals green, linear-attenuate, 3-6 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; petals yellow, similar to the sepals, but a little narrower; lip white, 3-cleft, the 2 lateral lobes ovate or ovate-oblong, 10-15 mm. long, the middle lobe setaceous, 3-5 cm. long; capsule oblong, narrowed at both ends, 2.5-4 cm. long. On trees in coppices, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola : Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; Trinidad ; tropical South America. Slender A i i.iza. Catesby, 2: pi. 68. 13. ENCYCLIA Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 2831. 1828. Epiphytic or rarely terrestrial orchids, with mostly terete, short or elon- gsted pseudobulbs, flat, mostly stiff, elongated narrow leaves duplicate in the bud, and rather large, racemose or panieled bracted flowers on a long terminal scape. Lateral sepals broad or narrow, about as wide as the similar median one; petals spatulate to linear. Lip longitudinaly crested or appendaged, 3-lobed, the middle lobe much wider than the lateral ones, often emarginate. Column usually adnate to the lip at its base and sometimes enclosed by it. Capsules ribbed. [Greek, wrapped around.] Perhaps 75 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Encyclia viridiflora Hook. These orchids are locally called Wild Indian. Middle lobe of the lip acute or tipped. 1. E. fucata. Middle lobe of the lip rounded or refuse. Flowers panieled ; middle lobe of the lip rounded, refuse or apiculate. Column short, 6 mm. long or less. Sepals obtuse ; lip sessile or nearly so. Sepals acute ; lip clawed. Column long. 7-10 mm. long. Pseudobulbs ovoid, 4-7 cm. long. Pseudobulbs ovoid-oblong, up to 10 cm. long. Sepals and petals purplish or greenish ; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. wide. Sepals and petals yellow ; leaves 1 cm. wide or less. Flowers racemose or inflorescence with a few branches. Leaves broadly linear ; middle lobe of the lip cordate. Leaves norrowly linear; middle lobe of the lip ovate, rounded. o 3.' E. E. bahamensis rufa. 4. E. tampensis. ■". E. diurna. 6. E. inaguensis. 7. E. plicata. 8. E. acicularis. ORCHIDACEAE. 91 1. Encyclia fucata (Lindl.) Britton & Millspaugh. Epidendrum fucatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 15. 1838. Pseudobulbs slender, ovoid to oblong, 2-5 cm. long. Leaves 1 or 2, linear, 1-3 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; scape slender, usually branched, 3-7 dm. long; pedicels slender or filiform, 1-2 cm. long ; sepals yellow or brownish yellow, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, 1.5-2 cm. long; petals oblanceolate, similar to the sepals but a little shorter ; lip yellow, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes oblong, obtuse, about 1 cm. long, the middle lobe suborbicular, tipped; column wingless; capsule oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. On trees in coppices and scrub-lands. Abaco, Great Bahama, and Andros : — Cuba ; recorded from Hispaniola and Porto Rico Small-flowered Encyclia. A fruiting specimen from Abaco, probably of this species, was determined by R. A. Rolfe as E. primulinum Batem, of Mexico, and recorded under that name in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4 : 116. 2. Encyclia bahamensis (Griseb.) Britton & Millspaugh. Epidendrum bahamense Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 614. 1864. Pseudobulbs ovoid-oblong, 10 cm. long or less. Leaves 1-3, coriaceous, linear, blunt or acutish, 1.5-5 dm. long; 1-3.5 cm. wide; scape usually much- branched, paniculately many-flowered, 5-9 dm. long; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long; sepals oblong, 7-nerved, obtuse or obtusish, 15-19 mm. long; petals obtuse, oblong or spatulate-oblong, narrowed toward the base, about as long as the sepals; lip sessile or nearly so, deeply 3-lobed, 16-19 mm. long, its lateral lobes triangular-ovate, much shorter than the orbicular-obovate, rounded or retuse, nearly sessile, middle one ; column narrowly winged to the base ; capsule oblong, 1.5-3 cm. long. On trees, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, Eleuthera, Ship Channel Cay, Crooked Island, Little Inagua and Inagua. An Andros specimen was referred to Epidendrum odoratissimum Lindl., by Mrs. Northrop. Bahama Encyclia. 3 Encyclia rufa (Lindl.) Britton & Millspaugh. Epidendrum rufum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 31: Misc. 33. 1845. Pseudobulbs "pyriform." Leaves 2 or 3, ligulate, obtuse, 15-18 em. long, about 18 mm. wide; scape little branched, paniculately many-flowered, 2-3.5 dm. long; pedicels slender, about 1 em. long; flowers yellowish-brown; sepals oblong or oblong-spatulate, acute, 19-25 mm. long; petals oblong-cuneate, about as long as the sepals; lip short-clawed, about 2 cm. long, deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes short ' ' acute, ' ' much shorter than the obovate, rounded middle one; column narrowly winged to the base. Bahamas, collected by Skinner (according to Cogniaux) and also attributed to the Bahamas by Grisebach : — Hispaniola. Not known to us from the archipelago. Cogniaux's reference to this species as recorded by Britton from Abaco (Urban, Symb. Ant. 6:494) is an error. The type specimen is said by Lindley to have been sent from Rio Janeiro, Brazil. Our specimen from Hispaniola was collected at Bayeux, Haiti, by George V. Nash (No. 800) and determined as Epidendrum rufum Lindl.', by R. A. Rolfe at Kew. Rufous Encyclia. 4. Encyclia tampensis (Lindl.) Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913. Epidendrum tampense Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1847: under pi. 35. 1847. Pseudobulbs narrowly ovoid, terete, 4-7 cm. long. Leaves 1-3, linear or linear-lanceolate, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, acutish or obtuse, rather rigid; scape slender, branched, often 5 dm. long or longer; pedicels rather slender, 7-12 mm. long; lateral sepals yellowish-brown, narrowly oblanceolate, acutish, about 2 cm. long; petals similar to the sepals but somewhat narrower; lip nearly sessile, deeply 3-lobed, white lined with purple, a little shorter than the petals, the middle lobe reniform-orbicular, short-clawed, rounded or apicu- late, the lateral lobes oblong, obtuse; column about 8 mm. long, 2-aurieled at the top and narrowly winged. On trees and shrubs, Abaco, New Providence : — Florida : Cuba. Recorded by Coker as Epidendrum fucatum Lindl. Tampa Encyclia. 92 ORCHIDACEAE. 5. Encyclia diurna (Jacq.) Britton & Millspaugh. Limodorum diumum Jacq. Ic. Rar. 3: pi. 60S. 1786-93. Epidendrum gracile Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: pi. 1765. 1835. Epidendrum altissimum Bat em.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 38. 1838. Epidendrum virens Lindl. in Paxton, Fl. Gard. 1: 152. 1850-51. Epidendrum diumum Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 497. 1910. Plants usually clustered, sometimes forming large colonies. Pseudobulbs elongated, ovoid-oblong, 10 cm. long or less. Leaves 2 or 3, linear, rigid, acute or obtuse, 2-5 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide ; scape more or less branched, 5-10 dm. high; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long; lateral sepals greenish or purplish, narrowly oblong, acute or obtusish, about 2 cm. long; petals similar to the sepals, obtuse, narrowed below; lip a little shorter than the sepals, white lined with purple, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe suborbicular or rhomboid-orbicular, rounded or retuse and apiculate, the lateral lobes oblong, obtuse; column clavi- form, about 1 cm. long; capsule oval, 1.5-3 cm. long. On the ground, in rocky soil, or sometimes on trees, throughout the archipelago, from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Mariguana, Acklin's and Caicos Islands : — Cuba ; Mexico to Venezuela. Consists of many races, differing in size of the plant, of the leaves and of the flowers, and in color of the perianth. Tall Encyclia. 6 Encyclia inaguensis Nash, sp. nov. Stems slender, up to 1 m. tall, usually from a creeping rootstock, the pseudobulbs up to 1 dm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter at the base, gradually narrowed from the base to the apex. Leaves linear, up to 5 dm. long and 1 cm. wide, acute; inflorescence up to 6 dm. long, paniculate, the branches ascending, the lower ones longer and bearing 2-5 flowers. Flowers 2.5-3 em. in diameter, fragrant; sepals and petals yellow, irregularly striped with purple, the sepals oblong-elliptic, acute, the petals oblanceolate-spathulate, acute ; lip about as long as the sepals, white, the lateral lobes and margin of the middle lobe yelow, all flushed and striped with purple; lateral lobes ascending, oblong, acutish, 8-10 mm. long, the middle lobe almost orbicular, tindulate on the margin, retuse, 8-9 mm. in diameter, almost sessile ; column white, striped with purple, about 1 cm. long. On shrubs and trees. Type collected between Northwest Point and Southwest Point, Little Inagua, Oct. 21, 1004 (Nash and Taylor, 1251). A barren specimen from East Caicos (Millspaugh 9111) may be of this species. Inagua Encyclia. 7. Encyclia plicata (Lindl.) Britton & Millspaugh. Epidendrum plicatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 33: under pi. 10. 1847. Pseudobulbs ovoid, terete, 8 cm. long or less. Leaves 2 or sometimes 3, coriaceous, stiff, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; scape usually much longer than the leaves, simple or more or less branched; pedicels slender, 1-1.5 cm. long; lateral sepals oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, purplish or greenish, 2.5-3 cm. long; petals similar to the lateral sepals; lip about as long as the petals, yellowish or whitish striped with purple, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe sub- orbicular, cordate, emarginate and sometimes cuspidate, the lateral lobes oblong- lanceolate, obtuse; column about 15 mm. long; fruit oval, 2-3 cm. long. On shrubs and trees in thickets, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Fortune Island, Cat Island, Crooked Island and Inagua : — Cuba. Recorded by Hitchcock as E. virens Lindl., and by Mrs. Northrop as E. phoeniceum Lindl. Plicate Encyclia. Catesby, 2 : pi. 88. 8. Encyclia acicularis (Batem.) Britton & Millspaugh. Epidendrum aciculare Batem.; Lindl. Bot. Reg'. 27: Misc. 46. 1841. Pseudobulbs ovoid, clustered, 2-3 cm. long; leaves 1 or 2, narrowly linear, 2-7 em. long, about 5 mm. wide. Scape usually simple, few-several-flowered, longer than the leaves; pedicels very slender, about 1 cm. long; lateral sepals ORCHIDACEAE. 93 narrowly spatulate or oblaneeolate, purple, acute, 2-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; petals similar to the sepals; lip white, lined with rose, a little shorter than the sepals, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe ovate, rounded, the lateral lobes oblong, obtuse; column about 1 cm. long, 2-auricled at the summit. Bahamas, collected by Skinner, according to Lindley : — Mexico. A plant found on Conocurpus in an open coastal coppice, at Great Bahama at Golden Grove (Britton and Millspaugh 2728), was doubtfully referred to this species by Mr. K. A. Bolfe at Kew. It subsequently produced a few flowers at the New York Botanical Garden which do not wholly agree with those of Mexican specimens. Narkow-leaved Enciclia. Epidendrum papilionaceum Vahl, is doubtfully recorded as Bahamian by Urban and by Cogniaux, the determination based on barren specimens collected by Eggers in New Providence. 14. EPICLADIUM Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913. An epiphytic orchid, with nearly orbicular flattened pseudobulbs, narrow, erect, flat leaves, duplicate in the bud, the flowering scape subtended by an elongated spathe-like sheath. Flowers racemose or solitary, minutely bracted, showy, mottled. Lateral sepals about as wide as the median one; petal3 similar to the lateral sepals; lip subrhombic, shorter than the sepals; column without a foot, partly adnate to the lip. Capsules nodding, winged. [Greek, upon a branch.] A monotypic genus. 1. Epicladium Boothianum (Lindl.) Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913. Epidendrum Boothianum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 5. 1838. Epidendrum erythronioides Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 328. 1903. Pseudobulbs clustered or solitary on branches, about 2.5 cm. long, less than 1 cm. thick, subtended by ovate, subscarious scales 1-2 cm. long. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 6-12 cm. long; flowering stem simple, mostly longer than the leaves, 2-3 times as long as the sheath; flowers 1-sev- eral; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; lateral sepals oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate, acute, yellow, mottled with brown, about 13 mm. long; petals spatulate, yellow, brown-mottled, about as long as the sepals; lip yellowish, about 7 mm. long; capsule 2-3 cm. long, oblong, 3-winged. On trees, Andros :• — Florida ; Cuba. Epicladium. Catesby, 2 : pi. 74. 15. ANACHEILIUM Hoffmg. Linnaea 16: Litt. 229. 1842. Epiphytic orchids, with elongated, somewhat flattened psudobulbs, long flat leaves duplicate in the bud, and nodding racemose bracted flowers on a simple terminal scape. Sepals all nearly alike, elongated, narrow, acuminate. Petals similar to the sepals, but somewhat shorter; lip concave, entire, much shorter than the sepals. Column partly adnate to the lip, footless. Capsules winged, drooping. [Greek, upturned lip.] The genus is probably monotypic. 1. Anacheilium cochleatum (L.) Hoffmg. Linnaea, 16: Litt. 229. 1842. Epidendrum cochleatum L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1351. 1763. Pseudobulbs lanceolate to ovate, compressed, 8-12 cm. long, clustered. Leaves 2 or 3, linear or linear-oblong, acute, 1-4 dm. long; scape simple, 1.5-6 dm. long, bearing several linear-lanceolate scarious scales 1-3 cm. long and subtended by a larger, scarious, spathe-like scale 5-8 cm. long; flowers few- several, racemose; bracts small; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, greenish yellow, 94 ORCHIDACEAE. 2-3 cm. long, similar to the petals; lip purple or variegated, about 2 cm. long, abruptly acute, entire; capsule 2-3 cm. long. On trees in coppices, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola : Porto Rico ; Jamaica : Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela. Recorded from St. Croix. Cntesby, 2 : pi. 88. Shell Orchid. 16. NIDEMA Britton & Millspaugh, gen. nov. Epiphytic orchids, with flattened 1-leaved pseudobulbs subtended by narrow scales, the leaves narrowly linear, the slender scapes bearing several, rather small, racemose flowers, or but one. Lateral sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, 3-5-nerved, acute or acuminate; petals linear to lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the sepals; lip linear or ligulate, somewhat fleshy, entire or undu- late; column free from the lip or but slightly adnate at the base, footless. Capsule oblong. [Anagram of Binema, a related genus.] Two species or more, natives of the West Indies, the following typical. 1. Nidema Ottonis (Rchb. f.) Britton & Millspaugh. Epidendrum Ottonis Rchb. f.; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 613. 1864. Pseudobulbs narrowly oblong, clustered, compressed, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1- leaved. Leaf thin in texture, linear, 6-13 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, obtuse or acutish; scape very slender, little, if any, longer than the leaf, bearing several linear scales and 3-6 bracted whitish flowers; ovary shorter than the linear bract; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about 8 mm. long; petals linear, acute, about 6 mm. long; lip linear, acute, undivided, about 5 mm. long; column free, claviform, 4 mm. long, 5-toothed; capsule oblong, about 1 em. long. On tree, Blue Hills, New Providence, collected by Eggers (according to Cog- niaux). not found by us in the Bahamas:- — Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Porto Rico ; Trinidad ; Venezuela. 17. TETRAMICRA Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 119. 1831. Mostly terrestrial orchids, without pseudobulbs, the roots thick fibers, the few subterete fleshy leaves basal, the pink to purple flowers in a simple raceme at the end of a slender sheathed scape. Bracts very small. Sepals about equal, distinct, spreading. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip 3-lobed, spread- ing, the lobes entire or nearly so. Column 2-winged. Anther convex, imper- fectly 4-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, appendaged. Capsule oblong, beakless. [Greek, small four.] About 8 species, of tropical America. Type species: Cymbidium rigidum Willd. 1. Tetramicra Urbaniana Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 551. 1910. Roots few, thick, canescent. Leaves 2, lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 3 cm. long or less, acute or acuminate, fleshy; scape very slender, 2-4.5 dm. high, its small membranous sheaths appressed; raceme 2-5-flowered, the flowers dis- tant; bracts ovate, membranous, acute, 1-3 mm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; ovary slender, 5-7 mm. long; sepals ovate or oblong, 5-nerved, about 4 mm. long; petals linear, about as long as the sepals; lip 4-6 mm. long, deeply 3- lobed, the lobes rounded; column narrowly 2-winged, 3 mm. long. On the ground, New Providence near Nassau : — Endemic. Bahama Tetramicra. ORCHIDACEAE. 95 18. LAELIOPSIS Lindl. in Paxton, Fl. Gard. 3: 155. 1853. Epiphytic orchids, with small oblong, 1-leaved or 2-leaved pseudobulbs, the leaves linear or oblong, coriaceous, the few or several large, rose or purple flowers in a terminal, long-peduncled raceme. Sepals equal, distinct, erect or somewhat spreading. Petals similar to the sepals, but a little broader. Lip broad, spreading, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, sessile at the base of the column. Anther terminal, 2-celled; pollinia 8. Capsule oblong to obovoid. [Greek, similar to Laelia.] Three or four species, inhabiting Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and the Bahamas, the following typical. £ 1. Laeliopsis domingensis Lindl. in Paxton, Fl. Gard. 3: 155, pi. 105. 1853. Cattleya domingensis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 118. 1831. Broughtonia lilacina Henfr. in Moore & Ayres, Gard. Mag. Bot. 3: 201. 1851. Broughtonia domingensis Eolfe, Gard. Chron. III. 5: 491. 1889. Cattleyopsis Northropiorum Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 545. 1910. Pseudobulbs narrow, 3-7 cm. long, 5-9 mm. in diameter. Leaves linear- oblong, 7-14 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less, obtuse, the margin more or less erose-denticulate, the midvein prominent; peduncle slender, terete, erect, 4-7 dm. long, with several distant scarious appressed sheaths; flowers 4-15; pedicels slender, 1.5-2 cm. long; bracts ovate, acute, about 2 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved, 2.5-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; petals 7-10 mm. wide; lip broadly obovate, 3-4 cm. long, emarginate, undulate; capsule 2-3 cm. long. On trees and shrubs in coastal coppices and pine-lands, Abaco and Great Ba- hama, Andros, South Biiuini and Eleuthera : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. 19. LIMODORUM L. Sp. PL 950. 1753. Scapose terrestrial orchids, with round solid bulbs which arise from the bulb of the previous year, a leaf appearing the first season, succeeded in the following year by the scape. Flowers several in a loose terminal spike or raceme. Sepals and petals nearly alike, separate, spreading. Column elon- gated, 2-winged above. Anther terminal, operculate, sessile; pollinia solitary, 1 in each sac, loosely granular. Lip spreading, raised on a narrow stalk, dilated at the apex, bearded on the upper side with long club-shaped hairs. [Greek, a meadow-gift.] Five species of the eastern United States, the Bahamas and Cuba. Type species: Limodorum tuberosum L. 1. Limodorum Simpsoni Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 322. 1903. Calopogon pidchellus Simpsoni Ames, Contr. Ames Bot. Lab. 1: 18. Hypo- nym. 1904. Scape slender, erect, 3-7 dm. tall, bearing 1 or 2 short basal scales and usually but 1, linear, acute leaf 1-3 dm. long, borne near the base. Spike loosely few-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acute, usually much shorter than the ovary; flowers purple, rarely white; lateral sepals suborbicular, acute, about 18 mm. long; petals ovate-oblong, a little longer than the sepals; middle lobe of the lip 8-10 mm. wide, emarginate; capsule 1.5-2 cm. long. Savannas and pine-lands, Andros : — Florida ; Cuba. Determined by Mrs. North- rop as L. tuberosum L., and referred to that species by Cogniaux. Soutiikkx Grass-pink. 96 ORCHIDACEAE. 20. BLETIA R. & P. Syst. 229. 1798. Terrestrial orchids, with globose or ovoid corms, narrow, elongated linear or lanceolate leaves, the slender sheathed scape arising from the side of the corm, the large purple or pink flowers in simple or branched racemes. Sepals nearly alike, ovate to oblong. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip broad, 5-7- crested, 3-lobed. Column elongated. Anther 2-celled; pollinia obovate, waxy. Capsules oblong, erect. [Commemorates L. Blet, a Spanish apothecary.] About 45 species, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Bletia catenuJata R. & P. y 1. Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 9: 100. 1841. Limodorum purpureum Lam. Encycl. 3: 515. 1789. Limodorum altum Jacq. Ic. Rar. 3: 17, pi. 602. 1786-93. Not. L. 1767. Bletia verecunda R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 5: 206. 1813. Corm subglobose, 2-3 cm in diameter; scape slender, 3-11 dm. high. Leaves 1.5-5 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide at about the middle, tapering to both ends, narrowed below into a sheath; sheaths of the scape 1-1.5 cm. long, ovate, appressed; bracts ovate, 4-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate; sepals 11-18 mm. long, acute, the median one ovate-lanceolate, the lateral ones ovate to oblong; petals oval, a little shorter than the sepals; lip 7-crested, nearly as long as the petals, its middle lobe notched, crenate crisped; capsule cylindric, 2.5-4 cm. long. Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros. New Providence, Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba : Hispaniola ; Jamaica. Recorded by Hitchcock as Bletia alta (L.) Hitchc. Pukple Bletia. 21. GOVENIA Lindl. in Lodd. Bot. Cab. pi. 1709. 1831. Terrestrial orchids with rootstocks, the leaves few, plaited, the stem erect, the rather small flowers in a simple, terminal, spike-like raceme. Sepals con- nivent, nearly equal, the median one erect, incurved. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip concave, simple. Column winged, incurved, its foot short. Anther incumbent, convex, 1-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, not appendaged. Capsule oblong. [Commemorates James Robert Gowen, an English botanist, who died in 1862.] About 17 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Govenia superoa Lindl. 1. Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc. 47. 1839. Cymoidium utriculatum Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 6: 75. 1799. Plant 3-7 dm. high, the stem rather stout, bearing large basal inflated bladeless sheaths and 1 or 2 broad leaves. Basal sheaths usually 2, mem- branous, 4-20 cm. long; leaves usually 2, elliptic, 1-2.7 dm. long, 5-9 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, finely many-nerved; cauline sheaths 1 or 2, obtuse, about 5 cm. long; raceme few-several-flowered, 1.5 dm. long or less; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long; flowers whitish; sepals about 1.5 cm. long, the lateral lanceolate, the median oblong; petals about as long as the sepals; lip ovate, acute, about 9 mm. long; capsules deflexed, 2.5-3 cm. long. Coppices and pine-barrens. Abaco, Andros :- — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; Mexico to South America. Swollen Govenia. OKCHLDACEAE. 97 22. ONCIDIUM Sw. Vet. Akad. Stock. Handl. 21: 239. 1800. Mostly epiphytic orchids, with or without pseudobulbs, the leaves flat or S-edged, elongated or short, the stems short, the peduncles or scapes lateral, the flowers in loose racemes or panicles. Sepals nearly equal, spreading or reflexed, the lateral ones connate in some species. Petals similar to the median sepal. Lip clawed or sessile, 3-lobed, crested or tubercled, the middle lobe broad, notched or 2-cleft. Column short, winged, without a foot. Anther inclined, convex or semiglobose, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2, waxy, not appendaged. Capsule ovoid to fusiform, beaked. [Greek, referring to the tubercled lip.] More than 400 species, natives of tropical and sub- tropical America. Type species: Oncidium carthaginense (Jacq.) Sw. Terrestrial; leaves 3-5 dm. long; scape 1 m. or more high. 1. O. sphacelatum. Epiphytic ; leaves 1-1.5 dm. long ; scape 3-5 dm. long. Leaves elongated-linear. 2. O. bahamense. Leaves oblong-falcate. 3. O. lucayanum. 1. Oncidium sphacelatum Lindl. Sert. Orch. under pi. 48. 1841. Pseudobulbs nearly cylindric, 8-12 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick. Leaves linear, elongated, 3-10 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, flat, finely many-nerved; scape slender, 2 m. long or less, the flowers loosely panicled; bracts linear-lanceolate, 8-15 mm. long; pedicels slender, 1-2.5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, about 16 mm. long, brownish, barred with yellow; petals similar to the sepals, but somewhat broader and shorter; lip bright yellow, about as long as the petals, its middle lobe 11-14 mm. wide; capsule oblong, about 2 cm. long. On the ground in pine-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Watling's Island, Crooked Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Central America. 2. Oncidium bahamense Nash, sp. nov. A stoloniferous plant, creeping along branches and tree trunks, with equitant leaves which are long, curved and narrow, and a raceme of yellow flowers much exserted beyond the leaves. Leaves up to 8, crowded at the base, the lower 1 or 2 short, triangular and scale-like, the larger ones up to 2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, laterally compressed, acutely angled on the back, channeled on the upper side, smooth and glabrous, linear, acute; scape up to 4.5 dm. long, smooth and glabrous, with scattered ovate scarious acute scales 5-7 mm. long; raceme 5-7 cm. long, of 10-15 spreading flowers on slender pedicels up to 1 cm. long, the bracts ovate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long; dorsal sepal obovate-spatulate, concave, much narrowed at the base, emargi- nate and apiculate at the apex, 1-nerved, 5-6 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide at the broadest part when spread out; lateral sepals united to the apex into an obovate-cuneate concave body about 6 mm. long and 4 mm. wide when spread out, rounded-truncate at the apex, 2-nerved, running out into short apicula- tions: petals obovate, 5-nerved, undulate on the margins, apiculate at the apex, 7 mm. long and 5 mm. wide; lip sessile with a broad rounded base, 9-10 mm. long and 10-12 mm. wide, puberulent on the upper surface, of equal width at base and apex, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading and somewhat reflexed, broad, rounded at the apex, irregularly crenulate on the margins, the middle lobe much broader than loug, reniform, irregularly lobulate on the margins, strongly emarginate at the apex, apiculate, the crest with two processes, one of them with long lobes, the other smaller and with 3 lobes; column stout, about 2.5 mm. long, the wings puberulent, ovate, rounded at the base, obtuse at the apex, and extending considerably beyond the summit of the column, 3.5 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. Type collected by L. .T. K. Rrace, at Eight Mile Rocks, Great Bahama, April 16- May 8, 1905, no. 8689, in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. A 98 ORCHIDACEAE. specimen in the herbarium of Columbia University, collected by John I. and Alice R. Northrop, on Andros Island, in May, 1SD0, no. 5J,3, doubtfully determined by Mrs. Northrop as 0. sylvestre Lindl., is also this species; it was also referred to <>. sylvestre by Cogniaux. The plant recorded by Eaton and Setchell, and also by Dolley, from Abaco, collected by Herrick, is apparently this species. This orchid is related to Oncidium sylvestre Lindl., but the longer leaves, smaller flowers, and the differences in the lip at once distinguish it. In O. sylvstre the leaves are not over 4 cm. long, the flowers are fully twice the size, and the lip has the lateral lobes very small ; in 0. bahamense the lip is as broad across the lateral lobes as it is at the apex. 3. Oncidium lucayanum Nash, sp. nov. Plant with short compressed leaves and a few-flowered raceme. Leaves 4-6, crowded at the base, curved, spreading, acute, compressed, acutely angled on the back, channeled on the upper surface, wrinkled on the upper margins, smooth and glabrous, 1-1.5 cm. long and about 3 mm. wide; scape smooth and glabrous, with a few scattered ovate acute appressed scarious scales 3-4 mm. long; flowers on pedicels 5-7 mm. long; dorsal sepal oblanceolate-cuneate, acutish at the apex, narrowed toward the base, 7 mm. long and 2-2.5 mm. wide, the margins repand ; lateral sepals united into a concave 2-nerved oblance- olate-cuneate body which is 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth rounded and about 0.75 mm. long, about 8 mm. long and 2.5-3 mm. wide ; petals lyrate-ovate, acute at the apex, abruptly narrowed below the middle into a claw about 2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, 8 mm. long and 3-3.5 mm. wide, undulate on the margin ; lip adnate to the column up to its wings by a bi-lamellate process, 8 mm. long and 7 mm. wide, sessile by a rounded or truncate base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes 1.5-2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, somewhat reflexed, rounded or a little acute at the base, merging into a hemispherical somewhat toothed isthmus which joins them to the middle lobe, the middle lobe flabellate, on a triangular claw, round-truncate and apiculate at the apex, irregularly lobulate on the margins, the crest of 3 lobes, the lateral divaricate, separated by a rounded protuberance, the middle lobe the largest and again 3-lobed; column 3-3.5 mm. long, the wings semiovate, rounded at the base, acute at the apex, irregularly lobed and extending somewhat beyond the summit of the column. Type, in the herbarium of Columbia University, collected by John I. and Alice R. Northrop, at Fresh Creek, Andros Island, June 10, 1890, no. 6}~. Resembles O. variegatum considerably, but the sepals are nearly as long as the lip, and the middle lobe of the lip flabellate while in O. variegatum the sepals do not exceed one half the length of the lip which has the middle iobe reniform and sessile. Referred by Cogniaux to O. Leiboldi Rchb. f. Oncidium variegatum Sw. is recorded by Cogniaux as collected on Andros (Northrop 587) but our specimens of this number appear to be 0. lucayanum. We have fruiting specimens of apparently the same plant from Abaco and Great Bahama. A small Oncidium, collected on Cat Island, died before flowering. Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one only), the first leaves of the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem exogenous, of pith, wood and bark (endogenous in structure in Nymphaeaceae) , the wood in one or more layers surrounding the pith, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark. Leaves usually pinnately or palmately veined, the veinlets forming a net- work. Parts of the flower rarely in 3's or 6's. Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Cretaceous time. They constitute between two-thirds and three-fourths of the living angiospermous flora. DICOTYLEDOXES. 99 Series I. Choripetalae. Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting. The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises most of the families formerly grouped under Apetalae (without petals) and Polypetalae (with separate petals). Exceptions to the typical feature of separate petals are found in the Fabaceae, in which the two lower petals are more or less united ; in the Fuinariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are sometimes coherent ; in some Crassulaceae ; the Polygalaceae, in Avhich the three petals are united with each other, and with the stamens ; Oxalidaceae and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are sometimes joined at the base. ± Petals none (except in family Portulaeaceae and in most Caryophyllaceae, which are herbs with the leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with" endosperm). Calyx none (except in some of the Saxtalales, and sometimes in Casuarinaceae). Loosely jointed trees, the leaves reduced to verticillate scales. Plants not loosely jointed ; leaves normal. Herbs with small perfect flowers in spikes. Trees or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and some- times also the pistillate, in aments. Leaves simple. Leaves odd-pinnate or trifoliolate : fruit a nut enclosed in a husk, or drupe-like. Calyx present. Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers dioecious or perfect ; ovary inferior, at least in part. Ovary 1-celled. Ovary several-celled (usually 6-celled) ; flowers perfect. Flowers mostly perfect : ovary superior. Embryo straight or nearly so : fruit an achene. Embryo coiled, curved or annular ; fruit not an achene. Order 1. Order 2. Order 3. Order 4. Casuarinales. PlPERALES. Myricales. juglandales. Order 5. Urticales. Order 6. Santalales. Order 7. Aristolochiales. Order 8. Polygoxales. Order 9. Chexopodiales. Order 12. Rosales. %% Petals present (wanting in Ceratoph-jilaceae, aquatic herbs with whorled dissected leaves ; in many Ranunculaceae ; in Lauraceae, alternate-leaved aromatic trees and shrubs; in Zanthoxylum, pinnate-leaved trees of the Rutaceae : in many Euphorbiaceae : in some species of Ludiciyia in Onagraceae; in Proscrpinaca of the Haloragidaceae). A. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in Loasaceae). Carpels solitary, or several and distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae) ; sta- mens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals ; sepals mostly distinct. Order 10. Raxales. Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary ; stamens hypogynous ; sepals mostly distinct. Order 11. Papaverales. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or some- times united ; stamens mostly perigynous or epi- gynous ; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave receptacle (hypanthium). Carpels united into a compound ovary ; sepals mostly distinct. Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer and opposite them, or more numerous. Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. Ovules pendulous, the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect, or as- cending. Stamens as many as the sepals and alter- nate with them, opposite the petals when these are present : ovules erect. Stamens usually very numerous (except in * Violaceae and Passifloraceae) ; disc in- conspicuous, or none. Order 13. Geraxi.ux.s. Order 14. Sapindales. Order 15. Rhamxales. 100 CASUARINACEAE. . Sepals valvate ; placentae united in the axis. Order 16. Malvales. Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or con- volute ; placentae mainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis. Sepals separate. Order 17. Hypericales. Sepals united. Order 18. Passiflorales. B. Ovarii inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly or in part (except in Lythraceae where it is usually merely enclosed by it). Herbs with barbed or stinging hairs. Order 19. Loasales. Plants without barbed or stinging hairs. Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves mostly very small or none ; calyx-seg- ments and petals several or numerous. Order 20. Opuntiai.es. Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy or spiny ; calyx-segments rarely more than 5. Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Haloragidaceae, aquatic herbs). Order 21. Myrtales. Ovule 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 22. Ammiales. Order 1. CASUARINALES. Trees or shrubs, with very slender, jointed, angled branches and twigs, the leaves reduced to minute verticillate scales at the nodes, the scales sometimes connate, the small imperfect bracted flowers in terminal spikes or cone-like heads. Staminate flowers with 1 or 2 sepals and 1 stamen with a large anther. Pistillate flowers without a perianth; ovary small, 1-celled; style short, with 2 slender branches; ovules 1 or 2, ascending. Fruit a cone-like mass of accrescent bracts, subtending winged achenes. Seed with a membranous testa and no endosperm, the embryo straight. Family 1. CASUARINACEAE Lindl. Beef-wood Family. Only one genus, with about 25 species, most abundant in Australasia. 1. CASUARINA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 104. 1776. Characters of the order. [From the zoological name of the Cassowary.] The following species is typical. ^ 1. Casuarina equisetifolia Forst, Char. Gen. PI. 104. 1776. A tree, reaching in the American tropics a maximum height of about 20 m.s with a trunk up to 1 m. in diameter, much larger in Australia, with long and slender branches, the upper ones erect or nearly so, the dark brown bark fur- rowed. Twigs angular, very slender, drooping; leaves 6-8 in each whorl, only 1-3 mm. long, acute, appressed, ciliate, decurrent on the twigs; staminate flowers in slender terminal cylindric spikes 1-4 cm. long, the bracts imbricated, the anthers exserted; pistillate flowers in lateral dense subglobose heads which become about 2 em. in diameter in fruit. Sandy sea shores, spontaneous after cultivation, Abaco, Andros, New Provi- dence, Eleuthera, Crooked Island, the Caicos, Grand Turk, and Inagua : — A native of Australia more or less naturalized in Florida, the West Indies and Yucatan. Erroneously called Spanish Cedar. Beef-wood. MYKICACEAE. 101 Order 2. PIPERALES. Dicotyledonous plants, with neither petals nor sepals, the spicate flowers braeteolate. Family 1. PIPERACEAE H.B.K. Pepper Family. Herbs, shrubs or rarely small trees, with alternate, opposite or verticil- late leaves, almost always entire-margined, the mostly minute braeteolate flowers in spikes or rarely in racemes. Perianth none. Stamens mostly 2-6, hypogynous; anthers erect, terminal, their sacs distinct or confluent, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile or rarely stipitate, _l-celled, 1- ovuled; style 1; ovule erect, ortbotropous. Fruit baccate, indehiscent. Seed solitary, the testa membranous, the endosperm copious, the embryo minute. About 6 genera with over 1000 species, mostly of tropical distribution. 1. PEPEROMIA E. & P. Prodr. 8. 1794. Herbs, mostly succulent, with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves, the flowers in slender, solitary or clustered spikes, subtended by circular or elliptic bracts. Stamens 2; filaments short. Ovary mostly sessile, sometimes stalked, sometimes beaked; stigma terminal or lateral. Berry very small, globose, oblong or ellipsoid, viscid. [Greek, pepper.] Six hundred species or more, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Peperomia secunda R. & P. 1. Peperomia spathulifolia Small, sp. nov. Plants mainly terrestrial, strongly aromatic. Stems and branches decum- bent, partly creeping; leaf -blades cuneate to spatulate, 6-11 cm. long, rounded, truncate or notched at the apex, glabrous, bright-green, obscurely veined, ex- cept sometimes in drying, acuminate at the base or attenuate into long or rather long petioles; inflorescence with a slender often elongate stalk, with one to five slender recurved-nodding branches; spikes mostly 1-2 dm. long, yel- lowish, the rachis less than 2.5 mm. thick, slender-tipped; bracts orbicular, about 0.3 mm. in diameter; anthers about 0.25 mm. in diameter; berries not densely crowded, broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, nearly 1 mm. long, rounded at the base, the beak much shorter than the body, strongly curved or hooked. Deep woods, Abaeo, in coppice at Eight Mile Bay : — Florida ; Haiti. Spatu- LATE-LEAYED WlLD PEPPEK. Order 3. MYRICALES. Sbrubs or trees, with simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious flowers in aments. Perianth none. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigmas 2. Ovule erect, ortbotropous. Endosperm none. Only one family. Family 1. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Bayberry Family. Leaves alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-S) stamens 102 PICRODENDRACEAE. inserted on the receptacle; filaments short; anthers ovate, 2-celled, thi sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary subtended by 2-8 bractlets; stigmas linear. Fruit a small drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle short. Two genera and about 36 species. 1. MYRICA L. Sp. PL 1024. 1753. Leaves entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous-dotted. Staminate aments ctJong or narrowly cylindric, expanding before or with the leaves. Stamens 4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary subtended by 2-4, mostly short, bractlets. Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. [Ancient Greek name of the Tamarisk.] About 35 species, widely distributed. Type species: Myrica Gale L. 1. Myrica cerifera L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753. Cerothamnus ceriferus Small, Fl. Miami 61. 1912. A slender dioecious shrub, or a tree, sometimes 12 m. high, with a trunk 5 dm. in diameter, the bark gray, nearly smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed at the base, fragrant, short-petioled, dark green above, paler and sometimes pubescent beneath, golden-resinous, 2-8 cm. long, unfolding with or before the aments ; staminate aments eylindric; pistillate aments short, oblong; ripe drupes globose, bluish white, waxy, tipped with the base of the style, long-persistent. Sandy thickets, coppices and pine-lands, Abaco, Andros. Great Bahama. New Providence. Eleuthera. Cat Island, and Aeklin's Island : — New Jersey southward along the coast to the Florida Keys and to Texas ; Bermuda : Cuba ; Ilispaniola ; Porto Rico. Bay-berry. Wax-berry. Mickle-berry. Wild Tea. Order 4. JUGL AND ALES. Trees with alternate pinnately compound or trifoliolate leaves, and monoecious or dioecious bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments, the pistillate solitary or several together. Staminate flowers con- sisting of 3-numerous stamens with or without an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the bractlet, very rarely with a rudimentary ovary. Anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; filaments short. Pistillate flowers with a 3-5-lobed calyx or with both calyx and petals, and a 1-celled or 2-4-eelled ovary. Ovules solitary or 2, erect, orthotropous; styles 1 or 2. Fruit a drupe with indehiscent or dehiscent, fibrous, fleshy or woody exo- carp, enclosing the bony endocarp or nut which is 2-4-eelled. Seed large, 2^-lobed. Endosperm none. Cotyledons corrugated, Two families, that of the Walnuts ( Juglandaceae) and the following. Family 1. PICRODENDRACEAE Small. Rough-barked trees, or shrubs, with bitter wood, alternate, slender- petioled. 3-foliolate leaves, and dioecious flowers, the pistillate ones solitary7, axillary, peduncled, the staminate in long drooping aments. Staminate flowers each subtended by 3 bracts, the middle bract the larger; perianth none ; stamens many, clustered ; filaments glabrous, shorter than the anthers ULMACEAE. 103 or as long-; anthers oval, sparingly pubescent. Calyx of the pistillate flowers small, 4-parted, the lobes or sepals narrow, deciduous; petals none; ovary sessile, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style columnar; stigmas subu- late, longer than the style. Drupe globose or oval, stalked. Seed solitary. Only the following genus. 1. PICRODENDRON Planch, in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 5: 579. 1846, Characters of the family. [Greek, bitter tree.] Three species, natives of the Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba and Hispaniola. Type species: Juglans baccata L. (Picrodendron arboreum Macfad.). n^ 1. Picrodendron macrocarpum (A. Rich.) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 139. 1906. Schmidelia macrocarpa A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 116. pi. 30. 1845. Picrodendron baacatum bahamense Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 308. 1893. A tree, up to 20 m. high, or sometimes a shrub. Petioles minutely pubes- cent, 2-8 em. long; leaflets 1.5-9 em. long, oblong, oval or obovate, usually rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, finely pubescent, or becoming glabrate, finely reticulate-veined; calyx yellowish, the narrowly linear-lanceolate lobes 2.5-3.5 mm. long; drupe oval or ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long, longer than its stalk. Rocky coppices. Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Guana Cay, and Long Island : — Cuba. Referred by Dolley to Picrodendron juglans Griseb. Erroneously called Olive. Black Wood. Catesby, 2 : pi. 32. Order 5. URTICALES. Trees, shrubs or herbs, the flowers with a calyx but without corolla, small, not borne in aments, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous; ovary 1-celled, superior. Fruit not an achene : trees, shrubs or herbs ;'ovule pendulous. Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. 1. Ulmaceae. Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap. Fam. 2. Moraceae. Fruit an achene ; herbs with small clustred greenish flowers ; ovule erect or ascending. Fam. 3. Urticaceae.. Family 1. ULMACEAE Mirbel. Elm Family. Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple serrate petioled pinnately-veined stipulate leaves, the stipules usually fuo-acious. Flowers small, monoe- cious, dioecious, perfect or polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate solitary. Perianth 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in our species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite thorn ; filaments straight; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled (rarely 2-celled), mostly superior; ovule solitary, pendulous, apa- tropous or amphitropous; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Endosperm of the seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons mostly flat. About 13 genera and 140 species, widely dis- tributed in temperate and tropical regions. 104 MORACEAE. 1. TREMA Lour. Flor. Coeh. 562. 1790. Tall shrubs or trees, unarmed, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate, toothed, 3-nerved at the base, equilateral or only slightly inequilateral, short- petioled, the stipules lateral. Flowers small, mostly monoecious or polyg- amous, greenish or whitish, the perfect mostly fertile, in axillary cymes. Sepals of pistillate flowers induplicate-valvate, those of the perfect flowers slightly imbricated. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, entire. Ovule pendulous. Drupe ovoid to globose. [Name unexplained.] Some 30 tropical species. Type species: Trema canndbina Lour. 1. Trema Lamarckiana (E. & S.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. 2: 58. 1853. Celtis Lamarckiana R. & S. Syst. 6: 311. 1820. Sponia Lamarclciana Decn. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 498. 1834. Trema Lima Hitch. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 129. 1893. A tree, up to 8 m. high, the trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter, or more often a shrub 1.5-3.5 m. high, the twigs slender, rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, short-petioled, 5 cm. long or less, very rough on the upper side, 3-nerved at the base, reticulate-veined and finely tomentose beneath ; flowers only about 2 mm. wide, the staminate clusters sessile, the pistillate short- stalked; fruit ovoid, about 3 mm. long, smooth. Scrub-lands and coppices. Great Bahama. Andros. Mangrove Cay. St. George's Cay. New Providence, Rose Island. Hog Island, Eleuthera, Great Guana Cay, Wat- ling's, Crooked Island and Mariguana : — Florida : Bermuda ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Montserrat to St. Vincent. Lamarck's Trema. Pain-in-back. Family 2. MORACEAE Lindl. Mulberry Family. Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with milky sap, petioled stipulate leaves, and -small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or the pistil- late flowers solitary in some exotic genera. Calyx mostly 4—5-parted. Petals none. In Ficus the minute flowers are wholly inclosed in receptacles. Staminate flowers panicled, spicate or capitate, the stamens as many as the calyx-segments. Pistillate flowers capitate, spicate or cymose. Ovary superior, 1-celled in our genus. Ovule solitary, pendulous, ana- tropous. Styles 1 or 2. About 55 genera and 925 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 1. FICUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753. Woody plants, mostly large trees, with milky sap, weak wood, and alter- nate leaves with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers minute, wholly enclosed in receptacles, the staminate with 1, 2 or 3 stamens with short, stout filaments, the pistillate with a sessile 1-celled ovary, the style lateral, the ovule anat- ropous. Achenes enclosed in the receptacle. [Latin fig.] Some 600 species, of tropical and warm regions. Type species: Ficus Carica L. Receptacles normally sessile. 1. F. aurea. Receptacles peduncled. Leaves 6 cm. long or less, short-petioled. 2. P. jacquinifolw. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, long-petioled. 3. F. brevifolia. URTICACEAE. 105 ^ 1. Ficus aurea Nutt. Sylva 2: 4. 1846. Ficus sapotaefolia Kunth & Bouehe, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1846: 17. 1846. Ficus dimidiata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 151. 1859. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 20 m. with a trunk diameter up to 1.2 m., the stout branches spreading, sending down aerial roots which sometimes reach the ground and form secondary trunks, the thick, nearly smooth bark gray, the stout twigs yellow, glabrous. Leaves oblong or elliptic, firm in texture, 5-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, glabrous, the petioles 1-6 cm. long; figs obovoid, sessile (rarely short-stalked), yellow or red, 6-15 mm. in diameter. Sandy and rocky soil, Abaco, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence. Eleuthera, Cat Island and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Cuba ; His- paniola ; Jamaica. Golden Wild Fig. Erroneously called Bantam. 2. Ficus jacquinifolia A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 221. 1850. A tree up to 15 m. high with a trunk 1 m. in diameter, usually much smaller and sometimes shrubby, the smooth bark pale gray or nearly white, the branches often emitting many aerial roots, the twigs slender, glabrous. Leaves obovate to oblong, coriaceous, 2-6 cm. long, acute or rounded at the apex, nar- rowed or obtuse at the base, glabrous, finely many-veined, the petioles 2-5 mm. long ; figs globose, in pairs or solitary, 3-5 mm. in diameter, on peduncles 2-4 mm. long, the ostiolum prominent. The leaves of shoots are sometimes con- siderably larger than those of older branches. Coppice and pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Providence and Cat Island : — Cuba. Referred to F. pertusa L. f., by Hitchcock, Dolley and Mrs. Northrop. Sjiall-leaved Wild Fig. % 3. Ficus brevifolia Nutt. Sylva 2: 3. 1846. Ficus populnea bahamensis Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 473. 1903. A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 15 m. with a trunk up to 5 dm. thick, the branches spreading, the smooth bark brownish, the twigs slender, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent when young. Leaves rather thin, glabrous, ovate or oval, 3-10 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, the slender petioles 1.5-4 cm. long; figs globose or globose-obovoid, 7-12 mm. in diameter, on peduncles 4-2-0 mm. long, red when mature, the ostiolum not prominent. Rocky and sandy soil, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Ba- hama to Andros, Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Florida : Cuba : Santo Domingo. Closely related to F. laevigata Vahl. of Porto Rico and the Lesser Antilles, to which species it was referred by Hitchcock ; recorded by Mrs. Northrop as F. pedunculata Willd. Short-leaved Wild Fig. Catesby 2 : App. pi. 18. Family 3. URTICACEAE Rclib. Nettle Family. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), with watery sap. mostly stipulate simple leaves, and small greenish dioecious, monoecious or poly- gamous flowers, variously clustered. Calyx 2-5-cleft, or of distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers as many as the lobes or segments of the calyx (sepals) and opposite them, the filaments inflexed and anthers reversed in the bud. straightening at anthesis. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style simple; ovule solitary, erect or ascending, orthotropous, or 8 106 TJRTICACEAE. in some genera partly ampbitropous. Fruit an aebene. Endosperm oil)-, usually not copious; embryo straight. About 40 genera and 550 species of wide geograpbic distribution. Herbs with stinging; hairs. 1. Fleurya. Herbs without stinging hairs. Stigma penicellate. 2. Pilea. Stigma not penicellate. 3. RvusseUa. 1. FLEURYA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 497. 1830. Annual herbs, with stinging hairs similar to those of nettles, alternate petioled dentate leaves, and minute clustered monoecious or dioecious flowers. Staminate flowers with a 4-5-parted perianth, 4 or 5 stamens and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with 4 imbricated perianth-segments, a somewhat oblique ovary, the stigma papillose; ovule erect. Fruit an oblique achene. [Commemorates J. F. Fleury, French botanist.] About 8 species, of tropical regions. Type species: Fleurya paniculata Gaud. 1. Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaud.; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 154. 1859. Urtka aestuans L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1397. 1763. Erect or ascending, simple or little-branched, 3-9 dm. high, the stinging hairs copious or few. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate-orbicular, 2-12 cm. broad, coarsely and sharply dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or sub- cordate at the base, the petioles 1-10 cm. long; panicles androgynous, shorter than or equalling the leaves, slender-peduncled ; achene ovate, compressed, about 2.5 mm. long. A weed in waste places. New Providence at Nassau and Grant's Town : — Haiti to Tortola and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. West In- dian Nettle. Cow-itch. 2. PILEA Lindl. Coll. pi. 4. 1821. Herbs, with opposite petioled mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and small monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. Staminate flowers mostly 4-parted (sometimes 2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers 3-parted, the segments in most species unequal, each subtend- ing a staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary straight; stigma sessile, penicillate. Achene compressed. Seed-coat thin. Endosperm scanty or none. [Name unexplained.] About 160 species, chiefly in the tropics, most abundant in tropical America. Type species: Pilea muscosa Lindl. Leaves firm, thick or succulent: stems erect. 1. P. microphylla. Leaves very thin and flaccid, slender-petioled ; stems prostrate. 2. P. tenerrima. 1. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 296. 1851. Parietaria microphylla L. Syst. ed. 10, 1308. 1759. Pilea muscosa Lindl. Coll. pi. 4. 1821. Annual or biennial, slender, glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, or some- times creeping at the base, 5-30 cm. long, fleshy, simple or mostly branched; leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, 4—10 mm. long, acute or acutish at the apex, entire, acuminate at the base, transversely wrinkled; petioles filiform, shorter than the blades; flower-clusters very small, shorter than the petioles; sepals ovate, very thin, acutish; achenes oblong, lenticular. On walls and in waste rocky places, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Exuma : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Lace- plant. URT1CACEAE. 107 2. Pilea tenerrima Miquel, Linnaea 26: 219. 1854. Stems very slender or nearly filiform, usually tufted, prostrate or nearly so, somewhat fleshy, 3-10 cm. long, more or less branched. Leaves suborbieu- lar or obovate, usually thin and flaccid, the blades 3-6 mm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, obliquely narrowed or obtuse at the base, the raphides linear, 0.3-0.5 mm. long, irregularly transverse, the slender petioles 2-5 mm. long; flowers and achenes similar to those of the preceding species of which it may be a slender, small-leaved race. Crevices of rocks, Andros, Eleuthera, Rum Cay, Long Island, Acklin's and South Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba ; St. Jan ; Anegada ; Curasao ; Jamaica. This plant has been confused with P. Uerniarioi6.es (Sw.) Lindl., of wet mountain rocks in Cuba and Jamaica. Small lace-plant. 3. ROUSSELIA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 503. 1830. A low, diffuse, perennial herb, without stinging hairs, the leaves alternate, entire, the small axillary flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers in small racemes, the calyx 4-parted, the stamens 4, the ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers geminate, 2-bracted, sessile, the bracts foliaceous; calyx ovoid, dentate; ovary straight; style filiform, curved, plumose on one side. Achene flat, ovate, acute, surrounded by the bracts. Seed with a membranous testa and scanty endosperm. [Commemorates H. F. A. de Roussel, professor at Caen.] A monotypic genus. 1. Rousselia humilis (Sw.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 205. 1905. Urtica humilis Sw. Vet. Akad. Stockh. Handl. 6: 34. 1785. Urtica lappulacea Sw. loc. cit. 8: 69. 1787. Rousselia lappulacea Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 503. 1830. Pubescent; stems slender, branched, prostrate or ascending, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves ovate, membranous, 3-nerved, 0.5-3 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base ; stipules minute ; bracts of the pistillate flowers ovate, 3-4 mm. long, entire; achene shining, about 2 mm. long. On rocks, New Providence at Nassau : — Cuba to St. Thomas ; Jamaica. Rous- selia. Order 6. SANTALALES. Trees, or shrubs, and a few species herbaceous, many of them para- sitic on the roots or branches of other plants, with simple, mostly entire leaves, and inconspicuous clustered perfect or imperfect flowers, the corolla present or wanting. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, compound. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals or petals. Fruit various. Seeds mostly with fleshy endosperm. A large order, mostly tropical. Green parasites with opposite lenyes. Kam. 1 I.iikantiiaceae. Trees or shrubs, mostly with alternate leaves. I'.im. 2. Oi.ai \,27) : on the same host, Haynes Road, Great Exuma {Britton & Millspaugh 2975) ; on Conocarpus erecta, Georgetown. Great Exuma (Britton & Millspaugh 2906). Presumably recorded by Dolley as Loranthus parviflorus Sw. Bahama Mistletoe. 4. Dendropemon emarginatus (Sw.) Steud. Xomenel. ed. 2, 491. 1841. Loranthus emarginatus Sw. Prodr. 58. 1788. Dendropemon emarginatus lepidotus Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 25. 1897. Stems rather stout, terete, 3-4 dm. long, the twigs terete or very nearly so, usually scaly. Leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate, 2-7 cm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or euneate at the base, the petioles 2-6 mm. long; inflorescence scaly, several-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, the peduncles terete or slightly angular, the pedicels 1 mm. long or less; bracts connate; calyx more or less scaly, its teeth short; berry cylindric, 6-8 mm. long, black, or red with a black base. On Ficus and Elaphrium Simaruba, Andros : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. Scaly Mistletoe. 2. PHORADENDRON Xutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 185. 1848. Shrubs, parasitic on trees, mostly brittle at the nodes, with opposite coriaceous flat leaves, sometimes reduced to scales (cataphyls), terete or angled twigs, and monoecious or dioecious axillary spicate bracted small flowers, solitary or several in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers with a 3-lobed (rarely 2-4-lobed) calyx, bearing a sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the ovoid inferior ovary; style short; stigma obtuse or capitate. Fruit a sessile fleshy berry. Endosperm copious. [Greek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit.] Over 200 species, all American. Type species: Phoradendron californicum Xutt. Branches distinctly tetragonal ; leaves scarcely petioled or short- petioled Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate or oblong-spatulate ; peti- oles 3-8 mm. long. Leaves obovate to obovate-elliptic, 5 cm. long or less, petioles 1-2 mm. long. Branches terete or nearly so: leaves distinctly petioled. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, blunt at the apex; berry white. Leaves obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex ; berry red. 1. p. nth rum. •2. r. trini rrium. 3. /'. racemosum. 4. P. Northropiae, HO LORANTHACEAE. 1. Phoradendron rubrum (L.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 314. 1860. Viscum rubrum L. Sp. PI. 1023. 1753. Phoradendron spathuli folium Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 41. 1897. Branches slender, 5 dm. long or less, pseudodichotomous, bearing 2-4 blunt eataphyls near the base, the internodes short, 4-angled, upwardly some- what enlarged. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, scarcely petioled; spikes usually several together, 2 cm. long or less, 2-3-jointed, the joints about 12-flowered; berry subglobose, about 4 mm. in diameter, smooth, red or sometimes yellow. On trees, especially mahogany, Abaco, New Providence, Cat Island, Long Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana, Inagua :— Cuba. Cates- by, 2 : pi. 81. Recorded as Phoradendron tctrastichum Griseb. by Hitchcock. Nar- EOW-LEAVED MISTLETOE. 2. Phoradendron trinervium (Lam.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 314. 1860. Viscum trinervium Lam. Encyc. 3: 57. 1789. Branches slender, 3-5 cm. long, pseudodichotomous, bearing 1 or 2 pairs of eataphyls near the base, the internodes 3-5 cm. long, 4-angled. Leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate, 2-5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, narrowed or sub- cuneate at the base, scarcely petioled ; spikes usually clustered, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3-jointed, the joints usually 6-flowered or 8-flowered; berry oblong when young, subglobose, smooth, orange and 3-4 mm. in diameter when mature. On various trees, Watling's Island, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's Island : — - Porto Rico and St. Thomas to Trinidad ; Jamaica. Closely related to the preceding species. Angled Mistletoe. 3. Phoradendron racemosum (Aubl.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 46. 1897. Viscum racemosum Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 895. 1775. Branches elongated, rather stout, 3-6 dm. long, most of the joints bearing 1-3 pairs of eataphyls, the internodes terete or nearly so, somewhat enlarged above, 7-15 cm. long. Leaves various, lanceolate or elliptic or orbicular, 5-16 cm. long, pinnately veined, rounded or obtuse at the apex, abruptly narrowed into winged petioles 1-2 cm. long ; spikes often clustered, 3-7 cm. long, 3-5- jointed, the long joints several-many -flowered ; berry ellipsoid, white, about 4 mm. long. On Ocotea, Andros at Deep Creek : — Cuba ; Hispaniola : Porto Rico : northern South America. Erroneously called Snakeroot. Broad-leaved Mistletoe. Big Man. 4. Phoradendron Northropiae Urban; Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 33 pi. 4. 1902. Dichotomously or trichotomously branched, 2-4 dm. long, the snbterete branches glabrous, 3-5 mm. thick, usually with eataphyls in all joints, the inter- nodes 4-10 cm. long. Leaves obovate, thick, 3-7 em. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, rounded, subtruneate or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, very indistincty few -veined, the petioles 3-7 mm. long; spikes several or numerous at the nodes, 2.5 cm. long or less, short-peduncled, 4-6-jointed; joints 8-18- flowered, subfusiform, rather thick; berry subglobose, red. On Mimnsops, Andros, at Conch Sound and Lisbon Creek : — Endemic. Mhs. Xoethrop's Mistletoe. OLACACEAE. Ill Family 2. OLACACEAE Lindl. Olax Family. Shrubs, trees or woody vines, mostly with alternate and entire, pinnately veined, estipulate leaves, and regular perfect or polygamous flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx 4-6-toothed or 4-6-parted. Corolla 4-6-lobed or of 4-6 distinct petals. Disk various. Stamens 4-12; filaments distinct or rarely monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-3-celled, inferior, half- superior, or partly immersed in the disk; ovules few, anatropous; style short, usually simple; stigma entire or 2-5-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, 1- celled. Testa of the seed membranous; endosperm fleshy, or rarely want- ing. About 25 genera and 140 species, mostly tropical. Petals united to above the middle. 1- Schoepfia. Petals nearly separate. 2. Ximema. 1. SCHOEPFIA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. 376. 1791. Glabrous trees or shrubs, with coriaceous entire leaves and small perfect flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx very small, 4-toothed. Petals united to above the middle, forming a tubular or urceolate, 4-6-lobed corolla, the lobes valvate, recurved. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them; filaments filiform or short; anthers didymous. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, partly immersed in the disk; style slender or short; stigma capitate or 3dobed; ovules usually 1 in each cavity. Fruit a small drupe nearly enclosed by the accrescent disk. [Commemorates J. D. Sehoepf, 1752-1800, German botanist.] About 15 species, of tropical and subtropical America and Asia. Type species: Schoepfia Schreberi Gmel. Leaves obovate, obtuse. 1. S. obovata. Leaves ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, acute. 2. S. chrysophyUoides. 1. Schoepfia obovata C. Wright; Sauv. Anales Acad. Habana 5: 289. 1868. A glabrous shrub 1-3 m. high, or sometimes a tree up to 10 m. high, the twigs slender, gray, the bark rough in narrow plates. Leaves obovate, oblong or elliptic, coriaceous, 2-4 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, few-veined, the petioles 1-3 mm. long; peduncles soli- tary or few together in the axils, 2-8 mm. long, 1-3 -flowered; flowers sessile; corolla ovoid-cylindric, 4-5 mm. long, red to greenish yellow, the lobes ovate or triangular-ovate; fruit globose-obovoid to ellipsoid, 5-8 mm. long; fruit yellow or red when mature. Thickets and coppices, Abnco, Great Bahama, New Providence. Mariguana and Acklin's : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico : Anegada. Referred to by Mrs. Northrop as Elaeodcndron xylocarpum. White Beefwood. it 2. Schoepfia chrysophyUoides (A. Eich.) Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. TV. 2: 261. 1854. Diplocalyx chrysophyUoides A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 81. 1S50. A shrub or small tree sometimes up to 8 m. high, with crooked branches and slender glabrous twigs. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate to lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, the margined petioles 4-8 mm. long; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, reddish; calyx about 2 mm. long; corolla narrowly campanulate, about 112 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 4 mm. long, its lobes reflexed; stamens 4, borne at the base of the corolla- lobes, the anthers sessile; drupe ovoid or oval, scarlet, 10-12 mm. long, nearly enclosed by the accrescent calyx. Coppices, scrub-lands and pine-lands, Abaco, Great Babama, Andros and Eleu- tbera : — Florida ; Cuba; Jamaica. White Wood. 2. XIMENIA L. Sp. PI. 1193. 1753. Spinescent shrubs or trees, with entire, often fascicled leaves and small white or yellow, perfect axillary, solitary or cymose flowers. Calyx very small, 4-5-tooihed. Petals 4 or 5, united only at the base, coriaceous, valvate, pubes- cent on the inner side. Stamens 8-10, the filaments filiform, the anthers linear. Ovary 3-eelled; style simple; stigma subcapitate; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity. Drupe with a fleshy exoearp and a woody or crustaceous stone. Embryo of the seed very small. [Commemorates Francesco Ximenes, a Spanish naturalist.] About 5 species, of tropical distribution, the following typical. 1. Ximenia americana L. Sp. PI. 1193. 1753. Ximenia inermis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 497. 1762. A thorny shrub or small tree, rarely 6 m. high, with reddish smooth astringent bark, the slender branches spreading. Leaves oblong to orbicular, subcoriaceous, 3-7 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sparingly pubescent when young, mostly glabrous when old, the slender petioles 5-10 mm. long; clusters 2-4-flowered, much shorter than the leaves; calyx about 1 mm. long; corolla-lobes linear, reflexed, 1 cm. long; drupe yellow or red, 12-17 mm. in diameter. Coastal white-lands and coppices, New Providence, Conception Island. Long Island, Fortune Island. Crooked Island, Caicos and Cay Sal : — Florida : Cuba to Porto Rico and Martinique ; Jamaica : Mexico and South America ; Old World tropics. When growing on sand dunes this shrub is much depressed and has nearly orbicular, fleshy leaves ; when growing in coppices or scrub-lands it is tall, with elongated oblong to oblanceolate leaves. Tallow Wood. Spanish Plum. Order 7. ARISTOLOCHIALES. Herbs or vines, mostly with cordate or reniform leaves and perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube wholly or partly adnate to the ovary. Corolla none. Ovary several- (mostly 6-) celled. Only the following family. Family 1. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume. Birth wort Family. Aeanlescent plants, or with erect or twining stems. Leaves alternate, often basal, estipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, sometimes clus- tered. Calyx-limb 3-6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6-many, adnate to the pistil; anthers 2-celled, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovules numerous in each cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a many-seeded 6-celled capsule. Seeds angled or compressed, with a crus- taceous testa and usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe ; endosperm fleshy, copious; embryo minute. Six genera and about 200 species of wide dis- tribution in tropical and temperate regions. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. H3 1. ARISTOLOCHIA L. Sp. PL 960. 1753. Perennial herbs or twining vines. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled, or entire, 3-7-lobed cordate or aurieulate palmately nerved. Flowers irregular. Calyx adnate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tube usually inflated around the style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or reflexed, entire, 3-6-lobed or appendaged. Stamens mostly 6; anthers adnate to the short style or stigma, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary mostly 6-celled with 6 parietal placentae. Style 3-6-lobed. Capsule naked, septicidally 6- valved. Seeds very numerous, horizontal, compressed. [Named for its sup- posed medicinal properties.] About 180 species, widely distributed in tropica] and temperate regions. Type species: Aristolochia rotunda L. Leaves cordate : fruits short-peduncled ; peduncles leafy -bracted. l. A. pentandra. Leaves sagittate to hastate ; fruits slender-peduncled ; peduncles not bracted. 2. A. passifloraefolia. ^C 1. Aristolochia pentandra Jacq. Enum. 30. 1760. Stems loosely pubescent or glabrate, trailing or low-climbing, branched, 3 m. long or less. Leaves rather fleshy, glabrous or nearly so, broadly ovate, 4-10 cm. long, entire or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, the slender petiol'es 1—4 cm. long; peduncles solitary in the axils, shorter than the petioles, leafy-bracted at about the middle, the bract ovate, cordate, sessile, 1-3 cm. long; ovary and calyx pubescent; calyx 2-3 cm. long, expanded to one side, the limb acuminate, veined; stamens 5; capsule globose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, usually longer than the peduncle. Maritime sand plains, Abaco. Great Bahama, New Providence, Andros, Eleu- thera, Watling's and Long Island : — Florida ; Cuba. Coastal Aristolochia. Pitcher-plant. 2. Aristolochia passifloraefolia A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 195. 1850. A glabrous vine, sometimes becoming 3 m. long, usually not more than 1 m., usually climbing, the stem slender. Leaves sagittate or aurieulate to hastate, various, 3-6 em. long, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, the basal auricles rounded, the petiole shorter than the blade ; peduncles solitary in the axils, as long as the leaves or shorter, not bracted ; calyx 3-4 cm. long, brown- purple or greenish yellow, its base obliquely inflated, its tube slender, curved, its limb suborbicular, bearing slender processes 6-10 mm. long; capsule oblong or oblong-globose, 1-2 cm. long. Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba. Slender Aristolochia. Order 8. POLYGON ALES. Herbs, twining vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate, or sometimes oppo- site or whorled, simple mostly entire leaves, jointed stems, and usually sheathing united stipules (oereae). Flowers small, regular, perfect, dioe- cious, monoecious or polygamous. Petals none. Calyx inferior, 2-6-cleft or 2-6-parted, the segments or sepals more or less imbricated, sometimes petaloid, sometimes developing wings in fruit. Stamens 2—9, inserted near the base of the calyx; filaments filiform or subulate, often dilated at the base, distinct or united into a ring; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary, orthotropous, erect or 114 • POLYGOXACEAE. pendulous; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-parted, sometimes very short; stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft; fruit a lenticular 3-angled or rarely 4- angled achene, usually invested by the persistent calyx; endosperm mealy; cotyledons accumbent or incumbent; embryo straight or nearly so. Only the following family. Family 1. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. Buckwheat Family. About 40 genera and S00 species, of wide geographic distribution. Herbaceous plants. Erect or ascending herbs. Ocreae cylindric, truncate. 1. Persicaria. Ocreae oblique. 2. Fagopyrum. Vines : racemes terminating in tendrils. 3. Antigonon. Trees and shrubs. 4. CoccoloMs. 1. PERSICARIA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, cylindric ocreae, and flowers in slender spike-like racemes, the ocreolae funnelform, the short pedicels jointed at the base of the calyx. Sepals mostly 5, neither winged nor keeled. Stamens 4-8, included or exserted, the filaments erect or nearly so. Styles 2 or sometimes 3, usually partly united; stigmas capitate. Achene lenticular, or sometimes 3-angled, usually black. Endosperm horny; cotyledons accumbent. [From Tersica, the leaves resembling those of the peach.] About 125 species, widely distributed. Type species: Polygonum Persicaria L. Ocreae ciliate. Flower clusters contiguous. 1. P. hydropiperoides. Flower clusters separated. 2. P. punctata. Ocreae eciliate. 3. P. portoricensis. 1. Persicaria hydropiperoides '(Miehx.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 378. 1903. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 239. 1803. Perennial, strigillose; stem erect, decumbent or prostrate, slender, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblcng-laneeolate, varying to linear- lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, short-petioled, acute at apex, ciliate, pubescent with appressed hairs on the midrib beneath ; ocreae cylindric, loose, strigose, fringed with long bristles; racemes panicled, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less inter- rupted, 3-7.5 cm. long; calyx pink or greenish; stamens 8; style 3-parted to below the middle; achene 3-angled, ovoid or oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, smooth, shining. Water-holes. Great Bahama at West End: — Continental North America south to Florida and California. Mild Water Pepper. 2. Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 379. 1903. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 455. 1817. Polygonum acre H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 179. 1817. Not Lam. 1778. Annual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so; stem erect or ascending, rarely prostrate, simple or branched, 3-12 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, petioled, ciliate, con- spicuously punctate, acrid, the midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae POLYGOXACEAE. 115 cylindric, fringed with long bristles falling away at maturity, racemes narrow, erect or slightly drooping, loosely-flowered, 2-8 cm. long; calyx greenish; stamens 8; style 2-3-parted to the base; achene oblong, thick, lenticular or 3- angled, 2.5 mm. long, smooth, shining. Swampy ground, Andros, along road to Morgan's Bluff : — Bermuda : temperate and tropicai continental America ; Cuba to Trinidad ; Jamaica. Water Smartweed. 3. Persicaria portoricensis (Bert.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 377. 1903. Polygonum portoricense Bert.; Small, Mem. Bot. Col. Coll. 1: 46. 1895. Polygonum glabrum C. & S. Linnaea 3: 46. 1828. Not Willd. 1799. Perennial, more or less scurfy ; stem erect, decumbent or floating, 1-1.5 m. long or longer, branched, enlarged at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, 4-30 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, obscurely punctate, short- petioled, the nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, sometimes bristly when young, naked when mature, sometimes hispid; racemes narrow, panicu- late, often in pairs, 2.5-13 cm. long, dense, erect; calyx white or whitish, 5- parted to near the base; stamens 6-8, included; style 2-3-cleft, somewhat ex- serted; achene lenticular and strongly biconvex or 3-angled, 2-3 mm. long, broadly oblong, orbicular or even broader than high, black, smooth and shining, or minutely granular. Fresh water swamps and water-holes. Great Bahama, Andros. New Providence, Great Exuma and Cat -Island :— southern United States to Mexico and northern South America ; Cuba to Martinique ; Jamaica. Dexse-flowered Persicaria. 2. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 182. 1791. Annual or perennial, rather fleshy, usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with oblique, cylindric or funnelform ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in terminal or axillary, usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or sev- eral together from each ocreola, slender-pedicelled. Calyx about equally 5- parted, persistent and unchanged in fruit, the segments petaloid, shorter than the achene. Stamens 8 ; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary 1-celled, 1- ovuled; style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled. Embryo central, dividing the mealy endosperm into two parts; cotyledons broad. [Greek, beech-wheat, from the similarity of the grain.] About 6 species, native of Europe and Asia. Type species: Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. 1. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 522. 1880-83. Polygonum Fagopyrum L. Sp. PI. 364. 1753. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Meth. 290. 1794. Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves hastate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, abruptly narrowed above the middle, acuminate, the nerves on the lower surface slightly scurfy; ocreae brittle and fugacious; racemes mostly panicled, sometimes corymbose, many-flowered, erect or inclined to droop; pedi- cels as long as the calyx; calyx-segments white or whitish; stamens included; style-branches deflexed in fruit ; achene acute, 5 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx, its faces pinnately-striate when mature, the angles acute, not crested. Waste grounds. New Providence : — native of eastern Europe or western Asia. Widely distributed through cultivation. Buckwheat. I 1 1 6 TOLYGOXACE AE. 3. ANTIGONON Endl.; II. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308. 1838. Vines with alternate petioled cordate entire leaves, the petiole-bases clasping, and small flowers in racemes opposite the leaves or clustered at the summit, the racemes terminating in tendrils. Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 outer ones cordate, ovate, the 2 inner ones oblong. Stamens 8, equal, the filaments subulate, connate at the base. Ovary 3-angled; ovule erect; styles 3, recurved. Achene enclosed in the accrescent calyx. [Greek, opposite the nodes.] Three or four species native of Mexico and Guatemala, the following typical. 1. Antigonon leptopus H. & A. Bot. Beech. Toy. 308. 1838. Herbaceous, climbing, branched, often 5 m. long or longer, finely pubescent at least above. Leaves thin, broadly ovate, 3-9 cm. long, puberulent, acuminate at the apex, rather deeply cordate at the base, the petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes several or many, loosely several-flowered, the floriferous part 3-8 cm. long, the tendril as long or shorter; pedicels slender, 10 mm. long or less; flowering calyx pink or sometimes white, about 5 mm. long; fruiting calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, the sepals strongly veined. Roadways and wa,ste ground, spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence near Nassau : — Cuba to Martinique, and in Jamaica. Native of Mexico. Corallixa. 4. COCCOLOBIS P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 209. 1756. Shrubs or trees, with alternate entire leaves, the ocreae cylindric or fun- relform, often very small, the small, usually green flowers racemose or spicate, subtended by minute bracts and ocreolae. Calyx-tube accrescent, enclosing the achene, its lobes 5. Stamens 8, the filaments slender. Ovary 3-angled; ovule erect; styles 3. Fruit ovoid or globose, the accrescent calyx-tube becoming fleshy and more or less adherent to the achene. Seed-coat thin; endosperm mealy. [Greek, referring to the adherent calyx.] Over 125 species of tropical ar.d subtropical distribution, all American. Type species: Polygonum Uvi- fera L. Flowering pedicels 1 mm. long or longer. Leaves very large, suborbicular, or broader than long, 7-20 cm. wide. 1. C. Uvifera. Leaves (except those of shootsl 6 cm. wide or less, ovate to elliptic, obovate or orbicular. Leaves not reticulate-veined above. Leaves coriaceous ; racemes erect or spreading ; fruit 7-10 mm. long. 2. O. laurifolia. Leaves chartaceous ; racemes long, drooping ; fruit about 4 mm. long. 3. C. bahamensis. Leaves prominently reticulate-veined on both sides when old. 4. C. Xorthropiae. Flowering pedicels less than 1 mm. long. Inflorescence longer than the leaves, which are finely reticu- late-veined above. 5. C. diversifolia. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, which are very indis- tinctly veined above. 6. C. Kruc/ii. .. 1. Coccolobis Uvifera (L.) Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760. Polygonum Uvifera L. Sp. PI. 365. 1753. Coccolobis leoganensis Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760. A tree, exceptionally up to 15 m. high with a trunk 1 m. in diameter, usually not over 6 m. high, the branches spreading, the smooth bark brown, the twigs stout, finely pubescent when young, soon glabrous. Leaves orbicular or broader than long, coriaceous, 7-20 cm. broad, cordate at the base, very short- POLYGOXACEAE. 117 petioled, their sheaths 1 em. long or less; flowers numerous, white, in dense narrow glabrous racemes 7-12 em. long; pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx white, about 6 mm. broad, its lobes ovate, rounded ; fruits forming drooping clusters somewhat resembling bunches of grapes, globose, purple, 1-2 em. in diameter, the pulp thin, astringent. Coastal thickets, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; coasts of tropical continental America. Sea Grape. Catesby, 2 : pi. 96. 2. Coccolobis laurifolia Jaeq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 9. 1797. A tree, up to 20 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 7 m. thick, usually much smaller, and often shrubby, the thin gray bark brown mottled, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, coriaceous, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded at the base, 4-12 cm. long, or those of young shoots larger, the petioles 5-20 mm. long, the sheaths short; racemes slender, 5-10 cm. long; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; calyx greenish about 5 mm. broad, its lobes suborbicular; fruits subglobose, red, acid, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Croix ; Jamaica. Very various in size and shape of leaves, the species evidently composed of numerous races, one of which was recorded in Mrs. Northrop*s Flora as the Cuban C. Wrightii Lindau, a different species; and another as C. tenuifolia L., as also recorded by Dolley and by him also as C. punctata L. Pigeox-plum. Catesby, 2: pi. '.>). 3. Coccolobis bahamensis Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 116. 1905. A glabrous shrub, 4 m. high or less. Leaves thin-coriaceous, elliptic to ovate or obovate-elliptie, obtuse to acutish at the apex, obtuse, somewhat nar- rowed, or subcordate at the inequilateral base, 4-7 cm. long, 5 cm. wide or less, the primary veins 6-8 on each side, minutely but strongly reticulate-nerved on both surfaces, dull, the upper surface bright green, the lower surface paler; petioles 3-5 mm. long; racemes very slender, numerous, recurved-drooping, finely puberulent when very young, in fruit glabrous; pedicels 1 mm. long in fruit, much longer than the ocreolae; flowers bright white, 3-4 mm. broad; sepals oval, obtuse, about as long as the stamens; fruit ovoid, narrowed at the base, bluntish at the apex, 6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, faintly several-ribbed, not coronate. Ooppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Andros. New Providence, Great Exuma. Eleuthera, Acklin's Island, Watling's Island, Inagua. Endemic. Reported by Lindau and by Mrs. Northrop as C. ohtusifolia Jacq. Bahama Pigeon-plum. 4. Coccolobis Northrdpiae Britton, sp. nov. A shrub, or a tree up to 4 m. high, the bark rough, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Leaves orbicular to obovate or obovate-orbicular, 3-5 cm. long, chartaceous or subeoriaceous, obtuse, rounded or acutish at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, retiulate-veined on both sides when old, the petioles 3-6 mm. long, the oereae short; racemes mostly as long as the leaves or longer, the rar-his puberulent or glabrous; pedicels '2-3.5 mm. long, solitary or 2 or 3 together; perianth about 3 mm. long; ocreolae obliquely truncate, about 1 mm. long; fruit ovoid, about 5 mm. long, short-coronate, the exocarp fleshy. Coppices and white-lands. Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera and Great Exuma. Type collected near Nassau, New Providence, by A. II. Curtiss in 1903. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to C. retusa Griseb. North rop's Pigeon-plcm. 5. Coccolobis diversifdlia Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760. A tree up to 10-12 m. high, the bark gray, the many twigs short, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate to elliptic or elliptic-obovate, coriaceous, glabrous, 4-10 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, obtuse, subcordate, or some of them narrowed at the base, reticulate-veined on both sides, the rather stout 118 CHENOPODIACEAE. petioles 8-15 mm. long; ocreae appressed, as long as the petioles or shorter; inflorescence spicate, slender, longer than the leaves; flowers green, very nearly sessile, 2-2.5 mm. long; fruit ovoid, pointed, 6-10 mm. long, coronate, the peri- carp slightly fleshy. Scrub-lands, pine-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Hispaniola to Porto Rico, Virgin Gorda and Barbadoes ; Jamaica, Aruba ; Curacao ; Bonaire. Leaves and fruit smaller than in specimens from the Windward Islands. TiErTONGUE. C. Coccolobis Krugii Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 145. 1890. A glabrous shrub or small tree, sometimes about 8 m. high, the slender twigs short and numerous, the bark smooth, gray. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, light green, subcoriaceous, rounded or obtuse at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base, 6 em. long or less, inconspicuously veined above, densely finely reticulate-veined beneath, the rather stout petioles 4—8 mm. long, the ocreae appressed, short; spikes very slender, glabrous, mostly as long as the leaves or shorter, loosely flowered; pedicels less than 0.5 mm. long; perianth green, about 1.5 mm. lon% ; stamens white ; fruit ovoid or ovoid- globose, 4-6 mm. long, slightly ribbed, black, capped by the perianth-segment3, the pericarp somewhat fleshy. Scrub-lands and coppices, New Providence, Cat Island. Watling's Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's Island. Fortune Island, Caicos Islands, Inagua : — Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; Anegada ; St. Martin ; Barbuda. Crab-wood. Bow-pigeox. Order 9. CHENOPODIALES. Herbs, mostly with perfect flowers. Calyx present. Corolla, if pres- ent, polypetalous. Ovary superior. Embryo coiled, curved or annular. Fruit not an achene, rarely achene-like. Fruit not capsular, a utricle, berry, anthocarp or achene-like ; corolla none. Fruit a utricle. Flowers bractless, or if bracted, the bracts not scarious. Fam. 1. Chexopodiaceae. Flowers with scarious bracts. Fam. 2. Amaraxthaceae. Fruit not a utricle. Fruit an anthocarp. Fam. 3. Nyctagixaceae. Fruit not an anthocarp. Fruit aggregate. Fam. 4. Batidaceae. Fruit not aggregate. Fam. 5. Phytolaccaceae. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves or teeth. Capsule 2-several-celled ; corolla none. Fam. 6. Aizoaceae. Capsule 1-celled ; petals mostly present. Sepals 5 or 4. Fam. 1. Alsinaceae. Sepals only 2. Fam. 8. Portulacaceae. Family 1. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Goosefoot Family. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, estipulate, simple, en- tire, toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere scales). Flowers small, green or greenish, regular or slightly irregular, variously clustered, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. Calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, want- ing in the pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. CHEXOPODIACEAE. 119 Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, amphitropous; styles 1-3; stigmas capitate, or 2-3-lobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous peri- carp. Seed vertical or horizontal; endosperm mealy, fleshy or wanting. About 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographic distribution. Embryo annular or horseshoe-shaped : leaves normal, at least the lower broad. Calyx present; fruit not enclosed by bractlets. 1. Chenopodium. Calyx present in staminate flowers only ; fruit enclosed by bractlets. 2. Atriplcx. Embryo spirally coiled. Leaves thick and fleshy, nearly terete. 3. Donrlin. Leaves reduced to rudimentary scales or ridges. 4. Salicornia. 1. CHENOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small, green, perfect, sessile, braetless, clustered. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, embracing or enclosing the utricle, its segments or lobes often keeled or ridged. Stamens 1-5; filaments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3; seed horizontal or vertical, sometimes in both positions in different flowers of the same species: endosperm mealy; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose- foot, from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Chenopodium rubrum L. Embryo a complete ring : plant not aromatic. 1. 0. murale. Embryo horse-shoe-shaped ; plant aromatic. 2. C. ambrosioides. 1. Chenopodium murale L. Sp. PI. '219. 1753 Annual, somewhat scurfy above; stem 3-8 dm. high, leafy to the summit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green, acute or acuminate, sharply and coarsely sinuate-dentate, cuneate or subtruneate at the base, slender-petioled, 5-10 cm. long; flowers in loose axillary panicles often not longer than the petioles; calyx-segments not entirely enclosing the utricle; seed sharp-edged, horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp. A weed of streets and waste grounds, on the inhabited islands of the archi- pelago, Great Bahama to Watling*s. Acklin's. and Long Islands, East Caicos and Grand Turk : — Widely distributed as a weed in temperate and tropical regions. SOWBAXE. GREEXS. 2. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Chenopodium spathulatum Sieb.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 73. 1849. Annual, glabrous or slightly glandular-pubescent, strong-scented ; stem leafy. 6-10 dm. high, angular and grooved. Leaves oblong or oblong-laneolate, narrowed to a short petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire, 2-9 cm. long, the upper numerous and much smaller ; flowers in small dense axillary spikes ; calyx usualy 3-parted, completely enclosing the fruit ; pericarp readily separable from the horizontal or vertical, shining seed. A weed, in waste grounds of the larger towns, New Providence, Eleuthera and Cat Island : — Widely distributed as a weed in temperate and tropical regions. Wormseed. Jerusalem Parsley. 2. ATRIPLEX L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate, or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless, consisting of a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens; filaments 120 CHENOPODIACEAE. separate or united by their bases; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, sometimes quite to their summits; perianth none; stigmas 2. Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal; embryo annular; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.] About 150 species, of wide geographic disribution. Type species: Artiplex hortensis L. Leaves, at least some of them, toothed. Sides of the bracts tubercled or crested. 1. A. pentandra. Sides of the bracts unappendaged. 2. A. domingensis. Leaves entire. 3. A. arenuria. . 1. Atriplex pentandra (Jacq.) Standley, N. A. Fl. 21: 54. 1916. Axyris 'pentandra Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Am. 244. 1763. Atriplex cristata H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 959. 1806. Annual or perennial, branched, the branches procumbent or ascending, 3-8 dm. long, scurfy when young, becoming glabrate. Leaves alternate, sessile or short-petioled, oblong to rhombic or obovate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, mucronate, euneate at the base, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire, white-scurfy beneath, green above ; flowers monoecious, the staminate in dense short terminal spikes, the pistillate clustered in the axils; fruiting bracts cuneate-orbicular, about 3 mm. long, united only at the base, sharply dentate, the sides bearing 2 dentate crests or irregularly tubercled; seed brown. Coastal rocks and sands, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama south to Andros, Mariguana, Atwood Cay, and Grand Turk : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Jan ; Jamaica; Curagao ; Venezuela and Colombia to Peru. Crested Atriplex. 2. Atriplex domingensis Standley, N. A. Fl. 21: 55. 1916. Annual, woody, much branched, the branches decumbent, spreading, scaly, 2 dm. long or longer. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, deltoid or deltoid- oblong, small, 4-6 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, denticulate or entire, acute at the apex, crisped, thick, white-scaly on both sides; flowers monoecious, the stami- nate in terminal spikes, the pistillate 2-4 together in axillary clusters; bracts euneate, 2 mm. long, coarsely 5-toothed above, their sides unappendaged; seed dark brown. White-lands, Eastern Cay, Turk's Islands : — Hispaniola. Domingan Atriplex. 3. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Gen. 1: 198. 1818. Atriplex cristata arenaria Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 546. 1891. Annual, pale, stem densely silvery-scurfy, bushy-branched, 1-4.5 dm. high, the branches ascending or decumbent, angular. Leaves oblong to obovate, entire, short-petioled or sessile, 1-4 cm. long, whitish-scurfy beneath, the lateral veins few and obscure; staminate flowers in terminal or axillary spikes; pis- tillate flowers in axillary clusters much shorter than the leaves; fruiting bracts triangular wedge-shaped, broadest above, 4-6 mm. wide, united nearly to the several-toothed summits, their margins entire, their sides reticulated, or some- times crested or tubercled. Coastal sands, Eleuthera, Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : — Nova Scotia to Texas ; Bermuda ; Cayo Sabinal, Cuba. Sea-beach Atriplex. 3. DONDIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 261. 1763. Fleshy herbs or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear, thick or nearly terete, entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bracteolate flowers, * CHENOPODIACEAE. 12 L solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments in fruit enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Pericarp separating from the seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. Endosperm want- ing or very little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian naturalist of the fourteenth century.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Chenopodium altissimum L. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, elongated-linear ; calyx-lobes strongly keeled. 1. D. linearis. Leaves 1— 1J5 cm. long, narrowly oblong ; calyx-lobes inflexed, not keeled. 2. D. fruticosa. Leaves 2-5 mm. long, oblong; calyx-lobes inflexed, rounded. 3. D. insularis. •^ 1. Dondia linearis (Ell.) Heller, Cat. N. A. PI. 3. 1898. Salsola linearis Ell., Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 332. 1821. Dondia carinata Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot. 2: 297. 1909. Usually annual, sometimes perennial ; stem erect, strict, 3-10 dm. tall, pale green or nearly white, the branches slender, very leafy, erect-asending or some- times recurved. Leaves of the stem linear-subulate, 2-5 cm. long, those of the branches much shorter, somewhat 3-angled, lanceolate-subulate, widest just above the base, the upper surface flat; calyx-lobes glaucous, acutely keeled or almost winged; seed orbicular, horizontal, black, shining, 1-1.5 mm. broad. Salina borders and. maritime rocks, South Bimini, New Providence, Andros, Eleuthra, Riding Rocks, Inagua, islands of the Cay Sal Bank : — Coast .of eastern North America ; Cuba. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to D. fruticosa (Forsk.) North- rop. Tall Sea-Blitb. 2. Dondia fruticosa (L.) Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club. 12: 35. 1902. Chenopodium fruticosum L. Sp. PI. 221. 1753. Suaeda intermedia S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 296. 1879. Dondia intermedia Heller, Oat. N. A. PI. 3. 1898. Dondia Wilsonii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 297. 1909. Perennial, woody, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat glaucous, much branched, 8 dm. high or less, the branches leafy, ascending. Leaves subterete, 1-1.5 cm. long, the upper little shorter than the lower; calyx-lobes rounded on the back, inflexed; seed red-brown or black, 1 mm. broad. Margins of salt pans, South Caicos Island : — Western United States ; Cuba ; Virgin Gorda ; alkaline regions of Europe, Asia and Africa. Btosht Sea-Blite. The plant is much out of its general range on South Caicos ; our specimen was referred to D. fruticosa by Standley (N. A. Fl. 21: 91). 3. Dondia insularis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 13S. 1906. Perennial, shrubby, much branched, 3 dm. high or less, glabrous, glaucous, the branches divaricately ascending. Leaves approximate, oblong, thick and fleshy, 2-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. thick, obtuse, narrowed to a subsessile base; flowers axillary to the upper leaves, about 2.5 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, rounded on the back; filaments shorter than the calyx; seed vertical, black, shining, 1 mm. long. Tn salinas. Grand Turk Island and Ambergris Cay : — Cuba ; Santa Lucia. Island Sea-Blite. 4. SALICORNIA L. Sp. PL 3. 1753. Fleshy glabrous herbs with opposite terete branches, the leaves reduced to mere opposite scales, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper ones forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming 9 122 AMARANTHACEAE. t spongy in fruit, deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted ; fila- ments cylindrie, short; anthers oblong, large. Ovary ovoid; styles or stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed ; embryo conduplicate ; endosperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.] About 10 species, natives of saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the New. Type species: Salicornia europaea L. Perennial: prostrate with erect branches. 1. 8. perennis. Annual ; erect. 2. 8. Biyelovii. 1. Salicornia perennis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Salicomia ambigua Michx. El. Bor. Am. 1: 2. 1803. Perennial by a woody rootstock; stem trailing or decumbent 1.5-6 dm. long, rooting, the branches ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite simple, rather long- jointed. Scales broadly ovate or wider than high, appressed or slightly divergent ; fruiting spikes 1-4 cm. long, their joints not longer than thick; flowers all about equally high and about equalling the joints; seeds covered with slender hairs. Salinas, usually on the edge of mangrove colonies, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, the Caicos and Turks Islands and Inagua : — North American coasts, Massachusetts to Florida and west to Texas : Ber- muda : Cuba : St. Croix : Jamaica. An Inagua specimen was referred by Standley (X. A. Fl. 21 : 83) to the European 8. fruticosa L. which this species much re- sembles. WOODV GLASSWOftT. WlLD CORAL. GUINEA-BEAD. 2. Salicomia Bigelovii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 184. 1859. Salicornia mucronata Bigelow, Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 2: 1824. Not Lag. 1817. Annual, stout, erect or nearly so, 5-50 cm. tall, more or less branched, the branches stout. Scales ovate or triangular-ovate, sharply mucronate, 2-3 mm. long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes 1-12 cm. long, their joints not longer than thick; middle flower slightly higher than the lateral ones, reaching very nearly to the end of the joint; seed covered with short hairs. In saline marshes. Abaco, Andros and Grand Turk : — Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas ; California ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Yucatan. Bigelow's Glasswort. Family 2. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Amaranth Family. Herbs, or a few genera low shrubs, with simple, mostly entire, thin leaves. Flowers small, green or white, braeteolate, variously clustered, usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx her- baceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct, or united al the base, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the calyx-segments, hypogynous; filaments distinct, united at the base, or into a tube. Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary in the majority of genera, amphitropous, several in some tropical genera; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a utricle, circumscissile. bursting irregularly, or indehiscent, 1-seeded or sev- eral-seeded. Seeed mostly smooth; embryo annular; endosperm mealy, usually copious. About 40 genera and 475 species, widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions. AMARAXTHACEAE. 123 Anthers 4-celled. Leaves alternate. . Fruit several-seeded. 1. Celosia. Fruit 1-seeded. 2. Amaranthua. Leaves opposite. 3. Centrostachys. Anthers 2-celled. Stigma capitate. 4. Acliyrunthes. Stigma-lobes subulate or filiform. Flowers in dense heads. Stamens 2; perianth sessile. 5. Lithophila. Stamens 5: perianth stalked. Jj. Philoxerus. Flowers in panicled spikes. 7. Iresine. 1. CELOSIA L. Sp. PL 205. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and small perfect bracted flowers, in spikes or fascicles. Perianth 5-parted, the segments scarious, striate. Stamens 5; filaments filiform or subulate, connate at the base; anthers 4- celled. Ovary 2-many-ovuled; style present or wanting; stigmas 2 or 3. Utricle circumscissile or irregularly rupturing. Seeds 2 to many, lenticular, shining; embryo annular, endosperm starchy. [Greek, burned, from the dry parched flowers of some species.] About 40 species, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Celosia argentea L. 1. Celosia nitida Vahl,Symb. 2: 44. 1791. Perennial; glabrous. Stem slender, erect or vine-like, 3-15 dm. long; petioles slender, 5-20 mm. long; leaves ovate to rhombic-lanceolate, 2-7 em. long, obtuse, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or obtuse and often oblique at the base; inflorescence of panicled spikes, 1-5 cm. long; bracts nearly half as long as the sepals, ovate to lanceolate, keeled, acuminate ; sepals elliptic-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acuminate, dark brown, strongly parallel- veined; style short; utricle globose-ovoid, shorter than the calyx; seeds black, smooth. Moist soil and thickets, Acklin*s Island. Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; West Indies ; Texas ; Mexico ; northern South America. Slexder Celosia. 2. AMARANTHUS L. Sp. PL 9S9. 1753. Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs, with petioled pinnately veined leaves and small monoecious polygamous or dioecious, green or purplish, mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 1-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 1-5; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong utricle, 1-seeded, 2-3-beaked by the styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfad- ing flower, from the dry, unwithering bracts.] About 60 species of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Amaranthus caudatus L. Flowers all axillary: sepals of pistillate flowers spatulate. Peduncles short and thick: utricle indehiscent. Peduncles none : utricle circumscissile. Staminate flowers mostly in terminal spikes ; sepals of pis- tillate flowers oblong or obovate. Utricle indehiscent. Utricle smooth. Utricle wrinkled. Utricle circumscissile or bursting irregularly. Leaf axils with a pair of spines. Plants not spiny. Plants glabrous or nearly so. Plants pubescent or villous. 1. .1. .1. crassipes. polygonoidC8, 3. 4. A. A. riritlix. gracilis. 5. A. spinosus. 7. A. 1. dubius. luibriilus. 124 AMARAXTHACEAE. 1. Amaranthus crassipes Schlecht. Linnaea 6: 757. 1831. Scleropus amaranthoides Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goetting. 1835. Glabrous; stems prostrate or somewhat ascending, rather fleshy, 2-6 dm. long. Petioles slender, 0.5-4 em. long; leaves ovate to oblong or obovate, 0.5- 3.5 cm. long, prominently whitish-veined, rounded and emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base; flowers monoecious, in dense short-peduncled axillary clusters, the peduncles thickened; bracts very small, ovate, acutish; sepals of the pistillate flowers 4 or 5, spatulate, scarious, about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or emarginate ; style-branches 2 ; utricle obovoid, compressed, coriaceous, finely tuberculate, indehiscent; seed dark brown or black, smooth, about 1 mm. broad. Waste places, Xew Providence. Watling's and South Caicos : — Florida; West Indies ; northern South America. Thick-stalked Amaranth. 2 Amaranthus polygonoides L. PI. Jam. Pug. 27. 1759. Jmblogyna polygonoides Eaf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1836. Stems slender, prostrate or ascending, much branched, 1-5 dm. long, villous above. Petioles 2-7 mm. loug; leaves 0.5-2 cm. long, rhombic-ovate to obovate, obtuse and usually emarginate at the apex, narrowed or euneate at the base, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent beneath; flowers monoecious, in sessile dense axillary small clusters; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the sepals; sepals of the pistillate flowers spatulate, obtuse or apiculate, white, scarious, 3-nerved, connate at the base, those of the staminate flowers oblong, acute ; stamens and style-branches 2 or 3 ; utricle circumscissile ; seed dark brown or black, shining, less than 1 mm. broad. Sandy waste places, usually roadsides and paths, Eleuthera and Inagua : — Florida : Texas ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; St. Thomas to Martinique ; Curacao ; Jamaica ; Mexico to northern South America. Knotweed Amaranth. 3. Amaranthus viridis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1405. 1763. Amaranthus emarginatus Salzm. ; Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 319. 1894. Stems slender, prostrate or ascending, glabrous, usually branched, 1-6 dm. long. Leaves slender-petioled, rhombic-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous, deeply emarginate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base; flowers monoecious, in small axillary clusters and usually also in a short terminal spike; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, as long as the sepals or shorter; sepals 3, those of the pistillate flowers oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or shorter than the utricle, those of the staminate flowers oblong, acute; stamens and style- branches 3; utricle smooth, indehiscent; seed reddish-brown, shining, nearly 1 mm. broad. In cultivated ground, New Providence at Nassau : — southern United States : Cuba: Porto Rico: Jamaica: Guadeloupe ; tropical South America and Old World tropics. Notch-leaved Amaranth. 4. Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Tabl. Bot. 43. 1804. Glabrous; stem erect, usually branched, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves slender- petioled, 8 cm. long or less, ovate or rhombic-ovate, mostly obtuse and emargi- nate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; flowers monoecious, in slender, axillary and terminal, sometimes panicled spikes 4—12 em. long, and also often in small dense axillary clusters; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, scarious, much shorter than the 3 sepals; sepals cuspidate, 1-1.5 mm. long; stamens and style-branches 3 ; utricle wrinkled, indehiscent, as long as the sepals or longer; seed dull, dark brown, 1 mm. broad. Waste grounds near dwellings. Great Bahama. Andros, New Providence, Eleu- thera. Long Island and Watling's : — southeastern United States ; West Indies and tropical and subtropical America ; Old World tropics. Slender Amaranth. AMAEAXTHACEAE. 125 5. Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. PL 991. 1753. Stem stout, ridged, erect or ascending, glabrous below, somewhat pubes- cent above, usually much branched, sometimes red, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, acute* at both ends, 2-8 cm. long, with a pair of rigid stipular spines at each node, the mid- vein excurrent ; flowers monoecious, the pistillate in numerous capitate axillary clusters, the staminate in dense terminal spreading or drooping spikes 2-18 cm. long; bracts lanceolate-subulate, about as long as or longer than the 5 scarious oblong mucronate-tipped 1-nerved sepals, and the thin imperfectly eircum- scissile utricle; stamens 5; style-branches 3; seed black, shining, nearly 1 mm. broad. Waste grounds. Great Harbor Cay. and New Providence : — United States : West Indies; all tropical and warm temperate regions. Spiny Amaranth. Calalue. 6. Amaranthus dubius Mart. Hort. Erlang. 197. 1814. Amaranthus tristis Willd. Hist. Amar. 21. 1790. Not. L. 1753. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent above; stem erect, often much branched. 1 m. high or less. Leaves long-petioled, the slender petiole 2-9 cm. long, the blade ovate, 2-12 cm. long, acute or obtuse and usually emarginate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base; flowers monoecious, in slender, often drooping and numerous dense, terminal and axillary spikes, 5-25 cm. long, and some- times in small, dense axillary clusters; bracts ovate or elliptic, acute, shorter than or about as long as the sepals; sepals of the pistillate flowers 1.5-2 mm. long, mucronate, often emarginate, 1-nerved; stamens 5; style-branches 3; utricle a little longer than the sepals, rugulose, dehiscent at the middle; seed dark brown or black, circular, sharp-edged, 1 mm. in diameter. Waste places near dwellings. Abaco. New Providence. Great Guana Cay, Cat Island. Little San Salvador. Fortune Island and Grand Turk : — West Indies : Cen- tral and South America ; tropical Africa : adventive in Europe. Southern Pigweed. 7. Amaranthus hybridus L. Sp. PL 990. 1753. Stem usually slender, erect, 0.3-2.5 m. tall, often much-branched, villous above. Leaves long-petioled, 1.5 dm. long or less, ovate to lanceolate, usually acute; spikes linear-cylindric, 2-12 em. long, axillary and forming dense terminal panicles, ascending, or somewhat spreading; bracts lanceolate to ovate, about twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 5; style-branches 3 ; utricle scarcely wrinkled, eireumscissile ; seed dark brown or black, shining, 1 mm. in diameter. Waste places. Fortune Island. Anguilla Isles : — United States : Bermuda ; Cuba ; Mexico. A. panlculatus as to Bahamian references. Slender Pigweed. 3. CENTROSTACHYS Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2: 497. 1824. Herbs, some species somewhat woody, with opposite membranous broad leaves, and small green flowers sessile in slender elongated terminal spikes, the calyx deflexed after anthesis. Sepals 4 or 5, cartilaginous, narrow, acumi- nate or aristate. Stamens 4 or 5 ; filaments subulate ; anthers 4-celled. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1; style filiform; stigma capitate. Utricle thin-walled, inde- hiscent. [Greek, prickly-spike.] About 12 species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Centrostachys aquatica Wall. 126 AMARANTH ACE AE. 1. Centrostachys indica (L.) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 75. 1915. Achyranthes aspera indica L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Achyranthes indica Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Achyranthes obtusifolia Lam. Eneycl. 1: 545. 1785. Achyranthes aspera obtusifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 62. 1859. Herbaceous, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6-12 dm. high, rather densely pubescent above. Leaves suborbicular or obovate-orbicular, pubescent, 2-5 cm. long, abruptly short-tipped at the apex, narrowed or euneate at the base, pinnately veined, the slender petioles 1-3 cm. long; spikes very slender, 2-6 dm. long, densely flowered above, the lower flowers scattered; flowers about 4 mm. long; bracts subulate, horny, glabrous, a little shorter than the calyx, deflexed; sepals acuminate. A weed in waste places and cultivated soils, throughout the archipelago from Abaco south to Acklin's Island : — a weed in tropical and subtropical regions. Blunt -leaved Centrostachys. 4. ACHYRANTHES L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Decumbent or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or nearly so. Flowers perfect, in sessile or peduneled, head-like, usually white or silvery spikes. Sepals 5, unequal. Stamens 5, the filaments partially united into a cupdike tube; staminodia surpassing the filaments and 2-eelled anthers, or shorter. Ovary 1 -celled; stigma capitate. Ovule solitary. Utricle flattened, indehiscent. Seeds lenticular, smooth. [Greek, straw-flower.] Forty species or more, mostly of tropical distribution. Type species: Achyranthes repens L. Plants succulent : leaves sessile. I. A. maritima. Plants not succulent. Sepals merelv acute. 2. A. pohif/onoides. Sepals spinuiose-tipped. 3. A. repens. 1. Achyranthes maritima (St. Hil.) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 74. 1915. Alternanthera maritima St. Hil. Voy. Bras. 2: 437. 1833. Plants glabrous, fleshy. Stems or the branches prostrate, 2-8 dm. long, angled, branched ; leaves leathery, euneate to oblong or elliptic, 1.5-6 cm. long, obtuse, commonly mueronate, entire, sessile or somewhat petioled; spikes dull straw-colored, 6-12 mm. long, sessile, leaving a conspicuous scar when detached; bracts ovate, keeled; calyx % longer than the bracts; sepals rigid, ovate, acute and slightly awn-tipped, usually 5-nerved, glabrous; staminodia longer than the filaments, cleft or lacerate at the tip. Maritime sands at the wave line. Great Bahama, Frozen Cay, South Bimini, Little Mangrove Cay, New Providence and Cat Island : — Bermuda : Florida : Cuba : Guiana to Brazil : west coast of Africa. Referred to by Dolley and by Herrick as Gompfirena sp. Beach Achyranthes. 2. Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam. Eneycl. 1: 547. 1785. Gomphrena polygonoides L. Sp. PI. 225. 1753. Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hil. Voy. Bras. 2: 439. 1833. Glabrous or sparingly pilose, branched, the branches procumbent or creep- ing, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves spatulate to elliptic, 2 cm. long or less, obscurely veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 5-10 mm. long; flowers in dense sessile globose axillary heads 8-12 mm. in diameter; sepals bright white, shining, lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, about 3 mm. >s AMARAXTHACEAE. 127 long, somewhat longer than the lanceolate bracts; staminodia about as long as the filaments, toothed to the apex; utricle obcordate, included. Sandy waste places. Great Bahama, New Providence, Grand Turk and Inagua : — southeastern United States ; Cuba to St. Thomas and to Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; con- tinental tropical America. Knutweed Achyranthes. 3. Achyranthes repens L. Sp. PI. 205. 1753. Alternanthera Achyrantha R. Br. Prodr. 417. 1810. Alternanthera repens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 540. 1891. Loosely pilose, branched, the branches prostrate, 5 dm. long or less. Leaves spatulate, or obovate to oval or suborbicular, 2 cm. long or less, pin- nately veined, obtuse or abruptly tipped, narrowed at the base into short peti- oles; flowers in dense sessile globose or oblong heads 6-12 mm. long; sepals dull whitish, unequal, about 2 mm. long, longer than the bracts, the outer aristate, villous; staminodia somewhat shorter than the filaments, entire, or few- toothed below; utricle ovoid, included. Waste places and cultivated lands, Abaco, St. George's Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera and Long Island : — South Carolina to Florida, Texas and California ; Cuba to St. Thomas and to South America ; Mexico to Panama, Peru and Argen- tina ; Canary Islands ; Madeira ; Spain. Creeping Achyranthes. Washerwoman. 5. LITHOPHILA Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788. Perennial, more or less villous herbs, the leaves mostly in basal tufts, the small perfect braeteolate flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx flattened, 5- parted, sessile. Stamens 2; filaments connate below; anthers 2-celled; stami- nodia 3. Ovary ovoid; style short; stigmas 2, slender; ovule 1, pendulous. Utricle ovoid, compressed. Seed lenticular, smooth. [Greek, rock-loving. J About 4 species, of the West Indies and Galapagos, the following typical. 1. Lithophila muscoides Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788. Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. Yet. Acad. Handl. 1825: 48. 1825. Root woody, often deep; stems few or several, prostrate or ascending, villous, branched, 01.-2 dm. long. Basal leaves several or many, tufted, filiform to oblong-spatulate, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.3-5 mm. wide, obtuse, villous near the base; cauline leaves few, similar but smaller, glabrous; spikes 3-15 mm. long, about 5 mm. thick, solitary or clustered, terminal or axillary, sessile or nearly so; bracts white, membranous, ovate, acute or acuminate, about one-half as long as the sepals; bractlets similar, nearly a3 long as the sepals; sepals oblong, 1-2.5 mm. long, the outer obtuse, villous at the base, the inner acute; seed nearly orbicular, brown, shining, 0.5 mm. in diameter. In trodden sands of roadside paths, and in rocky and sandy soil, throughout tho archipelago from Great Bahama to Grand Turk and Ambergris Cay : — Cuba to St. Croix, Anegada and Martinique; Bonaire; Curacao. Moss-like Lithophila. 6. PHILOXERUS R. Br. Prodr. 416. 1810. Herbs, mostly fleshy, with opposite entire leaves, the perfect braeteolate flcwers in dense heads or short spikes. Calyx compressed, thickened at the base, 5-parted, the segments obtuse. Stamens 5; filaments subulate, connate below ; anthers oblong, 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, compressed ; style short ; stig- mas 2, subulate; ovule suspended on a long funicle. Utricle compressed. 128 AMARANTHACEAE. ovoid, indehiscent. Seed lenticular; embryo annular; endosperm starchy. [Greek, dry-loving, some species inhabiting dry situations.] About 10 species of coastal distribution in tropical and subtropical America, Africa and Austral- asia. Type species: Philoxerus conicus R. Br. 1. Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) Xutt. Gen. 2: 78. 1818. Gomphrena vermicularis L. Sp. PI. 224. 1753. Lithophila vcrmiculata Uline, Field Mus. Bot. 2: 39. 1900. Fleshy, the stems prostrate, branched, 1-8 dm. long, the branches prostrate or ascending, sometimes 1.5 dm. high. Leaves thick, or subterete, linear, linear-oblong or clavate, 1-5 cm. long, acutish or blunt at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base; heads subglobose to cylindric, densely many-flowered, bright white, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick; sepals about 3 mm. long, obtuse, a little longer than the bracts. Margins of salt water ponds and on maritime rocks. Abaco and Great Ba- hama to Watling's Island and the Anguilla Isles : — 'Florida ; West Indies ; northern South America. Sampibe. Salt-weed. 7. IRESINE P. Br. Hist. Jam. 358. 1756. Tall herbs, with opposite broad petioled leaves and small 3-bracted white flowers, in large terminal panicles or panicled spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the pistillate usually woolly. Stamens 5, rarely fewer; filaments united by their bases, filiform; anthers 2-celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, indehiscent. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly pubescence.] About 40 species, natives of vi arm and temperate regions. Type species: Celosia paniculata L. Leaves large, broadly ovate-lanceolate, acute. 1. 1. Celosia. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, obtuse. 2. /. flavescens. Leaves linear, sessile or very nearly so. 3. /. inaguensis. 1. Iresine Celosia L. Syst. cd. 10, 1291. 1759. Celosia paniculata L. Sp. PI. 206. 1753. Iresine celosioides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1456. 1763. Iresine paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 542. 1891. Not Poir. 1813. Annual or perennial ; stem erect, ascending or clambering, 0.6-3 m. long, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, acute or acuminate, the slender petioles 1-6 cm. long; flowers very numerous, 2 mm. broad or less, calyx and bracts silvery; sepals 1-1.5 mm. long; pistillate flowers white-villous at the base, about twice as long as the bracts; utricle shorter than the sepals; seed red, shining, 0.5 mm in diameter. Coastal sands and on waste and cultivated lands, Abaco and Great Bahama : — southeastern United States ; Jamaica ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Antiqua to Trinidad ; Mexico to Brazil and Argentina. New-burn Weed. | f 2. Iresine flavescens H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 766. 1806. Alternanthera flavescens Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132; 350. 1849. Iresine Tceyensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 148. 1906. Perennial by a woody root; stems erect, rather stout, 1 m. high or less, glabrous, simple or much branched, the nodes often swollen. Leaves linear- oblong to lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 em. long, 0.4-2.5 cm. wide, mostly obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, the petioles 1 cm. long or less; panicles narrow, dense, 1-3 dm. long, glabrous; spike.* 0.3-4 NYCTAGIXACEAE. 129 cm. long; bracts ovate-orbicular, about one-half as long as the sepals; sepals about 1 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers copiously woolly at the base; utricle shorter than the sepals ; seed red-brown, shining, 0.5 mm. long. Maritime rocks and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama and Great Sturrup southward to Andros, Great Ragged Cay, Acklin's Island and YVatling's Island: — Florida: Cuba; Colombia. Referred by .Mrs. North- rop and by Coker to /. panicvlata : by Hitchcock to /. celosioidcs. Coastal Iresine. 3. Iresine inaguensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 149. 1906. Perennial by a woody root ; stems several, erect, rather stout, 3-9 dm. high, glabrous, little branched, the branches erect. Leaves many, linear, 6 cm. long or less, 1-2.5 mm. wide, obtuse, glabrous, nearly sessile, sometimes with fas- cicles of smaller ones in their axils; panicles narrow, 7-14 cm. long, dense, glabrous; spikes densely flowered, 3-12 mm. long; bracts ovate-orbicular, about one-third as long as the sepals; sepals oblong, about 1 mm. long, obtuse, those of the pistillate flowers bearing long hairs at the base; utricle a little shorter than the sepals; seed red, shining, 0.5 mm. long. Sandy and rocky soil. Castle Island, Atwood Cay, Sheep Cay and Inagua : — ■ Endemic. Bahama Iresine. Family 3. NYCTAGINACEAE Lincll. Four-o'clock Family. Herbs, some tropical genera trees or shrubs, with simple entire leaves, and regular flowers in clusters, in many of the genera subtended by in- volucres. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb 4—5- lobed or 4— 5-toothed. Stamens hypogynons; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the perianth, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; ovule eampylotropous ; stigma capitate. Fruit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. About 25 genera and 350 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America. Herbs : flowers perfect. Perianth large, tubular-funnelform. 1. MirabiUs. Perianth small, campanulate or funnelform. Fruit 5-angled or 5-ribbed. 2. Boerhaavca. Fruit 10-ribbed. 3. Commicarpus. Trees, shrubs or woodv vines ; flowers dioecious. Fruit drupe-like, fleshy. 4. Torrubia. Fruit dry, with 5 rows of glands. 5. Pisonia. 1. MTRABILIS L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753. Perennial herbs, with large tuberous-thickened roots and forking stems. Leaves opposite, somewhat fleshy, petioled, or the upper sessile. Flower solitary or many flowers together in a 5-lobed calyx-like involucre. Calyx colored, its tube elongated, constricted above the ovary, its limb expanding, deciduous. Stamens 5 or 6, unequal; filaments filiform, slender, incurved, ujjited into a fleshy cup at the base. Style filiform. Fruit ribbed. Seed filling the pericarp, to which the testa adheres; endosperm mealy. [Latin, beautiful. J Twenty or more American species, the following typical. -- 1. Mirabilis Jalapa L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753. Foliage deep green, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stem erect, 3-7 dm. tall, much branched; leaves ovate, acuminate, sometimes sparingly ciliate, 130 NYCTAGIXACEAE. entire, truncate or cordate at the base, the petioles about one half as long as the blades; involucres campanulate, 7-8 mm. high, pubescent, 1-flowered, their lobes ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube, acute, bristle-tipped; calyx trumpet-shaped, 3-5 cm. long, deep red to purple or white, often more or less blotched, the edge notched; stamens exserted; fruit ovoid, black, 8-10 mm. long, wrinkled-tuberculate, 5-ribbed. Waste grounds, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, Eleuthera and Fortune Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; the West Indies ; continental tropical Amer- ica north through Mexico. Four-o'clock. 2. BOERHAAVEA L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Slender herbs with forking stems and branches, opposite leaves, and small minutely bracted flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx campanulate to funnel- form, its limb 5-lobed. Stamens 1-5, exserted, the slender filaments united at the base. Ovary oblique; style filiform; stigma peltate. Fruit obovoid or elavate, 5-angled or 5-ribbed. [In honor of Hermann Boerhaave, 1668-1738, a celebrated Dutch scientist.] About 50 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Boerhaavea diffusa L. Fruit with viscid glands. 1. B. coccinea. Fruit not glandular. 2. B. erecta. 1. Boerhaavea coccinea Mill. Gard. Diet. No. 8. 1768. Boerhaavea paniculata Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1 : 105. 1792. Boerhaavia hirsuta Willd. Sp. PI. 1: 20. 1797. Perennial by somewhat fleshy roots; stems 2-10 dm. long, slender, branched, procumbent or ascending, usually pubescent, at least below, the branches glabrous or puberulent. Leaves rhombic-ovate to oblong or nearly orbicular, 2-6.5 cm. long, rounded, obtus-e or rarely acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, slender-petioled, entire or undulate ; panicle slender, often 3 dm. long, its branches nearly filiform, glabrous or puberulent; flowers reddish, 2 mm. broad, nearly sessile in small glomerules of 2-several; fruit obovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, 5-grooved, glandular. Roadsides and waste places. North Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Great Guana Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island and Inagua : — Florida : West Indies; Mexico through Central America to northern South America; tropical Africa. Viscid Hog-weed. 2. Boerhaavea erecta L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Stem erect or ascending, branched ; leaves ovate to deltoid-ovate, some- times inequilateral, 2-8 cm. long, apiculate, repand or undulate, acute to cordate at the base, minutely black-dotted on the lower whitish surface, the petioles usually about one half as long as the blades or longer; peduncles filiform; flowers 2-6 in a cluster; calyx white to purple, its tube glabrous, the limb campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, sparingly pubescent; stamens exserted; fruit obpyramidal, 3.5-4 mm. long, 5-angled, the grooves transversely wrinkled, the top flat. Waste grounds. New Providence : — southern United States : Bermuda : New Mexico and California to Peru and Brazil ; the West Indies. Smooth Hog-weed. 3. COMMICARPUS Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 373. 1909. Perennial herbs, with long forking stems, opposite entire petioled mostly cordate leaves, and small perfect umbellate flowers. Calyx short-funnelform, NTCTAGINACEAE. 131 the limb rather widely expanded. Stamens 5, exserted, the filaments slender. Ovary oblique; style slender. Fruit elavate, 10-ribbed, mucilaginous-glandular, the glands rather large. [Greek, viscid fruit.] About 5 species, natives of tropical and subtropical America, the following typical. 1. Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 373. 1909. Boerhaavea scandens L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Glabrous; stems slender, pale, elongated and often vine-like, much branched, sometimes 2 m. long. Leaves ovate, rather thin, somewhat fleshy, 1-4 em. long, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, the petioles 2.5 cm. long or less; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the leaves; umbels several-flowered; pedicels filiform, 5-12 mm. long; calyx greenish, about 6 mm. broad, its tube and teeth short ; fruit narrowly elavate, 7-10 mm. long, glandular toward the blunt apex, its ribs low and obscure. Scrub-lands, thickets and coppices, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cave Cay. Ack- lin's Island, Grand Turk. Ambergris Cay and Anguilla Isles : — Florida : Texas and Arizona to Guatemala. Colombia and Peru: Jamaica'; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St. Barts : Bonaire ; Aruba ; Curagao. Commicarpus. 4. TORRUBIA Yell. Fl. Flum. 139. 1S25. Shrubs or trees, with opposite often somewhat fleshy leaves, and small greenish dioecious panicled flowers. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Stamens about 10, exserted, the filaments filiform. Ovary sessile ; style slender or short. Anthocarp fleshy, drupe-like, obovoid to ellipsoid or subglobose, without glands in rows, enclosing the utricle. [Commemorates Jose Torrubia, a Spanish naturalist.] Fifteen species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Torrubia opposita Yell. Petioles stout ; leaves 6-9 cm. long, coriaceous, reticulate-veined beneath. Leaves broadly elliptic, mostly subcordate at the base. 1. T. obtusata. Leaves obovate, cuneate or narrowed at the base. 2. T. CokcrL Petioles slender ; leaves 4-6 cm. long, fleshy-chartaceous, very indistinctly veined. Fruit globose-obovoid to ellipsoid, little longer than thick ; anthocarp 4-6 mm. long. 3. T. lotuiifolia. Fruit oblong-obovoid. twfee as long as thick ; anthocarp 7-8 mm. long. , 4. T. Bracei. 1. Torrubia obtusata (Jacq.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 612. 1904. Pisonia obtusata Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 35. 1798. Pisonia calophylla Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 625. 1896. A shrub, or a small tree up to 13 m. high, the twigs rather slender, sub- terete, pale gray, the bark of the trunk white. Leaves ovate or elliptic, coria- ceous, 6—9 cm. long, about twice as long as wide, rounded at the apex, rounded, subcordate or some of them narrowed at the base, often involute-margined, the stout petioles 3-7 mm. long; panicles usually many-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter; flowers sessile, puberulent or glabrate; fruit oblong, bright red, shining, 8-10 mm. long. Low conpices and scrub-lands. Ahaco, Great Bahama. New Providence. Eleu- thera. Cat Island. Great Exuma. Acklin's, Crooked and Fortune Islands : — Cuba ; Santo Domingo. Broad-leaved Blollt. 2. Torrubia Cokeri Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 613. 1904. Glabrous, the twigs gray. Leaves firm, obovate, 8 cm. long or less, 3-4 em. wide, rounded at the apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base; 132 \ VCTAGINACEAE. petioles stout, about 1 em. long; flowers sessile, the perianth and panicle- branches minutely tomentulose; staminate perianth about 3 nun. long, bluntly 5-toothed, about one-half as long as the stamens. Rocky coppices and scrub-hinds, Andros?, Eleuthera and Inagua : — Cuba. Cokep.'s Blolly. 3. Torrubia longifolia (Heimerl) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 614. 1904. Pisonia discolor longifolia Hiemerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 627. 1896. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 16 m. with a trunk up to 5 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller and often shrubby, the bark scaly, the twigs glabrous, slender. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate or spatulate, firm in texture, 2-6 em. long, glabrous, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, obscurely veined, the slender petioles 5-15 mm. long; calyx 3-4 mm. long; fruit juicy, obovoid or globose-obovoid, bright red, little longer than thick; anthocarp 4-6 mm. long. Rocky coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, North Bimini. New Providence. Rose Island. Eleuthera, Watling's, Acklin's, Inagua and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica. Naeeow-leayed Blolly. Beef-wood. 4. Torrubia Bracei Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 614. 1904. A slender tree, 5 m. high or less, the bark gray. Leaves thin, green on both sides; petioles very slender, 6-8 mm. long; blades narrowly obovate, 5 cm. long or less, rounded at the apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base; fruiting pedi- cels about 0.5 mm. long; fruit very juicy, oblong-obovoid, twice as long as thick, claret-red, truncate at the top; anthocarp 7-8 mm. long, 2 mm. thick. Coppices and scrub-lands, New Providence and Inagua. Endemic. Specimens from Cat Island, Conception, Acklin's and Fortune Islands, showing foliage only, are doubtfully referred to this species. Brace's Blolly. 5. PISONIA L. Sp. PI. 1026. 1753. Woody vines, shrubs or trees, with broad entire opposite leaves, and small, mostly dioecious, bracteolate, cymose or panicled flowers. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Stamens 6-10; filaments filiform, connate below into a tube or ring; anthers exserted. Ovary sessile; style slender; stigma capitellate. Anthocarp coriaceous, linear or clavate, bearing stalked or sessile glands in rows, enclosing the elongated utricle. [Commemorates "William Piso, a physi- cian of Leyden, who travelled in Brazil, and died in 1648.] Twenty species or more, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Pisonia aculeata L. Climbing vine with hooked prickles : anthocarp with rows of stalked glands along its whole length. 1. P. aculeata. Shrub or small unarmed tree ; anthocarp with rows of stalked glands near its summit. 2. P. rotundata. 1. Pisonia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 1026. 1753. A climbing woody vine sometimes 10 m. long, armed with hooked oppo- site prickles. Leaves ovate to elliptic, rather thin, 2.5-10 cm. long, glabrous, acute, obtuse or short-acuminate at the apex, cuneate or narrowed at the base, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; cymes many-flowered, pubescent; fruit clavate, slender-pedicelled, 8-10 mm. long, 10-ridged, with 5 rows of glands from base to apex. Coppices and scrub-lands. New Providence : — Florida ; "West Indies and conti- nental tropical America ; Philippine Islands. Cock-spue. Hold-back. Pull-back. BATIDACEAE. 133 • 2. Pisonia rotundata Griseb. Cat. PL Cub. 2S3. 1866. Pisonia snbcordata rotundata Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 630. 1896. An unarmed shrub, or small tree, up to 5 m. high, in Cuba becoming larger, the twigs and leaves glabrous or finely pubescent. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, firm in texture, 2.5-7 cm. long, rounded or refuse at the apex, obtuse or broadly cuneate at the base, minutely reticulate-veined beneath, the petioles 3-10 mm. long; cymes many-flowered, rather densely pubescent or glabrate; fruit clavate, 6-7 mm. long, with 5 rows of short-stalked glands above the middle. Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera :■ — Florida ; Cuba. ' Round-leaved Pisonia. Family 4. BATIDACEAE Dammer. Saltwort Family. Low fleshy much-branched shrubs, with opposite semiterete, linear or club-shaped, entire sessile estipulate leaves, and small dioecious greenish flowers in axillary spikes. Staminate spikes with many persistent imbri- cated scales, each subtending- a flower; calyx 2-lobed; stamens 4 or 5, with stout filaments alternating with slaminodia; anthers introrse. Pistillate spikes 4-12-floAvered. " the scales deciduous; calyx and corolla wanting; ovary sessile, 4-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity, erect, anatropous; stigma sessile, somewhat 2-lobed; fruit aggregate, about 4-seecled. Seeds club- shaped, the testa membranous; endosperm none; cotyledons large. Only the following genus. - 1. BATIS L. Syst, ed. 10, 1289. 1759. Characters of the family. [Greek, from the fancied resemblance of the fruit to a blackberry.] A monotypic genus. 1. Batis maritima L. Syst. ed. 10, 1289. 1759. A glabrous shrub 1 m. high or less, the rather stout stems spreading, prostrate or ascending, the branches nearly erect, angidar. Leaves acutish, ]-2.5 cm. long; spikes ovoid or oblong, 5-10 mm. long, the staminate sessile, the pistillate short-peduneled; bracts nearly orbicular or reniform, longer than the calyx; stamens exserted, longer than the triangular staminodia; fruit 1-2 cm. long, drooping. Mangrove mud and saline marshes, Great Bahama, North Bimini, Andros, Wat- ling's. Grand Turk, Inagua and Anguilla Isles: — Georgia to Florida: southern California; West Indies; continental tropical America. Saltwort. Ti/utle-weed. Family 5. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. Pokeweed Family. Herbs, some tropical species shrubs, vines or trees, -with alternate entire mostly estipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious flowers. Calyx 4—5-parted or of 4 or 5 sepals, its segments or sepal* imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx- segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, bypogyn- ous; filaments distinct, or united at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs 3 34 PHYTOLACCACEAE. longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several- celled in most of the genera; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitropous. Styles as many as the carpels, short, or none; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry or an achene. Endosperm of the seed mealy or fleshy. About 22 genera and 110 species, mostly in the tropics. Pistil a single carpel. Fruit a globular berry. Stamens 4 ; style elongated. 1. Rivina. Stamens 8-1G : style none. 2. Trichostigma. Fruit dry. achene-like, with bristles. 3. Petiveria. Pistil several-many-carpeled with as many styles as carpels. 4. Phytolacca. 1. RIVINA L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753. Herbs, sometimes woody below, the stems branched, erect, the leaves thin in texture, the small perfect flowers in axillary or terminal, slender racemes. Sepals 4, not enlarging in fruit. Stamens 4, the filaments filiform, the anthers erect. Ovary 1-celled, subglobose; style curved; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Fruit a small subglobose berry. Seed erect, lenticular, its testa crustaceous, the embryo curved, the endosperm mealy. [Commemorates August Eivinus, 1652-1725, professor in Leipzig.] A few species of tropical regions, the fol- lowing typical. 1. Rivina humilis L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753. Rivina laevis L. Mant. 1: 41. 1767. Glabrous or finely pubescent, branched, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate to ob- long or lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, membranous, flaccid, undulate or entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, the slender petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes 10 em. long or less, loosely several-many- flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; bracts deciduous; calyx about 6 mm. wide, the sepals oblong-cuneate, obtuse, pink or nearly white ; stamens somewhat shorter than the sepals; berries subglobose, red, about 3 mm. in diameter. Coastal, rocks and waste grounds, from Abaco throughout the archipelago to Parrot Cay (Caicos), Inagua, Anguilla Isles, and Water Cay: — Florida; West In- dies ; continental tropical America. Wild Tomato. 2. TRICHOSTIGMA A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 10: 306. 3 845. [Villamilla R. & P.; Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL 3: 81. 1880. J Woody vines, or shrubs, with alternate petioled broad leaves, the small perfect flowers in slender bracted racemes. Sepals 4, concave, spreading or reflexed. Stamens 8-16; filaments filiform; anthers linear, versatile, 2-cleft. Ovary subglobose, 1-celled; ovule sessile; style none; stigma penicillate. Fruit coriaceous, baccate, subglobose, the pericarp adherent to the erect seed. [Greek, referring to the penicillate stigma.] About 4 species, of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walter, Pflanzenr. 39: 109. 1909. Rivina octandra L. Cent. PI. 2: 9. 1756. Villamilla octandra Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 3: 81. 1880. Trichostigma rivinoides A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 10: 306. 1845. A woody vine, often 10 m. long or longer, usually climbing on trees, the stem up to 1.5 dm. in diameter at the base, the branches long and slender, PHYTOLACCACEAE. 135 glabrous. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, membranous, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, entire, the slender petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes usually numerous, loosely many- flowered, as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels 2-10 mm. long; flowers white, about 8 mm. broad, the ovate obtuse sepals at length reflexed; berry black, about 6 mm. in diameter. Waste grounds spontaneous after cultivation. Cat Island, at the Bight : — Flor- ida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America north to Mexico. Tkichostigma. 3. PETIVERIA L. Sp. PL 342. 1753. An erect slender perennial herb with the odor of garlic, the leaves broad, membranous, alternate, entire, the small perfect flowers in slender bracted spikes. Calyx 4-parted, conic at the base, the segments lanceolate, spreading in flower, erect in fruit. Stamens 4-8; filaments subulate; anthers linear, 2- cleft at apex and base. Ovary oblong, flattened, truncate, tomentose, 2-celled, with 1-6 deflexed bristles near the apex; style very short or none; stigma penieillate. Fruit elongated, cuneate, flattened, striate, keeled on both sides, 2-lobed at the top and bearing 1-6 hooked bristles. Seed linear. [In honor of Jacob Petiver, English naturalist and apothecary, who died in 1718.] A monotypic genus. 1. Petiveria alliacea L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753. Stem puberulent, at least above, or glabrate, erect, branched, 2-10 dm. high, the branches slender, long, nearly erect or ascending. Leaves elliptic, oblong or obovate, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 3-12 em. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; spikes very slen- der, 1-4 dm. long, puberulent; flowers greenish, short-pedicelled ; sepals nar- rowly linear, about 4 mm. long; aehene linear-cuneate, about 6 mm. long, ap- pressed to the axis of the fpike, the terminal, reflexed bristles about 2 mm. long. Waste and cultivated grounds. New Providence at Nassau : — Florida : West Indies ; continental tropical America north to Mexico. Gaelic-weed. Obeah-bush. 4. PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. PL 441. 1753. Tall perennial herbs, with petioled estipnlate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3-bracted above. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-15, inserted at the base of the calyx. Ovary composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed-globose 5-15-celled fleshy berry. Seeds 1 in each cavity, erect, com- pressed; embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, refering to the crimson juice of the berries.] About 24 species, mostly ti epical. Type species: Phytolacca americana L. ^ 1. Phytolacca icosandra L. Syst. ed. 10, 1040. 1759. Phytolacca octandra L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 631. 1762. Erect, glabrous, or puberulent above, branched, somewhat succulent, 1-3 m. high. Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, membranous. S-20 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the rather stout petioles 1-5 136 AIZOACEAE. cm. long; racemes erect, densely many-flowered, 1-3 dm. long; pedicels 1.5-4 mm. long; flowers greenish white or yellowish, 6-8 mm. broad; sepals rounded; stamens 8-20; carpels 8-20; berry black, depressed-globose, about 8 mm. in diameter. Waste and cultivated ground, and in coppices, Great Bahama. Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, <;n;it Exuma : — Cuba: Jamaica; Hispaniola ; continental tropical America. Southern Poke-weed or Poke-bush. Pork-bush. Family 6. AIZOACEAE A. Br. Carpet-weed Family. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, mostly prostrate and branching, with (in our species) opposite, more or less fleshy leaves, and perfect small regu- lar flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases dilated. Calyx 4-5-cleft or 4 — parted. Petals small or none in most species. Stamens perigynous. Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-5-celled, and ovules numerous in each cell in our genus. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal or circumscissile dehiscence. Seeds amphitropous; endosperm scanty or copious ; embryo slender, curved. About 22 genera and 500 species, mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones. 1. SESUVIUM L. Syst. ed. 10, 1058. 1759. Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at the base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments filiform, sometimes united at the base. Ovary 3-5-celled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, smooth ; embryo annular. About 4 species, natives of seacoasts and saline regions. Type species: Sesuvium portulaca strum L. Stamens 5. 1. 8. maritimum. Stamens numerous. 2. 8. portulacastrum- 1, Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B.S.P. Prem. Cat. N. Y. 20. 1888. Phornaceum maritimum "Walt. Fl. Car. 117. 1788. Sesuvium pentandrum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 556. 1821. Annual, glabrous; branches 0.5-3 dm. long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or the upper sessile, 8-25 mm. long; flowers sessile or nearly so, about 2 mm. broad, mostly solitary; stamens 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes; capsule ovoid, about 4 mm. high, scarcely lcnger than the calyx. Salinas and edges of mangrove swamps, Andros. Ship Channel Cay. Cat Island, Long Island, Little San Salvador and Watling's : — Atlantic coast from Long Island to Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. Slender Sea Purslane. 2. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1058. 1759. Perennial, fleshy, glabrous. Stems usually diffusely branched, the branches prostrate, often creeping, forming large patches; leaves oblaneeolate to oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute or acutish, the bases clasping ; flowers shorh-pedicelled, solitary in the axils; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, hooded, purple POETULACACEAE. 137 within, the back prolonged into an appendage; stamens numerous; capsule conic, 8-10 mm. long. Sea beaches and saline •borders, throughout the archipelago to Turks Island and Cay Sal : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Florida ; the West Indies ; Mexico to Co- lombia and Venezuela : Old World tropics. Plants from saline borders have smaller leaves and seeds than those from sea beaches and coastal rocks. Sea Purslane. Family 7. ALSINACEAE Wahl. Chickweed Family. Annual or perennial herbs with opposite entire leaves, estipulate or stipulate, and mostly small i^erfect flowers, solitary or in cymes or umbels. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, imbricated, at least in the bud, separate to the base, or nearly so. Petals as many as the sepals, not clawed, rarely wanting. Stamens twice as many as the sepals, or fewer, inserted at the base of the sessile ovary, or on a small disk; filaments distinct, or cohering; below; anthers introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary usually 1-celled; styles 2-5, distinct ; ovules several or numerous, amphitropous or campylo- tropous, borne on a central column. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves or by apical teeth. Embryo mostly curved and with incumbent cotyledons. About 32 genera and 500 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. 1. DRYMARIA Willd; R. & S. Syst. 5: 406. 1819. Low branching herbs, with flat small leaves, small, often fugacious stip- ules, and small mostly white flowers in cymes or solitary. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, cleft. Stamens 5 or fewer. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled; style mostly 3-cleft. Fruit a 5-valved capsule. Seeds globose-reniform, the embryo peripheral. [Greek, pertaining to the forest.] About 20 species, of tropical and subtropical America, one also in the Old World tropics. Type species: Dr urinaria arenarioides H. & B. 1. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd.; R. & S. Syst. 5: 406. 1819. Eolosteum cordatum L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753. Annual, glabrous or puberulent above; stems very slender, diffuse, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves orbicular or broader than long, 6-20 mm. wide, membranous, palmately veined, obtuse or cuspidulate at the apex, subcordate at the base, short-petioled; peduncles filiform, usually much longer than the leaves, often forked; cymes few-several-flowered; pedicels as long as the bractlets or shorter; sepals 1.5-3 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft; stamens 2 or 3 ; capsule about as long as the sepals. Waste grounds. New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies and continental trop- ical America. Dry mama. Family S. PORTULACACEAE Rchb. Purslane Family. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with regular perfect but unsymmet- rical flowers. Sepals commonly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 to 6, rarely more, 10 138 PORTULACACEAE. hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the petals or fewer, rarely more ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, longi- tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-divided, the divisions stigmatic on the inner side: ovules 2—co, amphitropous. Capsule circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-oc, reniform-globose or compressed : embryo curved. About 20 genera and 180 species, mostly natives of America. 1. PORTULACA L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent succulent herbs, with terminal flowers. Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals 4-6 (mainly 5), inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-x, also on the calyx. Ovary many-ovuled; style deeply 3-9-cleft or parted. Capsule mem- branous, dehiscent by a lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allusion to the purging qualites of some species.] A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives of America. Type species: Portulaca oleracea L. Leaves flat ; flowers yellow. 1. P. oleracea. Leaves subterete. Flowers yellow; seeds brown. 2. P. phaeosperma. Flowers purple ; seeds black. 3. P. gagatosperma. 1. Portulaca oleracea L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Annual, usually prostrate, branching from a deep root; branches 1-7.5 dm. long. Leaves alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate or cuneate, 6-20 mm. long, rounded at the apex, very fleshy; flower-buds flat; flowers solitary, sessile, 4-10 mm. broad, yellow, opening in bright sunshine; sepals broad, keeled, acutish; style 4-6-parted; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds finely rugose. Cultivated soil, waste places and maritime rocks, throughout the archipelago: — all temperate and tropical regions. Includes several races differing in size of leaves and flowers, and of a prostrate or ascending habit. Purslane. | 2. Portulaca phaeosperma Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 233. 1905. Fleshy, branched, 1.5 dm. high or less, with tufts of brownish hairs at the nodes. Leaves linear-oblong, subterete, acute or obtuse, 5-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches; flowers yel- low, 6-10 mm. broad; petals oblong to obovate, obtuse; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds brown. Dry or rocky soil, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and Andros to Mariguana, Turk's Islands and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Croix and Virgin Gorda ; Jamaica. Referred by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker to P. halimoides L. ; by Hitchcock and by Coker to P. pilosa L. Brown-seeded Portulaca. 3. Portulaca gagatosperma Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot. 2: 299. 1909. Fleshy, diffusely branched, 5-10 cm. high, with tufts of whitish hairs at the nodes. Leaves alternate, subterete, acute, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, short-petioled ; flowers sessile at the ends of the branches; sepals broadly ovate, apiculate; petals purple, emarginate; capsule about 4 mm. in diameter, circumscissile below the middle; seeds jet black, 0.6 mm. in diameter. In moist soils and mud of lake borders. Great Bahama, New Providence. Grand Turk, Salt Cay (Turk's Islands) and Inagua, attaining its highest development in our region on the dry rocks of East and Ambergris Cays of the Turk's Island group :• — Endemic. Referred by Hitchcock to P. pilosa L., which it resembles. Ba- hama Portulaca. NYMPHAEACEAE. 139 Order 10. RANALES. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Calyx present, usually of separate sepals. Corolla usually present and of separate petals. Ovary or ovaries superior, free from the calyx; carpels 1 to many, usually separate. Stamens mostly hj'pogynous and more numerous than the sepals. Aquatic herbs, the leaves peltate or with a basal sinus. Fam. 1. Nymph aeaceae. Terrestrial plants. Stamens many ; sepals distinct. Flowers perfect (in the Bahama species). Carpels distinct ; sepals 4 or 5 ; petals, when present about as many (none in Clematis). Fam. 2. Raxuxculaceae. Carpels more or less coherent ; sepals 3 ; petals 6 ; trees or shrubs. Fam. 3. Axxoxaceae. Flowers dioecious, small ; climbing vines. Fam. 4. Mexispeemaceae. Stamens 9 or 12 in 3 or 4 series of 3 each ; sepals more or less united. Shrubs or trees with broad leaves ; fruit borae on the calyx-tube. Fam. 5. Laueaceae. Leafless vines ; fruit enclosed by the accrescent calyx-tube. Fam. 6. Cassythaceak. Family 1. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Water Lily Family. Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, floating, im- mersed or rarely emersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals 3-5. Petals 5-x. Stamens 5— cc ; anthers erect, the connective continu- ous with the filament. Carpels 3— go, distinct, united, or immersed in the receptacle. Stigmas distinct, or united into a radiate or annular disk; ovules l-oo, orthotropous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds enclosed in pulpy arils, or rarely naked ; cotyledons fleshy ; hypocotyl very short. Five genera and about 55 species, widely distributed in fresh water. 1. CASTALIA Salisb. Par. Lond. 1: pi. 14. 1805. Herbs with horizontal perennial rootstocks, floating leaves and showy flowers. Sepals 4. Petals in several rows, or but few, inserted on the ovary, gradually passing into stamens; stamens cc, the exterior with large petaloid filaments and short anthers, the interior with linear filaments and elongated anthers. Carpels oo, united into a compound pistil with radiating linear pro- jecting stigmas. Fruit globose, covered with the bases of the petals, ripening under water. [A spring of Parnassus.] About 40 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Castalia magnified Salisb. 1. Castalia pulchella (DC.) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 138. 1906. Nymphaea pulchella DC. Syst. 2: 51. 1821. Nympliaea ampla pulchella Casp. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 42; 159. 1878. Bootstock 2-4 cm. thick. Petioles 5-10 mm. thick, various in length, de- pending upon the depth of water; leaf-blades suborbicular, rather thin, 1-3 dm. broad, glabrous, undulate or repand, green on both sides, very coarsely reticulate-veined beneath, the basal sinus rather narrow, the lobes acute ; peduncles about as long and as thick as the petioles; sepals 4, lanceolate, 140 RAXUNCULACEAE. aeutish, 6 mm. long or less; petals 4-8, white, acute; stamens 50 or fewer; fruit 2-3 em. in diameter. Fresh water swamps nnd water-holes, New Providence, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Acklin'a Island and Inagua :- — Cuba to Haiti and St. Croix; South Amer- ica. Referred to by Ccker as V. ampla (DC.) Greene. White Watku-lily. Family 2. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowfoot Family. Herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap. Leaves alternate (except in Clematis and Atragene). Stipules usually none, but tbe base of the petiole often sheathing'. Pubescence, when present, composed of simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like, imbricate, except in Clematis and Atragene. Petals about the same number (occa- sionally more), or wanting. Stamens co, hypogynous, their anthers innate. Carpels oo or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm. About 35 genera and 1100 species, distributed throughout the world, not abundant in the tropics. 1. CLEMATIS L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Climbing vines or perennial herbs, more or less woody. Leaves opposite, slender-petioled, pinnately compound, lobed, or in some species entire. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate in the bud, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens co. Pistils co. Achenes 1-seeded. Style long, persistent, plumose, silky or naked. [Greek name for some climbing plant.] About 25 species of very wide geographic dis- tribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Type species: Clematis Vitalba L. 1. Clematis bahamica (Kuntze) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 117. 1905. Clematis dioica oahamica Kuntze, Yerh. Bot. Yer. Prov. Brand. 26: 102. 1895. Vine slender, trailing or high-climbing, the young plants sparingly and loosely pubescent. Leaves trifoliolate or the uppermost simple; leaflets slender- stalked, 4 cm. long or less, various in form even on the same vine, ovate to oval or nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, quite glabrous when mature, entire, or often 3-lobed, firm in texture and strongly veined on the under side ; achenes plump, only 3 mm. long, the filiform plumose style 3-5 cm. long; flowers few, in small leafy-bracted panicles; pedicels loosely pubescent; sepals oblong-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, loosely pubescent, in a Mariguana specimen coherent and falling away as a cap. Rocky thickets, pine-lands and sink-holes, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, Eleu- thera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, and Mariguana. Endemic. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to G. dioica; by Hitchcock to C. flammulastrum, and by Dolley to C. Vitalba. Bahama Vibgin's-bower. ANNONACEAE. 141 Family 3. ANNONACEAE DC. Custard-apple Family. Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire leaves. Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvate or rarely imbricate. Petals about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens oo ; anthers adnate, extrorse. Carpels oo, separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large, anatropous ; embryo minute ; endosperm copious, wrinkled. About 46 genera and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate zones. 1. ANNONA L. Sp. PI. 536. 1753. Mostly trees, with coriaceous or chartaceous leaves, and perfect, usually solitary and axillary, nodding, peduneled flowers. Sepals 3, valvate, deciduous. Petals usually 6, valvate, the 3 outer larger than the 3 inner. Receptacle hemispheric. Anther-sacs contiguous. Pistils borne at the top of the recep- tacle; ovaries 1-ovuled; stigma sessile or nearly so. Fruit compound, aggre- gate, many-seeded; seeds arillate. [Name said to be derived from Malayan.] Fifty species or more, -of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Annona muricata L. Ontor nptals broad, ovate, the inner as long, or somewhat shorter ; fruit smooth. 1. A. glabra. Outer petals linear-oblong, the inner minute. Fruit tubercled. 2. A. squamosa. Fruit reticulated or areolate. 3. A. reticulata. 1. Annona glabra L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753. Annona palustris L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 757. 1762. Anona lauri folia Dunal, Monogr. Anon. 65. 1817. A tree, up to 12 m. high, with a trunk 4 or 5 dm. in diameter, usually smaller, sometimes shrubby, the fissured bark reddish brown, the twigs glabrous. Leaves ovate to oblong, subcoriaceous, 8-18 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, usually rounded at the base,, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils, nodding, short-peduncled, yellowish green, 2-3.5 cm. long; sepals broader than long, slightly united; petals thick, concave, the outer a little larger than the inner; fruit ovoid, 6-13 em. long, smooth, rounded at apex, impressed at base, yellowish brown ; seeds 1-2 cm. long. Ponds and water-holes. Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Cat Tsland, Watling'a Island. Crooked Island: — Florida: West Indies; northern South America. Catesby, 2 : pi. 6.',, 67. PoxD-ArpLE. 2. Annona squamosa L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753. A tree, up to about 12 m. high, the young twigs densely pubescent. Leaves elliptic, lanceolate to oblong, chartaceous, 6-12 cm. long, pubescent, at least when young, sometimes glabrous when old, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 5-12 mm. long; peduncles about as long as the petioles; flowers greenish, about 2 cm. long; sepals triangular, acute, pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; outer petals linear-oblong, puberulent; fruit globose, 5-9 cm. in diameter, strongly tubercled, greenish, the tubercles rounded, the pulp white; seeds oblong, brown, shining. Scrub-lands. New Providence, probably introduced:- — Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St. Vincent; Jamaica; widely cultivated in tropical regions. SuoAR-Afflb, 142 MEXISPERMACEAE. 3. Annona reticulata L. Sp. PL 537. 1753. A small tree, sometimes 8 m. high, usually smaller, the young twigs puberu- lent. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, chartaceous, 8-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, puberulent when young, glabrous when old, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the rather stout petioles 2 cm. long or less; peduncles longer than the petioles; flowers greenish, about 2 cm. long; sepals triangular-ovate, 2-3 mm. long; outer petals narrowly oblong, puberulent; fruit globose, 8-12 cm. in diameter, yellowish brown, glabrous, coarsely reticulated, the pulp yellowish, the oblong, brown seeds shining. Sink-holes, Great Bahama at Eight Mile Rocks : — West Indies. Widely culti- vated. Custard Apple. Catesby, 2 : pi. 86. Family 4. MENISPERMACEAE DC. Moonseed Family. Vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, no stipules, and small dioecious panicled racemose or eymose flowrers. Sepals 4-12, or fewer. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none. Stamens about the same number as the petals or fewer. Carpels 3-x (generally 6), 1- ovuled, separate; styles commonly recurved. Fruit drupaceous. Fmbryo long, curved. About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical dis- tribution, a few extending into the temperate zones. 1. CISSAMPELOS L. Sp. PL 1031. 1753. Slender vines, often high-climbing, the leaves broad, mostly entire and cordate, palmately veined, the staminate flowers cymose-paniculate, the pistil- late clusters racemose, bracted. Staminate flowers with 4 sepals, the petals united below into a cup, the 2-4 anthers sessile on the peltate top of the stamen-column. Pistillate flowers with a rudimentary scale-like perianth of 1 sepal and 1 petal and a single carpel with a 3-cleft or 3-toothed style. Drupe subglobose, convex; stone compressed, tubercled on the back, concave on both sides. [Greek, ivy-grape.] Perhaps 25 species, of tropical America and trop- ical and southern Africa. Type species: Cissampelos Pareira L. 1. Cissampelos tomentosa DC. Syst. 1: 535. 1818. 'Climbing, often 5 m. long or longer, the young branches, petioles, inflor- escence and under leaf-surfaces densely tomentose. Leaves suborbicular, 2-10 em. broad, cordate or truncate at the base, rot peltate, the petioles 1-7 cm. long; racemes of pistillate flowers 5-8 cm. long, the bracts orbicular, cordate or subcordate, 5-15 mm. broad, the pedicels several at each bract, densely tomentose, about 2 mm. long, the sepals about 1 mm. long; panicle3 of stami- nate flowers 8 cm. long or less, the flowers usually very numerous, about 1 mm. broad, on filiform short pedicels. Old fields and coppices, Andros, near Nicol's Town : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Mexico and Central America. Velvety Cissampelos. LAUEACEAE. 143 Family 5. LAUEACEAE Lindl. Laurel Family. Aromatic trees and shrubs, with alternate (very rarely opposite) mostly thick, punctate estipulate leaves. Flowers small, perfect, polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or greenish, in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4-6-parted, the segments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens inserted in 3 or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them commonly imperfect or reduced to staminodia; anthers opening by valves. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, 1-celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous; stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex, accumbent. About 40 genera and 1000 species, widely distributed in tropical regions ; a few in the temperate zones. Staminodia of the fourth series small or none. 1. Ocotea Staminodia of the fourth series large, sagittate. 2. Peesea. 1. OCOTEA Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 780. 1775. [Nectandra- Roland; Rottb. Descr. PI. Surinam. 10. 1776.] Evergreen trees, rarely shrubs, with alternate coriaceous leaves and small, perfect or polygamous flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. Perianth- segments 6, nearly equal. Perfect stamens 9, in 3 series; stamens of the first and second series eglandular, their anthers introrsely 4-celled; stamens of the third series with extrorsely 4-celled anthers; staminodia, representing a fourth series of stamens, are present in some species. Ovary wholly or partly enclosed by the perianth-tube; style short. Berry oblong to globose, partly enclosed by the enlarged perianth-tube. [Guiana name.] Probably 300 species, mostly natives of tropical America. Type species: Ocotea guianensis Aubl. >. 1. Ocotea coriacea (Sw.) Britton. Lauras coriacea Sw. Prodr. 65. 1788. Laurus Catesoyana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 244. 1803. Nectandra coriacea Griseb. PI. Br. W. I. 281. 1860. Ocotea Catesbyana Sargent, Sylva 7: 11. 1895. An evergreen tree, up to 12 m. high, the trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter, the nearly smooth bark light gray, the twigs slender, glabrous, the wood brown. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, 6-15 cm. long, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, dark green and shining above, dull beneath, glabrous or very nearly so, reticulate-veined, the petioles 5-15 mm. long; panicles axillary, peduneled, puberulent, several-many-flowered; pedicels 4-7 mm. long; calyx white, its 6 lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, about 4 mm. long; stamens shorter than the calyx; drupe oval or subglobose, dark blue or nearly black, 10-18 mm. long, the persistent red or yellow calyx-base 3-4 mm. long. Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Bleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Crooked Island and North Caicos : — Florida: West indies. Referred by Grisebach, Dolley, Mrs. Northrop and by Hitchcock to Nectandra san- guinea Rottb. Catesby, 2: pi. 28. Bastard Touch. Black Touch. Sweet Torch- wood. 144 CASSYTHACEAE. 2. PERSEA Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 3: 222. 1805. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, persistent, entire. Calyx 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 12, in 4 series of 3, the inner series reduced to gland-like staminodia, the 3 other series anther-bearing, their anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, those of the third series extrorse and the others introrse in our species. Staminodia large, cordate, stalked. Fruit a berry. [Ancient name of some oriental tree. J About 50 species, natives of America. Type species : Persea gratissima Gaertn. 1. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sargent, Silva X. A. 7: 7. 189.1. Tamala pubescens Small, Fl. SE. U. S. ed. 2, 822, 1375. 1913. Laurus carolinensis pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 276. 1814. A tree, with maximum height of about 14 m. the trunk up to 3.5 dm. in diameter, the twigs densely short-pubescent, the thin brown bark fissured. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oval, subeoriaceous, 0.5-2 dm. long, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, bright green and shining above, pale and pubescent beneath, the pubescent petioles 2 cm. long or less; peduncles pubescent, shorter than the leaves; pedicels very short; inner sepals 5-6 mm. long, twice as long as the outer; filaments pubescent; drupe dark blue, glaucous, oval or subglobose, 8-15 mm. in diameter. Palmetto-lands, Great Bahama at Barnett's Point : — Virginia to Florida. Red Bay. Family 6. CASSYTHACEAE Dumont. Love-vixb Family. ■ Tines, trailing, or parasitic by papillae on shrubs or on trees, the leaves none, or reduced to scales, the small regular and perfect flowers spieate, racemose, or capitate. Calyx 6-cleft, the lobes imbricated, in 2 series, the outer ones shorter than the inner. Corolla none. Perfect stamens 9, with 2-celled anthers; staminodes 3. Pistil 1; ovary 1-ovuled, becoming enclosed by the enlarging calyx-base; style simple; stigma small, mostly capitate. Fruit berry-like, fleshy. Only the following genus. 1. CASSYTHA L. Sp. PI. 35. 1753. Characters of the family. About 15 known species, of tropical regions. [Synonym of Cuscuta.~\ Type species: Cassytlia filiformis L. | ic 1. Cassytha americana Xees. Syst. Laur. 644. 1836. CassytJia filiformis Jacq. Sel. Amer. 115. 1763. Not L. 1753. Slender, branched, often 5 m. long or more, sometimes matted, yellow or yellowish green, the stems about 2 mm. thick. Leaves mere ovate or lanceolate, acute scales 1-2 mm. long, few and distant; spikes peduncled, few-several- flowered, 1-2 cm. long; flowers white, about 2 mm. broad, the inner sepals ovate, larger than the outer; fruit globose, white, 5-7 mm. in diameter. Coastal sand dunes and maritime rocks, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama south to Mariguana. Inagua and the Caicos and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; ATest Indies ; Mexico and continental tropical America. Woe-vine. BRASS1CACEAE. 145 Order 11. PAPAVERALES. Mostly herbs, with clustered, regular and perfect flowers. Petals, with very rare exceptions, present, separate. Sepals usually separate. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, compound, composed of two united carpels, or more. Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) : endosperm fleshy. Fam. 1. PapavebAceae. Sepals or calVx-segments 4-8 : endosperm none. Capsule 2-celled bv a longitudinal partition, usually 2- valved, rarely indehiscent : sepals and petals 4. Fam. 2. Bkassicaceae. Capsule 1-celled. of 2-6 carpels. Si vie short or wanting; seeds wingless. Fam. 3. Capparidaceae. Stylo elongated; seeds winged. Fam. 4. Moringaceae. Family 1. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Poppy Family. Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper rarely opposite. Stipules none. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 2 (rarely 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, often wrinkled, deciduous. . Stamens hypogynous, distinct ; filaments filiform : anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1, many-ovuled. mainly 1-celled; style short; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by a pore, or by valves, rarely indehiscent. About 23 genera and 115 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. 1. ARGEMONE L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753. Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny-toothed leaves and large flowers. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens oo. Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style very short. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at the apex by valves. Seeds numerous, eaneellate. [Greek, an eye disease, supposed to be relieved by the plant so called.] A genus of about 10 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Type species: Argemone mexicana~L. I > 1. Argemone mexicana L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753. Stem 3-6 dm. high, spiny or sometimes nearly unarmed. Leaves sessile, clasping by a narrowed base, 1-2.5 dm. long, glaucous, runcinate-pinnatind, spiny-toothed and more or less spiny on the veins; flowers orange or yellow, sessile or subsessile, 2-8 cm. broad ; sepals acuminate, bristly-pointed ; capsule 2.5 cm. long or more; stigma sessile. A weed of waste places near dwellings, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama south to Grand Turk. Salt Cay, Inagua : — Bermuda: southern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Donkey Thistle. Mexican Foppy. Family 2. BRASSICACEAE Lindl. Mustard Family. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate leaves, and racemose or coiwmbose flowers. Sepals 4. deciduous, or rarely persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or saccate 146 BRASSICACEAE. at the base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, generally clawed. Stamens 6, rarely fewer, hypogynous, tetradynamous. Pistil 1, compound, consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepiment ; style generally persistent, sometimes none ; stigma dis- coid or usually more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, generally 2-celled, rarely 1-celled, in a few geenra indehiscent. Seeds attached to both sides of the septum; endosperm none; cotyledons incumbent, accum- bent or conduplicate. About 200 genera and 1800 species, of wide geo- graphic distribution. Pod a silique or slltcle, dehiscent into 2 valves. Pod a flattened silicle. 1. Lepidiam. Pod a short or long silique. not flattened. Flowers yellow ; leaves lobed or toothed. Pocl elongated, beaked. Pod conic-beaked, its valves I-3-nerved. 2. Brassica. Pod stout-beaked, its valves 3-5-nerved. 3. Sinapis. Pod short, beakless. 4. Badicula. Flowers white ; leaves entire. 5. Conrinr/ia. Pod indehiscent. Pod suborbicular. didymous. fi. Carara. Pod elongated, of 2 separating joints. 7. CaJcile. 1. LEPIDIUM L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Erect or rarely diffuse herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and racemose white or whitish flowers. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short, sometimes none. Silicles oblong to orbicular, flattened contrary to the partition, winged or wingless; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell, flattened; cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. [Greek, a little scale, from the flat scale-like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. Type species: Lepidium latifolhim L. JS 1- Lepidium virginicum L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Annual, erect, glabrous. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, pinnatifid, generally with a large terminal lobe and numerous small lateral ones, all dentate, glabrous or slightly pubescent; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, sessile, or the lower stalked; flowers 1-2 mm. broad, white; petals generally present, sometimes wanting in the later flowers; pedicels slen- der, spreading, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; pod flat, short-oval or orbicular, minutely winged above ; cotyledons accumbent. A weed of waste grounds and cultivated soils, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Turk's Islands, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Bermuda : native of continental North America : widely naturalized as a weed in the West Indies, Mexico and Central America. Wild Peppee-geass. 2. BRASSICA L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Erect branching herbs, with pinnatifid basal leaves, and showy yellow flowers in elongated racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile, terete or 4-sided, tipped with an indehiscent conic, usually 1-seeded beak. Valves convex, 1-3- nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons condupli- cate. [Latin name of the cabbage.] About 80 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Type species: Brassica oleracea L. BRASSICACEAE. 147 1. Brassica integrifolia (West) O. E. Schulz, in Urban Symb. Ant. 3: 509. 1903. Sinapis integrifolia West Bidr. St. Croix, 296. 1793. Glabrous or sparingly pilose below, pale green, slightly glaucous, 8 dm. high or less. Basal and lowest eauline leaves broadly obovate, or elliptic- obovate, coarsely dentate, obtuse, long-petioled, often 2-lobed near the base; upper leaves oblong to linear, few-toothed or entire, mostly acute, short- petioled or sessile; racemes loosely several-many-flowered, erect; pedicels fili- form, 6-12 mm. long; petals light yellow, 6-9 mm. long, broadly obovate, clawed; pods erect-spreading, 3-4 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, the slender beak 4-7 mm. long. Cultivated soil, New Providence ; Great Exuma at Georgetown : — Porto Rico to St. Jan and Trinidad ; Jamaica : Yucatan ; native of Asia. Recorded by Doiley as Sinapis brassicata L. Wild Mustard. 3. SINAPIS L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Annual or biennial, usually erect, branching more or less hispid herbs, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large, mostly yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Siliques linear, nearly terete, constricted between the seeds, sessile in the calyx, tipped with a flat sword-like beak which sometimes con- tains a seed near its base, its valves 3-5-nerved. Seeds oblong or subglobose, not winged nor margined. Cotyledons conduplicate. [Name Greek, said to come from the Celtic for turnip.] About 5 species, natives of southern Europe. Type species: Sinapis alba L. 1. Sinapis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica Sinapistmm Boiss. Voy. Esp. 2: 39. 1839-45. Erect, 3-6 dm. high, hispid with scattered stiff hairs, or glabrate. Leaves oblong to elliptic, dentate, denticulate or subpinnatifid ; flowers 1-1.6 em. broad ; pedicels stout; pods glabrous, spreading or ascending, somewhat constricted between the seeds, 1-1.6 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, tipped with a flattened elongated- conic often 1-seeded beak 10-12 mm. long, the valves strongly nerved. Waste grounds near Nassau. New Providence, Native of Europe : naturalized in continental North America and also in Bermuda and Jamaica. Charlock. 4. RADICULA Hill, Brit. Herb. 264. 1756. Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate, lobed dissected or rarely entire leaves, and small yellow flowers. Sepals spreading. Stamens 1-6. Pods short, terete or nearly so. Stipe none. Valves nerveless or 1-nerved. Style short or slender. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell or very rarely in 1 row. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name Latin, diminutive of radix, root.] About 50 species, of wide geographic dis- tribution, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Type species : Sisym- brium amphibium L. 148 BRASSICACEAE. 1. Radicula brevipes (DC.) Britton, Torreya 6: 30. 1906. Nasturtium palustre brevipes DC. Syst. 2: 192. 1821. Nasturtium brevipes Griseb. Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 8: 154. 1860. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent below, branched from the base, the branches usually prostrate or nearly so, slender, 3 dm. long or less. Leaves pinnately divided into several or numerous, oblong, ovate or suborbicular dentate segments, or the upper segments confluent; racemes severab-many- flowered, 6-12 cm. long; pedicels about 1 mm. long; flowers about 1.5 mm. long; petals minute or wanting; pods linear, 7-12 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Sink-holes, Andros, near Fresh Greek : — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico. The Andros specimens show foliage only and are referred to this species with hesitation. Short-stalked Yellow-cress. 5. CONKINGIA [Heist.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 418. 1763. An erect glabrous annual herb, with elliptic or ovate entire leaves, sessile and cordate at the base, and middle-sized yellowish white flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals narrow. Style 2-lobed or entire. Siliques elon- gated-linear, angled, the valves firm, 1-3-nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons incumbent. [In honor of Hermann Conring, 1606-1681, Professor at Helmstadt.] About 7 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. 1. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Fl. Belg. 123. 1827. Brassica orientalis L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves light green, obtuse, 5-13 cm. long; racemes elongating in fruit; pedicels 8-16 mm. long; petals about 1.2 cm. long, nearly twice as long as the sepals; pods 7-13 em. long, about 2 mm. wide, 4-angled, spreading. Waste grounds. New Provdence, 1916. Widely distributed as a weed in tem- perate North America ; introduced from the Old World. Hare's-ear. 6. CARARA Medic. Pflg. 1: 34. 1792. [Coronopus Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 293. 1791. Not Mill. 1754.] Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small whitish flowers. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Sta- mens often only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each end, indehiseent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds 1 in tctch cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent or conduplicate. [Greek, crow-foot, irom the shape of the leaves.] About 6 species, of wide distribution. Type opecies: CocMearia Coronopus L. 1. Carara didyma (L.) Britton, in Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2, 2: 167. 1913. Lepidium didymum L. Mant. 92. 1767. Coronopus didymus J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 691. 1800. Tufted, spreading on the ground, sparingly pubescent. Stems 0.5-4 dm. long; leaves deeply 1-2 -pinnatifid; flowers white, racemose; pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. long in fruit; pod about 2 mm. broad and slightly more than 1 mm. high; valves obtuse at each end and readily separating into 2 ovoid nutlets. Streets and waste grounds. New Providence. Eleuthera : — Bermuda ; southern t'nited States ; Antigua : Martinique ; South America ; widely distributed in the Old World. Star-of-the-Earth. CAPP ARID ACE AE. 149 7. CAKILE [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Annual glabrous fleshy herbs, with purplish or white flowers. Siliques elongated, sessile, flattened or ridged, indehiscent, 2-jointed, the joints 1-eelled and usually 1-seeded. Style none; cotyledons accumbent. [Old Arabic name.] A genus of about 3 species, natives of sea and lake shores of Europe and North America. Type species: Bunias Cakile L. ^ 1. Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O. E. Sehulz, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 504. 1903. Raphanus lanceolatus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 562. 1801. Cakile aequalis L'Her. DC. Syst. 2: 430. 1821. Erect or ascending, often much branched, 8 dm. high or less. Basal and lower leaves broadly oblong, obtuse, 5-8 cm. long, coarsely crenate-dentate; upper leaves smaller, narrowly obovate to oblong, crenate-dentate or entire; flowers pale purplish, 6-10 mm. broad; fruiting racemes often 3 dm. long; fruiting pedicels stout, ascending, 4-6 mm. long; pod 1.5-2.5 cm. long, its upper joint 1^-4 times as long as the lower. Maritime sands and white-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama southward through- out the archipelago to Salt Cay (Grand Turk), Inagua, the Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : — Bermuda ; southern I'hited States ; the West Indies and northern South America. Southern Sea-rocket. Gardena. Pork Bush. Family 3. CAPPARIDACEAE Lincll. Capgr Family. Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees), with alternate or very rarely opposite leaves, and regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 4— S. Petals 4 (rarely none). Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens 4—00, not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle; anthers oblong. Style generally short; ovules oo, on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent, or irregularly rupturing. Seeds various; endosperm none; embryo generally coiled. About 35 genera and 450 species, mostly of warm regions. Herbs; fruit a longitudinally dehiscent capsule. 1. Gleome. Shrubs and trees ; fruit indehiscent or irregularly rupturing. 2. Capparis. 1. CLEOME L. Sp. PI. 671. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple. Flowers mostly racemose. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4, cruciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Keceptacle short, slightly prolonged above the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), inserted on the recep- tacle. Ovary stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated, many- seeded. [Derivation uncertain.] About 75 species, mainly natives of tropical legions, especially American and African. Type species: Cleome gi/nandra L. 1. Cleome gynandra L. Sp. PI. 671. 1753. Cleome pentaphylla L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 938. 1763. Pedicellaria pentaphylla Sehrank; Eoem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 8: 11. 1790. Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC. Prod. 1 : 238. 1824. Annual, bright green, clammy-pubescent. Stem 5-10 dm. tall, branching; leaf -blades palmately 3-5-foliolate; petioles longer than the leaflets; leaflets 150 CAPPABIDACEAE. 2-6 cm. long, oval to obovate, acute or short-acuminate, serrulate ; racemes 1-4 dm. long; bracts suborbicular, oval or broadly obovate; sepals lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acuminate; petals white or pink, 5-10 mm. long; blades suborbicular, longer than the claws; stamens 6; capsules linear, 4-6 cm. long, surpassing the glandular pedicel in length; seeds 1-5 mm. broad, coarsely rugose and muricate. Waste and cultivated lands, New Providence at Grant's Town : — Bermuda ; southern United States ; West Indies and tropical continental America. Native of the Old World tropics. Small Spider-flowek. 2. CAPPARIS L. Sp. PI. 503. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with simple, mostly coriaceous leaves, sometimes stipu- late on young or barren shoots, and large corymbose, mostly white flowers. Sepals 4, distinct or partly united, often with a gland at the base. Petals 4, distinct, imbricated. Stamens several or usually many, the filaments filiform, the anthers short. Ovary stalked, 1-4-celled; ovules few or many, usually on 2 parietal placentae; style none; stigma depressed. Fruit elongated-linear, or oblong, or short and subglobose, indehiscent, or irregularly rupturing. Seeds without endosperm; embryo convolute; cotyledons fleshy. [From the Greek name of the Caper-tree, Capparis spinosa L., of Europe.] About 150 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Capparis spinosa L. Leaves densely scaly beneath. 1. C. cynophallophora. Leaves glabrous. 2. C. flcxuosa. 1. Capparis cynophallophora L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753. Capparis jamaicensis Jacq. Enum. 23. 1760. A shrub or a tree up to about 15 m. high, with a trunk diameter reaching 2 or 3 dm., the bark brown, furrowed, the slender, angular twigs densely scaly. Leaves elliptic or oblong, coriaceous, 4-12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, or those of shoots narrowly linear, sometimes 3 dm. long and only 5-10 mm. wide, acute obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous and shining above, densely silvery-scaly and with the lateral venation obsolete beneath, the scaly petioles 1-3 cm. long; corymbs few-several-flowered; pedicels stout, scaly, 0.5-3 cm. long; flowers fragrant; flower-bud 4-angled; sepals distinct, valvate, 8-12 mm. long, densely scaly, reflexed, nearly as long as the white petals; stamens numerous, purplish, 2-3 times as long as the petals, the anthers yellow; fruit narrowly linear, torulose, drooping, 8 cm.-4 dm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, irregularly rupturing, scarcely fleshy, often much longer than the gynophore. Scrub-lands and thickets, Andros, Long Island, Cat Island, Watling's, Atwood Cay, Acklin's, Fortune, Crooked, Mariguana, Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and Barbadoes ; Jamaica. Black Willow. 2. Capparis flexuosa L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 722. 1762. Capparis cynophallophora L. Syst. ed. 10, 1071. 1759. A glabrous shrub, or a tree up to 8 m. high, with a trunk 2 dm. in diameter, the bark brown, the branches slender, sometimes vine-like. Leaves elliptic to oblong, lanceolate to linear, coriaceous, 4-9 cm. long, obtuse, emarginate or sometimes acute at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, reticulate-veined on both sides, the rather stout petioles 2-6 mm. broad, with a small sessile, oblong or subglobose gland in the axil; corymbs few-flowered; pedicels stout, 12 mm. long or less; flowers fragrant; sepals suborbicular, 5-8 mm. broad, slightly united at the base, the outer a little smaller than the inner; petals white to rose, obovate, 1.5-2 cm. long; stamens numerous, about 3 times as long KOSALES. 151 as the petals, the filaments white; fruit long-linear, 6-20 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, more or less torulose, about twice as long as the slender gynophore, tardily opening longitudinally, its pulp scarlet. Scrub-lands and thickets, Andros, Exuma Chain, Long and Acklin's Island : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Barbadoes ; continental tropical America. Capeh-tkee. Crutaeva Tapia L., reported by Dolley, we have been unable to find in the archipelago. It is native of Jamaica, Martinique and of tropical continental Amer- ica, and is unlikely to have been found in the Bahamas, unless planted. Family 4. MORINGACEAE Dumort. Horseradish-tree Family. Trees with alternate, 2-3-pinnate. deciduous leaves, and perfect, slightly irregular flowers in large axillary panicles. Sepals 5, unequal, imbricated, reflexed or spreading, slightly united at tbe base. Petals 5, somewhat unequal, the lower one reflexed. Stamens 5, with slender filaments and 1-celled anthers, alternating with as many staminodia. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, bearing numerous pendulous ovules; style slender; stigma minute. Capsule elongated, angled, beaked, 3-valved. Seeds 3- winged or wingless; endosperm none; embryo straight, the cotyledons large. Only the following genus. 1. MORINGA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 318. 1763. Characters of the family. [Malabar name.] Three known species, natives of Asia and Africa, the following typical. 1. Moringa Moringa (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 1: 490. 1902. GhiUandina Moringa L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753. Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 314. 1791. A tree, up to 9 m. high, the bark corky, rough, the puberulent twigs slender. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, their segments and leaflets opposite; leaflets numerous, thin, oblong to obovate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse^, entire; flowers numerous, fra- grant; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; sepals linear to linear-oblong, 9-13 mm. long, reflexed ; petals nearly white, a little larger than the sepals ; capsule linear, 3-angled, pendulous, 2-4.5 dm. long, 1-2 cm. thick; seeds winged, 2.5-3 cm. long. Thickets, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, near Nassau ; Grand Turk : — -Florida : West Indies ; Mexico to Panama. Native of the East Indies. IIi'IISKKADISn-TREE. Order 12. ROSALES. Herbs, shrubs or trees, the flowers usually petaliferous and the petals distinct. Stamens mostly perigynous or epigynous. Sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave receptacle. Carpels one or more, distinct or sometimes united into a compound ovary. Endosperm copious, fleshy: leaves without stipules. Fam. t. Crassulaceae. Endosperm little or none ; leaves with stipules. Flowers regular. Ovary 2-ovuled : fruit a drupe: leaves simple. Fam. 2. Amtgdalaceae. Ovary several-ovuled ; fruit a legume; leaves com- pound. Fam. 3. MlMOSACEAa Flowers Irregular; fruit a legume or a loment. Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Fam. 4. Caesai.imnaceae. Lpper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud. Fam. 5. Fabaceae. 152 CRASSULACEAE. Family 1. CRASSULACEAE DC. Orpine Family. Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with cymose or rarely solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none. Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4-toothed or 4-parted in our species. Petals or corolla-lobes equal in number to the calyx-lobes or calyx-segments, usually persistent, rarely wanting. Stamens of the same number or twice as many as the petals or corolla-lobes; anthers longitudi- nally dehiscent. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Carpels equal in number to the sepals or calyx-lobes, distinct, or united below ; styles subulate or filiform; ovules numerous, arranged in 2 rows along the ventral suture. Follicles 1-celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds minute; endosperm fleshy; embryo terete; cotyledons short. About 30 genera and 600 species, of wide geographic distribution. Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. 1. BrxjophyUum. Calyx 4-parted. 2. Kalanchoc. 1. BRYOPHYLLUM Salisb. Par. Lond. pi. 3. 1805. Upright herbs. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnately compound, the leaflets mostly toothed. Flowers perfect, often showy, nodding, in cymes or panicles opposite the branches. Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. Corolla nearly campanulate, or urn-shaped, the narrow limb with 4 spreading lobes. Stamens 8, in 2 series, adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers mostly exserted. Carpels 4, distinct or partially united. Ovules many. Follicles 4. Seeds numerous. [Greek, sprouting leaf.] Four known species of South Africa, Asia and Madagascar, the following typical. •)/ 1. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 402; 52. 1871. Cotyledon pinnata Lam. Encyc. 2: 141. 1786. Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. Par. Lond. pi. 3. 1805. Perennial, fleshy, glabrous. Stamens 4-15 dm. tall, branched; leaf-blades often pinnately compound, 1-3 dm. long; leaflets oblong, oval or elliptic, obtuse, crenate, the terminal one several times longer than the lateral ones; panicles 1-4 dm. long, conspicuous ; calyx bladder-like, finally oblong-eampanulate, 3-3.5 em. long, glabrous; corolla reddish, twice as long as the calyx or shorter, its lobes lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acute. Waste grounds near old dwellings, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama southward to Long Island: — Bermuda; Florida; West Indies; Mexico. Probably a native of Asia. Life Plant. 2. KALANCHOE Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 248. 1763. Erect herbs, sometimes a little woody, with opposite leaves and panicled flowers, often showy. Calyx 4-parted, shorter than the corolla. Corolla salver- form, with a swollen tube and a spreading, 4-parted limb. Stamens usually 8, ir 2 series on the corolla-tube, the filaments very short. Carpels 4, lanceolate, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube; ovules many. Follicles many-seeded. [Chinese name.] Twenty species or more, all but the following natives of Asia and Africa. Type species: Cotyledon laciniata L. AMYGDALACEAE. 153 1. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Camb. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. 2: 196. 1829. Herbaceous, perennial, 3-10 dm. high, glandular-pubescent above. Leaves ovate to obovate, short-petioled, 5-10 cm. long, faintly pinnately veined, crenate-dentate, or the upper pairs lanceolate, much smaller and entire; inflor- escence 1-3 dm. long, cymose-paniculate, its branches nearly erect, the bracts very small; flowers yellow, 12-16 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, glandular-pubes- cent, acute; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx, the limb spreading; stamens borne on the corolla-tube a little above the middle, not exserted; follicles about 6 mm. long, the brown seeds oblong. Spontaneous after cultivation, pine-lands near Deep Creek, Andros :— Natural- ized in Cuba and in the Virgin Islands. Native of Brazil. Brazilian Kalanchoe. Family 2. AMYGDALACEAE Rchb. Plum Family. Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds often containing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the small stipules early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular. Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, deciduous, free from the ovary, 5-lobed. Disk annular. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals. Pistil 1 in our genera; ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma mostly small and capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, suspended; endosperm none;' cotyledons fleshy. About 10 genera and 120 species, widely dis- tributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Stvlo terminal. 1- Laurocerasus. Stylo basal or lateral. 2. Chrysobahinus. 1. LAUROCERASUS Poem. Syn. Mon. 3: 89. 1847. Evergreen trees or shrubs, with coriaceous or subcoriaceous leaves and 6inall flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes deciduous. Petals 5, white, deciduous. Stamens 15-30, the filaments slender. Ovary sessile; ovules pendulous; style terminal. Drupe subglobose, 1-seeded, the flesh thin, not pulpy. [Laurel-cherry.] About 20 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Primus Laurocerasus L. 1. Laurocerasus myrtifolia (L.) Britton, N. A. Trees, 510. 1908. Celastrus myrtifolius L. Sp. PI. 196. 1753. Primus spiiaerocarpa Sw. Prodr. 80. 1788. Prunus myrtifolia Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 93. 1904. A tree attaining a maximum height of about 12 m. with a trunk up to 4 dm. thick, the nearly smooth bark reddish brown. Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute, bluntish, or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, glabrous, shining above, dull beneath, entire-margined, the petioles about 1 cm. long ; racemes mostly shorter than the leaves, rather densely flowered; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; calyx-lobes toothed; petals broadly obovate, much longer than the calyx; stamens about as long as the petals; drupes globose, 9-12 mm. in diameter, orange-brown. In ciiptiicfs. Croat Bahama and Now Providence: — Florida; Cuba; Hispanlola ; Jamaica. West Indian Laurel-cheery. 11 154 MIMOSACEAE. 2. CHRYSOBALANUS L. Sp. PL 513. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with coriaceous, entire or undulate-margined leaves, and small, white or greenish, perfect flowers in terminal or axillary cymes or panicles. Calyx with a campanulate or turbinate tube and a 5-lobed limb, the lobes imbricated, nearly equal. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous, with slender filaments. Ovary inferior, sessile, 1-celled ; ovules 2, erect ; style fili- form, basal or lateral. Drupe pulpy, with a hard 5-6-ridged stone. [Greek, golden date.] About 3 species, 2 of them American, the other African. Type species :* Chrysobalanus Icaco L. Fruit oval or globose ; petals cuneate. 1. 0. Icaco. Fruit obovoid ; petals spatulate. 2. C. pellocarpus. 1. Chrysobalanus Icaco L. Sp. PL 513. 1753. An evergreen tree or shrub, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter, the thin bark brownish, the twiga glabrous or nearly so, reddish brown. Leaves elliptic to obovate or nearly orbicular, 4-8 cm. long, glabrous, rounded, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, dark green and shining above, dull beneath, the petioles short, stout; cymes peduncled, several-many-flowered, shorter than the leaves; calyx pubescent, its lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about 2.5 mm. long; petals white, cuneate-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; drupes various, globose or oval, pink, white or purple, '2-4 cm. long. Coastal thickets and woodlands and especially on the borders of swamps. Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Rose Island, Great Guana, Great Exuma, Elenthera, Cat Island. Watling's, Crooked Island. Inagua, Dellis' Cay (Caicos) and Ambergris Cay (Turk's Islands) : — Florida; West Indies; Mexico to northern conti- nental South America ; tropical Africa. Pork-fat Apple. Coco Plum. Catesby, 1 : pi. 25. 2. Chrysobalanus pellocarpus G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 193. 1818. Chrysobalanus Icaco pellocarpus DC. Prodr. 2: 525. 1825. Similar to the preceding species, but not attaining as large size, usually a shrub 2 m. high or less, sometimes a small tree. Leaves usually smaller, 6 cm. long or less, rounded or abruptly acute at the apex; cymes shorter than the leaves; petals spatulate; drupe mostly obovoid, or oblong-obovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, purple. Borders of swamps, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Guadeloupe ; South America. Probably a race of C. Icaco. Family 3. MIMOSACEAE Rchb. Mimosa Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, commonly 2-3-pinnate leaves, the stipules various, and small regular mostly perfect flowers in heads, spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or united petals, also valvate. Stamens distinct, or monadelphous. Ovary 1-celled; style simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds without endosperm; cotyledons fleshy. About 40 genera and 1500 species, mostly tropical. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10. . Stamens united below into a tube. Pods not elastically dehiscent. MIMOSACEAE. 155 Valves of the pod not separating from the continuous Valves of the pod thick, coiling in dehiscence in our species. Valves of the pod flat and papery. Valves of the pod separating from the continuous margins. Pods elastically dehiscent from the base. Stamens distinct. Seeds in one row ; ovary stipitate. Seeds in two rows ; ovary sessile. B. Stamens only as many or twice as many as the corolla- segments. Anthers without glands. Valves of the pod separating from the continuous margin. Valves of the pod not separating from the margins. Shrubs or trees ; seeds transverse. Herbs ; seeds longitudinal or oblique. Anthers tipped by glands (at least in the bud). Herbs ; flowers capitate ; pods flat. Trees ; flowers spicate ; pods nearly terete. margin. 1. Pithecolobium. 2. Albizzia. 3. Lysiloma. 4. Anncslia. 5. Acacia. 6. Vachellia. 7. Mimosa. 8. Leucaena. 9. Acuan. 10. Neptunia. 11. Prosopis. 1. PITHECOLOBIUM Mart. Hort. Monac. 188. 1829. Shrubs or trees, often spiny, with 2-pinnate leaves, and small, mostly per feet flowers in heads or spikes. Calyx 5-6-toothed. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Sta- mens many, long-exserted, the filaments partly united into a tube, the anthers small. Ovary several-many-ovuled ; style slender ; stigma small, capitate. Pods flattened, mostly contorted or curved, 2-valved. Seeds mostly arillate. [Greek, referring to the contorted pods of the typical species.] Perhaps 100 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Mimosa Unguis-cati L. The original sibling of the genus is Pithecellobium. Pinnae with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets 1-6 cm. -long or longer. Leaflets chartaceous ; petioles of at least the lower leaves longer than the petiolules. Leaflets coriaceous ; petioles shorter than the petiolules or as long. Petioles and petiolules stout, thick, the petiolules often 2-3 cm. long ; leaflets large, 2.5-7 cm. long. 2. Petioles and petiolules slender, 2-5 mm. long ; leaf- lets 1-3 cm. long. Leaflets strongly spinulose-mucronate ; shrub or small tree with erect branches. Leaflets rounded, or merely mucronulate ; low shrubs with divergent branches. Leaflets 2-8 mm. long ; petioles 6 mm. long or less. Pinnae with 3-6 pairs of leaflets. 1. P. Unguis-cati. P. (juadalupensc. 3. P. mucronutum. P. bahamense. P. Hystrix. P. discolor. 1. Pithecolobium Unguis-cati (L.) Mart. Hort. Monac. 188. 1829. Mimosa Unguis-cati L. Sp. PL 517. 1753. Pithecolobium flavovirens Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 442. 1905. A shrub up to 6 m. high, rarely a small tree 8 m. high, usually armed with stipular spines 2 cm. long or less, the foliage glabrous. Petiole 5-20 mm. long, bearing a round gland at the summit; pinnae 2, each with one pair of obliquely obovate or oblong, obtuse, thin leaflets, 1-5 cm. long ; heads slender-peduncled, in terminal racemes; flowers sessile; calyx about 2 mm. long; corolla 5-6 mm. long; stamens 10-15 mm. long, yellowish or pinkish; pod coiled or curved, red, compressed, somewhat constricted between the seeds, 5-10 cm. long, about 7 mm. wide; seeds nearly black, shining, 4-6 mm. broad. Scrub-lands, AVatling's Island, Acklin"s Island, Mariguana, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida: West Indies; Yucatan: northern South America. Cat's-claw. The characters thought to differentiate /'. flu rorircns specifically do not seem constant, since specimens from other islands obtained during subsequent explora- tion appear to connect them with those of P. Unguis-cati. 156 MIMOSACEAE. 2. Pithecolobium guadalupense Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 116. 1860. Pithecolobium Iceyense Britton; Coker, in Shattuck, Bah. Isl. 255. Hypo- nym. 1905. A usually unarmed shrub or small tree, sometimes 6 m. high with a trunk up to 1.5 dm. in diameter, the bark gray, slightly fissured, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Petioles 2-3 cm. long, bearing a round gland at the summit; pinnae 2. stalked, each bearing a single pair (rarely 2 pairs) of sessile leaflets, which are obliquely obovate or nearly orbicular, firm in texture, 3-7 cm. long, rounded or notched at the apex, or rarely short-pointed, the margins somewhat revolute; peduncles slender, glabrous, as long as the leaves or shorter, sometimes panicled; flowering heads 2-3 cm. in diameter ; calyx about 1.5 mm. long, 5-toothed ; corolla about 3 mm. long; stamens pink, about 3 times as long as the corolla; ovary pubescent; pod coiled or much curved, brown, 6-15 cm. long, 8-10 mm. broad; seeds black, shining. Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Andros to Mariguana, Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles: — Florida; Cuba. Black-bead. Ram's-hobn. 3. Pithecolobium mucronatum Britton; Coker, in Shattuck, Bah. Isl. 254. 1905. A shrub, about 2 m. high, the young twigs and peduncles sparingly pubes- cent. Petiole 1 cm. long or less, longer than or equalling the stiff sharp stipular spines, the gland stout-stalked; pinnae a single pair, stalked, each bearing a single pair of leaflets, which are coriaceous, rather narrowly obovate, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous, bright green and shining above, dull beneath, the mid- vein excurrent; peduncles much longer than the upper leaves; flowering heads about 1.5 cm. in diameter; calyx puberulent, its lobes ovate, acute; corolla about 6 mm. long, puberulent, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; stamens about 12 mm. long. Coastal thickets, Long Island, near Clarence Harbor. Endemic. Pointed Cat'S-CLAW. Cate^by. 2 : pi. 97. The records by Schoepf and by Bentham of P. circinale (L.) Benth., a plant of Hispaniola, as Bahamian, collected by Catesby, refer to this species. 4. Pithecolobium bahamense Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 38. 1902. A shrub, 3 m. high or less, the branches slender, glabrous. Petioles 1-10 mm. long, bearing a stout-stalked gland at the summit; stipular spines sharp, 3-7 mm. long; pinnae a single pair; petiolules as long as the petioles or shorter; leaflets 1 pair or sometimes 2 pairs, sessile, obliquely oblong, oblance- olate or obovate, subcoriaceous, 1-2.5 em. long, glabrous, obtuse or' mucronate at the apex, shining above, dull beneath; peduncles 2-3 cm. long; flowering heads 2-3 em. in diameter; calyx about 2 mm. long, its 5 ovate teeth acute; corolla about 4 mm. long, pink or crimson; stamens pink or crimson, 2-3 times as long as the corolla; ovary puberulent; pod coiled or much curved, 8-12 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide; seeds black. Scrub-lands, pine-lands, savannas and coppices, Andros, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba. Bahama Cat's-claw. 5. Pithecolobium Hystrix (A. Eieh.) Benth. in Hook. Icon. PI. pi. 1168. 1876. Inga hystrix A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 1: 471. 1845. Pithecolobium calliandriflorum C. Wright ; Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 83. 1866. An intricately branched shrub, 0.5-2 m. high, the twigs very slender, but stiff, puberulent or glabrate, the internodes mostly short. Stipular spines acicular, 4-12 mm. long; petioles 1-6 mm. long; pinnae a single pair; petiolules MIMOSACEAE. 157 mostly shorter than the petioles; leaflets obliquely obovate, 2-8 mm. long, ses- sile, subeoriaceous, rounded at the apex, rather strongly few-veined, shining above, dull beneath; peduncles 4-20 mm. long; heads few-several-flowered; calyx 2 mm. long, sharply 5-toothed; corolla about 5 mm. long; stamens rose, or pink, 2-3 times as long as the corolla; pod curved into a nearly or quite complete circle, 6-12 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Coppices and pine-lands, Andros, Xew Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba. Bristlt Cat's-claw. 6. Pithecolobium discolor Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 41: 4. 1914. A shrub, or a small tree up to 7 m. high, the young twigs and leaves densely puberulent, the old leaves glabrous or somewhat puberulent, 1-2 dm. long; petioles stout, 1-2 cm. long; pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, the glands on the rachis be- tween them small and orbicular ; leaflets 3-6 pairs, obovate, chartaceous, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, dark green above, pale beneath, reticulate-veined, obtuse or retuse; peduncles axillary, 5-11 cm. long; flowers short-racemose; pedicels puberulent; calyx 4-5 mm. long, puberulent; corolla puberulent, 7-8 mm. long; stamens 1.5-2 em. long; pod coiled, 6-8 em. long, 8-10 mm. wide; seeds blue and white, shining, orbicular, 4 mm. broad. Margin of coppice, Abaco at Old Kerr's Point, perhaps introduced : — Cuba. 2. ALBIZZIA Durazz. Mag. Tosc. 3*: 11. 1772. Unarmed trees, or some species shrubs, with bipinnate leaves and solitary or panicled heads, umbels, or rarely spikes of small, mostly perfect flowers. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnelform, the petals united to about the middle into a tube. Stamens numeious, united below, long-exserted ; anthers small; pollen-grains agglomerate. Pod broadly linear, flat, thin, not pulpy within. Seed^ suborbieular to oblong. [In honor of the Italian naturalist Albizzi.] About 50 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Albizzia Julibrissin Durazzini. 1. Albizzia Lebbeck (L.) Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 87. 1844. Mimosa Lebbeclc L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753. Acacia Lebbeclc Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1066. 1806. A tree, up to 15 m. high, often flowering when not over 5 m., the foliage glabrous or sparingly puberulent. Leaves large, often 4 dm. long ; petioles 2-10 cm. long, bearing an oblong, sessile gland; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 4-9 pairs on each pinna, thin, nearly sessile, obliquely oblong or the terminal pair obovate, obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, reticulate-veined; peduncles 4 3-10 cm. long; umbels subglobose ; pedicels pubescent, 2-5 mm. long; calyx narrowly cam- panulate, pubescent, about 4 mm. long, its teeth short ; corolla about 6 mm. long; stamens yellowish, about 3 cm. long; pod straight, broadly linear, nar- rowed at each end, 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 em. wide, glabrous, shining; seeds about 1.5 cm. broad. Roadsides spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence near Nassau : — Widely planted and established in the Wesf Indies: native of tropical Asia and Africa. WoMAx's-Toxr.rF. Tkek. Singee-teeb. 'Whistling bean. 3. LYSILOMA Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 82. 1844. Unarmed trees or shrubs, with slender branches, bipinnate leaves, the small flowers in heads or spikes. Calyx eampamilate, 5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobod. 158 MIMOSACEAE. Stamens numerous, more than twice as many as the corolla-lobes, the filaments united below into a tube. Ovary sessile or short-stalked; style slender or filiform ; ovules several or numerous. Pods flat, linear or oblong, the valves separating from the continuous margins. Seeds transverse, flattened. [Greek, referring to the separating of the pod-valves from the margins.] About 10 species of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Lysiloma bahamen- sis Benth. Leaflets few, obovate-oval ; stipules obovate ; pod obtuse. 1. L. Sabieu. Leaflets many, oblong or lanceolate; stipules ovate; pod acute. 2. L. bahamensis. 1. Lysiloma Sabieu Benth. Kew Jour. Bot. 6: 236. 1854. . Acacia latisiliqua paucifoliola DC. Prodr. 2: 467. 1825. Acacia formosa A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 463. 1845. Not Kunth. 1822. Lysiloma formosa Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot.Gard. 4: 83. 1893. Lysiloma paucifoliola Hitchc; Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club. 12: 38. 1902. A tree, attaining in Cuban forests a height of 60 m. or more, usually much smaller, the gray bark somewhat scaly, the slender twigs glabrous. Stipules obovate, rounded; leaves 1-2 dm. long, the petiole bearing a small circular gland; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 3-7 pairs, oval or obovate, 1-2.5 em. long, rounded at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrous, reticulate- veined, short-petioled; heads about 1.5 em. in diameter, solitary and long- peduncled in the axils; flowers greenish white; calyx about 1 mm. long; corolla about twice as long as the calyx, its lobes villous above; stamens 15-20, 2-3 times as long as the corolla; pod oblong, 7-15 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, rounded at the apex; seeds brown, flat, 6-10 mm. long. Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma and Fortune Island : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. Horseflesh. Sabicu. J ^C 2. Lysiloma bahamensis Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 82. 1844. Acacia bahamensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 221. 1860. Lysiloma latisiliqua A. Gray; Sauv. Anales Acad. Habana 5: 406. 1869. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 16 m. with a trunk up to 1 m. in diameter, the smooth, gray bark splitting into scales, the branches spread- ing, the twigs slender, glabrous; stipules ovate, acuminate; leaves 8-14 cm. long, the petiole bearing a large gland near the lowest pair of pinnae ; pinnae 2-5 pairs, 3-8 em. long; leaflets 10-33 pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, 8-15 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, unequally rounded at the base, glabrous; heads 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, racemose, globose, on peduncles 2-4 cm. long; flowers white, mostly perfect; calyx campanulate, about 1 mm. long; corolla twice as long as the calyx, its lobes reflexed ; stamens about 20, twice as long as the corolla; pod linear-oblong, 8-15 em. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, nearly straight, pointed; seeds flat, about 12 mm. long, dark brown, shining. Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama throughout the archipelago to Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Yucatan. Wild Tamarind. 4. ANNESLIA Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 64. 1807. Shrubs, or small trees, with bipinnate leaves and capitate flowers, the heads peduncled, axillary, or in terminal racemes. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla funnelform or campanluate, 5-lobed, the petals being united to the mid- dle or above the middle. Stamens numerous; filaments united below, long-ex- MIMOSACEAE. 159 serted; anthers small, glandular-hirsute or glabrous, the pollen grains agglom- erate. Ovary many-ovuled; style filiform. Pod linear, usually narrowed below the middle, flat, not pulpy within, straight or nearly so, elastically dehiscent from the base, the valves stiff with raised margins. Seeds obovate 'or orbicular, com- pressed. [In honor of George Annesley, 1769-1844, English traveler and botanist.] Over 100 species, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Anneslia falcifolia Salisb. Flowers red to purple: pod appressed-pubescent. 1. A. haematosioma. Flcwers white ; pod glabrous. 2. A. formosa. 1. Anneslia haematostdma (Bert.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 50. 1918. Acadia haematomma Bert.; DC. Mem. Leg. 448. 1825. Calliandra haematomma Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 103. 1844. A much-branched shrub 3 m. high or less, the twigs sparingly pilose or glabrous. Leaves small, 1-3 cm. long; petioles short; pinnae 1 pair; leaflets 3-8 pairs, oblong to obovate, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse or mucronate, strongly few- nerved, coriaceous; peduncles mostly pubescent, usually shorter than the leaves, commonly clustered toward the ends of the branches; calyx striate, about 2 mm. long; corolla silky-pubescent, 5-7 mm. long; stamens red, 1-2 em. long; pod pubescent, 5-8 em. long, 6-8 mm. wide. Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Rum Cay, Conception Island, Fortune Island, YVatling's, Caicos and Inagua : — Cuba to St. Thomas. Red Anneslia. ifc 2. Anneslia formosa (Kunth) Britton & Millspaugh. Acacia formosa Kunth, Mim. 102. 1822. Calliandra formosa Benth. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3 : 98. 1844. Calliandra formosa cubensis Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 59: 4. 1919. A branched shrub, 0.5-2.5 m. high, glabrous throughout. Leaves 7-15 cm. long; petioles 1-3 cm. long; pinnae 2 or 3 pairs; leaflets 6-11 pairs, oblong to oblong-obovate, inequilateral, 10-22 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, obliquely subtruneate at the base, subchartaceous, few-veined; peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves; calyx about 2 mm. long; corolla glabrous, about twice as long as the calyx; stamens white, 1-1.5 cm. long; pod glabrous, 5-9 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, attenuate at the base. Scrub-lands, coppices and thickets, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and the Berry Islands to South Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Cuba ; Mexico. Recorded by Hitchcock as Calliandra gracilis Griseb. and by Dolley as Calliandra portoricensis Benth. White Anneslia: 5. ACACIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1049. 1806. Shrubs or trees, with bipinnate leaves, the ultimate leaflets usually small and numerous, or the leaves in many exotic species modified into flat simple phyllodes. Flowers small, in heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate, usually 4-5-toothed, or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals. Petals mostly 4 or 5, or wanting. Stamens distinct, exserted ; filaments filiform ; pollen-grains cohering in 2 's-6 's. Pod linear, oblong or oval, flat or swollen, often constricted between the seeds. [Greek, point, or thorn, many species being thorny.] About 450 species, chiefly in subtropical regions. Type species: Acacia nilotica Delile. 160 MIMOSACEAE. Foliage glabrous. Leaflets linear-oblong; base of trunk armed with clusters of long spines. 1. A. acuifera. Leaflets obovate to oblong and elliptic; unarmed tree. 2. .1. choriophylla. Foliage pubescent; leaflets many, linear. 3. A. macracantha. 1. Acacia acuifera Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1: 496. 1S42. A glabrous, much-branched shrub or small tree up to about 4 m. high, the base of the trunk armed with clusters of rigid sharp spines 4-10 cm. long, the slender twigs warty. Stipules spinescent, 2-20 mm. long; petiole 3-10 mm. long, bearing a sessile, nearly flat gland at the end, between the single pair of short-stalked pinnae; pinnae 5-9 cm. long, the rachis bearing small glands between the pairs of leaflets; leaflets 8-17 pairs, oblong, coriaceous, 5-15 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, obliquely truncate at the sessile base, shining above, dull beneath; peduncles solitary or fascicled, slender, 2-3.5 cm. long; flowers yellow in dense globose heads about 8 mm. in diameter; stamens about twice as long as the corolla; pod fleshy, linear, curved, 5-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick, slightly impressed between the seeds. Coppices and scrub-lands, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Fortune Island, Acklin's, Grand Turk. Caicos Islands, Inagua and Little Inagua. Endemic. Ba- hama Acacia. Rosewood. Cassip. Poek-and-Doughboy. 2. Acacia choriophylla Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1: 495. 1842. An unarmed tree, up to 8 or 9 m. high, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Stipules minute, subulate; petioles rather stout, 8-15 mm. long, glandular; leaves 1-2 dm. long; pinnae 1-3 pairs, short-stalked; leaflets 3-7 pairs, sessile, oblong to obovate, subcoriaceous, 1.5-3 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base ; peduncles mostly clustered in the axils, slender, glabrous, often numerous, 2-3.5 cm. long; flowers yellow, in dense globose heads 6-8 mm. in diameter, the corolla puberu- lent ; stamens about twice as long as the corolla ; pod stipitate, woody, oblong, straight or somewhat curved, compressed, 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, about 8 mm. thick, short-pointed, glabrous, tardily dehiscent. Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Mariguana and Inagua : — Cays of northern Cuba. Recorded by Hitchcock as Pithecolobium asplenifolium Griseb. Cinnecoed. 3. Acacia macracantha H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PL 4: 1080. 1806. A widely branched tree, 5-15 m. high, or sometimes a shrub, the young twigs slender, tomentose or pubescent, the tortuous branches armed with stipular spines 6 cm. long or less, or sometimes unarmed. Leaves tomentose or pubescent, the short petiole bearing a sessile depressed gland ; pinnae 8-40 pairs, short-stalked, 2-4 cm. long; leaflets 15-40 pairs, linear, 2-5 mm. long, obtuse, sessile, glabrous or nearly so ; peduncles clustered or solitary in the upper axils, slender, pubescent, 1-3 cm. long; flowers yellow, capitate; heads globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter; pod linear, tomentulose, turgid-compressed, 6-10 cm. long, straight or a little curved, continuous or more or less torulose, somewhat pulpy. Rocky plain, Salt Cay, Turk's Islands ; in a yard, Matthew Town, Inagua : — Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Vieques ; St. Thomas to Tortola, Martinique and Vene- zuela. Long-spined Acacia. 6. VACHELLIA W. & A. Prodr. 272. 1834. Spiny shrubs or small trees, with bipinnate leaves, numerous, small leaflets, the polygamous flowers in globular heads. Calyx 5-lobed; corolla tubular- funnelform, 5-lobed. Stamens numerous, the filaments distinct. Ovary sessile; MIMOSACEAE. 161 style filiform. Pod woody, swollen, nearly terete, very tardily dehiscent or inde- hiseent, pulpy within. Seeds in two rows, immersed in the pulp. [Com- memorates C. H. Vac-hell, an English missionary and botanical collector in China.] A monotypic genus. >< 1. Vachellia Farnesiana (L.) W. & A. Prodr. 272. 1834. Mimosa Farnesiana L. Sp. PI. 521. 1753. Acacia Farnesiana Willd. Sp. PL 4: 1083. 1806. A shrub or small tree up to about 9 m. high, its thin brown bark scaly, the slender branches spreading, the twigs armed with stiff paired whitish spines 1-2.5 cm. long. Leaves glabrous or more or less pubescent, evenly bipin- nate, 4-8 cm. long, short-petioled ; pinnae 3-8 pairs, sessile or nearly so; leaflets 10-25 pairs, linear-oblong, 2-6 mm. long, bluntish at the apex; peduncles axillary, slender, mostly shorter than the leaves; heads 8-12 mm. in diameter; flowers yellow, fragrant; calyx about half as long as the corolla; corolla about 1.5 mm. long; stamens 2-3 times as long as the corolla; pod straight or a little curved, 3-7.5 em. long, about 1.5 cm. thick, pointed, dark brown; seeds shining, 6 mm. long. Waste and schub-lands and coastal thickets, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Great Exuma, Fortune Island. Grand Turk and Caicos : — Florida; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Tobago; Jamaica: continental tropical Amer- ica and Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley as Acacia tortuosa* Willd., a Jam- aican species. Aroma. Cashia. Opoponax. 7. MIMOSA L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753. Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees, mostly with 2-pinnate, often sensitive leaves, the small regular, mostly 4-5-parted, perfect or sometimes polygamous flowers in axillary, peduncled heads or spikes. Calyx small, its teeth short. Petals valvate, connate below, hypogynous. Stamens as many as the petals or twice as many, distinct; exserted; filaments mostly filiform; anthers small, eglandular. Ovary 2-many-ovuled ; style slender or filiform; stigma terminal, small. Pod linear or oblong, usually flat, often transversely jointed, 2-valved with the con- tinuous margins persistent. Seeds compressed. [Greek, referring to the sensi- tive leaves of some species.] Over 300 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Type species: Mimosa sensitiva L. Low, sensitive-leaved herb. 1. If- pudica. Shrub, the leaves not sensitive. 2. M. bahamensis. 1. Mimosa pudica L. Sp. PI. 518. 1753. Herbaceous, or a little woody, loosely pubescent with long hairs or gla- brate, branched, 5 dm. high or less, the stems and branches armed with rather stout, somewhat curved prickles 2-4 mm. long. Stipules lanceolate, striate, acuminate, 3-6 mm. long; petioles slender, with a pulvinus at the base, 2-6 cm. long, deflexed when touched; pinnae 1 pair or 2 approximate pairs, also with a pulvinus at base, 2-6 cm. long; leaflets 15-25 pairs, thin, linear, 6-10 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, folding when touched, acutish at the apex, obliquely rounded at the base; heads ovoid, axillary; peduncles 1-2 cm. long; calyx minute; petals and stamens 4; stamens pink; pods linear-oblong, 2-5-jointed, 1-1.5 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, constricted at the joints, the margins armed with slender straight prickles, otherwise glabrous. Andros at Mastic Point, collected only by Keith: — West Indies; continental tropical America : naturalized in the East Indies. Cultivated on New Providence. Sensitivh Plant. 162 MIMOSACEAE. 2. Mimosa bahamensis Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 408. 1842. A much-branched shrub 1.5-3.5 m. high, or a small tree about 4 m. high, the branches armed with short hooked prickles, the twigs densely brown-tomentulose. Petioles, rachis and peduncles tomentulose or raehis glabrate; leaves 4-7 cm. long; petioles 5-20 mm. long; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 2-6 pairs, oval or obo- vate, 2-6 mm. long, subcoriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, rounded at the apex, subcordate or nearly truncate at the base, the midvein prominent, the lateral venation obscure; heads 1 cm. broad, short-peduncled, axillary and in terminal racemes; calyx about 0.5 mm. long; corolla about 1.5 mm. long, 4-cleft; stamens 8, pink, 2-3 times as long as the corolla; pod linear-oblong, compressed, 4-7 cm. long, 12-14 mm. wide, densely brown-tomentulose, 6-10-jointed, both sutures narrowly winged, the wings lacerate or nearly entire; seeds oval- quadrate, smooth, brown, 4-6 mm. long. Scrub-lands and thickets, Watling's Island, Rum Cay, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Caicos Islands ; Inagua. Endemic. Bahama Mimosa. Haclback. The plant recorded by Schoepf as Mimosa aroorea has not been identified. 8. LEUCAENA Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 416. 1842. Unarmed trees or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, the white flowers in peduncled heads. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, valvate. Stamens 10, distinct, exserted, the anthers not gland-bearing, often pilose. Ovary stipitate; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma minute. Pod broadly linear, flat, membranous, completely 2-valved, the ovate or obovate flat seeds transverse. [Greek, referring to the white flowers.] About 10 species, mostly of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 416. 1842. Mimosa glauca L. Sp. PI. 520. 1753. Usually a shrub 2-3 m. high, but sometimes a small tree, in Porto Rico becom- ing a tree 20 m. high, the young twigs puberulent. Leaves 1-2 dm. long ; petiole 3-6 cm. long, with or without a gland ; pinnae 3-10 pairs, the upper ones little shorter than the lower ; leaflets 10^20 pairs to each pinna, oblong or lanceolate, thin, 8-15 mm. long, inequilateral, acute at the apex, obliquely narrowed at the base, light green above, pale beneath ; heads globular, axillary or terminal, mostly clustered, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter; peduncles stout, puberulent or pubescent, 2-3 cm. long; calyx obconic, 1 mm. long, its short teeth blunt; petals linear-spatulate, pubes- cent; stamens about 3 times as long as the petals; ovary pubescent; pods several or numerous, linear, 10-15 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, abruptly acute or mucronate, tapering at the base, the thin valves with raised margins. Pastures, coppices, waste-lands and thickets, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to the Caicos and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; tropical America : Old World tropics. Probably native of continental trop- ical America. Jumbie Bean. Jimbay. Cow-bush. Catesby 2 : pi. J$. 9. ACUAN Medic. Theod. 62. 1786. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and green- ish or whitish small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Flowers perfect, sessile, or the lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous. Calyx campanulate, its teeth short. Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united or coherent below. Stamens 10 or 5, distinct, mainly exserted; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo. Pod linear, straight or curved, acute, MIMOSACEAE. 163 flat, several-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceous or membranous. About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America, one widely distributed in trop- ical regions of the Old World. Type species: Mimosa virgata L. Pods 6-9 cm. long; plant erect or ascending. 1. A. virgatutn. Pods 4-5 cm. long; plant diffuse. 2. A. depression. jfc 1. Acuan virgatum (L.) Medic. Theod. 62. 1786. Mimosa virgata L. Sp. PL 519. 1753. f Mimosa pernambucana L. Sp. PL 519. 1753. Desmanthus virgatus Willd. Sp. PL 4: 1047. 1806. Desmanthus strictus Bertol. Giorn. Aread. 21: 190. 1824. Stem erect or ascending, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, branched, 0.5-2 m. high. Stipules subulate, 2.5-4 mm. long; leaves 2-8 cm. long, short- petioled, the petiole and rachis sometimes pubescent; pinnae 1-7 pairs, the gland between the lower pair usually oblong, conspicuous; leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear or linear-oblong, 4-9 mm. long, thin, obtuse or apieulate at the apex, subtruncate at the base; heads few-several-flowered; peduncles solitary in the axils, slender, 2-5 cm. long; flowers white; stamens 10, about twice as long as the petals ; pod straight or slightly curved, 4-7.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, acute or apieulate, smooth. Thickets and scrub-lands, Great Sturrup Cay, Andros, New Providence. Eleu- thera, Long Island, Acklin's, Fortune Island and Inagua : — Florida ; Bermuda ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Virgate Mimosa. 2. Acuan depressum (H. & B.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PL 1: 158. 1891. Desmanthus depressus H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PL 4: 1046. 1806. Diffusely branched, seldom over 3 dm. high, glabrous or sparingly pubes- cent. Stipules subulate, 3.5 mm. long or less; leaves short-petioled, 1.5-4 cm. long; pinnae 1-5 pairs, the gland between the lowest pair small, mostly orbicu- lar; leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear, 3-5 mm. long, thin, obtuse at the apex, obtuse or subtruncate at the base; heads few-flowered, on, solitary axillary peduncles; stamens 10, about 6 mm. long, twice as long as the petals; pod straight or slightly curved, 2-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Roadsides and waste places. Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Providence, Long Island, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and Grenada ; Jamaica ; Mexico to continental tropical America. Low Mimosa. 10. NEPTUNIA Lour. Fl. Coch. 653. 1790. Prostrate, diffuse or floating perennial herbs, some species a little woody, with bipinnate leaves, and axillary solitary, long-peduncled heads of more or less imperfect and perfect flowers. Calyx campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, distinct, or united below the middle. Stamens mostly 10, distinct, exserted, the anthers bearing a stalked gland. Ovary stipitate, several-many- ovuled; style filiform with a terminal capitate stigma. Pods broadly linear or narrowly oblong, stipitate, flat, commonly recurved, impressed between the ovate transverse seeds, 2-valved, the valves thin-coriaceous. [Dedicated to Neptune.] About 10 species, of America, tropical Asia and Australia. Type species: Neptunia oleracea Lour. 164 CAESALPINIACEAE. 1. Neptunia plena (L.) Benth. in Hook. Jour. Bot. 4: 355. 1842. Mimosa plena L. Sp. PI. 519. 1753. Glabrous, the slender branches prostrate or ascending, 3-6 dm. long. Stipules ovate to lanceolate, thin, oblique, 4-6 mm. long; leaves 4-10 cm. long, with slender petioles; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 12-20 pairs, linear, thin, faintly veined, 4-10 mm. long, obtuse ; peduncles 6-12 cm. long, usually bearing 1 or 2 cordate bracts at or below the middle; heads ovoid; flowers yellow, the upper ones perfect, the lower staminate, or neutral with exserted staminodia; pods 2-5 cm. long, about 8 mm. wide, acute or apieulate, thickened on the margins. Scrub-land opening, New Providence ; Inagua, near a fresh water pond west of Great Salt Lake : — Cuban Cays ; Haiti ; Porto Rico ; Antigua to Grenada ; Ja- maica ; continental tropical America. Neptunia. 11. PROSOPIS L. Mant. 1: 10. 1767. Trees, with bipinnate leaves, and small, nearly or quite sessile flowers, in axillary spikes or rarely capitate. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 10, distinct, the anthers usually bearing a deciduous gland. Ovary mauy-ovuled; style filiform; stigma small and terminal. Pod linear, subterete or somewhat flattened, coriaceous, indehiscent, the mesocarp spongy. Seeds flattened. [Greek name of some plant.] About 15 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Prosopis spicigera L. 1, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Prodr. 2: 447. 1825. Mimosa juliflora Sw. Prodr. 85. 1788. A tree, up to 13 m. high, but usually smaller, with widely spreading branches, armed with stipular slender straight spines, 1-4 cm. long, the slender twigs glabrous or nearly so. Leaves glabrous, or when young sparingly ciliate, 0.7-2 dm. long; petioles slender, 1-4 cm. long; pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, short- stalked; leaflets 12-20 pairs, linear-oblong, sessile, 7-16 mm. long, strongly few- veined, obtuse or mucronulate at the apex, obliquely obtuse at the base ; flowers greenish or yellowish, in dense cylindric peduneled spikes, 5-10 cm. long, 7-8 mm. thick; calyx about 1 mm. long, its teeth short; petals about 2.5 mm. long, acute, villous within ; ovary villous ; pod compressed, falcate, 7-20 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, 5-7 mm. thick when mature. Waste places, introduced but not planted, Inagua, near Mathew Town : — Cuba ; Hispaniola : Tortola ; Montserrat ; Jamaica : Bonaire ; Curacao ; Aruba ; continental tropical America. Naturalized in the Philippine Islands. Mesquite. Family 4. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke. Senna Family. Trees, herbs or shrubs, with alternate, simple or compound, mostly stipulate leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes monoe- cious, dioecious or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. Calyx mostly of 5 sepals or 5-toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and the upper (unpaired) one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer in our genera, the filaments distinct, or more or less united. Ovary 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled. Fruit a legume, mostly dehiscent into 2 valves. Seeds with or wdthout endosperm. About 90 genera and 1000 species, mostly of tropical distribution. CAESALPIXIACEAE. 165 Leaves once pinnate. Anthers dorsiflxed, longitudinally dehiscent: larger petals 3. 1. Tamarindus. Anthers basiflxed. mostly opening by terminal pores or slits : petals 5. Pod not elastically dehiscent: seeds with long funicles. i". Cassia. Pod elastically 2-valved ; seeds with short funicles. 3. Chamaecrista. Leaves twice pinnate. Petiole very short, terminating in a spine. 4. Parkinsonia. Petioles well developed. Stigma not peltate ; pod not winged. Pod splitting through the middle of the valves. 5. H a-emato-ri/liim. Pod splitting along the sutures. ^Yoody vines: pods broad, thick, mostly prickly. 6. Quilandina. Trees or shrubs ; pods narrow, unarmed. Calyx-lobes imbricate : shrubs and low trees. Stamens and pistils little longer than the corolla. 7. Caesalpinia. Stamens and pistils much longer than the corolla. 8. PoincUuia. Calyx-lobes not imbricated ; large introduced tree. 0. Delonix. Stigma peltate; pod flat, thin, winged. 10. Peltophorum. 1. TAMARINDUS L. Sp. PL 34. 1753. An unarmed tree, with evenly pinnate leaves, numerous and small leaflets, the stipules caducous, and pink to yellow racemose flowers. Calyx-tube turbi- nate, its 4 segments imbricated. Petals very unequal, the 3 upper ones large, nearly alike, the 2 lower ones minute, scale-like. Perfect stamens 3, mona- delphous; anthers longitudinally dehiscent; staminodia minute. Ovary stipi- tate, few-many-ovuled, the stipe adnate to the calyx-tube; style long; stigma terminal, subcapitate. Pod linear or linear-oblong, curved, little compressed, indehiscent, the thin epicarp crustaceous, the mesoearp pulpy, the coriaceous endocarp septate between the obovate-orbicular seeds. Endosperm none; coty- ledons thick. [Latin name of the tree.] A monotypic genus. 1 Tamarindus indica L. Sp. PL 34. 1753. A large tree, sometimes 20 m. high or higher, with a trunk up to 1.5 m. thick, the branches widely spreading, the young twigs slender, puberulent. Leaves 6-12 cm. long, short-petioled, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 10-18 pairs, thin, reticulate-veined, oblong, 12-25 mm. long, rounded or refuse at the apex, obliquely obtuse or subtruncate at the base; racemes few-several-flowered, mostly terminal and shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender, 6-10 mm. long; calyx 8-10 mm. long; larger petals a little longer than the sepals; stamens a little longer than the petals; pod 5-15 cm. long, about 2 em. thick, the epicarp brown, scaly, the flesh acid, the brown shining seeds about 1 em. broad. Spontaneous after cultivation. Andros. New Providence and Inagua : — Prob- ably native of tropical Africa : widely naturalized in tropical America. Tamarind. 2. CASSIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 376. 1753. Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, with evenly pinnate leaves, and mainly (in all our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, generally longer than the tube. Corolla nearly regular; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal, imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually 10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some of them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the lower stamens larger, opening by 2 pores at the summit. Ovules =o. Pods various. Seeds often rumerous. [Ancient name.] About 200 species, of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Typo species: Cassia Fistula L. 166 CAESALPINIACEAE. Pods not jointed. Pods terete or turgid. Pods turgid, straight. Suture indistinct; seeds in a single row. 1. C. Sophera. Suture indistinct ; seeds in a double row. 2. C. bicupsularis. Pods not turgid, strongly curved, narrow. 3. C. Tora. Pods flat, or the valves lightly convex ; suture distinct. Petiolar gland situated near the leaf base. Gland wart-like. 4. 0. occidentalis. Gland elongated, pointed. 5. C. ligustrina. Petiolar gland at the first pair of leaflets. Gland wart-like. 6. C. bahamensis. Gland elongated. 7. C. Mflora. Pods jointed. Joints continuous. 8. 0. uniflora. Joints moniliform. 9. G. villosa ^ 1. Cassia Sophera L. Sp. 379. 1753. A shrub, 1-2.3 m. high, nearly glabrous throughout, with slender branches. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long; petiole 1-3 cm. long, bearing a sessile round gland near the base; leaflets 5-10 pairs, ciliate, at least when young, membranous, lanceo- late to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly rounded at the base; flowers in short racemes in the upper axils; pedicels 8-15 mm. long; calyx about 8 mm. long; petals about twice as long as the sepals; pod linear, straight, turgid or subterete, 5-10 cm. long, 7-9 mm. thick, pointed, glabrous; seeds dull, brown, 4-5 mm. long. Waste grounds, New Providence, near Nassau, Eleuthera, Cat Island : — West Indies ; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Kasondi Senna. 2. Cassia bicapsularis L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753. A shrub, up to 3.5 m. high, glabrous, or nearly so, throughout, the branches slender, sometimes vine-like. Stipules small, early deciduous; leaves 5-9 cm. long, slightly fleshy, bearing an oblong gland narrowed toward the base, between the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 1-4 cm. long, short-stalked, rounded at the apex, the upper pair obovate, narrowed at the base, the others oblong to suborbicular, rounded at both ends; racemes axillary, few-flowered, as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels 3-8 mm. long; sepals oblong, obtuse, faintly veined, 8-12 mm. long; petals yellow, veiny, oblong-obovate, somewhat longer than the sepals; pod turgid, subterete, 8-15 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick, longitudinally dehiscent; seeds lenticular, obliquely oval, brown, shining, about 5 mm. long, horizontal. Scrub-lands and loose rocky soil, North Caicos, Grand Turk Island : — Ber- muda (naturalized); Cuba to Tortola and Grenada; Jamaica; continental trop- ical America. Christmas-bush. Wild Raisin. 3. Cassia Tora L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753. Cassia obtusifolia L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753. Annual, glabrous, 4-6 dm. high. Stipules linear-subulate, deciduous ; leaves petioled, the gland borne between or above the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets 2—4 pairs, thin, obovate, obtuse and mueronate at the apex, 2-4 cm. long; flowers 1-2.5 cm. broad, few, in short axillary racemes ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the upper 3 imperfect; pod linear, very slender, subterete, strongly curved, 1-1.5 dm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Waste grounds, New Providence. Eleuthera : — Central and southern United States ; throughout tropical and subtropical America ; Old World tropics. Low Senna. ^k 4. Cassia occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753. Annual, glabrous, much branched, 1.4-2 m. high. Stipules caducous; gland borne near the base of the petiole; leaflets 8-12, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. CAESALPINIACEAE. 167 long, 8-18 mm. wide; flowers 14-1S mm. broad, in short axillary racemes; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse ; pod linear, gla- brous, 1-1.5 dm. long, about 6 mm. wide, nearly flat, somewhat curved, its margins thickened. Waste and cultivated ground. North Rimini, Andros, New Providence, Eleu thera, Watling's, Long, Fortune, and Acklin's Islands and Inagua : — Bermuda ; southern United States ; throughout tropical America ; Old World tropics. Coffee Senna. 5 Cassia ligustrina L. Sp. PI. 378. 1753. Perennial, shrubby, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, branched, 5-20 dm. high, the branches nearly terete. Stipules linear, fugacious or wanting ; leaves petioled, 1-2.5 dm. long, bearing a linear-oblong gland on the petiole; leaflets 5-8 pairs, short-petioluled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2.5-6 cm. long; racemes few-several- flowered, peduncled, axillary and forming a terminal corymb ; pedicels slender ; calyx about 8 mm. long; petals yellow, fading whitish, twice as long as the sepals; perfect stamens 10; pod linear, flat, glabrous, curved, 7-15 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; seeds compressed, parallel with the valves. Waste grounds, pine and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence :- — Bermuda ; Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guiana. Privet Senna. 4c 6. Cassia bahamensis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 9. 1768. Cassia bahamensis latifolia Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. 27: 541. 1871. A shrub, 1-3 m. high, the stems simple or branched, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Leaves 7-15 cm. long; leaflets 3-5 pairs, rather firm in texture, oblong or elliptic to ovate-elliptic, acute or mucronate, 2.5-6 cm. long, the petiolar gland large, sessile, wart-like, orbicular or subglobose, the linear stipules caducous; flowers corymbose-paniculate; pedicels slender, 8-20 mm. long; calyx 6-8 mm. long; petals obovate, 10-15 mm. long; pods linear, flat, slightly curved, 7-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, the seeds transverse. Scrub-lands, coppices, thickets and pine-lands. Berry Islands, Andros. New Providence, Exuma Chain. Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Little San Salvador. Watling's Rum Cay, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, South Caicos : — Florida: Cays of northern Cuba. Specimens from Fortune Island and South Caicos have broadly ovate-elliptic leaflets (var. latifolia Benth.). Bahama Senna. Stinking Pea. 7. Cassia biflora L. Sp. PL 378. 1753. Cassia angustisiliqua Lam. Encycl. 1: 649. 1783. Cassia biflora angustisiliqua Lam.; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 208. 1860. A shrub or rarely a small tree up to 4 m. high, the slender twigs glabrous or pubescent, the subulate stipules deciduous. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, bearing a cylindric sessile gland, 3-6 mm. long, between the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets 4-11 pairs, oblong to obovate-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, membranous or subchartaceous, obtuse, acutish, or slightly emargi- nate and commonly mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base : flowers in small corymbs; pedicels very slender, 8-20 mm. long; calyx 5-7 mm. long; petals obovate, about three times as long as the calyx; pod linear, flat, membranous, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 5-10 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, somewhat impressed between the seeds. Scrub and open lands. New Providence, Eleuthera. Cat Island. Great Exuma, Watling's, Atwood Cay, Fortune Island. Caicos and Inagua: — Jamaica; Cuba; His- paniola: Grenada; Florida; continental tropical America. Bushy Si:n.\a. Mos- quito Bush. 168 CAESALPINIACEAE. S. Cassia uniflora Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768. Cassia sericea Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 2: 724. 1800. Annual, appressed-villous with brownish long hairs, simple or branched, 3-10 dm. high. Stipules narrowly linear, 5-20 mm. long; leaves 6-15 cm. long, petioled, bearing long-stalked glands between one or more of the pairs of leaflets; leaflets 2-4 pairs, thin, nearly sessile, oblong to obovate, 2-5 cm. long, rounded or acutish and mueronate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrate above, appress-ed-silky beneath; peduncles axillary, 1-few-flowered, as long as the petioles or shorter; sepals rounded, about 6 mm. long; petals about twice as long as the sepals; perfect stamens 7; pod narrowly linear, 2.5-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide, compressed, deeply impressed between the oblong trun- cate seeds, the margins continuous. Roadsides and waste places. New Providence. Long Island and Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; Margarita ; Mexico southward to Venezuela. Silky Senna. 9. Cassia villosa Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Shrubby, densely stellate-pubescent all over, 6 dm. high or higher, branched, the branches terete. Leaves petioled, 7-15 cm. long; stipules wanting, or very early fugacious ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, with a short-stalked gland between the lowest pair, very short-petioluled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, inequilateral ; flowers few or several, in peduncled axillary racemes shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender, 6-10 mm. long; calyx 7-8 mm. long; petals yellow, veiny, about twice as long as the sepals ; perfect stamens 7 ; pod linear, 5-8 em. long, compressed, monilif orm, the joints 1-seeded. Waste places, New Providence. Native of Mexico. Mexican Senna. Cassia emarginata L>., a tree of tropical America, recorded by Schoepf as seen by him on New Providence in 1784 is not otherwise known from the Bahamas. 3. CHAMAECRISTA Moench, Meth. 272. 1794. Herbs or low shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, often sensitive to the touch, mostly persistent strongly nerved stipules, and yellow flowers in small axillary clusters or solitary in the axils. Calyx-lobes acuminate. Corolla some- what irregular, three of the Ave petals smaller than the others. Stamens 5-10, all usually with perfect anthers opening by terminal pores. Pods linear, flat, more or less elastieally dehiscent, the valves twisting. [Greek, low crest.] About 100 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical region. Type species: Cliamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench. Herbs ; leaves membranous. Pubescence appressed ; pod 3 mm. wide or less. Pubescence spreading : pod 3.5-4 mm. wide. Low shrubs : leaves coriaceous. Glands short-stipitate : leaflets shining. Branches densely pubescent. Branches glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaflets lanceolate to oblong, acute or mueronate. Leaflets narrowly obovate to obovate-oblong, obtuse. Glands strictly sessile ; leaflets dull. 1. Chamaecrista Cliamaecrista (L.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 12. 1917. Cassia Chamaecrista L. Sp. PI. 379. 1753. Low, slightly woody, diffusely branched, the branches slender, ascending, spreading or prostrate, pubescent or glabrate, sometimes 2-3 dm. long. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, strongly few-veined, 3-6 mm. long; petioles about as long 1. 2. C. c. Cliamaecrista. riparia. 3. c. lucayana. 4. 5. 6. c. c. c. caribaea. inaguensis. lineata. CAESALPINIACEAE. 169 as the stipules, bearing a solitary small, slender-stalked gland; leaflets 5-16 pairs, linear, 5-12 mm. long, inequilateral, thin, pubescent or glabrate, often ciliate, mucronate; peduncles 1 -flowered, not longer than the petioles; sepals thin, lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long; petals obovate, slightly longer than the sepals; stamens 5-7; pod linear, loosely pubescent or glabrate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 3 mm. wide or less. Sandy and rocky soil. New Providence, South Caicos : — Cuba to St. .Tan, St. Kitts and Grenada; Margarita; Bonaire; Curacao; Jamaica. fc2. Chamaecrista riparia (H.B.K.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 11. 1917. Cassia riparia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 6: 369. 1824. Erect, slightly woody, 2-5 dm. high, the stem, the ascending branches and leaf-rachis villous with long, spreading, brownish hairs. Stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, striate-veined, 4-10 mm. long; petioles villous, mostly shorter than the stipules, bearing a solitary, rather stout-stalked gland ; leaflets 6-25 pairs, linear, 6-12 mm. long, inequilateral, aristate, glabrous or very nearly so ; peduncles 1-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; sepals lanceolate, loosely villous, about 5 mm. long; larger petals 7-8 mm. long; pod linear, loosely villous, 1.5-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Pine and scrub-lands, Andros. New Providence, Eleuthera : — Grand Cayman. Referred by Dolley to Cassia glandulosa L. ; by Hitchcock to Cassia nictitans L. ; by Mrs. Northrop to Cassia mimosoides P.. and by Britton (Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3 : 443) doubtfully to Cassia aspera Muhl. 3. Chamaecrista lucayana Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 8. 1917. Cassia lucayana Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 138. 1906. A much-branched shrub, 1.5 m. high or less, the twigs densely pubescent, very leafy. Petiole 6-12 mm. long, somewhat pubescent, bearing a stout flat- topped gland below the lowest leaflets; rachis sparingly pubescent or glabrous; leaflets 4-9 pairs, coriaceous, glabrous, minutely papillate, inequilateral, ovate to ovate-oblong, sessile, obliquely cordate or subcordate at the base, obtuse to acutish and distinctly cuspidate at the apex, 1-2 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, finely many-veined, the veins parallel, somewhat anastomosing; stipules lance- olate-subulate, 3-4 mm. long ; peduncles 1 or 2 in the axils, 3-4 em. long, pubescent; legume linear, flat, narrowed at the base, abruptly short-tipped, nearly glabrous or with a few scattered hairs when' mature, 4-5 em. long, 5-7 mm. wide, imperfectly septate between the seeds; seeds obliquely quadrate, compressed, dull, 4—5 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad. Rocky scrub-lands, Exuma Chain from a cay north of wide opening to Great Exuma, Cat Island, Conception Island and Rum Cay. Endemic. 4. Chamaecrista caribaea (Northrop) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 8. 1917. Cassia caribaea Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 39. pi. 6. 1902. A branched shrub, 1 m. high or less, the young twigs sparingly appresscl- pubescent or glabrate. Petiole 2-7 mm. long, bearing a nearly cylindric gland or glandless; leaflets 2-4 pairs, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, inequilateral, oblong to narrowly elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acute and mucronate at the apex, obliquely rounded at the base, strongly veined, 1.5 2.5 cm. long; stipules lanceolate-subulate, about 4 mm. long; flowers solitary in the axils, rarely 2, peduncles glabrous, very slender, 2-3 em. long; calyx about 1 em. long; the outer sepals pilose on the back; petals about twice as long as the sepals, obovate; pod linear, 3-5.5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, sparingly short- pubescent. Rocky scrub and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence and Cat Island. En- demic. 12 170 CAESALPINIACEAE. 5. Chamaecrista inaguensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 8. 1917. Cassia inaguensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 443. 1905. A much-branched shrub, 6-12 dm. high, the twigs pubescent. Leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, glabrous, coriaceous, rigid, shining, oblong to obovate, strongly and finely many-veined, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed but not cuneate at the base, more or less inequilateral, 1.5-3 cm. long, 5-13 mm. wide; petiole 2-6 mm. long, sparingly pubescent, bearing a stipitate gland near the top; stipules lanceolate-subulate, 2-4 mm. long, pubescent, persistent; flowers solitary in the axils, numerous, the filiform sparingly pubescent peduncles 2-3 cm. long; sepals pubescent, at least at the base, obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, 1 cm. long or less; petals golden yellow, about 1.5 cm. long; young legume densely pubescent. Open scrub-land, Grand Turk Island, Caicos and Inagua. Endemic. i 6. Chamaecrista lineata (Sw.) Greene, Pitt. 4: 31. 1899. Cassia lineata Sw. Prodr. 66. 1788. A usually much-branched shrub, 3-10 dm. high, the twigs finely pubescent or glabrate. Leaflets 3-8 pairs, oblong, linear-oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, coriaceous, 6-20 mm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, rounded and mucronulate at the apex, dull, rather strongly pinnately veined, glabrous or puberulent, the petiole 3-8 mm. long, bearing a sessile gland; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the petioles or shorter; flowers solitary in the axils, 2-3 cm. broad; petals obovate; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 7-10 mm. long; legume linear, pubescent, 2.5-6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, short-beaked. Scrub, palmetto, and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to YVatling's. North Caicos, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Anegada ; Jamaica. Reported by Hitchcock and by Mrs. Northrop as Cassia polyadena DC. and also referred to that species by Bentham ; reported by Dolley as Cassia Chamaecrista L. 4. PAEKINSONIA L. Sp. PI. 375. 1753. Spiny shrubs or small trees, with nearly sessile, bipinnate leaves, the common petiole very short and spinulose-tipped, the 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae elongated, with several-many, small leaflets, the showy, yellow flowers in racemes. Calyx-tube short, the 5 narrow segments nearly equal. Petals 5, spreading, nearly equal. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments villous at the base; anthers all alike, versatile, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary short- stipitate, many-ovuled; style nearly filiform; stigma small and terminal. Pod linear, coriaceous, torulose, striate-veined, 2-valved. Seeds oblong, longitu- dinally placed, hard; endosperm horny; cotyledons flat. [Commemorates John Parkinson, an English botanist, herbalist to James I, who died in 1750.] Three known species, of tropical and subtropical America and Africa, the following typical. 1. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 375. 1753. A shrub, or a tree up to about 9 m. high, with nearly smooth brown bark, and slender, spreading or drooping branches, the young twigs pubescent, the stipular spines 2 cm. long or less. Pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, appearing like sessile pinnate leaves, 2-4 dm. long, the rachis flat, narrowly winged, bearing 10-25 pairs of short-petioluled, linear to obovate leaflets 1.5-8 mm. long, or some- times without leaflets; racemes few-several-flowered, as long as the leaves or CAESALPINIACEAE. 171 shorter; pedicels very slender, 0.5-2 em. long; calyx 6-8 mm. long; petals nearly orbicular, about twice as long as the calyx; stamens about one-half as long as the petals; pods drooping, linear-cylindrie, 5-15 cm. long, much con- stricted between the seeds, which are oblong-cylindric, about 1 cm. long. Scrub-lands, Grand Turk: — southern United States; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Trinidad ; Jamaica : continental tropical America ; introduced into the Old World tropics. Parkin soma. Hohsebean. 5. HAEMATOXYLUM L. Sp. PL 384. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with yellow wood, evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets ob- cordate, the spinescent stipules persistent or deciduous, the showy yellow minutely bracted flowers in loose axillary racemes. Calyx-tube very short, its 5 segments imbricated, somewhat unequal. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, some- what unequal. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments pilose at the base; anthers all alike. Ovary short-stipitate, 2-3-ovuled; style filiform; stigma terminal, small. Pod flat, membranous, oblong or lanceolate, not dehiscent along the sutures, but splitting through the middle of the valves. Seeds transverse, oblong; endo- sperm none; cotyledons 2-lobed. [Greek, bloodwood.] Two known species, the following typical. 1. Haematoxylum campechianum L. Sp. PI. 384. 1753. A glabrous tree up to about 8 m. high, or sometimes shrubby, with spread- ing branches, the trunk ridged, the bark smooth and light gray, the twigs slender. Stipnlar spines 5-15 mm. long; leaves petioled, 5-10 cm. long; petioles very short; leaflets 2-4 pairs, chartaeeous, cuneate-obovate, 1-3 cm. long, finely many -veined, usually rather deeply emarginate, shining above; racemes several-many -flowered, short-peduncled, 2-5 cm. long; pedicels fili- form, spreading, 4-6 mm. long; calyx 3-4 mm. long, its segments oblong-lanceo- late, acute, unequal; petals obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; stamens about as long as the petals; pod oblong, delicately veined, 2-5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, very thin, pointed at both ends. Coastal thickets, hillsides and borders of salines, Andros. New Providence, Exuma chain. Cat Island, Conception Island, Long Island, Crooked Island: — West Indies and Central America. Logwood. Catesby, 2 : pi. 66. 6. GUILANDINA L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753. Woody vines, the stems and branches mostly armed with stout recurved prickles. Leaves large, petioled, bipinnate, the leaflets often punctate. Flowers rather large, yellow, racemose or paniculate, the narrow bracts deciduous. Calyx-lobes 5, imbricated, longer than the tube. Petals 5, nearly alike, spread- ing. Stamens 10, the filaments pubescent below, the anthers longitudinally de- hiscent. Pods oval or elliptic, not much longer than wide, subcoriaceous, com- pressed, usually prickly, splitting along the sutures. Seeds hard, globose or ovoid, yellow, gray or black, smooth, scarcely flattened. [Commemorates Mel- chior Guilandinus, a German traveller and botanist who died in 1590.] About 12 species, mostly West Indian. Type species: Guilandina Boiiduc L. Seeds gray ; stipules large. 1. Q. Crista. Seeds yellow; stipules small or wanting. Leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate. 2. '/. Bonduc. Leaflets elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse or emarginate. 3. 6'. ovalifolia. 172 CAESALPINIACEAE. 1 Guilandina Crista (L.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 591. 1903. Caesalpinia Crista L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753. Guilandina bondueella L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 545. 1762. Caesalpinia bondueella Fleming, Asiat. Researches 11 : 159. 1810. A vine, up to 6 m. long, trailing or climbing, the twigs and leaves armed with hooked prickles, the twigs also more or less densely bristly. Stipules usually f oliaeeous, thin, usually incised, persistent, sometimes 5 cm. broad ; leaves 3-8 dm. long, more or less pubescent ; pinnae 4-8 pairs, short-stalked ; leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong to ovate-oblong or elliptic, rather thin, 2.5-7 cm. long, obtuse, retuse or short-acuminate and often mucronate at the apex, nearly sessile, rounded or subeordate at the base; racemes axillary, pubescent, some- times bristly, many-flowered, sometimes 3 dm. long; bracts linear-acuminate, reflexed or spreading, 1-1.5 cm. long, deciduous; pedicels 1 cm. long or less; calyx 7-9 mm. long; petals oblong-ovate, about 1 cm. long; pod 5-10 cm. long, 6 cm. wide or less, usually densely prickly; seeds gray, shining, obovoid-oval, slightly compressed, 2-2.5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide. Coastal thickets, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Mariguana, Inagua, Grand Turk and the Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; coasts of continental tropical America and of the Old World tropics. Gray Nickers. Brier. 2, Guilandina Bonduc L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 545. 1762. Caesalpinia Bonduc Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 32. Hyponym. 1814. Guilandina major Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 591, 1331. 1903. A trailing or climbing vine, armed with hooked prickles. Stipules none; leaves often 6 dm. long, stout-petioled ; pinnae 3-6 pairs; leaflets 4-8 pairs, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4-8 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, subcoriaceous, somewhat shining above, glabrous or very nearly so when old; racemes 3 dm. long or less, many-flowered; bracts linear-lanceolate, erect, early deciduous; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx about 6 mm. long; petals 1.5 cm. long or less; pod 6-12 cm. long, about one-half longer than wide, rather loosely prickly; seeds bright yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Coastal thickets and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, and Rum Cay : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; East Indies. Large Yellow Nickers. * 3. Guilandina ovalifolia (Urban) Britton, Bull. N". Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 118. 1905. Caesalpinia ovalifolia Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 273. 1900. Caesalpinia lucida Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 275. 1900. Climbing, 4 m. long or longer, the young branches prickly, puberulent. Leaves 2-3 dm. long, the rachis puberulent; leaflets 5-8 pairs, oval or elliptic, glabrous or nearly so, shining, rounded at the apex, rounded to narrowed at the base, their terminal mucro often 2 mm. long; racemes densely puberulent, solitary or in pairs, 1.5-2 dm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, attenuate- acuminate, 8 mm. long, soon spreading; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long; sepals oblong, obtuse, densely tomentulose, 6-7 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, soon reflexed; petals bright yellow, about as long, as the sepals, oblong to oblong-spatulate, obtuse; pod obliquely obovate, 6-8 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, 2 cm. thick, shining, armed with numerous rather distant yellow stiff bristles 6 mm. long or less, its sharp stout beak about 1 cm. long; seeds globular, yellow-brown, shining, 1.6 cm. in diameter. Coastal thickets, Great Sturrup Cay, New Providence, and Hog Island, Rose Island, Eleuthera. Great Guana Cay, Long Island and Acklin's Island : — Florida. Small Yellow Nickers. We are unable to distinguish a difference between the two above species of Prof. Urban in specimens gathered, after thorough search, in the type localities he mentions which are only separated by the narrow harbor of Nassau. CAESALPIXIACEAE. 173 7. CAESALPINIA L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753. Unarmed or prickly shrubs or trees, with bipinnate leaves and racemose yellow bracted flowers, the bracts commonly early deciduous. Calyx-tube short, its 5 segments imbricated. Petals 5, broad, imbricated, more or less unequal. Stamens 10, distinct, declined, short-exserted; anthers all alike, longi- tudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, glabrous or pubescent; style mostly fili- form; stigma terminal. Pod linear to oblong, dehiscent or indehiscent, flat or swollen. Seeds transverse; endosperm none. [Commemorates Andreas Caes- alpini 1519-1603, famous Italian physician and botanist.] Thirty species or more, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Caesalpinia brasili- ensis L. Leaflets few pairs, obovate. Legunio indehiscent. 1- 0. vesicarut. Legume dehiscent. Prickly throughout: leaflets scarcely reticulated. -. G. bahamensis. Unarmed or with a few prickles at the base ; leaflets strongly reticulated. 3. C. reticulata. Leaflets many pairs, linear-oblong. 4. C. coriaria. 1. Caesalpinia vesicaria L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753. Caesalpinia bijuga Sw. Obs. 166. 1791. A much-branched shrub or tree up to about 7 in. high, the twigs and leaves glabrous, armed with few prickles 4-8 mm. long, or unarmed. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long; petioles 1-3 cm. long; pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, stalked; leaflets 1-3 pairs, obliquely cuneate-obovate, subcoriaceous, 1-4 cm. long, subtruncate or emargi- nate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, dark green and shining above, pale and rather dull beneath; racemes simple or compound, mostly as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels slender, jointed near the top, 6-9 mm. long; calyx 8-9 mm. long; petals a little longer than the calyx; stamens about as long as the petals, the filaments densely villous; pod oblong, straight, coriaceous, inde- hiscent, 4-6 cm. long, 12-20 mm. wide, about 4 mm. thick, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous; seeds few, orbicular, shining, brown. Coastal thickets and rocky coppices. Great Guaria Cay, Long Island and Groat Ragged Island: — Cuba; Jamaica: Yucatan. Brasiletto.. 2. Caesalpinia bahamensis Lam. Encycl. 1: 461. 1783. Caesalpinia Crista Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 205. 1S60. Not L. 1753. Caesalpinia Eugeliana Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 278. 1900. A prickly shrub, 1.5-2.5 in. high, or rarely a small tree up to 4 in. high, the young twigs and leaves brownish tomentulose or glabrate, becoming glabrous, "the leaves unarmed, or bearing a few prickles. Leaves 8-25 cm. long; petioles 1-3 cm. long; pinnae 2-4 pairs, stalked, 15 em. long or less; leaflets 3-6 pairs, short-petioluled, obovate to elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, subcoriaceous, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, reticulate-veined, shining above, dull beneath; racemes mostly as long as the leaves or Longer; pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long, jointed above; calyx about 9 mm. long; petals yellowish green, shorter than the calyx; sta.uens curved, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; pod flat, broadly linear, 5-7 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, glabrous, Bhort-stipitate, acuminate. Coppices and scrub binds. Andros, New Providence, Bleuthera, Great Guana Cay: Cuba. Recorded by Schoepf as c. brasiliensia L. Bahama Caesalpinia. Catesby, 2 : pi. 51. 174 CAESALPIXIACEAK. 3. Caesalpinia reticulata Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 118. 1905. A shrub or small tree, 4 in. high or less, similar to C. bahamensis. Stem ami branches unarmed in all specimens observed; young shoots puberulent; Leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, obliquely oval or obliquely obovate, coriaceous, glabrous when mature, strongly finely reticulate-nerved and shining above, 'lull and less prominently nerved beneath, rounded, truncate or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, 1.5-5 cm. long, 3 cm. wide or less, very inequilateral; petiolules 2-3 mm. long; racemes solitary or 2 or 3 together, 2 dm. long or less; flowers yellowish white; pedicels ascending, 1-2 cm. long, becoming very stout in fruit; calyx stipitate, the tube nearly hemispheric; stamens long-exserted ; pod flat, smooth, 6-9 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, its stipe somewhat longer than or equaling the persistent calyx-tube. Scrub-lands, Watling's, Acklin's, Crooked Island and Inagua.' Endemic. Slightly but apparently constantly distinct from C. bahamensis and of different distribu- tion ; perhaps a race of that species. Net-veined Caesalpinia. 4. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 532. 1799. Poineiana coriaria Jacq. Sel. Amer. 123. 1763. Libidibia coriaria Schl. Linnaea 5: 193. 1830. A widely branched unarmed tree, 5-10 m. high, with slender twigs, puberu- lent when young, soon glabrous. Leaves 1-2 dm. long ; petioles and rachis finely tomentulose; pinnae 4-10 pairs, short-stalked; leaflets numerous and small, 12-26 pairs, 4-6 mm. long, very nearly sessile, oblong-linear, obtuse at the apex, subcordate or truncate at base, glabrous and dull on both surfaces, usually with one or more black dots beneath; flowers yellow, in small panicles or racemes shorter than the leaves; pedicels glabrous, 2-4 mm. long; calyx about 5 mm. long, its segments nearly alike; petals spatulate, about as long as the calyx; stamens about as long as the petals; pod oblong, compressed, 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, laterally incurved. Spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence, near Nassau : — Santo Do- mingo : Jamaica; St. Thomas to Trinidad; Curasao; continental tropical America. Divi-Divi. 8. POINCIANA L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, sometimes prickly, with evenly bipinnate leaves, and orange red or yellow, showy flowers in panicles or racemes, the bracts early de- ciduous or none. Calyx-tube short, the 5 lobes imbricated, unequal, the lowest one the largest. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 10, distinct, long-exserted; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, several-ovuled; style slender; stigma small, terminal. Pod linear or linear-oblong, flat, 2-valved. Seeds transverse; endosperm none. [In honor of Poinci, a governor of the West Indies.] A few species, of tropical and subtropical distribution, the following typical. 1. Poineiana pulcherrima L. Sp. PL 380. 1753. Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw. Obs. 166. 1791. A glabrous shrub or small tree up to about 5 m. high, the branches prickly. Leaves 3 dm. long or less, unarmed, the petiole and lower part of the rachis stout, the upper part of the rachis very slender; pinnae 3-9 pairs, short-stalked; leaflets 5-12 pairs, thin, very short-stalked, oblong to oblong-obovate, bright green above, pale beneath, 1-2 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, rounded or subtrun- cate and mucronulate at the apex, obtuse at the base; racemes large, terminal, CAES ALPINIACE AE. 1 "i 5 and axillary; pedicels slender, 5-8 cm. long; sepals unequal, the larger about 1.5 cm. long; petals orange or yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; stamens 5-6 em. long; pod flat, broadly linear, 12 cm. long or less, 14-18 mm. wide, Bomewhat oblique, pointed at both ends, its valves subcoriaceous, glabrous, twisting after dehis- cence; seeds compressed. Spontaneous in waste places, and in coppices, Andros, New Providence and Ina una : — Cuba to St. Thomas and to Trinidad; continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Baebadoes Pkide. 9. DELONIX Eaf. Fl. Tell. 2: 92. 1836. Unarmed trees, with evenly bipinnate, estipulate leaves of numerous small leaflets, and large, showy, orange to scarlet flowers in terminal or axillary corymbose racemes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the nearly equal lobes valvate. Petals 5, long-clawed, the blade nearly orbicular. Stamens 10, declined; fila- ments distinct; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled; style slender or short; stigma truncate, ciliolate. Pod broadly linear, flat, woody, 2-valved, nearly solid between the oblong transverse seeds. Endo- sperm present; cotyledons thick. [Greek, referring to the long-clawed petals. J About 3 species, natives of Africa, the following typical. 1. Delonix regia (Bojer) Eaf. Fl. Tell. 2: 92. 1836. Poinciana regia Bojer; Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 2884. 1829. A widely branched tree, reaching a maximum height of about 12 m., with a trunk up to 9 dm. in diameter, the thin bark gray-brown, the twigs somewhat pubescent. Leaves 3-5 dm. long; petiole stout, reddish or yellow, 7-12 cm. long; pinnae 10-25 pairs, short-stalked, 8-15 cm. long, the rachis pubescent; leaflets 20-40 pairs, oblong, puberulent on both sides, 4-10 mm. long, inequi- lateral, rounded at both ends; pedicels stout, 4-8 cm. long; calyx about 2 em. long; petals spreading and reflexed, 5-7 cm. long, orange to scarlet and mottled; stamens shorter than the petals; pod 4-6 dm. long, 5-7 cm. wide, dark brown. Spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence, near Nassau : — Widely culti- vated and spontaneous after cultivation throughout the West Indies and in south- ern Florida. Native of Madagascar. Royal Poixciana. Flamboyant. 10. PELTOPHORUM A'ogel; Walp. Rep. 1: 811. 1S42. Unarmed trees, with bipinnate leaves of numerous small leaflets, the small stipules caducous, and yellow flowers in panicled racemes. Calyx-tube short, its 5 segments nearly equal or the lower one somewhat larger than the others. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading, imbricated, slightly unequal. Stamens 10, dis- tinct, declined; filaments pilose below; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile, few- many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma peltate. Pod oblong, flat, indehiseent, narrowed at both ends. Seeds 1-4, flat, transverse; endosperm none. [Greek, shield-bearing; from the peltate stigma.] About 7 species, of tropical dis- tribution. Type species: PeltopJiorum Vogelianum Walp. 1. Peltophorum adnatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 206. 1860. A tree, in the Bahamas up to about 12 m. high, in the Cuban fore-fs reach- ing a height of 50 m., the twigs, petioles, rachis, inflorescence, calyx, and lower leaf-surfaces densely brown-tomentose or villous. Leaves petiole. 1, 1 -'■'< dm. 176 I'AUAi'KAK. long; pinnae 6-12 pairs, opposite, very nearly sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 5-10 em. long; leaflets 12-36 pairs, opposite, coriaceous, linear-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, revolute-margined, glabrous and shining above, obtuse at the apex, trun- cate at the sessile base; panicles terminal, many-flowered, often 3 dm. long; pedicels slender, 12-20 mm. long; calyx subglobose in bud, 5-6 mm. long, its obovate segments imbricated, nearly equal; petals obovate, 7-10 mm. long; stamens shorter than the petals; pod 4-5 cm. long, 12-15 mm. wide at the middle. Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, Great Exuma, Long Island : — Cuba. Hokse- BUSH. Family 5. FABACEAE Rchb. Pea Family. Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipu- late leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo- dioecious flowers, mainly in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx 4-5- toothed, or 4-5-cleft, sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more or less united, or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a broad upper one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two front ones more or less united (forming the keel) ; the standard enclosing the wings in the bud. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or sometimes separate, 10 in most of the genera, sometimes 9, rarely 5. Pistil simple, superior; ovary mainly 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the sutures, or several-celled by cross-partitions; style simple; ovules 1-many, anatro- pous or amphitropous. Fruit a legume, 1-many-seeded, dehiscent into 2 valves, or indehiscent, in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly without endo- sperm; cotyledons thick. About 325 genera and over 5000 species, most abundant in temperate and warm regions. Filaments all separate. Petal only 1 ; pod flat, short, winged. Corolla papilionaceous : pod turgid, elongated. Filaments monadelphous or diadelphous. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Fruit 2-valved. Leaves mostly trifoliolate. Leaflets entire. Leaflets serrulate. Leaves pinnate. Leaves unequally pinnate. Pods 4-angled or turgid. Pods flat. Leaves equally pinnate. Standard broad,- longer than the keel-petals ; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate. Standard narrow, shorter than the keel-petals ; calyx-lobes low and broad. Fruit a loment. Stamens all united into a tube. Vexillar stamen free from the others. Joints of the loment flat. Joints of the loment thick, fleshy. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves 1-foliolate ; pod suborbicular ; vine-like shrubs. Leaves pinnate ; pod elongated, 4-winged ; tree. Tines, our species herbaceous (Phaseolus lathyroides an erect herb; Cajan erect and half-shrubby). Keel of the corolla not curved nor coiled (somewhat bent in Canavali) . Leaves equally pinnate, terminated by a bristle. Leaves trifoliolate, rarely unifoliolate. Style bearded along the inner side. Style glabrous or sparingly pubescent below (somewhat bearded in Dolichos). 1. Atelcia. 2. Sophora. 3. Crotalaria. 4. Trifolium. 5. Indigofera. 6. Cracca. 7. Sesban. 8. Agati. 9. Stylosanthes. 10. Meibomia. 11. Alysicarpus. 12. Ecastophyllum. 13. Ichthyomethia. 14. Abrus. 15. Clitoria. is. L9. Galactia. CanavaU. 20. C a jan. 21. Dolicholus 22 rhasi olu8. i1::. 24. Dolich08. Vigna. FABACEAE. 177 Standard spurred at the base. 16. Bradburya. Standard not spurred at the base. Pod covered with stinging hairs. IT. Mucuna. Pod without stinging hairs, pubescent or glabrous. RacMs of the inflorescence thickened at the nodes. Calyx-lobes unequal. Calyx 2 lipped. Rachis of the inflorescence not thickened .it the nodes. Erect : half-shrubby ; seeds numerous. Herbaceous, our species vines ; seeds only 2 or 3. Keel of the corolla coiled or curved. Keel spirally coiled. Keel not spirally coiled, incurved. Stigma terminal. Stigma oblique or lateral. 1. ATELEIA Moc. & Sesse; Benth. Ann. Wien. Mus. 2: 101. 1837. Unarmed shrubs or small trees, with unevenly pinnate leaves, and small white or greenish flowers, in narrow, simple or branched, axillary racemes. Stipules minute or none. Bracts minute. Calyx truncate or minutely 5-toothed. Wings and keel-petals wanting; standard hooded, clawed. Stamens 10, distinct; anthers ovate, all alike. Ovary short-stipitate, 2-ovuled; stigma inflexed, nearly sessile. Pod irregularly obovate-orbicular, stipitate, flat, indehiseent, the upper suture narrowly winged. Seed flat, reniform; cotyledons fleshy; radicle in- flexed. [Greek, defective.] Three known species of Central America and the West Indies. Type species: Pterocarpiis Ateleia DC. 1. Ateleia cubensis Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: ISO. 1860. Sivartsia multijuga A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 201. pi. 48. 1845. Xot Vogcl. 1837. Ateleia multijuga Hitch. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 80. 1893. A shrub or small tree up to 5 m. high, the slender twigs glabrous, gray, the inflorescence and young foliage densely brown-pubescent. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, 5-11-foliolate, glabrous or nearly so when old; leaflets oblong to elliptic or ob- long-obovate, densely and finely reticulate-veined, subeoriaceous, entire, 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, sessile, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base; racemes spike-like, shorter than the leaves, or as long; pedicels very short; calyx broadly campanulate, truncate, 2-3 mm. long; standard about 3 nun. long;" pod slender-stipitate, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, veiny, cuneate-narrowed at the base. Thickets, coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands. Great Bahama. Andros, New Frovidence, Eleuthera, Oat Island and Calcos Islands: — Cuba.. Stinking-PHA Koot. 2. SOPHORA L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers white, yellow or violet, in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx generally campanulate, its teeth short. Standard obovate or orbicular; wings obliquely oblong; keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens all distinct or very nearly so; anthers versatile. Ovary short-stalked: stylo in- curved. Pod stalked, coriaceous or fleshy, terete, constricted between the seels, mainly indehiseent. [Name Arabic, yellow.] About 25 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Sophora alopecuroidea L. 178 FABACEAE. 1. Sophora tomentosa L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753. A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with silky-tomentose foliage. Leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 11-17, the blades leathery, oblong, oblong-obovate or oval, inequilateral, becoming glabrous and revolute-margined ; racemes elongating, 1-4 dm. long; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; calyx oblong or oblong-funnelform, 5-8 mm. long, con- stricted at the base, undulate or indistinctly 5-lobed; corolla yellow; standard with an ovate blade fully 1 cm. broad, and over 1.5 cm. long; keel-petals 20 mm. long; pods 5-10 cm. long, strongly constricted between the seeds, long-stalked. Coastal thickets, coppices and white-lands, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama through Andros and Eleuthera to Caicos, Grand Turk, Inagua and Anguilla Isles: — Bermuda; Florida; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St. Vincent; Jamaica ; Aruba ; Old World tropics. Coast Sophora. 3. CKOTALAEIA L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753. Herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with simple, or in many tropical species 3-7-foliolate leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped; standard orbicular or ovate, often cordate; wings oblong or obovate; keel curved. Stamens monadelphous, their sheath deeply cleft ; anthers of 2 forms, alternating with each other, the one small, versatile, the other larger ; style more or less curved ; pod oblong or globose, inflated, many-seeded, the seeds loose at maturity. [Greek, a rattle.] About 250 species, mainly of trop- ical regions. Type species: Crotalaria lotifolia L. Leaves simple. Flowers blue, variegated. 1. C. verrucosa. Flowers yellow. 2. C. retusu. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers 1 cm. wide or less ; pod about 1 cm. long. 3. C. ptimila. Flowers large, 1.5 cm. wide or more ; pod 2-3.5 cm. long. Herbaceous annual : pods pilose. 4. C. in ran a. Somewhat woody perennial ; pods puberulent. 5. C. lotifolia. 1. Crotalaria verrucosa L. Sp. PI. 715. 1753. Annual, 3-8 dm. high, branched, the branches zigzag, angled, finely ap- pressed-pubescent. Leaves simple, broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse, rounded or acute and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-7 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so above, finely appressed-pubescent beneath, short- petioled, the rounded stipules 3-6 mm. long ; racemes several-flowered, longer than the leaves, the peduncle and raehis angled; calyx deeply cleft, its upper lobes ovate, the lower lanceolate ; corolla blue, variegated, 1-1.5 cm. long, about twice as long as the corolla; pod sessile, oblong, beaked, appressed-pubescent with long hairs, 3-4 cm. long, 9-12 mm. thick. Waste and cultivated ground, New Providence, Long Island and Crooked Island : — St. Thomas to Virgin Gorda and Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; continental tropical America. Native of the East Indies. Purple Rattlebox. 2. Crotalaria retusa L. Sp. PI. 715. 1753. Annual, appressed-pubescent, usually branched, 4-10 dm. high. Stipules minute or wanting; leaves simple, oblanceolate, spatulate or oblong, short- petioled, 4-8 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, euneate at the base, glabrous above, appressed-pubescent beneath; racemes terminal, peduncled, loosely several-many-flowered, 2 dm. long or less; pedicels 6-10 mm. long; calyx 2-lipped, about 10 mm. long; petals nearly twice as long as the calyx, yellow, the standard variegated; pod oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick, short-beaked, glabrous. Waste and cultivated land, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Ber- muda; West Indies; continental tropical America. Naturalized from the Old World. Large Yellow FvAttlebox. FABACEAE. 179 3. Crotalaria pumila Ortega, Hort. Matr. 23. 1797. Perennial, woody below, finely pubescent or glabrate, branched, the slender branches decumbent or ascending, 1-9 dm. long. Stipules 1-2 mm. long, deciduous, subulate; petioles very slender, 0.5-2 cm. long; leaflets 3, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, thin, 5-15 mm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath; racemes few-flowered, mostly terminal, much longer than the lea1 pedicels slender, 2-5 mm. long; calyx 5-cleft to about the middle, the lobes acute or acuminate; petals yellow, the standard 7-9 mm. long, twice as long as the calyx, the keel with a short horizontal beak; pod oblong, sessile, 10-15 mm. long, about 5 mm. thick. 1'ine and palmetto-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island. Great Guana Cay, Exuma and Crooked Island: — Florida; Cuba; Hispianola ; St. Kitts to Barbadoes ; Jamaica; Mexico to Venezuela. Low Ratti.ebox. 4. Crotalaria incana L. Sp. PI. 716. 1753. Annual or biennial, herbaceous, usually branched, 1.3 m. high or less, the branches, petioles and racemes densely pubescent. Stipules subulate, 5 mm. long or less, deciduous, or wanting; petioles 2-8 cm. long; leaflets 3, obovate, oval or obovate-orbicular, short-stalked, 1-5 cm. long, thin, obtuse and often mucronulate at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, pubescent beneath, glabrate above; racemes terminal, long-peduneled, several-flowered; calyx- segments lanceolate, acuminate, 7-9 mm. long; corolla yellow or greenish- yellow, 10-13 mm. long; pods oblong, pendent, pubescent, 2-3.5 cm. long, about 1 em. thick. Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Hog Island : — southern T'nited States; West Indies and continental tropical America north to Mexico; Old World tropics. Velvety Rattiebox. 5. Crotalaria lotifolia L. Sp. PI. 715. 1753. Shrubby, branched, 6 dm.-2 m. high, slender and sometimes vine-like and up to 3 m. long, the branches and petioles appressed-pubescent. Stipules minute, deciduous; petioles slender, 2-6 cm. long; leaflets 3, oblong to elliptic, thin, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, short- stalked, silky-pubescent or glabrate beneath, usually glabrous above; racemes axillary, short-peduncled, few-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter ; calyx- segments lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7 mm. long; corolla yellow, about twice as long as the calyx, the standard reddish veined; pod narrowly oblong, beaked, 2-3 cm. long, about 6 mm. thick, finely appressed-pubeseent. Open scrub-lands, New Providence and Eleuthera: — Cuba to Anegada and Barbadoes; Jamaica. Reported from tropical Africa. Bushy IIattlebox. Dolley reports Crotalaria stipularis Desv. from the Bahamas : Mr. Brace has not- seen the species nor have our collectors returned it from the archipelago. 4. TRIFOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 764. 1753. Herbs, with mostly 3-foliolate (occasionally 4-11-foliolate) denticulate leaves, the flowers in dense heads or spikes. Stipules adnate to the petiole. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals commonly persistent, their claws adnate to the stamen-tube. Stamens diadelphous, or the tenth one separate for only a portion of its length. Ovary few-ovuled. Pod often included in the calyx, membranous, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent by 1 suture, 1-6-seeded. [Latin, referring to the 3 leaflets.] About 27."i species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Type species: Tri folium pratense L. Flowers white or pinkish, pedicelled. 1. T. repens. Flowers red, sessile or very dearly so. 2. '/'. pratense. 180 FABACEAE. 1. Trifolium repens L. Sp. PI. 767. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, the branches often rooting at the nodes, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves long-petioled ; stipules ovate- lanceolate, membranous, acute, 4-12 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, obovate, emarginate or obcordate, broadly cuneate at the base, denticulate, 8-20 mm. long; heads long-peduneled; flowers 7-12 mm. long; pedicels 2-5 mm. long, finally reflexed; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acuminate, somewhat shorter than the tube; pod about 4-seeded. Wayside ditches and dooryards, New Providence, at Nassau : — Bermuda ; Cuba ; Jamaica : naturalized throughout temperate North America. Native of the Old World. White Clover. 2. Trifolium pratense L. Sp. PI. 768. 1753. Perennial, pubescent, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves long-petioled ; stipules ovate, strongly veined, subulate-tipped, 12-20 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, oval, oblong or obovate, narrowed at base, hardly cuneate, obtuse and sometimes emarginate at the apex, often dark-spotted near the middle, finely denticulate, 1-3.5 cm. long; heads globose or ovoid, rarely slightly peduncled, about 2.5 cm. long; flowers red (rarely white), about 12 mm. long, remaining erect in fruit; calyx sparingly hairy, its subulate teeth shorter than the corolla. Dooryard, New Providence at Nassau : — Bermuda ; Cuba. Widely naturalized in temperate North America. Native of the Old World. Red Clover. 5. INDIGOFERA L. Sp. PI. 751. 1753. Herbs, or rarely shrubs, often canescent with hairs affixed by the middle, with odd-pinnate leaves, small stipules, and pink or purple, spicate or racemose flowers. Calyx-teeth oblique, nearly equal, or the lower longer; standard ovate or orbicular, sessile or clawed; wings oblong; keel # erect, somewhat gibbous, or spurred; stamens mainly monadelphous; ovary 1-co-ovuled; style slender; pod linear, 4-angled or subterete, septate between the seeds. [Name from the yield of indigo by some species.] About 275 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Indigofera tinctoria L. \ & 1. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Indigofera Anil L. Mant. 2: 272. 1771. A shrub, 1-2 m. high, usually much-branched, the branches slender, tough, whitish appressed-pubescent and grooved when young. Leaves 5-12 cm. long; stipules filiform-setaceous, very small; petiole 1-2.5 cm. long; leaflets 9-17, oblong or oblong-obovate, 3 cm. long or less, obtuse or acutish and mucronate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, pale green, appressed-pubescent on both sides, or glabrous above, darkening in drying; racemes narrow, several- many-liowered, 2-5 cm. long; pedicels about 1 mm. long, about equalling the i-ampanulate, pubescent calyx, reflexed in fruit; corolla yellowish, 3.5-4.5 mm. long; pod falcate, appressed-pubescent when young, glabrous when old, 8-15 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, ridged on the sutures, 4-8-seeded. Waste and cultivated lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Guana, Exuma, Cat Island, Watling's, Long Island, Acklin's and Inagua : — Bermuda ; southern United States ; West Indies ; Mexico to continental tropical South America. J. argentea of Schoepf. Wild Indigo. FAB ACE AE. 181 G. CRACCA L. Sp. PI. 752. 1753. [Tephrosia Pers. Syn. 2: 328. 1807.] Herbs, sometimes slightly shrubby, with odd-pinnate not punctate leaves, and purple red or white flowers in racemes or short clusters. Stipules small; leaflets entire. Calyx-teeth usually nearly equal. Petals all clawed; standard orbicular or broadly ovate; wings obliquely obovate or oblong; keel curved; stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; ovules several or many. Pod linear, flat, 2-valved, several-seeded. [Latin, vetch.] About 120 species, mainly natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Cracca villosa L. Racemes short-peduncled ; leaflets blunt, mucronate. 1. C. cinerea. Racemes long-peduncled ; leaflets emarginate, mucronulate. 2. C. cathurtica. 1. Cracca cinerea (L.) Morong, Ann. X. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 79. 1S92. Galega cinerea L. PL Jam. Pug. 19. 1759. Tephrosia cinerea Pers. Syn. 2: 328. 1807. Eootstock thick, sometimes long, woody; stems slender, usually branched, ascending, erect or diffuse, 5 dm. long or less, more or less pubescent. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; petioles 1.5 cm. long or less; stipules subulate; leaflets 9-15, mostly oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, often mucronate, cuneate or narrowed at the base, ap- pressed-pubescent, at least beneath; racemes few; several-flowered, peduncled, mostly opposite the leaves; calyx about 5 mm. long, its teeth acuminate; petals about twice as long as the calyx, purple or purplish, the standard about 10 mm. broad; pod 3-6 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, finely pubescent, containing 10 seeds or fewer. Shaded white-lands, Cave Cav, Great Exuma, Rum Cay, Long Island, Acklin's, Grand Turk and Inagua : — West Indies: Mexico to South America. The plant re- ferred to by Hitchcock proved to be the following species. Slender Goats-rii:. 2 Cracca cathartica (Moc. & Sesse) Britton & Millspaugh. Galega cathartica Moc. & Sesse, Fl. Mex. ed. 2: <175. 1894. Cracca Schottii Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 25. 1S95. Tephrosia cathartica Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 283. 1905. Eoot deep, elongated; stem often much branched, 8 dm. high or less, the branches ascending or diffuse, slender, tough, 2-4 dm. long. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; petioles slender, 2 cm. long or less; stipules linear-subulate; leaflets 5-9, oblong-obovate, 1.5-4 cm. long, appressed-pubeseent on both sides or glabrate above, mostly refuse at the apex, cuneate-narrcwed at the base; racemes fcerm- inal and opposite the leaves, few-flowered, short or elongated; calyx about 4 mm. long, its teeth acuminate ; petals purple or red-purple, the standard about 8 mm. broad; pod 3-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, 5-7-seeded. Coastal white-lands, Elbow Cay, Andros ; Eleutbera : — Cuba; Hispaniola; Porto Rico; Virgin Gorda to St. Kitts ; Trinidad; Cayman Islands; Island of Ruatan, Carta- gena; Colombia. P.rsiiY Goats-rue. 7. SESBAN Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 327. 1763. Herbs or shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets numerous, entire, not stipellate, or the stipels minute. Flowers in axillary racemes, the slender pedicels with 2 deciduous bractlets under the calyx. Calyx cainpanulate, nearly equally 5-toothed. Standard broad, ovate or orbicular; wings oblong, falcate; keel blunt. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Ovary mostly Btipitate, many- 182 FABACEAE. ovuled; style glabrous; stigma small. Pod elongated-linear, wingless, com- pressed, partitioned between the oblong seeds. [Name Arabic] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Aescliynomene Sesban L. Leaflets apiculate, glabrous above, silky pubescent beneath. 1. 8. sericea. Leaflets mucronate, sparingly pubescent above, glabrous beneath. 2. S. occhli-ntalts. 1. Sesban sericea (Willd.) DC. Prodr. 2: 266. 1825. Coronilla sericea Willd. Enum. 773. 1809. Agati sericea Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 75. 1893. Stem slightly woody, 1-2 m. tall, silky-pubescent, at least above. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, the rachis pubescent; leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear-oblong, 1.5- 2.5 em. long, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, usually densely silky pubescent beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, sometimes nearly glabrous on both sides; peduncles few-flowered, much shorter than the leaves; pedicels very slender, 1 cm. long or less; calyx about 4 mm. long, its teeth triangular, very acute; standard 10-12 mm. long, yellow, black-spotted; pod 10-16 em. long, biconvex, 3 mm. wide, short-beaked, not constricted between the seeds. Waste places, usually roadsides, New Providence and Rum Cay : — Haiti to St. Thomas and to Martinique ; Jamaica. Silky Sesban. 2. Sesban occidentalis (Willd.) Pers. Syn. 2: 316. 1807. Coronilla occidentalis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1147. 1803. Shrubby, 3 m. high or less, branched, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above when young. Leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, mucronate at the apex; racemes shorter than the leaves, few-several-flowered; pedicels slender, 8-12 mm. long; calyx broadly eampanulate, 6-7 mm. long, its triangular teeth very acute ; corolla about 2 cm. long, the standard yellow, purple-dotted ; pod 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, biconvex, slightly constricted between the seeds when young. Fields, Inagua, near Mathew Town :- — Cuba to Porto Rico : Trinidad : Jamaica. The Inagua specimen is in fruit only, and is referred to this species with some hesitation. Smooth Sesban. 8. AGATI Adans. Earn. PI. 2: 326. 1763. Rapid-growing and short-lived small trees or shrubs, with equally pinnate leaves of many pairs of oblong, entire leaflets, and large, variously colored flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx large, eampanulate, its lobes short and broad. Standard ovate to oblong; wings narrow, longer than the standard; keel petals curved, separate at base and apex. Stamens diadelphous (1 and 9) ; anthers all alike. Ovary stipitate; style subulate, curved, the small terminal stigma capitate; pod linear, elongated, flat, septate between the seeds. [Mala- bar name.] A monotypic genus. 1. Agati grandifldra (L.) Desv. Journ. Bot. 1: 120. 1813. Bobinia grandiflora L. Sp. PI. 722. 1753. Aeschynomene grandiflora L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: 1060. 1763. Sesban grandiflorus Poir. in Lam. Eneyc. 7: 127. 1806. A tree, up to 12 m. high, with a trunk up to 3 dm. thick, glabrous, or very nearly so throughout, or the young foliage finely pubescent, the bark rough. FABACEAE. 183 Leaves 2-3.5 dm. long, short-petioled ; leaflets 10-30 pairs, oblong, 2-4 un. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, inequilaterally narrowed at the base; racemes 2-5-flowered, shorter than the leaves; calyx 2-2.5 cm. long, its broadly triangular lobes much shorter than the tube; corolla red to white, 6-10 cm. long; pod 2—4 dm. long, about 8 mm. wide, beaked at the apex, narrowed at the base into a long stout stipe. Waste places, spontaneous after cultivation, Fortune and Acklin's Islands: — a native of the East Indies, spontaneous after cultivation in Florida, the West Indies and Yucatan. Agati. Flamingo-bill. 9. STYLOSANTHES Sw. Prodr. 108. 1788. Perennial herbs, mainly with villous or viscid pubescence, 3-foliolate leaves, and yellow terminal or axillary spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-tube cam- panulate, its teeth membranous, the 4 upper ones more or less united. Petals and stamens inserted at or near the summit of the tube; standard orbicular; wings oblong; keel curved, beaked. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers alternately longer and shorter. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules 2 or 3 ; style filiform. Pod sessile, flattened, 1-2-jointed, reticulate, dehiscent at the summit. [Greek, column-flower, alluding to the column-like calyx-tube.] About 30 species, of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Stylosanthes procumbens Sw. Foliage not viscid: leaflets oblong, nearly glabrous. 1. 8. hamata. Foliage viscid ; leaflets elliptic, pubescent. 2. S. viscosa. 1. Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taubert, Monogr. Stylos. 22. 1889. Hedysarum hamatum L. Syst. ed. 10: 1170. 1759. Stylosanthes procumbens Sw. Prodr. 108. 1788. Somewhat pubescent, branched, the branches spreading or ascending, 0.5-5 dm. long. Stipules adnate to the petioles, with free subulate apices. Leaflets oblong or narrowly oblong, longer than the petioles, 17 mm. long or less, nearly glabrous, acute at both ends, strongly pinnately veined, mucronate ; flowers about 6 mm. wide, in short dense bracted spikes; loment commonly 2 -jointed, the persistent hooked style-base pubescent. Dry and moist open rocky and sandy places, Great Bahama and Little Harbor Cay, and throughout the islands from New Providence to the CaiCOS, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida; West Indies; the Cayman Islands; Mexico southward to Colombia. Common Pencil-flower. 2. Stylosanthes viscosa Sw. Prodr. 108. 1788. Viscid-pubescent, usually much-branched, 1.5-3 dm. high the branches spreading or ascending. Stipules adnate to the petioles, their tips free, subu- late; leaflets elliptic or oblong-elliptic, pubescent and ciliate, pinnately veined, acute and mucronate; flowers few, in short dense bracted spikes, the bracts villous and ciliate; loment 1-2-jointed, tipped by the hooked style-base. Scrub-lands, New Providence : — Cuba ; Jamaica. Viscid Pencil-flower. 10. MEIBOMIA Heist.; Fabr. Enum. PI. Hort. Helmst. 168. 1759. Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with stipellate 3-foliolate or in some species 1- or 5-foliolate leaves, and usually small flowers in racemes or panicles. Calyx-tube short, its teeth more or less united into 2 lips, the upper one 2-toothed, the lower teeth acute or attenuate. Standard oblong, ovate or orbicular, narrowed or rarely clawed at the base; wings obliquely oblong; 184 FABACEAE. keel nearly straight, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers all alike. Ovules 2-oo. Loment flat, 2-several-jointed, the joints mainly coriaceous and pubescent or muricate, indehiseent or rarely partially dehiscent, readily separable. [Named for Dr. Brandus Meibom; died at Helmstadt, 1740.] About 160 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Hedysarum canadense L. Upper suture of the loment straight or nearly so. 1. M. supina. Both sutures of the loment undulate. Loment several-jointed, moniliform. 2. M. tortvosa. Loment 2-jointed ; upper joint much larger than the lower. 3. M. mollis. 1. Meibomia supina (Sw.) Britton, Ann. X. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 83. 1892. Hedysarum supinum Sw. Prodr. 106. 1788. Hedysarum incanum Sw. Prodr. 107. 1788. Desmodium incanum DC. Prodr. 2: 332. 1825. Stems erect or ascending, somewhat woody, 3-9 dm. high, puberulent or short-pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, connate below, or at length distinct, mostly shorter than the petioles; leaflets 3 or often only 1, various in form, mostly elliptic, but also lanceolate, obovate, nearly linear, or orbicular, sometimes several forms on the same plant, glabrous or nearly so and dark green above, finely pubescent and pale beneath, 2-7.5 cm. long; stipels subu- late; racemes 2-8 cm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate, pubescent, shorter than the pedicels, deciduous; pedicels 6-12 mm. long; calyx small, about 3 mm. long, its teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla purple or purplish, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; loment 3-8-jointed, 3 cm. long or less, its upper suture continuous, the lower margin deeply undulate, the oblong joints densely pubescent. Dry or moist places in scrub, coppices, pine-lands, waste or cultivated lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Watling's, Crooked Island and East Caicos : — Florida : West Indies ; continental tropical Amer- ica ; tropical Africa. Recorded by Schoepf as Hedysarum canescens. Common Tick-trefoil. ■ 2. Meibomia tortuosa (Sw.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Hedysarum tortuosum Sw. Prodr. 107. 1788. Desmodium tortuosum DC. Prodr. 2: 332. 1825. Erect, branched, 1.5 m. high or less, the stem and branches finely and rather densely pubescent, striate. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, half-cordate at base, 6-15 mm. long; leaflets 3, ovate to oblong or elliptic, 2-10 cm. long, sparingly pubescent with appressed hairs, or glabrous above, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, as long as the petioles or longer; stipels subulate; racemes simple, or sparingly branched, 1.5-3 dm. loug; pedicels filiform, 1-2 cm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, deciduous; calyx about 2 mm. long, its teeth subulate; corolla blue to purple, about 5 mm. long; loment nearly sessile, at first much twisted, at length flat, 3-6-jointed, both margins deeply undulate, the oval-orbicular joints 4-5 mm. long. Waste places and roadsides, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Florida ; Texas ; Jamaica ; Cuba to Tortola and Grenada ; continental tropical America. Twisted TlCK-TEEFOIL. 3. Meibomia mollis (Vahl) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Hedysarum molle Vahl, Symb. 2: 83. 1791. Desmodium molle DC. Prodr. 2: 332. 1825. Stem erect, rather stout, branched, 2 m. high or less, softly pubescent. Stipules triangular-subulate, 2-6 mm. long; leaflets 3, rarely only 1, ovate, 2-10 FABACEAE. 185 cm. long, acute or acutish at the apex, obtuse at the base, pubescent on both sides, as long as the pubescent petioles or shorter ; stipels subulate ; racemes 1-2 dm. long, commonly branched; pedicels filiform, 3-S mm. long; bracts ovate, about 1 mm. long, deciduous; calyx 2.5-3 mm. l*ng, its teeth linear- lanceolate; corolla blue, little longer than the calyx; loment nearly sessile, 2- jointed, the lower joint small, twisted, the upper one elliptic or subreniform, 6-8 mm. long, finely reticulate-veined, sparingly pubescent or glabrate. Waste places. Andros, Fortune Island, Acklin"s Island : — Cuba to Virgin Gorda .■mil .Martinique: Curagao ; continental tropical America. lieconicd from Jamaica. Velvets Tick-thefoil. 11. ALYSICARPUS Neck.; DC. Prodr. 2: 352. 1825. Herbs, our species with 1-foliolate leaves and small purplish or blue flowers in short terminal racemes, the scarious bracts deciduous. Calyx narrow, deeply cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, chartaeeous, striate, the two upper ones partly united. Standard suborbicular, clawed; wings obliquely oblong, adnate to the blunt incurved keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Ovary nearly sessile, several-ovuled ; style filiform, its apex incurved; stigma terminal, capitate. Loment nearly terete, several-jointed, the joints indehiscent. [Greek, chain-fruit.] About 16 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type species: Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. 1. Alysicarpus nummularifolius (L.) DC. Prodr. 2: 353. 1825. Hedysarum nummular i folium L. Sp. PI. 746. 1753. Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. Prodr. 2: 353. 1825. Perennial, branched at the base, the branches slender, diffuse, glabrous or nearly so," spreading or ascending, 5 cm.-6 dm. long. '"Stipules scarious, striate, lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 mm. long; petioles very slender, 1 em. long or less; leaves glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, the lower orbicular to oval, 5-12 mm. long, the upper oblong to ianceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long y racemes 1-3 em. long; pedicels very short, pubescent; calyx 4-5 mm. long; corolla little longer than the calyx; loment 1-2 cm. long, its puberulent or glabrous joints truncat* slightly wrinkled. Waste places, New Providence, near Nassau : — West Indies. Native of southern Asia. False Moxeywokt. 12. ECASTAPHYLLUM [P. Br.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 320. 1763. Woody vines, or widely branching shrubs, with alternate, 1-foliolate or un- evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets estipellate, and small white bracted flowers mostly in axillary clusters. Calyx subcampanulate, its 2 upper teeth broad. Standard broadly ovate or suborbicular; wings oblong; keel blunt, incurved, its petals connate on the back near the apex. Stamens all united into a cleft sheath, or the upper one separate or wanting; anthers erect, their sac- dehis- cent by terminal slits. Ovary 2-ovuled, stipitate; style nearly straight; stigma terminal. Pod nearly orbicular to short elliptic, nearly flat, 1-seeded, Bub- Ligneous, indehiscent. [Greek, referring to the unifoliolate leaves of the fol- lowing typical specie?.] Five or six species, natives of tropical and sub- tropical America. 13 186 FABACEAE 1. Ecastaphyllum Ecastaphyllum (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 55. 1918. Hedysarum Ecajfraphyllum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1169. 1759. Ecastaphyllum Brownei Pers. Syn. 2: 277. 1807. Hecastophylhim Brownei Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 202. 1860. Dalbergia Ecastophyllum Taubert in Engl. & Prantl. "Nat. Pfl. 33: 335. 1894. Dalbergia Broicnei Schinz, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 731. 1898. A -widely branched, spreading or vine-like shrub 2-4 m. high, rarely tree- like and described as sometimes reaching a height of 8 m., the branches elon- gated, the young twigs finely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, silky-pubescent, acuminate, about 1 cm. long; leaves lrfoliolate; petioles stout, pubescent, 5-12 mm. long; petiolule 2-3 mm. long; leaflet ovate, 6-12 cm. long, rounded or subeordate at the base, short-acuminate at the apex, glabrous or nearly so above, finely and densely pubescent beneath, at least when young; panicles axillary, pubescent, usually little longer than the petioles; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; calyx pubescent, about 5 mm. long; corolla about 1 cm. long; stamens 10, diadelphous; pod suborbicular to broadly oval, 1.5-3 cm. long, finely pubescent. Borders of coppices and coastal thickets, Ahaco. Great Bahama, North Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Watling's and Crooked Island : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and to Trinidad : Jamaica : continental tropical America ; coast of tropical Africa. Ti-ti. Catesby, 2 : pi. 2.',. 13. ICHTHYOMETHIA P. Br. Hist. Jam. 296. 1756. Trees, with unevenly pinnate leaves, the short-stalked leaflets large, oppo- site, estipellate, the pink to purplish, rather large flowers in lateral panicles, often appearing before the leaves. Calyx obliquely campanulate, 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth connate. Standard suborbicular; wings oblong, somewhat falcate, adherent to the keel; keel obtuse, its petals coherent on the back. Stamens monadelphous, but the upper one free at the base ; anthers versatile. Ovary many-ovuled; style filiform, incurved; stigma terminal, small. Pod linear, flattened, indehiscent, with 4 broad membranous wings, several-many-seeded. [Greek, fish-killing.] A few species of tropical and subtropical America, the following typical. - 1. Ichthyomethia Piscipula (L.) Hitchcock, Gard. & For. 4: 472. 1891. Erythrina Piscipula L. Sp. PL 707. 1753. Piscidia Erythrina L. Syst. ed. 10, 1155. 1759. A tree, usually low, rarely 20 m. high, the twigs finely puberulent. Leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets 5-9 (rarely 3), elliptic, oblong, or the lower pair ovate, 4-12 cm. long, obtuse or aeutish at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous above, at least when mature, finely pubescent beneath ; panicles many-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter ; ultimate pedicels short, puberulent ; calyx about 6 mm. long, its teeth triangular-ovate; corolla silky, about 1.5 em. long; pod 5-15 cm. long, its wings 7-12 mm. wide, lacerate, transversely veined; seeds black. Coastal thickets and scrub-lands. Great Bahama. Lignum Vitae Cav. Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera. Cat Island, Watling's. Acklin's and An- guilla Isles :— Florida : West Indies ; continental tropical America. Fish-poisox. Dogwood. Consists of several races differing mostly in pubescence and in form of the leaflets. FABACEAE. 187 14. ABRUS L. Syst. ed. 12, 2: -172. 1767. Slender, somewhat woody vines, with evenly pinnate leaves, the numerous small estipellate leaflets entire, the rachis terminating in a small bristle, the small rose to white flowers clustered at the nodes of axillary or terminal racemes. Calyx subtruncate, its teeth very short. Standard ovate, with a broad and short claw; wings oblong, falcate; keel curved, larger than the wings. Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary nearly sessile, several-many-ovuled; style short, curved ; stigma terminal. Pod flat, 2-valved, partitioned between the sub- globose, shining seeds. [Greek, graceful.] Five known species, of tropical regions, the following typical. £ 1. Abrus Abrus (L.) W. F. Wight, Contr. tJ. S. Nat. Herb. 9: 171. 1905. Glycine Abrus L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Abrus precatorius L. Syst. ed. 12, 2: 472. 1767. Stems woody below, nearly herbaceous above, climbing or twining to a length of 2-3 m., glabrous, or the young parts sparingly pubescent. Stipules linear, acute, 3-5 mm. long; petioles short, mostly less than 1 cm. long; leaves 5-10 cm. long, the very slender rachis sparingly pubescent; leaflets 8-15 pairs, 8-20 mm. long, oblong or the upper ones obovate, glabrous above, sparingly puberulent beneath, rounded and mucronulate at the apex, rounded at the base, very short-stalked, readily detached when dry; racemes peduncled, 3-8 cm. long; corolla red to purple, rarely white, 8-10 mm. long; pod oblong, beaked, 2-3.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide; seeds scarlet with a black base. Scrub-lands and waste places, Andres, New Providence, Bleuthera, Cat Island and Great Bxuma : — West Indies; continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Crab's-eyes. Black-eyed Susan. 15. CLITORIA L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Woody vines, or erect or climbing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate or some- times 5-9-foliolate leaves, persistent stipule-, and large axillary flowers. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, the upper teeth more or less united; standard large, erect, refuse, narrowed at the base, not spurred ; wings oblong, curved ; keel acute, shorter than the wings; stamens more or less monadelphous; anthers all alike; ovary stipitate; style elongated, incurved, hairy along the inner side; pod stalked in the calyx, linear or linear-oblong, flattened, 2-valved, partly septate between the seeds. About 30 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Clitoria Ternatca L. 1. Clitoria Ternatea L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Perennial, herbaceous or slightly woody below, slender, twining to a height of 2 m. or more, or, if without support, prostrate, pubescent, at least on the younger parts. Stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-8 mm. long; petioles slender, pubescent, 1—3 cm. long; leaflets 5-9 (usually 5), ovate or oval, short- stalked, 2 3.5 cm. long, mostly obtuse at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, thin, glabrous above, somewhat pubescent beneath; peduncles 1-flowered, 1-2 cm. long; bracts ovate-orbicular, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long; calyx about 1.7 cm. long, its lanceolate lobes acuminate; corolla large, blue and white, the standard 3-4 cm. lony ; pod nearly sessile, flat, linear, beaked, pubescent, 13 em. long or less, about 1 cm. wide; seeds compressed, subreniform, mottled. 5 6 mm. long. Fields and waste places, spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence and Inagua : — a native of tropical Africa ; spontaneous after cultivation throughout the West Indies and tropical America, nnd in Florida. Blue h:a. 188 FABACEAE. 16. BRADBURYA Eaf. Fl. Lu.lov. 104. 1817. Slender vines, with pinnatcly 3-foliolate leaves (rarely 5-7-foliolate), per- sistent stipules, and large axillary flowers. Calyx eampanulate, its teeth or lobes nearly equal; standard orbicular, nearly flat, spurred on the back near its base, clawed; wings obovate, curved; keel curved; stamens more or less dia- delphous (9 and 1); style" incurved, bearded at the apex around the stigma; pod linear, flattened, nearly sessile, partially septate between the seeds, 2- valved, the valves thick-edged, longitudinally finely nerved along their margins. [In honor of John Bradbury, who travelled in America early in the last century.] About 30 species, natives of America. Type species: Bradburya scandens Raf. Pods 4.5-5.5 mm. wide, ; seeds cylindric. 7.5-8 mm. long, black or yellow with black blotches. 1. B. floridana. Pods 3.5-4 mm. wide ; seeds cuboid-cylindric, 3.5—4 mm. long, red-brown or with lighter blotches. 2. B. virginiana. 1. Bradburya floridana Britton, Torreya 4: 142. 1904. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 1 m. long or more. Stipules long-acuminate; leaflets lanceolate to oval, glabrous, reticulate-veined on both sides, 8 cm. long or less, obtuse and aristulate at the apex, rounded at the base, the glabrous petioles 2-5 em. long; peduncles pubescent, or glabrous, 3-6 cm. long; bracts acute, pubescent, 1 cm. long or less; corolla nearly white or violet striped with lavender or yellow, 2.5-4 cm. long; pod 8-12 cm. long, 4.5-5.5 mm. wide, long- tipped, glabrous; seeds black or yellow with black markings. Scrub-lands and white-lands, Abaco, Rose Island. Berry Islands. Eleutliera. Con- ception Island. Exuma Chain, Long Island, Great Ragged Island. Acklin's and Crooked Islands : — Florida. Florida Butterfly-pea. > 2. Bradburya virginiana (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 164. 1891. Clitoria virginiana L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Centroscma virginianum Benth. Ann. Mus. Wien. 2: 120. 1838. Centrosema virginianum angustifolium Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 193. 1860. Perennial, glabrous or finely rough-pubescent, 6-12 dm. long. Stipules linear, acute ; leaflets ovate, oblong-lanceolate or linear, stipellate, rounded at the base, reticulate-veined, 2.5-5 em. long; peduncles about equalling the petioles, 1-4-flowered; bracts ovate, acute, finely striate; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long; corolla violet; calyx-lobes linear; pod 10-13 em. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide, long- acuminate, its margins much thickened. Scrub, rocky and grassy lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk and Inagua : — New Jersey to Florida and Texas ; Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil ; West Indies. A species composed of a large number of insignificantly differing races with leaflets varying from linear to broadly ovate ; widely differing plants often growing close together in the same colony. Spurred Butterfly-pea. Lady's Slipper. 17. MUCUNA Adans. Fam. PL 2: 325. 1763. Herbaceous or woody vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and large pedicelled flowers in axillary, long-peduncled clusters. Calyx eampanulate, its two upper teeth connate. Standard folded, auricled at the base; wings in- curved, longer than the standard; keel as long as the wings or longer, its apex cartilaginous or acute. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; anthers alternately longer and shorter. Ovary sessile, villous; ovules few; style naked, filiform; stigma terminal and small. Pod thick, coriaceous, linear or oblong, 2-valved, FABACEAE. 1^9 usually covered by stinging hairs, at least when young. Seeds orbicular or oblong, few, large. [Brazilian name.] About 25 species, mostly tropical, the following typical. 1. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Prodr. 2: 405. 1825. DolicJws pruriens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1162. 1759. Slender, high-climbing, pubescent. Petioles as long as the leaflets or shorter ; leaflets thin, appressed-pubeseent, somewhat silvery beneath, the terminal one rather long-stalked, ovate or rhombic-ovate, the lateral ones short-stalked, obliquely ovate, inequilateral; racemes several-many-flowered, elongated; calyx silvery-silky, about 1 cm. long. 4-cleft; corolla blue or purple; standard ovate; wings and keel about twice as long as the standard, 2-3 cm. long; pod narrowly oblong, slightly curved, about 6 cm. long and 1 cm. thick, densely covered with brittle stinging hairs. Thickets and scrub-lands, New Providence near Nassau : — Cuba to St. Thomas and Tobago: Jamaica: continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Dolley reports Mucuna it reus L., from the Bahamas but the plant has not been returned in any of the collections we have seen; the record probably refers to M. pruriens. Cow-Itch. IS. GALACTIA P. Br.; Adans. Earn. PI. 2: 322. 1763. Perennial vines (some species erect and shrubby), mainly with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, small and deciduous stipules, and small or large axillary racemose flowers. Calyx 4-lobed, bracteolate, the lobes acute, often as long as the tube. Standard orbicular or obovate. "Wings narrow, obovate, adherent to the narrow, nearly straight keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so (9 and 1). Ovary nearly sessile; ovules co ; style filiform, not bearded. Pod linear, straight or slightly curved, usually flattened, 2-valved, several-seeded. Fleshy few-seeded pods are sometimes produced from subterranean apetalous flowers. [Greek, milk-yielding, the typical species described as having milky branches.] About 70 species natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Type species: Glycine Galactia L. Corolla about 2 cm. long: standard parallel with the wings. 1. G. rudoVphioides. Corolla 1.5 cm. long or less; standard erect or ascending. Leaflet only one. 2. <:. tnonophylla. Leaflets three. Leaflets large, ovate to elliptic, 4-8 cm. long. 3. v Mrs. Northrop is known to us only as planted on New Providence. Catesby, 2: pi. 49. Erythrina velutina Willd. was observed planted at West End, Great Bahama. Foliage of a species of Lonchocarpus was collected from a tree growing near an old house at Deep Creek, Andros. Order 13. GERANIALES. Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with petals, and these separate (wanting in most Euphorbiaceae, and in some species of Zanthoxylum in Rutaceae) ; sepals mostly distinct; stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the sepals, opposite them when as many; ovary superior, mostly compound; ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. Petals present, usually as many as the sepals. Flowers regular or very nearly so. Tissues of the plant devoid of secreting cells or Filaments united below or at the base. Stamens twice as many as the sepals. Petals unappendaged ; leaves com- pound. Petals appendaged : leaves simple. Stamens as many as the sepals. Filaments separate. Styles united ; leaves mostly compound. Styles separate ; leaves simple. Tissues of the plant with secreting cells or glands. Leaves punctate. Leaves not punctate. Carpels separate. Carpels united. Filaments separate. Trees or shrubs with bitter, oil- bearing bark. Resiniferous trees and shrubs. Filaments united. Flowers very irregular ; petals 3 ; stamens mostly 8. Flowers often apetalous, monoecious ; carpels most- ly 3. glands. Fam. 1. Oxalidaceae. Fam. 2. Erythroxylaceae. Fam. 3. Linaceae. Fam. 4 Zygophyllaceah. Fam. 5?1 Malpighiaceae. Fam. 6. Rutaceae. Fam. 7. Suriaxaceae. Fam. 8. Simaroubaceae. Fam. 9. Burseraceae. Fam. 10. Meliaceae. Fam. 11. Polygalaceae. Fam. 12. Euphorbiaceae. Family 1. OXALIDACEAE Lindl. "Wood-sorrel Family. Leafy-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs, often with root- stocks, or scaly bulbs, the sap sour. Leaves mostly palmately 3-foliolate, in some tropical species pinnate, or entire and peltate; stipules commonly present as scarious expansions of the petiole-bases; leaflets mostly obcor- date. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking cymes, or sometimes solitary ; peduncles mostly long. Sepals 5, often unequal. Petals 5, white, pink, purple or yellow. Stamens 10-15, sometimes unequal. Ovary 5- celled, 5-lobed; styles coherent or distinct; ovules 2-many in each cavity; fruit a loculicidal globose or columnar capsule, rarely baccate. Embryo OXALIDACEAE. 197 straight, in fleshy endosperm. About 15 genera and over 300 species, chiefly of tropical distribution. Plants acaulescent, with coated bulbs ; flowers not yellow. 1. Ionoxalia. Plants caulescent, with rootstocks ; flowers mostly yellow. J. XanthoxcUis. 1. IONOXALIS Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 665. 1903. Low, perennial acaulescent herbs the leaves and scapes arising from coated scaly bulbs, the petioles long, the blades palmately 3-several-foliolate, the violet, blue or white flowers in umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5, bearing apical tubercles in pairs. Petals 5. Stamens 10, the filaments united at the base. Ovary elongated; styles distinct. Capsules narrow, erect. [Greek, purple Oxalis.] Over 100 species natives of America. Type species: Oxalis violacca L. 1. Ionoxalis intermedia (A. Eich.) Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 43. 1907. Oxalis intermedia A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 315. 1845. Scape 1-3 dm. high, sparingly pubescent, slender, as long as the leaves or longer. Petioles sparingly pubescent; leaflets 3, obdeltoid, 2-6 em. wide, bright green and glabrous above, paler and somewhat pubescent beneath, 2-lobed, the lobes ovate; cymes 4-13-flowered; pedicels glabrous, 1-2 cm. long; sepals 4-5 mm. long, bearing 1 pair of apical tubercles; petals violet, 11-14 mm. long; shorter filaments slightly pubescent, the longer ones copiously pubescent. Waste and cultivated lands, New Providence, at Nassau : — Cuba ; Virgin Islands ; Guadaloupe ; Martinique. Cuban Purple Wood-sohkel. 2. XANTHOXALIS Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 666. 1903. Caulescent, annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate, long- petioled, 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets sessile, notched or obcordate, the yellow flowers in peduneled cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10, the filaments united into a tube at the base. Ovary oblong to linear; styles filiform or sub- ulate. Capsule oblong or columnar, usually narrowed to the summit, erect. Seeds transversely ridged or tubercled. [Greek, yellow Oxalis.] About 50 species, widely distributed. Type species: Oxalis corniculata L. 1. Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 667. 1903. Oxalis corniculata L. Sp. PI. 435. 1753. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, annual or perennial, deep-green, freely branching from the base; stem 2.5-15 cm. long, the branches diffuse, mainly procumbent and often creeping. Leaflets 8—12 mm. wide; petioles dilated at the base into oblong rounded or truncate stipules; peduncles 1-3 -flowered ; flowers 5-10 mm. wide; pedicels strigillose, more or less reflexed; capsule oblong, 1-1.8 cm. long, appressed-pubescent; seeds compressed, transversely ridged. Waste .-iinl cultivated lands. New Providence at Nassau and Grant's Town: — widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres Re ferred by Mrs. Northrop to Oxalis corniculata repena Zucc. Yki.i.ow Pbocdmbbnt WOOD-SOJtliEL. 198 ERYT11R0XYLACEAK. Family 2. ERYTHROXYLACEAE A. Rich. Coca Family. Glabrous trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate simple stipulate en- lire-margined, petioled leaves and small, often heterostylous, pedicelled flowers solitary or fascicled in the axils, the pedicels bracted at the base. Calyx persistent, mostly 5-cleft. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, ap- pendaged by a 2-lobed ligule within. Stamens 10, in 2 series, their fila- ments united below into a tube. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 4-celled; ovules 1, rarely 2. in each cavity, pendulous; styles 3, rarely 4; stigmas capitellate. Fruit a drupe, usually 1-eelled and 1-seeded. Seed-coat thin; endosperm farinaceous; embryo straight. Only the following genus and the African Aneulophus. 1. ERYTHROXYLON L. Syst. ed. 10, 1035. 1759. Leaves alternate. Petals short-clawed. [Greek red-wood.] About 200 species of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Erythroxylon areolatum L. Leaves 0.5-2.5 cm. long, pale beneath. 1. E. rotundifolium. Leaves 3 cm. long, or longer. Leaves conspicuously areolate beneath. Flowering pedicels as long as the petioles, or shorter ; leaves 5-13 cm. long. 2. E. areolatum. Flowering pedicels, or some of them, much longer than the petioles; leaves 3^i cm. long. 3. E. rctiadatum. Leaves not areolate beneath, or only very faintly areolate, obovate, 3-7 cm. long. 4. E. confusion. 1. Erythroxylon rotundifolium Lunan, Port. Jam. 2: 116. 1814. Erytltroxylon obovatum Maef. PI. Jam. 1: 143. 1837. Erythroxylon suave O. E. Schulz, in Prban, Symb. Ant. 5: 197. 1907. Erythroxylon suave aneurum O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 199. 1907. A shrub or a small tree up to 7 m. high, with slender flexible branches, the bark smooth. Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate or elliptic, firm in texture, 0.5-3 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate, dark green above, pale beneath, incon- spicuously reticulate-veined, the petioles 2.5-5 mm. long; stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1-1.5 mm. long; flowers 1-4 in the axils; pedicels mostly as long as the petioles or longer ; calyx cleft to about the middle, about 1 mm. long, its lobes triangular-ovate, acute ; petals white, ob- long, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, obtuse, the ligule about one-third as long as the blade, its lobes irregularly toothed; drupes oblong, red, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long. Rocky plains, pine-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, North Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Cuba to Porto Rico; Jamaica. Consists of several races differing in size, shnne and thick- ness of the leaves. Referred by Hitchcock, Coker, Dolley, and by Mrs. Northrop to E. orevipes DC. ; formerly referred by O. E. Schulz to E. spinescens A. Rich. Round-leaved Erythroxylon. Rat-wood. 2. Erythroxylon areolatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1035. 1759. A shrub or a small tree up to 6 m. high. Leaves oblong to obovate, rather thin, 5-13 cm. long, 3-5.5 cm. wide, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, dark dull-green above, pale beneath and areolate by two lines parallel with the prominent midvein, the petioles 4-6 mm. long; stipules tri- angular, acute, about 2 mm. long; pedicels fascicled, as long as the petioles or shorter; flowers appearing with the leaves of the season, or before them, fra- LINACEAE. 199 grant ; calyx deft to about the middle, nearly 2 mm. long, its triangular-ovate lobes acute; petals white or yellowish white, oblong, obtuse, 2-3 mm. long, the ligule about one-fourth as long as the blade; drupes red, oblong, 6-9 mm. long. Coppices, thickets and scrub-lands, Andros, Mangrove Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island. Watling's and Long Islands: — Cuba to Porto Rico; Jamaica; Colombia. Thi.n -leaved Erythboxylon. 3. Erythroxylon reticulatum Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 43, pi. 8. 1902. A tall shrub, with slender, reddish brown branches. Leaves oblong-oblanee- olate to obovate, rather firm in texture, 3-4 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex with the midvein slightly excurrent, cmitate-narrowed at the base, finely and distinctly reticulate-veined, dark-green above, pale and prominently areo- late beneath,' the petioles 2-3 mm. long; stipules triangular, acuminate, 2 nun. long; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils; pedicels slender, 5-S nun. long, thickened above; calyx about 2 mm. long, its ovate-lanceolate lobes acute; petals oblong, white, 3-3.5 mm. long, the ligule-lobes contorted; young drupes oblong, purplish black, pointed, 5 mm. long. White-lands and coppices, Andros at Deep Creek and near Conch Sound : — Endemic. Bahama Ekvthkoxylox. 4. Erythroxylon confusum Britton. lErythroxylon affine A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 106. 1845. Not St. Hil. 1829. Erythroxylon ooovatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 113. 1859. Nat Macf. 1837. A tree, 4-8 m. high, with a trunk-diameter of 1 dm. or more, the pale bark fissured. Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, rather firm in texture, 3-7 cm. long, 3 cm. wide or less, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, dull-green above, pale-green beneath, not areolate, or but faintly so, not prominently reticulate-veined, the petioles 4-9 mm. long; stipules lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long; pedicels fascicled in the axils, or some of them solitary, shorter than the petioles; calyx about 2 mm. long, cleft to about the middle, the ovate-lanceolate lobes acute; petals oblong, obtuse, about 3 mm. long, the ligule about one-third as long as the blade, its lobes acute; drupes >blong, red, somewhat longer than the pedicels. Rocky coppices, scrub-lands and palmetto-lands, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Providence and Great Exuraa : — Cuba; Jamaica. Obovate leaved Kuythroxylos. Family 3. LINACEAE Dumort. Flax Family. Herbs or shrubs, with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers. Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 1. imbricated, persistent. Petals of the same number and alternate with the sepals, imbricated, gen- erally contorted. Stamens of the same number, alternate with the petals; filaments monadelphous at the base; anthers versatile, 2-eelled. Ovary 2-5-celled, or by false septa 4-10-celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles 2-5. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, oily; endosperm little or none; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat. About 14 genera and about 160 species of wide distribution. 1. CATHARTOLINUM Rehb. Bandb. 307. 1837. Annual or perennial, branched herbs. Leaves alternate or occasionally opposite, without stipules but sometimes with stipular glands, entire or serru- 200 LIXACEAE. late, sometimes filiate or glandular-margined. Sepals 5, all, or only the inner ones, with gland-tipped teeth. Petals 5, yellow or white, unappendaged but sometimes pubescent within. Stamens 5; filaments united at the base, the free portions^ dilated at the base, without staminodia, or with a short staminodium in each sinus. Gynoecium 5-carpellary, or rarely 2-carpellary ; styles filiform, distinct or united; stigmas distinct, capitate. Capsule 5-celled, or rarely 2-eelled and with firm septa, or completely or incompletely 10-celled by false septa, the .carpels not ribbed on the back. Seeds flattened, often lunate. [Greek, referring to the medicinal qualities of some of the species.] About 70 species of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Linum catharti- cum L. Staminodia wanting. 1. C- Curtissii. Staminodia present. Androecium pubescent or ciliate. Stem and leaves pubescent ; annual. 2. C. corallicola. Stem and leaves glabrous. Staminodia lanceolate: capsules ovoid; perennial. 3. C. bahamense. Staminodia deltoid: capsules spheroidal; annual. 4. ''. Bracei. Androecium glabrous ; leaves ciliate ; perennial. 5. C. lignosum. 1. Cathartolinum Curtissii Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 72. 1907. Linum Curtissii Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 424. 1905. Annual; glabrous; stems solitary, 5 dm. high or less, simple or corymbosely branched above. Leaves thickish, erect or ascending, the lower opposite or alternate, oblanceolate or spatulate, 1.5 cm. long or less, the upper all alternate, linear, acute or acuminate; bracts entire; outer sepals ovate, acute or acumi- nate, 2.5-3 mm. long, usually with a few glandular teeth; inner sepals ovate, rather broader than the outer, copiously glandular-toothed; petals yellow; stami- nodia none; capsules subglobose, about 2.5 mm. thick. Borders of brackish marshes and in palmetto-lands, New Providence : — Florida. Ccrtiss' Flax. 2. Cathartolinum corallicola Small, N". A. Fl. 25: 74. 1907. Annual; stem sparingly branched above, minutely hirsute, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves oblong to linear, 6-12 mm. long, alternate or the lower opposite, distant, rather thin, acute or acuminate, finely pubescent, glandular-ciliate ; bracts lanceolate to subulate, closely glandular-ciliate ; outer sepals oblong-ovate, 5 mm. long, glandular-toothed, pubescent, the inner similar, slightly broader and shorter; filaments pubescent below the middle; staminodia deltoid, ciliate; petals yellow; styles distinct; capsules ovoid, about 2 mm. long, much shorter than the sepals. Rocky pine-barrens, Andros, at Mastic Point. Endemic. Rock Flax. 3. Cathartolinum bahamense (Northrop) Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 75. 1907. Linum bahamense Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 42. 1902. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous; stems ridged, corymbosely branched above, 6 dm. high or less, the branches ascending. Leaves approximate, erect or ascending, linear to linear-lanceolate, thick, 5-12 mm. long, acute, pale green on both sides; bracts lanceolate to subulate, glandular-toothed; outer sepals ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, acute or acuminate, glandular-toothed, the inner similar, acuminate, slightly shorter; petals yellow; filaments pubescent below the middle; staminodia lanceolate, ciliate; styles distinct; capsules ovoid, about 2 mm. long. White-lands, pine-lands and borders of marshes, Abaco, Andros, New Provi- dence and Eleuthera. Endemic. Recorded by Dolley as Linum viryinicum h. Ba- hama Flax. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 201 4. Cathartolinum Bracei Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 75. 1907. Annual, pale green or glaucescent, glabrous; stem corymbosely branched above, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, somewhat striate, the very slender branches ascending. Leaves few and distant, ascending, rather thin, spatulate to linear-oblong, (5-14 mm. long, acute, entire, ciliate, only the lower opposite; bracts lanceolate, glandular-toothed; outer sepals oval to ovate-oblong, acute, 3.5-4 mm. long, glandular-toothed, the inner similar, slightly shorter; petals yellow; filaments pubescent below the middle; staminodia deltoid, glabrous; styles distinct; capsule depressed, about 2 mm. long. White-lands and moist situations, Abaco and Great Bahama. Endemic. Brace's Flax. 5. Cathartolinum lignosum Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 75. 1907. Apparently perennial; stem woody, branched, with long, prominently striate branches, 3 dm. high. Leaves numerous, but not crowded, linear or nearly so, 4-11 mm. long, sessile, acuminate, glandular-eiliate; outer sepals ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, glandular-toothed, acuminate, the inner broader than the outer; petals yellow; filaments and staminodia glabrous; styles distinct. Scrub-lands under low bushes in partial openings, Great Bahama at Eight Mile Bocks. Endemic. WOOD* Flax. A species of Linum, perhaps L. Leuisii Pursh, was collected by Mr. Brace in foliage only on New l'rovidence in 1916. Family 4. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Caltrop Family. Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, the branches often jointed to the nodes. Leaves mostly opposite, stipulate, pinnate, or 2-3-foliolate, the leaflets entire. Stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, axillary, pe- duncled. Sepals usually 5, distinct, or united by their bases. Petals the same number as the sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the petals, or 2-3 times as many, inserted on the base of the receptacle, the alternate ones sometimes longer; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments usually with a small scale at the base or near the middle. Ovary 4-12- eelled; style terminal; stigma usually simple; ovules 1-numerous in each cavity, pendulous or ascending. Fruits various, dry or quite fleshy. About 20 genera and 160 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Trees or shrubs; flowers blue or purple. 1. Quaiocum. Herbs : flowers yellow. Carpels spinose. -'. Tribulus. Carpels tuberculate. 3. Kallstroemia, 1. GUAIACUM L. Sp. PI. 3S1. 17:.::. Evergreen trees or shrubs, with hard resinous wood, the branches stout, the nodes often swollen. Leaves opposite, petioled, abruptly pinnate, the leaflets 2-several pairs, entire, inequilateral, reticulate-veined, the stipules minute. Flowers clustered, peduncled, the peduncles subtended by minute deciduous bracts. Sepals 4 or 5, somewhat united at the base. Petals 4 or 5, blue or purple. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments filiform; anthers cordate or ^-a^it- tate. Ovary stalked, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-celled; style subulate; ovules 8-10 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit coriaceous, with 2-5 wing-like angles. Sc< ids ovoid 14 202 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. or ellipsoid; embryo nearly straight. [From the aboriginal name.] About 8 species, natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Guaiacum officinale L. Petals tomentulose: fruit broadly obcordate; leaflets mostly 4. 1. G. officinale. Petals glabrous ; fruit broadly obovoid ; leaflets mostly 6-10. 2. G. sanctum. 1. Guaiacum officinale L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753. A tree up to 10 m. high, the bark smooth and gray, the branches flexuous. Leaves 3-9 cm. long; leaflets 4 or 6, mostly 4, oval to obovate, glabrous, 1-5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, sessile or nearly so, coriaceous at maturity; stipules 1 mm. long, pubescent, caducous; flowers few or many, terminal, the slender peduncles pubescent; sepals ovate to orbicular, 5-7 mm. long, tomentu- lose on both sides; petals blue, narrowly obovate, about 12 mm. long, tomentu- lose at the apex, rounded or mueronate; fruit usually 2-carpellary, broadly obcordate, yellowish, 17-20 mm. long; seeds ellipsoid, the aril cream-colored. Coppices and scrub-lands, South Caicos : — Cuba to St. Thomas and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; Panama to northern South America. Lignum Vitae. 2. Guaiacum sanctum L. Sp. PL 382. 1753. A tree, sometimes 10 m. high, the bark pale, the branches spreading or pendulous. Leaves 4-10 cm. long; leaflets 4-10, oblong to obovate or oblanceo- late, 2-3.5 cm. long, sessile, glabrous, coriaceous at maturity, usually apiciilate or mueronate; stipules about 3 mm. long, pubescent, usually caducous; flowers solitary or several, on pubescent peduncles shorter than the leaves; sepals obovate or oblong-obovate, 5-7 mm. long, pubescent; petals blue or purple, broadly obovate, 7-11 mm. long, glabrous, rounded at the apex; fruit broadly obovoid, yellow to orange, 14-17 mm. long; seeds ellipsoid, the aril scarlet. Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the islands from Abaco and Great Ba- hama to Watling's, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and North Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Yucatan. Lignum Vitae. 2. TRIBULUS L. Sp. PI. 386. 1753. Herbs, with evenly pinnate leaves and peduncled axillary yellow flowers. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, the alternate ones somewhat longer. Ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 5-celled, hairy, the hairs erect; style short; stigma 5-ridged; ovules 3-10 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit 5-angled, spiny, splitting into 5, 3-5-seeded segments. [Greek, three-pronged, Caltrop, from the resemblance of the fruit to that implement.] About 12 species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Tribulus terrestris L. 1. Tribulus cistoides L. Sp. PI. 387. 1753. Tribulus terrestris cistoides Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 284. 1868. Perennial; roots thick, woody; stems diffuse, procumbent, 3-10 dm. long, pubescent, becoming glabrate. Leaves 1-5 cm. long; leaflets 6-8 pairs, obliquely oblong or elliptic, acutish or obtuse and mucronulate, 4-15 mm. long, silky-pubescent beneath; stipules subulate, 5-8 mm. long; peduncles about as long as the leaves or longer; sepals lanceolate, half as long as the petals; petals yellow, about 2 em. long; carpels tubereled, each with 2 stout divergent spines and several scattered smaller ones. Sandy waste places, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Georgia and Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda ; Guadeloupe and Martinique ; Jamaica ; Panama north to the islands oft the California coast. Large Yellow Caltrop. Buttercup. MALPIGHIACEAE. 203 3. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. Int. 212. 1777. Mostly annual pubescent herbs, with opposite stipulate, evenly pinnate leaves, and solitary axillary peduncled yellow flowers. Sepals usually 5. Petals the same number, obovate or oblanceolate, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovary sessile, 10-12-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity, pendulous; style long, or short, 10-12-grooved, persistent; stigma mostly 10-12-ridged. Fruit 10-12-lobed, not spiny, often tubercled, splitting into 10-12 1-seeded segments. [In honor of Kallstroem.] About 20 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Type species: Tribulus maximus L. 1. Kallstroemia maxima (L.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 213. 1838. Tribulus maximus L. Sp. PI. 386. 1753. Branches slender, prostrate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves short-petioled; stipules subulate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oval or oblong, inequilateral, rounded or subcordate at the base, 8-20 mm. long; peduncles slender, 1.2-5 cm. long in fruit; flowers 2.5 cm. broad, or less; sepals linear-lanceolate, very pubescent, persistent, shorter than the petals; fruit ovoid-conic, about 6 mm. in diameter, about as long as the stout persistent style, the segments tubercled. A weed in waste and cultivated soils, New Providence and Fortune Island : — Georgia and Florida ; 'West Indies ; Mexico to Colombia. Greater Caltrop. Family 5. MALPIGHIACEAE Vent. Malpighia Family. Shrubs, trees or woody vines, mostly with opposite leaves, and perfect clustered, or sometimes solitary, nearly regular flowers. Calyx of 5, usu- ally glandular sepals. Corolla of 5, usually clawed petals. Stamens 5 or 10 ; filaments united below, or distinct. Ovary sessile, mostly 3-carpellary ; styles distinct or united; stigmas minute. Fruit various. About 60 gen- era, including over 700 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Fruit nut-like, winged, laterally attached to the pyramidal receptacle. Mature carpels winged all around, the wings lobed, the body crestless. 1. Trioptcris. Mature carpels winged dorsally, the wings entire, the body crested. 2. Stigmapftyllon. Fruit fleshy, wingless, basally attached to the flat or hollow receptacle. Styles distinct. Inflorescence congested; stigmas thick. 3. Malpighia. Inflorescence elongated; stigmas subulate. 4. Bynonima. Styles united. o. Bunchosui. 1. TRIOPTERIS L. Sp. PI. 428. 1753. Vines, glabrous or nearly so, twining or reclining, with opposite coriaceous, mostly shining, short-petioled leaves, and small clustered flowers. Receptacle py.-amidal. Calyx 8-glandular, the broad sepals persistent. Petals 5, the blades usually undulate. Stamens 10, all antheriferous; filaments subulate; anthers very short. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 3, distinct, nearly equal. Samaras 3 together, each 3-winged, Y-shaped, the two upper wings longer than the lower one. [Greek, three wings.] About 4 species, natives of the Wes1 Indies. Type species: Triopteris jamaicensis L. 204 MALPIGHIACEAE. ^< 1. Triopteris jamaicensis L. Sp. PI. 428. 1753. Banisteria microphylla Jacq. Obs. Bot. 3: 7. pi. 56. 1768. Triopteris rigida Sw. Prodr. 75. 1788. Triopteris hicida H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 167. pi. 451. 1822. Triopteris havanensis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 168. 1822.. Triopteris parvifolia A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat, Bot. II. 13: 266. 1840. A slender vine, sometimss 10 m. long. Leaves various, linear to cuneate or obovate, 1-2.5 em. long, striate-veined, emarginate or mucronate at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base; flowers racemose or paniculate; sepals ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long; petals violet, the larger ones 4-5 mm. long, the suborbicular or ovate-orbicular blades undulate; samaras 12-26 mm. long, the upper wings oblong, the lower one ovate. Scrub-lands and pine-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Cave Cay, Watling's Island, Rum Cay, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; ( ?) Jamaica. Apparently recorded by Schoepf as Banisteria angulosa L. Tkioptekis. 2. STIGMAPHYLLON A. Juss. irf A. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. 3: 48. 1833. Woody vines, with opposite, coriaceous or membranous, petioled leaves, and bright yellow flowers, in axillary peduncled umbel-like corymbs. Keceptacle pyramidal. Calyx 8-glandular; sepals persistent. Petals 5, their blades erose or fimbriate. Stamens 10, only 6 of them antheriferous; filaments unequal, united at the base or up to the middle; anthers short. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 3, distinct, unequal, sometimes foliaceous above. Samaras 2 or 3 together or solitary, with a flat dorsal wing. [Greek, leafy stigma.] About 50 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Banisteria auriculata Cav. 1 Stigmaphyllon Sagraeanum A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 13: 290. 1840. Stigmaphyllon reticulatum A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 13 : 290. 1840. Stigmaphyllon Faustinum C. "Wright; Sauv. Anales Acad. Habana 5: 244. 1868. A rather stout vine up to 12 m. long, usually shorter. Leaves various, oblong to linear, ovate, or obovate, coriaceous, 2-10 cm. long, usually mucro- nate, glabrous or nearly so when old, strongly reticulate-veined beneath, rounded or cordate at the base, short-petioled ; peduncjes and pedicels sparingly pubes- cent or glabrous; pedicels jointed at the base; sepals ovate, about 4 mm. long; larger petals 10-12.5 mm. long; samaras 1.5-2.2 cm. long, the ventral edge of the wing auricled at the base, the body one-third to one-half as long as the wing. Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Andros, Long Island : — Cuba. Sagra's Stigma- phyllon'. 3. MALPIGHIA L. Sp. PI. 425. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, with opposite leaves usually bearing stinging hairs beneath, the white pink or red flowers in axillary peduncled corymbs. Calyx 6-10-glandular, persistent. Petals 5a the blades undulate or fimbriate. Stamens 10, all antheriferous; filaments united to the middle or below; anthers short, often didymous. Ovary glabrous, 3-lobed; styles distinct; stigmas small. Fruit a fleshy drupe, usually depressed-globose. [In honor of Marcello Malpighi, 1628-1693, Italian botanist.] Over 30 species, of tropical and sub- tropical America. Type species: Malpighia glaora L. MALPIGHIACEAE. 205 j|rl. Malpighia polytricha A. Juss. Ann. Sei. Nat. Bot. IT. 13: 336. 1840. A shrub, up to 3 m. high, usually much branched. Leaves oblong, oval or obovate, subcoriaceous, 1.5-3 cm. long, rounded, truncate or retuse and usually mucronulate at the apex, cuneate to subcordate at base, sinuate-dentate or entire, reticulate-veined, glabrous above when mature, mostly pubescent with stinging hairs beneath and on the margins, short-petioled ; cymes sessile or nearly so, several-flowered; calyx 10-glandular ; sepals oblcng to ovate, about 3 mm. long; corolla pink to scarlet, the larger petals 8-10 mm. long; styles unequal, hooked at the apex; drupe red, subglobose or globose-ovoid, 7-10 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, coppices and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Andros n> Caicos and Inagua. Endemic. Consists of many races, the leal forms various and the stinging hairs abundant, few or none. Recorded by Dolley and Hitchcock as If. serosa Spreng. ; also as such by Mrs. Northrop ; and by Hitch- cock as -1/. punicifolia L. Bahama Malpighia. Touch-me-not. Wild chkukv. 4. BYRSONIMA Rich.; A. Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 18: 481. 1811. Shrubs or trees, with opposite petioled or sessile leaves, the flowers in terminal panicles or racemes. Calyx 10-glandular, or glandless, of 5 broad persistent sepals. Petals 5, the blades suborbieular to reniform. Stamens 1°, all antheriferous; filaments short, slightly united at the base. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 3, slender; stigmas subulate. Drupes ovoid to globose. [Greek, tanning.] About 100 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Mal- pighia spicata Cav. •^fC 1. Byrsonima cuneata (Turcz.) P. Wilson, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 394. 1917. Malpighia ludda Sw. Prodr. 74. 1788. Not Miller. 1768. Byrsonima ludda DC. Prodr. 1: 580. 1824. Malphighia cuneata Turcz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Xat. Mosc. 3P: 390. 1858. Usually a shrub, 2.5 m. high or less, sometimes a small tree up to 8 m. high, the twigs slender, mostly short. Leaves spatulate to obovate, rather thin in texture, flat, 1.5-5.5 em. long, glabrous, rounded or abruptly acute at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, reticulate-veined and shining above, dull beneath, the petioles 2-5 mm. long; pedicels sparingly pubescent or glabrous; sepals ovate or oblong, about 3 mm. long; petals white to red, the larger 5-7 mm. long; drupes globose, brown, 9-12 mm. in diameter. Coastal coppices, borders of swamps and in wet places in pine-lands-. Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros. New Providence, Ele'uthera, Cat Island. Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Aeklin's Island, Inagua:- Florida; Cuba to Anegada and Bar- badoes. LOcust-bebby. Goana-bebby. Caxdle-bebby. 5. BUNCHOSIA Rich.; A. Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 18: 4S1. 1811. Shrubs or trees-, with opposite, usually coriaceous, petioled or nearly sessile leaves, and yellow or white flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 8-10-glandular, the 5 sepals persistent. Petals 5, their broad blades undulate or toothed. Stamens 10, all antheriferous; filaments partly united, glabrous; anthers short. Ovary 2-3-lobed ; styles united; stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Drupe ovoid, globose or reniform. [Said to be derived from an Arabic name for coffee.] Thirty species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Malpighia od.ora.ta Jaeq. 206 RUTACEAE. 1. Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) DC. Prodr. 1: 581. 1824. MalpigUa glandulosa Cav. Diss. 8: 411. pi. 239. f. 2. 1789. A shrub, or sometimes a tree up to 8 m. high. Leaves oblong to oblanceo- late or elliptic-obovate, glabrous, 3-11 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or acute at the base, bright-green, somewhat paler beneath than above, the petioles 5-12 m. long; panicles often many, as long as the leaves or shorter; pedicels finely pubescent when young, becoming glabrous; sepals oblong or ovate-oblong, about 3 mm. long; petals yellow, the larger 6-7.5 mm. long, with suborbicular, erose or denticulate blades; ovary and style glabrous; drupes ovoid, red or orange, 2-lobed, 9-15 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands. Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Exuma, Watling's Island :— Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; St. Thomas to Martinique ; Yucatan. Bunchosia. Family 6. RUTACEAE Juss. Rue Family. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with heavy-scented and glandular-punc- tate foliage, mainly compound estipulate leaves, and perfect or polygamo- dioecious flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens of the same number, or twice as many, distinct, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers 2-eelled, mostly versatile. Disk annular. Pistils 1-5, distinct, or 1 and composed of 2-5 carpels, inserted on the receptacle. Fruit various, a capsule, berry or samara. Seeds oblong or reniform; endosperm generally fleshy, sometimes none. About 110 genera and 950 species, most abundant in South Africa and Australia. Fruit dry, capsular or samaroid ; stamens 3-5. Fruit dehiscent, not winged; flowers whitish or greenish. t. Zanthoxylum. Fruit indehiscent, winged ; flowers red or pinkish. 2. Spathelia. Fruit pulpy, drupaceous ; stameDS 8 or 10. 3. Amyris. 1. ZANTHOXYLUM [Catesby] L. Sp. PL 270. 1753. Trees or shrubs with alternate pinnate leaves, the twigs and petioles commonly prickly. Flowers axillary or terminal, cymose, whitish or greenish, mostly small. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals imbricated. Staminate flowers with 4 or 5 hypogynous stamens. Pistillate flowers with 1-5 distinct pistils, rarely with some stamens. Carpels 2-ovuled. Pods 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seeds oblong,- black and shining. [Greek, yellow-wood.] About 150 species, of tem- perate and tropical regions. Type species: Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis L. Petiole and rachis winged ; inflorescence lateral or axillary, short- spicate. 1. Z. Fagara. Petiole and rachis wingless ; inflorescence mostly terminal, panicu- late or corymbose-paniculate. Sepals, petals and stamens 3 ; leaflets obovate. Ovary 3-carpellary. . 2. Z. coriaceum. Ovary 1-carpellary. 3. Z. cabense. Sepals, petals and stamens 5, rarely 4 ; leaflets lanceolate to ovate. 4. Z. flavum. 1. Zanthoxylum Fagara (L.) Sarg. Gard. & For. 3: 186. 1890. Schinus Fagara L. Sp. PI. 389. 1753. Fagara Pterota L. Syst. ed. 10, 897. 1759. Fagara lentiscifolia H. & B. ; Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol., 165. 1809. Zanthoxylum Pterota H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 3. 1823. Fagara Fagara Small, Fl. SE. IT. S. 675. 1903. RUTACEAE. 207 Usually a shrub, sometimes a small tree up to 10 m. in height, intricately branched, the branches armed with hooked prickles, or occasionally unarmed, the young twigs puberulent. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, odd-pinnate; leaflets 5-13, obovate to elliptic or suborbicular, 7-25 mm. long, rounded or cmarginate at the apex, mostly cuneate or narrowed at the base, crenulate, bright-green and shining above, the petiole and rachis grooved and winged ; inflorescence lateral, axillary, short-spicate; sepals 4, not more than 0.5 mm. long; petals 4, yellowish- green, 2-3 mm. long; staminate (lowers with 4 stamens, longer than the petals; pistillate flowers with a sessile ovary and slender styles; follicles globose, 3-4 mm. in diameter; seeds black, shining. Scrub-lands and coppices, Elbow Cay, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, North Cal Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera to Watling's, Great Guana Cay, Great Exiima, Long Island, Acklin's and North Caicos : — Florida; Texas; Mexico; Central and South America ; West Indies. Wild Lime. Satin-wood. 2. Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 326. 1845. Fagara coriacea Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 591. 1896. A prickly aromatic shrub or small tree up to 7 m. high, the old wood bearing many corky conic cushions. Leaves 2 dm. long or less, glabrous, mostly evenly pinnate; leaflets 4-13, obovate or oblong-obovate, 2-6.5 em. long, obtuse, emarginate or bluntly acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, dark-green and shining above, pale-green and often prickly beneath ; cymes terminal, rarely axillary; flowers yellowish-white; sepals, petals and stamens 3; ovary 3-carpellary; petals of the pistillate flowers about 4 mm. long, a little larger than those of the staminate; follicles subglobose to ellipsoid, 5-6 mm. long, apiculate, brown, rough; seeds 1 in each follicle, subglobose, black, shining, 3-4 mm. long. Coppices or sometimes in the white-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to North Bimini, Caicos and Inagua : — Florida : Cuba ; Grand Cayman and Hispaniola. Referred by Dolley and Hitchcock to Zanthoxylum emarginatum Sw. Hercules' Club. Doctor's Club. 3. Zanthoxylum cubense P. Wilson, Torreya 9: 32. 1909. Zanthoxylum juglandifolium A. Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 332. 1845. Xot Willd. 1806. " A prickly glabrous shrub or tree up to 13 m. high. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 3-9, obovate, 5-8 cm. long, obtuse, short-acuminate, or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, shining above, rather dull beneath ; inflorescence terminal, paniculate; sepals, petals and stamens 3; petals about 1.6 mm. long, 4-5 times as long as the calyx; ovary 1-carpellary ; follicles solitary, sessile, globose, apiculate, about 4 mm. in diameter. Coppices and pine-lands, near Deep Creek, Andros : — Cuba. Cuban Yellow- wood. 4. Zanthoxylum flavum Yahl, Eclog. 3: 48. 1807. Xanthoxylon cribrosum Spreng. Syst. 1: 946. 1825. Fagara flava Krug. & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 571. 1896. An unarmed tree, reaching a maximum height of about 12 m. with a trunk about 5 dm. in diameter, usually smaller, sometimes shrubby, the light grey bark nearly smooth, the twigs finely stellate-pubescent when young, soon gla- brous. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, odd-pinnate, finely Btellate-canescent when young; leaflets 3-11, mostly 5 or 7, subcoriaceous, ovate or lanceolate to elliptic, very nearly sessile, obtuse or acutish at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, crenate or nearly entire, pellucid-punctate ; panicles terminal, many-flowered, 5-15 cm. long; pedicels and rachis stellate-canescent ; calyx about 1.5 mm. broad; petals 2.5-4 mm. long; staminate flowers with 5, rarely 4 stamens about 208 RUTACEAE. as long as the petals; pistillate flowers -with a glandular-punctate ovary and short styles; follicles obovoid, 5-9 mm. long; seeds black, shining, 4-5 mm. long- White-lands and low coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to (Irand Turk and Ambergris Cay. Inagna and the Anguilla Isles: — Ber- muda: Florida: Cuban Cays; Jamaica. Santo Domingo to St. Lucia. Referred by Dolley to Zanthoxylum fraxineum Willd. Yellow-wood. Satin-wood. The occurrence of Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis L. in the Bahamas as recorded by Dolley is extremely doubtful; both Z. coriaceum and Caesalpinin bahamcnsis are locally known through the archipelago as "Hercules' Club." 2. SPATHELIA L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 386. 1762. Trees, with slender unbranched trunks, the leaf-scars long-persistent, the pinnate leaves tufted at the summit, the polygamous flowers in large terminal erect panicles. Leaflets pellucid-punctate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricated. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary 3-celled, 3-angled; stigma 3- lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit dry, 3-celled, 3-winged, each cavity con- taining one seed. Endosperm fleshy; radicle straight. [Greek, staff -like.] About 5 species, natives of the West Indies. The trees die after once flowering and fruiting. Type species: Spathelia simplex L. 1. Spathelia vernicosa Planch, in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 5: 581. 1846. Trunk 3-5 m. high, 5-8 cm. in diameter. Leaves several, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, the rachis narrowly wing-margined; leaflets 25-35, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 1-5 cm. long, subsessile, obtuse at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, glabrous, dark-green above, paler beneath, shining on both sides, coarsely crenulate with gland-tipped teeth; panicle 9 dm. long or less; pedicels 3-8 mm. long; flowers red; sepals oblong, 4-5 mm. long; petals oblong-obovate, 5-6 mm. long; filaments with wing-like appendages at the base; fruit 10-13 mm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, the triangular body narrowly winged; seeds angled. Rocky scrub-lands, Cat Island : — Cuba. Low Spathelia. 3. AMYRIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 996, 1000. 1759. Shrubs or trees, with compound (sometimes unifoliolate), petioled leases, and small white perfect flowers in terminal and axillary corymbiform panicles, the pedicels 2-braeteolate. Calyx urn-shaped, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Sta- mens twice as many as the petals, borne on the disk ; filaments filiform ; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2, pendulous; style short or none; stigma capitate or flat. Fruit a small drupe. Seed-coat membranous; cotyledons thick, fleshy. [Greek, much balsam.] About 15 species, natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Amyris oalsamifera L. 1. Amyris elemifera L. Syst. ed. 10, 1000. 1759. Amyris maritima Jaeq. Enum. 19. 1760. A shrub or tree, sometimes 17 m. high, glabrous or the young twigs and inflorescence hispidulous. Leaves opposite, or mostly so ; leaflets 3 or 5, cori- aceous, lanceolate to ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, acute, acuminate or rounded at the apex, cuneate, rounded or subtruncate at the base, crenulate or entire, short-stalked; panicles several-many-flowered; calyx-lobes ovate; petals SIMAROUBACEAE. 209 obovate or oval, 2-3.5 mm. long; ovary glabrous; stigma sessile; drupe globose to ellipsoid, black, 5-8 mm. long, glaucous. Coastal thickets and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Ahaco and Great Bahama to Caicos and Inagua: — Florida: West Indies and Central America. Referred by Dolley to Amyris sylvatica Jacq. Torch wood. White Torch. Catesby, 2 : pi. 33. Amyris bijvga of Schoepf is listed by him as a name only and not identified; his record of .1. sylvatica lias not been substantiated. The Glyeosmis pentaphylla recorded by Dolley, is Amyris elcmifera L. according to the specimen collected by Brace. Family 7. SURIANACEAE Lindl. Bay Cedar Family. The family consists only of the following genus. 1. SURIANA L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. A branching shrub or small tree, with simple alternate entire leaves, the perfect flowers in terminal clusters or solitary. Calyx of 5 persistent sepals. Corolla of 5 imbricated petals. Stamens 10 ; filaments nearly distinct, those opposite the petals shorter than the others. Disk adnate to the base of the calyx, or obsolete. Carpels 5, distinct; ovules 2, collateral, ascending; stylos 5, lateral, filiform ; stigmas capitate. Fruits achene-like. Embryo thick, horse- shoe-shaped. [Named for Joseph Donat Surian, of Marseilles.] A monotypic genus. I ^c 1. Suriana maritima L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Usually a shrub 2 m. high or less, sometimes a small tree up to 8 m. high, the twigs densely leafy, and densely pubescent. Leaves linear-spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rather fleshy, sessile, densely pubescent, obtuse; flowers few, in short clusters; sepals lanceolate to ovate, 6-10 mm. long, acumi- nate; petals obovate, yellow, 7-9 mm. long, erose near the apex; fruiting car- pels 4-5 mm. long, finely pubescent. Maritime sands and rocks, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama t<< Sand Ca.v (Grand Turk), Inagua, the Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal: — Bermuda : Florida : the West Indies ; shores of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea ; Old World tropical coasts. Bay Cedar. Tassel Plant. Family 8. SIMAROUBACEAE DC. Quassia Family. Trees and shrubs, the hark usually bitter and containing oil-sacs, with pinnate (rarely simple), mostly alternate leaves mid small, dioecious or polygamous, panicled racemose, or sometimes solitary, axillary dowers. Calyx of .']-7 sepals. Corolla of as many petals, or wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, rarely more numerous. Carpels 2-5, distinct or united; styles distinct, united or none; ovules mostly 1 or 2 in each cavity. Fruit various, usually L-seeded. About 30 genera, compris- ing some 150 species, mostly tropical, a tew in the temperate /ones. 210 SIMAROUBACEAE. Fruit drupaceous or baccate; petals usually present. Leaves 5-9-foliolate ; carpels 2-ovuled. 1. Pirromnia. Leaves 9-21-foliolate ; carpels 1-ovuled. 2. Simarouba. Fruit samaroid ; leaves 19— 51-foliolate ; petals none. 3. Alvaradoa. 1. PICRAMNIA Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 217. 1797. Trees or shrubs, with alternate, unequally pinnate leaves, and small dioe- cious flowers in narrow panicles. Sepals 3-5, slightly united at the base. Petals 3-5, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 3-5, in the pistillate flowers repre- sented by small staminodia; filaments slender, unappendaged ; anthers broad. Ovary 2-3-celled, sessile; stigmas 2 or 3, spreading; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit baccate, globose to oblong or obovoid, the pulp juicy. [Greek, bitter shrub.] Some thirty species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Picramnia Antidesma Sw. > 1. Picramnia pentandra Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 220. 1797. A shrub, or a small tree up to 10 m. high, the young twigs and leaves finely appressed-pubescent. Leaflets 5-9, chartaceous, oblong to ovate or lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acute, acuminate, or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, shining above, becoming glabrous on both sides, the petiolules short; panicles slender, loosely branched, 7-15 em. long; sepals 5, ovate, acute, about 2 mm. long; petals linear-lanceolate, about as long as the sepals; stamens 5; berries globose to oblong or obovoid, red or scarlet, 9-15 mm. long. Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthern, Pat Island, YVatling's, Atwood Cay, Acklin's. Long Island, Mariguana and North Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba to Trinidad. Bitter Bush. Snake-root. 2. SIMAROUBA Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 859. 1775. Shrubs or trees, usually with bitter bark, the leaves alternate, pinnate, the leaflets entire, the small, terminal or axillary panicled flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sepals 4-6, partly united. Petals 4-6, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 8-12, often represented by dilated staminodia in the pistillate flowers; filaments subulate, appendaged at the base; anthers narrow. Ovary sessile, usually 5-eelled; carpels distinct. Fruit drupaceous. [Guiana name.] About 5 species of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Simarouba amara Aubl. 1. Simarouba glauca DC. Ann. Mus. Paris 17: 424. 1811. Quassia Simaruba W. "Wright, Trans. Rov. Soc. Edin. 2: 73. 1790. Not L. f. 1781. Simaruba amara FTavne, Arzneipfl. 9. pi. 15. 1825. 'Not Aubl. 1775. Simaruba officinalis Maef . Fl. Jam. 1: 198. 1837. Not DC. 1811. Simarouba medicinalis Endl. Medic. Pfl. 528. 1842. Simaruba officinalis forma glabra Krug & Urban, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 15: 305. 1893. A tree, up to 16 m. high, or shrubby, the rather stout nearly terete twigs glabrous, the bark red-brown. Leaves 2-4 dm. long, unequally pinnate ; leaflets 7-21, oblong or oblong-obovate, 5-11 cm. long, rounded, refuse or abruptly pointed at the apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous, or with short spreading hairs beneath, bright green above, pale and more or less glaucous beneath, the petiolules very short ; panicle 1-4 dm. long, widely branched, the staminate flowers more numerous than the pistillate; flowers short-pedicelled; sepals ovate BURSEKACEAE. 211 to triangular-ovate, ciliolate; petals oblong to ovate, 4-6 mm. long; drupe oval, 14-20 mm. long, scarlet to dark-purple. Coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama. Andros. and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica: Mexico to Panama. Pabadise-tkee. 3. ALVARADOA Liebm. Kjob. Vidensk. Meddel. 1853: 100. 1854. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate, unequally pinnate leaves clustered near the ends of the slender branches, the leaflets small and numerous, the small dioecious flowers in narrow, spreading or drooping racemes. Sepals 5, short, slightly united at the base. Petals none. Stamens 5, exserted; filaments filiform, pubescent; anthers short. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 2 or 3,* recurved; stigmas very small. Fruit a 2-3-winged samara. [Commemorates Petro de Alvarado, a Mexican explorer.] Five or six species, of Florida, the West Indies, Central and South America, the fol- lowing typical. 1. Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Kjob. Vidensk. Meddel. 1853: 100. 1854. A shrub or small tree up to 10 m. high, the twigs puberulent. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, the rachis very slender and flexible; leaflets 19-51, thin, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, the lower orbicular to obovate, the upper ovate to oblong, all rounded or refuse at the apex, dark-green and glabrous above, finely appressed-pubescent beneath, the petiolules short; sepals ovate to ovate-orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish; samaras lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, nar- rowed to the apex. Scrub-lands, coppices and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma and Cat Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Mexico. Alvakadoa. Family 9. BURSERACEAE Kunth. Gumbo-limbo Family. Shrubs or trees, mostly resiniferous or aromatic, with alternate, mostly pinnate, deciduous leaves, and small regular perfect or pnlvgamo-dioe- cious flowers, usually panicled. Sepals 3-5, somewhat united below. Petals as many as the sepals and alternating with them. Stamens twice as many as the petals; filaments distinct, short; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, mostly 3-5-eelled; ovules normally 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style usually very short; stigma broad. Fruit drupaceous. Seed-coat mem- branous; endosperm none. About 20 genera and over 300 species, mostly of tropical distribution. 1. ELAPHRITJM Jacq. Enuni. 3. 1760. [TEEEBINTHUS P. Br. Hist. Jam. 345. 1756. Not Miller 1754.] Leaves various, compound or simple. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers polygamo-dioeeiou--. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Petals 4 or 5, ovate to oblong, much larger than the calyx-lobes, imbricated in the bud, inserted at the base of the disk. Stamens 8 or in, distinct, insi-rted with the petals. Disk an entire ring. Ovary sessile, 3-celled. Fruit a globose or 3-angled drupe, the 212 MELIACEAE. epiearp splitting into 2 or 3 coriaceous valves, the bony stone enclosed in fleshy pulp. [Greek, light, the wood is light in weight.] About 80 species, of trop- ical and subtropical America. Type species: Elaphrium tomentosum Jacq. Leaflets narrow, oblong to oblaneeolate ; angies of seed 4, keeled. 1. /-'. inaguense. Leaflets broad, oval to obovate, acute; angels of seed 1-3, acute. '1 I'. Simaruba. 1. Elaphrium inaguense (Britton) Eose, X. A Fl. 25: 245. 1911. Bursera inaguensis Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 443. 1905. Terebinthus inaguensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 342. 1908. A shrub or small tree, 3.3 m. high or less, the twigs gray, the foliage glabrous. Petiole slender, terete, 2-5 em. long; leaflets 3-7, thin but firm, light green on both sides, not strongly veined, oblong to oblanceolate or obovate, acute or obtuse at the mucronate apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6 cm. long or less, 1-2 em. wide, the upper surface faintly shining, the under side dull; lateral leaflets sessile or with petiolules 1-2 mm. long, the terminal one with a petiolule 3-8 mm. long ; panicles several, axillary, as long as the leaves or shorter, the slender peduncles 1-6 em. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; calyx- lobes broadly triangular, acute; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2.5 mm. long; fruit 6-8 mm. long, only one cavity seed-bearing; seed 4-6 mm. long, acute, short-stipitate. Scrub-lands, Eleuthera, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Am- bergris Cay, Inagua and Little Inagua : — northern Cuban Cays. Referred by Hitch- cock to Bursera angustata C. Wright. Bahama Elaphhium. ^ 2. Elaphrium Simaruba (L.) Eose, X. A. Fl. 25: 246. 1911. Pistacia Simaruba L. Sp. PL 1026. 1753. Bursera gummifera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 471. 1762. Bursera gummifera gJabrata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 173. 1859. Bursera gummifera pubescens Engler, in DC. Mon. Phan. 4: 40. 1883. Bursera Simaruba Sarg. Gard. & For. 3: 260. 1890. Terebinthus Simaruba W. F. Wight; Eose, Contr. TJ. S. Xat. Herb. 10: 122. 1906. A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 20 m. with a trunk up to 1 m. in diameter, usually much smaller, the branches spreading, the thick red-brown, smooth and shining bark peeling off in thin layers. Leaves glabrous or some- times pubescent, petioled, 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 3-7, ovate to obovate, firm in texture, 3-8 em. long, acute or acuminate ; racemes glabrous or pubescent, 5-10 cm. long; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx-lobes about 1 mm. long; petals green- ish, 2-2.5 mm. long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate; drupes oblong, 3-angled, 5-10 mm. long, splitting into 3 valves ; seed white. Coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Turk's Islands. Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal : — Florida : West Indies ; Mexico and tropical continental America. Gumbo-limbo, West Indian Bibch, Gcm-elemi. Catesby, 1 : pi. 30. Eedwigia balsamifera Sw., reported by Dolley, has not been found in the Bahamas by any of our collectors; the record is probably erroneous. Family 10. MELIACEAE Vent. Mahogany Family. Shrubs, trees, or sometimes shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, without stipules, pinnately compound, sometimes thriee pinnate. Inflorescence MELIAGEAE. 213 paniculate. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, regular. Calyx of ;>-5, distinct or partly united valvate sepals. < Jorolla of 3-5 distinct or some- what united petals which are sometimes adnate to the stamen-tube. Stamens S-10, or rarely fewer or more, inserted at the base of the disk; filaments united into a tube; anthers sessile or stalked. Carpels 3-5, united; ovary 3-5-eelled, free; styles united. Ovules 2-many in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a berry, capsule or drupe. Seed> sometimes winged; endosperm wanting or fleshy; embryo with leafy cotyledons. About 50 genera, including some 700 species, mostly tropical. Leaflets membranous, serrate to incised ; fruit a drupe ; seeds wing- less. 1. Melia. Leaflets chartaceous, entire; fruit a woody capsule; seeds winged. 2. Swietenia. 1. MELIA L. Sp. PI. 3S4. 1753. Trees, with alternate, pinnate or pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets stalked and serrate, the showy white to purple flowers numerous, in large axillary panicles. Calyx 5-6-parted, the lobes imbricated. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, narrowly spatulate, spreading. Stamen-tube nearly cylindrie, dilated and cleft above, bearing 10 or 12 erect anthers. Disk annular. Ovary 3-6-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender; stigma 2-6-lobed or capitate. Fruit a small drupe, its stone 1-5-eelled, with 1 seed in each cell. [A Greek name of the Ash.] About 25 Asiatic species, the following typical. . 1. Melia Azedarach L. Sp. PI. 384. 1753. Milia sempervirens Sw. Prodr. G7. 1788. A tree, sometimes 20 m. high, with a trunk up to 2 m. in diameter, usually much smaller, the bark furrowed, the branches spreading. Leaves bipinnate, petioled, glabrous, or nearly so, 2-4 dm. long, deciduous; leaflets numerous, ovate to elliptic, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 3-7 cm. long, sharply serrate and sometimes lobed; panicles peduncled 2-3 dm. long; pedicels slender, 4-ln mm. long; sepals acute, about 2 mm. long; petals purplish, oblong, obtuse, about 10 mm. long; drupes yellow, globose, smooth, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. Waste and scrub-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, Eleuthera, Cat Island and Inagua : — southeastern United States; Bermuda: West Indies; Mexico and trop- ical America generally; native of southeastern Asia. PitinE-OF-lNDiA. 2. SWIETENIA Jacq. Enum. 4, 20. 1760. Large evergreen trees, with hard reddish brown wood, and pinnate leaves with opposite acuminate leaflets, the small flowers in terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, its lobes imbricated. Petals 5, spreading. Filament- united into an urn-shaped, 10-toothed tube; anthers 10. Disk annular. Ovary ovoid, 5 -celled; stigma discoid, 5-rayed; ovules many, pendulous on the axis. Capsule large, woody, 5-celled, Bepticidally 5-valved. Seeds many, imbricated in 2 series. [Named for Gerard von Swieten, 1700 1772.] Three known sped two of tropical and subtropical America, one African, the following typical. ^k 1. Swietenia Mahagoni .lacq. Enum. 20. 1760. A large tree, sometime--- 25 m. high with a trunk 4 m. in diameter, buttressed at the base, the reddish bark scaly, the branches spreading, the angular twigs 214 POLYGALACEAE. smooth. Leaves evenly pinnate, 1-2 dm. long, the slender petiole enlarged at the base; leaflets 4—8, coriaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, inequilateral, 3-8 cm. long, dark-green, glabrous and shining above, paler green and glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath; panicles axillary, 6-15 cm. long; calyx-lobes rounded; petals white, spreading, about 4 mm. long; stamen-tube glabrous; ovary ovoid; style erect; stigma 5-rayed; capsule ovoid, woody, 6-12 cm. long, splitting from the base into 5 thick valves, the 5-winged axis persistent; seeds about 18 mm. long, the wing obtuse. Coppices find scrub-lands, Abaco. Great Bahama, Lignum Vitae Cay, Andros, New Providence, Great Guana Cay, Exuma. Long Island, Eleuthera to Watling's, Acklin's, Crooked Island, Mariguana, the Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to Peru. Mahogany. Madeira. Catesby, 2 : pi. 81. Cedrela odorata L., recorded by Dolley from the Bahamas, is unknown by us from any island or cay in the archipelago. It may have been planted. Family 11. POLYGALACEAE Rehb. Milkwort Family. Herbs, rarely shrubs or small trees in tropical regions. Stipules none. Pedicels generally 2-bracted at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals 5, the two lateral inner ones (wings) large, colored, the others smaller. Petals 3 (or 5), hypogynous, more or less united into a tube, the lower one often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in 1 or 2 sets. Ovary 2-celled; style simple; stigma curved, dilated or lobed; ovules 1 in each cavitj7, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally ca- runcled; embryo straight. About 10 genera and 1000 species, widely dis- tributed. Wings much larger than the other sepals and petaloid ; lateral petals partially adnate to the androecium ; the Bahama species herbs. 1. Polygala. Wings somewhat larger than the other sepals, not petaloid ; lateral petals coherent to the androecium at the base ; shrubs or trees. 2. Badiera. 1. POLYGALA L. Sp. PL 701. 1753. Herbs or shrubs. Flowers racemose, spicate or capitate, rarely solitary and axillary, sometimes also cleistogamous and subterranean. Sepals very unequal, the two lateral ones (wings) large and petaloid. Petals 3, united into a tube which is split on the back, and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8 or 6, monadelphous below, or diadelphous; capsule membranous, compressed, dehiscent along the margin. Seeds 1 in each cavity, generally hairy. [Greek, much milk.] A genus of about 450 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Polygala vulgaris L. The following descriptions were contributed by Dr. J. K. Small. The two lower sepals wholly or partly united. Sepals with marginal stipitate glands. 1. P. bahamenste. Sepals glandless. 2. P. Krugii. Sepals distinct. Racemes sessile or nearly so, permanently short ; sepals with marginal glands ; bracts persistent. 3. P. spathulata. Racemes long-peduncled, elongate or elongating; sepals with- out marginal glands ; bracts deciduous. Racemes slender, interrupted in anthesis ; stems slender, wiry ; capsules suborbicular ; seeds oblong-ovoid. 4. P. Wic/htiana. Racemes stout, not interrupted : stems stout, fleshy ; cap- sules oblong-obovoid ; seeds broadly clavate. 5. P. Wilsoni. POLYGALACEAE. 215 1. Polygala bahamensis Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 47: 64. 1916. Plant annual with slender roots. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, branched above, and sometimes branched from near the base, the branches glabrous or nearlv so; leaves glabrous at maturity, the blades various, those of the lower leaves narrowly obovate to oblong-obovate, those of the upper leaves oblong to linear, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, longer than the lower ones, obtuse or acute, all short-petioled, the midrib prominent beneath; racemes loosely flowered; sepals about 1.5-2 mm. long, the upper one ovate, ciliate, and with gland-tipped hairs; wings 3-4 mm. long, the blades orbieular-fiabellate, several-veined, short-clawed, greenish and purple-tinged; keel about 3 mm. long or rarely larger; petals 2.5-3 mm. long, the blades orbicular-obovate ; capsules oval or oval-orbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous; seed-body with spreading or reflexed-spreading hairs. Pine-land, borders of marshes, and roadsides, Great Bahama, New Providence, Andros. Endemic. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to P. brizoides St. llil.. and by Small (Fl. Miami 102) to P. corallicola Small, of Florida. Perhaps not distinct from the next following species. 2. Polygala Krugii Chodat, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 3P: 63. 1893 Plant annual with slender root. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. tall, sparingly branched, especially above, the branches glabrous; leaves glabrous, the blades various, those of the lower leaves oblong-obovate to narrowly oblong, those of the upper ones narrowly oblong, oblong-elliptic to almost linear, or rarely somewhat broadened upward, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, longer than the lower ones, all obtuse or acutish, short-petioled, the midrib and lateral veins prominent beneath when dry; racemes very loosely flowered; sepals about 1.5 mm. long, the upper one ovate, ciliate especially near the apex and glandless; wings 3.5-4 mm. long, the blades depressed-orbicular, rounded, few-veined, purple-tinged, short- clawed; keel 4.5-5 mm. long; petals about 3 mm. long, the blades fiabellate; capsules oval or nearly so, about 3.5 mm. long, glabrous; seed-body about 1.5 mm. long, with spreading hairs. Scrub-lands, pine-lands, and savannas, Great Bahama, New Providence, Andros. Endemic. Krug*s Polygala. 3. Polygala spathulata Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 13. 1866. Plant perennial or sometimes annual, deep-green, glabrous. Stems slender, usually several or many from a woody base, spreading, 0.3-2.8 dm. long; leaves numerous, whorled in 4's, the blades cuneate to obovate or somewhat spatulate, sometimes nearly as wide as long, 7-9 mm. long or rarely longer, abruptly pointed, entire or obscurely toothed, obscurely punctate, glabrous, sessile or nearly so; racemes few-flowered, rather slender, permanently short, the bra.-ts persistent, ovate, about 0.5 mm. long; pedicels about as long as the bracts, deciduous; flowers spreading; sepals bright-green, the upper one ovate or oval- ovate, the lower ones ovate, glandular-ciliate, all about 1 mm. long; wings fully 2.5 mm. long, the blade obovate or oblong-obovate, acute or acutish, whitish with green veins, short-clawed ; corolla about 2 mm. long, the petals broad, united to above the middle, often erose; capsules oblong, fully 2 mm. long, nearly as long as the wings or shorter; seeds narrowly oblong-ovoid, less than 2 mm. long, with spreading or reflexed hairs, the aril-lobes much more than -A as long as the seed-body. Rocks, pine-lands, palm-lands, and borders of coppices, Great Bahama, New Provi- dence, Andros, Great Exuma : — Cuba. Si'atilate-leaykd Polygala. 4. Polygala Wightiana Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 47: S7. 1916. Plant annual, not fleshy, slender, glabrous, dark-green. Stems solitary or several together arising from a slender root, simple above or sparingly branched, the branches very slender; leaves few, whorled at the principal nodes, oo :i- 2 1 6 POLYGALACEAE. sionally opposite or alternate, the blades oblaneeolate to spathulate, acute, or those of the upper leaves linear or nearly so, 1—1.5 em. long, longer than those of the lower leaves, acute; racemes slender, spike-like, elongate in age, acute at' the apex, the bracts caducous, and the pedicels deciduous at maturity; pedicels about 0.5 mm. long; flowers spreading or ascending; sepals pale-green and scarious-margined, the upper one broadly ovate, the lower ones narrowly ovate, all 1 mm. long or less; wings about 1.5 mm. long, the blade oval, short- clawed, the center greenish, the margins whitish ; corolla about 1.5 mm. long, the petals very broad, united at the base, obtuse; capsules suborbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, as long as the wings or slightly longer; seeds oblong-ovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, covered with short spreading hairs, the caruncle less than i the length of the body. Swampy grounds, marly shores, and limestone rocks, New Providence, Andros, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island and Mariguana. Endemic. Wight's Polygala. 5. Polygala Wilsoni Small, sp. nov. Plant annual, fleshy, stout, glabrous, bright-green. Stems usually several or many together arising from the top of the stout root, simple or occasionally branched, usually near the base or near the inflorescence ; leaves numerous, whorled on the lower part of the stem, alternate above, the blades of the lower leaves cuneate or obovate, obtuse, mucronate or apiculate, those of the upper leaves spatulate, oblong or linear, mostly 1-2 cm. long, longer than those of the lower leaves, minutely spine-tipped ; racemes stout, greatly elongate in age, acute at the apex, the bracts fugacious and the mature pedicels deciduous from the rachis; pedicels about 1 mm. long; flowers not drooping; sepals bright green, the upper one ovate, the lower ones lanceolate, all less than 2 mm. long; wings about 3 mm. long, the blade oval or obovate, short-clawed, the center greenish-yellow, the margins white; corolla about 2.5 mm. long, the petals very broad, united to near the apex, rounded ; capsules oblong-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, much surpassing the wings; seeds broadly clavate, about 3 mm. long, covered with spreading hairs, the caruncle less than one half the length of the body. Type collected on the Anguilla Isles, Salt Key Bank, Bahamas, May, 1909, ^Yilson S030. Related to Polygala praetervisa Chodat ; differing in the very fleshy foliage, the relatively larger parts throughout, the narrower upper sepal, and the capsule, which is long-exserted beyond the wings. Wilson's Polygala. 2. BADIERA DC. Prodr. 1: 334. 1824. Evergreen shrubs or trees, with alternate entire subcoriaceous leaves, and small or minute greenish or white flowers in short axillary racemes. Sepals dis- tinct, nealy equal, the two inner (wings) somewhat larger than the others, but not petal-like. Petals 3, the upper ones about twice as long as the wings, adnate to the stamen-tube at the base. Stamens 8, the filaments united into a tube. Ovary 2-celled, often pubescent. Capsule 2-celled, but one of the cells often abortive, coriaceous, margined, compressed. Seeds pubescent or nearly glabrous. [Dedicated to Badier, an early French botanical collector.] About 10 species, of the West Indies. Type species: Polygala diversifolia L. 1. Badiera oblongata Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 314. 1907. Polygala oblongata Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 47: 13. 1916. A shrub, 1.5 m. high, or less, with long slender appressed-puberulent branches. Leaves coriaceous, dull, 1.7-3 cm. long, 0.8-1.8 cm. wide, oblong or obovate-oblong, somewhat revolute-margined in drying, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins few and inconspicuous, sparingly pubescent with POLYGALACEAE. 217 short appressed hairs on both sides when young, becoming glabrous or nearly so when old, rather bright-green above, pale-green beneath, acute at the base, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, the pubescent petioles about 2 mm. long; flowers clustered in the axils, puberulent, on pedicels 2 mm. long or less; ex- terior sepals about 0.7 mm. long, suborbicular, green; corolla white, about 2.5 mm. long; carina unguiculate, obtuse; capsule nearly triangular, shallowly emarginate, about 8 mm. long and wide, subacute at the base. Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence ; Cat Island : Acklin's Island ; Crooked Island : Watling's Island ; North Caicos ; Providenciales : — Cuba. Re- corded by Dolley as Badiera doming ensis Jacq. Oblong-leaved Badieka. Family 12. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil Spurge Family. Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky sap. Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate. Flowers sometimes much reduced and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx {Euphor- biae), the number of parts in the floral whorls often differing- in the stam- inate and pistillate flowers. Ovary usually 3-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, pendulous; styles mostly 3, single, divided, or many-cleft. Fruit mostly a 3-lobed capsule, separating, often elastieally, into 3. 2-valved carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds anatropous; embryo in fleshy or oily endosperm, the broad cotyledons almost filling the seed-coats. About 250 genera and over 4000 species, of wide distribution. A. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity ; plants not milky. 3. Fowers petaliferous. 2. Flowers apetalous. a. Fruit capsular or baccate : styles slender. * Staminate flowers with a rudimentary ovary : spiny shrub or tree. ** Staminate flowers without a rudimentary ovary. Trees, shrubs or woody vines. Leaves normal ; branches not flattened into phyllodia. Flowers in Ieafy-braeted panicles ; fruit indehiscent. baccate. 3. Flowers axillary: fruit dehiscent. 4. Leaves obsolete ; branches flattened into phyl- lodia. 5. Annual or perennial herbs. 6. b. Fruit drupaceous ; styles dilated. 7. B. Ovule 1 in each ovary cavity. 1. Flowers not in an involucre, or involucre closed. (SeePcra.) a. Filaments indexed at the top. 8. Croion. b. Filaments straight. * Flowers in forked cymes. Petals coherent ; tree or shrub with cordate haves. 0. Petals distinct: shrubs or herbs. Hi. ** Flowers not in forked cymes. t Lobes of tbe staminate calyx valvate. Staminate flowers with petals. Flowers of both kinds apetalous. Stamens few or many, distinct or united. Flowers not in a closed involucre. Anther-sacs globose to oblong. Shrubs or trees ; anther-sacs oblong. Pubescence of simple hairs. 12. Pubescence stellate. 13. Herbs; anther-sacs globose. 14. Anther-sacs elongated, often llex- uous. 1 ."i Flowers iii a globose closed involucre when young. 16 15 1. Savin. 2. Becurinega. Cicca. Margaritaria. Xylophylla. Phyllanthus. Drypi ti s. Curcas. Adenoropium. 11. Argythamnia. i delta. Laaiocroton. Mercurialis. Acalypha. Pera. 218 EUPHORBIACEAE. Stamens very numerous, the filaments re- peatedly forked. tt Lobes of the staminate calyx imbricated, or calyx wanting. Flowers in branched racemes. Flowers spicate or in simple racemes. Bracts small; shrubs or trees. Calyx of the staminate flowers cleft or lobed. Filaments distinct. Filaments connate. Anthers 2 ; ovary 6-9-celIed. Anthers 3 ; ovary 3-celled. Calyx of the staminate flowers none or rudimentary. Bracts large, membranous, at first enclos- ing the inflorescence ; large tree. 2. Flowers in a calciform or cyathiform involucre. Involucre calciform, the glands internal. Involucre regular, the glands external. Glands of the involucre inframarginal ; shrubs or trees. Glands of the involucre marginal. Plants leafless or leaves small and rudimentary. Plants fleshy, cactus-like ; bractlets foliaceous. Plants woody, jointed ; bractlets not folia- ceous. Plants normally leafy ; herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. Inflorescence terminal. Stem topped by an umbel ; stipules none. Stem not topped by an umbel ; stipules gland-like. Inflorescence axillary or axillary and terminal. Leaves equilateral, ternate or verticillate ; shrubs or trees. Leaves inequilateral, opposite ; mostly herbs. 17. 18. Ricinns. llunihot. 19. Bonania. 20. 21. Hippomane, <;* iiiimeodendron 22. Gi/mnanthes. 23. Hura. 24. Pedilanthus. 25. Adenorima. 26. Euphorbia. 27. Arthrothamnus. 28. Titliymalus. 29. Poinsettia. 30. Aklema. 31. Chamaesyce. 1. SAVIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 771. 1806. Trees or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves, the inflorescence racemose or short-eymose. Flowers petaliferous, dioecious or monoecious. Male flowers: sepals 5, subequal, imbricated; petals small; stamens 5, alternate with the petals ; filaments separate above their insertion ; anthers erect ; rudimentary ovary slightly 3-fid. Calyx of the female flowers as in the male. Capsule 3- celled, the cocci 2-valved; seeds exarillate; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons plane. [Commemorates Gattano Savi, professor at Pisa, died 1844.] About 6 West Indian species. Type species: Croton sessiliflorum Sw. ± 1. Savia bahamensis Britton, Torreya 4: 104. 1904. A shrub or tree up to 5 m. high with ascending branches. Leaves oblong- obovate, thick, obtuse and rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, 7 cm. long or less, 1.5-3 cm. wide, dark green, shining and strongly reticulated above, pale green and inconspicuously reticulated beneath; petioles stout, about 4 mm. long, about as long as the dense clusters of male flowers; fruit glabrous, depressed-globose, slightly and obtusely 3-lobed, about 8 mm. in diameter. In thickets, from Abaco southward to Inagua : — Florida : Cuba ; Jamaica. Re- corded by Mrs. Korthrop as 8. erythroxyloides Griseb., of Cuba, which it resembles. Maidex-bush. 2. SECTJRINE&A Comm.; Gmel. Syst. 1008. 1791. Shrubs, the leaves alternate, entire, often small, the flowers clustered or solitary in the axils, monoecious or dioecious, apetalous. Male flowers: EUPHORBIACEAE. 219 sepals 5, imbricate; lobes of the disk, or glands, 5, alternate with the stamens; stamens 5 or rarely fewer, filaments free, opposite the sepals; anthers erect, their cells distinct, longitudinally dehiscent; rudimentary ovary more or less evident, slightly or markedly 2-3-fid. Female calyx like the male, the disk sub- entire; ovary 3-eelled; styles distinct, recurved, 2-fid; ovules 2 in each cell. [Greek, referring to the hard wood of the typical species.] About 8 species of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Securinega durissima Gmel. 1. Securinega Acidoton (L.) Fawcett, Journ. Bot. 57: 68. 1919. Adelia Acidoton L. Syst. ed. 10, 1298. 1759. Securinega Acidotliamnus Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: 451. 1866. Flueggia Acidotliamnus Griseb. Xachr. Gesell. Wiss. Goett. 1865: 164. 1865. An intricately much-branched shrub 3 m. high or less. Branches strongly flexuous, delicately and sharply spinous; stipules ovate-lanceolate, minute, caducous; leaves petiolate, broadly obovate, obtusely rotund, rigid, densely and prominently reticulate-veiny, pale beneath, 6-8 mm. long, 2-6 mm. broad; male flowers glomerate-fasciculate; female flowers solitary; styles connate below, bifid, the branches broadly 2-3-lobed; fruit at first fleshy, obtusely trigonal; seeds smooth," pallid. Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island. Great Exuma and Long Island : — Cuba to St. Jan and St. Croix ; Jamaica. Securinega. 3. CICCA L. Mant. 1: 17, 124. 1767. A tree with distichous entire leaves and small monoecious flowers in leafy- braeted lateral panicles. Calyx 4-parted, the segments unequal, imbricated. Petals none. Male flowers with 4 distinct stamens, the anthers extrorse. Fe- male flowers with a several-celled ovary, the styles 2-cleft; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit baccate, indehiscent. Seeds angular, pendulous. [Greek, wonderful tree.] A monotypic genus. 1. Cicca disticha L. Mant. 1: 124. 1767. Phyllanthus distichus Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: 413. 1866. A tree, up to 12 m. high. Leaves ovate, pointed, 5-7.5 cm. long. Flowers panicled, the panicles many-flowered, lateral, arranged along aphyllous branches, the male and female mixed in the same fascicles; filaments alternating with exterior glands; ovary 4 (3) -celled; fruit depressed-globose, angled, the angles as many as there are seeds; seeds smooth. Adventitious after cultivation at Fresh Creek, Andros : — Spontaneous ,■ cultivation in Florida and the West Indies; native of southern Asia. Otaheite (J<>iisr;i'.i:i;i!Y. GuusEBBBBl TEEE. 4. MARGARITARIA L. f. Suppl. 66, 428. 1781. Trees, shrubs or woody vines, with glabrous alternate entire leaves, and small dioecious flowers, solitary or few together in the axils-. Calyx usually 4-parted. Disk urceolate. Staminate flowers usually with 4 distinct stamens. Pistillate flowers with a 3-5-celled ovary and 3-5 distinct styles; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit capsular, 3-5-lobed. [Greek, p^arl-like.] Four known species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Margaritaria nobilis L. f. 220 Kl'IMIORBIACEAE. 1. Margaritaria bahamensis (Urban) Britton & Millspaugh. Phyllanthus bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 289. 1902. A small tree about 7 m. high. Leaves obovate-elliptic, oblong or lance- olate, 2.5-8 em. long, 8-25 mm. broad, obtuse or acute, shining above, pallid beneath; flowers . produced from between the stipules on short, few-leaved branchlets; outer sepals ovate, inner orbicular, margin membranous; disk beyond the stamens plane, the margin free and undulate-erenate ; anthers orbicular-ovate; styles 3, spreading, each 2-lobed; fruit solitary, short- peduncled, depressed-globose, 3-lobed, about 8 mm. broad. Coppices, scrub-lands and pine-lands, Abaco, Andros, New Providence and Eleu- thera. Endemic. Reported by Coker as Phyllanthus virens Muell. Arg. Bahama Margaritaria. 5. XYLOPHYLLA L. Mant. 2: 147, 221. 1771. Aphyllous tree-like shrubs, with flat leaf-like coriaceous branches (phyl- lodia). Male and female flowers mingled in glomerate or fasciculate clusters in the serratures of the phyllodia; calyx 5-6-parted; staminal column entire or divided, surrounded by as many glands as stamens; anthers transversely de- hiscent; ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity; styles 3, depressed, laciniate or 2-cleft. Fruit capsular. Seedlings, and sometimes shoots from stumps, bear small normal leaves. [Greek, woody-leaf.] About 10 species of the West Indies and Brazil, the following typical. 1. Xylophylla Epiphyllanthus (L.) Britton; Small, Fl. Florida Keys 76. 1913. Xylophylla latifolia L. loc. cit. 1771. Phyllanthus falcatus Sw. Fl. Ind Occ. 1115. 1800. A shrub, .75-2 m. high. Phyllodia subcompressed, scattered or distichous, lanceolate to rhomboid, serrate above, 5-13 cm. loug, 0.8-2 em. broad; sepals red; staminal column entire or trifid, anthers subsessile, spreading, the cells distinct, ovoid-globose; styles slender, recurved above, 2-4-fid; capsule sessile, subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter. Rocky places near the coast, Andros and the Biminis southward to Grand Turk Island : — West Indies. Referred by Dolley to Phyllanthus angustifolius Sw. of Ja- maica. Abraham-bush. Hardhead. Scipio-bush. Sword-bush. Races differ widely in size and shape of the phyllodia. • Catesby, 2 : pi. 26. 6. PHYLLANTHUS L. Sp. PL 981. 1753. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, often so arranged as to appear like the leaflets of a compound leaf. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, a staminate and a pistillate Gne often together in the axils. Calyx mostly 5-6- parted, the lobes or sepals imbricated. Stamens usually 3. Ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 3, each usually 2-cleft. [Greek, leaf-flower.] Over 50 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Phyllanthus Niruri L. Stem and branches straight. Seeds longer than broad, evenly ridged. 1. P. Niruri. Seeds as broad as long, unevenly papillate-lined. 2. P. pruinosus. Stem and branches zigzag. 3. P. pentaphyllus. 1. Phyllanthus Niruri L. Sp. PL 981. 1753. Annual ; herbaceous. Leaves distichous, 1.5-2 mm. long, subsessile, obovate- oblong, rounded at the apex or mucronate, glabrous, pale beneath; stipules setaceous, persistent; pedicels axillary, from 1-6 times exceeded by the leaf; EUPHORBIACEAE. 221 ealyx-segments 5, ovate; anthers sessile on the top of the column, globose, contiguous; styles short, included; capsule depressed-globose, 2 mm. broad; seeds evenly striated on the back. Sandy nlaees and cultivated grounds from Andros to Turks Islands : — Bermuda ; Florida: West Indies and continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Gale- OK-WIND. j£2. Phyllanthus pruinosus Poepp. ; A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 216. 1850. Phyllanthus saxicola Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 428. 1905. Annual or perennial, glabrous ; stem 0.5-4 dm. tall, simple or irregularly branched. Leaves relatively numerous, erect or nearly so, leathery, oblong, oblong-obovate or cuneate, 4-12 mm. long, obtuse, entire, bright-green, short- petioled ; flowers very short-pedicelled ; calyx of the female flowers less than 3 mm. wide at maturity its lobes obovate ; disk rather angular; capsule spheroidal, barely 2 mm. wide; seeds less than 1 mm. long and nearly as wide, unevenly papillate-lined. From Great Bahama southward to Acklin's Island : — Florida : Jamaica ; Cuba. Recorded as P. radicans in Field Mus. Bot. 2: 151. Rock Phyllanthus. s^ 3. Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C. Wright; Griseb. Xachr. Ges. Wiss. Goett. 1865: 167. 1865. Annual; stems terete, wiry, slender, nearly prostrate, divaricately branched, zig-zag. Leaves obovate, 8-12 mm. long, the base acute, the apex rounded or obtuse, the margin entire and slightly revolute ; petiole about 1 mm. long; male flowers glomerate, the clusters about 8-12-florous, short-pedicelled; sepals ovate, obtuse, white ; anthers 2 ; female flowers solitary, pedicellate, the pedicels bisetaceous at the base; sepals not white-margined; styles very short, 2-lobed, recurved; capsule small, depressed, about as long as the fruiting pedicel; seed minutely striate, the faint lines more scaly than papillate. Low sandy meadows, Eleuthera and Mariguana : — Florida ; Cuba. Tufted Phyllanthus. 7. DRYPETES Yahl, Eclog. 3: 49. 1807. Shrubs or trees. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous; stipules deciduous; flowers axillary, fasciculate, dioecious. Calyx 4-6-partite, its lobes imbricated. Petals none. Stamens 4-6(8-2), distinct; anthers ovoid, introrse. Ovary 2-1-celled its cells 2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, usually monospermous by abortion. [Greek, a drupe.] About 10 species, of Florida, the West Indies and Brazil. Type species: Dry petes glauca Vahl. Sepals 4, ovary 2-celled ; fruit 6-11 mm. in diameter. 1. /). lateriflora. Sepals 8, ovarv 1-celled : fruit about 2 cm. in diameter. I. raves ovate, mostly blunt. 2. D. diversifolia. Leaves lanceolate, aristo-mucronate. 3. D. mucronata. 1. Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urban, Bot, Jahrb. 15: 357. 1892. Schaeff. eria lateriflora Sw. Prodr. 38. 1788. Shrub, or sometimes a tree 9.5 m. high. Leaves petiolate, oblong or elliptic, 5-11.5 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at base and apex, entire, shining, delicately reticulate-veined beneath; flowers in dense axillary clusters; pedicels shorter than the petioles; calyx campanulate; sepals oblong to ovate, obtuse, pubescent without; stamens 4; drupe subglobose, 6-11 mm. in dia- meter, dark brown, tomentulose. Coppices, Great Harbor Cay, Andros. New Providence, Bog Island, and Cay north of Wide Opening: — Florida: Cuba; Bispaniola ; Jamaica. Guiana 1'ixm. 222 EUPHOEBIACEAE. 2. Drypetes diversifolia Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 353. 1892. Drypetes keyensis Krug & Urban. Joe. cit. 354. 1892. Tree up to 6 m. high; branches terete, grayish, secreting drops of resin in the axils. Leaves of two forms: the lower long-petioled, margin spinose- dentate and spinous-acuminate, base rounded; the upper longer-petioled, margin entire, obtuse or subacuminate, the base rounded or obtuse and slightly protracted down the petiole; all ovate, 7-9 cm. long, 3.2-3.8 em. broad. Inflorescence few-flowered, the pistillate flowers sometimes solitary; calyx yellowish; sepals oblong or oval, sometimes slightly rhomboid, obtuse, pubes- cent without ; stamens 8 ; stigmas slightly oblique ; drupe broadly oblong or ovoid, 1.9-2.5 cm. long, tomentulose. Coppices, Great Bahama, through the larger Berry Islands to Andros and Cay Sal Bank : New Providence ; Little San Salvador to Watling's Island ; Great Exurna through the Crooked Island Group to Inagua : — Florida Keys. Whitewood. 3. Drypetes mucronata C. Wright ; Griseb. Xachr. Ges. Wiss. Goett. 1865 : 165. 1865. Shrub 4-5 m. high; branches terete, lenticillate. Leaves petioled, bicol- orate, 3.8-7 cm. long, 2.5-3.2 cm. wide, both surfaces strongly reticulate- veined, the base obtuse or slightly decurrent on the petiole, rarely slightly inequilateral, the apex mucro-spinescent; female flowers subsolitary; male glomerate or fasciculate; calyx of both sexes about 2 mm. long, pubescent within; stamens longer than the calyx; filaments and anthers pubescent; ovary reddish-hairy ; fruit globose, about 2 cm. long, obscurely golden-tomentose. Rocky coppices of Great Bahama and Andros : — Cuba. Sharp-leaved Drypetes. 8. CROTON L. Sp. PI. 1004. 1753. Herbs, shrubs or trees, strong-scented, often stellate-pubescent. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes with two glands at the base of the blade. Flowers spicate or racemose. Staminate flowers uppermost: calyx 4-6-parted (usually 5-parted) ; petals usually present but small or rudimentary, alternating with glands; stamens 5 or more. Pistillate flowers: calyx 5-10-parted; petals usually wanting; ovary mostly 3-eelled; ovule 1 in each cavity; styles once, twice or many times cleft. Fruit capsular. Seeds carunculate. [Greek name of the Castor-oil plant.] Over 600 species, widely distributed. Type species: Croton Tiglium L. A. Leaves entire or dentate ; shrubs. Leaves discolor. Leaves narrowly linear, not over 2 cm. long. 1. C. rosmarinoides. Leaves linear to oblong, 3.5-12 cm. long. 2. C. linearis. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Leaves stellate beneath. 3. C. flocculosus. Leaves silvery lepidote. 4. C. Eluteria. Leaves unicoior. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous. 5. C. lucidus. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, stipitate-glandular. R. C. bahamensis. B. Leaves deeply lobed ; herbaceous. 7. C. lobatus. 1. Croton rosmarinoides Millsp. Croton rosmarinifolius Griseb. Naehr. Ges. "Wiss. Goett. 1865: 174. 1865. Not Salisb. 1796. A densely branching shrub 1.25-2 m. high. Leaves subsessile, sublinear, rigid, 8-12 mm. long, obtuse, the margin entire and strongly incurved, densely lepidote beneath; stipules obsolete; inflorescence terminal on very short branch- EUPHORBIACEAE. 223 lets. Female flowers: sepals spathulate-laneeolate, obtuse; ovary densely lepi- dote; styles 4-fid to the middle. Male flowers: petals obovate; stamens 6; filaments" villous below. Capsule ellipsoid-globose,) densely lepidote; seeds smooth and shining. Scrub-lands, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Long Island and Atwood Cay : — Cuba. Rosemary Croton. $ 2. Croton linearis Jacq. Enum. 32. 1760. Croton Cascarilla L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: 1424. 1763.* Croton Cascarilla linearis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 532. 1805. Croton Cascarilla Benn. Jour. Linn. Soc. 4: 30. As to specimen and descr. 1860. Croton Fergusonii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 695. 1903. A shrub 1-2 m. high, with yellowish, densely stellate twigs. Leaves short- pctiolate, narrowly linear (on young shoots often oblong) 3.8-7 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, obtuse, dark and smooth above, silvery or golden with stellate tomentum beneath, narrowing to the biglandular base. Inflorescence racemose, the male 4-8 mm. or more long, the female shorter. Male flowers: sepals 5-6, triangular; petals spatulate, obtuse, ciliate, longer than the sepals; stamens about 15. Female flowers: sepals narrow, acuminate; petals obsolete or rudi- mentary. Capsule subglobose, yellowish-floecose; seeds broadly oblong, dark greenish brown, minutely and very shallowly puncticulate, 3 mm. long, 2.8 mm. broad. Coastal rocks and plains throughout the archipelago to Caicos and Turks Islands : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola. Referred to in Field Mus. Bot. 2 : 152 and by Coker as C. discolor Willd. Linear-leaved Croton. Bay Wormwood. Granny-bush. 3. Croton flocculosus Geisl. Crot. Monog. 14. 1807. A low shrub with yellowish-tomentose branchlets. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.8-10 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, stellate-scabrous above, stellate-downy beneath, entire, acuminate, the base obtuse, biglandular; glands globose-scutelliform, sessile; inflorescence terminal, racemose, 3.5 cm. long; seeds ovoid-lenticular, dark grayish green, scattered shallow-poculate, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. broad. Waste places near Nassau, New Providence: — Hispaniola; Guadeloupe: Mar- tinique; Barbados. Referred by Dolley to C. flavens L., which it resembles. Rock Balsam. x 4. Croton Eluteria (L.) Sw. Prodr. 100. 1788. Clutia Eluteria L. Sp. PI. 1042 (ante). 1753. Clutia Cascarilla L. loc. cit. (post). 1753. Croton Cascarilla Benn. loc. cit. 30, as to references.* 1860. A silvery-shining shrub or small tree, 2-4 m. high, with a rich spicy odor; branchlets rusty-lepidote. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or repand, blunt- pointed, long-petioled, 3.2-7.6 cm. long, 12-16 mm. broad near the rounded base, dark and glabrous above, minutely silvery-lepidoie beneath, minutely pellucid-punctate; stipules early deciduous. Inflorescence in terminal racemes 3.7-5 cm. long. Female flowers: petals white, villous on the margin; styles bipartite, the branches 2-fid. Male flowers: stamens 10-12. Seeds oval-oblong, biconvex, opaque, blotched, 8 mm. long, 6 mm. broad. Coppices, becoming scarce, Great Harbor Cay of the Merry Group southward to Marihuana. Endemic. Cascarilla Babe. Sweet wood Babe. Keeitheka Babe. Catesby, 2 : pi. !fi. * For a detailed consideration of Croton Cascarilla see Field Mas. Bot. 2 : 306-S. —4 EUPHORBIACEAE. 5. Croton lucidus L. Syst. ed. 10, 1275. 1759. Croton Hjalmarsonii Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 40. 1859. Croton lucidus pubigerus Griseb. loc. eit. 1859. A broad shrub 1.5-2 m. high; branchlets glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, glabrous or pubes- cent, minutely pellucid-punctate, entire, narrowing to a roundish base and apex; petiole about one-fourth the length of the blade; stipules ephemeral. Inflores- cence in terminal racemes. Male flowers: sepals ovate, imbricative, much smaller than those of the female, ciliate on the margin; female flowers: calyx- lobes oblong, blunt, margin reduplicate, somewhat persistent at the base; styles 4-partite, the branches bifid to near the base. Seeds ovoid-oblong, shin- ing, flatfish on the ventrum, the dorsum convex. Rocky thickets and openings, throughout the archipelago from Great Sturrup Tay south to Grand Turk Island: — Cuba; Porto Rico; Jamaica and the Caymans. Croton glabell-um of Schoepf. Fire-bush. An examination of the type, and many specimens, indicates that C. Hjalmarsonii is but a race of this species which develops many interspersing races, differing in the size of the leaves and in pubescence, both in Jamaica and in the Bahamas. 6. Croton bahamensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 308. 1909. A shrub 1-2 m. high with a peppery odor; branchlets white stellate- tomentose. Leaves lanceolate, 3-7 em. long, 7-17 mm. broad, acuminate, mucronate, base slightly oblique and rounded, with 2 patellate glands, green above and equidistantly stellate-pubescent, densely stellate-pubescent beneath, the margin subentire or crenate-dentate with stipitate glands in the sinuses; stipules fimbriate and stipitate-glandular. Inflorescence in dense terminal racemes. Female flowers: calyx-segments oblong, stellate-pilose; styles 4-fid to the base and villous with moniliform hairs. Male flowers: calyx non- glanduliferous; petals white, cymbiform, the apex minutely fimbriate; stamens 35-50. Capsule globose, deeply suleate, glabrous below but long-pilose in the sulci and at the apex; seeds brownish black, the rugae rib-like. Open pastures and in thickets bordering openings, Eleuthera and Long Island to Mariguana. Endemic. Referred to in Field Mus. Bot. 2: 153, and by Hitchcock as C. humilis L. ; by Grisebach and by Dolley as C. humilis origanifoliua. Bahama Crotox. Pepper-bush. 7. Croton lobatus L. Sp. PI. 1005. 1753. A low herb, 3-6 dm. high, the branches and branchlets pilose, the longer hairs simple. Leaves membranous, 3-5-lobed, glabrous, papillate, the segments elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; petioles nearly as long as the blades. Female flowers: calyx-lobes spathulate-lanceolate, glanduliferous and with a few long acicular hairs; styles free or nearly so, 3-8-fid at the apex. Male flowers: sepals glabrous; petals lanceolate. Capsule globose-ellipsoid, the cocci with a number of scattered acicular hairs; seeds ochre-color, quadrangular- cylindric, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, the dorsum apiculate at the caruncle, all the facets marked by incomplete and more or less transverse ridges. Adventitious in waste places, New Providence, near Nassau : — West Indies ; con- tinental tropical America. Lobed Croton. Schoepf's record of Croton argentcum L., as Bahamian, is, presumably, erro- neous. 9. CURCAS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 356. 1763, Glabrous or nearly glabrous trees or shrubs with petioled, lobed or entire leaves, and monoecious flowers in compound or simple cymes. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous, the petals united to or above the middle. Stamens about 10, in 2 series. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, splitting into 2 or 3 valves. [Malabar name.] Perhaps 10 species, natives of tropical regions, the following typical. EUPIIORBIACEAE. 1. Curcas Curcas (L.) Britton & Millspaugh. Jatropha Curcas L. Sp. PI. 1006. 1753. Curcas indica A. Rich, in Sagra, Eist. Cub. 11: 208. 1850. A small tree or sometimes shrubby, 2-5 m. high. Leaves subcordate, roundish, angular or obsoletely 3-5-lobed, glabrous or glabratc. the petiole about as long as the blade; stipules deciduous; inflorescence in contracted cymes; calyx 5-partite; corolla yellow, 5-partite, villous within, twice as long as the calyx; stamens 10-15; styles bifid, cohering below; capsule oval, slightly fleshy, 3-4 cm. long; seeds oblong, nearly 2 cm. long. Waste grounds, New Providence : — Bermuda ; West Indies ; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. 10. ADENOROPIUM Pohl, PI. Bras. 1: 12. 1827. Monoecious or rarely dioecious perennial herbs, or shrubs, with entire lobed or divided leaves, the flowers in cymes. Staminate flowers on the upper parts of the cymes, with a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx, 5 distinct petals, the stamens usually several or numerous. Pistillate flowers in the lower forks of the cymes; capsule ovoid or subglobose, easily separating into 2-valved carpels. [Greek, glandular bush.] Eighty species or more of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Adenoropium ellipticum Pohl. 1. Adenoropium gossypifolium (L.) Pohl, PI. Bras. 1: 16. 1S27. Jatropha gossypifolia L. Sp. PI. 1006. 1753. Herbaceous; stem 6-10 dm. high, branched. Leaves filiate or glandu- liferous on the margin, 3-5-partite or 3-5-lobed, pubescent, glabrescent beneath or glabrous, the segments ovate, pointed, denticulate or entire; petiolar and stipular glands branched; inflorescence in contracted cymes; calyx 5-parted; corolla twice as long as the calyx; petals obovate, deep purple, spreading; stamens 8-12; stigmas 2-branched; capsule truncate at both ends, 3-sulcate, about 1 cm. in diameter. Waste grounds. New Providence :- — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. 11. ARGYTHAMNIA Sw. Prodr. 39. 1788. Low shrubs containing purple pigment. Leaves simple, entire or dentate, stipulate. Inflorescence in few-flowered, axillary subsessile racemes; flowers short-pedicellate, the 1-3 inferior pistillate. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 4-5- parted, valvate. Petals of staminate flowers 4 or 5 ; stamens 4 or 5 cohering at the very base and surrounding a central rudiment, anthers subglobose, introrse; discal glands 4 or 5. Styles cut into 3-8 branches. Capsule 3-coccous. [Greek, silvery bush.] Some 35 species, all American. Type species: Argythamnia candlcans Sw. Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate or obovate. Leaves entire, subsessile, yellow-sericeous; styles •". i fi.i 1. A.sericea. Leaves denticulate, petiolate, silvery-sericeous; styles 2-fld. 2. A.argentea. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolat< :;. A- lucayana. 1. Argythamnia sericea Griscb. Fl. Br. W. I. 44. 1S59. A low leafy ^hrub entirely covered with Bllky down. I.. obovate, mucronate, entire, subsessile, sericeous, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1<>-17 mm. broad, the 226 EUPHORBIACEAE. principal veins 3 or 4 on each side, straight) sh, prominulous, parallel to the cuneate leaf-base; stipules lanceolate, setaceous, persistent, 1 cm. long; inflo- rescence in contracted scorpioid racemes. Male flowers 3 or 4, one above the other, 2-3-bracteolate, short-pedicellate, 2 mm. long; calyx 5-parted, the seg- ments lanceolate; petals reddish, lanceolate, cut at the obtuse apex; glands of the disk alternate with the petals; stamens 5, as long as and opposite the petals, the filaments slightly cohering at the base. Female flowers subsolitary, inferior, short-pedicellate; calyx as in the male; petals none; styles 3-4-fid with linear, unequal branches. Capsule depressed, carpels subglobose; seeds punctate-scabrous, 1 mm. in diameter. Open white-lands and dunes. Fortune Island and Inagua. Endemic. Silky Argythamnia. 2. Argythamnia argentea Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 154. 1906. Argithamnia lanceolata Pax & K. Hoffm. Pflanzenreich 147: 79. 1912. A small shrub, branching from the base; branches canescent, densely leafy. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, short-petioled, 1.5-3.5 X -6-1 cm., margin sparingly and slightly dentate above, silvery-sericeous; stipules broad, cuspidate. Inflorescence in axillary racemes. Male flowers 3 ; sepals 4, ovate- lanceolate; petals 4, thick; sepals similar, shorter; bract 1, scaphoid. Female flowers 3; sepals elongate-lanceolate; petals minute, ligulate, alternate with the glands of the disk; styles 3, bifurcate nearly to the base, the apex bilobed; ovary canescent. Capsule and seeds unknown. Scrub-lands, Inagua, Castle Island, Grand Turk and South Caicos :— Hispaniola. Silvery Argythamnia. 3. Argythamnia lucayana Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 154. 1906. A small branching ascending or prostrate shrub, the branches minutely sericeous, sparsely leaved, 3-5 dm. long. Leaves sessile, elliptic- or obovate- lanceolate. bluish green, 2.5-3.5 X 1-1-5 cm., the apex acute or short-acuminate, the margin entire or very minutely and remotely glandular-denticulate, sparsely and minutely strigose-pilose when young, glabrous when mature; racemes 6-10 mm. long, 4-6-flowered. Male flowers: sepals deltoid-lanceolate equaling the spatulate, pilose petals; stamens 4, glabrous. Female flowers: lobes lance- olate, acuminate; petals minute, narrowly-lanceolate, obtuse, paleaceous, many times shorter than the sepals; ovary villous; styles villous, 2-3-dichotomous, the terminal divisions short. Seeds globose, dark brown, apiculate, 1.5 mm. diam., anastomose-reticulate, the surface coated with a hydnum-like porous integument. Rocky and sandy coppices, Berry Islands and Andros to Eleuthera, Long Island, Caicos and Inagua. Bahama specimens previously referred to A. candicans Sw., to which the species is related, belong here. Endemic. Bahama Argythamnia. 12. ADELIA L. Syst. ed. 10, 1298. 1759. [Bernardia P. Br. Hist. Jam. 361. Hyponym. 1756.] Shrubs with serrate stipulate leaves pubescent with simple hairs and dioe- cious flowers. Male flowers in axillary amentaceous spikes, each flower sessile in the axil of a bract; calyx 3-5-parted; stamens 15-20, distinct, the interior central and mixed with some glands; anthers cruciate-globose, 4-celled, 2 cells anterior. Female flowers few or solitary, subterminal, 3-bracteate; calyx 5-6- parted, biseriate; styles 3, short, lacerate-crenate. [Greek, referring to the inconspicuous flowers.] A few species of tropical America, the following typical. EUPIIOEBIACEAE. 227 1. Adelia Bernardia L. Syst. ed. 10, 129S. 1759. Bernardia carpinifolia Griseb. PI. Br. W. I. 45. 1859. Bernardia dichotoma Mull. Arg. Lirmaea 34: 172. 1865. Bernardia Bernardia Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 58. 1900. A tomentose shrub .75-3 m. high. Leaves petioled, ovate-oblong, 4-8 cm. long, rounded at the biglandular base, tapering from the middle to a bluntish point, obtusely Ferrate, tomentose beneath, primary veins distant, prominulous beneath; stipules setaceous, 2 mm. long. Male spikes sessile, 6-12 mm. long, tomentose; bracts oval, acute; calyx-lobes 3-5, ovate, acute, nearly equalling the stamens; central disk minute; anthers yellow. Capsule densely appressed- pubeseent; seed ovate, acute, 5X^ mm., nearly smooth, brown with darker brown markings, the dorsum strongly keeled, ventral surface flattened, a small rounded prominence on each side of the hilum above and a minute dark raised point at the extremity of the keel. Coppices and thickets, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling,'s Island, Ruin Cay, For- tune and Acklin*s Islands : — Cuba to Porto Rico ; Jamaica. Referred by Hitchcock tc Bernardia mexicana (IT. & A.) Muell-Arg. Adelia. 13. LASIOCROTON Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 46. 1859. Shrubs or trees, with broad stellate-tomentose leaves. Inflorescence monoe- cious, in axillary spikes, the female flowers few and inferior. Male calyx 4-partite; stamens 7-14, inserted upon a minute disk; anthers oblong, adnate, the cells curved, introrse. Ovary globose, markedly 3-carpellate. Seeds globose, ecarunculate. [Greek, velvety Croton.] A few West Indian species. Type species: Lasiocroton macrophyllus Griseb. >^1. Lasiocroton bahamensis Pax & K. Hoffm. Pfianzenreich, 63: 61. 1914. Lasiocroton micrantlms Pax & K. Hoffm. loc. cit. 1914. A high leafy tomentose shrub, or a tree up to about 8 m. high. Leaves long-petioled, roundish or ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5 X 2.3-10 X " cm-> trun- cate to cordate at the base, bluntish, entire or repand on the thiek;sh subrevolute margin, pale green above, golden-tomentose beneath; secondary veins trans- verse, strongly reticulate; petioles articulated at the estipulate base. Inflores- cence densely many-spicate near and at the ends of the branchlets; spikes short-peduncidate ; bracts including a glomerule of 3-5 male flowers. Male flowers densely tomentose; calyx valvate ; sepals 3-angular; stamens distinct, included ; filaments purple, as long as the anthers. Female flowers sparse, scattered near the base of the spike, densely pubescent; calyx-lobes 5, unequal, reflexed, ovate, blunt; disk large, flat, 5-crenate; styles 2-3, thick, entire, spreading. Capsule tomentose; seeds smooth, ashen; raphe distinct, delicate. Rncky plains, Andros, Eleuthera, Great Ragged Island : — Cuba. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to L. macrophyllus (Sw.) Griseb., of Jamaica. Wild Oak. Light- wood. Bitters. 14. MEK.CITRIALIS L. Sp. PI. 1035. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, the leaves opposite, often dentate. Inflorescence mostly dioecious, the male in more or less elongate spikes or racemes. Flowers apetalous. Male flowers: calyx membranous, sepals 3, valvate; stamens 8-20; filaments distinct; anthers subglobose, opening length- wise. Female flowers: sepals 3; ovary 2-celled; stylos 2, distinct or nearly so; stigmas entire. Capsule generally 2-carpelled J seeds solitary in each carpel; testa smooth or tuberculate. [The herb of Mercury.] About 7 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. 228 EUPHORBIACEAE. 1. Mercurialis annua L. Sp. PI. 1035. 1753. A weak glabrous annual 2-6 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate to lanceolate, 3-6 X 1-5-2.5 em., narrowed at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, crenate or serrate with rounded teeth; }>etioles somewhat less than half the length of the blade; male flowers in interrupted spikes longer than the leaves; female flowers clustered in the axils. Capsule 2-carpelled, 4-5 mm. broad, hispid; seeds ovoid, 2.5 X 2 mm., grayish green, densely shallow-pitted. Adventitious in waste grounds near Nassau, New Providence: — Bermuda; Dela- ware to Texas. Native of Europe. Heku Mebcuby. 15. ACALYPHA L. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753. Herbs or shrubs. Stems mostly erect. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flow- ers in spikes or spike-like racemes; staminate cluster often peduncled, each flower in the axil of a minute bractlet, with a 4-parted calyx and 8-16 stamens united at their bases. Pistillate flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract, which often equals or overtops the staminate, the calyx 3-5-parted ; petals wanting in both kinds of flowers; capsule usually of 3, 2-valved carpels, each 1-seeded. [Greek, nettle.] About 250 species, mostly tropical and subtropical. Type species: Acalypha virginica L. Inflorescence densely cylindric. 1. A. alopecuroidea. Inflorescence loosely spicate. Female bracts cleft to about the middle. Plants perennial, prostrate. 2. A. rhamaedrifolia. Plants annual, erect. 3. A. ostryaefolia. Female bracts cleft to the base. 4. A. setosa. 1. Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. Ic. Ear. 3: 19. 1793. Herbaceous, annual, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves broadly ovate, 5-7 X 3-4.5 cm., appressed-pubescent, membranous, flaccid, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, cuspidate-acuminate, serrate, the petiole as long as the blade or longer; spikes terminal, closely flowered, 5 cm. long; female bracts 1-flowered, membranous, ovate-triangular, 7-9 mm. long, 3-5-lacerate to the base; calyx- lobes ovate, acute; ovary hirsute above; styles elongated, delicate, attenuate, entire or shortly bifid ; carpels slightly keeled ; seeds ovoid, apiculate, 1 X •§ mm., reddish-brown ; testa densely and minutely pitted-cellular ; caruncle waxen, longitudinal, linear. Adventitious in waste places, Abaco and New Providence: — Cuba; Porto Rico; Jamaica ; Mexico ; Central America ; Caribbean coast of South America. Referred by Dolley to Acalypha polystachya Jacq. Spicate Acalypha. 2. Acalypha chamaedrifdlia (Lam.) Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 152: 879. 1866. Croton chamaedrifolius Lam. Encycl. 2: 215. 1786. Acalypha reptans Sw. Prodr. 99. 1788. A prostrate herbaceous or suffrutescent perennial, pubescent or glabrate, with branches 1-3 dm. long. Leaves ovate, .8 X .5-3.5 X 1-5 cm., base blunt or rounded, apex acute, margin crenate-dentate; petioles about one-third the length of the blades; inflorescence in cylindric terminal subsessile androgynous racemes, male above and few-flowered female below, sometimes with similar superaxillary racemes or female clusters, the flowers sessile; bracts roundish, dentate or crenate, the teeth ovate, seeds ovate-globose, apiculate, brown, 3x1 mm.; testa very minutely pitted-cellular; caruncle longitudinal, waxen, wrinkled. Red-lands and rocky coppices, Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola to Tortola and Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Prostkate Acalypha. EUPHORBIACEAE. 229 3. Acalypha ostryaefolia Bidd. Syn. Fl. W. States 33. 1835. Acalypha caroliniana Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 645. 1824. Not Walt. 1788. Acalypha pcrsimilis Muell. Arg. Linnaea 34: 25. 1865. An erect, rather stout annual, dark green, minutely pubescent, 2-8 dm. tall. Leaves thin or membranous, ovate, 5-10 cm. long, base obtuse or cordate, apex short-acuminate, margin closely and sharply serrate; petiole often as long as the blade; inflorescence spiciform, the male and female separate; male bracts minute, the female conspicuous, lobed; capsule strongly depressed, short, thick, 2-6-laciniate above; seeds reddish-brown, ovoid-globose, apiculate, the testa warty-wrinkled; caruncle flat, papyraceous, fusiform. Waste grounds near Nassau, New Providence: — New Jersey to Kansas; South- eastern United States to Mexico; Cuba; Porto Rico. Hoknbeam Acalypha. 4. Acalypha setosa A. Bich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 204. 1850. An erect annual 3-6 dm. tall, the younger parts hirtulo-pubescent. Leaves ovate, thin, 3-5-nerved, 4-7 X 2.5-5 cm., base obtuse or slightly cordate, apex short-acuminate, margin finely-serrate; inflorescence monoecious, in cylindric spikes, the male axillary, lax-flowered, the female terminal, dense-flowered, 3-5 cm. long; female bracts 2-flowered, ovate, 5-6 mm. long, 7-13-partite, the divisions laciniate, papillo-scabrous ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, ciliate; styles short, thick, 2-6-laciniate above ; seeds reddish-brown, ovoid-globose, apiculate, 1.4X1 mm.; testa densely papillo-punctate; caruncle a single straight mem- branous line. Waste grounds near Nassau, New Providence : — Cuba ; Ilispaniola : Porto Pico ; Mexico to Costa Rica. Setose Acalypha. 16. PEEA Minis, Vet. Akad. Stockh. 5: 299. 1784. Glabrous or pubescent trees, the leaves alternate, short-petioled, entire, coriaceous, penninerved. Inflorescence dioecious or rarely monoecious, pisiform, in the axils of the leaves and at old nodes, short-pedicelled or subsessile, 2-3- braeteate. Flowers sessile in small involucres, very small, apetalous; involucres globose, gaping or valvate in anthesis; disk none. Male flowers: calyx minute, valvate, 2-3-fid, or rudimentary or wanting ; stamens 2-6 ; filaments connate at or near the base; anthers dorsally fixed at or near the base, the cells longi- tudinally contiguous and dehiscent. Female flowers: calyx none or reduced to scales; ovary 3-celled; styles short; stigmas thick, peltate, disciform, or 3- lobed; ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule globose or pyriform; pericarp firm, dehiscent into 3, 2-cleft valves; seeds ovoid or obovate, ffompressed; testa erustaceous, black and shining; endosperm thick, fleshy; cotyledons plane, broad. [Greek, a pouch.] About 25 species, of tropical America. Type species: Pera arbor ea Mutis. 1. Pera bumeliaefdlia Griseb. Nachr. Cos. Wiss. Goett. 1865: 180. 1S65. A small tree up to 12 m. high, or shrubby, with slender branches, the petioles and involucres densely ferrugineous-lepidote. Leaves olive-green, 7-9 X 2-3 cm., elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, narrowed to the petiole, shining above, dull and sparsely lepidote-punctate beneath; petioles about 1.5 cm. long, slender; male calyx globose-ellipsoid, 4-5-lacerate-dentate (as many toothed as there are anthers) ; capsule oliviform, the pericarp transversely sharp-wrinkled when dry; seeds flattened-pyrdform, gaping open at the apex, black and shining, minutely shallow-punctate, 5 x 3.5 mm. Coppices of Andros and New Providence: — Cuba. Pbba. Black Ebony. 230 EUPHORBIACEAE. 17. RICINUS L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753. A tall stout monoecious herb, glabrous and glaucous, with alternate large peltate palmately lobed leaves, and numerous small apetalous greenish flowers in terminal racemes, the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers with a 3-5-parted calyx, the segments valvate, and numerous crowded stamens; filaments repeatedly branched. Pistillate flowers with a caducous calyx. Cap- sule subglobose, or oval, separating into 3, 2-valved carpels. Endosperm fleshy and oily. [Latin name of the plant.] A monotypic genus. 1. Ricinus communis L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753. Stem erect, 1-5 m. tall, more or less branched, becoming tree-like in warm regions. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 1-6 dm. broad, 6-11-palmately lobed and peltate, the lobes toothed, acute or acuminate ; capsule 12-16 mm. in diameter, usually spiny; seeds shining, smooth, black, variegated with white, or mottled with gray and brown markings. Adventitious in waste places on New Providence and Cat Islands : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Florida, Texas and Mexico; West Indies; continental tropical America. Native of the Old World tropics. Castor-oil Plant. 18. MANIHOT Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 356. 1763. Monoecious herbs or shrubs of vigorous growth, generally with glaucous glabrous leaves. Leaves alternate, the blades entire or palmately 3-7-lobed, the segments membranous or leathery, entire or lobed. Flowers apetalous, in branched racemes, the staminate with a calyx of 5 partially united sepals; stamens 10, in 2 series; filaments slender, those of the inner series attached to the lobes of the disk; anthers opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers with a calyx similar to that of the staminate but the tube often shorter; ovary 3- celled; styles 3, slightly united at the base; ovules solitary in each cell. Cap- sule 3-celled; seeds solitary in each carpel. [Name Brazilian.] About 80 species of South America, the following typical. 1. Manihot Manihot (L.) Cockerell, Bull. Torr. Club 19: 95. 1892. Jatropha Manihot L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753. Herbaceous; stems 0.8-1.5 m. high, more or less branched. Leaves 3—7- parted, the segments linear to elliptic or slightly broadest above the middle, acute or acuminate, entire ; petiole about as long as the blade or longer ; bracts shorter than the pedicels; calyx eampanulate, 6-8 mm. long, its lobes ovate, obtuse, about as long as the tube; calyx of the pistillate flowers with a shorter tube than that of the staminate. Reappearing after cultivation, Andros and Eleuthera : — Widely cultivated and more or less persistent in tropical and subtropical regions. Native of South Amer- ica. Cassava. 19. BONANIA A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 201. 1850. Low glabrous shrubs with alternate coriaceous leaves and axillary spicate monoecious flowers. Leaves short-petioled, small, entire or glandular-dentate or serrate. Disk none. Male flowers 3 from each bract, subsessile; calyx membranous, the margin truncate or broadly and slightly 2-3-lobed. Stamens 2 (rarely 3); filaments free, short; anthers small, the cells dis- EUPHORBIACEAE. 231 tinet, ovoid, parallel-contiguous; rudimentary ovary none. Female flowers solitary at the base of the spike, sessile or pedicelled; calyx 3-fid; ovary 3-celled; styles 3, distinct or slightly connate at the base, slender, recurved- spreading, entire; ovule 1 in each cell. Capsule globose; cocci 2-valved; seeds globose, estrophiolate. [Commemorates Sebastian Bonani.] About 6 species of Cuba and the Bahamas. Type species: Bonania cubana A. Rich. 1. Bonania cubana A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 201, pi. 68. 1850. Excoecaria cubana Muell. Arg. Linnaea 32: 122. 1863. A much branched shrub about 2 m. high with shining leathery glabrous leaves. Leaves 12-18 X 6-11 mm., ovate, obtuse, sometimes slightly emargi- nate, distinctly nerved, glandular-crenate; petioles short; stipules ovate; male spikes 12-16 mm. long, slender; bracts l-3-flowered_; calyx sessile, about 1 mm. long, urceolate. its lobes short, entire; anthers subincluded; capsule flattened- globose, smooth, slightly 3-sulcate; seed globular, grayish, 3 mm. in diameter, smooth, flecked with a few minute, scarcely perceptible, yellowish markings. Thickets, coppices and rocky plains, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma and Long Island : — Cuba. Bonania. 20. HIPPOMANE L. Sp. PI. 1191. 1753. Trees with glabrous leaves and acrid poisonous milky juice. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, with rather long petioles. Flowers in terminal monoe- cious amentaceous spikes, the raehis stout, the male above the female in clusters of 8-15, subtended by 2-glandular bracts; calyx membranous, 2-3- lobed; stamens 2-3, exserted; filaments more or less united; anthers erect, extrorse. Female flowers: calyx ovoid, 3-parted, closely surrounding the ovary and furnished with several glands; ovary 6-8-celled, sessile; styles 6-8, re- curved, stigmatic on the inner surface; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Drupe slightly 6-8-ridged, variegated, the pulp milky, the endo- carp bony, 6-8-celled; seeds elongated, flattened. [Greek, horse-poison.] A monotypic genus. 1. Hippomane Mancinella L. Sp. PI. 1191. 1753. An evergreen tree 4-20 m. high. Leaves shining, glabrous, thickish, ovate or oval, 4-10 em. long, blunt or somewhat narrowed at the base, acute or short-acuminate, undulate or slightly shallow-serrate; principal veins at nearly right angles to the midrib; veinlets delicately reticulate; petioles slender, somewhat shorter, or at times longer, than the blades; stipules 4-S mm. long; bracts broader than long, crenulate ; male calyx with 3 unequal acute lobes ; female calyx of ovate or orbicular sepals; drupe spheroidal when fresh, 2.5-3.5 em. in diameter, yellowish; nut depressed, often bearing numerous grouped thorn-like projections. , Rocky coppices and white-lands, Abaco, Andros, Great Guana ''ay, Atwood Cay, Fortune Island, Inagua, Prcvidenciales and Anguilla Islands: — Florida; West Indies; Mexico and continental tropical America. Manciiioneel. Catesby, 2: /*/. 95. 21. GRIMMEODENDRON Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 397. 1908. Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, crenate-serrate. Inflorescence in terminal monoecious spikes; flowers apetalous; disk none. Male flowers: calyx 3-lobed or 3-fid. membranous, the lobes valvate; stamens 3; 232 EUPIIORBIACEAE. filaments coaleseent near the apex of /the column; anthers exserted beyond the calyx, their sacs ovoid, longitudinally contiguous and dehiscent; rudimentary ovary ab?ent. Female flowers: calyx 3-fid; ovary 3-celled; styles coaleseent below, patent above, thick, undivided at the apex. Capsule spherical or de- pressed, sessile, 3-suleate. Seeds ovate-globose. [Greek, Grimm's tree.] Two known species, the following typical, the other endemic in Jamaica. 1. Grimmeodendron eglandulosum (A. Rich.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 398. 1908. Stillingia eglandulosa A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 202. 1850. Excaecaria Sagraei Muell. Arg. Linnaea 32: 121. 1863. Excaecaria eglandulosa Muell. Arg.; DC. Prodr. 15: 1209. 1866. A shrub or a tree up to 8 m. high. Leaves shining, oblong to oblong-lance- olate, 3-8 X !-2-5 cm-> base obtuse or narrowed to the mostly 2-glandular petiole, apex bluntly pointed, margin subserrulate with hooked-spinous teeth; male flowers 2 or 3 ; capsule 5-7 X 8-9 mm. ; seeds ovoid-globose, 4 X 3.2 mm., cinnamon-brown, marked with dark brown blotches and points. Low coppices. Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma and Watling's Island : — Cuba. Poison Bush. 22. GYMNANTHES Sw. Prodr. 95. 1788. Evergreen trees or shrubs with glabrous leaves and milky juice, the leaves alternate. Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, the male in slender axillary braeteolate racemes, the female solitary, long-peduncled, arising from the axils with the male; perianth rudimentary or lacking. Stamens 2 or 3 ; filaments distinct or united at the base, subtended by the rudimentary perianth of 3, scale-like parts. Styles 3, recurved. Capsule 3-carpelled; seeds pendulous, the testa membrano-crustaeeous. [Greek, naked flower.] About 12 species, of tropical America. Type species: Gymnanthes elliptica Sw. 1. Gymnanthes lucida Sw. Prodr. 96. 1788. Excoecaria lucida Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 2: 1122. 1800. An evergreen shrub or tree often 10 m. high. Leaves petioled, glabrous, coriaceous, oblong or laneeolate-spatulate, 5-11 cm. long, narrowed at the base, shining above, the margin undulate and generally obscurely toothed near the apex; racemes shorter than the leaves, continuous; bracts reniform; stamens 2 or 3, subtended by bractlets; female flowers solitary on curved peduncles somewhat shorter than the racemes; ovary stipitate; capsule depressed, about 1 cm. broad; carpels rounded; seeds ovoid, 5X4.mm-> SraJ, striped longi- tudinally with fine golden-brown lines of irregular width and form. Coppices, from Allen's Cay throughout the archipelago to Inagua and Atwood Cay : — Florida and the West Indies. Crab-wood. 23. HUEA L. Sp. PI. 1008. 1753. Large glabrous trees with milky juice, and large many-carpelled, flattened- globose fruits, the broad cordate leaves shining, biglandular above the base of the blade. Inflorescence monoecious, in terminal, oval or oblong, long-peduncled spikes; male flowers densely imbricated above, the female at the base or in the inferior axils. Calyx cupuliform, irregularly toothed; staminate column cen- tral, bearing below its verticillate projections an indefinite number of sessile EUPHORBIACEAE. 233 extrorse anthers. Style simple, infundibuliform at the apex; stigma many- lobed, with hanging subulate branches. Capsule deeply suleate into many coeei; seeds rounded, compressed. [Aboriginal name.] Two or three species of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Hura crepitans L. Sp. PL 1008. 1753. A high, umbrageous tree, the trunk and branches often prickly. Leaves variable in shape, roundish, about 5-7 cm. in diameter, cordate at the base, abruptly acuminate, serrate or subentire, the blade often shorter than the petiole; stipules linear-lanceolate, pubescent; anthers usually 1-3-seriate; stigma large, violet-red; capsule concave at both ends, splitting noisily when ripe and dry, 7-8 cm. broad, 3-4 cm. high. Planted in Nassau, New Providence, and perhaps spontaneous after cultivation : — West Indies and Mexico to tropic America. Sandbox-tree. 24. PEDILANTHUS Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 19: 390. 1812. Shrubs with fleshy branches and milky juice, alternate leaves with the midrib thickened beneath (rarely leafless) , glandular stipules (if present), op- posite floral leaves, and cymose terminal or axillary involucres. Involucres oblique, shoe-shaped, the tube more or less fissured superiorly and notched inferiorly at the bilabiate apex or throat, with 2 lateral and 1 median accessory lobes more or less closing the fissure, the tube bearing an appendix on the superior side of its posterior extremity. Appendix gibbous and interiorly glandular, its lip notched or 2-3-lobed and extending anteriorly above the posterior end of the fissure of the tube. Flowers pedicellate, the male numerous, ecalyculate, sometimes with linear bracteoles at the base; female single with the long style finally protruding and generally declinate from the throat of the tube; stigmas 3, connate, often separate at the apex and frequently 2-lobed. Seeds ecarunculate. [Greek, slipper-flower.] About 30 species. Type species: Euphorbia tithymaloides L. Leafy; appendix 4-glandular. 1. P. tithymaloides. Leafless ; appendix 2-glandular. 2. P. bahamcnsis. 1. Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 19: 390. 1812. Euphorbia tithymaloides L. Sp. PL 453. 1753. Branched, 1.2-1.8 m. high; leaves glabrous, subsessile, cuneate at the base, ovate or oblong, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, apex acute often recurved, margin subundu- late, the mid-vein prominently undulate-carinate beneath. Cymes terminal, dense ; floral leaves ovate, long-acuminate, slightly longer than the peduncles, early deciduous; involucres purple, 1.1-1.3 em. long; tube thin, smooth; appendix 4-glandular the lobe linear short; male pedicels hairy, the female glabrous; style shortly bifid; capsule 7.5 mm. long, 9 mm. broad, truncate at base and apex; cocci keeled; seeds ovate, 5 mm. long. Waste places and in coppices, Andros and Cat Island: — Florida: West Indies; Mexico; Central and Caribbean South America. Slippbr-plant. Fiddle-flower. 2. Pedilanthus bahamensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 359. 1913. Glabrous, 1-1.5 m. high, leafless, irregularly branched, the branches gray, roughened with transverse ridges. Inflorescence terminal ; bracts cucullate, one third to one quarter the length of the peduncles; involucres about 9 mm. long, 16 234 EUPIIOEBIACEAE. puberulent, madder-lake in color; inferior cleft of the tube shallow, the superior fissure open half the length of the tube; main lobes blunt, finely erose-lacerate, the two lateral lobes minute, free only at the apex, the fifth lobe flabelliform, free half its length; anthers glabrous; female pedicel puberulent; style very slightly trifid; appendix narrow, about one half the length of the tube, sarcous, usually sigmoid, the lobe blunt, slightly notched, strongly gibbous at the base; glands 2, stipitate; capsule flattened-globose ; seeds trigonal, olivaceous, the dorsal angle quite prominent, apiculate and with a minute raised pimple at the apex, 3 X 2.5 mm. Stony floor of scrub-lands, Deep Creek, Andros, Atwood Cay, Acklin's Island, Inagua, South Caicos and Grand Turk to Salt Cay. Endemic. Bahama Fiddle- flowek. Monkey-fiddle. 25. ADENOEIMA Eaf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 112. 1838. Trees with thick branches and profuse thick milky juice. Leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, entire. Cymes corymbose, terminal and super- axillary. Involucres large; glands 4, on the outer wall of the involucre below its lip. Styles more or less connate below, bifid into long branches, the apices rarely thickened. Capsule 3-coccus; seeds smooth, ecarunculate. [Greek, gland-pit.] Fifteen species, or more, of the West Indies and Mexico. Type species: Euphorbia punicea Sw. 1. Adenorima gymnondta (Urban) Millsp. Euphorbia gymnonota Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 396. 1908. Euphorbiodendron gymnonotum Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot. 2: 305. 1909. A tree, 6-6.5 m. high, the branches fleshy, dichotomous. Leaves alternate, linear-oblanceolate, 4-8 X .8-1. .4 cm., entire, membranous, narrowed to the sessile base, the apex rounded-mucronate or acute-mucronate ; inflorescence 5-7- flowered, terminal ; bracts crimson, ovate ; involucre urceolate, the margin entire or sparingly crenate-dentate; glands 4, ovate to ovate-oblong, vertically placed at or just above the middle of the tube, exappendiculate, fleshy, concave; style short, 3-fid; capsule 3-angled, smooth; seed globose, gray, 4 mm. in diameter, the outer gray coat broken through in places revealing the inner dark, irregular markings. Margins of thickets, Watling's Island, Crooked, Fortune and Acklin's Islands ; Little and Great Inagua ; South Caicos ; Ambergris Cay. Endemic. Referred to in various Bahama publications as Euphorbia punicea Sw. Bahama Adenorima. 26. EUPHORBIA Linn. Sp. PI. 450. 1753. Cactus-like shrubs with thick fleshy, generally angular stems, and few reduced true leaves or none. Leaves and stipules generally represented by spines but often by small or minute caducous bracts. Cymes lateral or terminal, sub- sessile, often few-flowered or even single-flowered; involucres subtended by dilated bractlets; glands of the involucre entire, exappendiculate. Capsules thick, often ligneous; seeds ecarunculate. [Commemorates Euphorbus, King Juba's physician.] About 30 species, of the Old World. Type species: Euphorbia antiquorum L. 1. Euphorbia lactea Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 127. 1812. A tall, dark-green, many-branched, spinous milky-juiced shrub, 2-5 m. high, the branches 3-angled, the faces 3-8 cm. broad, plano-convex, the angles EUPHORBIACEAE. 235 repand-dentate, compressed on the margin; spines short, thick, divergent, 4-6 mm. long. Widely established in many places, often forming dense thickets, New Provi- dence, Cat Island, Watling's, Long Island and Inagua : — Florida'; West Indies; Mexico. Naturalized from India and the Moluccas. Referred by Hitchcock and Mrs. Northrop to Euphorbia antiquorum L. Mottled Spurge. 27. AUTHKOTHAMNUS Kl. & Gke. Monats. Akad. Berlin 1859: 251. 1859. Leafless, shrubby plants with jointed branches. Involucres not subtended by dilated bractlets. Leaves reduced to opposite sessile scales glandular on both surfaces; stipules none. Involucres minute, terminal, campanulate, dioe- cious, minutely bibracteate at the base. Glands transverse, thick, orbicular or semiorbicular, spreading, plane, entire. Bracteoles plumose. Styles 3, bifid, revolute. Seeds ovate-tetragonal, scrobiculate. [Greek, jointed bush.] About 10 species, of tropical America and southern Africa. Type species: Euphorbia Tirucalli L. 1. Arthrothamnus cassythoides (Boiss.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 306. 1909. Euphorbia cassythoides Boiss. Cent. Euph. 20. 1860. Plant 1-2 m. high, the branches white-barked, verticillate below, dichotomous above; branches with' interaodes 8-15 cm. long and 6-7-angled, the nodes gummy. Cymes terminal, dichotomous; involucres produced between small thick triangular bractlets; tube short-campanulate, glabrous within; lobes triangular-ovate, 4-5-dentate, hairy; glands fleshy; styles short, hairy, bilobate at the apex; capsule ovoid; cocci subcarinate; seeds white, each facet 2-3- foveolate. Sandy soil near Deep and Fresh Creeks, Andros :— Cuba. Leafless Cuban Spurge. 28. TITHYMALUS [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. 2: 355. 1763. Annual or perennial milky herbs or shrubby plants with simple or branched stems topped by several-rayed cyme-like umbels. Leaves below the umbel scattered or alternate, estipulate, often broadened upward; bracts of the umbel quite different from the stem-leaves, entire or toothed. Involucres sessile or peduncled, the lobes often toothed; glands' 4, transversely oblong and appearing reniform by the cornuate extremities or appendages. Capsule smooth or tuberculate ; cocci rounded or more or less carinate. Seeds variously pitted, often caruneulate. [Greek, referring to the milky juice.] About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Euphorbia dcndroides L. 1. Tithymalus trichotomus (II.B.K.) Kl. & Gke. Monats. Akad. Berlin 1860: 81. 1860. Euphorbia trichotoma H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 60. 1817. Perennial, glabrous. Stem commonly branched and more or less woody at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. tall, widely forking above. Leaves numerous, rather approximate, small, thickish, cuneate to oblong, obtuse or acutish, 5-12 mm. long, minutely erose when mature ; inllorescence trich- otomous; involucres campanulate, sessile or nearly so, 2 mm. long; glands reniform, 1 mm. long, yellow; capsule tricoccous, the COCCI rounded; Beedfi white, globose, 2 mm. in diameter, smooth; caruncle thin, circular. Coastal sands. Allen's « 'm y. Great Bahama and Andros: — Florida; Cuba; the Cayman Islands. Forking Spurge. 236 EUPIIORBIACEAE. 29. POINSETTIA R. Graham, Edin. N. Phil. Jour. 20: 412. 1836. Herbs, rarely shrubs, the inflorescence clustered at the tips of the branches, often subtended by highly colored leaves, the leaves alternate below, opposite above, the blades similar throughout or very various in form. Iuvolueral lobes fimbriate; glands sareous, concave, saucer-, cup- or goblet-shaped, solitary or rarely 3 or 4, marginal, exappendiculate. Capsule exserted, its cocci rounded; seed narrowed upward, generally tuberculate, ecarunculate or with a mere in- dication of a caruncular body. [In honor of Joel Roberts Poinsette of South Carolina.] About 12 species, mostly American. Type species: Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. 1. Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Kl. & Gke. Monats. Akad. Berlin 1859: 253. 1859. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Sp. PI. 453. 1753. Euphorbia havanensis Willd.; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. 15: 73, as synonym. 1862. Euphorbia graminifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 210. 1803. Annual or perennial, bright green, pubescent or nearly glabrous, mostly erect, 3-10 dm. tall, woody below ; branches ascending or the lower often spreading, leafy at the ends. Leaves various even on the same stem, from linear through all shapes to orbicular, entire, dentate, sinuate or even panduri- form; involucre-lobes ovate or oblong, laeiniate; gland 1, sessile, exappendicu- late ; seeds ovoid-oblong, pointed, grayish, 2.8 X 2 mm., minutely and irregularly tuberculate in more or less transverse lines. Good soil of grassy places and cultivated fields, Abaco and Great Bahama south- ward to Grand Turk : — Bermuda ; Illinois to Montana and southward through the American tropics ; West Indies. Jacob's Ladder. Governor Grant's Livery. 30. AKLEMA Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 114. 1838. Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, the branches jointed. Leaves equilateral, entire, penninerved, cuneate at the base, ternate or verticillate (sometimes opposite), long-petioled ; stipules glanduliform. Cymes axillary and terminal, corymbose or paniculate (rarely reduced to a single involucre), the terminal involucres generally hermaphrodite, often many-flowered; glands of the invo- lucre appendiculate; braeteoles between the male flowers numerous, plumose. Capsule depressed, deeply trisulcate; seeds irregularly scrobiculate, ecaruncu- late. [Greek, not explained.] A few species of tropical America. Type species: Euphorbia nudiflora Jaeq. 1. Akleraa petiolare (Sims) Millsp. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 43. 1915. Euphorbia petiolaris Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 883. 1805. Alectoroctonum petiolare Kl. & Gke. Monats. Akad. Berlin 1859: 248. 1859. Shrubby or tree-like and 7 m. high, the branches glabrous, swollen at the nodes. Leaves ternate, ovate or orbicular, 1-1.5 cm. long, truncate or almost peltate at the base, obtuse or slightly emarginate, entire, the petiole slender, twice or more the length of the blade ; inflorescence subtrifloral, shorter than the leaves; involucres long-pedicelled (6-10 mm.), hemispheric, smooth; lobes ovate, short-fimbriate ; glands transverse, ovate, stipitate; styles divaricate, bifid, not thickened at the apex; capsule smooth; cocci obtusely earinate; EUPHORBIACEAE. 237 seeds ovoid-globose, 3 X 2.4 mm., pointed, white, foveolate with numerous large shallow irregular pits. In a sisal field on South Caicos Island: — Hispaniola ; Mnnn : Porto Rico; Culebra; Vieques; St. Thomas: St. Jan; St. Martin; Anegada ; Tortola ; Martinique and Tobago. Broad-leaved Spubge. 31. CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 260. 1821. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, the stems often diffuse at the base ; the branches prostrate or ascending, forking. Leaves opposite, inequilateral, more or less oblique at the base, entire or toothed ; stipules minute, entire or lacerate. Inflorescence solitary or capitulate, axillary and terminal ; involucre toothed, glandular on the margin ; glands 4, naked or appendaged (the 5th gland represented by a sulcus in the margin of the involucral tube). Capsule more or less globose, 3-eoecous, the cocci sharply angled or rounded; seeds minute, ovoid or elongated-ovoid, more or less quadrangular, the facets smooth or transversely ridged. [Greek, ground fig.] About 225 species, widely dis- •tributed. Type species: Chamaesyce maritima S. F. Gray. Suffrutescent ; leaves thick, mostly entire. Leaves ovate to elliptic or oblong. Inflorescence terminal-axillary; plants glabrous. 1. C.huxifoliu. Inflorescence throughout the upper axils. Leaves glabrous. Leaves entire. Stipules deltoid, acieular-bristled. 2. C. Wilson i. Stipules not bristled. 3. C. lecheoides. Leaves dentate. Stipules broad, fimbriate-ciliate. 4. O. insulae-salit). Stipules narrow, entire, aristate. 5. C. exumensis. Leaves densely tomentose. 6. C. cayengis. Leaves canescent, entire. 7. C. Bracei. Leaves linear or narrowly oblong. Leaves 2—4 cm. long, involucres peduncled. 8. C. articulata. Leaves 8-12 mm. long, involucres sessile. 9. C. vaginulata. Herbaceous : leaves thin, mostly serrate. Leaves glabrous. Inflorescence clustered ; leaves oblong, acute, sharply serrate. Leaves broadly falcate ; seeds red. 10. C. hypericifolia. Leaves narrowly falcate; seeds black. 11. C. brasilii nsis. Inflorescence solitary ; leaves ovate, blunt, dentate or entire. Capsule glabrous. Capsule hairy on the angles. Leaves hairy. Inflorescence clustered. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, sbarp-serrate, acute. Leaves ovate, crenate-dentate, obtuse. Inflorescence solitary : leaves orbicular to elliptic, en- tire or aplcally denticulate. ^ 1. Chamaesyce buxifolia (Lam.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 711. 1903. Etiphorbia buxifolia Lam. Encyc. 2: 421. 1788. Low, generally erect, glabrous, shrubby, fleshy, 2-5 dm. high; branches usually many. Leaves glabrous, thick, wrinkling in drying, ovate or broadly oblong, 8-12 mm. long, obliquely subcordate at the base, acutish, margin entire, involute; petioles about 1 mm.; involucres campanulate, about 1.5 nun., as long as the peduncles or shorter; glands transversely oblong; appendages a mere whitish bordering line; capsule broad, glabrous; seeds white, ovoid-quadrang- ular, somewhat apiculate, 1.2 X 1 mm., the angles very blunt ; facets very shallowly broad-pitted by indistinct and irregularly anastomosing transverse ridges. Maritime sands throughout the archipelago: — Bermuda; Florida: coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. (mast Sfdbgb. 12. 13. C. C. I!! ad !H ttii. prostrata. 14. L5. c. c. hirta. Berteriana. 16. c. Brittonii. 238 EUPIIORBIACEAE. 2. Chamaesyce Wilsonii Millap. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 301. 1909. Prostrate, spreading, matted, purplish-cinereous; branches densely num- erous, wiry, divaricate. Leaves small, fleshy, ovate, 2-4 X 1.5-2.5 mm., ob- liquely auriculate-cordate at the base, obtuse, the margin entire; petioles very short; stipules deltoid, stiff-ciliate; involucres solitary in the upper fork- ings, cylindric-campanulate, short-pedicellate, the tube glabrous without, densely crisped-pilose within; lobes aristate; glands 4, orbicular, convex, the fifth represented by a large, triangular lobe; appendages rudimentary; styles short; stigmas bilobed; capsule ovoid; cocci slightly carinate; seeds white, ovoid-quadrangular, 1 X -7 mm., angles comparatively sharp, facets indistinctly marked by low irregular transverse ridges. White-lands of Castle Island and Grand Turk. Endemic. Wilson's Spuege. 3. Chamaesyce lecheoides Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 301. 1909. Euphorbia lecheoides Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 163. 1906. Erect, shrubby, slender, profusely branching, grayish farinose, perennial, 2-3 dm. high; branches diffuse, dichotomous, the inferior internodes about 1 cm. long, the upper branchlets virgate, wiry. Leaves short-petioled, deltoid- ovate, triangular-ovate or elliptic, 2.5-5 X 1-2.5 mm., abruptly attenuate at the apex, the margin thickened and revolute; stipules broadly ovate, stiff- ciliate; involucres solitary, turbinate, short-pedicellate, the tube glabrous without, barbellate at the throat within; lobes triangular, acute, ciliate; glands dark, flattened, orbicular, the face pock-marked; appendages minute, fleshy, or obsolete; stigmas bifurcate to the middle; filaments barbellate; capsule glabrous; seeds reddish-brown, ovoid-quadrangular (the ventral angle indistinct), apiculate, .8 X -5 mm., the facets indistinctly transversely rugose. Scrub-lands of the southwest extremity of Watling's Island, Mariguana, Inagua, South Caicos and Grand Turk to Salt Cay. Endemic. Pin-weed Spukge. 4. Chamaesyce insulae-salis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 395. 1914. Perennial, erect, 7-10 cm. high, from a densely nodular rootstock; branches densely tufted, wiry, glabrous, the internodes 1.5-2 cm. long. Inflo- rescence solitary, terminal and terminal-axillary; leaves opposite, sarcous, glabrous, 2-4 X 1.5-3 mm., marked only by the thickish midrib, subcordate, acute, entire or in the lowermost indistinctly denticulate, petioles about 1 mm. often with a tuft of ciliae between the base and the stipule; stipules of many forms from deltoid and entire through lanceolate, bifid, and lanee-aristate to a mere tuft of ciliae; involucres eampanulate, sessile or nearly so, the outer surface smooth, the inner densely woolly; lobes triangular-aristate, densely woolly on the inner recurved surface; glands transversely oval; appendages greenish white, entire or nearly sk), about the width of the glands; styles bifid to half their length; capsule glabrous, strongly tricoccous; seed ovoid-quad- rangular, 1 X -7 mm., white, acute, the angles sharp (except the ventral), facets smooth or with a few irregular indistinct ridges. Sands of Salt Cay (Cay Sal Bank). Endemic. Cay Sal Spurge, 5. Chamaesyce exumensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 301. 1909. Perennial, 3 dm.-1.5 m. high, purplish- or greenish-cinereous ; stem erect or reclinate-prostrate ; branches strict, denuded below, the nodes somewhat swollen; branchlets subtenuous, divaricate. Leaves thick, ovate, .8-1.1 X -6-.8 mm., short-petioled, obliquely cordate, obtuse or acutish, entire or -slightly and remotely dentate near the apex ; stipules aristate ; involucres terminal and in the upper forkings, turbinate, short-pedicellate, glabrous without, densely barbellate within; lobes triangular, setaceous at the apex; glands 4 (the fifth represented by a larger involucral lobe), ovate, plane; appendages white, Kl'PHORBIACEAE. 239 entire; stamens 5; filaments cristate-barbellate at the base; styles short, deeply bifid; capsule ovoid; cocci acutely carinate; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, the ventral angle obtuse, pinkish gray, 1.1 X -8 mm., facets slightly and indis- tinctly anastomose and transversely ridged. Coastal sands, white-lands and sand-pockets in coastal rocks, Eleuthera, the Exumas, southward to Fortune Island. Endemic. Referred by Mueller to Eu- phorbia Balbiaii Boiss ; by Coker to Euphorbia cayensis Millsp. ; and in Field Mus. Bot. 2: 161 to Euphorbia flexuosa Kth. Exdma Spubgh. 6. Chamaesyce cayensis Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot, 2: 301. 1909. Euphorbia cayensis Millsp. Torreya 4: 172. 1904. Low, densely white-canescent ; stems stout, ligneous, multinodal, branch- ing below, 2-3 dm. high, spreading above. Leaves thick, oval, 4-6 X^-4 mm., obliquely cordate at the base, entire, canescent alike on both surfaces; petioles 1-1.5 mm.; involucres campanulate, short-peduncled, 1.5 mm., canes- cent, bearded in the throat; glands green, transversely oblong, thick, tumid, .7 mm. broad (fifth gland represented by a large, deltoid tooth on the involucral margin); appendages lineal, hardly distinguishable; capsule canescent; cocci bluntly keeled ; seeds pinkish ashen, ovoid-quadrangular, the ventral angle slight, 1 X -8 mm., facets distinctly transversely anastomose-ridged. Coastal white-lands. Man-o'-War Cay (Abaco), the Berry Islands and Joulter's Cays, Anguilla and Water Cays (Cay Sal Bank). Endemic. Bahama Spurge. 7. Chamaesyce Bracei Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 302. 1909. Euphorbia Bracei Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 159. 1906. Nearly prostrate, branching from the base; branches ligneous, canescent. Leaves thickish, oblong to ovate, 5-8 X 3-5 mm., very short-caneseent and dotted with amber-like resin globules on both surfaces, the base narrowing to the petiole, the apex obtuse, the margin entire, revolute; petiole one-fifth the length of the blade; stipules triangular, 2-toothed or more, the teeth tipped with a stalked dark globular gland; involucres upper-axillary, cup-shaped, the pedicels equalling the tube, canescent without, eiliate within, the inner wall with 5 alate columns from the base to the glands; lobes triangular, acute; glands 4 (the fifth represented by a broader, longer involucral tooth), minute, transversely-ovate; appendages very narrow, crenate, or wanting; stigmas bifurcate to the base; capsule acicular-hairy; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, .9 X -7 mm., very slightly anastomosely transverse-ridged. White-lands of Abaco and Man-o'-War Cay. Endemic. Brace's Spurge. 8. Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britton, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 574. 1916. Euphorbia articulata Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 480. 1775. Euphorbia linearis Retz. Obs. 3: 32. 1783. Shrubby, glabrous, 3-6 m. high, the branches divaricate. Leaves glabrous or slightly canescent, ligulate to oblong-linear or narrowly oblong, 2-6 cm. X 4-6 mm., rounded or narrowed at the oblique base, acute or blunt, mueronulate. entire, glaucous beneath; petioles short; stipules interpetiolar, broadly deltoid, eiliate; involucres single, terminal-axillary; peduncles more or less winged; tube thick, glabrous without, minutely appressed-silky within; involucral lobes wanting, the margin of the tube thickened; glands 4, cup-shaped, with a nipple- like projection at the inner edge (resembling the tip of an elephant's pro- boscis); braeteoles very numerous, ligulate below, brush-like above; >tigma 3-furcate above the middle; capsule glabrous, strongly 3-coecous; seed pink- ashen, ovoid-quadrangular, 1.5 X 1 mm., facets transversely anastomose-rugose. Low scrub-lands near Jacksonville, East Caicos : — rorto Rico to Anegada and St. Vincent. Bushy Spurge. 240 EUPIIORBIACEAE. 9. Chamaesyce vaginulata (Griseb.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 302. 1909. Euphorbia vaginulata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 52. 1859. A low, densely branched shrub, 2 dm. to 2 in. high, the branehlets closely ringed with the old persistent stipular sheaths, giving the whole shrub an ashen hue. Leaves small, 3-15 X 1 mm., fleshy, linear (in some specimens globular), glabrous, entire, obtuse, very short-petioled, springing from a broad scaphoid sheath-like stipule with a ciliate margin ; involucres solitary, terminal on the branehlets, turbinate, short-pedicelled ; tube thick-walled, glabrous without and within; lobes triangular, ciliate; glands 4, large, orbicu- lar, sarcous, dark purple, the fifth represented by a larger involucral lobe; bracteoles ligulate, glabrous; capsule glabrous, strongly 3-coecous, the cocci mottled with fine dark confluent punctae; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, bluish white, 1.2 X -8 mm., blunt-pointed, smooth, the testa minutely punctate. Rockv white-lands of Watling's Island, Castle Island, the Inaguas and through- out the Caicos and Turk's Islands. Endemic. Sheathed SruEGB. I i 10. Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 302. 1909. Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Sp. PI. 454. 1753. Annual, erect or ascending, 2-8 dm. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, often falcate, 1.5-3 cm. X 5_1° mm-= obliquely truncate at the base, blunt, more or less sharp-serrate on the upper third, short-petioled, glabrous or some- what hairy; stipules ovate, acute, thin, dentate and ciliate on the margin; inflorescence densely cymose in the axils of the upper and terminal leaves, the floral bracts linear and often white-margined; involucres turbinate, thin, glabrous without, hirtellous at the throat within ; lobes lanceolate-triangular, lacerate into 3-5 teeth; glands small, roundish, stalked, the fifth gland repre- sented by a deep sinus flanked by a larger, more triangular lobe; appendages white, orbicular or ovate; styles short, deeply bifid; capsule glabrous, strongly 3-coccous, the cocci carinate; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, red, .8 X -6_ mm-> tne angles prominent, the facets marked with many transverse broken ridges. Open grassy places throughout the archipelago : — Bermuda ; Gulf of Mexico region of the United States; Mexico; Central and South America; West Indies. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to Euphorbia nutans Lag. Hypericuji-leaved Spurge. 11. Chamaesyce brasiliensis (Lam.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 712. 1903. Euphorbia brasiliensis Lam. Encyc. 2: 423. 1788. Annual, erect or ascending, similar in habit to the last, but with more filiform branehlets, smaller and more falcate leaves, fewer-flowered cymes, and black seeds. Stipules broadly deltoid, bifurcate into lacerate lobes; involucres glabrous without and within, very short-pedicelled; lobes triangular, mostly entire; glands minute, long-stalked, the fifth represented by a very shallow sinus flanked by two larger involucral lobes ; capsule glabrous, strongly 3-coceous; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, black, 1.2 x -9 rnm., the strong, but rounded, angles white-edged, dorsal facets marked by 3 complete transverse ridges, ventral 2-ridged. Open places and grassy coverts, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Florida to Arizona; Bermuda; Central America to Brazil; West Indies. Brazilian Spurge. 12. Chamaesyce Blodgettii (Engelm.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 712. 1903. Euphorbia Blodgettii Engelm.; Hitch. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 126. 1893. Annual, glabrous, prostrate or ascending, branching at the base, the branches 1-4 dm. long, forking. Leaves oblong or nearly so, 3-8 mm. long, minutely serrate toward the apex, oblique at the base, obtuse, petiolate; stipules broadly triangular, acute, eiliate-margined; involucres solitary in the EUPHORBIACEAE. 241 upper axils, campanulate, less than 1 mm. long, short-pedunculate, glabrous without, eiliate at the throat within; lobes triangular; glands 4, slightly stalked, orbicular to ovate, the fifth represented by a sinus with a roundc'l fundus and flanked by two larger, nearly quadrilateral lobes; appendages nearly as broad as the glands, entire or 2-3-erenate ; capsule bluntly tricoceous, glabrous; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, pinkish or brownish, 1 X «8 mm., angles prominent, facets slightly transversely ridged. On rocks, in sand and in pot-holes, from the southern coast of Great Bahama to Ambergris Cay: — Florida; Bermuda: Cuba: Jamaica: Caymans. Referred by Mrs. Northrop and by Dolley to Euphorbia serpens Kth., and by Dolley again to Eu- phorbia maculata L. Blodgett's Spcbge. 13. Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 713. 1903. Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 139. 1789. Annual, prostrate, more or less pubescent, or glabrate; stems branched at the base; branches slender. .5-15 dm. long, forking. Leaves thin, oblong or ovate, strongly oblique at the base, 4-7 mm. long, obtuse, more or less serrulate toward the apex, minutely pubescent on both sides, petiolate ; stipules thin, papyraceous, broadly deltoid, eiliate at the acute apex ; involucres glabrous, axillary, minute; lobes elongate-triangular, eiliate on the margin; glands 4, transversely oval, the fifth replaced by a small extra glabrous tooth on the involueral margin; appendages about the width of the glands, finely many- crenate ; capsule strongly tricoceous, glabrous except on the keels of the cocci which bear a fringe of long hairs; seeds pink, elongated-ovoid-quadrangular, pointed, 1 X -5 mm., strongly and sharply sculptured by numerous, strictly transverse, ridges which include the angles. Grassy places on Now Providence and Grand Turk Island : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Missouri and southward to Brasil and Peru ; West Indies. Prostrate Spurge. ^ 14. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 303. 1909. Euphorbia hirta L. Sp. PI. 454 (ante). 1753. Euphorbia piluUfera L. loc. cit. (post). 1753. Annual, prostrate or ascending, pubescent with amber-colored, multi- cellular hairs; stems branching from the base, 1-4 dm. long, forking or simple. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, more or less falcate, 1-3 cm. long; some- times blotched with deep-red, strongly oblique at the base, acute, sharply serrate above the middle, petiolate; stipules long cylindro-aristate, hairy; involucres densely capitulate in peduneled clusters, turbinate; lobes large, triangular, densely long-eiliate ; glands 4., stipitate, the fifth replaced by a shallow, rounded sulcus in the involueral margin; appendages none: capsule strongly 3-COCCOUS, with short crisped multicellular hair1-: seeds salmon-pink, elongated-ovoid-quadrangular, .8 X -5 mm., the angles sharp, facets strongly marked with numerous, mostly incomplete, transverse ridges. Rocks, path-sides and cultivated grounds. Andros and New Providence to Inagua : — Bermuda; Florida; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; American and Old World tropics. Hairy SPURGE. 15. Chamaesyce Berteriatia (Balbis) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 303. 1909. Euphorbia Berteriana Balbis; Spreng. Syst. 3: 794. 1826. A low, prostrate or ascending, densely pubescent annual, with a clustered terminal inflorescence. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, 1-1.5 x .4— .6 mm., strongly inequilateral and oblique at the base; obtusely or crenately denticu- late; stipules c\ lindro-nristate with a broadened base, glabrous; inflorescence corymbose at the apices of the smaller branchlets; involucres minute, oHong- turbinate, glabrous below, long-ciliate -hairy at the throat without and within; 242 BUXACEAE. lobes triangular, filiate ; glands 4, minute, orbicular, stipitate, with or without narrow white, entire or bi-crenate, appendages; styles thick, bifurcate to the middle, the branches somewhat swollen at the tips; capsule erisped-hairy ; cocci distinct; seed white or pinkish, elongated-ovoid-quadrangular, angles sharp and prominent, facets with a few prominent broad, mostly incomplete, transverse ridges. Red-lands of Great Exuma, Long Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana and Castle Island: — Hispaniola to Martinique. Beetero'S Spurgb. 16. Chamaesyce Brittdnii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 303. 1909. Euphorbia Brittonii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 159. 1906. A low, slender, erect herb branching from the base, 5-7 cm. high; branches wiry, ascending. Leaves thick, short-petioled, rotund or oblong-elliptic, 4 X 3 mm., slightly oblique-cordate, entire or subdentate, revolute, midrib prominent beneath, under surface glaucous, pilose; stipules triangular, more or less equally fimbriate; involucres solitary in the axils, campanulate, pedicellate, glabrous without, densely tomentose at the throat within; glands ovate, green- ish; appendages large, orbicular, white; stamens pilose; stigmas bifurcate above; capsule smooth; seeds roseate-cinereous, ovoid-quadrangular 3 the ventral angle flattened, facets slightly transverse-rugose. White-lands near Nassau, New Providence. Endemic. Biutton"'s Spurge. [Sapium laurifolium Griseb., reported by Dolley as Bahamian, has not been seen on the islands by any of our investigators ; his record is presumably erroneous.] Order 14. SAPINDALES. Mostly trees or shrubs. Petals usually present and separate. Sepals mostly distinct. Stamens rarely more than twice as many as the sepals, when as many or fewer, opposite them. Ovary superior, compound. Ovules pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending. Petals wanting. Fam. 1. Buxaceae. Petals present. Ovary mostly 1-celled ; plants with resin-bearing tissues. Fam. 2. Anacardiaceae. Ovary 2-several-celled. Leaves simple, pinnately veined. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity. Fam. 3. Ilicaceae. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cavity. Flowers with a disk and petals. Fam. 4. Celastraceae. Disk obsolete : corolla wanting. Fam. 5. Dodonaeaceae. Leaves compound ; fruit various. Fam. 6. Sapindaceae. Family 1. BUXACEAE Dumort. Bos Family. Monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple mostly evergreen leaves, the sap not milky. Flowers regular, bracted. Petals none. Staminate flowers with 4—7 distinct stamens, the anthers 2-eelled; sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 2-4-celled (mostly 3-celled) ovary, with 2 or 1 anatropous ovules in each cavity; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, simple. Fruit a capsule or drupe, its carpels 1-2-seeded. Embryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or almost wanting. About 6 genera and 40 species of both the Old World and the New. ANACARDIACEAE. 243 1. TRICERA Sw.j Schreb. Gen. 630. 1791. Evergreen shrubs or small trees, with opposite entire coriaceous short- petioled leaves, and small monoecious flowers in small, axillary or terminal, sessile or short-stalked clusters, the bracts small, herbaceous or coriaceous. Terminal flowers of the clusters usually pistillate, the lower staminate. Pistil- late flowers usually with 6 imbricated sepals, the ovary 3-celled, the 3 styles separate, or connate below; ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity, pendulous. Stami- nate flowers with 4 sepals, 4 stamens with oblong anthers and a rudimentary ovary. Capsule 2-3-horned. [Greek, three-horned.] About 23 species, natives of the "West Indies. Type species: Crantzia laevigata Sw. x 1. Tricera bahamensis (Baker) Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 139. 1906. Baxus bahamensis Baker, in Hook. Ic. PL 19: pi. 1806. 18vn. A much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, rarely a small tree about 3 m. high, glabrous throughout, the angulate twigs rather densely leafy. Leaves oblong to elliptic, rigid, 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 times as long as wide, sharply acute at the apes, narrowed at the base, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral venation very obscure, the petioles 1-3 mm. long; inflorescence axillary, nearly sessile, much shorter than the leaves; bracts ovate, acute, 1-2 mm. long; pistillate flowers 1 or few; staminate flowers usually several, pedicelled, about 2 mm. long; stamens longer than the sepals; capsule 6-7 mm. long; style distinct. Scrub-lands, pine-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Exunia Chain, Cat Island to Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Cuban Cays and Jamaica. Bahama TBI CERA. Family 2. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. SiniAC Family. Trees or shrubs, with acrid resinous or milky sap, alternate or rarely opposite leaves, and polygamo-dioecious or perfect, mainly regular flowers. Calyx 3-7-cleft. Petals of the same number, imbricated in the bud, or rarely none. Disk generally annular. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, rarely fewer, or more, inserted at the base of the disk; fila- ments mostly separate; anthers commonly versatile. Ovary in the stami- nate flowers 1-celled. Ovary in the pistillate flowers 1- or sometimes 4-5- celled ; styles 1-3 ; ovules 1 in- each cavity. Fruit generally a small drupe. Seed-coat bony or crustaceous; endosperm little or none; cotyledons fleshy. About 60 genera and 500 species, most abundant in warm or tropical regions, a few extending into the temperate /.ones. Leaves pinnate or trifoliate; drupes small. Stone of the subglobose drupe hard, ribbed ; our species a vine. 1. Toxicodendron. Stone of the oblong drupe parchment-like ; tree. 2. Metopium. Leaves simple ; drupes large. :;. Mangifera. 1. TOXICODENDRON [Touni.| .Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. Ed, 4. 1754. Shrubs, small trees, or vines climbing by aerial rootlets, with 3-foliolate or pinnate leaves poisonous to the touch, and axillary panicles of small, greenish or white polygamous Mowers. Calyx o-ch-ft; petals and stamens 5; ovary 1-ovuled; style terminal. Drupes small, glabrous, or sparingly pubes- cent when young, the stone striate. [Greek, poison-tree.] About 20 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species: lUius . ■' mlrnn L. 244 ANACARDIACEAE. 1. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 153. 1891. Rhus radicans L. Sp. PI. 266. 1753. Sluts Blodgettii Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 486. 1894. Toxicodendron Blodgettii Greene, Leaflets 1: 126. 1905. A woody vine, climbing by numerous aerial rootlets, or bushy and erect, the stem sometimes 7-10 cm. in diameter. Leaves petioled; leaflets ovate or rhombic, 2.5-15 cm. long, entire or sparingly dentate or sinuate, acute or short- acuminate, the lateral sessile or short-stalked, inequilateral, the terminal one stalked; flowers green, 3 mm. broad, in loose axillary panicles 2-8 cm. long; drupes subglobose, 3-5 mm. in diameter, grayish-white. Moist depressions in pine- and scrub-lands, and in savannas, Andros. Abaco, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay and New Providence : — continental North America, south to Mexico. Recorded by Dolley as Rhus Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy. 2. METOPIUM P. Br.; Engler, in DC. Mon. Phan. 4: 367. 1883. Poisonous trees, with alternate petioled pinnate leaves, the several leaflets entire, subcoriaceous, the small greenish dioecious flowers in axillary panicles. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, imbricated, longer than the sepals. Disk ^annular. Stamens 5, the filaments short, subulate, the anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigma 3-lobed; ovule one. Drupe oblong, glabrous, pointed, containing a parchment-like stone. [Greek, fore- head, significance not explained.] Three species, natives of the West Indian region. Type species : Rhus Metopium L. 4; 1. Metopium toxifemm (L.) Krug & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 612. 1896. Amyris toxifera L. Syst. ed. 10, 1000. 1759. A poisonous tree, up to 14 m. high with a trunk sometimes 2 dm. in diam- eter, the thin bark reddish-brown without, orange within, splitting into large scales, the branches widely spreading. Leaves 3 dm. long or less, glabrous; leaflets 3-7, ovate to suborbicular or obovate, chartaceous, 2.5-10 cm. long, acute, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed to cordate at the base, bright green and shining above, dull beneath, the petiolules 1-3 cm. long; panicles many-flowered, as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels rather stout, 2-4 mm. long: sepals obtuse, much shorter than the ovate obtuse yellowish- green petals; drupes oblong, orange-yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long, in spreading or drooping panicles. Pine-lands and scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba ; Haiti : Porto Rico. Referred by Hitchcock and by Dolley to Rhus Metopium L. ; by Mrs. Northrop to Metopium Metopium (L.) Small. Poison-tkee. Catesby, 1 : pi. 1,0. 3. MANGIFERA L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753. Trees, mostly large, with alternate petioled entire coriaceous leaves, and small polygamous flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 4-5-parted, deciduous, the lobes imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, narrow, imbricated. Stamens h-5, unequal, all polleniferous or some sterile, the filaments sometimes connate below. Ovary sessile, superior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style lateral, curved; stigma simple. Drupe ovoid, oblique, large, fleshy, the stone fibrous. Seed flattened, its testa thin, the cotyledons plano-convex, usually lobed, the radicle ascending. [Latin, mango-bearing.] About 14 species, natives of tropical Asia, the fol- lowing typical. ILICACEAE. 245 1. Mangifera indica L. Sp. PL 200. 1753. A large tree, sometimes 20 m. high or more, with a trunk up to 2.5 m. in diameter, the branches spreading, the stout twigs glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, acute, acuminate or sometimes blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, dark green above, the petioles about 2.5 cm. long; panicles large, terminal, pubescent, the flowers very numerous, green, about 4 mm. wide; fruit pendulous, usually 8-12 cm. long, smooth, greenish or yellowish, the flesh soft and juicy. Wood-lands, New Providence. Naturalized. Native of tropical Asia. Widely naturalized in the West Indies and tropical continental America. Mango. Comocladia integkifolia L., recorded by Dolley, has not been found by us on any of the cays or islands of the archipelago; it is only known to inhabit Jamaica and Hispaniola. Anacardiuji occidextAle L. and Spoxdias lCtea L., recorded as Bahamian by Dolley, have not been found by us in a wild state within the archipelago. Family 3. ILICACEAE Lowe. Holly Family. Shrubs or trees, with watery sap, and alternate petioled simple leaves. Flowers axillary, small, white, mainly polygamo-dioeeious, regular. Stip- ules minute and deciduous, or none. Calyx 3-6-parted, generally per- sistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more), separate, or slightly united at the base, hypogynous, deciduous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the petals, or sometimes more; anthers oblong, cordate. Disk none. Ovary 1, superior, 3-several-celled ; stigma discoid or capitate; style short or none ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, enclos- ing several nutlets. Seed pendulous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight. Three genera and about 300 species, of temperate and tropical regions. 1. ILEX L. Sp. PL 125. 1753. Leaves minutely stipulate. Flowers cymose or solitary, perfect or polyg- amous. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft or toothed. Petals 4-9, somewhat united at the base, oblong, obtuse. Stamens of the same number, adnate to the base of the corolla. Berry-like drupe globose, with 4-8 bony or crustaceous nutlets. [An- cient name of the Holly Oak.] About 280 species, mostly natives of America. Type species: Ilex Aquifolium L. Loaves dark green above, pale beneath. 1- /• Cassinc. Leaves dark green above and beneath. Leaves obovate. obtuse or emarginate. -■ I- repanda. Leaves ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 3. I. Krinjinna. 1. Ilex Cassine L. Sp. PL 125. 1753. A shrub, or small tree. Twigs pubescent; leaves oblanceolate or oblong- obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, acute at the base, glabrous and dark green above, pale and usually pubescent beneath; petioles 6-8 mm. long; staminate cymes several- or many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; fertile cymes commonly 3-flowcred ; calyx-lobes eiliate; drupes red, globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Palmetto-lands, and coppices. Great Bahama, at Barnett's Point : Amlros, near Staniard Creek: — Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; Cuba. Dahoon IIoi.ly. 246 CELASTRACEAE. 2. Ilex repanda Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 172. 1860. A shrub or small tree up to 8 m. tall, the leaves and twigs glabrous. Leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate, 4-7 cm. long, 2-4 em. wide, rounded, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, acute at the base, dark-green and shining above, dull beneath, sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the petioles 3-5 mm. long; cymes several-flowered; pedicels 3-5 mm. long, glabrous; calyx obtusely 4-lobed; drupes subglobose or obovoid, about 5 mm. in diameter. Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Cuba. Recorded by Dolley as Ilex montana Griseb. Cuban Holly. 3. Ilex Krugiana Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 15: 317. 1892. A tree, attaining a height of 15 m. and a trunk-diameter of 3 dm., usually smaller, and sometimes shrubby, the slender twigs gray, becoming nearly white, the bark thin, smooth, nearly white. Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, ehar- taceous, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, entire, revolute-margined, glabrous, shining above, dull beneath, the slender petioles 1-2 cm. long; flowers few or several in axillary clusters; peduncles about 1 cm. long; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; corolla about 2.5 mm. broad, its lobes ovate; drupes purplish, usually containing 4 nutlets, about 4 mm. in diameter. Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama. Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Hispaniola. Recorded by Dolley as Ilex Macoucoua Pers. Kedg's Holly. Sehoepf records a New Providence plant as Ilex etmeata, giving the name only without description or reference, therefore not identified. Family 4. CELASTRACEAE L. Staff-tree Family. Trees or shrubs, some species climbing. Leaves simple. Stipules, when present, small and caducous. FlowTers regular, generally perfect, small. Pedicels commonly jointed. Calyx 4-5-lobed or -parted, persistent, the lobes imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens inserted on the disk. Disk flat or lobed. Ovary sessile, mostly 3-5-celled; style short, thick; stigma entire or 3-5-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous or capsular. Seeds with or without an aril; embryo large; cotyledons foliaeeous. About 45 genera, and 375 species, widely distributed. Fruit a dehiscent capsule; seeds arillate. 1. Maytenus. Fruit indehiscent ; seeds not arillate. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Sepals connate near the base. 2. Rhacoma. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Leaves opposite ; ovule pendulous. 3. Oi/minda. Leaves alternate ; ovule erect. 4. Schaefferia. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. 5. Elaeodendrum. 1. MAYTENUS Molina, Sagg. Chile 177. 1782. Unarmed, evergreen shrubs or trees, with alternate petioled coriaceous serrate leaves, and small polygamous axillary flowers, solitary or in clusters. Calyx 5-lobed. Stamens 5, the filaments subulate. Disk orbicular, undulate. Ovary immersed in the disk, 2-4-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, erect; style slender or none; stigma 2-4-lobed. Fruit a small coriaceous capsule, 1-S-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Seeds erect, the testa crustaceous; the aril fleshy; cotyledons foliaeeous. [From the Chilean name.] Type species: Maytenus Boaria Molina. Leaves suborbicular to broadly elliptic, cordate at base. 1. M. lu cay ana. Leaves obovate to oblong-spathulate, narrowed or cuneate at base. 2. If. buxifolia. CELASTRACEAE. 247 1. Maytenus lucayana Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot, Gard. 4: 140. 1906. A white-barked shrub, the twigs angular. Leaves orbicular-ovate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1.5-2.7 cm. wide, coriaceous, rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, shining above, dull beneath, bright-green, the midvein slender and impressed in both surfaces, the few lateral veins more slender and similarly impressed, the stout petiole only 1-1.5 mm. long; pedicels solitary or few together at defoliated axils, about 2 mm. long; petals not seen; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, nearly 1 mm. long; young fruit ovoid, pointed^ tipped by a style 0.5 mm. long; stigmas 2. Rocky margins of ponds, Great Bahama at West End. Endemic. Bahama Maytenus. ^ 2. Maytenus buxifolia (A. Eich.) Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 53. 1866. Monteverdia buxifolia A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 142, pi. 36. 1845. A shrub or a tree up to 10 m. high, the trunk up to 2.5 dm. in diameter, the twigs gray, glabrous, becoming nearly terete. Leaves oblong to obovate or oblong-spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, coriaceous, obtuse or subtruncate at the apex, obtuse, narrowed, or cuneate at the base, short-petioled, faintly shining above, dull beneath, the midvein impressed on both sides, the lateral venation obsolete; flowers few in the clusters; pedicels 1-4 mm. long; calyx- lobes semiorbicular, 0.5 mm. long; petals greenish yellow, nearly 2 mm. long, ovate, obtuse; fruit globose-obovoid, red or orange, 5-9 mm. long. Thickets and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Caicos and Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. Box-leaved Maytenus. 2. RHACOMA L. Syst. ed. 10, 896. 1759. Shrubs or low trees, with coriaceous small evergreen leaves, and small perfect greenish axillary flowers. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Disk depressed, 4-5- lobed. Petals 4 or 5, inserted under the disk. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 4- celled; stigmas 4; ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary, erect. Drupe with a somewhat fleshy, thin exocarp and a bony stone. [Name used by Pliny for some Old World plant.] About 12 species, of warm and tropical America. Type species: Ehacoma Crossopetalum L. Leaves entire or crenulate. Inflorescence nearly sessile; leaves entire. 1. R. coriaeea. Inflorescence slender-peduncled ; leaves crenulate at least toward the apex. 2. B. Crossopetalum. Leaves spinulose-serrulate. Leaves long spinulose-toothed : fruit nearly sessile. 3. R. aquifolia. Leaves short spinulose-toothed ; fruit slender-pedicelled. 4. R. iJicifoUn. 1. Rhacoma coriaeea (Northrop) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 71. 1904. Crossopetalum coriaceum Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 4S. 1902. A low shrub, 6 dm. high or less, the quadrangular twigs densely leafy, glabrous. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, glabrous, obovate or oblong-obovate, 1-3 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, dull green on both sides; inflorescence 1— 5-flftwered, sessile or nearly so; calyx-lobes 4, half -orbicular; petals 4, ovate to orbicular, reddish, 1 mm. long; disk 4-lobed; stamens 4; drupe obovoid, red, about 4 mm. long. Low coppices, sand-dunes and savannas, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Guana. Endemic. Bahama RHACOMA. 248 CELASTRACEAE. 2. Rhacoma Crossopetalum L. Syst. ed. 10, 896. 1759. Myginda Rhacoma Sw. Prodr. 39. 1788. Myginda pollens J. E. Smith in Rees Cycl. 25: no. 4. 1813. Crossopetalum pallens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 116. 1891. Crossopetalum Rhacoma Hitche. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 70. 1893. Rhacoma pallens Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 19: 239. 1900. A shrub or tree up to 8 m. high, with smooth grey bark and angular twig3. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear to oblong or obovate, short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long, somewhat erenate, glabrous, acutish or blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, paler green beneath than above ; flowers clustered in the axils, the clusters slender-peduncled; calyx urceolate, with 4 obtuse lobes; petals 4; disk 4-lobed; stamens 4, inserted between the lobes of the disk; ovary 4-celled; drupe about 6 mm. long, slightly oblique, red. Coppices, thickets and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Bermuda ; West Indies ; Colombia. Species composed of a large number of races, the leaf-form from linear-spathulate to suborbicular. Poison* Cherry. Wild Cherry. >C 3. Rhacoma aquifolia (Griseb.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 77. 1904. Myginda aquifolia Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 55. 1866. Crossopetalum aquifolium Hitche. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 70. 1893. A shrub, 3 dm. high or less, branched at the base, the branches prostrate or nearly so, 1-3 dm. long, the young twigs densely pilose. Leaves coriaceous, sessile or very short-petioled, opposite, ovate in outline, 1-3 cm. long, spinulose- dentate with long rigid teeth, densely puberulent on both sides or becoming glabrous above, strongly pinnately veined ; inflorescence glomerate, few-flowered, nearly sessile in the axils; sepals semiorbicular ; petals greenish, about 1 mm. long; fruit obliquely obovoid, red, 4-7 mm. long. Mangrove swamps and pine-lands, Andros and Eleuthera : — Cuba. Spiny-leaved Rhacoma. 4. Rhacoma ilicifolia (Poir.) Trelease in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I1: 399. 1897. Myginda ilicifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 396. 1796. Crossopetalum ilicifolium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 116. 1891. Crossopetalum floridanum Gardner; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 736. 1903. A low, nearly glabrous shrub, 3 dm. high or less, branched from the base, the branches ascending or nearly prostrate, 2-4 dm. long, the young twigs puberulent. Leaves subcoriaceous, mostly opposite, very short-petioled, ovate to elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, pinnately veined, sharply dentate with spinulose-tipped teeth; cymes axillary, short-peduncled, few-several-flowered ; sepals half-orbicular ; petals red, ovate to suborbicular, 1-1.5 mm. long; fruit obovoid, oblique, 3.5-5 mm. long. Coppices and pine-lands, Great Bahama : — Florida ; Hispaniola. Holly-leaved Rhacoma. 3. GYMINDA Sargent, Gard. & For. 4: 4. 1891. Trees or shrubs, with opposite, short-petioled leaves, and small greenish dioecious flowers in axillary cymose clusters. Calyx deeply 4-lobed. Petals 4, longer than the calyx. Staminate flowers Avith 4 stamens about as long as the petals, and a minute abortive ovary. Pistillate flowers with a 2-celled ovary, each cavity with a single pendulous ovule; style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a small drupe. Seeds usually solitary, with copious endosperm. [Anagram of Myginda.] Two known species, the following typical one, the other Costa Rican. CELASTRACEAE. 249 1. Gyminda latifolia (Sw.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: SO. 1904. Myginda latifolia Sw. Prodr. 39. 1788. Gyminda Grisebacliii Sargent, Gard. & For. 4: 4. 1891. A shrub, or a tree with maximum height of about 9 m., the thin bark reddish brown, the trunk seldom over 1.5 dm. in diameter, the young twigs 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate,* subcoriaceous, glabrous, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles very short; peduncles slender, 6-15 mm. long; petals about 2 mm. long; drupe ellipsoid, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long. Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Thomas and to St. Vincent; Jamaica; Mexico. Gyminda. False Boxwood. Walla-berry. 4. SCHAEFFERIA Jacq. Enum. 10, 33. 1760. Shrubs or trees, with alternate or fascicled, entire, chartaceous or sub- coriaceous leaves (in one species reduced to small scales), and small, mostly dioecious, white or greenish flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, the peduncles short. Calyx 4-parted, the lobes rounded, imbricated. Petals 4, obtuse. Stamens 4. Disc inconspicuous. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, erect; style short; stigma 2-parted, large. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent.' Seeds erect, exarillate, with little endosperm and flat cotyledons. [Commemorates J. C. Schaeffer, a German naturalist.] Five known species, of tropical and subtropical America, the following typical. . 1. SchaefTeria frutescens Jacq. Enum. 33. 1760. A tree, up to 14 m. high, with a maximum trunk diameter of about 3 dm., usually much smaller, commonly a shrub, the thin bark gray, the slender twigs glabrous. Leaves obovate, spatulate or oblong, chartaceous, glabrous, veiny, 2.5-6 cm. long, acute, obtuse or rarely emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 3-8 mm. long; flowers greenish, about 3 mm. wide; peduncles slender, mostly somewhat longer than the petioles; fruit globose or oval, orange-red, grooved, apiculate, 5-6 mm. long. Scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Rleuthera to Mari- guana and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Grenada ; Jamaica. Common Schaeffekia. 5. ELAEODENDRUM Jacq. f.; Murray, Syst. 241. 1784. Evergreen trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate coriaceous leaves, the very small stipules caducous, and small, often dioecious, greenish or white flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted under the disk; filaments short; anthers globose. Ovary adnate to the disk, 2-5-celled ; style short; stigma 2-5-lobed, ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. Fruit a rather large drupe. [Greek, olive-wood; the fruit re- sembles an olive in form.] About 35 species, natives of tropical regions. Type species: Elaeodendron orientale Jacq. 1. Elaeodendrum attenuatum A. Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 2: 343. 1845. Cassinr (iliinuata Kuntzo, Rev. Gen. PI. 114. 1891. Elaeodendron xylocarpum bahamense Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 88. 1904. A tree, with maximum height of about 16 m., usually much smaller and often shrubby, the bark gray, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Leaves pale green, 17 250 SAPINDACEAE. obovate to elliptic, 3-S cm. long, remotely low-dentate or entire, rounded or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, revolute-margined, the stout petioles 2-10 mm. long; flowers greenish yellow; sepals about 1 mm. long; petals about 2 mm. long, those of staminate flowers a little longer than those of pistillate; drupe ovoid or subglobose, yellow, pointed or rounded, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the stone very hard. Scrub-lands and coppices. Abaco, New Providence, Watling's Island, Crooked Island. Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Cuba. Referred by Mrs. Nor- throp to E. xyloearpum DC. Olive-wood. Family 5. DODONAEACEAE H.B.K. Dodonaea Family. Shrubs or trees, commonly sticky with a resinous excretion. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers clustered, polygamous or polygamo- dioeeious. Sepals 3-5, nearly equal. Corolla and disk wanting. Andro- ecium of 5-8 regularly inserted stamens; filaments distinct; anthers 4- angled. Gynoeciurn of 3 or 4 united carpels, wholly superior. Ovary 3-4-eelled ; styles united. Ovules 2 in each cavity, half-anatropous, often superposed, the upper one ascending and the lower one pendulous. Cap- sule membranous or leathery, reticulated, 2— 6-angled, the angles obtuse, or winged, opening septicidally by 2-6 valves. Seed subglobose or flattened, without an aril; endosperm none; embryo spiral. Only the following genus. 1. DODONAEA Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760. Characters of the family, as given above. [In honor of Eembert Dodoens, 1518-1585, Dutch herbalist.] About 50 species, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. - 1. Dodonaea Ehrenbergii Schl. Linnaea 18: 36. 1844. Dodonaea viscosa obovata Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 73. 1893. A nearly glabrous shrub' or small tree sometimes 5 m. high, the foliage slightly viscid, the twigs slender. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 1.5-6 cm. long, obtuse, rounded or emarginate at the apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base, the petioles 1 cm. long or less; panicles terminal, rather densely many-flowered, puberulent, not longer than the leaves; pedicels short; flowers yellowish green, about 5 mm. broad; anthers oblong; capsule-wings finely veined, obtuse, 5-8 mm. wide, papery, shining. White-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco to Grand Turk, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Mona ; Anegada ; Desirade. Dogwood. Family 6. SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family. Trees or shrubs, with watery sap, rarely vines. Leaves alternate (op- posite in one Chilian genus), mostly pinnate or palmate, without stipules. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, regular or slightly irregular. Sepals or calyx-lobes 4 or 5, mostly imbricated. Petals 3-5. Disk fleshy. Stamens 5-10 (rarely fewer or more), generally inserted on the disk. Ovary 1, 2-4- lobed or entire, 2-4-celled ; ovules 1 or more in each cavity. Fruit various. SAPIXDACEAE. 251 Seeds globose or compressed; embryo mainly convolute; endosperm none. About 125 genera, including over 1.000 species, widely distributed in tropical and 'warm regions. Vines : mostly climbing by tendrils. Fruit Swinged. 1. Serjania. Fruit bladdery. 2. Cardiospennum. Shrubs and trees. Fruit samaroid. 3. Thyana. Fruit drupaceous. Inflorescence spicate-paniculate or racemose-paniculate. Leaves 1-3-foliolate ; flowers irregular. 4. Allophylus. Leaves evenly pinnate ; flowers regular. 5. Melicocca. Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate. Ovary 2-celled ; leaves evenly pinnate. 6. Exothea. Ovary 3-celled ; leaves trifoliolate. 7. Hypelate. 1. SERJANIA Plum.; Sebum. Skr. Natur. Selsk. Kjoeb. 32: 125. 1794. Woody vines, with alternate petioled, mostly biternately compound leaves, and small polygamous white or yellowish flowers, in axillary racemes or panicles, which often bear tendrils. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 4, with small scales between. Disk undulate or sometimes glanduliferous. Stamens 8, the filaments sometimes united at the base. Ovary 3-celled; styles partly united; stigmas 3, small ; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit of 3 samaras attached by their backs, each bearing a seed r.ear the apex. [Commemorates Paul Sergeant.] About 175 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Serjania sinuata (L.) Schum. Leaflets stronglv reticulate-veined, few-toothed or entire ; seed not enclosed in the wing. 1. S. subdentata. Leaflets not stronglv reticulate-veined, dentate ; seed encloses in the wing. -■ S. diversifolia. > 1. Serjania subdentata Juss. ; Poir. in Lam. Encyel. 5: 102. 1804. Climbing on trees or shrubs, sometimes 7 m. long, usually shorter; young twigs sulcate, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. Leaflets elliptic to oblong- lanceolate or ovate, coriaceous, 3-8 em. long, mostly acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply dentate with few or several teeth, shining above; panicles commorily longer than the leaves, puberulent; pedicels 2-5 mm. long; petals obovate, about 4 mm. long; fruit 1.2-2 cm. long, the seeds not enclosed in the ends of the samara-wings. Rocky coppices, scrub-lands and thickets. Andros, Mangrove Cay. New Provi- dence, Eleuthera, Cat Island. Rum Cay, Great Guana Cay and Great Exuma : — Cuba. Referred by Hitchcock to 8. paniculwta H.B.K. Fowl-foot. 2. Serjania diversifolia (Jaeq.) Eadlk. Mon. Serj. 136. 1875. Paullinia diversifolia Jaeq. Enum. 36. 1760. Slender, often high-climbing on trees, sometimes 10 m. long, the young twigs puberulent. Leaflets ovate to obovate, 3-8 cm. long, coriaceous, acute or obtuse, few-toothed near the apex or entire, shining above, dull beneath; panicles puberulent, commonly longer than the subtending leaves; pedicels 5-8 nun. long; petals oblong-obovatc, al out 5 mm. Long; fruit rather broadly ovate, 1.5 - cm. long, the seeds enclosed in the upper part of the samara-wings. Thickets and sc-nib lands, Green Turtle Cay, Andros, New Providence. F.leu- thera, Cat Island, YVatling's and Long Island: — Cuba: Bispaniola. Referred by Hitchcock to &'. lucida Schum. and recorded by Schoepf as Paullinia Seriuna L. Fowl-foot. 252 SAPINDACEAE. 2. CARDIOSPEBMTJM L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753. Vines, with alternate bipinnate or decompound leaves, and small axillary tendril-bearing corymbs of slightly irregular polygamo-dioecious flowers. Ten- drils 2 to each corymb, opposite. Pedicels jointed. Sepals 4, the 2 exterior smaller. Petals 4, appendaged at the base, 2 larger and 2 smaller. Disk 1-sided, undulate. Stamens 8; filaments unequal. Ovary 3-celled ; style short, 3-cleft; ovules 1 in each cavity. Capsule inflated, 3-lobed or 3-angled. Seeds globose with a large hilum; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, heart-seed.] About 15 species, of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Cardiospermum Hali- cacabum L. Capsules longer than broad, 3-3.5 cm. long. 1. C. Halicacabum. Capsules broader than long, about 1 cm. broad. 2. C. microcarpum. 1. Cardiospermum Halicacabum L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753. Annual or biennial, slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 0.6-5 m. long. Leaves petioled, 5-10 cm. long; segments stalked, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate; peduncles commonly longer than the leaves; flowers white, 6-8 mm. broad ; petals obovate ; filaments pubescent ; capsule about 3 cm. long, globose-pyriform, pubescent, seeds globose, nearly black, about 5 mm. thick, the large white hilum cordate. Scrub-lands and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Eleuthera : — New Jersey to Missouri, Florida, and Texas ; West Indies ; Mexico to tropical South America. Balloon-vixe. 2. Cardiospermum microcarpum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 5: 104. 1821. Climbing to a length of 1.5-3 m., branched, finely pubescent, slender, the stem grooved. Leaves thin, biternately compound, slender-petioled, 7-15 cm. long and about as broad as long, the ultimate segments ovate to lanceolate in outline, coarsely lobed, cleft or incised ; peduncles slender, about as long as the leaves; corymbs several-flowered; flowers white, about 4 mm. broad, the upper petals 3 times as long as the sepals ; capsule subglobose, 3-lobed, pubes- cent, veiny, depressed at the top, about 1 cm. thick; seeds similar to those of the preceding species but smaller. Waste-lands, Abaco and New Trovidence : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Small Balloon-vine. 3. THYANA Hamilt. Prodr. 36. 1825. [Thouinia Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 70. 1804. Not L. f. 1781.] Shrubs or trees, with alternate 3-foliolate or 1-foliolate leaves and small, mostly white, regular clustered polygamous or dioecious flowers. Calyx 4-5- parted. Petals 4 or 5 or wanting. Disc annular, lobed. Stamens 8-10, dis- tinct, the filaments pilose. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style slender, 3-cleft or entire. Fruit samaroid, the samaras usually 3, coria- ceous, at length separating from the axis. Seeds exarillate. [From the Greek name of an odoriferous tree.] About 15 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Thyana simplicifolia (Poit.) Hamilt. ■ 1. Thyana discolor (Griseb.) Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 72. 1893. Thouinia discolor Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 127. 1859. A shrub, up to 2.5 m. high, or a small tree, sometimes 5 m. high, the rather slender twigs and the inflorescence whitish-tomentose. Petioles 2.5 cm. long or SAPIXDACEAE. 253 less, tomentose ; leaflets 3, nearly sessile, thin, narrowly elliptic to obovate, entire, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 2-8 cm. long, glabrous and green above, white-tonientose beneath, or becoming green when old, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins few and slender; racemes many-flowered, peduncled, 2-6 cm. long; pedicels filiform, 4-5 mm. long, single or fascicled; calyx and petals about 1 mm. long; samaras glabrous, shining, veiny, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long. Rocky coppices and scrub-lands, on the larger islands throughout the archi- pelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Mariguana, Inagua and North Caicos. Endemic. Quicksilver-bish. Naked-wood. Hard-BakK. 4. ALLOPHYIiUS L. Sp. PL 348. 1753. Shrubs or email trees, with alternate estipulate 1-3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets broad, usually punctate or lineate, the small subglobose, somewhat irregular, polygamous or dioecious flowers in axillary, simple or compound racemes. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, imbricated, hooded, the outer smaller than the inner. Petals 4, small, or sometimes wanting. Disk unilateral, lobed or 4-glandular. Stamens short. Ovary excentric, compressed, 2-celled or rarely 3-celled ; ovules 1 in each cavity ; style stout, 2-3-lobed, or styles 2 or 3. Fruit small, dry, leathery or fleshy. Seed with a short fleshy aril; cotyledons 2-plicate. [Greek, exotic] Eighty species or more, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Allophylus seylanicus L. 1. Allophylus Cominia (L.) Sw. Prodr. 62. 1788. Rhus Cominia L. Syst. ed. 10, 964. 1759. A shrub or small tree or sometimes up to about 15 m. high, the twigs, petioles, lower leaf-surfaces and inflorescence brownish-tomentose. Petioles rather slender, 2-7 cm. long; leaflets 3, short-stalked, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, low-serrate 4-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the oblique base, the lateral ones inequilateral; racemes very slender, long- peduncled, densely many-flowered, simple or few-branched, 5-8 cm. long, the flowers fascicled; pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long; flowers greenish yellow, about 1 mm. long; fruits subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter, red or orange. Coppices, Abaco and New Providence:- — Cuba; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. ALLO- PHYLUS. 5. MELICOCCA L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 495. 1762. Trees, with alternate estipulate equally pinnate leaves, and small polyg- amous or dioecious, regular flowers in compound or simple racemes at the ends of the branches. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes nearly orbicular, thin, imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, obovate or orbicular. Disk flattened^ 4-5-lobed. Stamens 8; filaments filiform, distinct, glabrous; anthers small. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity; style short; stigma 2-3-lobed. Fruit a somewhat fleshy drupe. Seed erect, the testa coriaceous, the aril large, pulpy; cotyledons thick. [Greek, honey-berry.] Two known species, the following typical, the other South American. 1. Melicocca bijuga L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 495. 1762. A large tree, sometimes becoming 25 m. high, with a trunk up to 1.7 m. in diameter, the branches spreading, the Blender twigs, the leaves and inflorescence glabrous. Leavee petioled; rachis winged or wingless; leaflets 2 254 SAPINDACEAE. pairs, opposite, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, thin, 4-10 cm. long, mostly acute or acuminate at the apex, obliquely narrowed at the base, sessile, pinnately veined; racemes narrow, many-flowered, 6-10 cm. long, often numerous in terminal panicles; pedicels spreading, 4-6 mm. long; flowers very fragrant; calyx- segments about 2 mm. long; petals obovate, obtuse, greenish white, ciliate, 3-4 nun. long; drupe green, edible, pleasantly acid, subglobose, 2-4 cm. in diameter. New Providence, apparently spontaneous after cultivation : — West Indies ; Cen- tral America and northern South America. Genip. \ 6. EXOTHEA Macf. Fl. Jam. 1: 232. 1837. Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled evenly pinnate leaves, and small white somewhat irregular, dioecious or polygamous, panicled flowers. Sepals 5, partly united, imbricated. PetaHs 5, short-clawed, unappendaged. Stamens 7 or 8, those of staminate flowers about as long as the petals, those of pistillate flowers shorter. Ovary 2-celled, sessile; ovules 2 or 3 in each cavity; style very short, simple, the stigmas glabrous. Fruit a small, globose berry-like drupe, the exocarp slightly fleshy. Seed exarillate. [Greek, to expel, the genus having been taken from Melicocca.] The genus is probably monotypie. Type species: Exothea oblongifolia Macf. ^ 1. Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Eadlk. ; Durand Index Gen. Phan. 81. 1888. Melicocca paniculata Juss. Mem. Mus. Paris 3: 187. 1817. Hypelate paniculata Camb. Mem. Mus. Paris 18: 32. 1829. Exothea oblongifolia Macf. El. Jam. 1: 232. 1837. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 20 m., with a trunk up to 5 dm. thick, the thin, reddish brown bark scaly. Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 2, 4, or 6 (rarely 1 or 3), oblong to elliptic-obovate, 5-13 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so, entire, dark green and shining above, pale green beneath, acute, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed to the nearly sessile base; panicles terminal and axillary, pubescent ; sepals ovate, about 3 mm. long ; petals oblong- ovate, about as long as the sepals; ovary pubescent; drupes 10-13 mm. in diameter, purple, the juicy pulp orange. Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Goat Cay, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island and Watling's Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico. Botter Bough. 7. HYPELATE P. Br.; Sw. Prodr. 61. 1788. A tree or shrub, with alternate 3-foliolate petioled leaves, and small, white or greenish white, panicled, monoecious or polygamo-dioecious flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, unappendaged, sessile. Stamens 8-10 in the staminate flowers, wanting or imperfect in the pistillate; filaments glabrous. Pistillate flowers with a 3-celled, sessile ovary, the style short, the stigmas capitate; ovules 2 in each cavity, superimposed. Fruit a small drupe, with thin flesh. [Greek name for Buscus, the Butcher 's Broom.] A monotypie genus. ^ 1. Hypelate trifoliata Sav. Prodr. 61. 1788. A tree, sometimes 13 m. high with a trunk up to 5 dm. in diameter, usually smaller, sometimes shrubby, the thin gray bark smooth or nearly so. Petioles 1-5 cm. long; leaflets obovate or spatulate, firm in texture, 2-5 cm. long, entire, glabrous, shining above, rather dull beneath, finely veined, the apex obtuse, RHAMXACEAE. 255 emarginate or aeutish; sepals ovate, ciliate; petals suborbieular, about - nun. long, ciliate, about as long as the sepals; drupes ovoid, black, 5-7 mm. 1- Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island. Wat- ling's Island, Great Exuma. Long Island. Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island and Inagua : — Florida: Cuba to Porto Kico ; St. Martin and Anguilla ; Ja- maica. White Ikon wood. Ebony. Order 15. RHAMNALES. Shrubs, vines, or small trees, with nearly always alternate leaves. Flowers small, regular. Sepals mostly more or less united. Petals dis- tinct or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes and alter- nate with them, opposite the petals when these are present. Ovary com- pound, superior; ovules erect. Shrubs, small trees, or vines : petals 4 or 5, or none : fruit a drupe or capsule. Fam. 1. Kha.mnaceae. Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs ; petals caducous ; fruit a berry. Fam. 2. Vitaceae. Family 1. RHAMNACEAE Dumort. Buckthorn Family. Erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees, often thorny. Leaves simple, stipulate, mainly alternate, often 3-5-nerved. Stipules small, deciduous. Inflorescence commonly of cymes or panicles. Flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed or 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and opposite them; anthers short, versatile. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile. free from or immersed in the disk, 2-5- (often 3-) celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit often 3-celled. Seeds solitary in the cavities, erect; endosperm fleshy, rarely none; embryo lai'ge; cotyledons flat. About 50 genera and 600 species, of temperate and warm regions. Fruit drupaceous. Petals none ; plants unarmed. Endosperm ruminated : pit of the drupe thick-walled. 1. Reynosia. Endosperm none; pit of the drupe thin-walled. 2. Krugiodendron. Petals 5; young twigs spiny. 3. Sarcomphalus. Fruit dry, separating into nutlets. Trees and shrubs; fruit seated in the calyx. 4. Oolvbrina. Woody vines; nutlets winged. 5. Gouania. 1. REYNOSIA Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 33. 1866. Shrubs or small trees, with entire short-petioled opposite leaves, and small perfect yellowish green flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx-lobes valvate, spreading. Disk fleshy. Petals none. Stamens 5; filaments subulate. Ovary 2-3-celled; styles short and thick; stigma 2-3dobed ; ovules 1 in cadi cavity, erect. Fruit a drape with thin flesh and a hard stone. [Dedicate. I to Alvaro Reynoso, a Cuban chemist am! agriculturist, who died in isss.| About 9 spe< of the West Indies and Florida. Type species: Eeynosia retusa Griseb. Leaves obovate to elliptic; petioles 1.5-3 mm.; drupe subglo- l.nsc .,r ovoid. I. '''■ Beptentrionam. Leaves oblong to lanceolate; petioles." 7 mm.; drupe ellipsoid. 2, R. Northropiana. 256 RHAMNACEAE. 1. Reynosia septentrionalis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 356. 1899. Reynosia latifolia Chapm. Fl. S. U. S., ed. 2, 612. 1883. Not Griseb. 1866. Usually a shrub, sometimes a tree up to 9 m. high, with a trunk diameter of 2 dm., the bark reddish-brown, splitting into thin plates, the wood dense and heavy. Leaves opposite, elliptic to oval or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, coriaceous, glabrous, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, finely reticulate-veined, revolute-margined, the petioles short; flowers yellowish green, about 5 mm. wide in small axillary umbels; pedicels 4-5 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; drupe ovoid, dark purple, 1-1.5 cm. long, tipped with the base of the style, the thin pulp edible, the stone hard. Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Great Sturrup Cay, the Biminis and Eleuthera, to Grand Turk, Inagua and Cay Sal : — Florida. Recorded by Hitchcock as Rhamnidium revolutum C. Wright. Common Reynosia. 2. Reynosia Northropiana Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 315. 1902. A shrub, 1-2 m. high, the slender young twigs puberulent, soon becoming glabrous. Stipules triangular, connate, lanceolate, 1-2 mm. long; leaves oppo- site, subcoriaceous, oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, rounded or emarginate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, obsoletely crenate or entire, dark green above, pale green beneath, finely reticu- late-veined on both sides, the petioles 3-7 mm. long: cymes short-peduncled; few-several-flowered; calyx about 2.5 mm. long, its 5 lobes triangular-ovate, acute; petals half -orbicular, emarginate, nearly 1 mm. long; drupe ellipsoid, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long. Thickets and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island and Great Exuma. Endemic. Bahama Reynosia. 2. KRUGIODENDRON Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 313. 1902. An unarmed evergreen tree or shrub, with entire short-petioled leaves, and small perfect flowers subumbellate in the axils. Calyx mostly 5-parted, the lobes much longer than the tube. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes; filaments subulate; anthers obtuse. Disc annular, crenate. Ovary short-conic; style short; stigmas 2, small; ovules 2. Drupe small, ovoid, the pit thin-walled. Testa of the seed adherent to the endocarp; cotyledons semi- globose, fleshy; endosperm none. [Greek, Krug's tree, in honor of Leopold Krug, a student of the West Indian flora.] A monotypic genus. ^ 1. Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 314. 1902. Rhamnus ferreus Vahl in West, St. Croix 276. 1793. Ceanothus ferreus DC. Prodr. 2: 30. 1825. Scutia ferrea Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10: 363. 1827. Condalia ferrea Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 100. 1859. Rhamnidium ferreum Sargent, Gard. & Flor. 4: 16. 1891. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk diameter up to 5 dm., usually much smaller, often shrubby, the bark ridged, the branches spreading, the young twigs tomentulose. Leaves mostly opposite, ovate to oval, rather thin, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, bright green above, dull beneath, nearly glabrous when mature, the petioles 3-6 mm. long; flowers yellowT-green, about 4 mm. wide, in axillary clusters much shorter than the leaves;' oalyx-lobes triangular-ovate; stamens a little shorter than the calyx ; drupes globose or ovoid, black, 5-8 mm. long, the stone bony. Coastal scrub-lands and thickets, Lignum Vitae and Great Harbor Cays, South Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling's, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma. Long Island, Fortune. Crooked. Acklin's and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico, Anegada and St. Vincent ; Jamaica ; Bonaire. RHAMNACEAE. 257 3. SARCOMPHALUS P. Br.; Raf. Sylva Tell. 29. 1838. Shrubs or trees, often spineseent, with flat glabrous coriaceous entire petioled leaves, and small perfect braetless flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals 5, with a slender claw and a hooded limb. Disk undulate. Stamens 5, distinct, not longer than the petals; anthers extrorse. Ovary immersed in the disk, ovoid, superior; styles 2; stigma obtuse. Fruit a small, nearly dry, ovoid or oblong drupe, the bony pit 2-celled, 2 seeded. [Greek, fleshy navel.] About 8 species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Sarcomphalus retusus Raf. 1. Sarcomphalus Taylori Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 445. 1905. A glabrous, densely branched shrub, 2 m. high or less, or a tree up to 6 m. high, some of the branches long and prostrate, the bark gray, the twigs green, angled, unarmed, or occasionally with a spine 1-2 cm. long in the upper axils. Leaves alternate, obovate, bright green on both sides, but a little paler beneath than above, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved just above the base, the veins elevated on the upper surface, and impressed on the lower; petioles about 2 mm. long; flowers in small clusters at the ends of the branches, green, glabrous, 3 mm. broad, on pedicels 2 mm. long; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, 1 mm. long; petals clawed, hooded, about as long as the calyx-lobes and the stamens; ovary oblong, tipped with two slightly divergent styles; fruit oblong, about 8 mm. long. Low rocky coppices and rocky scrub-lands, Allen's Cay, Rose Island, Eleuthera, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Conception, Watling's, Ship Channel Cay, Cay north of Wide Opening, Great Exuma, Fortune Island, East Caicos, South Caicos, Grand Turk, Little Inagua and Inagua : — Mona. Taylor's Saecomphalus. 4. COLUBRINA Rich.; Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10: 368. 1827. Trees or shrubs, with alternate, petioled leaves, and small perfect yellow or greenish flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx-tube hemispheric, the 5 lobes spreading. Disk angled or lobed. Petals 5, hooded. Stamens 5, the short filaments slender. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3-eelled. ovules 1 in each cavity; styles 3, united below ; stigmas blunt. Drupe small, 3-lobed or 3-grooved, splitting into 3 nutlets, its flesh thin. Seeds smooth and shining, the endo- sperm thin. [Latin, coluber, a serpent.] About 15 species, 1 of them Asiatic, the others of tropical America. Type species: Colubrina ferruginosa Brongn. Leaves thin, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate acute, glabrous, or nearly so. 1. C. reclinata. Leaves thick. Leaves oblong or elliptic, velutinous on both sides. 2. C. cubcnsis. Leaves ovate to elliptic, pointed, smooth above, ferruginous beneath. 3. C. colubrina. *, 1. Colubrina reclinata (L'Her.) Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. T. 10: 369. 1827. Ceonothus reclinatus L'Her. Sert. Angl. 6. 1788. A tree, sometimes 20 in. high with a trunk diameter up to 1.5 in., usually much smaller, with orange-brown furrowed bark which exfoliates in thin layers, the young twigs finely pubescent. Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, 4-8 cm. long, acute or bluntish at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the 2-glandular base, the slender petioles 5-15 mm. long; flower-clusters pubescent, 258 RHAMNACEAE. as long as the petioles or shorter; calyx-lobes acute; petals hooded, shorter than the calyx-lobes; style slender; fruit globose, orange-red, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Rocky scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Providence, Eleu- thera, Cat Island, Long Island and Grand Turk : — 'Florida ; Cuba to Anegada and to Martinique ; Jamaica. Smooth Snake-dark. Catesby, 1 : pi. 10. 2. Colubrina cubensis (Jacq.) Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10: 369. 1827. Ehamnus cubensis Jacq. Enum. 16. 1760. Ceanothus cubensis Lam. Tabl. Encyc. 2: 90. 1797. A shrub or a small tree up to 5 m. high, the twigs, leaves, and inflorescence densely velvety-pubescent. Leaves oblong or elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, rather thick, rounded or acute at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, strongly pinnately veined, the petioles 5-15 mm. long; flower-clusters peduncled, longer than the petioles; pedicels 4-9 mm. long; calyx densely pubescent, its lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about 2 mm. long; petals yellow, about as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit globose, about 7 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, Andros, near Nicoll's Town : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola. Cuban SNAKE-BASK. 3. Colubrina colubrina (Jacq.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 69. 1900. Ehamnus colubrinus Jacq. Enum. 16. 1760. Colubrina ferruginosa Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10: 369. 1827. ?Celastrus ovata Hill, Veg. Syst. 13: 62, pi. 12. 1768. A shrub or tree, 8 m. high or less, or in Jamaica sometimes forming a tree up to 15 m. high, the twigs and young leaves brownish tomentulose. Leaves ovate to elliptic, subcoriaceous, 5-10 cm. long, obtusish, acute or short-acumi- nate at the apex, rounded or subeordate at the base, the pubescent petioles 5-20 mm. long, the upper surface glabrous when mature, the under surface permanently tomentulose ; flower-clusters pubescent, mostly shorter than the petioles ; calyx -lobes ovate, obtuse ; petals spatulate, yellow, shorter than the calyx-lobes, notched; fruit obovoid-globose, 8-9 mm. in diameter, nearly black. Rocky coppices, scrub-lands and pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, Green Cay, New Providence, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's, Mariguana, Inagua, Anguilla Isles, Cay Sal and Grand Turk : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda, St. Croix and Saba ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Cayman Islands. Common Snake-baek. Bitteks. 5. GOUANIA Jacq. Stirp. S'el. Am. 263. 1763. Woody vines, climbing by tendrils, with alternate petioled broad leaves, and small polygamous flowers in panicled spikes or narrow racemes. Calyx obconic, with 5 spreading lobes. Disk 5-angled or 5-horned. Petals 5, hooded. Stamens 5, short. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3-celled ; ovules 1 in each cavity; styles 3, united at the base; stigmas very small. Fruit dry, 3-winged, separating into 3 nutlets. Seeds shining. [Commemorates Antoine Gouan, 1733-1821, professor in Montpellier.] Type species: Gouania tomentosa Jacq. 1. Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 378. 1910. Banisteria lupuloides L. Sp. PI. 427. 1753. Gouania doming ensis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1663. 1763. Gouania glabra Jacq. Stirp. Sel. Am. 264. 1763. A woody vine, sometimes 7 m. long, climbing by coiled tendrils, the branches glabrous below, loosely pubescent above. Leaves ovate to elliptic, thin, 3-9 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, serrate with blunt teeth, VITACEAK 259 acute or short-acuminate at the apex, subcordate or rounded at the base, the veins slender, the petioles 5-15 mm. long; racemes slender, pubescent, 5-15 cm. long; pedicels clustered, pubescent, 1-3 mm. long; calyx pubescent, about 1.5 mm. long; corolla yellowish, 2-3 mm. wide, the petals ovate, acute; fruit reticu- late-veined, 3-winged, 8-10 mm. broad including the wings which are broader than the body, rarely wingless. Coppices, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and Grenada ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. Chew-stick. Family 2. VITACEAE Lindl. Grape Family. Climbing vines or erect shrubs, with copious watery sap, nodose joints, alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or polygamo- dioecious flowers, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5- toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or coherent, valvate, caducous. Filaments subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes; disk some- times obsolete or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1, generally immersed in the disk, 2-6-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous. Fruit a 1-6-eelled berry (commonly 2-celled). Seeds erect; testa bony; raphe generally distinct; endosperm cartilaginous; embryo short. About 10 genera and over 500 species, widely distributed. Hypogynous disk of the flower annular or cup-shaped ; leaves simple or 3-foliolate. Petals cohering into a caducous cap. 1. Vitis. Petals distinct, spreading. 2. Cissus. Hypogynous disk wanting or obsolete ; leaves digitately 5-7- foliolate in our species. 3. Partlicnocissus. 1. VITIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 202. 1753. Woody vines, rarely shrubby, mostly with tendrils. Leaves simple, usually palmately lobed or dentate". Stipules mainly small, caducous. Flowers mostly dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, rarely perfect. Petals hypogynous or perigynous, coherent in a cap and deciduous without expanding. Disk annular or cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-eelled; style very short, conic; ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry globose or ovoid, few-seeded, pulpy, edible in most species. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Vitis vinifera L. 1. Vitis Munsoniana Simpson; Planch, in DC. Monogr. 5: 615. 1887. . Muscadinia Munsoniana Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 757. 1903. A vine up to 6 m. long or more, the young twigs glabrous, the bark smooth, the pith continuous through the nodes. Leaves suborbicular or reniform, thin, but rather firm in texture, 4-8 cm. broad, coarsely dentate, cordate at the base, glabrous above, pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, the petioles as long as the blades or shorter; tendrils simple, very slender when young; panicles 2-8 cm. long; berries globose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, nearly black, acid, the skin thin, the seeds 3-5 mm. long. Coppices, pine-lnnds and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi- dence : — Georgia; Florida. Reported by Dolley ;is V. caribaea DC.-; recorded by Hitchcock, Coker and Mrs. Northrop as Y. rotundifolia Michx. WILD Ghape. 260 VITACEAE. 2. CISSUS L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753. Mostly climbing vines with fleshy foliage. Leaves 3-foliolate or simple, when compound the leaflets commonly separating in drying. Flowers mostly perfect. Petals usually 4, spreading. Disk cup-shaped, adnate to the base of the ovary, mostly 4-lobed. Disk cup-like, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. [Greek, ivy.] A large genus, mostly tropical. Type species: Cissus vitiginea L. Leaves simple. 1. C. sicyoides. Leaves trifoliolate. Fruit tubercled : leaflets 3-6 cm. long. 2. C. tubcrculata. Fruit smooth ; leaflets 1-3 cm. long. Leaflets ovate to obovate, deeply and sharply serrate, very fleshy. 3. C. trifoliata. Leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, slightly fleshy. 4. C. intermedia. 1. Cissus sicyoides L. Syst. ed. 10, 897. 1759 A vine, climbing to a height of 6 m. or more, the foliage pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves simple, petioled, ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, serrate, the teeth acute or bristle-tipped, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; tendrils slender, ofteD as long as the leaves ; cymes peduncled ; berries subglobose, black, 8-10 mm. in diameter; seeds 4-5 mm. long. Rocky coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Ber- muda ; Florida ; the West Indies and continental tropical America. Common Cissus. I . 2. Cissus tuberculata Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 1: 14. pi. 32. 1797. A somewhat woody, rather fleshy vine, up to 6 m. long or longer, glabrous or nearly so, the stems usually tuberculate. Leaves long-petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 em. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, low-serrate or nearly entire, the lateral ones oblique ; cymes compound, slightly and sparingly pubescent ; pedicels 10 mm. long or less; petals red or pink, reflexed, ovate, acute; berry obovoid, tubercled or at length smooth, black, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Rocky open places and coppices, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Cuba. Reported by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker as C. microcarpa Vahl. Warty Cissus. Catesby, 2 : pi. 48. 3. Cissus trifoliata L. Syst. ed. 10, 897. 1759. Sicyos trifoliata L. Sp. PI. 1013. 1753. Cissus acida L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 170. 1762. A very fleshy vine up to 5 m. long, glabrous throughout. Leaves 3-foli- olate ; leaflets ovate to obovate or suborbicular, 1-3 cm. long, sharply toothed above the middle, narrowed or cuneate at the base; flowers in compound cymes; berries globose to ovoid, dark purple, apiculate, 5-7 mm. in diameter, the fruit- ing pedicels recurved; seeds obovoid. Rocky plains and scrub-lands, Long Island. Acklin's. East Caicos and Little Inagua : — Florida ; Jamaica; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St. Croix; iecorded south to Martinique and from northern South America. Thick-leaved Cissus. 4. Cissus intermedia A. Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 1: 311. 1845. A slender, slightly fleshy vine, sometimes 2 m. long or longer, the branches and leaves glabrous, the stems and branches sometimes warty or tuberculate. Leaves slender-petioled, trifoliolate; leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate,. 1.5-3 cm. long, mostly acute, sparingly serrate, the terminal one equilateral, TILIACEAE. 261 mostly cuneate-narrowed at the base, the lateral ones oblique; cymes compound, glabrous; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; petals red, reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, acute; berry subglobose, black, about 7 mm. in diameter, smooth. Kocky places, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Grand Turk : — Cuba. Re- corded by Mrs. Northrop as Cissus sp. Bull-vim:. 3. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 5=: 447. 1887. Woody vines, the tendrils often tipped with adhering expansions (disks), or sometimes merely coiling, our species with digitately compound leaves. Flowers perfect, or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes or panicles. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short, thick. Berry 1-4-seeded, the flesh thin, not edible. About 10 species, natives of Eastern North America and Asia, the following typical. 1. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 52: 448. 1887. Hedera quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 202. 1753. Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 160. 1803. Parthenocissus quinquefolia latifolia Rehder, Trees and Shrubs 1: 184. 1905. Tendrils usually numerous, and provided with terminal adhering ex- pansions, the vine sometimes supported also by aerial roots; leaflets oval, ellip- tic, or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, narrowed at the base, coarsely toothed, at least above the middle, glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; panicles ample, erect or spreading in fruit; berries blue, 6-10 mm. in diameter, usually 2-3- seeded; peduncles and pedicels red. Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma : — Quebec to Manitoba : Florida and Mexico ; Bermuda ; Cuba. Consists of several races. Virginia Creeper. Order 16. MALVALES. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple, mostly alternate leaves. Flowers regular, usually perfect. Sepals separate, or more or less united, valvate. Petals separate, very rarely wanting-. Stamens usually numerous. Ovary superior, compound, the placentae united in its axis. Disk inconspicuous or none. Stamens twice as many as the sepals, or more. Stamens in several sets ; anthers 2-celled ; embryo straight. Fam. 1. Tiliaceae. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled : embryo curved. Style branches as many or twice as many as the carpels or ovary-cavities. Fam. 2. Malvaceae. Style entire, or merely lobed. Fam. 3. Bombacaceab, Stamens as many as the sepals. Fam. 4. Stekccliaceae. Family 1. TILIACEAE Juss. Linden Family. Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) simple leaves, mostly small and deciduous stipules, and solitary cymose or paniculate, usuallv perfect flowers. Sepals .">. rarely '■■> or 4. valvate, deciduous. Petals of the same number, or fewer, or none, mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens oo, mostly 5-10-adelphous. Ovary 1, sessile, 2-10-celled; ovules 262 TILIACEAE. anatropous; styles united. Fruit 1-10-celled, drupaceous or baccate. Cotyledons ovate or orbicular; endosperm fleshy, rarely wanting. About 35 genera and 275 species, widely distributed, the Bahama species herbs or low shrubs. Fruit a Ioculicidal capsule without prickles. 1. Corchona. Fruit indehiscent, prickly, separating into its carpels at maturity. 2. Triumfetta. 1. CORCHORUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 529. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs, with alternate serrate leaves, and yellow, solitary or clustered flowers, axillary or opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous; filaments filiform, simple; anthers introrse. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; stigma dilated, undulate. Capsule linear or oblong, many-seeded. [Greek, for some bitter plant.] About 40 species of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Corchorus olitorius L. Capsule glabrous or pubescent. Capsule 5-celled, with 5 short points ; basal serratures of leaves long-bristled. 1. c. olitorius. Capsule 2-celled, with 2 bifid teeth ; basal serratures of leaf not bristled. 2. G. siiiquosus. Capsule densely woolly. 3. C. hirsutus. 1. Corchorus olitorius L. Sp. PL 529. 1753. Herbaceous, glabrous, 1.5-3 m. high. Stipules setaceous, 1-2 cm. long; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, serrate all around, the basal teeth recurved, tipped by a filiform appendage 1-2 em. long; flowers mostly solitary at the nodes, short-peduncled; sepals 5-6 mm. long, subulate-tipped; petals a little longer than the sepals; capsule linear, 4-5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, 5-celled, tipped by 5 short teeth, its cells septate. Waste and cultivated land, naturalized, New Providence, near Nassau : — Natu- ralized from tropical regions of the Old World ; also in Jamaica and Trinidad. Indian Corchorus. Granighain. : •* 2. Corchorus siliqudsus L. Sp. PL 529. 1753. Shrubby, branched, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous, or the young branches and leaves puberulent or pubescent, the branches often with a line of hairs. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, the short petioles slender ; flowers solitary or 2 together, short-peduncled, the pedicels about as long as the peduncles; sepals linear, acute, about 6 mm. long; petals obovate, about 5 mm. long; capsule linear, glabrous, or when young somewhat pubescent, 5-8 cm. long, about 3 mm. thick, 2-celled, tipped by 2 short bifid teeth. Waste and cultivated land, coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Andros, Great Bahama. New Providence, Eleuthera, Crooked Island, Acklin's, Fortune Islands and North Caicos : — Florida : Cuba to Tortola and Trinidad ; Texas to Colombia and Guiana ; Jamaica. Smooth Corchorus. ^ 3. Corchorus hirsutus L. Sp. PL 530. 1753. A shrub, 2 m. high or less, usually erect, but on rocks sometimes nearly prostrate, the young twigs, the leaves and the inflorescence densely pale scurfy- tomentulose. Leaves short-petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, 2-6 cm. long, mostly obtuse ; flowers in small umbels opposite the leaves, the peduncle about as long as the pedicels; sepals tomentulose, 5-6 mm. long; MALVACEAE. 263 petals obovate, bright yellow, about as long as the sepals; capsule oblong, densely tomentose, obtuse, 4-celled, as long as the curved pedicels or longer, about 6 mm. thick. A common shrub in pastures, coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archi- pelago from Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to Grand Turk and Inagua : — West Indies; Mexico to tropical South America. Recorded by Dolley as Ccnchrus hirsutus. Woolly Corchorus. Mallet. Jack Switch. 3. TRIUMFETTA L. Sp. PI. 444. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs, with alternate broad petioled leaves, and yellow clustered flowers, axillary or opposite the leaves. Sepals 5. Petals 5, pitted at the base, or wanting in some species. Stamens numerous, borne on an elongated receptacle, the filaments filiform, the anthers introrse. Ovary borne in the cup-shaped top of the receptacle, 2-5-celled; stigma 2-5-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule subglobose, echinate. [In honor of G. B. Triumfetti, an Italian botanist.] About 70 species, of tropical and warm regions. Type species: Triumfetta Lappula L. ^- 1. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. Enum. 22. 1760. Triumfetta althacoides Lam. Encyel. 3: 420. 1791. Annual, stellate-tomentulose. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, branched; leaves ovate, rhombic or suborbicular in outline, 3-6 cm. long, serrate, angulate or often 3-lobed, rounded or truncate at the base ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter; panicles narrow, elongated; sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, ap- pendaged below the apex; petals cuneate-spatulate, slightly pubescent at the base ; stamens often 15 ; fruit 1-5 mm. in diameter, 2-celled, copiously prickly, the prickles about as long as the diameter of the body, hooked at the apex. A weed in waste and cultivated land, Abaco. Andros, New Providence, Eleu- thera and Watling's Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. A species represented by many races, differing in leaf-form and in minor intermixed characters. Burr Bosh. Family 2. MALVACEAE Neck. Mallow Family. Herbs or shrubs (sometimes trees in tropical regions), with alternate leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, usually perfect, often large. Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united, usually valvate; calyx often bracted at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute. Stamens co, hypogynous, forming a central column around the pistil, united with the bases of the petals; anthers 1-celled. Ovary several- celled; styles united below, distinct above, and generally projecting beyond the stamen-column, mostly as many as the cavities of the ovary. Fruit capsular (rarely a berry), several-celled, the carpels falling away entire or else loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reniform. globose or obovoid ; embryo curved; cotyledons large, plicate or conduplicate. About 45 genera and 900 species, widely distributed. Fruit of several or many radlately arranged carpels which mostly separate from each other at maturity. Carpels as mnny as the stigmas. Carpels •_' several-seeded. Involucre present. 1. Phymosia, 264 MALVACEAE. Involucre none. Carpels leathery or chartaceous. 2. Ahutilon. Carpels membranous, bladdery. 3. Gayoides. Carpels only 1 -seeded. Flowers with an involucre. 4. Malvastrum. Flowers without an involucre. Carpels separating at maturity. 5. Sida. Carpels permanently united. 0. Uusturdia. Carpels half as many as the stigmas. Carpels dry, achene-like. Carpels with a dorsal spine. 7. Pavonia. Carpels not spined. 8. Malache. Carpels fleshy, the fruit drupe-like. 9. Malvaviscus. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or rarely indehiscent. Styles distinct. Herbs and shrubs ; capsule without false partitions. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 10. Hibiscus. Calyx spathaceous. 11. Abclmoschus. Tree ; capsule with false partitions. 12. Pariti. Styles united. Bractlets of the involucre entire, small : fruit indehiscent. 13. Thespcsia. Bractlets of the involucre lacinate, large ; capsule loculicid- ally dehiscent. 14. Gossypium. 1. PHYMOSIA Desv. in Hamilt. Prodr. 49. 1825. Herbs or shrubs. Bractlets 3, distinct, or united at the base. Stamen- column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities of the ovary 5-oo, 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved, not septate between the seeds, separating from the axis at maturity. Seeds reniform. [Greek, swollen, referring to the somewhat inflated carpels of the following typical species.] About 40 species, natives of America and South Africa. 1. Phymosia abutiloides (L.) Desv. in Hamilt., Prodr. 50. 1825. Malva abutiloides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 971. 1763. Sphaeralcea abutiloides G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 465. 1831. Abutilon Eggersii E. Baker, Jour. Bot. 31: 75. 1893. An erect, sparingly branched shrub up to about 3 m. high, densely stellate- tomentose. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, the lower often 2 dm. broad, sharply 5-7-lobed, the lobes serrate, acute or acuminate, the stout petioles shorter than the blades; upper leaves much smaller; flowers corymbose in the upper axils, or forming a terminal panicle ; involucel-bractlets linear, deciduous, shorter than the calyx; calyx 5-toothed, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; petals pink or rose, white-veined, red-streaked at base, 1-1.5 cm. long; carpels about 20, stellate-tomentose on the back, at length glabrous, reniform, obtuse, 1 cm. long; seeds black. Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera. Endemic. Bahama Physiosia. Catesby, 1 : pi. 77. 2. ABUTILON [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Herbs or shrubs, sometimes trees in tropical countries, mostly soft-pubes- cent, with cordate angular or lobed leaves and axillary flowers. Involucels none. Calyx 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5- so, 3-9-ovuled. Style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved, often rostrate, falling away from the axis at maturity. Seeds reniform, the upper ascending, the lower pendulous or horizontal. [Name given by the cele- brated Arabian physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), died 1037.] About 100 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Sida Abutilon L. MALVACEAE. 265 Carpels 15-30, thin, merely acute. 1. A. hirtum. Carpels 5-10, chartaceous to coriaceous, subulate-beaked. Carpels attenuate-beaked, flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad. Leaves not strongly reticulate-veined beneath ; carpels 1 cm. long. 2. A. permoUe. Leaves distinctly reticulate-veined beneath; carpels 1.5 cm. long. 3. A. abutiloides. Carpels abruptly minutely beaked. Carpels puberulent. 4. A. trisulcutum. Carpels villous. 5. A. pauciflorum. 1. Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 53. 1827. Sida hirta Lam. Encyel. 1: 7. 1783. Abutilon indicum hirtum Griseb. Fl. Br. "W. I. 78. 1859. Perennial, velvety-canescent and villous-viseid, branched, 1-5 dm. high. Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, 15 cm. long or less, cordate at the base, irreg- ularly crenate, the petioles as long as the blades or shorter; peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles, sometimes as long; calyx somewhat enlarged in fruit, its ovate lobes acute or acuminate ; petals yellow, commonly with a purple base, 1.5-2 cm. long; carpels 15-30, very thin, a little longer than the calyx, 8-10 mm. long, mucronulate. Waste lands, Harbor Island ; New Providence ( ?) : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Thomas and Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley as Abutilon indicum G. Don. Hairy Abutilon. ic 2. Abutilon permolle (Willd.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 53. 1827. Sida permollis Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 723. 1809. Perennial, velvety, 0.6-1.5 m. high, branched, the branches slender. Leaves ovate, 2.5-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rather deeply cordate at the base, crenulate, white-tomentulose beneath, the petioles as long as the blades or shorter ; calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit, its ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate lobes longer than the tube; petals yellow, obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, carpels 7-10, slender-beaked, longer than the calyx, nearly 1 em. long. Waste places and scrub-lands, Little Harbor Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Little San Salvador, the Exumas to Long Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Inagua, East Caicos and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica. Velvety Abutilon*. 3. Abutilon abutiloides (Jaeq.) Garcke, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 4S5. 1893. Sida abutiloides Jacq. Obs. 1: 17. 1764. Abutilon lignosum G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 501. 1831. A shrub, up to 1.5 m. high, the twigs densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves broadly ovate, 2-8 cm. long, serrate nearly all around, stellate-tomentulose on hoth sides, reticulate-veine/^l. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke, Bonplandia 5: 297. 1857. Malva coromandeliana L. Sp. PI. 687. 1753. Malvastrum tricuspidatum A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 16. 1852. Malvastrum americanum Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 38. 1859. Perennial, strigose-pubescent, branched, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, slender-petioled, 2-8 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate, the hairs of the upper surfaces mostly simple ; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on peduncles shorter than the petioles; involucels of 3 small bractlets; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, longer than its tube ; petals pale yellow, somewhat longer than the calyx, obliquely truncate; carpels 8-12, hirsute on top, with an awn near the inflexed apex and 2 beaks on the back. Wnste grounds and cultivated soils, Great Bahama, North Bimini, Eleuthera, Watling's : — Bermuda; Florida to Texas; the West Indies; continental trop America; tropical and subtropical Asia. Fai.se Mallow. 2. Malvastrum corchorifolium (Desr.) Britton; Small, PI. Miami 119. 1913. Malva corchorifolia Desr. in Lam. Encyel. 3: 755. 1791. Malvastrum Eugelii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 367. 1882. Similar to the preceding species, about as pubescent and the leaves much alike in both, the hairs of the upper surfaces mostly forked. Flowers mostly in terminal heads 1-2 cm. long, or some of them solitary in the axils ; calyx- lobes triangular-ovate, acuminate; petals orange or yellow, longer than the calyx; carpels about 10 or fewer, hispidulous, beakless, or sometimes with a blunt protuberance. Waste and cultivated lands. Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's, Grand Turk, Inagua and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba ; Virgin Gorda ; Jamaica. Rugel's False Mallow. 5. SIDA L. Sp. PI. 6S3. 1753. Herbs, with serrate crenate or lobed leaves, and perfect flowers. Bractlets of the involucels none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-oo, 1-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit. Carpels indehiscent, or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. [Greek, used by Theophrastus.] About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America, Asia, Africa and Australasia. Type species: Sida alnifolia L. Flowers capitate, congested at the apices of the branches, their peduncles adnate to the long-ciliate bracts. 1. 8. oiliaris. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, not adnate to the floral bracts. Calyx angular. Leaves narrowed or rounded at the base. Leaves short-petioled. 2. 8. carpinifoUa. Leaves long-petioled. 3. 8. spinosa. Leaves distinctly cordate at the base. Plants prostrate, creeping, leaves sub-orbicular. Plants erect or diffuse, leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Flowers glomerate, very short-pedicelled ; plants with stinging hairs. 5. 8. urene. Flowers solitary or few together, Blender-pedlcelled. Leaves acuminate, plants erect. •!. S. gUittnosa, Leaves obtuse or merely acutlsh, plants diffuse. 7. 8. prncumbens. Calyx-tube terete. ' 8. 8. acuminata. 1. Sida ciliaris L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145. 1759. Perennial, strigose-pubescent, diffusely branched at the base from a deep woody root, the slender branches prostrate or ascending, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves 4. S. hed( raefolia. 268 MALVACEAE. oblong or elliptic, 0.7-3.5 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, serrate, mostly above the middle, slender-petioled, usually glabrous above and stellate pubescent beneath; flowers clustered at the ends of the branches, their short peduncles adnate to the petioles of the foliaeeous bracts; stipules linear or linear-spatulate, long-ciliate, about as long as the petioles; calyx hirsute, its triangular acute lobes about as long as the nearly terete tube; petals red, yellow or purplish, blotched at the base, 6-12 mm. long; carpels 5-8, wrinkled or tubercled, 2-beaked. Rocky soils and cultivated grounds. Great Sturrup Cay to New Providence, Eleuthera, Atwood's, Fortune Island, East Caicos, and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies; tropical continental America. Fringed Sida. 2. Sida carpinifolia L. f. Suppl. 307. 1781. Sida acuta carpinifolia K. Schum. in Mart. PI. Bras. 123: 326. 1891. Sida antillensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 418. 1908. Puberulent or glabrous. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, branching; leaves lanceolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, irregu- larly serrate, obtuse or subeordate at the base, the petioles 3-7 mm. long; stipules conspicuous, narrowly linear to lanceolate, surpassing the petioles; peduncles mostly shorter than the pedicels, 1-7 mm. long; calyx 5-10-ribbed, its lobes triangular, slightly acuminate, about as long as the tube; petals yellow to white, 6-12 mm. long, carpels reticulate-wrinkled, 2-beaked. Fields and waste places, Abaco, Great Sturrup Cay, Andros, New Frovidence, Eleuthera to Watling's, Great Exuma, Long Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda : North Carolina to Florida and Texas : West Indies and tropical conti- nental America. Referred by Hitchcock to Sida glomcrata Cav. Wire-weed. 3. Sida spinosa L. Sp. PI. 683. 1753. Sida angustifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 4. 1783. Sida spinosa angustifolia Griseb. PI. Br. W. I. 74. 1859. Annual, finely pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, petioled, truncate or cordate at the base, crenate-dentate ; flowers axillary, short-peduncled, yellow; peduncles shorter than the petioles; calyx - teeth triangular, acute; carpels 5, dehiscent at the apex into 2 beaks; stipules linear; petioles of the larger leaves with a small spine-like tubercle at the base. Waste and cultivated lands. Great Bahama, Great Sturrup Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Great Exuma, Long Island, Fortune Island. East Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas ; West Indies ; tropical continental America. False Mallow. 4. Sida hederaefdlia Cav. Diss. 1 : 8. 1785. Loosely stellate-pubescent or glabrate; stems branched at the base, the slender, trailing branches 3-5 dm. long. Leaves nearly orbicular, slender- petioled, 1-3 cm. broad, cordate, crenate-dentate, the petioles often longer than the blades ; peduncles solitary in the axils, filiform, sometimes longer than the leaves; calyx about 4 mm. long, angled, its broadly ovate acute teeth about as long as the tube; petals yellow, somewhat longer than the calyx; carpels 2- aristate. Waste places and roadsides, Great Bahama at Eight Mile Rocks : — Cuba to Porto Rico. Ivy-leaved Sida. 5. Sida urens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145. 1759. Harshly hirsute, erect, ascending, weak, branched or sometimes simple, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, slender-petioled, serrate, loosely stellate- pubescent; flowers subsessile in axillary and terminal, usually dense clusters, MALVACEAE. 269 or some of them axillary, solitary and short-pedieelled ; calyx hirsute, 5-eleft, angular, 6-7 mm. long, its triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate teeth about as long as the tube; petals yellow, reddish at base; carpels 5, glabrous, 2- denticulate. Waste and cultivated land. New Providence at Nassau : — Cuba to Porto Rico and Trinidad; continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Sticky Sida. G. Sida glutinosa Comm.; Cav. Diss. 1: 16. 1785. Sida nervosa DC. Prodr. 1: 465. 1824. Erect, 5-10 dm. high, branched, the stem and branches densely tomentulose, somewhat glutinous, sometimes also with long spreading hairs. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, S cm. long or less-, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, erenulate, the lower long-petioled, the upper usually much smaller than the lower and shorter-petioled; flowers 1-several in the axils or in terminal panicles; pedicels filiform, mostly much longer than the calyx, pubescent; calyx angled, 3-4 mm. long, its 5, broadly ovate, sharply acute teeth shorter than the tube; petals yellow, about twice as long as the calyx; carpels 5, pubescent above, 2-aristate. Waste and cultivated land, New Providence at Nassau : — Cuba to Porto Rico, St. Jan and Trinidad ; continental tropicai America ; Old World tropics. Sticky Sida. >fd 7. Sida procumbens Sw. Prodr. 101. 1788. Sida supina L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 109". 1789. Branched at the base, the branches slender, prostrate or nearly so, 1-6 dm. long, densely puberulent, glabrate or pilose. Leaves ovate or ovate-orbicular, 1-2.5 cm. long, slender-petioled, crenate, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, densely puberulent on both sides; peduncles axillary, solitary, about a- long as the leaves or shorter, or longer, filiform, sometimes pilose; calyx about 4 mm. long, puberulent or pilose, its 5 ovate acuminate lobes somewhat shorter than the angled tube; petals pale yellow or white, 4-6 mm. long; carpels mostly 5, reticulate, 2-beaked, about 2 mm. long. Fields, pastures and waste places. New Providence, Eleuthera, Long Island, Fortune Island, South Caicos, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Cheeping Sida. s. Sida acuminata DC. Prodr. 1: 462. 1824. Sida acuminata Bracei E. Baker, Journ. Bot. 30: 295. 1892. Densely stellate-pubescent, usually branched, somewhat woody, erect, 5-8 dm. high, branched or sometimes simple. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rather s-hort-petioled, 2-7 cm. long, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, rounded, or subcordate at the base, low crenate-serrate; flowers few or solitary in the axils, and often in small terminal clusters, nearly sessile or flliform- peduneled, the peduncles sometimes 2-3 cm. long; calyx 5-6 mm. long, terete, its 5, broadly ovate, acute teeth somewhat shorter than the tube; petals yellow, 4-5 mm. long; carpels 5-8, stellate-pubescent, scarcely beaked. Roadsides and waste places. Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat island, Hum Cay, Greal Exuma, Long island. Crooked island, Fortune Island. Acklin's and Mariguana, Easl Caicos:- Cuba to Virgin Gorda ami Antigua; Central America. Races differ in the number ami size of iU<- Bowers. Velvets Sida. 6. EASTARDIA E.B.K. Nov. Gen. 5: 254. L821. Velvety-pubescent or tomentose shrubs or perennial herbs, with petioled cordate leaves, and small yellow peduncled flowers, solitary or few in the axils. Involucel none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-deft. Petal- 5. Stamen-column 2"0 MALVACEAE. divided into several or many filaments at the apex. Ovary 5-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous; style-branches 5; stigmas capitate. Capsule de- pressed-globose, 5-grooved, 3-5-valved. [Commemorates the French botanist T. Bastard.] Six known species, of tropical America. Type species: Bas- tardia parvifolia H.B.K. 1. Bastardia viscosa (L.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 256. 1822. Sida viscosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145. 1759. Finely velvety-pubescent and viscid, sometimes also pilose, erect, branched, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 1-6 em. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, irregularly denticulate, the slender petioles as long as the blades or shorter; pedicels nearly filiform, longer than the petioles, often longer than the leaves, rarely not longer than the calyx ; calyx about 4 mm. long, its 5, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate teeth about as long as the tube ; petals yellow, 4-5 mm. long; capsule about as long as the calyx, its carpel-valves beakless. Waste lands, Eleuthera and Long Island : — West Indies ; Mexico to Colombia and Peru. Hitchcock's plant referred to this species is Sida glutinosa Comm. Viscid Bastardia. 7. PAVONIA Cav. Diss. 3: 132. 1787. Shrubs or shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, angled or lobed. Flowers perfect, commonly solitary on axillary peduncles. Involueel of 5-15 bractlets. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5. Carpels 5, 1-celled; styles 10; stigmas capitate; ovules solitary. Mature carpels separating from axis, 1-3-spined on the back, more or less deeply 2-valved. Seeds solitary, ascending. [In honor of Joseph Pavon, Spanish botanist and explorer.] Sixty species or more, mostly of tropical distribution, the following typical. 1. Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav. Diss. 3: 133. 1787. Hibiscus spinifex L. Syst. ed. 10, 1149. 1759. A branching shrub, 1-3 m. tall, hirsute and strigillose. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, doubly crenate- dentate, truncate or subcordate at the base, the petioles « densely pubescent; peduncles axillary, much longer than the petioles ; bractlets of the involueel. 5, linear to lanceolate, acute, nearly 1 cm. long ; calyx about as long as the bractlets, its lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate ; petals yellow, 2.5 cm. long, euneate; carpels 5-6 mm. high, with 1 medial and 2 lateral retrorsely barbed awns. Waste lands. New Frovidence and Long Island : — Bermuda : South Carolina to Florida ; the West Indies and tropical continental America. Pavonia. 8. MALACHE B. Yogel ; Trew, PI. Sel. 50. 1772. Tall shrubs or small trees, with alternate broad, lobed or nearly entire leaves, and large peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Involucre of several bractlets. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, broad. Carpels mostly 5, 1-celled; styles 10. Ovules solitary. Carpels 2-valved, knobbed on the back, not spined, coriaceous, tardily dehiscent. [Greek, mallow.] Three known species, the fol- lowing, and one in Jamaica. Type species: Malache scabra B. Vogel. Stamen-column not longer than the corolla. 1. M. scabra. Stamen-column twice as long as the corolla. 2. M. bahamensis. MALVACEAE. 271 1. Malache scabra B. Vogel ; Trew, PI. Sel. 50. 1772. Pavonia spicata Cav. Diss. 3: 136. 1787. Pavonia raccmosa Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 2: 1215. 1800. An erect, usually little-branched shrub, 1—5 m. high, the branches and inflorescence densely roughish-pubescent. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, firm in texture, 5-15 cm. long, palmately veined, repand-dentate or entire, acuminate at the apex, subeordate or rounded at the base, the petioles 3-6 cm. long; racemes loosely several -flowered ; pedicels ascending, 2-5 cm. long; involueel- bractlets oblong-lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; calyx as long as or a little longer than the bractlets, its lobes ovate, acute; petals yellowish, about twice as long as the calyx, finely pubescent, longer than the stamen-column ; carpels somewhat shorter than the calyx, with 2 short blunt beaks on the upper margins and a short terminal crest. Borders of mangrove swamps, Andros .it Conch Sound : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; coasts of tropical continental America. Swamp Bush. 2. Malache bahamensis (Hitchc.) Britton & Millspaugh. Pavonia bahamensis Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 63. 1893. Malvaviscus Cokeri Britton; Coker in Shattuck, Bahama Islands, 259. 1905. A shrub, or small tree, up to 4 m. high, with round glabrous branchlets. Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, acuminate, cordate, thin, 7-nerved, entire or slightly repand, the upper surface glabrous but papillose, the under side gla- brous except for tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins, and a few scattered ones on the veins, the blades 4-7 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, the petioles slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; peduncles slender, puberulent, 2 or 3 times as long as the petioles; involucrel-bractlets narrowly linear, acuminate, glabrous, 1 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, about as long as the calyx; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acuminate, about one-half as long as the tube, woolly within; petals about 2 cm. long; stamen-column 3 cm. long or more; carpels with 2 compressed rounded terminal lobes and a central crest. Rocky coastal thickets, Watling's Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Ack- lin's Island and Pine Cay (Caicos). Endemic. Bahama Swamp-bush. 9. MALVAVISCUS Dill.; Adans. Earn. PI. 2: 399. 1763. Shrubs or small trees, with broad usually dentate or lobed, petioled leaves, and red flowers. Involucel of several narrow bractlets. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals erect-connivent. Stamen-column truncate or 5-toothed, bearing numerous stamens. Ovary 5-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style-branches 10, stigmatic at the capitate summit. Fruit baccate, the indehiscent carpels finally separat- ing. [Latin-Greek, similar to Malva.] About 10 species of tropical America. Type species: Hibiscus Malvaviscus L. 1. Malvaviscus Sagraeanus A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 46. 1845, Malvaviscus arboreus Sagraeanus Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 83. 1859. A branching shrub, 2-4 m. high, the twigs finely pubescent or glabrate, slender. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ii regularly crenate, sometimes 3- lobed, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or subeordate at the base, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs, the slender pubescent petioles shorter than the blades; involucel-bractlets linear-spatulate, 8-10 mm. long, about a>i long as the calyx, glabrous or pubescent; corolla red to scarlet, about 2 cm. long; fruit depressed-globose, about 1 cm. in diameter. Scrub-lands of Abaco and Great Bahama: — Cuba. Sacka's Malvaviscus. 272 MALVACEAE. 10. HIBISCUS L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753. Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions even small trees, with dentate or lobed leaves, and showy, mostly campanulate flowers. Braetlets numerous, narrow. Calyx 5-eleft or 5-toothed. Column of stamens anther-bearing below along much of its length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities 3-several-ovuled ; style-branches 5, stigmatic at the capitate summit. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds reniform. [An ancient name, used by Dioscorides for the Marsh Mallow.] About 180 species, widely distributed. Type species: Hibiscus Trionum L. 1. Hibiscus bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 120. 1905. A shrub, the leaves, calyx, peduncles and twigs densely and finely stellate- pubescent. Leaves ovate in outline, palmately veined, 10 cm. long or less, firm in texture, cordate to truncate at the base, 3-lobed or 5-lobed with the middle lobe much the longest and acuminate, the lateral lobes acute or obtuse, irregu- larly dentate; upper leaves varying to lanceolate, and merely dentate; petioles as long as the blades or shorter; peduncles stout, solitary in the axils, longer than the subtending petioles, jointed near the middle; braetlets linear-lanceo- late, acuminate, very unequal, the longer about 1.5 cm. long; calyx 2-2.5 cm. long, densely stellate-pubescent, its oblong lebes strongly veined, acuminate; petals brownish, 3.5 cm. long, densely pubescent without, oblanceolate, obtusish; capsule oval, 2.5 cm. long, 2 cm. thick, densely silky. Rocky scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Concep- tion Island, Rum Cay, Acklin's. Endemic. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as H. crypto- carpus Rich. Erroneously called wild cotton. Bahama Hibiscds. 11. ABELMOSCHUS Medic. Malv. 45. 1787. Tall herbs, with broad, lobed leaves, and large axillary and terminal flowers. Braetlets several or numerous, narrow. Calyx spathaceous, splitting along one side, deciduous. Stamen-column bearing numerous anthers. Ovary 5-eelled, its cavities several-ovuled ; style-branches 5, stigmatic at the summit. Capsule elongated, 5-valved. [Name said to be Arabic] A few species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Abelmoschus moscliatus Medic. 1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Meth. 617. 1794. Hibiscus esculentus L. Sp. PL 696. 1753. Annual, erect, little-branched, 1-2 m. tall, sparingly hirsute. Leaves long- petioled, nearly orbicular in outline, 1-3 dm. broad, deeply 5-7 -lobed, the lobes lanceolate to obovate, irregularly serrate, acute or obtuse; peduncles stout, 1-3 em. long; braetlets linear, bristly-hirsute, about 1.5 em. long; calyx about 2 cm. long; petals broad, yellowish, purple-blotched at the base, 3-4 cm. long; capsule angled, 2 dm. long or less, long-tipped. Waste-lands, spontaneous after cultivation ; Cat Island and Fortune Island : — spontaneous in most tropical and subtropical regions ; native of the Old World trop- ics. Okra. 12. PARITI Adans. Earn. PI. 2, 401. 1763. Trees, with broad cordate petioled leaves, large deciduous stipules, and large, terminal or axillary flowers, solitary or few together, the petals yellow or changing to red. Involucre 8-10-toothed. Calyx 5-toothed. Style pubescent MALVACEAE. 273 above, 5-eleft, the stigmas broad. Capsule loeulieidally 5-eelled, many-seeded, the cells vertically partitioned by a dissepiment which splits at dehiscence into two membranes. [Name said to be Malabaric] A few species of tropical regions, the following typical. 1. Pariti tiliaceum (L.) St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 256. 1827. Hibiscus tiUaceus L. Sp. PI. 69-4. 1753. A tree, sometimes 18 m. high, the young foliage velvety-tomentose. Leaves long-petioled, the blades 7-20 cm. broad, nearly orbicular, cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, shallowly dentate or subentire, the venation promi- nent beneath; involucre 10-cleft, about 12 mm. long; petals yellow, obovate, 5-6 cm. long; calyx about 2 cm. long; capsule ovoid, tomentose, 15-18 mm. long; seeds glabrous or minutely downy. Coastal thickets, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Pine Cay (Caicos) : — Bermuda ; Florida ; throughout the West Indies and tropical continental America ; Old World tropics. Mahoe. Catesby, 2 : pi. 90. 13. THESPESIA Soland.; Correa, Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 290. 1807. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or merely angulately lobed, commonly ample, usually cordate, petioled. Flowers perfect, showy. Involucel of 3-5 narrow deciduous bractlets. Calyx truncate or nearly so. Petals 5. Ovary sessile, 5-eelled; styles 5, united or rarely distinct; stigmas decurrent on the styles. Ovules few in each cavity. Capsule firm, woody-leathery, 5- celled, indehiseent. Seeds glabrous or pubescent. [Greek, marvellous.] About 8 tropical species, the following typical. 1. Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland.; Correa, Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 290. 1S07. Hibiscus populneus L. Sp. PI. 694. 1753. A tree, sometimes 7 m. high, with a trunk up to 2 dm. in diameter, usually smaller, often a shrub, the stout twigs scurfy when young. Leaves firm in texture, slightly fleshy, ovate-orbicular, 5-12 em. long, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, undulate-margined; petioles nearly as long as the blades; peduncles shorter than the petioles; calyx subhemispheric, nearly truncate; petals 4-7 cm. long, yellow with a purple base, changing to purple ; fruit de- pressed-globose, leathery, 3-4.5 cm. in diameter, 1.5-2 cm. high; seeds pubes- cent. Borders of marshes, and in sandy scrub-lands, New Providence and Grand Turk : — Florida : the West Indies and tropical continental America ; Old World tropics. Sea-side Mahoe. Cork-tree. Spanish Cork. 14. GOSSYPIUM L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753. Herbs, shrubs or small trees, with alternate petioled, usually lobed leaves, and large, mostly solitary, peduncled, yellow or white to purple flowers sub- tended by 3 broad, often cordate, incised bracts. Calyx truncate or 5-lobed. Stamen-column usually naked below. Ovary 5-eelled ; ovules numerous in each cavity; style club-shaped, 5-grooved; stigmas 5. Capsule coriaceous, loeuli- eidally 5-valved. Seeds usually densely covered with long white hairs (cotton) ; endosperm thin or none; cotyledons plicate. [Latin for cotton, perhaps of Arabic origin.] About 40 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Gossypium arboreum L. 274 BOMBACACEAE. Cotton readily separable from the seed. 1. O. barbadense. Cotton adherent to the seed. 2. G. punctutum. 1. Gossypium barbadense L. Sp. PL 693. 1753. Perennial, shrubby, flowering as an annual, glabrous or nearly so, 1-2.5 m. high. Leaves suborbieular in outline, 7.5-20 em. broad, rather deeply 3-5- cleft, the lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lobes acuminate, the basal sinus narrow; petals 6-10 cm. long, yellow, or with orange or red bases, fading pink; capsules 3-5 cm. long; cotton readily separated from the seed. Scrublands and waste lands, apparently spontaneous after cultivation only, Abaco, New Providence, Cat Island, Great Gaillot Cay, Fortune Island and Inagua : — North Carolina to Florida ; widely spontaneous after cultivation in tropical and sub- tropical regions. Cotton. 2. Gossypium punctatum Sch. & Thon. Besk. Guin. PL 309. 1827. A shrub, or small tree, up to 4 m. high, the young twigs pubescent or glabrate. Leaves ovate-orbicular or suborbieular in outline, cordate or nearly truncate at the base, usually 3-lobed, rarely 5-lobed, or some of them entire, the lobes short, ovate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, at least when young, nearly glabrous above; petals 3-6 cm. long, white or yellowish, sometimes crimson- blotched at the base, fading pink or purplish; capsules 2-2.5 cm. long; cotton firmly attached to the seed. Rum Cay, at Port Nelson : — Southern Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Grenada. Recorded from other West Indian islands. Cultivated in tropical regions of the New World and the Old. Wild Cotton. Family 3. BOMBACACEAE Schumann. Bombax Family. Trees, mostly with palmately compound leaves and large and showy perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-toothed. Petals 5. Stamens commonly very numerous, with long filaments and short anthers. Ovary 2-5-celled; style simple; stigmas as many as the ovary-cavities. Fruit various, dry or fleshy. Seeds usually woolly. About 20 genera and 150 species, of tropical distribution. 1. CEIBA A dans. Fam. PL 2: 399. 1763. Large deciduous trees, with alternate petioled palmately compound leaves, and large clustered axillary flowers, the trunk buttressed at the base, the branches and young trunks spiny. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals tomentose without, glabrous within. Column 5-divided, each division bearing 2 or 3 unilocular anthers at the top. Capsule 5-eelled, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds long-woolly. [Aboriginal name.] About 12 species, the following typical. 1. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 244. 1791. Bombax pentandrum L. Sp. PL 511. 1753. Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. Prodr. 1: 479. 1824. A tree, reaching a maximum height of 60 m. or more, the trunk above the often immense buttress sometimes 3 m. in diameter. Petioles slender, glabrous, 5-15 cm. long; leaflets 5-7, stalked, or nearly sessile, glabrous, entire or serrate, STERCULIACEAE. 275 oblong to oblaneeolate, 8-15 cm. long, mostly acute or acuminate at the apex and narrowed at the base ; flowers in many axillary clusters, often appearing before the leaves; pedicels 4-6 cm. long; calyx obconic, about 1.5 cm. long; petals about 3 cm. long, about as long as the stamens; stigma capitate; capsule oblong, woody, 8-12 cm. long. Waste-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, near Nassau; planted for shade and for ornament : — Cuba to St. Jan and Barbadoes ; northern South America ; Old World tropics. Silk-cottux Ti;i:k. Family 4. STERCULIACEAE H.B.K. Chocolate Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, often stellate-pubescent leaves, the flowers regular, mostly perfect, in a few genera polygamous or uni- sexual, clustered or rarely solitary, usually axillary. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, usually persistent, the lobes or sepals valvate. Petals 5, hypogynous, or wanting. Stamens 5 or more; filaments more or less united below into a cup or tube; anthers mostly 2-celled, extrorse; staminodia present in some genera. Ovary superior, 2-5-eelled, or sometimes monoearpellary ; styles usually as many as the ovary-cavities, distinct or more or less united. Fruit mostly capsular or follicular, rarely indehiscent. Seeds various, the cotyledons commonly' foliaceous. About 45 genera and over 600 species, mostly tropical. Petals with flat blades. Gynoeciurn of 5 united carpels. Fruit of 5 dehiscent follicles. 1. Helictcres. Capsule pyramidal or fruit 5-coccous. Fruit a 5-angled capsule. 2. Moluchia. Fruit 5-coccous. 3. Melochia. Gynoeciurn of a single carpel. 4. Waltheria. Petals with hooded blades; capsule 5-celled, muricate. 5. Ayenia. 1. HELICTERES L. Sp. PI. 963. 1753. Pubescent shrubs or trees, the pubescence stellate or of branched hairs, with broad leaves and axillary or terminal, clustered or solitary flowers, the bractlets small, or distant from the calyx. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, somewhat 2-lipped. Petals 5, clawed. Stamen-column slender, elongated, bear- ing 5 or 10 sessile or short-stalked anthers; anther-sacs divergent or confluent. Ovary borne within the ring of stamens, 5-celled, 5-lobed, the cells many-ovuled; style 5, or united into 1; stigma small, capitate. Carpels distinct at maturity, twisted or straight, follicular, dehiscent along the ventral suture, many-seeded. Seeds warty or smooth; endosperm little; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, re- ferring to the coiled carpels of some species. | Thirty species or more, of tropical distribution. Type species: Helictcres Isora L. Capsule glabrous; carpels straight. 1. H. arm' triloba, Capsule lanate; carpels twisted into a spiral. 2. H. jamatcetuis. I ^ 1. Helicteres semitriloba P>3rtero; DC. Prodr. 1: 476. 1S24. A branched shrub 1-3 in. high, rarely a small tree up to 5 in. high, the young twigs, petioles, lower leaf-surfaces, pedicels, calyx and ovary densely stellate-tomentulose. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, subeoriaccous, 3-S cm. long, undulate-dentate or somewhat 3-lobed, obtuse or acute at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, becoming glabrous above, the petiole as long as the blade or shorter; flowers usually numerous in terminal compound corymbs; 276 STEECULIACEAE. pedicels short; bractlets linear; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, 2-lipped, 5-6 mm. long; petals white, fading reddish, 8-9 mm. long; column slender, glabrous, 3-5 cm. long; anther-sacs oblong; fruit linear, straight or a little curved, 1.5-4 em. long, separating into 5, glabrous, pointed follicles. Coppices and scrub-lands. Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat- ling's. Great Exuma, Crooked Island, Acklin's, Fortune Island, North Caicos and Inagua: — Cuba; Hispaniola. Straight-fkuited Helicteres. Wild Salve. 2. Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq. Enum. 30. 1760. Helicteres spiralis Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 50, pi. 11. 1902. A shrub, 1.5-3 m. high, or a small tree sometimes 6-7 m. tall, the foliage densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 5-17 em. long, mostly acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or sometimes rounded at the more or less oblique base, crenulate nearly all around, the stout petioles 0.5-2.5 cm. long, the upper surface darker green than the lower; peduncles stout, 2-3 cm. long, 1-few-flowered; pedicels short; calyx 1.5-2 cm. long, 5-toothed, somewhat 2-lipped, densely tomentose; petals white, inequi- lateral, somewhat longer than the calyx; column 6-10 cm. long, declined; stamens 10; staminodia 5; ovary tomentose; carpels about 10, spirally twisted, densely tomentose, forming a cone-like, oblong fruit 2.5-5 cm. long. Coppices, thickets and white-lands. Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Mariguana, Atwood Cay, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma. Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's, Fortune Island, Watling's Island and the Inaguas : — Cuba to Tortola, St. Martin and St. Croix ; Jamaica. Recorded by Schoepf as H. Isora L. Cow-bush. Salz- bush. Blind-eye Bush. 2. MOLUCHIA Medic. Malv. 10. 1787. Herbs, shrubs or small trees, with alternate toothed leaves, and small, terminal or axillary, mostly clustered, perfect flowers, the petals flat, marces- cent. Involueels none. Calyx 5-cleft, usually campanulate. Petals 5, nar- row. Stamens 5, the filaments somewhat united below, opposite the petals; staminodia none, or minute. Ovary 5-celled, each cavity 2-ovuled; styles 5, distinct, at least above; stigmas clavate. Capsule pyramidal, loculicidally 5- valved, 5-seeded, the seeds obovoid, ascending. Endosperm fleshy; embryo straight; cotyledons flat, [Name altered from Melochia.] About 6 species, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Holuchia fruticosa Medic. Foliage stellate-tomentose or stellate-puberulent ; capsules with rounded angles. 1- M. tomentosa. Foliage nearly glabrous ; capsules with sharply acute angles. 2. M. pyramidata. I 1. Moluchia tomentosa (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 69. 1918. Melochia tomentosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1140. 1759. A branched shrub, 2 m. high or less, rarely a small tree up to 4 m. high, the slender twigs, the leaves, inflorescence, calyx and capsule densely stellate- pubescent or tomentose. Leaves chartaceous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-6 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, crenate or serrate, the petioles shorter than the blades; peduncles at the axils of upper leaves or terminal, few-several-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; petals blue, violet or purple, obovate, 10-12 mm. long; capsule-body 6-8 mm. long, subulate-beaked, its angles rounded, knobbed. White-lands, scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Provi- dence, Eleuthera, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Watling's, Atwood Cay, Rum Cay, STERCULIACEAE. 277 Great Guana Cay, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's, East Caicos, Grand Turk, Ambergris Cay, and Inagua: — Texas ; West Indies ; North Mexico to continental tropical America. The species is represented by many races of various leaf-forms and Ci CTi tropical America. The species is represented by many races of various leaf-forms and sizes, finding their smallest development in the plants of Grand Turk. Ambergris Cay and Inagua; these are the subject of Grisebach's Melochia crena/ta, not M. crenata Vahl. Velvety Moluciiia. 2. Moluchia pyramidata (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 69. 1918. Melochia pyramidata L. Sp. PI. 674. 1753. Subherbaceous, nearly glabrous, the young foliage somewhat pubescent; stems slender, branched, ascending, decumbent or nearly erect, 2-6 dm. long, the young branches with a line of pubescence. Leaves membranous, lanceolate, ovate, or the lower nearly orbicular, 2-6 dm. long, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly rounded or subtruncate at the base, the slender petioles much shorter than the blades; peduncles pubescent, 1-few-flowered, about as long as the petioles, terminal or opposite the leaves; calyx-lobes lance- olate, 3-4 mm. long; petals pink, red or lavender, about 6 mm. long, obovate; capsule inflated, membranous, 6-7 mm. long, sharply 5-angled, short-beaked, each angle cuspidate at the base. Waste places and roadsides, New Providence : — Texas : West Indies east to Tortola, south to Grenada: Curacao; Mexico; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Smooth Moluciiia. 3. MELOCHIA [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 674. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, with petioled, serrate leaves and small, sometimes involueellate, perfect flowers in axillary or terminal glomerules or panicles. Sepals or calyx-segments little enlarged in fruit. Petals convo- lute, mareescent. Stamens opposite the petals; filaments more or less united below; staminodia none, or rarely present and minute. Ovary 5-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; styles distinct, or united near the base. Fruit a small 5- coccous capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds with fleshy endosperm. [Arabic name.] About 50 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Melochia corchorifolia L. 1. Melochia nodifiora Sw. Prodr. 97. 1788. Mougeotia nodifiora H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 5: 330. 1S23. A shrub, 2 m. high or less, with slender ascending branches, the young twigs sparingly pubescent. Leaves thin, ovate, 3-10 cm. long, serrate, glabrous or nearly so, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate, or subeordate at the base, the slender pubescent petioles 1^3 cm. long; flowers nearly sessile, in dense axillary subglobose clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acumi- nate, 2-3 mm. long; petals rose, a little longer than the calyx; filaments united; styles distinct; ovary 5-celled; young fruit deeply 5-lobed, at length separat- ing into 5 pubescent carpels about 3 mm. long. Waste places, New Trovidence : — West Indies ; tropical continental America. Melochia. 4. WALTHEEIA L. Sp. PI. 673. 1753. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with stellate or simple pubescence. Leaves toothed; stipules narrow. Flowers small, perfect, usually in axillary clusters or small cymes. Involucel of 3 deciduous bracts. Sepals 5, united at the base into a turbinate 10-nerved tube. Petals 5, spatulate, convolute, withering- persistent. Stamens 5; filaments united below, not accompanied by staminodia ; 278 STERCULIACEAE. anthers with parallel sacs. Ovary 1-eelled, sessile; style simple, not central; stigma club-shaped or brush-like. Ovules 2 in a cavity. Follicles 1-celled, 2- valved lengthwise. Seed solitary, ascending. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo straight, axile. [In honor of A. F. Walther, Professor in Leipzig.] About 35 American species, mostly tropical. Type species: Waltheria americana L. Tubescence densely tomentose. 1. IF. americana. Finely stellate-pubescent. 2. IF. bahumensis. ^ 1. Waltheria americana L. Sp. PI. 673. 1753. Foliage tomentose. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, stiff; leaves ovate to oblong, 1-5 cm. long, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, stout-petioled ; flowers in dense sessile or peduncled axillary clusters; sepals subulate, about 5 mm. long, villous-hirsute, similar to the bractlets; petals yellow, slightly longer than the sepals; follicles 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent at the top. Rocky scrub-lands, fields and cultivated soil, Abaco and Great Bahama to South Bimini. Andros, the Crooked Island group and to North and East Caicos : — Florida ; Bermuda ; the West Indies and tropical continental America ; Old World tropics ; Oceanica. Common Waltheria. 2. Waltheria bahamensis Britton, Torreya 3: 105. 1903. Branched from the base, stellate-puberulent, the branches 6 dm. long or less. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, sharply dentate, strongly veined, dark-green above, pale green beneath, stellate-pubescent on both surfaces, obtuse at both ends, or the base subeordate, the slender petioles half as long as the blades or less; flower-clusters sessile or nearly so in the axils, dense, less than 1 cm. broad ; bractlets sharply toothed ; petals thin, spatulate, 3-5 mm. long, obtuse or slightly notched; filaments united into a tube. Sandy and rocky fields, scrub-lands and pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Great Harbor Cay, Little Harbor Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay and Great Guana Cay. Endemic. Bahama Waltheria. 5. AYENIA Loefl. Iter. 257. 1758. Shrubs, some species subherbaceous, with serrate petioled leaves, and axillary, mostly clustered, pedicelled flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, con- cave or hooded, long-clawed, the tip inflexed, adnate to the stamen-cup. Fila- ments united into a short cup, the anthers solitary in its sinuses, its truncate or rounded lobes alternate with the petals; anthers 3-celled. Ovary 5-celled, its cavities 2-ovuled; style short; stigma capitate or somewhat 5-lobed. Capsule subglobose, murieate, splitting into 5 carpels, each 2-valved. Seeds rugose; endosperm none; cotyledones spirally convolute. [In honor of the French botanist Ayen.] About 10 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Ayenia sidaeformis Loefl. 1. Ayenia pusilla L. Syst. ed. 10, 1247. 1759. A low shrub or suffrutescent perennial herb, usually much-branched at the base, the slender branches ascending, erect or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long, puberu- lent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, oval or suborbicular, 0.8-3 cm. long, puberulent or glabrate, sharply serrate, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, the petioles 1-5 mm. long; pedicels longer than the petioles, some- times 10 mm. long; calyx about 2 mm. long, its lobes lanceolate; claw of the petal much longer than the hooded limb ; lobes of the stamen-cup longer than the anthers; capsule depressed-globose, densely murieate, 4-6 mm. in diameter. TAMAEICACEAE. 279 In red soil pockets and red-lands, New Trovidence, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Fortune Island, Acklin"s, Crooked Island, Mari- huana and Ambergris Cay : — the Florida Keys and Texas to California ; West In- dies, south to Guadelope ; continental tropical America. Common Ayexia. Order 17. HYPERICALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, the flowers mostly complete, perfect and regular (irregular in Violaceae). Sepals distinct, or more or less united, imbricated or convolute. Petals present and distinct or wanting. Stamens usually numerous. Ovary compound, superior; placentae mostly parietal. Styles none ; trees or shrubs with small imbricated leaves. Fam. 1. Tamaeicaceae. Styles present, separate or united. Styles separate or partly united. Stigmas not brush-like ; endosperm little or none. Herbs or low shrubs, rarely trees; flowers per- fect ; stamens distinct. Fam. 2. Hypekicaceae. Trees or shrubs ; stamens mostly united. Flowers dioecious or polygamous ; placentae axile. Fam. 3. Clusiaceae. Flowers perfect ; placentae parietal. Fam. 4. Canellaceae. Stigmas brush-like ; endosperm copious. Fam. 5. Toknbraceab. Styles completely united ; endosperm fleshy. Fam. 0. Flacoiktiaceae. Family 1. TAMARICACEAE Lindl. Tamarisk Family. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules, relatively small or scale-like, entire, often imbricated. Flowers mainly perfect, regular, usually in spikes or racemes. Calyx of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, imbricated sepals. Corolla of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, distinct imbricated petals. Disk 10-lobed or obsolete. Stamens 5 to many; filaments distinct, free; anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, superior, with 3-5 basal placentae. Stigmas 3-5, distinct. Ovules 2-many on each placenta. Fruit a capsule. Seeds erect, terminating in a coma. Four genera and about 100 species, natives of the Old World. 1. TAMAEIX L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with irregularly and widely branching stems, the wood firm. Leaves small, scale-like, clasping or sheathing. Flowers in dense spikes, racemes or panicles. Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 6, distinct. Petals white or pink, inserted under the lobed disk, distinct. Stamens 5-10; filaments not adnate to the corolla. Stigmas 2-5, short. Seeds numerous. Endosperm wanting. [Latin name.] About 60 species, of the Old World, the following typical. 1. Tamarix gallica L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753. A shrub or a small tree, ■with slender spreading branches, the branchlets very numerous, approximate or clustered, completely clothed with the imbri- cated, scale-like, acute leaves which are 1 mm. long or less; spikes numerous, in panicles; sepals triangular, about 0.5 mm. long; petals white or pinkish; capsule pyramidal, about 1 mm. long. Waste places, spontaneous after cultivation, South Calcoa and Grand Turk Island: — Naturalized from southern Europe in various localities (rom New York to New Mexico and southward, and in Bermuda and the West Indies. Tamarisk. 280 CLUSIACEAE. Family 2. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. St. John's-wort Family. Herbs or shrubs, sometimes small trees in tropical regions, with oppo- site, or rarely vertieillate, simple entire or rarely glandular-ciliate or dentate leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-paniculate flowers. Foliage pellucid-punctate or black-dotted. Flowers regular and perfect. Sepals 5 or 4, imbricated. Petals of the same number, hypogynous, gen- erally oblique or contorted. Stamens oo , hypogynous, often in sets of 3 or 5; anthers versatile or innate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-7-eelled, composed of 1-7 carpels; styles as many as the carpels; ovules cc , in 2 rows in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular with sep- ticidal dehiscence; seeds mainly straight; endosperm none. About 10 genera and more than 300 species, mainly of temperate and warm regions. 1. ASCYRUM L. Sp. PI. 787. 1753. Leafy glabrous low shrubs, with small narrow entire black-punctate leaves, the flowers bright yellow. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, the exterior ones broad and round, the interior smaller and narrower. Petals 4, oblique or slightly contorted, deciduous. Stamens oo, distinct, or united in clusters. Ovary 1- celled, with 2—4 parietal placentae; styles 2-4. Capsule 1-celled, 2-4-valved, dehiscent at the placentae. [Greek, not rough.] About 6 species, natives of eastern North America, Central America and the West Indies. Type species: Aseyrum hypericoides L. 1. Aseyrum linifolium Spaeh, Hist. Yeg. Phan. 5: 459. 1836. An erect shrub, 3-6 dm. high, much branched, the twigs very slender, densely leafy. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or linear-spatulate, nearly sessile, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; flowers solitary at the ends of the twigs, very short-peduncled ; outer sepals oblong, acute, 6-8 mm. long, the inner petal-like; petals widely spreading nearly in one plane, as long as or somewhat longer than the outer sepals; capsule linear-oblong, beaked, about as long as the outer sepals. Pine-lands and palmetto-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New Provi- dence : — Florida to Texas. St. Andrew's Cross. Family 3. CLUSIACEAE Lindl. Clusia Family. Shrubs or trees, sometimes epiphytic, with resinous sap, op]Dosite coriaceous estipulate entire leaves, the small or large, regular, polyg- amous, dioecious or rarely perfect flowers usually clustered, sometimes bracteolate. Sepals 2-6, rarely more, strongly imbricated. Petals usually as many as the sepals, sometimes more, hypogynous. Staminate flowers with numerous hypogynous stamens, the filaments united or distinct, with or without a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with a 2-several-celled ovary, and as many sessile or sub-sessile stigmas as there are ovary-cavities ; staminodes or some perfect stamens usually present. Fruit baccate, drupaceous or capsular, usually fleshy. Seeds often arillate; endosperm none. About 25 genera and over 250 species, mostly tropical. CANELLACEAE. 281 1. CLUSIA L. Sp. PI. 509. 1753. Evergreen trees or shrubs with resinous sap, often epiphytic or half- climbing on other trees and sometimes strangling them, the leaves opposite, entire, the usually polygamous, large flowers solitary or eymose. Sepals 4-16, imbricated. Petals 4-9, also imbricated. Stamens many in the staminate flowers, fewer in the pistillate ones; anthers linear. Pistillate flowers with several or many staminodes; ovary 4-12-celled; stigmas sessile, radiating; ovules many in each cavity. Capsule leathery or fleshy, at length dehiscent. Seeds arillate, the embryo small, the cotyledons plano-convex. [Commemorates Charles de l'Ecluse, a French botanist of the sixteenth century.] About 80 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Clusia major L. 1. Clusia rosea Jacq. Enum. 34. 1760. A tree attaining a maximum height of about 16 m., the stout twigs glabrous. Leaves obovate, glabrous, thick, coriaceous, rigid, 10-15 cm. long, 7-12 em. wide above the middle, closely pinnately many-veined, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, the stout petioles about 1 cm. long; flowers solitary or sometimes 2 together, short-peduncled; sepals 6, rounded, 1-1.5 cm. broad; petals white or rose, broadly obovate or nearly orbicular, 3-4 cm. long, broadly cuneate at the base; stigmas 7-9; fruit glcbose, nearly white, 5-8 cm. in diameter, fleshy. Coastal coppices, Andros, New Providence. Inagua and East Caicos : — Florida : Cuba to Tortola, and to Trinidad; Jamaica; continental tropical America. Catesby, 2 : pi. i>9. Pitch Apple. Clusia flava Jacq., a tree similar to C. rosea, with cuneate-obovate leaves and yellow flowers, is recorded by Schoepf, as seen by him on New Providence in 1784. Family 4. CANELLACEAE Mart. Canella Faiiily. Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnately veined, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, entire estipulate petioled leaves, and corymbose regular perfect flowers. Sepals 3, distinct, imbricated. Petals 4-12, or wanting. Stamens many, the filaments united into a tube, the anthers extrorse. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae; ovules 2-several, nearly anatropous; style stout; stigma 2-5-lobed. Fruit baccate. Seeds with a smooth erusteaceous testa; embryo subcylindric, in copious fleshy endosperm. Five genera and seven known species, of tropical America and Africa. 1. CANELLA P. Br. Hist. Jam. 275. 1756. An evergreen tree, glabrous throughout, with coriaceous leaves and term- inal bracteolate corymbs of purple, red or violet flowers, the bark and leaves pleasantly aromatic. Petals 5. Stamens 10-20, the filament-tube not ap- pendaged by scales, the anthers contiguous, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentae each bearing 2 ovules; style short: stigma 2-3- lobed. Berry globose, its gelatinous pulp enclosing few, obovoid to orbicular seeds. [Latin, cinnamon.] A monotypic genus. 19 282 TURNERACEAE. 1. Canella Winterana (L.) Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 1: 373. 1788. Laurus Winterana L. Sp. PI. 371. 1753. Winterana Canella L. Syst. Ed. 10. 1045. 1759. CaneUa alia Murray, Syst. Veg. 443. 1784. A tree up to 10 m. high, usually much smaller, sometimes shrubby, the trunk up to 2.5 dm. thick, the bark grey. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 3-10 em. long, dark green and somewhat shining above, rather dull beneath, rounded or obtuse at the apex, not prominently veined, the slender petioles about 1 em. long; corymbs few-several-flowered; pedicels slender; sepals reniform-orbicular, thick, about 3 mm. long, ciliolate; petals obovate, obtuse, nearly twice as long as the sepals; stamen-tube 3-4 mm. long; anthers yellow; berry crimson or nearly black, about 1 cm. in diameter; seeds black. White-lands, scrub-lands and thickets, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Rum Cay, Atwood Cay, Long Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island and Little Inagua : — Florida and the West Indies. Canella. Wild Cinnamon. White- wood Bark. Cinnajion Bark. Catesby, 2 : pi. 50. Family 5. TURNERACEAE H.B.K. Turnera Family. < Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly serrate and often 2-glandular at the base, the flowers regular, mostly perfect. Calyx-lobes or sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, thin, convolute, fugacious. Stamens 5, distinct, opposite the sepals; filaments compressed or subulate; anthers oblong. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; styles 3, filiform, simple or 2-clef t ; stigmas usually flabellate and many-cleft ; ovules many, anatropous. Fruit a 1-celled capsule, partly or completely 3-valved. Seeds foveolate, with fleshy endosperm and a membranous aril. Four genera and about 80 species, of tropical and subtropical distribution. 1. TURNERA L. Sp. PI. 271. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs, with toothed leaves and solitary axillary yellow flowers, the peduncles often adnate to the petioles. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate to spatulate, borne on the calyx-throat. Stamens borne below the petals, sometimes hypogynous. Ovary sessile; styles filiform; stigmas several- many-cleft. Capsule 3-valved to the base, mostly many-seeded, the seeds borne near the middle of the valves, oblong or eylindric, curved, the aril narrow. [In honor of William Turner, herbalist, the "Father of English Botany," died 1568.] About 75 species, nearly all of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Turnera ulmifolia L. Calvx 5-fid or 5-partite ; styles penicellate, multifid ; capsule 3- valved above; leaves laree. 1. T. ulmifolia. Calvx 5-dentate ; stvles 6-fid at summit ; capsule 3-valved to the base ; leaves small. 2. T. diffusa. £ 1. Turnera ulmifolia L. Sp. PL 271. 1753. Shrubby, erect, branched, 3-9 dm. high, more or less pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short-petioled, 2-8 cm. long, serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the 2-glandular base; peduncles short; bractlets as long as or longer than the calyx; calyx deeply 5-lobed, its FLACOPBTIACEAE. 283 segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals obovate, 1-3 cm. long; capsules 6-10 mm. long, much shorter than the bractlets, 3-valved above. Rocky plains and white-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, the Caicos Islands. Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; the West Indies ; Mexico to tropical South America. Consists of numerous races, differing in leaf-form, pubes- cence and size of flowers. Buttercups. Yellow Alder. Large-lkavkh Tr i:\kka. 2. Turnera diffusa Willd.; Schultes, Syst. 6: 679. 1820. Triads microphylla Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 297. 1860. A pubescent, much-branched shrub, 2 dm. to 1.3 m. high, the branches slender, spreading. Leaves small, 5-20 mm. long, spatulate or oblanceolate, firm in texture, coarsely few-toothed, nearly sessile, deeply impressed-veined and glabrous above, pubescent beneath, mostly obtuse at the apex, attenuate to the base, the margin revolute; peduncles very short; calyx 5-toothed; petals spatulate, 3-8 mm. long, much longer than the calyx-teeth ; stamens very short ; capsule subglobose, about 1.5 mm. in diameter, 3-valved to the base. Rocky plains and white-lands. Whale Cay, Joulter's Cay, New Providence, Eleu- thera, Cat Island, Rum Cay. Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, Crooked Island, Ack- lin's and Inagua : — Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St. Croix. Small-leaved Turnera. Family 6. FLACOURTIACEAE Lindl. Flacourtia Family. Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple, usually dentate leaves, the stipules minute or wanting, the small regular flowers usually clustered, perfect, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-7-lobed or of 3-7 distinct sepals. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes or sepals, or rarely more, or wanting. Stamens few or numerous, in some genera alternating with staminodia ; filaments distinct or connate; anthers 2-celled. Ovary su- perior, 1-celled ; ovules few or numerous, on parietal placentae. Fruit cap- sular or baccate. About 70 genera, including over 500 species, of tx*opical regions. Petals present. 1. Banara. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous ; leaves not punctate. 2. Myroxylon. Stamens perigynous : leaves mostly punctate. Style none: stamens numerous. 3. Zuelania. Style present ; stamens 6-15. 4. Cascaria. 1. BANARA Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 547. 1775. Shrubs or trees with alternate petioled, somewhat inequilateral, usually glandular-dentate and punctate leaves, small stipules, and small perfect flowers in racemes, corymbs or panicles. Calyx persistent, 3-5-lobed, the lobes valvate. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes and similar to them, persistent, imbricated. Stamens many, with filiform filaments; staminodia none. Ovary superior, 1-celled or by intrusion of the placentae nearly several-celled; ovules many; style ^lender; stigma capitate. Fruit a fleshy or leathery, Lndehiscent, many-seeded berry. Seeds striate, the endosperm fleshy. [Guiana name.] About 15 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Banara guian- ensis Aubl. 284 FLACOUKTIACEAE. 1. Banara reticulata Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 8. 1866. A glabrous shrub, 1-3 m. high or a small tree up to about 8 m. high, the slender twigs terete. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, coriaceous, 2.5-7 cm. long, somewhat inequilateral, low-serrate with blunt teeth, rounded, obtuse or some of them acute at the apex, mostly rounded or subeordate at the base, densely and strongly reticulate-veined, shining above, the petioles 4-8 mm. long; corymbs several-many-flowered, 3-6 cm. broad; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, thickened in fruit; calyx about 5 mm. long, its segments broadly ovate, rounded, puberulent and ciliolate; petals yellowish, about as long as the calyx; fruit ovoid, red, about 8 mm. long, tipped by the style. Rocky pine-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera and Great Exuma : — Cuba. Banara. Catesby, 2 : pi. .',.2. 2. MYROXYLON Forst. Char. Gen. 126. 1776. Shrubs or trees, usually spiny, with usually toothed, sometimes spinulose- dentate leaves and small, dioecious or polygamous flowers, fascicled or short- racemose in the axils. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated. Petals wanting. Stamens several or numerous, borne on a glandular disk, the anthers versatile. Ovary with 2-6 parietal placentae ; ovules few or several ; style simple or cleft, some- times very short; stigmas dilated, rarely lobed. Fruit a small, 2-several-seeded berry, the seeds obovoid. [Greek, balsam wood.] About 30 species, tropical and subtropical in distribution. Type species: Myroxylon suaveolens Forst. Leaves shining above ; fruit globose. 1. M. ilicifolium. Leaves dull above ; fruit obovoid-oblong. 2. M. bahamense. 1 Myroxylon ilicifolium (Northrop) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4; 141. 1906. Xylosma ilicifolia Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 51. 1902. A shrub, 3 m. high or less, much branched, the twigs slender, the stem and branches usually armed with slender, often branched spines. Leaves oval to obovate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, short-petioled, 2-3 cm. long, entire or with 1-3 spinulose-tipped teeth, the apex acute and spinulose, the base narrowed, the upper surface strongly shining, the lateral venation obscure ; fascicles few- flowered; pedicels of staminate flowers slender, 2-4 mm. long; sepals yellow or greenish, ciliate, about 1 mm. long; pedicels of pistillate flowers 1-2 mm. long; berry bluish-black, globose, about 5 mm. in diameter. Coppices, and pine-lands, Andros, Xew Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island. Endemic. Holly-leaved Myroxylon. Recorded by Dolley as Xylosma nitidum A. Gray and as X. buxifolium ; and by Hitchcock as M. buxifolium pau&florum. 2. Myroxylon bahamense Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1906. An intricately branched shrub or small tree 4 m. high or less, the trunk and larger limbs densely armed with branched spines 5 cm. long or less. Wood yellowish-white, very hard and dense; twigs armed with subulate spines 1.5 cm. long or less ; leaves ovate or oblong to oblanceolate, coriaceous, 6-30 mm. long, scarcely shining above, dull and paler green beneath than above, entire or with 1 to 4 blunt teeth, the apex acute, the base rounded, or narrowed, the petiole about 1 mm. long; fruit obovoid-oblong, obtuse, 6 mm. long, 3 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Xew Providence. Endemic. Bahama Myroxylon. FLACOURTIACEAE. 285 3. ZUELANIA A. Rich. Ess. EL Cub. 88. 1845. Trees or shrubs with alternate petioled serrate punctate leaves, and small fascicled flowers, the pedicels jointed, bracted at the base. Calyx 1-5- lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals wanting. Stamens 20-40, alternating with staminodia. Ovary superior; ovules numerous-, on parietal placentae; stigma almost sessile, peltate. Eruit a large globose fleshy, berry-like capsule, at length dehiscent Seeds numerous, arillate, with lleshy endosperm. [Commem- orates Jose Maria Valenzuela, a Cuban botanical collector.] One or two West Indian species, the following typical. 1. Zuelania Guidonia (Sw.) Britton & Millspaugh. Laetia Guidonia Sw. Prodr. 83. 1788. Zuelania laetioides A. Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 88. 1845. Casearia laetioides Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 55. 1902. A tree, up to about 30 m. high, usually much smaller, the stout twigs densely pubescent when young. Leaves thin, deciduous, oblong to oblong-lanee- olate or elliptic, 7-20 cm. long, low-crenate or nearly entire, strongly pinnately veined, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded and mostly some- what oblique at the base, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent beneath, the petioles 1 em. long or less; fascicles many-flowered; pedicels pubescent, 6-10 mm. long; sepals pubescent, suborbicular, about 7 mm. long; staminodia about one-half as long as the stamens; fruit subglobose, 3-5 cm. in diameter. Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Andros and New Providence: — Cuba; Jamaica. Zuelania. 4. CASEARIA Jacq. Enum. 4, 21. 1760. Shrubs or trees, sometimes spineseent, with alternate, mostly toothed and punctate or lineate leaves, small stipules, and small regular green or yellowish flowers in bracted, lateral fascicles or umbels, the pedicels jointed at or above the base. Calyx-lobes 4-6, imbricated. Petals wanting. Stamens 6-15 ; fila- ments distinct or united below, alternating with staminodia. Ovary superior; ovules many, borne on parietal placentae; style short, undivided or 3-eleft; stigma capitate. Capsule dry or fleshy, 3-4-valved, several-many-seeded. Seeds with a fleshy aril, the testa coriaceous; endosperm fleshy. [Commemo- rates John Casearius, a Dutch missionary of the seventeenth century.] Over 75 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. Leaves ovate, glabrous, shining; flowers in stalked glabrous cymes. 1. C. balunncnsis. Leaves obovate to elliptic, pubescent at least when young; cymes sessile or very nearly so, densely puberulent. 2. C. spinescens. 1. Casearia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 322. 1902. A glabrous shrub or small tree sometimes 4—5 m. high, much-branched, the twigs slender anil terete. Leaves ovate to elliptic, subcorinccous, 1.5-7 cm. long, obtuse, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, crenulate, shining above, and finely reticulate-veined, the petioles 6-12 mm. long; cymes axillary, peduncled, several-flowered; pedicels slender. 5— 1U mm. long; calyx about 5 mm. long, densely short-pilose within; stamens shorter than the calyx; staminodia 1-1.5 mm. long, short-pilose; fruit subglobose, yellow, 5-6 mm. in diameter, 1-5-soodod. Scrub lands and coppices. Andres. New Providence and Greal EJxuma : — Cuba. Recorded by Dolley as Oast arid serriihita Sw. Smooth (askaria. 286 PASSIFLORACEAE. 2. Casearia spinescens (S\v.) Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 10. 1866. Samyda spinescens Sw. Prodr. 68. 1788. A shrub, 3 m. high or less, or a small tree about 4 m. high, unarmed, or with short spinescent spurs, the branches sometimes elongated and vinedike, the young twigs appressed-pubescent. Leaves obovate to oval or elliptic, membranous, 2-7 em. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, low-crenate, pubescent on both sides when young, becoming glabrate, the petioles 2-8 mm. long; cymes several-flowered, pubescent, sessile in the axils or on leafless twigs; pedicels stout; calyx pubescent, 5-6 mm. long, green, about as long as the pedicel, its rounded segments ovate or elliptic, obtuse; stami- nodia ovate, broad, a little shorter than the stamens; fruit oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long. Coppices, New Providence, at Waterloo ; Andros. near Crow Hill : — Cuba ; His- paniola ; Tobago; Trinidad; Guiana. Recorded in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 316, as C. alba A. Rich., following Grisebach. Spixt Caseakia. Order 18. PASSIFLORALES. Herbs, tendril-bearing vines, shrubby plants, or succulent trees with a milky sap. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Flowers perfect, or when dioecious, the staminate and pistillate very different. Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla of 5 distinct or partially united petals, some- times accompanied by a fringed crown. Stamens 5 or 10 in 2 unequal rows. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae. Stigmas entire, notched or forked. Fruit a berry or capsule. Corolla accompanied by a crown (corona) : flowers perfect, all alike. Fam. 1. PASSIFLORACEAE. Corolla not accompanied by a crown ; flowers mainly dioe- cious, the staminate and pistillate different. Fam. 2. Caeicaceae. Family 1. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. Passion-flower Family. Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect herbs, with petioled usually palmately-lobed leaves, and perfect regular flowers. Calyx-tube persistent. Petals usually 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, distinct, or in some species united. Stamens 5. Throat of the calyx crowned with a double or triple fringe. Filaments subulate or filiform, monadelphous, or sepa- rate. Ovary free from the calyx, 1-celled; placentae 3-5, parietal; styles 1-5. Fruit a berry or capsule, usually many-seeded. About 18 genera and 350 species, of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in South America. 1. PASSIFLOEA L. Sp. PI. 955. 1753. Climbing tendril-bearing vines, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves, and large axillary flowers, on jointed, often bracted peduncles. Calyx-tube cup-shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, imbricated in the bud, its throat crowned with a fringe called the corona. Petals 4 or 5 (rarely none), inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong, stalked. Filaments monadelphous in a tube around the stalk of the ovary, separate above; an- PASSIFLORACEAE. 287 thers narrow, versatile. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds pulpy-arilled, flat, ovate; endosperm fleshy. [Flower of the Cross, or Passion, as emblematic of the crucifixion.] About 300 species, mostly of tropical America, a few in Asia and Australia. Type species: Passiflora incarnata L. Calyx subtended by an involucre of 3 pectinate or incised bracts. Bracts pectinate into filiform segments. Plant villous-pubescent ; leaves flaccid. 1. P. foetida. Plant glabrous or somewhat glandular ; leaves firm in texture. 2. P. bahamenste. Bracts linear-lanceolate, irregularly incised-pectinate. 3. P. pectinata. Calyx not subtended by an involucre. Petals none. 4. P. pallida. Petals 5. Leaves softly pubescent or glabrate. Leaves oblong, entire. 5. P. multiflora. Leaves broader than long, 2-lobed, cordate. 6. P. rubra. Leaves glabrous. Leaves 2-lobed, wider than long. 7. P. biflora. Leaves ovate-oblong, narrower than long. 8. P. cupraea. 1. Passiflora foetida L. Sp. PI. 959. 1753. Herbaceous, villous and glandular-viscid, trailing or climbing, sometimes 2.5 m. long. Leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular in out- line, 3-lobed or 3-angled, flaccid, irregularly low-dentate, 3-12 cm. long, cor- date or subcordate at the base, acute at the apex, the stipules 5-10 mm. long, pinnatisect; peduncles 1-3 in the axils, mostly longer than the petioles, not jointed; involucre of 3 finely pinnatisect bracts 2-4 em. long, the ultimate segments nearly filiform, gland-tipped; calyx 5-parted, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; petals white or pinkish, about as long as the calyx; crown pink, of three series of segments; berry ovoid, 2-4 cm. long, nearly dry when mature. Roadsides, New Providence : — West Indies and tropical continental America, north to Texas. Viscid Passion-flower. 2. Passiflora bahamensis Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 315. 1907. Stems slender, purple, usually trailing, sometimes climbing on low shrubs, 0.5-1.5 m. long. Tendrils wiry, mostly as long as the leaves or longer ; peti- oles 1-3 cm. long, bearing scattered stalked glands, rarely glandless ; stipules small, glandular-fimbriate ; leaf-blades firm in texture, panduriform, 7 cm. long, or less, 3-lobed, cordate at the base, shining above, dull beneath, the basal lobes' rounded or somewhat angled, one fourth to one half as long as the acute middle one, the margin with stalked glandular hairs all around; peduncles glabrous, longer than the petioles ; involucre-segments bipinnatisect, 2-3 cm. long, with very numerous stalked glands; calyx-segments ovate- lanceolate, acute ; petals ovate-oblong, about 2 cm. long ; crown purple, its outer segments about three fourths as long as the petals; berry globose, about 2 cm. in diameter, bright red and shining when ripe, its stalk above the per- sistent involucre 6-8 mm. long; seeds oblong, rough, 4 mm. long. Pine-lands, coppices, white-lands and sandy soil, Andros : New Providence : Cat Island. Endemic. Referred by Grlsebach and by Dolley to the Jamaican P. ciliata Ait., and by Mrs. Northrop to P. pectinata Griseb. Bahama Passion-flower. 3. Passiflora pectinata Griseb. Fl. Br. \V. I. 294. 1860. Glabrous, high-climbing or trailing. Leaves ovate, rather firm in texture, 3-8 cm. long, crenate, 5-7-nerved, somewhat contracted near the middle, cor- date at the base, acute or blunt at the apex, with minute glands at the ends of the veins, the petioles 2.5 cm. long or less, eglandular; tendrils slender, as long as the leaves, or longer; flowers solitary in the upper axils, about 6 cm. broad, on peduncles longer than the petioles; involucre of 3 linear pectinate 288 PASSIFLORACEAE. or pinnatifid bracts about 2.5 cm. long; crown about one half as long as the oblong white sepals; fruit ellipsoid, red, slightly fleshy, about 2.5 cm. long; seeds rough. Littoral sands and savannas, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Conception Island, Watling's Island, Cave Cay, Great Guana Cay, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island. Fortune Island, Green Cay, South Caicos, Grand Turk, Little Ambergris Cay, and the Inaguas : — Bermuda ; Hispaniola. The plant recorded by Hitchcock as P. ciliata riparia Wr. proves to be the above species. Pectinate Passion-flower. Wild Apricot. \ * 4. Passiflora pallida L. Sp. PL 955. 1753. Passiflora minima L. Sp. PI. 959. 1753. Passiflora suberosa L. Sp. PI. 958. 1753. Passiflora angustifolia Sw. Prodr. 97. 1788. A slender vine, with nearly glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves ovate to linear, 6-15 cm. long, eiliate, 5-nerved at the broadly cuneate or cordate base, entire, toothed, or 3-lobed to above the middle, the lobes ovate or tri- angular, acute or acuminate, the middle one much the larger; petioles 5-15 mm. long, each with 2 glands at or above the middle; peduncles surpassing the petioles, commonly in pairs; calyx greenish, 2-2.5 cm. broad; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; 8-12 mm. long; corolla wanting; crown-fila- ments purple at the base, shorter than the sepals; berries subglobose or oval, 10-12 mm. in diameter. Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and the Berry Islands to East Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda; Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America. The species consists of a large number of races, glabrous or pubescent, the leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to nearly orbicular, and the fruit from globose to ellipsoid. Referred to by Hitchcock as P. villosa Macf. Juniper-berry. Small Passion-flower. Catesby, 2 : pi. 51. & 5. Passiflora multiflora L. Sp. PI. 956. 1753. A somewhat woody, slender vine, climbing to a length of 6 m. or more, the stems and leaves finely pubescent or sometimes glabrous. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 5-12 cm. long, entire, pinnately veined and triplinerved, reticulate-veined beneath, obtuse or acute and mucronulate at the apex, ob- tuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, the short petiole 2-glandular at the top; peduncles 2-6 together in the axils, slender, jointed near the middle, 5-15 mm. long; involucre none; sepals oblong-lanceolate, greenish-yellow, about 6 mm. long; petals linear, white, shorter than the sepals; carpophore none; berry globose, 6-10 mm. in diameter. Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros ; New Providence ; Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortolo. Oblong-leaved Passion-flower. 6. Passiflcra rubra L. Sp. PI. 956. 1753. A softly pubescent, slightly woody vine, sometimes 2 m. long or more. Leaves thin, eglandular, broader than long, 7-12 cm. broad, 5-nerved, deeply cordate at the base, broadly 2-lobed or subtruncate, the lobes ovate, acute or acutish, the midvein excurrent, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; peduncles solitary or 2 in the axils, slender or filiform, longer than the petioles, jointed below the flower; flowers 3-5 cm. broad, greenish-white, the 5 sepals somewhat longer than the 5 petals; crown of 3 series of subulate processes, about as long as the petals; berry oval or subglobose, pubescent, 6-ribbed, 2-4 cm. in diameter, longer than the carpophore. Open fields and scrub-lands, Abaco ; New Providence : — Cuba to Porto Rico and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. Broad-leaved Passion-flower. CAKICACEAE. 289 7. Passiflora biflora Lam. Encycl. 3: 36. 17S9. Passiflora lunata Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 612. 1801. Gla'brous, somewhat woody, 1 m. long or longer. Leaves chartaceous, 2-lobed, mostly broader than long, 5-8 cm. broad, ocellate beneath, strongly 3-nerved, reticulate-veined on both surfaces, subcordate or obtuse at the base, shining above, dull beneath, the lobes obtuse or rounded, the slender gland- less petioles 1^4- cm. long; flowers white, about 2 cm. broad, solitary or in pairs in the axils, the peduncles as long as the petioles or longer; flower- tube campanulate ; crown white or yellowish, its outer segments spreading, nearly as long as the petals, dilated above; berry subglobose, about 2 cm. in diameter, fleshy. Pine-lands, Abaco, New Providence : — Jamaica : tropical continental America. Two-lobed Passion-flower. Apparently recorded by Sboepf as P. Vespertilio L. ' -u 8. Passiflora cupraea L. Sp. PI. 955. 1753. A somewhat woody, glabrous vine, 1-2 m. long. Leaves ovate to elliptic, rather thin, short-petioled, 3-5 cm. long, 3-nerved, dark green, rounded and mucronulate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, reticulate-veined on both sides, with a few distant flat circular glands beneath; peduncles longer than the petioles, jointed at about the middle; calyx white to red or purple, 2-3 cm. long; petals narrowly oblong, shorter than the calyx; crown- segments few, linear; carpophore 2-3 cm. long; berry globose, 10-20 mm. in diameter, dark purple. Scrub-lands, coppices, and coastal thickets, Abaco and the Berry Islands to South Bimini, Andros, Inagua, North Caicos, the Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal : — Cuba. Devil's Pumpkin. Wild Watermelon. Smooth Passion-flower. Cateshy, 2 : pi. 93. Family 2. CARICACEAE Dumort. Papaw Family. Trees, with milky sap, ample broad palmately 7-9-lobed leaves and unisexual, or rarely perfect flowers. Calyx short. Staminate flowers with a salver-shaped corolla, its tube slender; the lobes 5, valvate or convolute; stamens 10, inserted in the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers adnate to the filaments, 2-celled. Pistillate flowers with 5 distinct petals and no staminodia; ovary compound, 1-celled, or sometimes imperfectly 5-celled, free, sessile; stigmas 5, sessile; ovules numerous, in two or many series on the 5 placentae. Fruit a large fleshy berry. Seeds numerous, flattened, with a roughened testa; endosperm fleshy; embryo axile. There are two genera, the following composed of about 25 species of tropical and subtropical distribution, and Jacaratia of tropical Africa and America, which differs from Carica by having the stamens partly united. 1. CARICA L. Sp. PI. 1036. 1753. Characters of the family. [Named from the fancied resemblance of the fruit to that of the Pig.] Type species: Carica Papaya L. 1. Carica Papaya L. Sp. PI. 1036. 1753. A small tree, with a simple wand-like stem, 3-6 m. tall, leafy at the top. Laves large, thick, suborbicular in outline, 2-6 dm. broad, mostly palmately 290 LOASACEAE. 7-lobed, pale or glaucous beneath, each lobe pinnately lobed, the segments obtuse or acute, or the larger ones acuminate; petioles stout; staminate flow- ers in slender panicles 1-several dm. long; calyx of the staminate flowers 1-1.5 mm. long, that of the pistillate flowers 5-10 mm. long, the lobes longer than the tube; corolla yellow, that of the staminate flowers 2.5-3 cm. long, its tube slender, dilated near the top, its lobes lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, barely as long as the tube; corolla of the pistillate flowers longer, the petals distinct, lanceolate, twisted; berries oblong to subglobose, 0.6-3 dm. long, yellow or orange, with a milky juice. Scrub-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, Eleuthera, on the margin of the salt pond about half way between the Glass Window and Gregory Town, Andros and Inagua : — naturalized in many places in the West Indian Islands, and in Florida, its native home unknown, but, doubtless, in tropical America. I'apaw. Order 19. LOASALES. Herbs, often armed with hooked stinging or viscid hairs, with estipulate leaves, and regular perfect white yellow or reddish flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens oo , inserted with the petals ; filaments filiform, commonly arranged in clusters opposite the petals; anthers in- trorse. Ovary 1-celled (rarely 2-3-celled), with 2-3 parietal placentae; ovules anatropous. Capsule usually 1-celled, crowned with the calyx-limb. Seeds mostly numerous; endosperm scanty. Family 1. LOASACEAE Kchb. Loasa Family. Characters of the order. About 20 genera and 250 species, all but 1 natives of America. 1. MENTZELIA L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753. Erect or straggling herbs, with entire, lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and terminal, cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric, linear or club- shaped, the limb usually 5-lobed. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, spreading, deciduous. Stames 20-100. Ovary 1-celled; styles 3, more or less united; stigmas small, obtuse. Capsule dehiscent at the summit, few-many-seeded. Seeds mostly prismatic, rough or striate. [In honor of C. Mentzel, a German botanist, died 1701.] About 35 species, natives of America. Type species: Mentzelia aspera L. ^< 1. Mentzelia fioridana Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1 : 533. 1840. Ascending or diffusely branched, 3-6 dm. high, the slender stem and branches rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate or triangular-ovate, scabrous-pubes- cent, rather firm in texture, short-petioled, 2-9 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, subtruncate or broadly cuneate at the base, dentate, sometimes 3-lobed; flowers sessile and solitary in the upper axils; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; petals yellow, about 3 times as long as the sepals; ovary obeonic, densely hispid; capsule hispid, 1-1.5 cm. long. Sandy waste grounds, Eleuthera, near Governor's Harbor : — Florida. Florida Mentzelia. CACTACEAE. 291 Order 20. OPUNTIALES. Fleshy plants, with continuous or jointed stems, mostly leafless, or with small leaves, generally abundantly spiny, the spines developed from cushions of hairs or bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly solitary and sessile, perfect, regular, showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb rnany- lobed. Petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, mostly distinct. Sta- mens numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Filaments filiform ; anthers small. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, borne on several parietal placentae. Style terminal, elongated; stigmas numerous. Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy, sometimes dry. Seeds smooth, or tubercled, the testa usually crustaceous or bony; endosperm little, or copious. Only one family. Family 1. CACTACEAE Lindl. Cactus Family. Characters of the order. About 100 genera and not less than 1000 species, natives of America. &v Areoles with spines but without glochides ; corolla not rotate. Plants tall or long, erect or climbing. Plants tall, mostly erect, with ribbed, columnar branches. Flowers short-campanulate, the style exserted ; fruit smooth. 1. Ccphalocerus. Flowers elongated-campanulate, the style included ; fruit tubercled when young. 2. Harrisia. Plants climbing or trailing, with aerial roots; flowers noc- turnal, large, widely campanulate. Joints sharply trigonous ; corolla-tube not woolly. S. Hylocereua. Joints terete, ribbed or 4-8-angled ; corolla-tube woolly. 4. Selcnicereus. Plants globose or ovoid, not more than twice as high as thick. Plants ribbed, surmounted by a woolly cephalium which bears the flowers. 5. Cactus. Plants with no cephalium, tubercled, the areoles bearing spines and flowers. 6. Coryphantha. Areoles with or without spines, but with glochides; corolla rotate. 7. Opuntia. 1. CEPHALOCEREUS Pfeiffer, Allg. Gartenz. 6: 142. 1S38. [Pilocereus Lemaire, Cact. Gen. Nov. & Spec. 6. 1839.] Large, simple or branched, erect, columnar cacti, the joints leafless, elongated, ribbed and grooved, the upper areoles often densely lanate or long- bristly. Flowers solitary at upper areoles, nocturnal, fleshy, rather small, the tube short-funnelform or campanulate, the segments not very widely ex- panding; ovary subglobose, naked or bearing a few scales, spineless; style usually short-exserted. Fruit a globose or depressed-globose smooth berry; seeds small and numerous, black or brown. [Greek, head-Cereus.] Forty species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Cactus .soul is Eaw. Flowering areoles with wool as long as the spines or longer; plain pale-prulnose. 1. O. MfllspaughU. Flowering areoles without wool or the wool much shorter than the spines; plant dull green, not pruinose. 2. C.bahamensie. 292 CACTACEAE. 1. Cephalocereus Millspaughii Britton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 417. 1909. Stem branched, 2-6 m. high, 20 cm. thick at the base, the branches nearly erect, 8-12 em. thick, pale grayish green, pruinose, 8-13-ribbed, the ribs acutish, about as wide as high or a little wider; areoles 1-2 cm. apart; spines about 20, acicular, widely radiating, 1-2 cm. long, or at the flower-bearing (upper) areoles 3-7 cm. long, the old ones gray brown, the young ones yellow or yellow-brown, with darker bases; upper areoles on one side of the plant with large tufts of whitish wool often as long as the spines or longer; flow- ers 6 em. long. Rocky hillsides, coppices and thickets, Cave Cay, Cat Island, Conception Island, Watling's, Acklin's, Mariguana, Long Island, Caicos Islands, Cotton, Salt and Ambergris Cays, and Little Inagua : — Cuban Cays. Recorded by Dolley and by Hitchcock as Cereus Bwartzii Griseb. ; by Coker as Pilocerus lanuginosus. Mills- paugh's Dildo. Wild Fig. Old Man Cactus. 2. Cephalocereus bahamensis Britton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 415. 1909. Plant 3-4 in. high, often 20 cm. thick at the base, the branches divergent- ascending, 7-9 cm. thick, dull green, not pruinose, 10- or 11-ribbed, the ribs blunt or acutish, rather higher than wide; areoles 1—1.5 cm. apart; spines 15- 20, acicular, radiately spreading and ascending, gray-brown to yellow-brown when old, 1—1.5 cm. long, the young ones yellowish with darker bases, the uppermost 2.5-3 cm. long; wool very short (shorter than the spines), or none; flower 5-6 cm. long, brownish outside, the petals creamy-white. Rocky hillsides, Frozen Cay, Andros, Eleuthera, and Crooked Island. Endemic. Recorded by Mrs. Northop as Cereus Swartzii Griseb. Bahama Dildo. 2. HAREISIA Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 561. 1908. Night-flowering cacti, mostly with upright branched cylindric stems, the branches fluted, with from 8>-10 rounded ribs, separated by shallow grooves and bearing leafless areoles at frequent intervals, each areole with acicular spines. Flowers borne singly, at areoles near the ends of the branches, funnel- form, large, with a cylindric scaly but spineless tube as long as the limb or longer; buds globose, ovoid, or obovoid, densely scaled, the scales subtending long or short woolly hairs; sepals pink or greenish, linear-lanceolate; petals white; stamens shorter than the petals; style somewhat longer than the sta- mens; fruit globose to ovoid-globose, green to yellow, tubercled or becoming smooth, spineless, with mostly deciduous scales; corolla withering-persistent; seeds very numerous, small. [In honor of William Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica, distinguished for his contribu- tions to the knowledge of the flora of that island.] About 8 species, natives of Florida and tropical America. Type species: Cereus gracilis Mill. 1. Harrisia Brookii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 564. 1908. Plant 5 m. high, much branched, light green ; branches 3-4 cm. thick, 10-ribbed, the ribs sometimes prominentj with deep depressions between them. Areoles about 2 cm. apart; spines 6-12, the longer ones 2-2.5 cm. long; bud ovoid, prominently long-pointed, its scales with few curled white hairs 7-10 mm. long; fruit yellowish, subglobose or ellipsoid, about 8 cm. in diameter, rounded at both ends, or narrowed above, the tubercles very low, with tips only 1.5 mm. high, the linear scales persistent. Scrub-lands, Long Island at Clarence Town. Endemic. Recorded by Dolley as Cereus rcpandus Haw, and also as Cereus pellucidus (presumably). Named in honor of Herbert M. Brook, for many years Registrar of the Bahamas, who greatly facilitated our explorations. At the place of publication Clarence Town was inad- vertently printed George Town. Brook's Dildo. CACTACEAE. 293 3. HYLOCEREUS (Berger) Britton & Rose, Contr. U. S. Xat. Herb. 12: 428. 1909. Climbing or trailing cacti, with 3-winged or 3-angled, mostly stout stems and branches emitting aerial roots, but bearing no leaves, the areoles borne on the wings or angles and armed with few or several short spines. Flowers nocturnal, very large, regular, the ovary and tube bearing large, ovate to lineardanceolate scales, usually without spines or hairs, the perianth-segments numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, widely spreading, the outer green, the inner mostly bright white. Stamens very many. Fruit a scaly berry, not spiny nor bristly. [Greek, forest-eereus.] About 20 species, natives of tropi- cal America. Type species: Cereus triangularis L. 1. Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose; Britton, Fl. Berm. 256. 1918. Cereus undatus Haw. Phil. Mag. 7: 110. 1830. Cereus tricostatus Gosselin, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 664. 1907. Stems stout, fleshy, glabrous, sometimes 7 m. long, often climbing on trees, the branches 3-12 dm. long, green, 3-winged, the wings flat, 1-2.5 cm. broad, coarsely crenate, their margins with a narrow horny border; spines 2-5 at each areole, brownish, 3—4 mm. long; flowers about 3 dm. long, the tube about 3 cm. thick, rather shorter than the limb, bearing several linear- lanceolate scales 3-8 cm. long; ovary 2.5-5 cm. long, bearing several ovate acute scales 2.5 cm. long or less; style stout, about as long as the stamens; berry oblong, red, pulpy, about 8 cm. long, covered with ovate scales. On trees and walls, spontaneous or persistent after cultivation. New Provi- dence : — Bermuda : Florida : the West Indies ; continental tropical America : native of Mexico. Has been confused with Cereus triangularis L., of Jamaica. Night- BLOOMIXG CEREIS. 4. SELENICEREUS (Berger) Britton & Rose, Contr. U. S. Xat. Herb. 12: 429. 1909. Climbing or trailing, vine-like cacti, the joints several-ribbed, fluted or angled, giving off aerial roots, the large funnel-form flowers nocturnal ; the stem-areoles bearing conic or acieular spines, but no leaves. Ovary and flower- tube bearing small scales, usually with long hairs and bristles or spines in their axils. Perianth segments numerous, narrow, spreading or recurved, the inner white. Stamens numerous. Fruit a globose or ovoid berry, usually large, bearing clusters of deciduous spines. [Greek, moon-cereus.] About 14 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Cactus grandiflorus L. Stems fluted: spines about 2 mm. long, shorter than the wool. 1. S. Bocckmani. Stems 4-0>-angled, or ribbed ; spines G-8 mm. long, much longer than the wool. 2. 8. grandiflorus. 1. Selenicereus Boeckmanni (Otto) Britton & Rose, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 429. 19, Cereus Boeclcmanni Otto; Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849: 217. 1850. Stems light green, 1-2 cm. thick, several-ribbed or angled. Spines 3-6 at the areoles, subconie, about 2 mm. long, brownish or yellowish; flowers about 3 dm. long; outer perianth-segments and Bcalee of the flower-tube linear, brown or brownish; inner perianth-segments oblanceolate, about 10 cm. long 294 CACTACEAE. and 3 cm. wide; wool of the areoles of ovary and flower-tube brown, silky; style greenish; ovary strongly tubercled ; fruit globose, 5-6 cm. in diameter. On walls, persistent or spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; east coast of Mexico. Que.en-of-tiie-Night. 2. Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britton & Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 430. 1909. Cactus grandiflorus L. Sp. PI. 467. 1753. Cereus grandiflorus Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 11. 1768. Stems light green, but often becoming deep purple, up to 3 cm. in diameter ; ribs 4-8, rather prominent but less so on the older branches; areoles small, white; spines acicular, 1 cm. long or less, yellowish; deflexed bristles or hairs from the lower part of the areoles several, white, often longer than the spines; flowers 2 dm. long; outer perianth-segments and scales of the tube linear, greenish or brownish, sometimes nearly rose-colored ; inner perianth-segments acute, rather broad ; style cream-colored, stout ; areoles of ovary and flower- tube bearing short wool and long silky whitish hairs and white bristles; ovary tubercled; fruit ovoid, about 8 cm. long. Thickets, Cave Cay, persistent after cultivation : — Cuba ; Jamaica. Queex-of- the-Night. Often cultivated. 5. CACTyS L. Sp. PI. 466. 1753. Subglobose ovoid or short-cylindric, ribbed leafless cacti, the spine- bearing areoles borne on the ribs, the flowering areoles confluent into a term- inal, densely woolly and bristly cephalium. Flowers with a cylindric tube, sometimes enlarged at the base, the limb several-many-lobed, the lobes imbri- cated. Stamens several or numerous, the filaments capillary, the anthers oblong. Ovary smooth ; style filiform ; stigma-rays few or many ; ovules many. Fruit an obovoid or subclavate, fleshy and juicy berry, at length protruded from the cephalium, crowned by the withering perianth. Seeds many, small, black, without endosperm. About 20 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Cactus Melocactus L. 1. Cactus intortus Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Plant depressed-globose when young, when old ovoid, 3-4 dm. high and often 3 dm. in diameter, rather light dull green, 15-20-ribbed, the ribs 2-4 cm. high, erenate, the areoles bearing 7-13, stout subulate spines 1.5-4 cm. long; cephalium at first nearly flat, at length cylindric, about 10 cm. in diameter, sometimes 3 dm. high, densely white-woolly and brown-bristly; flowers pink or rose, 1-1.6 em. long; inner perianth-segmerts acute or cuspidate; fruit red or rose, narrowly obovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long. Rocky soil. Long Island, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, East and South CaicOs, Turks Islands. Eastern Cay, Cotton Cay. Ambergris Cay, Little Inagua and Inagua : — ■ Mona to Virgin Gorda and Antigua. Recorded by Dolley as Melocactus communis DC. Tuek's-cap. 6. CORYPHANTHA Lemaire, Cact. 32. 1868. [Mammillaria Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 177. 1812. Not Stackh. 1809.] Stems globose or ovoid, tubercled. Tubercles conic or cylindric, woolly and with clusters of spines at the apex. Leaves none. Flowers borne in areolae at the bases of the tubercles. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, which CACTACEAE. 295 is often hidden between the tubercles. Petals in several rows. Ovary smooth, ovoid ; style filiform. Berry emersed, crowned by the withering corolla. [Greek name of some prickly plant.] About 300 described species, natives of warm and tropical America. Type species: Mammillaria sulcolanata Lemaire. 1. Coryphantha nivosa (Link.) Britton, Annals Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 45. 1915. Alanunillaria nivosa Link; Pfeiff. Enum. 11. 1837. Plants globose or globose-oblong, solitary or tufted, becoming 10-12 cm. in diameter, and sometimes 1.5 dm. long. Tubercles many, dull green, oblong- conic, 1-1.5 cm. high, obtuse; areoles bearing several yellow or yellowish brown, acicular spines 2 cm. long or less, and when young, tufts of bright white wool; flowers cream-color, about 1 cm. broad; perianth-segments acute or acuminate; berry obovoid or oblong-obovoid, obtuse, 1-1.5 cm. long, red. Woolly Nipple- cactus. Rocky places. South Oaieos and Inagua : — Mona ; Culebra to Tortola and Antigua. Recorded by Dolley as Echinocactus sp. 7. OPUNTIA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Succulent plants, with jointed branching stems, the joints flat, or cylindric, and small, mostly subulate, deciduous leaves, the areolae usually spine-bearing. Flowers usually lateral. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, its lobes spreading. Petals numerous, slightly united at the base. Stamens very numerous. Ovary cylindric, exserted; style cylindric, longer than the stamens; stigma 2-7-rayed. Berry globose to obovoid, often spiny. [Named from a town in Greece where some species grew.] About 250 species, natives of America. Type species: Cactus Opuntia L. Plants with erect continuous stems branching into flat joints at the summit. Plants abundantly spiny. Branches erect or ascending; areoles not pitted. 1. O.Xasliii. Branches widely spreading: areoles pitted, spineless ex- cept at and near the edges of the joints. 2. O. MiUspnufjhii. riants nearly or quite spineless. 3. 0. bahamana. Plants bushy-branching from the base. Joints much longer than wide, the spines pale yellow. 4. O. Jucaiiana. Joints little or somewhat longer than wide; spines dark yellow or yellow-brown. 5. O. DUlenii. Affinity uncertain. G. O. Darrahiana. 1. Opuntia Nashii Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 446. 1905. Tree-like, dull green. Main axis round, 1-4 m. high, 5-12 cm. in diameter, spiny; branches flat or becoming round below, the principal ones continuous, 1 m. long or more, 6 cm. wide or less, crenate, blunt; lateral branches opposite or alternate, oblong to linear-oblong, often 3 dm. long, and 8 cm. wide, only about 0 mm. thick, blunt, crenate; areoles 1-3 cm. apart, slightly elevated; spines mostly 5 at each areole (2-5), divergent, slender, straight, Light gray, pungent, the longer 3-5 cm. long; glochides- very small, brownish; ovary •"■ cm. long, 1.5 em. thick, somewhat clavate, tubereled, the tubercles bearing areoles and spines similar to those of the joints, but the spines somewhat shorter; flowers l..") cm. broad when expanded, red; petals broadly oval to obovate, blunt, about 8 mm. long, much longer than the stamens. Scrub-lands and rocky plains, Andros, ship Channel Cay, Atwood Cay, Fortune Island. Crooked Island. North and South Calcos, Grand Turk, Eastern Cay, Turk's islands and Inagua. Endemic. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop and by Eitchcock as Opuntia 8pino8l88lma ; and by Cukcr and presumably by Dolley as O. triacantha. Nash's Pbickli -pear. 296 CACTACEAE. 2. Opuntia Millspaughii Britton, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 513. 1908. Trunk terete, 7 cm. thick at base, 5 cm. thick at top, 6 dm. high or lees, branching at the summit, the branches divaricate-ascending, narrowly oblong, much compressed, 40 cm. long or less, 5 to 10 em. wide, 1 to 1.5 cm. thick, light green. Branchlets obliquely lanceolate, obtuse, as wide as the branches, but shorter, 1 cm. thick or less, floriferous at and near the apex; areoles of the older branches pitted, about 1 cm. apart, those of very young shoots slightly elevated, the glochides very short, yellow-brown ; spines of the trunk 15 cm. long or less, very numerous and densely clothing the trunk, very slender, gray, mostly strongly reflexed, pungent, those of the branches and branchlets re- stricted to the areoles on their edges, shorter than those of the trunk, but similar, those of the fruit yellow-gray, 2 cm. long or less ; flowers cupulate, crimson-lake, 1 cm. wide; sepals fleshy, ovate, acute, 4 mm. long and wide: petals erect-ascending, obovate, mueronulate, about 4 mm. wide; stamens half as long as the corolla; style about as long as the corolla; stigma oblong, yel- lowish crimson ; fruit compressed-obovoid, 2 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick, bearing one or two spines at most of the areoles. On nearly flat and smooth limestone rocks, Eleuthera, at Rock Sound: Long Island, on Thatch Cay ; Great Ragged Island : — Cuban Cays. Millspaugh's Prickly- pear. 3. Opuntia bahamana Britton & Eose, Oactaceae 1: 203, /. 254, 255. 1919. Branched from a short trunk, bushy, about 1.5 m. high. Joints oblong to lanceolate, flat and thin, 1-5 dm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, dull green, obtuse, scarcely undulate; areoles 1.5-3 cm. apart, scarcely elevated, about 2 mm. in diameter, spineless, or bearing 1-4 acicular yellow spines 2 cm. long or less; glochides few and short ; corolla about 6 cm. broad ; petals obovate, rose-tinted below, yellowish-rose above; sepals dark rose, whitish-margined. Rocky places, Cat Island at The Bight. Endemic. Tentatively referred to O. lanceolata Haw., in Smith. Misc. Coll. 50 : 525. Bahama Prickly-pear. 4. Opuntia lucayana Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1906. Stems ascending, often forming dense clumps. Joints various, linear- oblong to obovate, often 10 dm. long, 6-15 em. wide, olive-green, slightly lustrous, more or less crenate, about 1.5 cm. thick, knobbed at the areoles; areoles distant, nearly 1 cm. broad, white-velvety; glochides numerous, yellow, 6 mm. long or less, mostly borne at the upper margins of the areoles; spines 3-8 at each areole, light-yellow, flattened on the upper side, subulate, straight, often somewhat twisted, the longer ones 12 cm. long or less; flowers yellow, 7-8 em. broad ; stamens about half as long as the petals ; ovary narrowly pyri- form, 4-5 cm. long, its upper areoles bearing 1-3 subulate pale-yellow spines 2.5 cm. long or less, which are sometimes persistent on the fruit; berry pyri- form, 5-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, Grand Turk Island. Endemic. Turk's Islands Prickly-pear. The reference to Opuntia Tuna at the place of original publication of this species is erroneous ; as now understood, O. Tuna grows naturally only in Jamaica. O. lucayana may be a hybrid between O. Dillenii and O. Nashii. I jk 5. Opuntia Dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw. Suppl. PI. Suec. 79. 1819. Cactus Dillenii Ker-Gawl. Bot. Keg. 3: pi. 255. 1818. Bushy -branched, 0.5-1.8 m. high, often forming masses 2 m. in diameter. Joints green, glabrous, mostly obovate and 1-2.5 dm. long, about 8 mm. thick, crenate, the areoles 2-6 cm. apart, somewhat elevated, bearing 1-4, stout yellow spines 1-4 cm. long, or spineless, the numerous glochides yellowish to brownish, 6 mm. long or less; flowers solitary at the areoles, often abundant, bright MELASTOMACEAE. 297 yellow, about 7.5 cm. broad; ovary obovoid, with gloehide-bearing areoles; petals obovate; stamens much shorter than the petals; fruit pyriform, red or purple, edible, 5-8 em. long. Maritime and coastal rocks, Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk and Inagua : — 'Bermuda; Florida: West Indies: eastern coast of Mexico. Bccordcd by Hitchcock, Coker, Mrs. Northrop and Dolley, as O. Tuna (L.) Mill, and by Schoepf as Cactus Tuna L. Common Prickly-pear. 6. Opuntia Darrahiana Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 10: 38S. 1904. Forming tufts 2-2.5 dm. high and 4 dm. in diameter, mueh-branehed. Joints green, 7-8 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide; areoles 1-2 cm. apart; glochides none; spines about 6, the longer 4-4.5 cm. long, the shorter not more than 1 em. long, all white or grayish-white, brownish at the tip, straight, acieular, rigid. Obtained by Darrah from Turk's Islands according to Weber : known to us only from the description ; neither the flowers nor the fruit are described. Darrah's PRICKLY-PEAR. Order 21. MYRTALES. Herbs, shrubs or trees, unarmed, sometimes aquatic or amphibious. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers regular or irregular, complete, and often showy, or reduced to a stamen and pistil adnate to the hypanthium. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary or adnate to it. Stamens few or many. Anthers opening by slits, valves or pores. Stigma terminating the style, or sessile. Fruit capsular or baccate, or resembling an achene. Style present, simple or compound ; stigma terminal. Anthers opening by pores. ,Fam. 1. Melastomaceae. Anthers opening by longitudinal valves. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. Lythraceae. Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so. Cotyledons spirally convolute in the embryo. Fam. 3. Terminaliaceae. Cotyledons not spirally convolute. Sepals imbricated, or united and the calyx falling away as a cap. Fam. 4. Myrtaceae. Sepals valvate. Leaves stipulate; sepals leathery. Fam. 5. Rhizophoraceae. Leaves not stipulate ; sepals mem- branous or herbaceous. Fam. 6. Onagraceae. Style wanting; stigmas sessile. Fam. 7. Haloragidaceae. Family 1. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. Meadow-beauty Family. Herbs, or many shrubs or trees in tropical regions, with opposite 3-9- nerved leaves, and regular perfect often showy- but rarely odorous flowers. Stipules none. Calyx-tube usually 4— 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx and inserted on its throat, imbricated. Stamens twice as many, or equal in number to the petals, often inclined or declined, the alternate ones sometimes shorter. Ovary 2-several-celled (often 4-eelled) ; style terminal, simple; ovules oc , anatropous. Fruit included in the calyx-tube, capsular or baccate. Seeds mainly small, with no endosperm. About 150 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed in tropical regions, most abundant in South America. 20 298 LYTHRACEAE. 1. TETRAZYGIA L. C. Rich.; DC. Prodr. 3: 172. 1828. Trees or shrubs, the foliage often scurfy, with petioled, entire or toothed leaves, and rather small flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. Calyx con- stricted above the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed or subtruncate. Petals 4 or 5, obovate. Stamens S or 10, nearly equal; filaments subulate; anthers linear, opening by a pore. Ovary 4-5-celled; style curved, filiform; stigma minute. Fruit a 4— 5-celled fleshy berry. [Greek, referring to the 4-parted flowers of the type species.] About 16 species of the West Indian region. Type species: Tetrazygia tetrandra (Sw.) DC. jk 1. Tetrazygia bicolor (Mill.) Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 7: 724. 1891. Melastoma bicolor Mill. Diet. ed. 8, No. 6. 1768. A shrub or small tree up to 6 m. high, with scaly bark, the young twigs scurfy. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 0.8-2 dm. long, strongly 3- ribbed and with many widely spreading lateral veins, entire, acuminate at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, green above, whitish-scurfy beneath, the slender scurfy petioles 2-4 cm. long; panicles peduncled, 1-2 dm. long, sev- eral-many-flowered; pedicels slender, 5-10 mm. long; calyx-limb subtruncate; petals 4, white, 7-8. mm. long; berry subglobose, purple or black, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, pine-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi- dence and Eleuthera : — Florida : Cuba. Reported by Grisebach and by Dolley as T. angustiflora Griseb. and by Schoepf as Melastoma discolor L. Tetrazygia. Family 2. LYTHRACEAE Lincll. Loosestrife Family. Herbs, shrubs, or often trees in tropical regions, mostly with opposite leaves and perfect flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx persistent, free from the ovary, the limb toothed. Petals as many as the primary calyx- teeth, inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Anthers versatile. Ovary 2-6-eelled or sometimes 1-celled; style 1; ovules oo , rarely few, anatropous. Capsule 1-several-celled. Seeds without endo- sperm; cotyledons flat, often aurieled at the base. About 21 genera and 400 species, of wide distribution. Fruit globose : flowers regular. Herbs with axillary inflorescence. 1. Ammannia. Shrubs or small trees with terminal inflorescence. 2. Lawsonia. Fruit elongated ; flowers irregular. 3. Parsonsia. 1. AMMANNIA [Houst.] L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753. Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with 4-angled stems, opposite sessile narrow leaves, and small axillary flowers. Calyx campanulate, globose or ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4, deciduous or none. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary nearly globular, 2-4-celled. Capsule bursting irregularly. [Named for Johann Ammann, 1699-1741, a German botanist.] About 20 species, of wide distri- bution. Type species: Amviannia latifolia L. LYT1IRACEAE. 299 • 1. Ammannia latifolia L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753. Erect, 2-11 dm. high, the branches nearly erect, or ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 2-7 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, acute or blunt at the apex, sessile, clasping the stem by an auricled base; flowers minute, green, sessile and solitary or few together in the axils; calyx about 2 mm. long; petals none; style short; capsule about 4 mm. in diameter, enclosed by the calyx. Borders of fresh-water holes and marshes, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi- dence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Long Island, Acklln's, Crooked Island, North Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; the West Indies ; Mexico and continental tropical America. Ammannia. 2. LAWSONIA L. Sp. PL 349. 1753. A glabrous shrub, the terete branches sometimes spinescent, the small leaves opposite and entire, the numerous small white flowers corymbose. Calyx turbinate, 4-angled, the 4 lobes spreading. Petals 4, sessile. Stamens 8, borne near the base of the calyx-tube; filaments subulate; anthers oblong. Ovary subglobose, 4-celled; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule subglobose, 4-celled, irregularly rupturing, many-seeded. Seeds 4- angled, cuneate, truncate; cotyledons orbicular. [Commemorates Isaac Law- son, English physician and botanist, died 1747.] A monotypic genus. 1. Lawsonia inermis L. Sp. PI. 349. 1753. Lawsonia alia Lam. Eneycl. 3: 106. 1789. A shrub 5 m. high or less, with slender gray branches, unarmed or spiny. Leaves thin, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 1-4.5 cm. long, acute, obtuse or abruptly acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, the short- petioles slender; corymbs several-many-flowered, forming a terminal panicle; pedicels slender, scarcely longer than the flowers; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 2-3 mm. long; petals somewhat longer than the calyx -lobes; stamens longer than the petals or equalling them; capsules about 6 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, Inagua near Matthew Town : — spontaneous in many localities throughout the West Indies, Mexico, and tropical continental America.* Native of the Orient. Henna Plant. 3. PARSONSIA P. Br.; Adans. Fain. PI. 2: 234. 1763. [Cuphea P. Br.; Adans. loe. cit. llyponym. 1763.] Herbs (some shrubs in tropical regions), with opposite or verticillate leaves. Flowers axillary, irregular and unsymmetrical. Calyx-tube elongated. 12 -ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base, oblique at the mouth, with 6 pri- mary teeth and usually as many accessory ones. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens 6-11, inserted on the throat of the calyx, unequal; filaments short. Ovary with a curved gland at its base, unequally 2-celled; style Blender; stigma 2- lobed. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, laterally dehiscent. Seeds flattened. [In honor of James Parsons, M. D., a Scotch botanist.] About 180 species, na- tives of America. Type species: Lythrum Parsonsia L. 300 TERMINALIACEAE. 1. Parsonsia Parsonsia (L.) Britton; Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 53. 1902. Lythrum Parsonsia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1045. 1759. Cuphea Parsonsia R. Br., Steud. Nom. 1: 245. 1821. Parsonsia radicans Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. O-ard. 4: 87. 1893. Annual; herbaceous; stem little-branched, the branches prostrate or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, very short-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, scabrous or nearly smooth ; flowers solitary in upper axils, short- peduncled ; calyx about 4 mm. long, gibbous at the base, its teeth very small ; petals pale purple, about 2 mm. long; stamens 6, included; filaments glab- rous; capsule about 5 mm. long, few-seeded. Dry coral rocks and sink-holes, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba to Porto Rico and Martinique; Jamaica; Mexico. PuurLB Parsonsia. Family 3. TERMINALIACEAE J. St. Hil. White Mangrove Family. Trees, shrubs, or vines, with petioled, usually simple and entire, estipu- late leaves, and regular, perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious flowers, mostly spicate, racemose or capitate. Tube of the calyx adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-S-cleft. Petals usually small or none. Stamens various; filaments filiform; anthers didymous or 2-celled, the sacs dehiscent longi- tudinally or by valves. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 1-several; style usually straight; stigma simple. Fruit various, mostly indehiseent, coriaceous or baccate. About 15 genera and some 275 species, mostly tropical. Fruit terete. Petals wanting. 1. Bucida. Petals 5 ; calyx persistent. 2. Laguncularia. Fruit an ellipsoid, flattened drupe ; petals none. 3. Terminalia. Fruit a cone-like mass of scale-like drupes ; petals none. 4. Conocarpua. 1. BUCIDA L. Syst. ed. 10, 1025. 1759. Trees or shrubs, sometimes spinescent, with coriaceous entire alternate leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, and small spicate or capitate flow- ers, some perfect, some staminate. Calyx broadly campanulate, slightly 5- toothed, persistent. Corolla none. Stamens 10, in 2 series; filaments slender, exserted. Fruit a small, slightly fleshy drupe, crowned by the at length de- ciduous calyx. [Latin ; slender horn-like galls develop from the fruit after it is bitten by a mite.] Two species, natives of the West Indian region. Type species: Bucida Buceras L. Flowers spicate; tree; drupe 8 mm. long. 1. B. Buceras. Flowers capitate ; spinescent shrub or tree ; drupe 3-4 mm. long. 2. B. spinosa. 1. Bucida Buceras L. Syst. ed. 10, 1025. 1759. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 25 m., the trunk up to 1 m. in diameter or more, the young twigs and leaves pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves clustered at the ends of twigs, spatulate to elliptic, 3-9 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short- petioled; spikes peduncled, slender, pubescent, 3-10 cm. long; calyx-lobes tri- TERMINALIACEAE. 301 angular, acute; stamens exserted; drupe ovoid-conic, about 8 mm. long, tomen- tulose, slightly curved, the persistent calyx at length deciduous. Thickets and scrub-lands. Andros, New Providence, North and South Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; Panama. Referred to by Hitchcock as Buceras angustifolia (DC.) Hitchcock. Erroneously called Oak. Black Olive. 2. Bucida spindsa (Northrop) Jennings, Ann. Carn. Mus. 11: 201. 1917. Terminalia spinosa Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 54. 1902. A shrub or flat-topped tree, 4-8 m. high, with spreading branches, the trunk 1.5-2 dm. in diameter, the twigs divaricate, spiny. Leaves fascicled, subsessile, oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, firm in texture, glabrous, entire, obtuse or retuse at the apex, narrowed at the base: spines slender, 3-7 mm. long, mostly in 3 's at the ends of the twigs; flowers few, greenish, in axillary short peduncled spikes; calyx campanulate, about 3 mm. long, subtruncate, villous within; stamens 8 or 9, about 3 mm. long; drupe ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, the calyx rather early deciduous. Coastal and savanna coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama and Andros : — Cuba. Spiny Black Olive. Brier-tree. Prickly-tree. 2. LAGUNCULARIA Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 209. 1805. A halophytic tree or shrub, with opposite entire leaves, the petioles 2- glandular, and small greenish flowers in clustered spikes. Flowers polyga- mous or perfect. Calyx-tube terete, 5-lobed. Petals 5, minute. Stamens 10, short, the filaments subulate, the anthers cordate. Ovary with a scalloped epigynous disk; style short, glabrous; stigma somewhat 2-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity. Drupes coriaceous, ribbed or angled. Seed solitary, germinat- ing within the drupe. [Latin, from the fancied resemblance of the drupe to a flask.] A monotypic genus. ■ 1. Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 209. 1805. Conocarpus racemosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 930. 1759. A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 20 m. with a trunk up to 8 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller, and often shrubby, the reddish brown, glabrous twigs thickened at the nodes. Leaves oblong, oval or obovate, 2-7 cm. long, emarginate or rounded at the apex, rounded, narrowed or subeordate at the base, the stout petioles 0.5-2 cm. long; spikes 3-6 cm. long, few- several-flowered ; calyx tomentulose, its lobes rounded ; petals 5, orbicular, not longer than the calyx; drupes oblong to obovoid, reddish, 1.5-2 cm. long, constricted below the persistent calyx-lobes. Borders of mangrove mud and in sea-shallows. Oreat Bahama, Great Sturrup Cay, Little Harbor Cay, Andros, New Providence. Ship Channel Cay, Great Guana • 'ay. Great Fxtima, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island, Grand Turk, and the Anguilla Isles: — Florida: West Indies; tropic continental American coasts. WHITE Mangrove. Bastard Buttonwood. Green Turtle Bough. 3. TERMINALIA L. Mant. 1: 21, 12S. 1767. Trees or shrubs, with broad alternate entire loaves, usually clusteed at the ends of the banches, and small spicate flowers. Calyx-tube terete, rib- less, the lobes deciduous. Corolla none. Stamens 10 to 2d, exserted, the fila- ments slender, the anthers cordate. Fruit a drupe. [Latin, referring to the clustered leaves at the ends of the branches.] About 100 species, mostly of the Old World tropics. Type species: Terminalia Catappa L. 302 MYRTACEAE. 1. Terminalia Catappa L. Mant. 1: 128. 1767. Buceras Catappa Hitehc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 85. 1893. A tree, up to 24 m. high, with a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., usually much smaller, the spreading branches whorled, the twigs stout, glabrous. Leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, obovate or broadly oblanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, short-petioled, glabrous, rounded, or 'short-pointed at the apex, cuneate at the base, dark green and shining above, pale green beneath; spikes slender, many-flowered, 5-15 cm. long; calyx 8-10 mm. long, pubescent, its ovate lobes about as long as the tube or longer; drupe ellipsoid, compressed, gla- brous, 2-edged, pointed, 4-7 cm. long; seed 3-4 cm. long. In coppices, spontaneous after cultivation ; planted and sometimes spontaneous near towns on all the larger islands : — spontaneous after cultivation in Florida, in manv of the West Indian islands and most inhabited parts of continental tropical America. Native of the Old World tropics. Indian Almond. Almond-tree. 4. CONOCAEPUS L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753. A shrub or tree of the seacoast, with alternate entire leathery leaves, the petioles 2-glandular, the small greenish perfect flowers in racemose or pan- icled heads. Calyx-tube flattened, not prolonged beyond the ovary; sepals 5, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens mostly 5, with slender elongated fila- ments and cordate anthers. Style pubescent. Ovules 2. Drupes scale-like, densely aggregated. Seeds flat; cotyledons convolute. [Greek, referring to ihe cone-like heads of fruit.] A monotypic American genus. • 1. Conocarpus erecta L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753. A glabrate or silky-pubescent shrub or tree, sometimes 20 m. tall, some- times less than 1 m. high, with angled or winged twigs. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, elliptic to oval, acute or acuminate at both ends, entire, short-petioled; racemes 3-5 cm. long, peduncled; heads 5—8 mm. in diameter at flowering time; hypanthium funnel-like, greenish, a little over 1 mm. long; sepals tri- angular-ovate, about as long as the limb of the hypanthium, pubescent; stamens and style conspicuously exserted; heads of fruit 9-14 mm. long; drupes scale-like, 2 -winged, 4-7 mm. long. Coastal mud, savannas and salina-borders. throughout the archipelago to Cay Sal : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America. A species of many races, several of which have received varietal distinction from herbarium specimens ; the distinctive characters are, however, not maintained in the field. Bcttonwood. Catesby, 2 : pi. 33. Family 4. MYRTACEAE R. Br. Myrtle Family. Trees or shrubs, with simple, usually opposite and entire, pellucid- punctate, estipulate leaves, the regular and perfect, often braeteolate flowers mostly panieled. Calyx-tube (hypanthium) adnate to the ovary, the limb usually 4-5-eleft. Petals usually 4 or 5, imbricated, rarely want- ing. Disc mostly annular and fleshy. Stamens usually numerous, some- times only as many as the petals; filaments filiform, distinct, or united at the base; anthers small, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 2-several-celled, or rarely 1-celled, style simple; stigma terminal, small; ovules usually 2-several in each cavity. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, often crowned by the calyx- limb, or in some genera capsular. Seeds various; endosperm usually wanting. About 60 genera, including over 1700 species, mostly tropical in distribution. MYBTACEAE. 303 Calyx of several, persistent, valvate sepals ; petals present. Calyx of regularly separating sepals. Inflorescence centripetal, flowers in racemiforin, umbelli- form, or contracted clusters. 1. Eugenia. Inflorescence centrifugal ; flowers in cymes. Embryo Bpiral. 2. Pimento. Embryo annular. 3. Anatnomie. Calyx of irregularly separating sepals. 4. Psidium. Calyx lid-like, deciduous; petals none. 5. Calyvtranthcs. 1. EUGENIA L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with usually glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite, com- monly leathery, pinnately-veined, the flowers axillary, solitary or in umbel- like, raceme-like or congested clusters. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, white. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform, distinct and in several series, or aggregated into 4 groups and slightly united. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Ovules several in each cavity. Berries crowned by the calyx-lobes. Seeds often 1-4. Embryo with thick cotyledons and a short radicle. [Xamed in honor of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736), a patron of botany and hor- ticulture.] About 600 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Eugenia unifiora L. Pedicels short, shorter than the flowers or as long, at least shorter than the fruits. Leaves ovate to lanceolate; fruit subglobose. 1. E. axillaris. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate ; fruit longer than broad. 2. E. buxifolia. Pedicels as long as or longer than the flowers, mostly longer than the fruits. Leaves long-acuminate, shining above. 3. E. confusa. Leaves bluntly acuminate, dull above. Pedicels 1—1.5 cm. long or less ; fruit less than 1 cm. in diameter. 4. E. rhombea. Pedicels 2-5 cm. long ; fruit 2 cm. in diameter, edible. 5. E. unifiora. Flowers unknown; leaves small, linear. 6. E. androsiana. ■ 1. Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) WiM. Sp. PI. 2: 970. 1800. Myrtus axillaris Sw. Prodr. 78. 1788. Eugenia axillaris microcarpa ELrug. & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 641. 1895. A shrub or tree, reaching a height of 8 m., with a maximum trunk diame- ter of about 3 dm., the bark shallowly fissured, the branchlets terete. Leaves elliptic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate or nearly elliptic, unpleasantly odorous, 3-5 cm. long, revolute-margined, paler beneath than above and black-dotted, the petioles 2-5 mm. long, margined; racemes short, cluster-like, axillary; pedi- cels short, pubescent; calyx-lobes 4, rounded; corolla 3-4 mm. broad; petals 4, surpassing the calyx-lobes, glandular-punctate ; fruit depressed-globose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, black, smooth, glandular-punctate, sweet. Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama to Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles: — Bermuda; Florida; Cuba to Porto Rico and Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Referred by Dolley, by Mrs. Northrop, and by Hitchcock to E. monticola Griseb. White Stopper. Wattle. X 2. Eugenia buxifolia (Sw.) Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 960. 1S00. Myrtus buxifolia Sw. Prodr. 78. 1788. A small tree, becoming about 6 m. high, with a trunk up to 3 dm. in diameter, usually smaller, often shrubby, the bark reddish-brown, scaly, the slender twigs sparingly pubescent or glabrous. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or nearly oblong, glabrous, 2-4 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, short-petioled, dark green above, pale green beneath; 304 MTBTACEAE. racemes axillary or lateral, few-flowered; pedicels pubescent, very short; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes obtuse; petals oblong, 2-3 mm. long; fruits oval to sub- globose, black, 5-7 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Caicos Islands, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — -Florida ; Cuba to St. Thomas and St. Croix; Jamaica. Referred by Dolley to E. lateriflora Griseb. Span- ish Stopper. Black Wattle. 3. Eugenia confusa DC. Prodr. 3: 279. 1828. Eugenia filiformis Macf. Fl. Jam. 2: 116. 1850. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 18 m., with a trunk up to 5 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller, the bark scaly, the slender twigs glabrous. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, 3-6 cm. long, long- acuminate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, dark green and shin- ing above, dull green beneath, pinnately many-veined, the slender petioles 5-10 mm. long; flowers umbellate or solitary in the axils, on filiform pedicels 2-3 times as long as the petioles; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long; petals ovate, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit subglobose, orange to scarlet, 5-6 mm. in diameter. Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Lignum Vitae Cay, Andros, New Providence, Great Guana Cay, Eleuthera, Watling's and Crooked Islands : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico to Dominica ; Jamaica. The record of E. pseudopsidium by Schoepf may apply to this species. Ironwood. 4. Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 644. 1895. Eugenia foetida rhombea Berg, Linnaea 27: 212. 1856. A small tree, sometimes 8 m. high with a trunk up to 3 dm. in diameter, the twigs slender, the smooth bark gray, the foliage glabrous. Leaves ovate to elliptic or rhombic-ovate, rather thin, inconspicuously veined, 3-6 cm. long, bluntly acuminate or acute at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, short- petioled; flowers in sessile axillary umbel-like clusters, often appearing on twigs from which the leaves have fallen, the slender glabrous pedicels 8-15 mm. long; calyx-tube shorter than the 4 rounded lobes; petals ovate, about 5 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit depressed-globose, orange, red or nearly black, 0.8-1.5 cm. in diameter. Scrub-lands. Cave Cay, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba to Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Red Stopper. 5. Eugenia unifidra L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. A shrub or small tree up to 5 m. high, with slender branches. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, bluntly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, dotted, thin in texture, 2.5-6 cm. long; pedicels solitary or few together, very slender, glabrous, about 2.5 cm. long, bracted at the base and 2-bracteolate near the summit; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtusish; petals about twice as long as the calyx- lobes; fruit subglobose, longitudinally furrowed, 8-10 mm. in diameter, bright red, spicy, edible. Apparently only spontaneous after cultivation, though recorded as indigenous by Dollev, and admitted into the Bahamas by Grisebach. New Providence : — Ber- muda : Cuba to Trinidad and South America : Jamaica ; Cayman Islands ; introduced into the Old World tropics. Native of South America. Surinam Cherry. 6. Eugenia androsiana Urban, Bepert. 13: 467. 1915. A glabrous shrub, about 1 m. high, diffusely branched, the twigs very slender. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, acute MYKTACEAE. 305 or obtuse at the apex,, narrowed at the base, finely punctate, the margins slightly revolute, the petioles 0.5-0.8 mm. long. Near Lisbon Crock. Mangrove Cay, Andros. Endemic. When flowers of this shrub are obtained, they may show it to belong to one of the other genera of Myrtaceae. Eugenia ligustrina Willi!., West Indian, recorded as Bahamian by Grise- bach and by Dolley, was not found during our exploration of the archipelago ; the specimen cited by Grisebach as collected in the Bahamas by Swainson was not found in the Kew Herbarium when search was made for it there in 1911. "We regard the records as probably erroneous. 2. PIMENTA Lindl. Coll. under pi. 19. 1821. A tree, with nearly smooth bark, oblong or elliptic, petioled aromatic pinnately veined leaves, and small white 4-parted flowers, borne in compound cymes in the upper axils. Calyx-tube campanulate, its lobes spreading, per- sistent. Petals spreading. Stamens numerous, in several series. Stigma pel- tate; ovary 2-celled; ovules mostly solitary in each cavity. Fruit berry-like, aromatic. Seeds few, subglobose; embryo spiral. [Greek, rich in oil.] A monotypic genus of the West Indies and Central America. 1. Pimenta Pimenta (L.) Cockerell, Bull. Torr. Club 19: 95. 1892. Myrtm Pimenta L. Sp. PI. 472. 1753. Pimenta officinalis Lindl. Coll. under pi. 19. 1821. Pimenta vulgaris Lindl. in Loudon Encycl. 418. 1829. Becoming 13 m. high or more, glabrous, except the puberulent inflores- cence. Leaves coriaceous, 7-15 cm. long, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, with petioles about 1 cm. long, the veins rather prominent be- neath ; cymes stalked, many-flowered ; flowers about 6 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes blunt; ovary puberulent; berries subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter, usually 2-seeded. Thickets and coppices; spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence, at Grant's Town and near Lake Cunningham. Native of Jamaica and Cuba ; spon- taneous after cultivation in Bermuda and in Central America. Erroneously called Cinnamon. Allspice. 3. ANAMOMIS Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 240. 1860. Evergreen aromatic trees or shrubs, with opposite coriaceous leaves and axillary peduneled flowers, in cymes or solitary, when in cymes the central flower sessile or stalked. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens many, with filiform filaments and short anthers. Ovary 2-celled or 4-eellod, about as long as the calyx-tube; ovules several in each cavity; style slender or fili- form. Berry oval or subglobose, l-several-secled, crowned by the calyx-lobes. [Greek, like Amomis.] About 8 species, natives of the West Indies and Flor- ida. Type species: Anamomis fragrans (Sw.) Griseb. Leaves shining above, not revolute margined : flowers mostly solitary; calyx glabrous. Petals orbicular : leaves mostly 2 cm. wide or less, acute, acutish or rounded at the base. 1. .1. longipes. Petals oblong-orbicular: leaves mostly over 2 cm. wide, obtuse ami rounded or subcordate at the base. 2. A.bahamcnsis. Leaves dull above, revolute-margined (al least when old) ; flow- ers several (rarely solitary) ; calyx pubescent. 3. A. lucayaiui. 306 MYETACEAE. 1. Anamomis longipes (Berg) Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 132. 1913. Eugenia longipes Berg, Linnaea 27: 150. 1856. A glabrous shrub or small tree up to 4 m. high, the branches slender, erect-ascending, or diffuse. Leaves flat, ovate, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, shining above, acute or obtuse at the apex, acute or rounded at the base, reticulate-veined, the petioles 1-2 cm. long; peduncles usually 1 -flowered, as long as the leaves or longer, when several-flowered the terminal flower of the cyme long-stalked; calyx-lobes about 2 mm. long; petals orbicular, white or pink, 5-6 mm. long; berry 6-10 mm. in diameter, red, several-seeded. Coppices, pine-lands, palmetto-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — Florida. Long-stalked Stopper. 2. Anamomis bahamensis (Kiearsk.) Britton; Small, Fl. Florida Keys 104. 1913. Eugenia bahamensis Kiearsk. Bot. Tidsk. 17: 226. 1890. A glabrous shrub, usually straggling or diffusely branched and 1 m. high or less, rarely a small tree. Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 3-6 cm. long, shining above, dull beneath, rounded or obtuse at the apex, subcordate or rounded at the base, the petioles 2-8 mm. long; leaves of shoots sometimes linear-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; peduncles slender, compressed, as long as the leaves or somewhat longer; cymes 3-flowered or flowers solitary; calyx-lobes rounded, about 3 mm. long; petals oblong-orbicular, 5-7 mm. long; berries 8-10 mm. in diameter. Coastal rocky plains, scrub-lands, coppices and white-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, the Berry Islands and Andros to South Caicos, Dellis Cay and Inagua. Recorded from Big Pine Key, Florida, apparently erroneously. En- demic. Individual specimens are separable only with difficulty from the preceding species, but typical specimens are widely different. Bahama Stopper. Wild Guava. 3. Anamomis lucayana Britton, sp. nov. A shrub or a small tree up to 6.5 meters high, the bark grayish-white, the young twigs appressed-pubescent to glabrate. Leaves oblong to elliptic, pale green, but darker above than beneath, dull, revolute-margined, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the midvein impressed above, prominent beneath, the lateral veins few and obscure, the stout petioles 2-4 mm. long; peduncles slender, as long as the leaves or longer, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; cymes 3-7-flowered, the lateral pedicels slender, 1 cm. long or less, each central flower sessile; hy- panthium obconic, glabrate or pubescent, 1.5-2 mm. high; sepals suborbicu- lar, pubescent and ciliate, or nearly glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. wide; petals broadly obovate, 4-5 mm. long; stamens about as long as the petals, the style a little longer; fruit red, subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Guana, Great Exuma, Long Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's, North Caicos and the Inaguas : — Cuban Cays. Type, Nash & Taylor, 1!,26, Inagua. Referred by Coker as Eugenia punctata Vahl, and by Mrs. Northrop as Myrtus punctata Griseb. The Bahamian record of Eugenia fragrans by Urban (Symb. Ant. 4: 452), probably refers to this species. Pale Stopper. Naked-wood. 4. PSIDITJM L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. Trees or shrubs with pinnately veined leaves and large, axillary or lat- eral, solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx-tube somewhat prolonged beyond the ovary, its 4 or 5 lobes often united in the bud, irregularly parting at MYETACEAE. 307 anthesis. Petals .4 or 5, spreading1. Stamens numerous, with filiform fila- ments in several series. Ovary 4-5-celled; ovules several or many in each cavity. Berries crowned by the calyx-lobes. Seeds several or many. Embryo curved, with small cotyledons and a long radicle. [Greek, referring to the edible fruit.] A large genus, of which about 100 species have been described, the following typical. 1. Psidium Guajava L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. Psidium Guava Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 241. 1S60. A shrub, or a small tree, sometimes 5 m. tall, with pubescent 4-angled branchlets. Leaves firm-leathery, oblong or nearly so, 4-8 cm. long, mostly obtuse, pubescent beneath, with prominent rib-like nerves, short-petioled; calyx-lobes 1-1.5 cm. long, united in the bud; petals 1.5-2 em. long; berries globular or pyriform, 3-6 cm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, roadsides and waste places, spontaneous after cultivation ; planted and spontaneous near towns on all the larger islands : — spontaneous after cultiva- tion in Florida and in Bermuda ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Guava. 5. CALYPTRANTHES Sw. Prodr. 79. 1788. [Chytraculia P. Br. Hist. Jam. 239. Hyponym. 1756.] Evergreen shrubs or trees, with opposite coriaceous or subcoriaceous leaves, and small panicled cymose or rarely solitary flowers. Calyx closed at anthesis, circumscissile, the top falling away like a cap or calyptra. Petals none. Stamens numerous, in several series; filaments filiform; anthers longi- tudinally dishiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a 1-few-seeded berry, crowned by the basal part of the calyx. [Greek, referring to the cap-like lid of the calyx.] About 75 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Calyptranthes Chytraculia (L.) Sw. Inflorescence glabrous ; leaves short-petioled. 1. C. Zuzygium. Inflorescence tomentulose ; leaves distinctly petioled. 2. C. pallcns. 1. Calyptranthes Zuzygium (L.) Sw. Prodr. 79. 1788. Myrtus Zuzygium L. Syst. ed. 10, 1056. 1759. Chytraculia Susygium Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 1: 238. 1891. A tree, up to about 12 m. high, glabrous throughout, the twigs terete, slender. Leaves elliptic, or elliptic-obovate, 4-7 cm. long, abruptly blunt- tipped or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, delicately veined, somewhat shining above, dull beneath, the petioles 3 mm. long or less; panicles mostly somewhat longer than the leaves; flowers several or many; pedicels 4-7 mm. long; calyx ovoid, about 4 mm. long, its lid mammillate; berries subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Coppices, New Providence at Waterloo: Andros, near Lisbon Creek: — Florida; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. Myrtle-of-tue-Kivkk. ^ 2. Calyptranthes pallens (Poir.) Griseb. Kar. 67. 1S57. Eugenia pallcns Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 122. 1813. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk some- times 1.5 dm. in diameter, usually smaller and sometimes shrubby, the bark thin and light gray, the young twigs pubescent, soon becoming glabrous. Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, nar- 308 RHIZOPIIORACEAE. rowed at the base, shining above, the petioles 5-12 mm. long.; panicles as long as the leaves or longer, pubescent, many-flowered, the flowers sessile or nearly so, about 3 mm. broad; fruit subglobose or oval, 5-7 mm. in diameter. Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, Great Exuma. Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat- ling"s, Acklin's, Crooked Island and Mariguana : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Croix and Guadeloupe; Jamaica; Cayman Islands. Sfpicm-WOOD. White Stopper. Family 5. RHIZOPHORACEAE Lindl. Mangrove Family. Shrubs or trees, with terete branches and usually glabrous foliage. Leaves usually opposite, leathery, with stipules. Flowers perfect, solitary in the axils or in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx with 3 or 4 valvate sepals. Petals as many as the sepals, 2-cleft or lacerate. Stamens twice or four times as many as the petals, or rarely of the same number, inserted at the base of a disk; filaments short or elongated; anthers 2- celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary inferior, or partly inferior, usually 3-5-celled or rarely 1-celled; styles united; stigmas sometimes lobed. Ovules 2 or rarely 4 or more in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit leathery, crowned with the calyx, indehiscent or tardily septicidal. The family con- sists of about 15 genera, containing some 50 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. 1. RHIZOPHORA L. Sp. PI. 443. 1753. Evergreen trees, with an astringent bark, and stout pithy twigs. Leaves opposite, entire; stipules elongated, interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers cream- colored or yellow, 2 or several on forking peduncles. Calyx-tube short, adnate to the base of the ovary, the 4 lobes leathery. Petals 4, emarginate, leathery. Stamens 4-12, alternate, with the petals; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, half- inferior, produced into a fleshy cone. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit pendulous, 1-eelled, leathery. Seed solitary, germinating in the persistent fruit, the elongating radicle sometimes reaching the ground before the fruit falls. Endosperm wanting. [Greek, root-bearing.] Three known species, the following typical, the others natives of the Old World tropics. 1. Rhizophora Mangle L. Sp. PI. 443. 1753. A shrub or tree, reaching a height of 10 m. or more, forming impenetrable thickets by the greatly elongating radicles of the embryo and the numerous roots. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, leathery, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, obtuse, with a stout midrib; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. in length; peduncles 1-4 cm. long, 2-3- flowered; pedicels stout, 5-10 mm. long; braetlets scale-like; calyx-tube fleshy, turbinate or campanulate the lobes 3-5 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, about 1 em. long, involute, keeled within, very firm, recurved at maturity; petals pale yellow, linear or nearly so, cleft at the tip, involute above the middle, cobwebby along the edges; anthers clustered around the style; fruit 2-3 cm. long, curved, the radicle protruding as a narrowly clavate pendent body. Maritime shores and salinas. throughout the archipelago : — Bermuda : Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to Brazil ; west coast of Africa ; Pacific islands. Mangrove. Catesby, 2 : pi. 63. ONAGRACEAE. 309 Family 6. ONAGRACEAE Dumort. Evening-Primrose Family. Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, no stipules or mere glands in their places, and generally perfect flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 2-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Petals 2-9 (usually 4), convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens usually as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovary 1-6-celled (usually 4-celled) ; styles united; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed; ovules generally anatropous. Fruit a capsule or small nut. Endosperm very little or none. Forty genera and about 350 species of wide geographic distribution, most abund- ant in America. Stamens 4. Leaves opposite. 1. Isnardia. Leaves alternate. 2. Ludwigia. Stamens 8—12 in 2 series. 3. Jussiaea. 1. ISNARDIA L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753. Succulent herbs. Stems creeping or floating; leaves opposite, relatively few, petioled. Flowers axillary, sessile, not yellow. Calyx-segments 4, shorter than the tube or slightly longer. Filaments very short. Ovary very short ; styles often almost wanting. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, straight. [In honor of Antoine Dante Isnard, a French botanist, and a member of the Academy of Sciences, died 1724.] About 4 species in North America, Mexico and the West Indies. Type species: Isnardia palustris L. 1. Isnardia repens (Sw.) DC. Prodr. 3: 60. 1828. Ludwigia repens Sw. Prodr. 33. 1788. Ludwigia nutans Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 581. 1821. Isnardia natans Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 825. 1903. Stems 6 dm. long or less, branched or simple. Leaves elliptic, oval, or obovate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base into rather slender petioles ; flowers solitary, sessile or short-peduncled ; bractlets linear, acute, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes 4 or 5, sharply tri- angular, acute, longer than the petals; capsule 6-8 mm. long, biuntly tetragonal, narrowed at the base, 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes. Sink-holes and fresh-water swamps, Great Bahama and New Frovidenee : — North Carolina to Florida. Mexico and California ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. Larger Marsh Furslane. 2. LUDWIGIA L. Sp. PI. US. 1753. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate usually entire leaves, and axil- lary or terminal flowers. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes angled, or winged. Calyx-lobes generally persistent. Petals usually 4. Stamens usually 4. Ovary 4-5-celled. Capsule terete, ribbed or winged, septicidally dehiscent. or opening by an apical pore. [Named in honor of C. G. Ludwig, 1709-1773, Professor of Botany at Leipsic] About 25 species, natives of warm and tem- perate regions, most abundant in North America. Type species: Ludwigia alternifolia L. 310 1IALORAGLDACEAE. 1. Ludwigia niicrocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 88. 1803. Perennial; glabrous; stems erect or diffuse; simple or branched, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, pinnately few-veined, 0.5-3 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate at the apex, narrowed into short petioles; flowers solitary and sessile in the axils; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, about 1 mm. long; petals none; capsule obpyramidal, about 2 mm. long. Fresh-water marshes, Great Bahama : — North Carolina to Florida and Missis- sippi ; Cuba ; Jamaica. Small-fruited Ludwigia. 3. JUSSIAEA L. Sp. PI. 388. 1753. Perennial herbs, some species woody, with alternate, mostly entire leaves and solitary axillary flowers, the petals usually yellow. Calyx-tube cylindric or prismatic, not prolonged beyond the ovary, the limb 4-6-parted, its lobes persistent. Petals 4-6, mostly longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 8-12, in 2 series. Ovary 4-6-celled. Capsule narrowly cylindric, prismatic or clavate, ribbed, the pericarp deteriorating. Seeds numerous and minute. [In honor of Bernard de Jussieu, 1699-1777, eminent French botanist and phy- sician.] About 50 species, of tropical distribution, mostly American. Type species: Jussiaea repens L. 1. Jussiaea suffruticosa L. Sp. PI. 388. 1753. Jussiaea angustifolia Lam. Encycl. 3: 331. 1789. Jussieua palustris Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 173. 1818. Erect, 6-10 dm. high, somewhat branched, more or less pubescent, at least above. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, 2.5-10 cm. long, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base ; peduncles mostly not longer than the petioles; calyx-lobes 4, rarely 5, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 6-12 mm. long; petals obovate, bright yellow, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; capsule 3-6 cm. long, subcylindric, tapering to the base. Fresh-water marshes and sink-holes, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Acklin's Island and Crooked Island : — North Carolina to Florida and Texas ; West Indies and continental tropical America ; Old World trop- ics. Bushy Jussiaea. Family 7. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke. Water-milfoil Family. . Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or verticillate leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, or monoecious, or dioecious, axillary, in interrupted spikes, solitary or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire or 2-4-lobed. Petals small, 2-4, or none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong, or short- cylindric, 2-8-ribbed or winged, 1-4-celled ; styles 1-4 ; stigmas papillose or plumose. Fruit a nutlet, or drupe, compressed, angular, ribbed or winged; indehiscent, of 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy; cotyledons minute. Eight genera and about 100 species, of wide distribution. 1. PROSERPINACA L. Sp. PL 88. 1753. Aquatic herbs. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, dentate or pectinate-pin- natifid. Flowers perfect, axillary. Tube of the calyx adnate to the triquetrous ovary, the limb 3— 4-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3 or 4. Styles 3 or 4, AMMIACEAE. 311 cylindric or conic-subulate, stigmatic above the middle. Fruit bony, 3-4-eelled, with 1 seed in each cavity. [Middle Latin, forward-creeping.] Four known species of North and Central America and the West Indies. Type species: Proserpinaea palustris L. 1. Proserpinaca platycarpa Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 432. 1905. Perennial, glabrous, 1-3.5 dm. long, densely leafy. Leaves oblong or elliptic, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, sharply serrate; flowers solitary and sessile in the axils; calyx wing-angled, its deltoid teeth about 1 mm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. wide, constricted above the middle, its 3 angles dilated. Fresh-water swamps and sink-holes, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera and Cat Island. — .Florida. Recorded by Schoepf as P. palustris L. Southern Mermaid-weed. Order 22. AMMIALES. Herbs, shrubs or trees, almost always with petaliferous flowers. Calyx- segments and petals usually 5. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary inferior, adnate to the ealyx, compound; ovules 1 in each cavity. Family 1. AMMIACEAE Presl. Carrot Family. Herbs, with alternate compound or sometimes simple leaves, the petioles often dilated at the base. Stipules none, or rarely present and minute. Flowers small, generally in compound or simple umbels, rarely in heads or capitate clusters, often polygamous. Umbels and umbellets commonly involucrate or involueellate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its margin truncate or 5-toothed, the teeth seldom conspicuous. Petals 5, inserted on the margin of the calyx, usually with an innexed tip, often emarginate or 2-lobed, those of the outer flowers sometimes larger than those of the inner. Stamens 5, inserted on the epigynous disk; filaments filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; styles 2, filiform, persistent, often borne on a conic or depressed stylopodium; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels (mericarps), which gen- erally separate from each other at maturity along the plane of their con- tiguous faces (the commissure). Fruit either flattened laterally (at right angles to the commissure), or dorsally (parallel to the commissure), or nearly terete (not flattened). Carpels after parting from each other sup- ported on the summit of a slender axis (the carpophore), each with 5 primary ribs in their pericarps (rarely ribless), and in some genera with 4 additional secondary ones, the ribs or some of them often winged. Pericarp membranous or corky-thickened, usually containing oil-tubes between the ribs, or under the ribs and on the commissural sides, sometimes irregularly scattered, sometimes none. Seeds 1 in each carpel, usually adnate to the pericarp; seed-coat thin; endosperm cartilaginous; embryo small, placed near the hilum : cotyledons ovate, oblong or linear. About 170 genera and 1600 species, of wide distribution. The mature fruit is necessary for the certain determination of most of the genera and many of the species. 312 AMMIACEAE. Leaf-blades orbicular or ovate, merely toothed; flowers white. Involucre none. 1. Hydrocotyle. Involucre conspicuous. 2. Centella. Leaf-hludes pinnatifld into filiform segments. Fruit margined. Hat ; Mowers yellow. 3. Anethum. Fruit not margined. Flowers yellow. 4. Foeniculum. Flowers white. 5. Helosciadium. 1. HYDROCOTYLE L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753. Perennial herbs, prostrate and commonly rooting at the joints, with palmately lobed or veined, often peltate leaves, the bases of the petioles with 2 scaledike stipules, and small white flowers in umbels opposite the leaves. Bracts of the involucre few, or none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals entire. Disk flat. Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular or broader than high. Carpels with 5 primary ribs, the lateral ones usually curved; no large oil-tubes but an oil-bearing layer of tissue beneath the epidermis. [Greek, water-cup.] About 75 species of wide distribution. Type species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Plant glabrous. 1. H. verticillata. Leaves and inflorescence villous-pubescent. 2. H. hirsuta. 1. Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Diss. Hydrocot. 5. 1798. Glabrous; leaves orbicular, peltate; inflorescence proliferous, 2-5 cm. long; verticils 2-6-flowered ; pedicels usually less than 1 mm. long; fruit about 2 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, rounded or truncate at each end; intermediate ribs not corky-thickened, the dorsal one acute. Wet palmetto-lands, Great Bahama at Barnett's Point ; Andros at Couch Sound : — Bermuda; Jamaica; Cuba: Hispaniola ; Porto Rico; Guadeloupe; southern Africa ; Massachusetts to Florida and Arizona. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as H. pygmaea Wright. Determination of the Bahama plant is from leaf-specimens only. Whorled Marsh Pennywort. 2. Hydrocotyle hirsuta S\v. Prodr. 54. 1788. Hydrocotyle spicata Lam. Encycl. 3: 153. 1789. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes, very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 0.5-3 dm. long. Petioles villous, 1-8 cm. long; leaf -blades suborbicular or reniform, 1-3 cm. broad, crenate, rather deeply cordate, villous on both sides, densely so beneath; spikes peduneled, interrupted, usually longer than the leaves, sometimes 8 cm. long, the peduncles and rachis villous; fruits sessile, glabrous, emarginate at top and bottom, about 1.5 mm. broad. Grassy places, New Providence near Nassau : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Curacao. Hairy Marsh Pennywort. Hydrocotyle umoellata L. recorded for the Bahamas by Dolley has not been found by us anywhere in the islands ; Mr. Brace thinks that the reference really applied to Centella a,siatica. 2. CENTELLA L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1393. 1763. Perennial herbs (some African species shrubby), ours with prostrate stems rooting and sending up tufts of petioled leaves at the nodes, together with 1-3 long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Petiole- bases sheathing. Bracts of the involucels 2-4, mostly prominent. Calyx-teeth none. Disk flat, or slightly concave. Styles filiform. Fruit somewhat flat- tened laterally, rather prominently ribbed, the ribs mostly anastomosing; oil- tubes none. [Latin, diminutive of centrum, a prickle.] About 20 species, of AMMIACEAB. 313 wide distribution, abundant in South Africa. Type species: Centella villosa L. .» 1. Centeila asiatica (L.) Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. II1: 287. 1879. Hydrocotyle asiatica L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753. Hydrocotyle repanda Pers. Syn. 1: 302. 1805. Centella repanda Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 859. 1903. Stem 2-15 cm. long. Petioles 0.5-3 dm. long, sometimes pubescent; blades ovate, rather thick, rounded at the apex, broadly cordate at the base, not peltate, 2-4 cm. long, repand-dentate; pedicels much shorter than the leaves, 1-5 cm. long; umbellets capitate, 2-4-flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts; flowers nearly sessile; fruit 4-5 mm. broad, about 3 mm. high, prominently ribbed and reticulated. Moist ground, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma, Eleuthera, Fortune Island and North Caicos : — Bermuda : Maryland to Florida and Texas ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe ; Martinique ; continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley presumably as Hydrocotyle ion- bellata L. Ovate-leaved Marsh Pennywort. 3. ANETHUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753. Erect, mostly annual, glabrous herbs, with decompound leaves and small yellow flowers in many-rayed compound umbels. Involucre and involucels none, or of very few bracts. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals suborbicular. Stylopodium small, conic. Fruit elliptic or ovate, flat, margined; carpel-ribs slender; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. [Greek, like anise.] A few European and Asiatic species, the following typical. >. 1. Anethum graveolens L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753. Stem terete, simple or branched, slender, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves tripin- nately dissected into nearly filiform segments, the petiole somewhat sheathing ; umbel 12 cm. wide or le&s; involucre and involucels none; rays slender, 4—7 cm. long; umbellets several-many-flowered; petals bright yellow; fruit ovate- elliptic, about 6 mm. long, distinctly margined. Waste and cultivated grounds, escaped from cultivation, Andros, Harbor Island, Eleuthera, Long Island and Dellis' Cay : — escaped in Guadeloupe, Martinique and other West Indian Islands and in Florida. Native of Europe. Dillweed. 4. FOENICULUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 101. 1763. Erect glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, the segments linear or capillary, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium large, conic. Fruit linear- oblorg, glabrous, terete, or nearly so. Carpels half-terete, dorgally flattened, prominently ribbed ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat, or slightly concave. [Latin, diminutive of foenum, hay, from its odor.] About 4 species, of the Old World. Type species: Anethum Foeniculum L. 1. Foeniculum Foeniculum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 837. 1882. Anethum Foenicuhim L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753. Foenicidum vulgare Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 1: 105. 1788. Perennial, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves dissected into capillary segments; petioles broad, clasping; umbels large, 9-25-rayed, the rays rather stout, somewhat glaucous, 2-8 cm. long in fruit; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; fruit about 6 mm. long. 21 314 AMMIACEAE. Waste plans. New Providence at Grant's Town: — Bermuda; New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida. Texas and California; locally in the West Indies and In continental tropical America. Native of the Old World. FENNEL. 5. HELOSCIADIUM Koch, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 121 : 125. 1824. Low herbs, with decompound or dissected leaves, and compound umbels of small white flowers mostly opposite the leaves. Involucre and involucels want- ing in the following species. Calyx-teeth very small or obsolete. Petals entire. Stylopodium depressed. Style short. Fruit ovate or oblong, laterally com- pressed. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs, the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. [Greek, marsh-parasol, some of the species inhabiting marshes.] Six species or more, natives of the Old World. Type species: Hclosciadium nodiflorum (L.) Koch. 1. Helosciadium Ammi (L.) Britton, Fl. Bermuda 279. 1918. Sison Ammi L. Sp. PL 252. 1753. Apium Ammi Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. II1: 341. 1879. Slender, glabrous, much-branched, 0.7-6 dm. high. Leaves ternately pin- natisected, the ultimate segments narrow, often incised; umbels 1-4 cm. broad, opposite the leaves, sessile, the umbellets filiform-stalked ; fruit ovate, glabrous, about 2 mm. long, the ribs equal and prominent. Waste grounds, New Providence, at Grant's Town :— Bermuda ; southern United States ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe ; Martinique ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico to Paraguay ; Australia. Fine-leaved Marsh Parsley. Series 2. Gamopetalae. Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or wanting. The coherence of the petals is sometimes slight or they are quite separate, as in some Primulaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Oleaceae and Cucurbitaceae. From this condition the coherence varies through all stages to the tubular or funnelform corollas of some Convolvulaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Carduaceae. t Ovary superior. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite them, or twice as many, or more. Herbs, shrubs or trees; ovary l-celled. Shrubs or trees ; ovary several-celled. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with them (in Forestiera of the Oleaceae there is no corolla). Corolla not scarious, nerved. Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae in which the ovary is compound with 2 cavities or rarely more, or with 1 cavity and 2 placentae) ; flowers regu- lar ; stamens mostly adnate to only the lower part of the corolla ; leaves mostly opposite. Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) ; flowers regular or irregular ; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond ; leaves opposite or alternate. Corolla scarious, nerveless. Zt Ovary inferior. Anthers distinct. Anthers united (except in Ambrosiaceae). Order 1. Order 2. Primulales. Ebexales. Order 3. Gextianales. Order 4. Polemoxiales. Order 5. Plantaginales. Order 6. Rubiales. Order 7. Campaxulales. MYRSIXACEAE. 315 Order 1. PRIMULALES. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Corolla usually present, gamopetalous. Calyx mostly free from the ovary. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes, or twice as many, or more. Style 1. Shrubs or trees, the fruit drupaceous or baccate. Staminodes none ; fruit 1-seeded. Fam. 1. Mybsinaceae. Corolla bearing staminodes at the sinuses ; fruit several-many-seeded. Fam. 2. Theopheastaceae. Herbs ; fruit capsular. Fam. 3. Peimulaceae. Styles 5 ; herbs ; fruit an achene or utricle. Fam. 4. Plumbagixaceae. Family 1. MYRSINACEAE Lindl. Mtrsine Family. Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous, the leaves mostly alternate, punctate in lines, estipulate, the small regular flowers variously clustered. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4- 6-parted. Corolla mostly rotate or salverform, rarely tubular or of separate petals. Stamens as many as the corolla-segments and opposite them; filaments usually short, distinct or sometimes united; anthers longitudinally dehiscent; staminodes none. Ovary superior, 1- celled; style short or long; stigma various; ovules few, usually immersed in the central placenta. Fruit small, baccate, 1-seeded, sometimes nearly dry. Seed subglobose, the testa thin, the endosperm fleshy or horny. About 20 genera and over 450 species, mostly tropical in distribution. Inflorescence paniculate. 1. Icacorea. Inflorescence short, umbellate, lateral. 2. Rapanea. 1. ICACOREA Aubl. PL Guian. 2: Suppl. 1. 1775. Shrubs or trees, with alternate, mostly eHtire leaves and perfect or polygamo-dioecious white or pink flowers in cymes or panicles. Calyx eam- panulate, 4-5-parted. Corolla nearly rotate, usually 5-parted, the segments spreading or reflexed. Stamens usually 5 ; filaments short or slender, borne at the top of the short corolla-tube; anthers acute or acuminate. Ovary globose; stigma discoid or truncate; ovules several or few. Berry little fleshy. [Guiana name.] Over 200 species, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Icacorea guianensis Aubl. Style filiform, much longer than the ovary. 1. I. paniculnta. Style subulate, not longer than the ovary. 2. I. guadalupensis. x 1. Icacorea paniculata (Nutt.) Sudw. Gard. & For. 6: 324. 1893. Cyrilla paniculata Nutt. Am. Jour. Sci. 5: 290. 1822. Ardisia Pickeringia Torr. & Gray; DC. Prodr. 8: 124. 1844. A shrub or small tree, attaining a maximum height of about 7.5 m. with a trunk up to 1.5 dm. in diameter, the bark white, scaly, the twigs rather stout, puberulent or glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, short-petioled, oblanceo- late, obovate or elliptic, 6-16 cm. long, yellowish or dark green above, pale green beneath, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins slender, the apex obtuse or acute, the base narrowed; panicles terminal, densely many-flowered, 316 TI1K0PIIBASTACEAE. 5-12 em. long; pedicels short, slender; calyx 2 mm. long, its 5 segments ovate, acute, unsymmetrical, filiate; corolla rotate, its 5 oblong or obovate segments reflexed, 3-4 mm. long, white, with purplish lines and dots; anthers orange; fruit globose, black, shining, 7-9 mm. in diameter, tipped by the filiform style. Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence and Eleu- thera :— Florida ; Cuba; Mexico. Marlberry. Dog-berry. 2. Icacorea guadalupensis (Duchass.) Britton; Wilson, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 401. 1917. Ardisia guadalupensis Duchass; Griseb. Kar. 89. 1857. A glabrous shrub 1-3 m. high, or a tree up to 15 m. high, the stout twigs light grey. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-obovate, coriaceous, 10-15 cm. long, obtuse or aeutish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, paler green beneath than above, delicately veined, the stout petioles 7-12 mm. long; panicles terminal, densely many-flowered, 10-15 cm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, rather stout; calyx about 2- mm. long, its 5 segments oblong, obtuse, punctate; corolla white, rotate, its 5 segments ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse, symmetrical, more or less punctate or lineolate; fruit subglobose or depressed- globose, black when mature, 6-8 mm. in diameter, tipped by the short style. Coppices, North Caicos : — Porto Rico to Virgin Gorda and Santa Lucia. Guade- loupe Marlberry. 2. EAPANEA Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 121. 1775. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate coriaceous leaves, and small bracted polygamo-dioeeious flowers in lateral or axillary fascicles. Calyx mostly 4-5- cleft, persistent. Corolla 4-5-parted, or rarely of 4 or 5 separate petals, the segments spreading or recurved. Stamens borne on the bases of the corolla- segments; filaments short; anthers obtuse. Ovary globose or ovoid; style short or slender; stigma various; ovules few or many. Fruit a globose, nearly dry, small 1-seeded berry. [Guiana name.] Over 80 species, mostly of trop- ical regions, the following typical. 1. Rapanea guianensis Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 121. 1775. A shrub or small tree up to 6 m. high, the trunk sometimes 1.5 dm. in diameter, the foliage glabrous, the bark smooth and gray. Leaves mostly clustered near the ends of the rather slender twigs, short-petioled, obovate or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, bright green and somewhat shining above, dull green beneath, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins faint; flowers green, about 4 mm. broad, nearly sessile on the twigs below the leaves; sepals ovate, about 1.5 mm. long; corolla-lobes oblong, glandular-ciliate, 2-3 times as long as the sepals, somewhat unequal; fruit globose, black when mature, about 4 mm. in diameter. Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi- dence. Cat Island, Crooked Island and Mariguana : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; northern South America. Recorded by Dolley as Myrsine laeta DC. Myrsine. Family 2. THEOPHRASTACEAE D. Don. Theophrasta Family. Trees or shrubs, with evergreen coriaceous estipulate leaves, and regu- lar, perfect or polygamo-dioeeious flowers in axillary or terminal clusters or solitary. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-parted, the segments obtuse, imbricated. THEOPHBASTACEAE. 317 Corolla garno}:>etalous, rotate-cainpanulate or cylindric-campanulate, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 5, rarely 4, borne near the base of the corolla-tube; filaments subulate or flattened; anthers mostly extrorse. Staminodia 5. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or slender; stigma capitate or discoid; ovules numerous. Fruit coriaceous or fleshy, inde- hiscent, few-several-seeded. Five genera and about 50 species, of tropical distribution. 1. JACQUINIA L.; Jacq. Enum. 2, 15. 1769. Evergreen shrubs or small trees, with opposite or verticillate coriaceous leaves, and small perfect white or yellow, racemed, corymbed or panicled flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Corolla salverform or short-eampanulate, 5- lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, spreading at anthesis. Staminodia 5, borne on the corolla-tube. Stamens 5, borne on the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 5-carpellary; style short; ovules usually many. Fruit ovoid or globose, coriaceous. Seeds compressed, with cartilaginous endosperm. [Commemorates Nicolas Joseph von Jacquin, 1727-1817, distinguished Austrian botanist.] About 25 species of tropical America. Type species: Jacquinia ruscifolia Jacq. Flowers single in the upper axils and in small terminal clusters. 1. J. Berterii. Flowers in terminal racemes. 2. J. ket/ensis. 1. Jacquinia Berterii Spreng. Syst. 1: 668. 1825. Jacquinia Berterii retusa Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 378. 1899. A much-branched shrub, 1-3 m. high, or tree up to about 7 m. high, the bark whitish, the young twigs scurfy-lepidote. Leaves various in form, oblong to obovate or oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, 2-4 cm. long, rounded, retuse or acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, usually inconspicuously veined, the petioles 1-2 mm. long; inflorescence terminal or in the uppermost axils, 1-6- flowered, much shorter than the leaves; pedicels 5-8 mm. long, thickened upwardly in fruit ; sepals nearly orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous ; corolla about 3 mm. long, its lobes reflexed; staminodia much shorter than the corolla- lobes, somewhat longer than the stamens; fruit ovoid to subglobose, orange or yellow, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Coppices. Cat Island. Watling's, Long Island, Acklin's and Stubb's Cay, Caicos Islands : — Cuba to Anegada and Guadeloupe. Berter's Jacquinia. *: 2. Jacquinia keyensis Mez in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 444. 1901. A tree, up to 6 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 2.5 dm. in diameter, the nearly smooth bark light gray, the young twigs finely pubescent, somewhat angled, densely leafy. Leaves oblong-obovate to spatulate, 3-7 cm. long, obtuse or retuse and apiculate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, shining above, dull beneath, the petioles short; racemes 6 cm. long or less; pedicels stout, about 1 cm. long; sepals ovate-orbicular, obtuse; flowers very fragrant ; corolla salverform, about 1 cm. broad, its lobes longer than the tube; stamens shorter than the staminodia; berry subglobose, orange-red, 8-10 mm. in diameter, hard. Coastal rocks, coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida : ("ays of northern Cuba: Jamaica. Referred by Berrlck, by Dolley and by Hitchcock to Jacquinia annularis Jacq. Joe-wood. Joe-bush. Ironwood. Catesby 1 : ;>/. 98. 318 PRIMULACEAE. Family 3. PRIMULACEAE Vent. Primrose Family. Herbs, with perfect regular flowers. Calyx free from the ovary (adnate to its lower part in Samolus), usually 5-parted, persistent or rarely deciduous. Corolla gamopetalous in our species, usually 5-eleft, deciduous. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them, hypogynous or rarely perigynous, inserted on the corolla; filaments distinct or connate at the base; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally debiscent. Disk obsolete, or none. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Samolus), 1-celled; placenta central, free; ovules anatropous, or amphitropous ; style 1; stigma simple, mostly capitate, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 2-6-valved, rarely cir- cumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds few or several, the testa adherent to the fleshy or horny copious endosperm ; embryo small, straight ; cotyledons obtuse. About 28 genera and 400 species of wide distribution. 1. SAMOLUS L. Sp. PI. 171. 1753. Perennial glabrous herbs, with alternate entire leaves, or the basal ones rosulate. Flowers small, white, in terminal racemes or panicles in our species. Calyx persistent, its tube adnate to the ovary below, its limb 5-cleft. Corolla perigynous, subcampanulate, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, opposite its lobes, alternating with as many staminodia (these wanting in S. eoracteatus) , filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovary partly inferior; ovules amphitropous. Capsule 5-valved from the sum- mit. Seeds minute. [Name Celtic] About 10 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Samolus Valerandi L. Stems leafly to the inflorescence. I. S. floribundus. Stems scapose, leafy below. 2. 8. eiracteatus. 1. Samolus floribundus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 224. 1818. Samolus Valerandi americanus A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 274. 1856. Erect or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, obovate, obtuse; flowers less than 2 mm. broad, in elongated panicled racemes; pedicels filiform, spreading, 8-25 mm. long, bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes acute, shorter than the corolla; corolla-lobes longer than the tube; staminodia 5; capsule 2-3 mm. in diameter. Moist soil, New Providence : — throughout temperate North America to Florida, Texas, California and Mexico ; Cuba. Water Pimpernel. 2. Samolus ebracteatus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 223. 1818. Samodia ebracteata Baudo, Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 20: 350. 1843. Erect, 4 dm. high or less. Leaves 4-12 cm. long, spatulate or obovate, obtuse or the upper acute; flowers white, 6-7 mm. broad, in long-stalked simple or sometimes branched racemes; pedicels ascending, very slender, 15-25 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the corolla; corolla- lobes shorter than the tube; staminodia none; capsule 3-4 mm. in diameter. Moist ground, Andros, at Red Bays : — Florida to Texas and New Mexico ; Cuba. Larger Water Pimpernel. PLUMBAGIXACEAE. 3J9 Family 4. PLUMBAGINACEAE Lindl. Plumbago Family. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with basal or alternate leaves, and perfect and regular clustered flowers. Calyx inferior, gainosepalous, 4-5-toothed, plaited at the sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla of 4 or 5 hypogynous clawed segments connate at the base, or united into a tube. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypogynous; anthers 2-celled, attached by their backs to the filam'ents, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous; styles 5. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the calyx, rarely a dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary; testa membranous; endosperm mealy, or none; embryo straight; cotyledons entire. About 10 genera and 350 species, of wide distribution, many in saline situations. Calyx glandular; claws of the petals united into a tube. 1. Plumbago. Calyx not glandular; claws of the petals distinct or nearly so. 2. Limonium. 1. PLUMBAGO L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753. Perennial herbs, shrubs or vines, with alternate, often clasping leaves, the purple blue red or white flowers in bracted spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, glandular, with 4 or 5 erect lobes. Petals 4 or 5, their claws united into a tube, their blades entire, spreading, the corolla thin, salverform. Stamens 5, distinct, the filaments dilated at the base, the anthers linear. Styles fili- form, stigmatic on the inner side, partly united. Fruit capsular. [Latin, leadwort.] About a dozen species, natives of southern Europe and West- central Asia and tropical America. Type species: Plumbago europaea L. 1. Plumbago scandens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 215. 1762. A perennial woody herb, the branches often elongated and vine-like, glabrous, sometimes 1 m. long. Leaves ovate to oblongdanceolate, mem- branous, glabrous, 3-10 em. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 1 cm. long or less; spikes slender, peduncled, several- many-flowered, 5-12 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, about 5 mm. long; calyx about 1 cm. long, beset with long-stalked glands; corolla white, its filiform tube about 2 cm. long, its obovate mucronate spreading lobes 5-7 mm. long. Waste and cultivated grounds. New Providence, Harbor Island, Cat Island and Grand Turk : — Florida to Arizona ; West Indies and continental tropical America. White I'lumijago* Doctor-hush. 2. LIMONIUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 283. 1763. Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous small flowers cymose- paniculate on bracted scapes, in 1-3-flowered bracteolate clusters, forming one- sided spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb scarious, 5-toothed, the tube usually 10-ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens adnate to the bases of the petals. Styles 5, separate in our species, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit a utricle. [Ancient name of the wild beet.] About 120 species widely dis- tributed. Type species: Statice Limonium L. 320 SAPOTACEAE. 1. Limonium bahamense (Griseb.) Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 142. 1906. Statice bahamensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 389. 1861. Perennial by a deep root; scapes several or many, erect, slender, much branched, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous but scaly, fleshy, terete. Leaves linear or narrowly spathulate, 5 cm. long or longer, mostly wanting at flowering time; scales of the scape triangular-acuminate, scarious-margined, 2-4 mm. long; spikes 1.5-4 cm. long, the flower-clusters densely aggregated; lower bractlet ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the scarious-margined upper one; flowers purple, about 5 mm. long. Salinas, South Caicos and Grand Turk Island. Endemic. Bahama Sea Laven- der. Heather. Order 2. EBENALES. Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, the flowers mostly regular. Calyx free from the ovary (inferior) or more or less adnate to it. Corolla garnopetalous or sometimes polypetalous. Stamens borne on the tube or base of the corolla, as many as its lobes, and opposite them, or more numerous. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 1. Sapotaceae. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more. Fam. 2. Ebenaceae. Family 1. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb. Sapodilla Family. Shrubs or trees, the sap often milky, the leaves mostly alternate, entire, estipulate, often finely veined, the perfect or rarely polygamous flowers clustered. Sepals 4-12, imbricated. Corolla lobed, often appendaged be- tween the lobes. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, often alternating with broad staminodia ; filaments distinct. Ovary sessile, 4-12-celled ; styles united; ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a berry, often large. Seeds shining, smooth; embryo straight. About 35 genera, comprising over 400 species, mostly of tropical distribution. Calyx 4-5-parted. Flowers without staminodia or corolla-appendages. 1. ChrysophiiUum. Flowers with staminodia. Corolla without appendages. Seeds with abundant endosperm. 2. Sideroxylon. Seeds without endosperm. 3. Lucuma. Corolla with appendages. , Ovary smooth ; endosperm copious. 4. Dipholis. Ovary hairy ; endosperm little or none. 5. Bumelia. Calvx 6-12-par'ted. Seeds only 1 or 2. 6. Mimusops. Seeds 4 or 5. 7. Sapota. 1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 192. 1753. Unarmed evergreen trees, with alternate coriaceous leaves, and small, mostly 5-parted flowers, in axillary or lateral fascicles, the sap milky. Sepals nearly alike. Corolla-lobes unappendaged. Stamens included; staminodia none. Ovary pubescent; style short. Fruit a large or small, drupe-like berry. Seeds with a hard, often shining testa and fleshy endosperm. [Greek, refer- SAPOTACEAE. 321 ring to the lustrous pubescence on the under side of the leaves of some species.] Sixty species or more, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Chryso- phyllum Cainito L. 1. Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. Syst. ed. 10, 937. 1759. Chrysophyllum monopyrenum Sw. Prodr. 49. 1788. A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk up to 3 dm. in diameter, the bark fissured, the young twigs brownish-pubescent. Leaves oblong to ovate, 3-10 cm. long, acutish or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, green, glabrous and shining above, densely reddish or brownish-pubescent beneath, the petioles 8-12 mm. long; fascicles few- flowered; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; sepals silky, about 1.5 mm. long; corolla white, 4-6 mm. wide; filaments very short; berry oval, 1-2 cm. long, purple, usually 1-seeded. Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, and North Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico; Jamaica. C. Cainito of Schoepf. Satinleaf. Saffron*-tree. 2. SIDEROXYLON L. Sp. PI. 192. 1753. Unarmed, hard-wooded, evergreen trees or shrubs, with alternate cori- aceous, slender-petioled leaves, and small, 5-parted, greenish-yellow or white flowers in dense axillary or lateral fascicles. Sepals mostly obtuse, imbricated. Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes obtuse, not appendaged. Stamens borne near the middle or top of the corolla-tube, included, opposite the lobes; filaments slender; anthers extrorse; staminodia entire or toothed, alternating with the filaments. Ovary 5-eelled or sometimes 2-3-celled; ovules ascending; style short or slender. Berry ovoid or subglobose, usually 1-seeded. Seed with a crustaceous testa and cartilaginous endosperm. [Greek, referring to the hard wood.] About 75 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Sideroxylon inerme L. >c 1. Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. Enum. 15. 1760. Sideroxylon mastichodendron Jacq. Coll. 2: 253. 1788. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 25 m., with a trunk up to 1.5 m. in diameter, the bark splitting into scale-like plates, the twigs rather slender, glabrous. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate or oval, 5-15 em. long, sparingly pubescent when young, becoming glabrous, mostly rounded at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, lustrous, the slender petioles 2-7 em. long; fascicles several-many-flowered, shorter than the petioles; pedicels 4-10 mm. long; sepals nearly orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, about 2 mm. long; corolla greenish-yellow, about 7 mm. broad, its lobes oblong, obtuse; stami- nodia lanceolate, acuminate, 1 mm. long; berry drupe-like, yellow, oval, 2-2.5 cm. long, glabrous, acid. Coppices and scrub-lands. Abaco, Berry Islands, South Cat Cay, Andros. New Providence, Exuma Chain, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's and Crooked: — Florida; Cuba to St. Thomas and to Barbadoes ; Jamaica. Catesby, 2 : pi. 75. Mastic-bully. 3. LUCUMA Molina, Sagg. Chile 186. 1782. Trees, or some species shrubs-, the leaves mostly coriaceous, the small flowers in axillary or lateral glomerules, or solitary. Calyx-segment- usually 4 or 5, strongly imbricated. Corolla urn-shaped, the tube short, the 4, 5 or 6 322 SAPOTACEAE. lobes imbricated. Stamens 4, 5 or 6, borne on the corolla-tube opposite its lobes, the filaments short or slender. Staminodes linear or scale-like, borne at the sinuses of the corolla. Ovary 2-6-celled, mostly villous; style subulate or conic. Fruit a berry, the pericarp fleshy or thin. Seeds 1-5. [Peruvian name.] Fifty species or more, mostly of tropical America, a few Austral- asian. Type species: Lucuma bifera Molina. 1. Lucuma Serpentaria H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 242. 1819. Lucuma pauciflora A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 168. 1844. A tree, up to about 10 m. high, the bark gray, the rather stout twigs puberulent when young. Leaves oblong-obovate, coriaceous, 5-13 cm. long, glabrous, somewhat shining above, rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, reticulate-veined, the puberulent petioles 3-15 mm. long; peduncles solitary or 2 together in the axils, stout, puberulent, about as long as the petioles or a little longer; calyx-segments round-ovate, puberulent, 6-8 mm. long; corolla about twice as long as the calyx, 6-lobed, the lobes rounded, as long as the tube; ovary 6-celled, tomentose; berry globose, 2-3 cm. in diameter, 3-6-seeded; seeds 1.5-2 cm. long. Coppices, Andros and New Providence : — Cuba. Referred by Coker to L. multi- flora A. DC. Egg-fruit. 4. DIPHOLIS A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 188. 1844. Evergreen unarmed shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, and small, mostly 5-parted, greenish, often fragrant flowers in axillary or lateral fascicles. Sepals ovate to nearly orbicular, imbricated. Corolla rotate or funnelform, its lobes with 2 appendages at each sinus. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, opposite the lobes, exserted, the filaments filiform, the anthers extrorse; stami- nodia 5, often petaloid, alternating with the stamens. Ovary glabrous, 5- celled; ovules ascending; style slender. Fruit an ovoid, subglobose or oblong berry, usually 1-seeded. Seed with a coriaceous testa, and fleshy endosperm. [Greek, referring to the appendages of the corolla.] About 10 species, natives of the West Indian region, the following typical. 1. Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 188. 1844. Achras salicifolia L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: 470. 1762. A slender tree, reaching a maximum height of about 16 m., with a trunk up to 5 dm. in diameter, the bark scaly,the slender young twigs appressed- pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate, slender- petioled, 6-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, somewhat silky-pubescent when young, soon glabrous, dark green and shining above, dull green beneath ; flower-clusters mostly shorter than the petioles ; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; sepals silky-pubescent, 1.5 mm. long, ovate or oblong, obtuse; corolla about 4 mm. broad, its lobes oval, obtuse, about as long as the tube, the appendages about one-half as long; staminodia ovate, irregularly toothed; berry ovoid or subglobose, black, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma, Eleuthera to Mariguana and Caicos Islands : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Jan and Guadeloupe ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico. Bcstic. Wild Cassada. Cassada-wood. SAPOTACEAE. 323 5. BUMELIA Sw. Prodr. 49. 1788. Shrubs or trees, the branches often spineseent, the wood very hard. Leaves sometimes clustered at the nodes. Flowers small, pedicelled, green or white, fascicled in the axils. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the sepals unequal. Corolla 5-lobed, with a pair of lobe-like appendages at each sinus, its tube short. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube; anthers sagittate. Staminodia 5, petaloid. Ovary 5-celIed; style filiform. Berry small, the peri- carp fleshy, enclosing a single erect seed. Seed shining, the hilum at the base. [Greek, ox (large) ash.] About 35 species, natives of America. Type species: Bumelia retusa Sw. Leaves narrow, linear to spathulate, 2-10 mm. wide, wider only on shoots; fruit oblong-cylindric. 1. B. angustifoUa. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 1—4 cm. wide, fruit globose to ovoid. Pedicels little if at all longer than the petioles : leaves obo- vate or oblanceolate. or on shoots suborbicular. 2. B. loranthifolia. Pedicels much longer than the petioles ; leaves spathulate to oblanceolate. 3. B. balwmcnsis. 1. Bumelia angustifolia Xutt. Sylv. 3: 38, *. 93. 1849. Bumelia Eggersii Pierre in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 146. 1904. A glabrous shrub' or small tree, reaching a maximum height of about 8 m. Leaves linear to spatulate, or those of shoots obovate, 2-4 cm. long, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled; fascicles few-many- flowered; pedicels 3-6 mm. long; sepals ovate, about 2 mm. long, obtuse, the inner wider than the outer; corolla-lobes orbicular, erose-denticulate, the lance- olate appendages acuminate; staminodia ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long, erose; fruit oblong to oblong-cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, purple-black. Palmetto-lands, coastal thickets, borders of salinas. Great Bahama, Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, and Rose Island : — Florida ; Cuban Cays. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker as B. microphylla Griseb. Narrow-leaved Bumelia. 2. Bumelia loranthifolia (Pierre) Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 447. 1905. Bumelia retusa loranthifolia Pierre in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 145. 1904. A shrub, 1-3 m. high, or sometimes straggling, or a tree up to 8 m. high, the young twigs densely brown-tomentulose., Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, 1-5 cm. long, glabrous and shining above, brown-tomentulose be- neath when young, becoming glabrous, rounded or somewhat retuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, the petioles 2-5 mm. long; pedicels as long as the petioles or a little longer; sepals suborbicular, 2-3 mm. long, the outer ones tomentu- lose; corolla about twice as long as the sepals, its lobes about as long as the tube; staminodia lanceolate; fruit globose, oblong or ovoid, 6-9 mm. in diam- eter, black. Coppices, pine-lands, white-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Inagua, Mariguana. Cotton Cay and the Anguilla Isles. Endemic. Referred bv Hitchcock and by Dolley to B. retusa Sw. ; recorded by Mrs. Northrop as B. euhcnsis Griseb. Wild Saffron. Milk-berry. 3. Bumelia bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 447. 1905. A shrub with slender puberulous twigs, related to B. loranthifolia. Leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, coriaceous, revolute-margined, 8 cm. long or less, 1.5- 2.5 cm. wide, rounded at the apex, narrowly cuneate at the base, dull green and glabrous above, densely brown-tomentulose beneath, rather strongly pinnately veined, the veins ascending at a narrow angle; petioles stout, 5 mm. long or 324 SAPOTACEAE. less; flowers about 6 in each axillary cluster; pedicels brown-furfuraceous, stout, 8-10 mm. long, three times as long as the calyx. Coastal thickets and scrub-lands, New Providence, Rose Island and Long Island. Endemic. Perhaps a long-leaved, long-pedicelled race of the preceding species. Bahama Bumelia. 6. MIMUSOPS L. Sp. PI. 349. 1753. Evergreen milky trees, with coriaceous leaves, and lateral, axillary or terminal flowers. Sepals 6-12, in 2 series. Corolla 18-24-lobed, its tube short. Stamens 6-12, borne on the corolla-tube, the filaments short, the anthers lance- olate ; staminodia 6-12, petal-like, toothed or lacerate. Ovary hirsute, 6-12- celled. Berry sub-globose, the epicarp usually crustaceous. Seeds 1 or 2, oblique, compressed. [Greek, aspect of an ape.] About 40 species, mostly tropical in distribution. Type species : Mimusops Elengi L. 1. Mimusops emarginata (L.) Britton, Torreya 11: 129. 1911. Sloanea emarginata L. Sp. PI. 512. 1753. Achras Zapotilla parvifolia NuttaJl, Sylv. 3: 28. 1849. Mimusops parvifolia Eadlk. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Mueneh. 12: 344. 1882. Achras bahamensis Baker, in Hook. Ic. 18: pi. 1795. 1888. Mimusops floridana Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 12: 524. 1890. Mimusops bahamensis Pierre, Not. Sapot. 37. 1891. Manilkara parvifolia Dubard, Ann. Mus. Col. Marseille III. 3: 16. 1916. A tree, up to 10 m. high, the trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter, the twigs stout, the young foliage finely pubescent. Leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, oblong, 3-10 cm. long, emarginate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous or nearly so when old, the petioles 1-2 cm. long; flowers several or many in the clusters, on tomentose nodding pedicels 1-3 cm. long; sepals tomentose, lanceolate; corolla 1.5-2 em. broad, light yellow, its linear lobes often toothed at the apex; appendages similar to the corolla-lobes, about one-half their length; staminodia triangular; berry depressed-globose, nearly 3 cm. in diameter, scaly. Scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to East Caicos, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba. Recorded by Grisebach, by Dolley and by Mrs. Northrop as Mimusops dissecta R. Br. ; recorded by Hitchcock, by Small and by Coker as Mimusops Sicberi DC. Wild Dillt. Catesby, 2 : pi. 87. 7. SAPOTA [Plum.] Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 7. 1759. An unarmed evergreen tree, with alternate coriaceous, oblong to elliptic leaves, and rather large, peduncled, mostly 6-parted, whitish flowers solitary in the axils, the sap milky. Calyx-lobes in 2 series. Corolla urceolate, scarcely longer than the calyx; anthers sagittate; staminodia little shorter than the corolla-lobes. Ovary 10-12-celled; ovules ascending; style slender, exserted; stigma small. Fruit a large, rough-skinned berry. Seeds black, shining, the endosperm fleshy. [Aboriginal West Indian name.] A monotypic genus. *; 1. Sapota Achras Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. no. 1. 1768. Achras Zapota L. Syst. ed. 10, 988. 1759. Not A. Zapota L. Sp. PI. 1190. 1753. A tree up to about 15 m. high, the bark dark brown, the twigs rather stout, the petioles, peduncles and calyx brownish pubescent. Leaves mainly clustered EBEXACEAE. 325 at the ends of the twigs, 5-12 cm. long, the lateral veins nearly transverse, delicate, close together, the apex obtuse, the base mostly narrowed, the slender petioles 5-20 mm. long; peduncles about as long as the petioles; sepals 8-10 mm. long; corolla-lobes about half as long as the tube; staminodia longer than the stamens; fruit globose or ovoid, 3-8 cm. in diameter, rough, brown, the flesh sweet, brownish, milky; seeds usually several, flattened, about 2 cm. long, with a white scar on the inner edge. Scrub-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, in various localities in the Bahamas : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico and northern South America. Sapodilla. Family 2. EBENACEAE Vent. Ebony Family. Trees or shrubs with very hard wood, entire estipulate leaves, and dioecious polygamous, or rarely perfect, regular flowers, solitary or cymose in the axils. Calyx inferior, 3-7-lobed, commonly accrescent and persist- ent. Corolla gamorjetalous, deciduous, 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually con- volute in the bud. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla in the sterile flowers, and inserted on its tube, usually some imperfect ones in the pistillate flowers ; anthers introrse, erect. Disk none. Ovary superior, several-celled ; in the staminate flowers rudimentary or none ; ovules 1-3 in each cavity, suspended ; styles 2-8, distinct, or united below ; stigmas terminal, sometimes 2-parted. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, the testa bony; endosperm copious, cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons large, foliaceous. About 6 genei*a and 275 species, mostly tropical. 1. MABA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 121. 1776. Hard-wooded trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and dioecious (rarely monoecious) axillary, mostly 3-parted flowers, usually solitary, or the staminate ones in small clusters. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, accrescent and persistent in fruit. Corolla campanulate or tubular. Staminate flowers with few or several stamens, the filaments separate or connate, the anthers oblong or linear, the ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers with a 3-celled or 6-celled ovary, and 3 styles or a 3-eleft style, sometimes with staminodia. Fruit baccate, somewhat fleshy or dry. Seeds 1-6, the endosperm commonly ruminated. [Tonga Islands name.] Sixty species or more, natives of tropical regions. Type species: Maba elliptica Forst. 1. Maba crassinervis (Krug & Urban) Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 329. 1912. Maba caribaea crassinervis Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 327. 1893. A shrub 1-3 m. high, or a small tree up to about 7 m. high, the branches slender, gray, stiff, the young twigs pubescent. Leaves obovate to elliptic, coriaceous, 3-7 cm. long, rounded, subtruncate or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, glabrous, dark green and shining above, pale, strongly and densely reticulate-veined and pubescent beneath, the stout pubescent petioles 2-7 mm. long; staminate flowers 3 together on short axillary peduncles : calyx 3-4-toothed, densely pubescent, about 4 mm. long; corolla glabrous within, densely pubescent without; stamens 9; pistillate flowers solitary; fruit solitary and short-peduncled in the axils, globose, yellowish, 1.5-2.3 cm. in diameter, the persistent calyx 1-2 cm. wide; seeds about 1 em. long, ovoid, oblique. 326 OLEACEAE. Coppices and rocky scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, Eleuthera, Watling's, Atwood Cay, Great Ragged Island, Fortune, Acklin's and Crooked Islands: — Cuba; Hlspanlola. Recorded by Coker as Macreightia caribaea A. DC, and referred by Hitchcock to Diospyros halesioides Grlseb. Feather-bed. Boa-wood. Order 3. GENTIANALES. Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate. Flowers regular. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous, nerved, want- ing in Forestiera of the Oleaceae. Stamens mostly borne on the lower part of the corolla when this is present, as many as its lobes or fewer and alter- nate with them. Ovaries 2, distinct, or 1 with 2 cavities (rarely more), or 2 placentae. a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none. Fam. 1. Oleaceae. b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Stigmas distinct ; juice not milky ; ovary 1, compound. Ovary 2-celled ; leaves stipulate, or their bases con- nected by a stipular line. Fam. 2. Loganiaceae. Ovary 1-celled ; leaves not stipulate. Leaves opposite, rarely verticillate ; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Fam. 3. Gentianaceae. Leaves tufted or alternate; corolla-lobes indupli- cate-valvate in the bud; Bahama species aquatic. Fam. 4. Menyanthaceae. Stigmas united ; juice milky ; ovaries usually 2. Styles united ; stamens distinct ; pollen of simple grajns_ Fam. 5. Apocynaceae.. Stvles distinct ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pol- len-grains united into waxy masses. Fam. 6. Asclepiadaceab. Family 1. OLEACEAE Lindl. Olive Family. Trees or shrubs (a few genera almost herbaceous) with opposite or rarely alternate, simple or pinnate, estipulate leaves and regular 2— 1-parted flowers in panicles, cymes or fascicles. Calyx inferior, usually small, some- times none. Corolla various, or none. Stamens 2-4; filaments separate; anthers ovate, oblong or linear, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled ; ovules few in each cavity, anatropous or amphit- ropous; style usually short or none. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or drupe. Endosperm fleshy, horny or wanting; embryo straight, rather large; radicle usually short. About 21 genera and 525 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Corolla none; fruit a drupe. 1- Forestiera. Corolla large, conspicuous. Corolla salverform ; fruit fleshy, didymous. -'• Jasmrnum. Petals distinct ; fruit drupaceous. 3. Mayepea. 1. FORESTIERA Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 664. 1812. Shrubs or trees, with opposite deciduous simple leaves, and very small, clustered, incomplete and commonly imperfect flowers axillary or on twigs of the previous season. Calyx-tube short, the limb deeply 4-6-lobed. Corolla none (rarely of 1 or 2 small petals). Stamens 2 or 4. Ovary 2-celled; stigmas thick, sometimes 2-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe commonly OLEACEAE. 327 1-seeded. Endosperm fleshy. [Commemorates Charles Le Forestier, a French physician.] About 10 American species. Type species: Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. 1. Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 339. 1893. Myrica segregata Jacq. Coll. 2: 273. 1788. Adelia porulosa Michx. EL Bor. Am. 2: 224. 1803. Adelia segregata Kuntze, B«v. Gen. PL 410. 1891. Foresteria cassinoides Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 665. 1812. Forestiera segregata stenocarpa Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 340. 1893. A shrub, or a small tree up to 7 m. high and a trunk diameter of 1.5 dm., the branches slender. Leaves rather firm in texture, oblong to lanceolate or obovate, 1.5-6 em. long, obtuse or aeutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, shining above, pale and reticulate-veined beneath, punctate when dry, short- petioled; flowers very small, yellowish green; drupes oblong to oval, 6-10 mm. long, short-pedicelled, purplish, the stone longitudinally ribbed. Scrub-lands, throughout the islands from Abaco and Great Bahama to Mariguana and Grand Turk : — .Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba to St. Croix ; Tortola ; Jamaica. Floeida Privet. Ink-bush. 2. JASMINTJM L. Sp. PL 7. 1753. Shrubs or woody vines, with mostly opposite, simple or compound leaves, and large, clustered or solitary flowers. Calyx lobed or parted. Corolla salver- form, its tube cylindric, its limb lobed or parted, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 2, included; filaments short; anthers laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style very slender; stigma capitate or 2-lobed; ovules mostly 2 in each cavity. Fruit didymous, fleshy. Seeds without endosperm. [Ancient name, of Arabic origin.] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Jasmi- num officinale L. 1. Jasminum Sambac (L.) Soland.; Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 8. 1789. Nyctanthes Sambac L. Sp. PL 6. 1753. A shrub, 1-2 m. high, the young shoots sparingly pubescent. Leaves ovate to elliptic, membranous, deciduous, 3-7 cm. long, acute, obtuse or short- acuminate at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, glabrous and finely reticulate-veined on both sides, the pubescent petioles 3-6 mm. long; cymes peduncled, terminal, few-several-flowered, pubescent; pedicels 6-12 mm. long; calyx-segments numerous, linear, about 1 cm. long; corolla white, fragrant, its tube somewhat longer than the calyx, its limb about 2 cm. wide, the lobes obtuse. Presumably spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence, collected by Cooper in 1850: — Escaped from cultivation in various West Indian Islands and in South America. Native of the East Indies. Arabian Jasmine. 3. MAYEPEA Aubl. PL Guian. 1: 81. 1775. Trees or shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, the rather large, mostly white bracteolate flowers usually panicled. Calyx small, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Petals 4, distinct or very nearly so, narrow. Stamens 2, rarely 4, borne at the bases of the petals; filaments short; anthers ovate to linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 328 LOGANIACEAE. 2 in each cavity; style short; stigma oblong to globose. Fruit a small oblong drupe, with thin flesh and hard endocarp. [Guiana name.] About 50 species, natives of tropical regions. Type species: Mayepea guianensis Aubl. 1. Mayepea bumelioides (Griseb.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 344. 1893. Linociera bumelioides Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 169. 1866. A tree, up to 10 m. high, the branches erect or ascending, the bark pale, the twigs slender, pale gray, glabrous. Leaves elliptic to oblong or obovate- oblong, subcoriaceous, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, coarsely reticulate-veined, glabrous, bright green and shining above, pale green beneath, the petioles 1-2 cm. long; panicles axillary and terminal, as long as the leaves or shorter, several-many-flowered, puberulent; bractlets ovate, acute, 1-1.5 mm. long; pedicels about as long as the bractlets; calyx 1.5-2 mm. long, its teeth ovate, acute; petals linear, white, 6-8 mm. long; filaments about 2 mm. long; anthers ovate-oblong. Coppices near Nicholl's Town and Crow Hill, Andros : — Cuba. Black Ebony. An opposite-leaved shrub, found in foliage only near Staniard Creek, Andros (Small and Carter 8898), may be of this genus. Family 2. LOGANIACEAE Dumort. Logania Family. Herbs, shrubs, vines or some tropical genera trees, with opposite or vertieillate simple stipulate leaves, or the leaf -bases connected by a stipular line or membrane, and regular perfect 4— 5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior, the tube campanulate, sometimes short or none, the segments imbricated, at least in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanulate, or rarely rotate. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers 2-eelled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; pollen-grains simple. Disk usually none. Ovary superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule in our species. Embryo small, usually straight ; endosperm copious ; radicle terete or conic. About 30 genera and 400 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Corolla-lobes valvate. Corolla funnelform or salverform. stvles united. 1. Spigelia. Corolla urn-shaped, styles soon distinct. 2. Cynoctonum. Corolla-lobes imbricated. 3. Polypremum. 1. SPIGELIA L. Sp. PI. 149. 1753. # Herbs, with opposite membranous entire, pinnately veined leaves, small stipules, or the leaf -bases connected by a stipular line, and red yellow nearly white or purple flowers, in scorpioid cymes or unilateral spikes, or terminal and in the forks of the branches. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, the tube finely 15-nerved. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; anthers 2-lobed at the base. Ovules numerous, on peltate placentae; style filiform, jointed near the middle ; stigma obtuse. Capsule didymous, 2-celled, somewhat flattened contrary to the dissepiment, circumscissile, the 2 carpels becoming 2-valved. Seeds peltate, not wTinged. [Named for Adrian von der Spigel, 1558-1625, physician.] About 35 species, all American. Type species: Spigelia Anthel- mia L. LOGANIACEAE. 329 1. Spigelia Anthelmia L. Sp. PL 149. 1753. Annual, simple or branched, 5 dm. high or less. Leaves lanceolate, 3-10 em. long, acute or acuminate, pale beneath, finely ciliolate; inflorescence sub- tended by a whorl or pair of lanceolate or ovate bracts larger than the leaves; flowers small, in slender unilateral spikes 5-12 cm. long; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, about 2 mm. long; corolla purplish white, 5-9 mm. long; capsules 5-6 mm. broad, tubercled. Moist soils, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma, Eleuthera, Cat Island, YVatling's, Acklin's, Crooked and Fortune Islands and Mariguana : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Spigelia. Pink. 2. CYNOCTONUM J. F. Gmel. Syst. 443. 1791. Herbs, our species annual, with opposite entire leaves, and minute stipules, or the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line. Flowers small, whitish, in one- sided spikes forming cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included; filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovules numerous, on peltate placentae; style short, 2-divided below, united above by the common stigma, the divisions becoming separate. Capsule 2-lobed at the summit ; carpels divaricate, dehiscent along the inner side. Seeds numerous, small, tuberculate. [Greek, dog-killing.] About 5 species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Cynoctonum sessilifolium Gmel. 1. Cynoctonum Mitreola (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 258. 1894. Ophiorrhiza Mitreola L. Sp. PI. 150. 1753. Mitreola petiolata T. & G. Fl. X. A. 2: 45. 1841. Stem glabrous, erect, terete, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, petioled, 2.5-8 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acute at both ends, glabrous; cymes terminal and often also in the upper axils, slender-peduncled ; flowers about 2 mm. broad, numerous, sessile or nearly so; capsule deeply 2-lobed, compressed, the lobes at length widely diverging, acute. Savannas, brackish marshes, palmetto-lands and borders of mangrove swamps, Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : — Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico ; Cuba to Porto Rico and to Trinidad ; Jamaica. The Andros plant recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Cynootonum sessilifolia (T. & G.) Britton, proves to be better referable to this species. Mitkewort. 3. POLYPREMUM L. Sp. PI. 111. 1753. A glabrous diffusely branched annual herb, with opposite linear-subulate leaves, their bases connected by a stipular membrane, and small white flowers in terminal bracted cymes. Calyx deeply 4-parted (rarely 5-parted), the seg- ments subulate. Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the calyx, 4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed). Stamens 4 (rarely 5), inserted on the corolla, included ; filaments short ; anthers ovoid-globose. Ovules numerous, on oblong placentae; style short; stigma capitate or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule slightly compressed, didymous, loculicidally 2-valved, the carpels at length septicidal. Seeds minute, smooth. [Greek, many-stemmed.] A monotypic genus. 1. Polypremum procumbens L. Sp. PI. 111. 1753. Stems tufted, somewhat rigid, 4-angled, 5-30 cm. long. Leaves 1-4 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, acute, sessile, minutely rough-toothed on the margins, often 22 330 GENTIANACEAE. with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flowers solitary, sessile in the forks of the cymes and along their branches, leafy -bracted ; corolla 2 mm. long or less; capsule crustaceous, didymous, about 2 mm. in diameter, slightly 2-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Scrub-lands, Inagua at Matthew Town : — New Jersey to Kentucky, Florida, Mexico and Colombia; Cuba; Jamaica. Poiapkemum. Family 3. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Gentian Family. Bitter mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) estipu- late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Leiphaimos, and regular perfect flowers in clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. Calyx inferior, persistent, ^-12-lobed, toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Obolaria), the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, often marcescent, 4-12-lobed or -parted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers 2- celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, 1-celled or partly 2-celled; ovules numerous, anat- ropous or amphitropous; stigma entire, or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Endosperm fleshy, copious; embryo small, terete or conic. About 70 genera and 700 species, widely distributed. Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud ; leaves broad or narrow. Stigmas roundish, much shorter than the style. Corolla-tube surpassing the calyx. 1. Centaurium. Corolla-tube much shorter than the calyx. 2. Eustoma. Stigmas linear or nearly so, about as long as the style. 3. Sabbatia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud ; leaves reduced to scales. 4. Leiphaimos. 1. CENTAURIUM Hill, Brit. Herbal 62. 1756. Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and pink white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-4-lobed or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4-lobed, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted on the corolla tube ; filaments short-filiform ; anthers becoming spirally twisted. Ovary 1-celled., the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Latin, 100 gold pieces, referring to supposed medicinal value.] About 25 species, both in the Old World and the Xew. Type species: Gentiana Centaurium L. 1. Centaurium Brittonii Millsp. & Greenm. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 308. 1909. Annual, glabrous, much-branched, 5-18 cm. high, the branches very slender, quadrangular. Basal and lower leaves obtuse or oblong-spatulate ; upper leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute, 1.8 cm. long or less; peduncles nearly filiform, much longer than the upper leaves; flowers white with a yellowish eye, 3-5-parted (mostly 4-parted) ; calyx 5-6 mm. long, its segments narrowly linear, acute ; corolla 6-10 mm. long, its lobes oblong, about one-half as long as the tube; capsule linear-elliptic, 6-8 mm. long. Dry sandy roadsides and sandy edge of marshes, Eleuthera, Watling's and Great Exuma : — Anegada. Beitton's Centaury. I GENTIANACEAE. 331 2. EUSTOMA Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 34. 1806. Glabrous, often glaucous, annual herbs, with opposite, sessile or clasping, entire leaves. Flowers large, blue, purple or white, long-peduncled. Calyx deeply 5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla deeply 5-6- lobed, the lobes oblong or obovate, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary 1-celled; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds small, numerous, foveolate. [Greek, open-mouth, referring to the corolla.] Four or five species, natives of the southern United States, Mexico and the West Indies. Type species: Eustoma silenifolium Salisb. 1. Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 422. 1861. Gentiana exaltata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 331. 1762. Erect, slightly fleshy, 1-9 dm. high, large plants often much-branched and many-flowered, small plants simple and 1-flowered. Leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, somewhat clasping, sessile, 1.5-9 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the upper acute; calyx-lobes nearly filiform-acuminate, 1-2 cm. long; corolla blue or nearly white, sometimes light blue above and dark blue below within, 2-4 cm. broad, its lobes obovate, irregularly dentate; style about twice as long as the stigma-lobes; capsule oblong, obtuse, 2-2.5 cm. long. Brackish borders of marshes and savannas. North Bimini, Andros, New Provi- dence, Great Exuma, Long Island, Cat Island and Acklin's :— Florida to Texas, Mexico and south to northern South America ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. Mahsh Gentian. 3. SABBATIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 503. 1763. Annual or biennial erect glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes verti- cillate, sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and terminal pink rose or white flowers. Calyx 4-12-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate, sometimes very short, the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4—12- parted. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the short tube of the corolla; filaments fili- form short; anthers curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovary 1-eelled, the placentae intruded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of L. Sabbati, an Italian botanist.] About 18 species, natives of eastern Xorth America, Mexico and the West Indies. Type species: Gentiana dodecandra L. Corolla 2-3 cm. wide, rose-pink; stigmas oblong-linear. 1. S. campanulata. Corolla less than 2 cm. wide, pure white; stigmas spatulate. 2. 8. simulata. 1. Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torrey, Fl. U. S. 1: 217. 1824. Chironia campanulata L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. Sabbatia gracilis Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 32. 1806. Stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, sessile, acute or the lowest much shorter, obtuse, oblong or oblanceolate, the uppermost almost filiform; flowers pink with a yellow eye, about 2.5 cm. broad, mostly 5-parted; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the oblong-obovate corolla-segments, or somewhat shorter; stigmas oblong-linear; capsule obovoid, about 5 mm. high. Brackish marshes, Abaco and Great Bahama: — Eastern Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana : — Cuba. Slender Marsh Tink. 332 M i:\V.\NTITACEAE. 2. Sabbatia simulata Britton,., Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 448. 1905. similar to S. campanidata but more slender than that species and with smaller white flowers. Planl I dm. high or loss, the upper leaves narrowly linear, l-."> em. long, about 1 nun. wide, the lower spatulate, acute, 4 cm. long or less, 2—5 nun. wide, the basal ones spatulate to orbicular; calyx lobes nar- rowly linear, Less than 1 mm. wide, nearly as long as the corolla Or shorter; corolla 1-2 em. broad, its segments oval, obtuse; capsule ovoid, about G mm. long, tipped by the short style; stigmas narrowly spatulate. Savannas, palmetto lands and edges of brackish pools, Abaeo, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera nnd Cal Island. Endemic. Referred by .Mrs. Northrop and hv Coker to 8. campamdata (L.) Torr., and listed by Dolley as 8. gracilis Salisb. White Mahsb Pink. 4. LEIPHAIMOS Schl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 387. 1831. Small saprophytic pale simple-stemmed herbs, without chlorophyll, the stems white or yellowish, bearing opposite sessile scales or the lower scales alternate, the flowers terminal, eymose or solitary. Calyx braetcolate at the base, 4-5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, 4-5-lobed, !?mall. Stamens 4 or 5, included; filaments mostly short; anthers introrse. Ovary 1-eelled, with 2 parietal placentae; style one; stigma capitate or dilated. Capsule oblong or linear, septicidally dehiscent at the middle. [Greek, pallid.] About 20 species, mostly of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Leiphaimos parasitica Schl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 387. 1831. Vojiria mexicana Griseb. Gen. et Spec. Gent. 208. 1838. Stem somewhat fleshy, whitish, 1-4 dm. high, erect, slender, simple or little-branched, bearing few opposite scales 3-5 mm. long. Calyx-lobes lanceo- late, obtuse; corolla whitish or yellowish, 6-8 mm. long, its triangular acute lobes about one-fourth as long as the tube; capsule 5-6 mm. long. Floor of coppices in leaf mold. Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling's, Crooked Island and North Caicos: — Florida; Cuba; Jamaica; Mexico. Leiphaimos. Family 4. MENYANTHACEAE G. Bon. Buckbean Family. Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate leaves, and clustered regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, per- sistent. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes; anther-sacs longitudinaly dehiscent; pollen-grains 3-angled. Ovary 1- eelled, the 2 placentae sometimes intruded. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent. Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed. 1. NYMPHOIDES Hill, Brit. Herbal 77. 1756. [Limnanthemum S. G. Gmel. Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop. 141: 527. 1769.] Aquatic herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves petioled, ovate or orbicular, entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yellow, or white, umbel- late at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or axillary. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate- APOCYNACEAE. 333 valvate in the bud, sometimes fimbriate on the margins. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary 1-celled; style short or none; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule indehiscent or irregularly bursting. [Greek, resembling Nymphaca.] About 20 species, widely distributed. Type species: Nymphoides (lava Hill. 1. Nymphoides aureum Britton. LivuitiiiUii itiiim aureum Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 142. 1906. Rootstoek 1 cm. thick, 3-4 cm. long. Stolons rather slender, purple-dotted, 2-3 dm. long, or longer, bearing a petioled floating leaf and an umbel of slender-pedieelled flowers at its summit but no tufts of tubers; leaves sub- peltate, floating, ovate-orbicular, 8 cm. long or less, entire, or irregularly repand, thick, dull-green above, purple and densely dotted beneath, the basal sinus narrow, acute, or the obtuse lobes somewhat overlapping; petioles stout, 2-4 cm. long, inserted on the leaf -blade 1-3 mm. from the sinus; umbel several-flowered; pedicels slender, 3-5 cm. long in fruit; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acutish, 5-6 mm. long; corolla-segments about 8 mm. long, golden-yellow, their margins fimbriate; capsule oblong-ovoid, as long as the sepals; style subulate, per- sistent, 2-3 mm. long; seeds compressed-globose, wingless, smooth, 1 mm. broad and about one half as thick as wide. Ponds on Great Exumn, near Georgetown and on Andros near Nicholl's Town. Endemic. Bahama Floating Heart. Family 5. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Dogbane Family. Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly with an acrid milky juice, with simple estipulate leaves, and perfect regu- lar 5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes convolute in (he bud and often twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers 2-celled; pollen-grains simple. Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or 1-celled, will: U parietal placentae, or 2-celled; ovules anatropous or amphit- ropous; style simple, or 2-divided; stigma simple. Fruit usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons. About L30 genera and 1100 species, very widely distributed, mostly in tropical regions. Fruit follicular. Trees, shrubs, or shrubby herbs. Woody i rees or shrubs. Seeds with a wing. 1. Plumtera. Seeds with a coma. 2. Neobracea. Herbaceous plant, shrubby at the base. 3. Oatharanthus. Vines: seeds with a coma. Corolla-tube subcyllndrlc. 4. Echites. Corolla-tube narrowly campanulate above the short, cylin- drlc base. i :ii\x loin s short. 5. Rhabdadenia. Calyx-lobes long, linear-acuminate. 6. Urechites. Fruit fleshy. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate; corolla large, funnelform. 7. Oerbera. Leaves opposite or whorled; corolla small, salverform. 8. Rauioolfla. Shrub; leaves alternate ; corolla salverform. 9. Valleaia. 334 APOCYNACEAE. 1. PLUMIERA L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with very stout branches, copious milky sap, alternate petioled feather-veined leaves, and large bracted flowers in terminal, peduncled cymes. Calyx small, fleshy, 5-cleft, eglandular. Corolla salverform, the tube subcylindric, the 5 lobes sinistrorse. Stamens borne near the base of the corolla-tube, included; anthers obtuse, their sacs unappendaged. Carpels 2, distinct; ovules many in each carpel; style very short; stigma oblong, not annulate, obtusely 2-lobed at the apex. Follicles 2, coriaceous, usually linear and divaricate, many-seeded. Seeds flat, winged, the endosperm fleshy. [Com- memorates Charles Plumier, a distinguished French botanist, born 1646.] About 45 species, of tropical America. Type species: Plumiera rubra L. Leaves glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves obtuse or emarginate. Corolla-tube as long as the lobes ; leaves oblong to oblong- obovate. 1. P.obtusa. Corolla-tube shorter than the lobes ; leaves obovate. 2. P. inaguensis. Leaves acute or mucronate. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate ; color of flowers unknown. 3. P. bahamcnsis. Leaves broadly elliptic to obovate ; flowers red or purple. 4. P. rubra. Leaves densely pubescent beneath. 5. P. sericifolia. 1. Plumiera obtusa L. Sp. PL 210. 1753. A tree, 4-6 m. high, often flowering when not more than 1.5 m. high, the stout twigs, the leaves and the inflorescence glabrous. Leaves oblong to oblong- oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, 7-20 cm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, mostly narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, the lateral veins nearly straight and rather widely spreading, the slender petioles 2-6 cm. long; panicles few-several-flowered; peduncle as long as the leaves or shorter; pedicels short; calyx about 3 mm. long; corolla white with a yellow eye, the lobes obovate or oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, 1.5-2 cm. long, about as long as the tube; follicles 7-12 cm. long, about 1 cm. in diameter. Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Watling's, Provi- denciales, Caicos and Grand Turk : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Mona ; recorded from Jamaica. Hitchcock's Governor's Harbor specimen referred to P. emarginata is this species. Recorded by Schoepf as P. alba L. Blunt-leaved Plumiera. Frangi- panni. Catesby, 2 : pi. 93. 2. Plumiera inaguensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 448. 1905. A glabrous tree, 5 m. high or less. Leaves obovate, rather thin, the blade 6-10 cm. long, 4—6 em. wide, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, dark green and shining above, bright green and dull beneath, the numerous veins diverging from the midrib at an angle of about 80°, the midrib impressed on the upper surface, elevated beneath; petioles stout, 1-2 cm. long; peduncle stout, 4-10 cm. long; cyme compound, 8 cm. broad or less, densely many-flowered; pedicels slender, 8-12 mm. long; calyx short- campanulate, slightly 5-lobed, the lobes broad, rounded; corolla white, its tube slender, about 1 cm. long, its 5 lobes narrowly obovate, rounded or slightly emarginate, somewhat longer than the tube ; stamens about one-third the length of the corolla-tube; follicles linear, terete, 9 cm. long, 8 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, Fortune Island and the Inaguas. Endemic. Inagua Plumieea. 3. Pulmiera bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 387. 1900. A small tree, about 3 m. high, the twigs about 1 cm. thick. Leaves lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 8-16 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, chartaceous, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the midvein impressed APOCYNACEAE. 335 above, prominent beneath, the lateral veins numerous, straight ascending; fol- licles (Brace no. 4275 from Acklin's island, the type locality) about 10 cm. long and 12 mm. in diameter; corolla (Brace, Fortune Island) about 2 cm. broad, the slender tube about as long as the lobes. Rocky scrub-lands, Acklin's and Fortune Islands. Endemic. Bahama Plumieba. 4. Plumiera rubra L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753. A tree, 5-8 m. high, the young twigs, peduncles and pedicels pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong to elliptic-obovate, 1.5-4 dm. long, acute or short-acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous on both sides, the lateral veins rather distant and widely spreading, the petioles 3-6 cm. long ; panicles several- many-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves; pedicels stout, thickened above, 1.5-3 cm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long; corolla purple or red, 5-7 cm. broad, the tube rather shorter than the limb, the lobes broadly elliptic, obtuse ; follicles 1.5-2.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. Open scrub-lands, Mangrove Cay : — Porto Rico to Trinidad ; Jamaica. Jessa- mine. Spanish Jasmine. Red Plumieba. Red Frangipanni. 5. Plumiera sericifolia C. Wright; Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 171. 1866. A small tree, sometimes 5 m. high, the stout twigs pubescent when young. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, coriaceous, 7-15 cm. long, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, dark green and glabrous or nearly so above, pale and densely pubescent beneath, the stout pubescent petioles 1-4 cm. long; peduncles stout, pubescent, 1-2.5 dm. long; cymes several-many-flowered ; pedicels about 1 cm. long or less; calyx-teeth very short, broad; corolla white, the sparingly pubescent tube about 1.5 cm. long, the nar- rowly obovate or oblong, obtuse lobes 1.5-2 cm. long; follicles glabrous, 2 dm. long or less. Scrub-lands, Inagua : — Cuba. Hairy Plumieba. 2. NEOBKACEA Britton. [Bracea Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 448. 1905. Not King. 1898.] A shrub, with thick oblanceolate or oblong petioled leaves. Flowers solitary or two together in the upper axils, white or reddish, peduncled. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, acute. Corolla nearly salverform, the short tube slightly and gradually dilated above, about as long as the 5 obliquely ovate lobes. Stamens 5, borne near the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short ; anthers sagittate, hairy on the back. Follicles long-linear, slightly torulose. Seeds comose. [In honor of L. J. K. Brace, a diligent collector of the Bahamian flora.] A monotypic genus. 1. Neobracea bahamensis Britton. Bracea bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 448. 1905. About 1 m. high, with grayish brown branches leafy only near the ends, the young twigs pubescent. Leaves firm in texture, revolute-margined, oblong- oblanceolate, obtuse or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 4-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, bright green above, densely and finely tomentose with the veins prominently reticulated beneath; petioles 4-7 mm. long; flowers appearing with the leaves; peduncles tomentose, about 1 cm. long; calyx-lobes tomentose, 3 mm. long; corolla white with a reddish throat, pubescent outside, smooth within, about 2 cm. broad; follicles 15 cm. long or less, 2 mm. thick, pubescent, striate, pendent. 336 APOCYNACEAE. Coastal thickets, pine-lands and borders of brackish swamps, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Fortune Island and Crooked island. Endemic. Bahama Neobkacea. 3. CATHARANTHUS G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 95. 1838. Herbs or low shrubs, with opposite leaves, and large axillary flowers, soli- tary or 2 together. Calyx eglandular, 5-cleft, the lobes narrow. Corolla salver- form, its cylindric tube slightly enlarged above, its 5 broad lobes sinistrorse. Stamens included; anthers not appendaged. Disk of 2 large glands. Carpels 2, distinct; style very slender; stigma thick, pilose; ovules many in each carpel. Follicles narrowly cylindric, many-seeded. Seeds small, unappendaged. [Greek, pure flower.] Three known species, the following typical one native of tropical America, widely distributed through cultivation, one East Tndian, the other of Madagascar. )$. 1. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 95. 1838. Vinca rosea L. Syst. ed. 10, 944. 1759. Ammocallis rosea Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 936. 1903. Somewhat woody, usually branched, pubescent, 8 dm. high or less. Leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, mueronulate, narrowed at the base into short petioles; peduncles very short, pubescent; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, 3-4 mm long, pubescent; corolla white or pink, the finely pubescent tube 2.5-3 cm. long, the oblique lobes somewhat shorter than the tube; follicles cylindric, pubescent, 2-3 cm. long. Waste grounds, naturalized, Great Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Acklin's, Long Island, Grand Turk, Salt Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America, Old World tropics. Erroneously called Tulip and Sweet William. Red Periwinkle. Old Maid. 4. ECHITES Jaeq. Enum. 2, 13. 1760. Twining, somewhat woody vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and rather large flowers in cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, glandular. Corolla salverform, the cylindric tube somewhat swollen, the lobes spreading. Stamens included, the anthers appendaged at the base. Fruit of 2 spreading follicles, many-seeded. [Greek, an adder, referring to the twining stem.] About 40 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Tabemaemontana Echites L. 1. Echites Echites (L.) Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 147. 1913. Tabemaemontana Echites L-. Syst. ed. 10, 945. 1759. Echites umbellata Jacq. Enum. 13. 1760. A glabrous, somewhat woody vine, 1-2 m. long, the stems sometimes warty below. Leaves rather thick, ovate or broadly elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, short- petioled, pinnately veined ; cymes axillary, few-flowered, peduncled ; pedicels stout, 1-2.5 cm. long; calyx 1.5-2.5 mm. long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla greenish white, its tube 4-6 cm. long, cylindric below, swollen at about the middle, narrowed above, its lobes obliquely obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long; anthers acuminate; follicles spreading, 1-2 dm. long, subeylindric. Scrub-lands and sandy places, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to East Caicos, Grand Turk, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Jamaica. Devil's Potato-root. Wild Potato. Rub- ber-vine. Danish. Catesby, 1 : pi. 58. APOCYNACEAE. 337 5. RHABDADENIA Muell. Arg. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 61: 173. 1860. Woody vines, rarely erect shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, and large flowers in small racemes or solitary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla tubular-campanu- late, with a short cylindric base and a spreading 5-lobed limb, the lobes broad, dextrorse. Stamens short, included, borne near the top of the corolla-tube; anthers oblong, connivent around the stigma, the sacs with short obtuse ap- pendages at the base. Carpels 2, distinct; style slender; stigma thick, its base dilated into a reflexed membrane; ovules many in each carpel. Follicles linear, parallel or little divergent, many-seeded. Seeds linear, eomose. [Greek, wand- gland, probably referring to the fruit.] About 10 species, of Florida, the West Indies and South America. Type species: Bhabdadenia Polilii Muell. Arg. Corolla white; leaves slender-petioled. 1. R. paludosa. Corolla yellow ; leaves very short-petioled. 2. R. Sagraei. 1. Rhabdadenia paludosa (Vahl) Miers. Apoc. S. Am. 119. 1878. Echites paludosa Yahl, Eclog. 2: 19. 1798. A glabrous, somewhat woody vine, often 6 m. long or longer. Leaves oblong or elliptic, slightly fleshy, 3-9 cm. long, obtuse or acutish and mucronate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, faintly pinnately veined, the slender petioles 8-15 mm. long; cymes long-peduneled, 1-few-flowered; pedicels slender; calyx-segments narrowly oblong, 6-9 mm. long,, apiculate, one-third to one-half as long as the narrowly cylindric part of the corolla-tube ; corolla white, 5-6 cm. long, the limb about 4 cm. wide; follicles linear, 10-16 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick. Mangrove swamps, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Crooked Island : — Florida ; Cuba : Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; western tropical continental America. Referred by Schoepf and Mrs. Northrop to Echites biflora Jacq. and by Coker and by Small to Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Muell. Arg. Mangrove Swamp Vine. 2. Rhabdadenia Sagraei (A. DC.) Muell. Arg. Linnaea 30: 435. 1860. Echites Sagraei A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 450. 1844. A slender, slightly woody vine, usually less than 1 m. long, pubescent above. Leaves oblong, 1-3 cm. long, subcoriaceous, faintly pinnately veined, obtuse and mueronulate at the apex, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, the margins somewhat revolute, the petioles 1-2 mm long; cymes few-several-flowered ; pedicels very slender ; calyx-segments ovate, acute, 1.5-3 mm. long, one-fourth to one-third as long as the linear cylindric part of the corolla ; corolla bright yellow, 2-3 cm. long, the limb about 2 em. wide; follicles linear, 7-11 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. thick. Scrub-lands, coppices and pine-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros and Mariguana and North Caicos : — Cuba. Lice-root. Echites jamaicensis Griseb., recorded from the Bahamas by Grisebach as col- lected by Swainson, is otherwise unknown to us from the archipelago. It may have been mistaken for the preceding species. 6. TJRECHITES Muell. Arg. Linnaea 30: 440. 1860. Somewhat woody, twining vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and large mostly yellow, cymose flowers. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow; calyx-tube 5-glandular within. Corolla cylindric below, expanded into a narrowly campanulate throat, the limb 5-lobed, somewhat spreading. Anthers appendagcd at the base, partly adherent to the stigma. Fruit of 2 long, linear follicles. Seeds narrow, 338 APOCYNACEAE. comose. [Greek, tailed- AY// /fes.] A few species., of tropical America. Type species: Urechites Karivinskii Muell. Arg. 1. Urechites lutea (L.) Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 316. 1907. Vinca lutea L. Cent. PL 2: 12. 1756. Echites suberecta Jacq. Emim. 13. 1760. Echites Catesbaei G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 74. 1838. Echites Andrewsii Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 359. 1860. Urechites Andrewsii Small, FL SE. TJ. S. 936. 1903. Echites neriandra Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 415. 1861. Pubescent or glabrous, slender, often 3 m. long or more. Leaves oblong to obovate or suborbicular, herbaceous, 2-8 cm. long dark green above, pale green beneath, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, the slender petioles about 1 cm. long; cymes few-several-flowered; pedicels slender; calyx- lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; corolla yellow, 3-4 cm. long; anthers mostly tipped by filiform appendages; follicles linear, 10-15 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick. Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and St. Kitts ; Jamaica. Species composed of several races, the foliage and inflorescence either glabrous or pubescent, the flowers differing much in size and the pods much in length. Wild Unction. Catesbt's Vine. Catesby 2 : pi. 58. 7. CERBERA L. Sp. PL 208. 1753. Glabrous trees or shrubs, with alternate, 1-nerved and pinnately veined leaves, and large yellow flowers in terminal., peduncled cymes. Calyx 5-parted, many-glandular within at the base. Corolla funnelform, the tube cylindric. below, bearing pilose scales at the top within, abruptly expanded into a cam- panulate throat, the 5 broad rounded lobes sinistrorse. Stamens borne with the scales at the top of the tube; anther-sacs unappendaged. Disk wanting. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; style filiform; stigma discoid, its small tip 2-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Fruit a compressed drupe, broader than high, the flesh thin, the bony endoearp 2-celled. Seeds with a thick testa and no endosperm. [Named for Cerberus, the three-headed dog of mythology.] About 7 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Cerbera Ahouai L. 1. Cerbera Thevetia L. Sp. PL 209. 1753. Thevetia nereifolia Juss. ; Steud. Nom. ed. 2, 2: 680. 1841. Thevetia Thevetia Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2 : 83. 1900. A shrub or small tree up to about 10 m. high, glabrous throughout, the twigs rather stout, densely leafy. Leaves linear, 7-15 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide, narrowed at both ends, very nearly sessile, bright green and shining above, rather dull beneath, the midvein prominent, the lateral venation obscure ; calyx-segments about 7 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla yellow, about 7 cm. long, funnelf orm with the tube shorter than the limb ; drupe triangular-compressed, 3-4 cm. broad, about 2 cm. high, and 1-1.5 cm. thick, nearly truncate., the flesh thin. Thickets, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence near Nassau : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Grenada ; Jamaica : continental tropical America. Lucky- nut. Cathartic-baek. French Trumpet-flower. Luck-seed. APOCYNACEAE. 339 8. RAUWOLFIA L. Sp. PI. 208. 1753. Shrubs or trees with whorled or opposite leaves, and small flowers in peduncled cymes. Calyx eglandular, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla salverform, the tube subeylindric, the 5 lobes sinistrorse. Stamens included; anthers ob- tuse, their sacs not appendaged. Disc annular or cup-shaped. Carpels 2, dis- tinct or connate; style filiform; stigma thick, annular or with a reflexed mem- brane at the base; ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit of 2 drupes, usually connate; the fruit thus usually emarginate and 2-grooved. Seeds ovoid with fleshy endosperm. [Commemorates Leonh. Rauwolf. a German botanist.] Forty species or more, natives of tropical regions and of South America. Type species: Sauicolfia tetraphylla L. 1. Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. Sp. PI. 208. 1753. Rauwolfia nitida Jacq. Enum. 14. 1760. A glabrous shrub or tree, up to 20 m. high, the twigs slender. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, verticillate in 4's or some of them oppo- site, acuminate or acute at the apex, tapering at the base, shining above, rather dull beneath, the lateral veins numerous, widely spreading, the petioles 6-12 mm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; cymes many-flowered; pedicels very short; calyx 5-lobed, 2 mm. long, its lobes ovate; corolla white, its tube cylindric, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its lobes about one-half as long as the tube; fruit 1—1.5 cm. broad, 8-10 mm. high, red, its lobes ovoid, rounded. Coastal thickets and scrub-lands. New Providence, at Delaport : — Cuba to Tortola and St. Croix ; Jamaica ; recorded from St. Bart's. Smooth Rauwolfia. 9. VALLESIA R. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 26. 1799. Branching shrubs or small trees, with alternate, short-petioled leaves, the small flowers in long-peduncled cymes opposite the leaves. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes short. Corolla salverform, the tube swollen above, constricted at the mouth, the 5 equilateral lobes shorter than the tube, sinistrorsely convolute. Anthers unappendaged, free from the stigma, cordate; filaments borne on the corolla-throat. Stigma clavate. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe. Seeds naked. [Commemorates Francisco Valles, physician to Philip II. of Spain.] Two known species, the following typical. x 1. Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 207. 1821. Rauwolfia glabra Cav. Ic. 3: 50. 1794. Vallesia dichotoma R. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 26. 1799. A glabrous shrub or small tree, 6 m. high or less, the slender branches sometimes elongated and vine-like. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, some- what fleshy, shining above, dull beneath, 3-6 cm. long, short-petioled, mostly acute at both ends; cymes few-several-flowered, often forked; pedicels slender; calyx about 1 mm. long, its lobes ovate, acute; corolla white, about 6 mm. long, its narrow lobes one-third to one-half as long as the tube; fruit oblong, rounded at apex, narrowed at the base, about 10 mm. long and 4 mm. thick. Scrub-lands and white-lands New Providence, Rose Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Conception Island, Great Exuma, Long Island and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba; Jamaica; tropical Mexico to Bolivia. Vallesia. 340 ASCLEPIADACEAE. Family 6. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Milkweed Family. Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with esti- pulate leaves, and cymose or umbellate, perfect regular flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in the bud. Corolla campanulate, ureeolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the segments commonly reilexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla ; filaments short, stout, mostly monadelphous, or distinct ; anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-eelled, connivent around the stigma, or more or less united with each other; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect scarious membrane, or unappendaged at the top, sometimes appendaged at the base; pollen coherent into waxy or granular masses, one or rarely two such masses in each sac, connected with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular cor- puscles alternate with the anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles 2, short, connected at the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each carpel, mostly anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds compressed, usually appendaged by a long coma; endosperm carti- laginous; embryo nearly as long as the seed; cotyledons flat. About 220 genera and 2,000 species of wide distribution. Pollinia granular ; vines. 1. Critptostegia. Pollinia waxy. Erect herbs, shrubs or trees. Corona-segments with an internal horn. 2. Asclepias. Corona-segments spurred on the back. 3. Culotropis. Vines. Corona simple. 4. Metastelma. Corona double. 5. Philibertella. 1. CRYPTOSTEGIA B. Br. Bot. Eeg. pi. 435. 1820. Glabrous, high-climbing vines, with broad opposite leaves and large flowers in terminal cymes-. Calyx 5-parted, the segments lanceolate. Corolla funnelform, the tube short, the throat campanulate, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes dextrorsely twisted; corona-scales 5, subulate, entire or 2-lobed. Stamens borne at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments filiform, short; anthers connivent around the convex stigma, acute; pollen granular, the grains cohering in small masses. Follicles thick, woody, divergent, ribbed and 3-winged. Seeds eomose. [Greek, hidden integument.] Two known species, the following typical, the other native of Madagascar. 1. Cryptostegia grandifiora B. Br. Bot. Eeg. pi. 435. 1820. A stout vine, 2 m. long or longer, the twigs glabrous or nearly so. Leaves elliptic, subcoriaeeous, 5-9 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or somewhat narrowed at the base, glabrous on both sides, the rather stout petioles 1-2 cm. long ; inflorescence puberulent ; cymes few-several-flow- ered; sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, puberulent, about 1.5 cm. long; corolla pink-purple without, white within, 5-6 cm. long, its lobes ovate; follicles widely divergent, glabrous, pointed, 10-12 cm. long. Scrub-lands, escaped from cultivation. New Providence and Inagua : — Escaped from cultivation in Cuba and in Florida. Xative home unknown, probably East In- dian. Rubbeb-vixe. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 341 2. ASCLEPIAS L. Sp. PL 214. 1753. Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5 concave hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn. Fila- ments connate into a tube ; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged, the wings broadened below the middle; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Follicles acuminate. Seeds comose in all but one species. [Dedicated to .^seulapius.] About 95 species, mostly natives of the New World. Type species: Asclepias syriaca L. i*c 1. Asclepias curassavica L. Sp. PI. 215. 1753. Asclepias curassavica concolor Krug & Urban; Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 389. 1899. Glabrous, or finely pubescent above, 8 dm. high or less. Leaves opposite, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, thin, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, the petioles 5-15 mm. long; umbels usually several, few-several-flowered; pedicels 1-2 em. long; corolla-lobes led-purple, 6-8 mm. long, ovate to oblong; column distinct; hoods erect, ovate, about 4 mm. high, obtuse, flattened, shorter than the flat, curved horn; fruiting pedicels erect; follicles fusiform, glabrous or minutely pubescent, 3-10 cm. long; seeds 6 mm. long, the coma 3-4 mm. long. Waste grounds and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera, throughout the archipelago to Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda : Flor- ida and Louisiana ; West Indies and continental tropical America ; Old World trop- ics. Recorded by Herrick and by Dolley as A. paupercula. Wild Ipecac. Hippo. 3. CALOTEOPIS E. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2: 78. 1811. Shrubs or trees, with broad, nearly sessile, opposite leaves, and rather large flowers in terminal or axillary umbel-like cymes. Calyx 5-parted, bearing several-many glands at the base within. Corolla subrotate, 5-cleft, with broad lobes; corona-scales 5, fleshy, adnate to the stamen-tube, lobed or toothed, short-spurred. Stamens borne at the base of the corolla; filaments connate, forming a short tube ; anthers tipped by an inflexed membrane ; pollinia soli- tary in each sac, pendulous. Follicles thick, pointed. Seeds comose. [Greek, beautiful keel.] Three species, natives of the Old World tropics, the following typical. 1. Calotropis procera (Ait.) E. Br. in Ait. f. Ilort. Kew. ed. 2, 2: 78. 1811. Asclepias procera Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 305. 1789. Arboreous, 1-5 m. high, branched, with the aspect of a gigantic herb. Leaves obovate-oblong to broadly elliptic or nearly orbicular, mostly cuspidate at the apex, cordate at the base, white-felted when young, glabrous when old ; the stout petiole 1 cm. long or less; cymes 5-8 cm. broad, several-many-flow- ered, on stout peduncles 4-8 cm. long; pedicels 1-3 em. long; calyx-segments ovate, about 4 mm. long; corolla white, tinged with red, 2-2.5 cm. broad; follicles swollen, 3-8 cm. long. Fields and waste places, spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence, Eleu- thera, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Long Island, Fortune Island, Fast Onions, Dellis' Cay. Salt Cay and Grand Turk : — West Indies and continental tropical Amer- ica : Old World tropics. Giant Milk-weed. St. Thomas Bush. Wild Down. Wild Cotton. 342 ASCLEPIADACEAE. 4. METASTELMA R. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. 1: 52. 1809. Slender perennial vines, with small opposite leaves, and small white or greenish flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, usually with a gland in each sinus. Corolla subrotate or campanulate, rather deeply 5-lobed. Corona simple, 5-parted, its segments narrow. Pollinia waxy. Gynostegium sessile or stipitate. Stigma flat. Follicles small, slender, smooth. [Greek, referring to the parted corona.] Fifty species or more, natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Cynanchum parviflorum Sw. Gynostegium long-stipitate. 1. M. Nortliropiae. Gynostegium sessile or subsessile. Corona longer than the gynostegium. 2. If. hamatum. Corona as long as the gynostegium or shorter. Corolla-lobes papillose-pubescent or villous within. Corolla-lobes papillose-pubescent within. Leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate. 3. 21. bahamense. Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate. 4. M. inaguense. Corolla-lobes villous within. Leaves linear to linear-oblong. Leaves elongated-linear, 1.5 mm. wide. Leaves linear to linear-oblong, 2-3 mm. wide. 5. M. linearifolium. Leaves obovate to spatulate. 6. M. barbatum. Corolla-lobes glabrous ; cymes long-peduncled ; corolla- 7. M. Eggersii. lobes acute ; leaves linear. 8. 21. palustre. 1. Metastelma Northropiae Schltr. in Urban, Symb. Ant, 5: 468. 1908. A slender glabrous vine, 1-2 m. long. Leaves ovate to oblong or oblong- lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. long, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, the slender petiole 3-8 mm. long; cymes few-flowered, on peduncles about as long as the petioles; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse or acutish; corolla about 5 mm. long, 5-lobed, glabrous without, pubescent within, its lobes oblong, obtuse; gynostegium long-stipitate; corona-segments linear, acute; follicles linear, glabrous, 5-6 cm. long. White-lands, coppices and scrub-lands. Andros and Great Bahama to Cat Island and Little San Salvador ; Florida ; Cuba. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to 21. bahamense Griseb., which it much resembles, except in its long-stipitate gynos- tegium. Noethbop's Metastelma. 2. Metastelma hamatum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 173. 1866. A slender glabrous vine. Leaves ovate to oblong or linear, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 1-2 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, the petiole 2-6 mm. long; cymes few-flowered, short-peduncled; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse or acutish; corolla deeply 5-lobed, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, puberulent within; corona-segments linear-lanceolate, about twice as long as the sessile gynostegium. White-lands and rocky soil, Cat Cay, Little Inagua, Castle Island, Caicos Is- lands, Grand Turk : — Cuba. ^ 3. Metastelma bahamense Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 174. 1866. Metastelma cubense Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 417. 1861. Not Dene. 1844. Epicion bahamense Small, Fl. Miami 149, 200. 1912. A slender glabrous vine, sometimes 3 m. long. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or mucronate at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, the petiole 3-7 mm. long; cymes few-several-flowered, short-peduncled; calyx-lobes oblong to ovate, acutish or obtuse; corolla deeply 5-cleft, 3-5 mm. long, its lobes oblong, papillose-puberulent on the inner side; corona-segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the short- stipitate gynostegium; follicles linear, 4-7 em. long. Scrub-lands and white-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and the Berry Islands to Mariguana and the Anguilla Isles. — Florida ; Cuba. Prof. Coker's doubtful record of 21. brachystephanum, Griseb. probably refers to this species ; his specimen is imperfect. Referred by Hitchcock to 21. Schlcchtendahlii Dene. Bahama Metastelma. ASCLEP1ADACEAE. 343 4. Metastelma inaguense Vail, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 142. 1906. A glabrous vine. Stems slender, terete; leaves 2-4 cm. long, obovate, oblong-obovate or linear-obovate to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, rounded and apiculate at the apex, tapering to a short petiole (or when linear-lanceolate acute at each end); cymes short-peduncled ; calyx-segments ovate, obtuse, glabrous; corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments 3-3.5 mm. long, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous outside, papillose-puberulent except in the center and towards the base within; corona-segments subulate, acute. Scrub-lands, sand-dunes and white-lands. Conception Island, Watling's Is- land and Inagua. Endemic. Inagua Metastelma. 5. Metastelma linearifdlium A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 96. 1850. A very slender glabrous vine, 3-10 dm. long. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, acute, the petioles 1—2 mm. long; cymes umbel-like, several-flowered, short-peduncled, the flowers short-pedicelled; calyx-segments ovate, obtuse; corolla white, campanulate, about 3 mm. long, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, white-villous on the inner side; corona-segments about half as long as the nearly sessile gynostegium; follicles about 5 cm. long. Pine-lands, Great Bahama, at Eight Mile Rocks : — Cuba. Narkow-leaved Metastelma. 6. Metastelma barbatum Northrop, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 12: 58. 1902. A slender glabrous vine, 1 m. long or less. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, 1-3.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse at the base, the petioles 2-4 mm. long; cymes few-several-fiowered, short-peduncled; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla greenish-white, deeply 5-eleft, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, densely vil- lous within; corona-segments ligulate, about as long as the gynostegium ; follicles slender, 3-4 cm. long. Borders of brackish marshes and savannas, coppices and pine-lands, Great Ba- hama, Andros and New Providence. Endemic. 7. Metastelma Eggersii Schltr. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 258. 1899. A rather stout vine, sometimes 2 m. long, the branches glabrous or densely puberulent, often flexuous, somewhat woody. Leaves oblong-spatulate to obo- vate, 0.7-1.5 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, subcoriaceous, usually fascicled, the midvein distinct, the lateral venation obscure, the petioles very short; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, yellowish-green or whitish, the glabrous or puberulent pedicels about as long as the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse, villous within, 3—1 mm. long; corona-segments lanceolate; follicles 3-4 cm. long. White-lands and scrub-lands, Whale Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Mariguana, Atwood Cay, Great Ragged Island, Fortune Island, Castle Island, Crooked Island, Caicos Islands, Grand Turk and Inagua. Endemic. Referred to by Dolley as Oxy- petalum sp. Eggers' Metastelma. 8. Metastelma palustre (Pursh) Schltr. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 258. 1899. Ceropegia palustris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 184. 1814. Lyonia maritima Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 316. 1817. Seutera maritima Dene, in DC. Prodr. 8: 590. 1844. Vincetoxicum palustre A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 21: 102. 1878. Lyonia palustris Small, Fl. Miami 149, 200. 1912. A slender glabrous vine, 5-10 dm. long. Leaves narrowly linear, acute, short-petioled, 2-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; peduncles slender, mostly shorter than the leaves; cymes several-flowered; calyx 2-2.5 mm. long, its lobes lance- olate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla purplish or greenish-white, about 8 344 ASCLEPIADACEAE. mm. broad, its lobes ovate, acuminate; crown-lobes 1.5-2 mm. long, retuse; anther-v> ings 1 mm. long; follicles 4.5-7 cm. long, slender, about 5 mm. thick. Borders of salinas and salt marshes, Frozen Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera. Cat Island. Watling's, Long Island, Fortune Island. Marignana. > Panama. Moon-vine. 350 CONVOLVULACEAE. 2. Calonyction Tuba (Schlecht.) Colla, Nov. Sp. Calon. 15. 1840. Convolvulus Tuba Schlecht. Linnaea 6: 735. 1831. Calonyction grandiflorum Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 442. 1833. Ipomoea tuba G. Don. Gen. Syst. 4: 271. 1838. Calonyction album House, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 591. 1904. Not Ipomoea alba L. 1753. Glabrous, fleshy, usually climbing, sometimes 10 m. long. Leaves ovate- orbicular, slender-petioled, 6-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base; peduncles stout, 1-2-flowered, shorter than the leaves; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, appressed, about 2 cm. long; corolla white, its tube stout, cylindric, 5-6 cm. long, the limb 5-6 cm. broad, with 5 narrow greenish bands; capsule subglobose, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter; seeds densely puberulent, villous on the angles and at the hilum. Sandy shores, Abaco, Frozen Cay, South Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, Ship Channel Cay, Eleuthera, Conception, Watling's, Rum Cay, Long Island, Mariguana, Inagua, Gibb's Cay, Anguilla Isles, Water Cay and Cay Sal: — Florida: Cuba to St. .Tan and Martinique ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Ipomoea grandiflora Lam. Coast Moon-vine. 4. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Moench, Meth. 453. 1794. Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled leaves, and peduncled axillary flowers. Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acuminate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salverform (scarlet in the following species), the tube longer than the spreading limb. Stamens and united styles exserted; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney-bean.] About 10 species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Ipomoea coccinea L. Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. 1. Q. Quamoclit. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed. 2. 0- coccinea. 1. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton, in Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 22. 1898. Ipomoea Quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753. Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy, in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845. Annual, glabrous. Leaves ovate in outline; 5-18 cm. long, pinnately parted into segments less than 2 mm. wide; peduncles 1-6-flowered ; pedicels thick- ening in fruit; sepals obtuse, usually mucronulate, 4-6 mm. long; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, the tube expanded above, the limb nearly flat, the lobes ovate, acutish; ovary 4-celled; capsule ovoid, 4-valved, about 1 cm. high, twice as long as the sepals. Waste and cultivated ground, Abaco near Marsh Harbor : — Virginia to Florida, Kansas and Texas : West Indies ; Mexico to continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Cypress Vine. 2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench, Meth. 453. 1794. Ipomoea coccinea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. Annual. Leaves ovate to orbicular, long-acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, entire or angulate-lobed, slender-petioled ; peduncles few-nseveral-flowered ; sepals obtuse, about 4 mm. long, subulate-appendaged ; corolla 2-4 cm. long, the limb obscurely 5-lobed; ovary 4-celled; capsule globose, 4-valved, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Waste grounds, New Providence, near Nassau : — Pennsylvania to Arizona, Texas and Florida : West Indies ; Mexico and continental tropical America. Small Red Morning-glory. CONVOLVULACEAE. 351 5. EXOGONIUM Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 443. 1833. Vines, woody at the base, with alternate leaves and showy, eymose or soli- tary, axillary flower?. Sepals 5, obtuse, somewhat unequal. Corolla salverform or funnelform. Ovary 2-celled; styles united; stigmas globose. Stamens more or less exserted. Fruit a capsule. [Greek, referring to the exserted stamens and styles.] Some 25 species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Ipomoea bracteata Cav. ^ 1. Exogonium microdactylum (Griseb.) House, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 102. 1908. Ipomoea microdactylia Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 204. 1866. Exogonium microdactylum integrifolium House, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 103. 1908. Glabrous, slightly succulent, the stem sometimes spinulose toward the base, 1-3.3 m. long, arising from a large tuber-like root. Leaves various, slender- petioled, 3-10 cm. long, ovate to lanceolate, entire or palmately several-lobed; cymes few-flowered, short-peduneled; pedicels as long as the peduncle or shorter; sepals orbicular-ovate, about 6 mm. long; corolla scarlet to carmine, its slender tube 2.5-4 cm. long, its limb about 2.5 cm. wide, the lobes ovate; capsule subglobose, pointed, 10-12 mm. thick; seeds brown-hairy. Pine-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Mariguana and Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba. Recorded by Grisebach and by Dolley as Ipomoea arenaria Steud. Salverform Moening-gloet. Catesby 2 : pi. 87. 6. IPOMOEA L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753. Twining trailing or rarely erect herbs, with large showy axillary flowers. Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube plaited. Stamens included. Ovary entire, 2-4-celled, 4-6-ovuled; styles united, included; stigmas 1 or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule usually septi- fragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-seeded. [Greek, worm-like.] About 400 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Ipomoea Pes-tigrinus L. Sepals herbaceous, elongated. Sepals long-hirsute. Sepals not long-hirsute. Leaves silky-pubescent beneath. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. Sepals short, coriaceous or membranous. Stems prostrate or creeping, not twining ; fleshy littoral species. Flowers purple : leaves suborbicular, notched. Flowers creamy-white ; leaves various, oblong to lanceo- late and entire or pinnately lobed. Stems twining, at least their tips. Seeds with a coma, or covered with long hairs. Seeds glabrous or pubescent, without a coma. Roots not fleshy and edible. Leaves 5— 7-parted, the segments toothed or plnnatifid. Leaves entire, sagittate or 3-lobed. Leaves sagittate. Leaves cordate, entire or 3-lobed. Corolla 2 cm. long or less. Corolla 5-7 cm. long. Roots fleshy, edible; leaves various. 1. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Rar. 1: 4, pi. 36. 1786. Stem 6-15 dm. long, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves ovate-orbicular in outline, long-petioled, deeply 3-lobed, 5-13 cm. long, the lobes ovate, acuminate; peduncles 1— 3-flowered, much shorter than the petioles; flowers opening in early morning, soon closing; sepals Lanceolate with long linear often recurved tips, densely hirsute below, sparingly so above, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; corolla funnelform, 1. /. hederacea. 2. 3. I. rillosa. I. cuthartica. 4. I. Pcs-caprae. 5. I. stolonifera 6. I. Carolina. 7. I. dissect u. 8. I. sagittata. 0. 10. 11. I. triloba. I. tiliaeca. I. Batatas. 352 CONVOLVULACEAE. the tube usually nearly white, the limb light blue or purple; capsule depressed- globose, 3-valved, about as long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals. Roadsides, New 1'iovidence at Nassau: — continental tropical America. Natural- ized in the eastern United States. Ivy-leaved Mobuing-gloet. 2. Ipomoea villosa R. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 12. 1799. Pubescent, twining. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, the blades 7-15 cm. long, pubescent on both sides, entire or 3-lobed, long-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base; peduncles 1-4-flowered, axillary, as long as the petioles or shorter; bracts linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, about 2.5 cm. long; corolla purple, about 7.5 cm. long. Sea-beach, Andros, along road to Little Creek :• — Bermuda ; Trinidad ; northern South America : Old World tropics. Included in this flora with doubt, the specimen showing foliage only. Villous Morning-glory. 3. Ipomoea cathartica Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 633. 1816. Pharbitis cathartica Ohoisy, in DC. Prodr. 9: 342. 1845. Perennial, minutely strigillose or glabrate. Stems more or less twining, branching. Leaves broadly ovate, 5-9 cm. long, entire or 3-lobed, acuminate, cordate; peduncles shorter than the subtending petioles; sepals glabrate, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, acuminate; corolla pink- purple or crimson, the limb 6-8 cm. broad, undulate; capsules spheroidal, about 1 cm. broad; seeds glabrous, about 3 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Biminis, Andros, New Providence, Eleu- thera, Long Island, Crooked Island and Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; Florida ; through- out the West Indies and continental tropical America. The record of J. purpurea Lam., by Dolley, for the Bahamas, probably refers to this species, which was entered in Mrs. Northrop's List, in part, as /. jamaicensis Don. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to I. commutata R. & S., and also so referred by Hitchcock. Purple Morning-glory. Glory-morning. ; 4. Ipomoea Pes-caprae (L.) Roth, Nov. Sp. 109. 1821. Convolvulus Pes-caprae L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753. Convolvulus brasiliensis L. Sp. PL 159. 1753. Perennial, glabrous, succulent. Stems prostrate, creeping, sometimes 20 m. long or more, branching; leaves suborbicular, 6-10 cm. broad, usually notched at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base; petioles as long as the blades or shorter ; peduncles stout, 1-several-flowered ; pedicels more slender than the peduncles; sepals glabrous, oval or suborbicular, about 1 cm. long, obtuse; corolla purple, 4-5 cm. long, its tube broadly funnelform, its limb undulately- lobed, 5-8 cm. broad; capsules broadly ovoid or globose-ovoid, 1.5 cm. high; seeds pubescent. Sea-beaches and coastal rocks, throughout the archipelago from Anaco and Great Bahama to Watling's Island, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Elbow Cay : — Ber- muda-: Georgia and Florida; coasts of the West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Bay Hops. Bay Winders. «fc 5. Ipomoea stolonifera (Cyrill.) Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 20. 1804. Convolvulus Uttoralis L. Syst. ed. 10, 924. 1759. Not Ipomoea littoralis Blume. 1826. Ipomoea Uttoralis Boiss. Fl. Orient. 4: 112. 1879. Stem slender, buried in sand, sending up branches which rise 0.5-2 dm. above the surface, glabrous and fleshy. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, or broader, long-petioled, fleshy, glabrous, 3-7 em. long, entire or variously lobed, narrowed at the base or the later ones rounded or cordate; flowers few or solitary; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; sepals oval or oblong, 10-15 mm. long, mucronate; corolla white, funnelform-campanulate, 4—5 cm. long; capsules globose, 1-1.5 cm. long; seeds smooth. CONVOLVLTLACEAE. 353 Creeping in littoral sands, North Rimini, Eleuthera, Great Guana Cay. Watling's Island, Mariguana, Delectable Cay: — South Carolina to Florida, Texas, Mexico and South America: Cuba to Culebra and Martinique; Jamaica (according to Grisebach). Old World tropics. Beach Morning-glory. 6. Ipomoea Carolina L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. Xot Pursh. 1814. Ipomoea heptaphylla Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 527. 1862. Glabrous, slightly fleshy, climbing, sometimes 8 m. long. Petioles slender, 3-6 cm. long; leaves pedately 4-7-divided, the segments oblanceolate, entire, 3-6 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, slender-stalked; peduncles somewhat shorter than the petioles; cymes several-flowered; pedicels short and stout; sepals ovate, obtuse, about 1 em. long; corolla tubular-cam- panulate, 3.5-4.5 cm. long; capsule ovoid, 8-10 mm. long; seeds woolly. Pine-lands and thickets, Andros, New Providence : — Cuba. Catesby, Hist. Carol., 2: pi. 91. A specimen from Andros {Brace J,950), with foliage only, is referred to this species with doubt. Pedatk-leaved Morning-glory. 7. Ipomoea clissecta (Jacq.) Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 145. 1814. Convolvulus dissectas Jacq. Obs. 2: 4. 1767. Ipomoea sinuata Ortega, Hort. Matr. Dee. 84. 1798. Operculina dissecta House, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 500. 1906. Perennial, villous-hirsute, or glabrate. Stems twining, branching; leaves suborbicular, 3-10 cm. in diameter, 5-7-parted, the segments oval to oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid; petioles as long as the blades or longer, villous-hirsute; sepals glabrate, oblong to oblong-oval, 1-2.5 cm. long; obtuse; corolla white with purple throat, its tube funnelform, 2-3 cm. long, its limb 3-5 cm. broad; capsules about 1.5 cm. long; seeds smooth and glabrous. Climbing on walls or bushes, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island and Parrot Cay, Caicos Islands : — Bermuda ; Florida to Texas ; West Indies and con- tinental tropical America. Noyau Vine. 8. Ipomoea sagittata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 466. 1791. Perennial, glabrous. Stems twining, up to 2 m. long, or longer, branching, relatively' slender. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, sagittate or hastate-sagittate, the lobes linear or lanceolate, the lateral about one half as long as the terminal one; petioles about as long as the basal lobes; peduncles usually 1-flowered; sepals glabrous, oblong to suborbicular, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse or cuspidate; corolla purple, 5-6 cm. long, the tube funnelform, the limb 6-7 cm. broad; capsules ovoid, 1—1.5 em. long; seeds villous. Palmetto lands and wet sands, Great Bahama, New Providence : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Florida, Texas and Mexico ; Cuba. Arrow-leaved Morning-glory. ii. Ipomoea triloba L. Sp. PL 161. 1753. Somewhat pubescent or glabrate; stem herbaceous, slender, 5-10 dm. long, usually trailing. Leaves usually very deeply 3-5-lobed, sometimes entire, ovate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, the petioles slender; peduncles mostly longer than the petioles, 1-few-flowered ; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, thickening in fruit; sepals oblong, acute or mucronate, pilose, 5-6 mm. long; corolla red or purple, funnelform-campanulate, about 1.5 em. broad; capsule subglobose, pilose, 2-celled, about 7 mm. in diameter; seeds glabrous. Waste and cultivated grounds, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida: West Indies; conti- nental tropical America; tropical Asia. CREEPING MORNING-QLOBT. 354 OONVOLVULACEAE. 10. Ipomoea tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy, in DC. Prodr. 9: 375. 1845. Convolvulus tiliaceus Willd. Knum. 1: 203. 1809. Convolvulus fastigiatus Roxb. Ilort. Beng. 13. 1814. Ipomoea cymosa G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 99. 1818. Ipomoea fastigiata Sweet, Hort. Brit. 288. 1826. Ipomoea gracilis House, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 18 : 248. 1908. Not R. Br. 1S10. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, twining, up to 2 m. long or longer, the root sometimes tuberiferous. Leaves ovate, 5-8 cm. long, membranous, acute at the apex, cordate at the base, the slender petioles sometimes half as long as the blades ; peduncles as long as the petioles or longer ; cymes few-several- flowered; pedicels short; sepals oblong, mucronate or aristulate, about 8 mm. long; corolla purple, pink or rarely white, usually with a dark eye, funnelform- campanulate, 5-6 cm. long; capsule 2-celled, subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter; seeds glabrous. Swampy scrub-lands, Great Bahama and Andros : — Florida ; the West Indies ; continental tropical America. Dark-eyed Morning-glory. 11. Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam. Encycl. 6: 14. 1804. Convolvulus Batatas L. Sp. PI. 154. 1753. Rootstocks large, fleshy, a well-known vegetable. Stems glabrous or nearly so, trailing, 1 m. long or longer. Leaves various, ovate to suborbicular, entire, dentate or lobed, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long; peduncles as long as the petioles or shorter, few-flowered; sepals oblong, acute, cuspidate, somewhat unequal, 7-10 mm. long; corolla pale purple or nearly white, about 5 cm. long; ovary and capsule 2-celled; seeds glabrous. Thickets and cultivated soils, spontaneous after cultivation, Abaco, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — spontaneous after cultivation, Florida to Arkansas and Texas ; West Indies ; continental tropical America, and Old World tropics. Native habitat unknown. Catesby, 2 : pi. 60. Sweet Potato. 7. TURBINA Raf. Fl. Tell. 4: 81. 1838. Vines with cordate leaves, and axillary peduncled clusters of large or middle-sized flowers. Sepals ovate to lanceolate. Corolla campanulate or funnelform. Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled; stigmas 2. Fruit dry, woody, inde- hiscent, subglobose or ovoid, 1-eelled, mostly 1-seeded, the seeds smooth. [Latin, from the supposed top-shaped fruit.] About 20 species, natives of tropical regions, the following typical. 1. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. Fl. Tell. 4: 81. 1838. Convolvulus corymbosus L. Syst. ed. 10, 923. 1759. Convolvulus domingensis Desv. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 554. 1791. Convolvulus sidaefolius H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 99. 1818. Ipomoea sidaefolia Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen6ve, 6 : 459. 1833. Ipomoea antillana Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 84. 1900. High-climbing or trailing, glabrous. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, entire, 4-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base ; peduncles axillary, as long as the leaves or longer, corymbosely or paniculately several- many-flowered, the pedicels slender; sepals oblong, persistent, the 3 inner ones 8-12 mm. long, nearly twice as long as the two outer ; corolla white, 2.5-3 cm. long; capsule ovoid, acute, about half as long as the longer sepals, 1-seeded. Coppices, walls and thickets, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Watling's Island : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba to Guadeloupe ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico to northern South America. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Ipomoea fastigiata Sweet. Christmas-vine. Christmas-flower. DICHONDRACEAE. . 355 Family 2. DICHONDRACEAE Dumont. Dichondra Family. Prostrate or creeping slender herbs, with nearly orbicular, cordate or reniform, petioled entire leaves, and small solitary axillary pednncled flow- ers. Sepals nearly equal. Corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens shorter than the corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted, each lobe 2-celled ; styles 2, simple, arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes; stigmas capitate. Fruit of two pubescent, 2-valved or inde- hiscent, 1-2 -seeded capsules. Only the following genus. 1. DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. 39. 1776. Characters of the family. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.] About 5 species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Dichondra repens Forst. ?k 1. Dichondra carolinensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 136. 1803. Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous; stems almost filiform, rooting at the nodes, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves orbicular to reniform, deeply cordate, 6-30 mm. in diameter, palmately veined, the petiole often much longer than the blade; flowers 2-4 mm. broad; peduncles filiform; sepals obtuse, spatulate or obovate, villous; corolla yellow to white, shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to oblong; capsule 3 mm. high or less. Waste places and cultivated soils, Great Bahama. New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Exuma and Crooked Island : — Bermuda ; Virginia to Florida and Texas. Referred by previous authors to Dichondra repens Forst. Carolina Dichondra. Sheep-grass. Family 3. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort. Dodder Family. White, red or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the leaves reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted in the throat or sinuses above the scales; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below; stigmas linear or capitate. Cap- sule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous ; embryo linear, terete, curved or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute alternate scales; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons none. 1. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 124. 1753. Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs and shrubs by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the plantlet attaches itself to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The subsequent nutrition of the parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. Indications of a small amount of green coloring matter, 356 HYDROPHYLXACEAE. possibly chlorophyll, have been observed in some species. [Name from ths Arabic] About 100 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Cuscuta europaea L. Capsule circumscissile ; corolla-lobes obtuse; plant orange. 1. 0. amcricana. Capsule indehiscent ; corolla-lobes acute; plant yellow. 2. C. ijcntayona. 1. Cuscuta americana L. Sp. PI. 124. 1753. Plant orange, the stems slender, the inflorescence glandular. Flowers ehort-pedicelled in dense or rather loose clusters; calyx-lobes 5, ovate-orbicular, obtuse; corolla about 2 mm. long, its 5 lobes obtuse, shorter than the tube, the broad scales fringed all around; capsules subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter, circumscissile near the base. Parasitic on various plants, Frozen Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, YVatling's Island, Cave Cay. Great Kxuma, Acklin's, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Anguilla Isles: — West Indies and tropical continental America. Reported by Dolley as C. obtusiflora. Love-vine. 2. Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 340. 1842. Cuscuta arvensis Beyr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 77. As synonym. 1834. Plant pale yellow; stems filiform, the flowers nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx broad, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse; corolla nearly eampanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, as long as the tube, their tips refiexed, the scales large, ovate, densely fringed all around with short irregular processes; stamens not exserted ; style shorter than the ovary ; stigmas capitate ; capsule depressed-globose, indehiscent. Parasitic on various weeds, Great Bahama, Andros, Eleuthera and Cat Island : — New York and Canada to Florida and Texas ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to C. amcricana L. Field Dodder. Family 4. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Water-leaf Family. Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, rerely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft or divided. Corolla gamopetalous. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers mostly versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or none. Ovary superior, 2-eelled, or 1-celled with 2 placentas; styles 2, separate, or partly united; stigmas small, terminal; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule 1-2-eelled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds usually pitted, rugose or reticulated; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons half-terete or plano-convex. About 17 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of western North America. 1. MARILAUNIDIUM Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PL 434. 1891. Branching pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform or salverform. 5- lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly included, borne on the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-celled, or incompletely 2-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. [In honor of Dr. Anton Kerner, Knight of Alarilaun.] About 20 species, natives of America, the following typical. EHKETIACEAE. 357 1. Marilaunidium jamaicense (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 434. 1891. Nama jamaicense L. Syst. ed. 10. 950. 1759. Annual, much branched, the branches prostrate, 0.7-4 dm. long. Leaves thin, spatulate or obovate, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, narrowed to a sessile, somewhat decurrent base; peduncles 6 mm. long or less; calyx-segments hirsute, linear, 6-8 mm. long; corolla white or purplish, about as long as the calyx, its lobes broad ; capsule oblong, a little longer than the calyx. Waste grounds, Great Bahama, Little Harbor Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling'a, Greal Ragged Island, Crooked Island, South Caicos and Grand Turk: — Bermuda: Florida: Texas: Cuba to St. Thomas and Martinique ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica; Curacao ; Mexico to Venezuela. Jamaica Weed. Family 5. EHRETIACEAE Schrad. Ehretia Family. Shrubs, trees or rarely herbs, with alternate, estipulate, simple and mostly entire leaves, and perfect regular flowers in heads, spikes or cymes. Calyx 2-5-lobed, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens mostly 5, borne on the base of the corolla-tube, the anthers introrse. Ovary superior, 1^-celled; styles 2. distinct or rarely united, or 4, united in pairs; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Fruit a drupe. Seeds 1—4. About 20 genera, including some 350 species, of tropical and warm-temperate regions. Styles twice bifid. Calyx wholly adnate to the large drupe; corolla large, orange to red ; trees. 1. Sebestcn. Calyx rupturing at the top or regularly dentate, not wholly adnate to the drupe; shrubs or small trees. 2. Varronia. Styles bifid or connate. Corolla salverform. 3. Bourreria. Corolla rotate. 4. Rochcfortin. 1. SEBESTEN Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 177. 1763. Trees or shrubs with alternate broad petioled, entire or few-toothed leaves, and large showy flowers in terminal cymes or rarely solitary. Calyx tubular, 3-5-toothed. Corolla salverform, the tube nearly cylindric, the limb speading, 5-15-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, as many as the corolla-lol" ss : anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-4-celled ; styles usually 2, each 2-eleft; stigmas capitate. Drupe ovoid, adnate to the accrescent calyx and enclosed by it, the stone bony. Seeds without endosperm. [Name Arabic, originally applied to a different tree.] About 12 species, of tropical and subtropical America, the following typical. 1. Sebesten Sebestena (L.) Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 15S. 1913. Cordia Sebestena L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk up to 1.5 dm. in diameter, the scaly bark dark In-own. the young twigs brown- hairy. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, thick, 8-20 cm. long, repand-dentate or entire, dark green and scabrous above, paler green beneath, acuminate, acute or obtuse at the apex, rouinled or Bubcordate at the base, the petioles 3-5 cm. long; cymes compound, several-many-flowered; pedicels 5-15 mm. long; calyx strigose, cylindric, 1-1.8 cm. long, its lobes short; corolla orange, its tube twice 358 EIIKETIACEAE. as long as the calyx, its limb 2.5-4 cm. broad; drupe round, 5-lobed, white, pointed, 2-4 em. long, the flesh thin. Scrub-lands, Abaco, North Bimini, Gun Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthi im. Long Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Inagua, Grand Turk, Cay Sal and Water Cay : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and to Trinidad ; Mexico. Catesby, 2 : pi. 9L Geiger Teee. Anaconda. Spanish Cokdia. 2. VARRONIA. P. Browne, Hist. Jam. 172. 1756. Shiubs, or small trees, with scabrous or pubescent leaves, the small, usually white flowers variously clustered, mostly sessile in heads, spikes or glomerules. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the limb 4-5-lobed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes., mostly included. Ovary 4-celled. Styles 2-cleft; stigmas small, capitate. Fruit a small, slightly fleshy drupe, often little longer than the calyx-tube and sometimes enclosed by it, contain- ing 4 nutlets or fewer. [In honor of Marcus Varro, a distinguished Roman, born 116 B.C., died 27 B.C.] Seventy species or more, of tropical and sub- tropical America. Type species: Lantana corymbosa L. Flowers in globose heads. Calxy-teeth filiform ; leaves coarsely serrate. 1. V. globosa. Calyx-teeth triangular with linear tips ; leaves entire or with a' few teeth. 2. V. bahamctisis. Flowers in spikes. Leaves linear-oblong to oblanceolate ; filaments pilose at the base. 3. V. Brittonii. Leaves spatulate-obovate ; filaments glabrous. 4. V. lucayana. 1. Varronia globosa Jacq. Enum. 14. 1760. Cordia globosa H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 76. 1818. A usually much-branched shrub, 1-3 m. high, the slender twigs hispid. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 1.5-6 cm. long, rather coarsely serrate, short-petioled, rough and papillose-hispid above, pubescent and strongly veined beneath, acute or bluntish at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base; flowers in dense globular peduncled heads, the peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; calyx hispid, 5-cleft, 6-8 mm. long, its teeth nearly filiform; corolla white, about 6 mm. long; drupe red, about 4 mm. long. Scrub-lands. Andros, New Providence. Long Island, and Watling's : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; Cayman Islands ; Curasao ; Mexico to northern South America. Capitate Vaeeonia. ' 2. Varronia bahamensis (Urban) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 310. 1909. Cordia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 392. 1900. A usually much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, rarely a small tree 3-4 m. high, the branches slender, the young shoots appressed-setulose. Leaves various, linear-oblong to elliptic or obovate-elliptie, '2-10 em. long, 0.5-5 cm. wide, acute, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, entire or few- toothed, subcoriaceous, setulose-scabrous above, pilose beneath, at least on the veins, the petioles 4-20 mm. long; peduncles as long as the leaves or shorter; flowers capitate; heads several-many-flowered; calyx loosely pubescent, 4-5- lobed, the lobes triangular with slender tips 2-3 mm. long; corolla white, sub- cylindrie, 4-5-lobed, 3-4 mm. long, its lobes ovate, obtuse; drupe ovoid, obtuse, red to black, about 4 mm. long. Scrub-lands, coppices and savannas, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Mariguana, North Caicos and Inagua : — Cuban Cays ; Anegada. Recorded by Grisebach, by Mrs. Northrop, and by Dolley as Cordia Lima R. & S., and bv Hitchcock as Cordia globosa H.B.K., and Cordia sp. The species is composed of s'everal races with leaves varying from linear and quite entire to broadlv ovate or obovate and slightly toothed. Roitgh Vaeeonia. Cocobey. EHRETIACEAE. 359 3. Varronia Brittonii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 311. 1909. Cordia Brittonii Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 49: 16. 1917. A usually much-branched shrub, 2.5 m. high or less, the young twig3 puberulent. Leaves linear-oblong or oblanceolate, viscid in drying, sparingly crenulate or entire, rounded or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, puberulent and resinous-dotted on both sides, 1.5-3 cm. long, the petioles only 1-1.5 mm. long; spikes slender, peduneled, densely several-many-flowered, 2-3 cm. long; calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, campanulate, its 5 teeth ovate-deltoid; corolla white, about 4 mm. long, its 5 lobes irregularly dentate; filaments short, pilose, borne above the middle of the corolla-tube; drupe 2-2.5 mm. long. Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island and Long Island : — Cuba. Recorded by Coker as Cordia cylindrostachya R. & S., and re- ferred by Mrs. Northrop to C. anyustifolia R. & S. Britton's Varronia. 4. Varronia lucayana Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 311. 1909. A much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, with terete branches, the young twigs densely puberulent. Leaves spatulate or narrowly obovate, thin, 2 cm. long or less, crenate, repand or subentire, rounded or truncate at the apex, cuneate or narrowed at the base, puberulent and resinous-dotted on both sides, the petioles 1-2 mm. long; flowers few, in terminal spikes 1-1.5 cm. long, the peduncles 5-20 mm. long; calyx campanulate, its 5 teeth ovate-triangular; corolla white, about 5 mm. long, its 5 unequal lobes irregularly crenate; fila- ments glabrous, borne near the top of the corolla-tube; drupe 2.5-3 mm. long. Rocky plains, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, South Caicos, and Inagua. Endemic. Bahama Varronia. 3. BOURRERIA P. Browne; Jacq. Enum. 2, 14. 1760. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate petioled entire leaves, and white flowers in terminal corymb-like cymes. Calyx campanulate, 2-5-lobed, the lobes valvate. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla-tube, the filaments filiform. Ovary sessile, 2-celled or incompletely 4-celled; styles 2-eleft or connate; stigmas flattened. Fruit a drupe, with thin flesh, inclosing 4 bony nutlets ridged on the back. [Commemorates J. A. Beurer, a Nuremberg apothecary.] About 25 species of tropical America. Type species : Bourreria succulenta Jacq. 1. Bourreria ovata Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. IV. 3: 203. 1869. A shrub or small tree up to 10 m. high or perhaps higher, with a trunk sometimes 1.5 dm. in diameter, the bark reddish-brown, the twigs and leaves glabrous or very slightly pubescent, or shoots from stumps s-ometimes with pubescent foliage. Petioles rather stout, 4 cm. long or less; leaves oblanceolate, oval or nearly orbicular, 4-12 cm. long, subcoriaceous, rounded or emarginate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base; cymes commonly many-flowered, 5-10 cm. broad; pedicels short; calyx 5-6 mm. long, irregularly 5-lobed; corolla about 10 mm. long, its lobes nearly orbicular; styles connate; filaments glabrous; drupe orange-red, 10-15 mm. in diameter, subglobose. Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and the Berry Islands to Grand Turk, Inagua, the Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal: — Florida; Cuba. The species is composed of a number of races with the haves varying from oblanceolate to suborbicular ; the leaves are usually quite glabrous but those on shoots from cut stumps are pubescent. The species is distinct from II. tomcntosa (Lam.) Griseb. to which it has been referred by Grlsebach and by Dolley ; it was referred to B. havanenaia Miers, by Hitchcock and by Mrs. Northrop, and recorded by Schoepf as Ehretia tinifolia and E. Bcurcria. Oatesby, 2: pi. 79. Closely related to B. succulenta Jacq. STEONG-BACK. 360 BORAGINACEAE. 4. ROCHEFORTTA Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788. Shrubs or small trees, mostly armed with short spines, the leaves entire, petioled, often fascicled, the small flowers cymose or glomerate. Calyx 4-5- parted, the lobes imbricated. Corolla subrotate, the tube very short, the 4 or 5 lobes broad, imbricated. Stamens 4 or 5, borne on the corolla-tube, exserted; filaments filiform; anthers ovate. Disc thick. Ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled; styles 2, terminal, filiform; stigmas dilated. Drupe fleshy, globose, containing 4 hard nutlets. [Commemorates Cesar de Rochefort, a French naturalist of the seventeenth century.] About 8 species, natives of the West Indies and northern South America. Type species: Bochefortia cuneata Sw. 1. Rochefortia bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 317. 1907. A shrub or small tree up to 4 m. high, with a trunk 6 dm. thick, the bark scaly, the branches spreading, the twigs gray-green, flexuous, sometimes with spines 4-6 mm. long at the nodes. Young foliage sparingly puberulent, soon glabrous; leaves coriaceous, obovate to orbicular, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, obtuse to cuneate at the base, the midvein prominent, the few lateral veins inconspicuous, the upper surface dark-green and dull or faintly shining, the under surface somewhat lighter green, the petioles 2-10 mm. long, green or yellowish ; cymes axillary, 2-4-flowered, their peduncles pubescent, 5 mm. long or less ; calyx sparingly pubescent, obconic, about 4 mm. long, its 5 lobes nearly orbicular, ciliate ; corolla greenish-white, 6 mm. long, cleft to about the middle, its lobes oblong, obtuse; filaments about as long as the anthers; ovary ovoid, about 3 mm. long, the two styles erect or a little incurved. Scrub-lands and rocky coppices, Watling's, Crooked, Acklin's and Fortune Islands. Endemic. Bahama Rochefoetia. Cordia gerascanthoides Kunth, referred to by Dolley as Bahamian, has not been found by us in the archipelago. The record is, presumably, erroneous. Cordia alba (Jacq.) R. & S. is doubtfully recorded as Bahamian by Urban (Symb. Ant. 4 : 516) from his examination of a barren specimen, which proves to be Sebesten Sebestena. Family 6. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. Borage Family. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or vertieillate, estipulate, mostly entire and hispid, pubescent, scabrous or setose. Flow- ers perfect, usually regular, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes scattered. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, usually persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, rarely irregular. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk commonly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2, 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4, 1-ovuled carpels; style simple, entire or 2-cleft; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly of 4, 1-seeded nutlets, or of 2, 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy, copious, or none; cotyledons mostly flat or plano-convex; radicle short. About 85 genera and 1,500 species, of wide distribution. Fruit drupaceous. Fruit hollowed at base ; coastal canescent shrub. 1. Mallotonia. Fruit not hollowed at base; Bahama species vines. 2. TourneforHa: Fruit separating into nutlets. 3. Heliotr opium. BORAGINACEAE. 361 1. MALLOTONIA [Griseb.] Britton, Aim. Mo. Bot. Card. 2: 47. 1916. Silvery-silky shrubs of the seacoast, with alternate leaves and small white flowers in dense, 1-sided cymes, the fruits almost capitate. Calyx mostly 5- parted; corolla salverform, the 5-lobed limb shorter than the nearly cylindric tube, the lobes broad, valvate. Stamens short, included. Style simple. Drupe dry and bony, ovoid-conic, hollowed at the base, 2-pyrenous, the dissepiments solid. [Latin, related to Mallota.~] One specie?, or perhaps 2, of tropical and subtropical distribution, the following typical. 1 -k 1. Mallotonia gnaphalddes (L.) Britton, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 47. 1915. Heliotropium gnaphalod.es L. Syst. ed. 10, 913. 1759. Toitrnefortia gnapiialodes B. Br.; B. & S. Syst. 4: 538. 1819. A somewhat fleshy shrub, 3-12 dm. tall, with silky-tomentose foliage, much branched and often forming large clumps, the twigs densely leafy. Leaves numerous, linear-spatulate, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse; cymes with 2—4 recurved branches; calyx campanulate, its lobes 2-3 mm. long, oblong; corolla surpassing the calyx; fruit ovoid, 5 mm. high, black, with 2 nutlets. Coastal rocks and sands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Caicos and Turk's Islands, Inagua, the Anguilla Isles, Cay Sal and Water Cay : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; coast of tropical Mexico. Bay Lavender. 2. TOURNEFORTIA L. Sp. PI. 140. 1753. Trees, shrubs or vines, with alternate entire leaves, and small secund flowers in terminal, often forked cymes, the cyme-branches usually elongated. Calyx persistent, 5-parted. Corolla mostly salverform, the tube cylindric, swollen above, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla-tube, in- cluded; filaments short; anthers ovate to lanceolate. Ovary 4-celled; style terminal, 2-lobed at the apex. Drupe small, the exocarp fleshy or corky, con- taining 4 nutlets or fewer. [Commemorates Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, 1656-1708, renowned French botanist.] Over 100 species, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Tourncfortia Jiirsiitissima L. Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent. 1. T. roluhilis. Leaves densely white-pubescent beneath. 2. T. poliochros. 1. Tournefortia volubilis L. Sp. PI. 140. 1753. A slender woody vine, sometimes 3.5 m. long, the branches and leaves pubescent, puberulent or glabrate. Leaves ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceo- late, 2-7 cm. long, thin, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, the slender petioles 5-15 mm. long; inflorescence slender-peduncled, of several very slender, secund spikes 2-4 em. long; calyx about 1 mm. long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla greenish- white, twice as long as the calyx, its lobes linear-subulate, shorter than the tube: anthers ovate, included; fruit depressed, 2-3 mm. broad, of 2-4 rounded nutlets. Scrub-hinds and coppices, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence and Bleu thera to Caicos, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles: — Florida: Texas; Cuba; St. Jan to Grenada ; Jamaica. The Bahama plant is usually less pubescent than that of Jamaica. Slender Ghkkx -leaved TOUBNBPOBTIA. SOLDIBB-BUSH. 24 362 BORAGINACEAE. 2. Toumefortia poliochros Spreng. Syst. 1: 644. 1825. A canescent slender woody vine 2 m. long or less, or sometimes shrubby. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, 3-7.5 cm. long, thin, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, rather dark green and densely appressed- pubeseent above, densely white-pubescent beneath, the petioles 5-15 mm. long; inflorescence rather short-peduncled, of few or several slender secund spikes 3-7 cm. long; calyx 1-1.5 mm. long, pubescent, its lobes lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate; corolla 2—3 times as long as the calyx, pubescent, its lobes lance- olate, acute or acuminate; anthers included; fruit depressed, 3-4 mm. broad, of 4 rounded nutlets or fewer. Scrub-lands, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island, Groat Ragged Island : — Cuba ; Hispaniola : Jamaica. Referred to T. tomento&a Mill, in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 5 : 317. White-leaved Touknefortia. 3. HELIOTROPIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and small blue or white flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or segments lance- olate, ovate, or linear. Corolla salverform or funelform, naked in the throat, its tube cylindie, its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens included; filaments short, or none. Stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating into 4, 1-seeded nutlets, or into 2, 2-seeded carpels. [Greek, sun- turning, i. e., turning to or with the sun.] About 125 species, widely dis- tributed. Type species: Heliotropium europaeum L. Nutlets conic, strongly ribbed, united in pairs ; flowers pale blue. Nutlets subglobose or ovoid, smooth or rugose ; flowers white or nearly white. Nutlets united in pairs. The four nutlets separating. Plants glabrous, fleshy. Plants pubescent. Annual ; flowers spicate. Leaves obtuse. Leaves acute or short-acuminate. Perennials. Flowers short-spicate : low shrub. Flowers solitary in the axils ; depressed peren- nials. Plants densely covered with appressed white hairs. Leaves imbricated. Leaves oblong or elliptic. Leaves lanceolate. Leaves scattered, linear. Plant loosely strigose. 1. II. indieum. 2. H. parviflorum. 3. H. curussavicum. 4. H. inundatum. 5. II. Eggersii. 6. H. ternatum. 7. H. nanum. 8. H. inaguense. 9. H. diffusum. 10. H. Nashii. 1. Heliotropium indieum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753. Annual, hirsute or hispid; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, ob- tuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, repand or undulate- margined, petioled ; flowers blue, 4-6 mm. broad, sessile in terminal dense bractless, usually solitary, scorpioid spikes; calyx-segments acute, shorter than the strigose corolla- tube ; style very short, deciduous; fruit deeply 2-lobed, glabrous, about 2.5 mm. long. Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence, near Nassau :— Florida, the West Indies and continental tropical America. Naturalized from the Old World tropics. Indian Heliotkope. 2. Heliotropium parvifiorum L. Mant. 2: 201. 1771. Annual, or sometimes of longer duration, loosely pubescent, branched, 2—8 dm. high, or vine-like and 1 m. long. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 7 BORAGIXACEAE. 363 cm. long or less, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 5-15 mm. long; spikes solitary or 2 together, slender, 5-15 cm. long; calyx-lobes acute; corolla white, bearded in the throat, about 2 mm. broad, its tube about as long as the calyx; fruit didymous, depressed, 3-4 nun. broad, finely pubescent. Waste grounds, street sides, coppices, and scrub-lands, Great Sturrup, Little Harbor ray. North Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island. Wat- ling's, Great Guana, Great Exurna, Long Island, Gnat Lagged Island, Fortune Island, East Caicos and Inagua : — Florida : West Indies and continental tropical America. Hobsb-bdsh. Sore-bush. Scorpion-tail. • 3. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PL 130. 1753. Annual, fleshy, more or less glaucous, diffuse, the branches 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves linear, or linear-oblong, entire, inconspicuously veined, 2-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse, narrowed into petioles, or the upper sessile; scorpioid spikes dense, bractless, mostly in pairs; flowers about 4 mm. broad; calyx-segments acute; corolla white with a yellow eye or changing to blue; stigma umbrella-shaped; anthers acuminate; fruit globose. Salinas, sea-beaches, margins of salt-ponds, Gun Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Watling's, Great Exuma, Long Island, Fortune Island, Acklin"s, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Cay Sal : — Bermuda ; Florida to Texas : coasts of the West Indies and continental tropical America. Seaside Heliotrope. Pond-weed. 4. Heliotropium inundatum Sw. Prodr. 40. 1788. Annual, often branched from the base, 1-6 dm. tall, the stems and leaves gray-strigose. Leaves oblong to oval or oblong-spatulate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled; spikes 1 or few, slender, at length 3-6 cm. long; calyx 2-3 mm. long, its lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla white, about as long as the calyx, its lobes lanceolate; nutlets subglobose, about 1 mm. in diameter. Dry soil, Acklin*s Island, Inagua : — Louisiana to California, Panama and Para- guay ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica : Trinidad. Recorded from Guade- loupe. Slender Heliotrope. Erroneously called Wild Thyme. 5. Heliotropium Eggersii Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 481. 1908. Annual, branched from the base, procumbent, 2 dm. long or less, the pubescence appressed or spreading. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 5-10 mm. long, densely sericeous, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the slender petioles 1-3 mm. long; spikes solitary or rarely in pairs, 4 cm. long or less, many-flowered, pilose; sepals unequal, four of them linear and 1 mm. long, the fifth oblong and 1.5 mm. long; corolla 1.5 mm. long, its lobes sub- orbicular, much shorter than the tube; nutlets about 1.3 mm. in diameter, strigose, twice as wide as long. Fortune Island. Endemic. Eggebs' Heliotrope.. 6. Heliotropium ternatum Vahl, Symb. 3: 21. 1794. Tournefortia humilis L. Sp. PL 141. 1753. Not II. humile Lam. 1791. A strigose-pubescent, bushy-branched shrub 6 dm. high or less, the branches slender, ascending. Leaves lanceolate or linear, sessile, subvertieillate in 3 's, or opposite, or alternate, 1-3 cm. long, 1.5-8 mm. wide, acutish, revolute- margined, rough-strigose on both sides; flowers white, in short terminal spikes; calyx about 3 mm. long, its lobes ovate, acute; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the calyx, the limb 3-4 mm. wide; nutlets subglobose. Scrub-lands, Great Ragged Island : — Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Martinique ; con- tinental tropical America. Brsnv Heliotrope. 3114 VEB B KNACEAE. 7. Heliotropium nanum Northrop, Mem. Ton-. Club 12: 61. 1902. Shrubby, usually much branched, densely strigose-eanescent, 8-15 cm. high, the branches nearly erect or ascending, slender. Leaves oblong or elliptic, sessile, appressed, about 2 mm. long, acute; flowers solitary at the axils, scattered, a little shorter than the leaves; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla white, somewhat longer than the calyx, its lobes short, ovate-oblong; stamens borne at about the middle of the corolla-tube; style short; stigma annular; fruit depressed-globose, 4-lobed, separating into 4 pubescent nutlets. Savannas, white-lands and sand dunes, Little Harbor Cay, Andros, New Provi- dence. Endemic. Low Ashy Heliotrope. 8. Heliotropium inaguense Eritton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 122. 1905. A low shrub, 5-20 cm. high, intricately much-branched, very densely appressed-strigose all over with nearly white hairs. Leaves opposite, ascending or appressed, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, sessile, acutish, somewhat revolute-margined, mostly longer than the internodes; flowers few, solitary and very nearly sessile in the upper axils; sepals similar to the upper leaves; corolla white, its tube 2 mm. long, its 5 ovate acute lobes about 1 mm. long, spreading; stamens nearly sessile on the corolla- tube below the middle ; style very short, stout ; stigma 4-lobed. White-lands, scrub-lands and sand dunes, Exuma Chain, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Concention Island, Little San Salvador, Long Island, Fortune Island, Great Ragged Island. Caicos, Turk's Islands and Inagua. Endemic. Ixagua Heliotrope. White PUSS LEY. 9. Heliotropium diffusum Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 122. 1905. Perennial by a slender deep root. Stem slender, 4 cm. high or less, the branches diffusely spreading, very slender, longer than the stem, 8 cm. long or less, appressed-strigose; leaves linear, 3-4 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, sessile, acute, appressed-strigose; flowers white, minute, enclosed in the tufts of upper leaves; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 2 mm. long, very hairy; ovary deeply 4-lobed; fruit 4-lobed, depressed, about 1 mm. wide, and about one half as high as wide, the very short style capped by a broad abruptly- tipped stigma. Moist scrub-lands. Rum Cay, Acklin's, Mariguana, South Caicos, Grand Turk, Sand Cay, Little Inagua. Endemic. Diffuse Low Heliotrope. 10. Heliotropium Nashii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 309. 1909. Heliotropium orevicaule Urban, Bepert. 13: 474. 1915. Diffusely branched, perennial, the branches very slender, prostrate or nearly so, the young twigs appressed-pubescent. Leaves sessile, ovate, about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, acute, appressed-pubescent on both sides, the margins flat; flowers solitary and sessile in the upper axils; calyx a little more than 1 mm. long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish; corolla white, 1.5-2 mm. broad, its lobes ovate, acute; fruit about 1 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, Inagua. near Matthew Town. Endemic. Referred by Hitchcock to H. micropliyUum Sw. Nash's Heliotrope. Family 7. VERBENACEAE J. St.Hil. Vervain Family. Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticil- late or rarely alternate leaves, and perfect irregular, or sometimes regu- lar flowers, in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, mostly ATERBEXACEAE. 365 persistent, usually 4— 5-lobed or 4- 5-cleft. Corolla reg-inar, or 2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric and the limb 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely only 2, or as many as the eorolladobes, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-eelled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-4-eelled (rarely S-10-celled), composed of 2 carpels, each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous ovules, thus in 4-celled ovaries 1 ovule in each cavity; style terminal; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit dry, separating at maturity into 2—4 nutlets, or a drupe containing the 2-4 nutlets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely fleshy; embryo .straight. About 75 genera and 1,300 species, of wide geographic distribution. A. Inflorescence centripetal, in spikes, heads or racemes. Inflorescence spicate or capitate. Spikes terminal. Flowers partly buried in the rachis ; stamens 2. Flowers not buried in the rachis ; stamens 4. Calyx elongated, cylindric in fruit. Calyx globular or ovoid in fruit. Spikes axillary and terminal. Rachis slender. Flowers scattered along the axis : fruit dry, horned. Flowers densely or loosely capitate or spicate. Fruit dry- Fruit fleshy. Rachis thick ; flowers capitellate. Inflorescence racemose ; racemes peduncled. Drupe 2-pyrenous, 4-spermous ; stigma 2-lobed. Drupe 4-pyrenous, 8-spermous ; stigma 4-lobed. B. Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose. Pyrenae separate. Cymes short-peduncled ; drupes 4-pyrenous. Cymes long-peduncled. Drupe 1-pyrenous, 4-locularis. Drupe 2-pyrenous, 2-locularis. Pyrenae cohering in pairs. Cymes axillary, short-peduncled ; spiny shrub. Cymes terminal ; unarmed herbs or shrubs. C. Inflorescence in pedunculate thyreoid corymbs ; fruit cap- sular. 1. VALERIANOIDES [Boerh.] Medic. Phil. Bot. 1: 177. 1789. Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, toothed. Flowers spicate, solitary and sessile in the axils of bracts, or im- bedded in excavations of the thick rachis. Calyx membranous or herbaceous, its lobes 5, usually unchanged at maturity. Corolla-tube sometimes slightly dilated above, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 2, included; anthers with unappendaged connectives; staminodia 2, small. Ovary 2-eelled. Ovules soli- tary in each cavity. Fruit included in the calyx, separating into 2 nutlets. [Signifies similarity to Valeriana, but this is obscure.] More than 40 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Verbena jamaiccnsis L. Shrub; leaves apically serrate, punctate; spikes short, G-15 cm. 1. V. fruticosa. Herb ; leaves serrate throughout, not punctate ; spikes long, 12- 45 cm. 2. T. jniiiiiici nsis. 1. Valerianoides fruticosa Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 178. 1906. Stachytarpheta fruticosa B. L. Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 51: 531. 1916. A glabrous shrub, 2 m. high or less, the branches slender, the twigs 4- sided. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, ovate-lanceolate or oblanceoiate, punctate, 4-8 cm. long, serrate above the middle, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into petioles 5-10 mm. long; spikes 5-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; bracts 1. Valerianoides. 2. 3. Bouchca. J'i iva. 4. Ghinia. 5. 6. 7. Lippia. Lantana. Nashia. 8. 9. Cithwrexylum. Duranta. 10. Callicarpa. 11. 12. Petitia. Pseudocarpiilhon 13. 14. Tolkameria. Clerodcndrum. 15. Avicennia. •"66 YEEBEXACEAE. ovatc-laneoolate or lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7 mm. long; calyx compressed, 2-cleft; corolla purple; fruit obpyriform, about 6 mm. long. Rock; plains and scrub-lands. Greal Bahama, Rose Island, Cay north of Wide Opening, Eleuthera, Rum Cay, North Caicos, Grand Turk, Cotton Cay and Inagua. Endemic. Bahama Vhbvain. 2. Valerianoides jamaicensis (L.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 509. 1891. Verbena jamaicensis L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl, Enum. 1: 206. 1805. Abena jamaicensis Hitehc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 117. 1893. Annual, often purplish, with sparingly pubescent or glabrate foliage. Leaves alternate or opposite, oblong, ovate or oval, 2-8 cm. long, coarsely serrate, narrowed at the base, the petioles margined, as long as the blades or shorter; spikes stiff, 1.5-5 dm. long; bracts imbricated, lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 5-8 mm. long; flowers in depressions of the rachis ; calyx-lobes triangular or triangular-ovate; corolla blue, somewhat irregular, 8-11 mm. long, its tube slightly curved, the limb 8 mm. broad; nutlets 3 mm. long, buried in the rachis. Waste places, coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and the Berry Islands to Andros, East Caicos. Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda : Florida : West Indies, and continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Jamaica Vervain. Blue-flower. 2. BOUCHEA Cham. Linnaea 7: 252. 1832. Herbs or low shrubs, with opposite petioled toothed leaves, and small flowers in terminal bracted spikes or narrow racemes. Calyx tubular, 5- toothed, 5-ribbed, cylindric in fruit. Corolla-tube cylindric, slender, the limb obliquely spreading, 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, borne on the corolla-tube at or above the middle; filaments short; anthers ovate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, erect; style filiform, sub- clavate above. Fruit linear or oblong, dry, enclosed in the calyx, separating into 2 linear nutlets. [Commemorates P. C. Bouche and C. D. Bouche, German gardeners.] About 15 species of tropical and warm temperate regions. Type species: Verbena Pseudogervao St. Hil. 1. Bouchea prismatica (iL.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 502. 1891. Verbena prismatica L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753. Bouchea EJirenbergii Cham. Linnaea 7: 253. 1832. Annual, erect, simple or few-branched, finely pubescent, 2-5 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, 2-6 cm. long, serrate all around, acute at the apex, obtuse or subtruncate at the base; racemes narrow, elongated, often 2 dm. long or longer; pedicels very short, about 1 mm. long, erect; calyx narrowly cylindric, appressed to the axis of the raceme, about 10 mm. long, its teeth linear-subulate, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla violet or purplish, about 10 mm. long; fruit a little longer than the calyx. A weed in waste places, New Providence and Cat Island : — Cuba to St. Thomas and Antigua ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Curacao ; Mexico to Venezuela. Narrow-fruited Vervain. 3. PRIVA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 505. 1763. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite, membranous, toothed, the flowers in slender peduncled racemes. Calyx-tube 5-ribbed; lobes 5. Corolla VERBENACEAE. 367 salverform, its tube straight or incurved, slightly dilated above, its limb spreading, oblique, slightly 2-lipped, with 5 short lobes. Stamens 4, didy- namous, included; anthers with parallel or slightly divergent sacs. Ovary 2- celled, each cavity with more or less well developed septa. Ovules 2, or by abortion 1, at ba?e of each cavity. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, separating into 2 nutlets. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, of tropical distribution, the following typical. v 1. Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers. Syn. 2: 139. 1806. Verbena lappulacea L. Sp. PL 19. 1753. Priva echinata Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. 7: 69. 1806. More or less pubescent. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, branching; leaves ovate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate, truncate or cordate at the base, the petioles much shorter than the blades ; racemes loosely flowered, 5-15 em. long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; calyx cylindric-prismatic, 2-3 mm. long, accres- cent, pubescent; corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, salverform, with short rounded lobes; fruit ovoid-pyramidal, 5-7 mm. long; nutlets included in the calyx, spiny-tuberculate on the back, 3-4 mm. long. Waste places, coppices and cultivated ground, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera. Watling's, Parrot Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies : Mexico to Brazil. Erroneously referred by Dolley to Teucrium inflatum Sw. Bur Vervain. Cat's-toxgue. 4. GHINIA Schreb. Gen. 19. 1789. [Tajioxea Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 659, pi. 268. 1775. Xot Aubl. 1: 441, pi. 175. 1775.] Herbs or low shrubs, with slender stiff branches, opposite, nearly sessile, dentate or incised leaves, and small bracted flowers in terminal and axillary slender spikes. Calyx tubular, subtruncate, 5-ribbed, the ribs excurrent as short teeth. Corolla with a cylindric tube slightly enlarged above, and an oblique, spreading, 5-cleft limb. Stamens 4, didynamous, borne on the corolla- tube, included; anther-sacs parallel, the connective with a gland-like appendage. Ovary nearly completely 4-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity; style short; stigma oblong. Fruit small, hard, mostly 4-horned, 4-celled. Seeds usually 4, without endosperm. [Guiana name.] Four or five species, of tropical America. Type species: Tamonea spicata Aubl. 1. Ghinia curassavica (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 174. 1906. Verbena curassavica L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753. Tamonea curassavica Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 139. 1806. Tamonea scabra Cham. & Schl. Linnaea 5: 99. 1830. Erect, simple or branched, roughish, 2.5-6 dm. high, slender. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, membranous, sparingly puberulent, 2-4 cm. long, serrate, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base; racemes long-pediunlcd, very slender, the flowers distant; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx oblong, about 4 mm. long, distended by the ripening fruit and becoming obconic, it^ teeth linear, about 1 mm. long; corolla 5-6 mm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, its spines 1-2 mm. long. A weed in waste places, New Providence: — Cuba; Mexico. KPINY-FBUITED Vervain. 5. LIPPIA L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753. Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, or rarely alternate leaves, an 1 small bracted flowers, in spikes or heads. Calyx small, ovoid, campauulate or 368 VERBENACEAE. compressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-e]eft. Corolla-tube cylindric, the limb oblique, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers ovate, not appendagod, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a mem- branous exocarp, at length separating into 4 nutlets. [Named in honor of Auguste Lippi, 1678-1703, a French naturalist.] About 100 species, most abundant in tropical America. Type species: Lippia americana L. shrubs, erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate. I. L. stoechadifolia. Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate. 2. L. geminata. Prostrate or ascending herbs. Leaves inconspicuously veined. .3. L. nodiflora. Leaves usually prominently veined. 4. L. reptans. 1. Lippia stoechadifolia (L.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 265. 1818. Verbena stoechadifolia L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753. Phyla stoechadifolia Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 36: 162. 1909. Shrubby, loosely appressed-strigose, ascending or suberect, usually little branched, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblongdaneeolate, rather firm in texture, 2.5-6 cm. long, strongly pinnately veined, sharply and evenly serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed into short petioles; peduncles axil- lary or lateral, mostly longer than the leaves; heads at first subglobose, at length oblong-cylindric, 1-2 em. long, obtuse; bracts suborbicular, mucronate; calyx 2-toothed, compressed; corolla about 4 mm. long, longer than the bracts, its tube twice as long as the calyx. Borders of fresh-water pockets and ponds, New Providence, Cat Island, Wat- ling's, Great Exuma, Long Island and Fortune Island : — Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Guade- loupe ; Jamaica ; Mexico. Marsh Lippia. 2. Lippia geminata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 266. 1818. Lippia geminata microphylla Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 495. 1861. An aromatic, densely puberulent shrub 1 m. high or less, usually much branched, the branches slender. Leaves ovate or oblong, 1.5-7 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenate or crenulate, puberulent, rugose above, the petioles 3-8 mm. long; peduncles axillary mostly much shorter than the leaves; heads subglobose, or short-oblong, 8-12 mm. long; bracts ovate, puberulent, acute, about 3 mm. long, nearly as long as the corolla; calyx 2-toothed; corolla purple, violet or white, its tube about 3 times as- long as the calyx. Turk's Islands (according to GrisebachL not found there by us : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Antigua to Trinidad ; continental tropical America. Often planted for its fragrant foliage. Bushy Lippia. 3. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15. 1803. Verbena nodiflora L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753. Phyla nodiflora Greene, Pittonia 4: 46. 1899. Minutely and rather densely puberulent, herbaceous, creeping, or the branches ascending, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblanceolate, or obovate, 1-6 cm. long, 0.6-2.5 em. wide, inconspicuously veined, mostly obtuse, narrowed into a cuneate entire base, sharply serrate above the middle; heads at length cylindric and 1-2.5 cm. long; corolla purple to white, little longer than the bracts. Palmetto lands and moist waste places, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, New Providence, Mariguana, Acklin's. Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Texas : West Indies : Mexico to northern South America ; warm- temperate and tropical parts of the Old World. Referred by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker to L. canescens H.B.K. Cape-weed. Creeping Lippia. YERBEXACEAE. 369 4. Lippia reptans H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 263. 1818. Similar to L. nodiflora, densely appressed-strigilose, herbaceous, the stems prostrate or ascending, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves obovate, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cuneate at the ba?e, coarsely and sharply dentate above, the base, usually rather prominently veined, the petioles 5-10 mm. long; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves; heads ovoid, becoming subcylindric and 2 cm. long or less; corolla white. Margins of brackish marshes, savannas and pools, Eleuthera and Inagua : — Cuba to St. Croix and to Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico to Brazil. This species is, ap- parently, not certainly distinct from the preceding. Larger Cheeping Lippia. 6. LANTANA L. Sp. PI. 626. 1753. Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with pubescent foliage, the stems sometimes armed with prickles. Leaves opposite, toothed. Flowers in dense peduncled heads or spikes. Calyx membranous, with a truncate or sinuate border. Corolla-tube slender, often curved, sometimes slightly dilated above, the limb more or less 2 -lipped, the lobes 4 or 5. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma oblique; ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit small, drupe-like. Xutlets 2- celled or separating into 2 one-seeded nutlets. ['Named from fancied simi- larity to Viburnum Lantana.] About 60 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Type species: Lantana, Camara L. Flowers yellow or orange or changing to orange or red, not in- volucrate. Leaves ovate, truncate or subtruncate at the base ; straggling shrub. 1. L. ovatifolia. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; erect shrubs. Corolla orange, changing to red ; bracts half as long as the corolla-tube. 2. L. Camara. Corolla yellow, changing to orange ; bracts one-third as long as the corolla-tube. 3. L. baham crisis. Flowers white to lilac, often with a yellow eye or throat, in- volucrate. Leaves 2— i cm. long. Leaves ovate to elliptic or obovate, not more than twice as long as wide. 4. L. inrolucrata. Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 2.5 to 3 times as long as wide. 5. L. dcmutata. Leaves 10 mm. long or less. 6. I., ha I nam if era. 1. Lantana ovatifolia Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 123. 1905. Stems woody, little branched, diffusely spreading, 7 dm. long or less, bluntly 4-angled, very rough-pubescent with stiff appressed hairs. Leaves ovate, thick, short-petioled, 5 cm. long or less, very scabrous on the upper sur- face, rough-pubescent with stiff hairs beneath, especially on the 4 to 6 prin- cipal veins on each side of the prominent mid-vein, acute at the apex, abruptly cuneate-narrowed at the obtuse or subtruncate base, the margin low-crenate nearly all around; petioles rather stout, rough, 3-5 mm. long; peduncles axillary, slender, about 4 cm. long, smooth or nearly so when old; corolla-tube orange-red, the limb yellow, about 6 mm. broad; fruit subglobose, about 4 mm. in diameter, black, shining. Pine-lands, coppices and scrub-lands. Great Bahama and Andros : — Florida. Andros plants were referred by Mrs. Northrop to L. crocea Jacq. Ovate -LEAVED Lantana. 2. Lantana Camara L. Sp. PI. 627. 1753. A branching shrub 1-1.5 m. tall, rigid-pubescent, nearly or quite unarmed. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 4-12 cm. long, obtuse, acute, or short-acuminate, 370 YERBEXACEAE. finely crcnate-serrate, rounded or narrowed at the base; bracts oblong to lance- olate, 4-7 mm. long; calyx very thin, 3 mm. long; corolla orange-yellow or orange, changing to red, the tube about 1 em. long, puberulent, slightly curved, barely enlarged above the middle; limb 6-8 mm. wide; drupes black, about 3 mm. in diameter. Waste grounds, Eleuthera, Warning's, Long Island and Inagua : — Bermuda; Georgia to Florida and Texas : West Indies and continental tropical America. Re- ferred to by Coker as L.croa a as to his Eleuthera plant. Laxtaxa. Ki:u Sage-hush. 3. Lantana bahamensis Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 450. 1905. Shrub 1 m. high or less, with slender striate branches, which are smooth or sometimes bear minute prickles less than 0.5 mm. long, the twigs minutely pubescent; leaves thin, oblong-laneeolate, varying from acute to blunt at the apex, more or less narrowed at the base, and somewhat deeurrent on the petiole, minutely short-pubescent on both sides, or becoming glabrous above, closely erenate, the primary veins rather conspicuous on the under side; blades 5 cm. long or less, 1.5-2 cm. wide ; petioles very slender, 2 cm. long or less ; peduncles terminal and axillary, shorter than the leaves ; bracts lanceolate, acutish, very pubescent, about 4 mm. long; flowers 8-15 in the heads; calyx 2 mm. long, pubescent, the ,2 short lips about equal ; corolla yellow, changing to orange, its tube pubescent, enlarged above, about 8 mm. long, its limb about 4 mm. wide, irregularly lobed; fruit globose, black, shining, about 3 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros. New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat- ling's, Rum Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Acklin's and North and East Caicos : — Cuban Cays. The New Providence plants were referred by Mrs. Northrop to L. Cumara, and by Hitchcock, Grisebach and Dolley to the Jamaican L. crocca. Erro- neously called Goldex-eod. Bahama Lantana. 4. Lantana involucrata L. Cent. PI. 2: 22. 1756. Lantana odorata L. Syst. ed. 12, 418. 1767. A pubescent, much branched shrub, 6-15 dm. high, the branches stiff, nearly terete. Leaves elliptic or ovate, petioled, 1-4 cm. long, crenulate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, scabrous above, pubescent be- neath; peduncles 1-5 em. long, slender; heads several-flowered, involucrate by several ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracts 3-6 mm. long; corolla lilac or nearly white, its tube 6-8 mm. long; drupes about 4 mm. in diameter; drupes blue, about 3 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, thickets and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Allen's Cay and Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Little Ambergris Cay, Inagua, the Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal : — Florida : Bermuda ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Guadeloupe ; Ja- maica. Wild Sage. Big Sage. 5. Lantana demutata Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 175. 1906. A widely branched shrub, 1-2 dm. high, the young twigs densely puberu- lent, the older ones glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, short-petioled, 1-2 em. long, erenate, puberulent on both sides, rugose and scabrous above; peduncles slender, puberulent, 2-4 cm. long; heads 5-8-flowered, involucrate by ovate or oblong obtuse bracts about 4.5 mm. long; flowers white; corolla- tube about 3 mm. long; drupes blue, pubescent, 2-3 mm. long. Scrublands, Harbor Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma and Long Island. Endemic. Bahama Sage-bush. 6. Lantana balsamifera Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 123. 1905. A shrub, 1.6 m. high or less, forming large masses, with a balsamic odor, the slender bluntly angular branches ascending, puberulent; the internodes short. Leaves elliptic to ovate elliptic or nearly orbicular, 5-10 mm. long, 5 mm. wide or less, puberulent, acute or obtuse, firm, crenulate, rugose-reticulated above, paler and rather strongly veined beneath, the petioles 1-1.5 mm. long; VERBENACEAE. 371 peduncles slender, thickened above, 8-15 mm. long in fruit ; heads about 6 mm. broad, several-flowered; bracts lanceolate, puberulent, obtusish, 2.5-3 mm. long; calyx 2-toothed, pubescent, 1 mm. long, its teeth blunt; corolla purple, its slightly gibbous tube about 3 mm. long, its spreading limb with 5 unequal obtuse lobes ; stamens borne near the top of the corolla-tube, the anthers as long as the filaments or longer. Scrub-lands, Little Inagua, at Moujean Harbor. Endemic. Inagua Sage-bush. A small-leaved shrub, growing in sand alongside typical L. involucrata on Whale Cay, Berry Islands, appearing very distinct from it, and a similar specimen from Bleuthera, first referred by us to this species, may represent another race or species; these specimens are barren. 7. NASHIA Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 176. 1906. Pubescent aromatic shrubs, with rather stout branches, opposite or fascicled leaves and small capitate bracteolate, white or greenish flowers. Calyx short, annular, subtruncate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, its limb nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal in length. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, small, the bony nutlets coherent. [Dedicated to George Valentine Xash.] Two or three species of the Bahamas and Cuba, the follow- ing typical. 1. Nashia inaguensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 177. 1906. Lippia inaguensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 353. 1912. A much-branched shrub 2 m. high or less, the bark gray, the branches widely spreading, the young twigs densely short-pubescent, elliptic to obovate or spatulate, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, rugose and sparingly pubescent above, tomentose beneath, the margin entire, revolute, the petioles about 1 mm. long; heads axillary, sessile, few-flowered; bracts ciliate, apiculate, longer than the flowers; corolla white, about 2 mm. long; drupes pyriform, about 4 mm. long; nutlets smooth. Scrub-lands, Inagua, near Matthew Town. Endemic. Moujean Tea. 8. CITHAREXYLUM L. Sp. PI. 625. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves and small flowers in terminal or axillary spikes or racemes, the pedicels subtended by minute bracts. Calyx narrowly campanulate, minutely 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla salverform, its limb slightly oblique, 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, adnate to the corolla-tube, the fifth one mostly sterile or rudimentary; filaments filiform. Ovary sessile, incompletely 4-celled; ovules solitary, anatropous; stigma 2-lobed. Drupes berry-like, the fleshy pulp enclosing a bony stone which separates into 2, 2- seeded nutlets. [Greek, fiddle-wood; French, bois fidele.] About 20 species, of tropical America. Type species: Citharexylum spinosum L. Flowers subsesslle; nutlets 2-celled. 1. C. fruttcosum. Flowers with pedicels longer than the bracts; nutlets 1-celled. 2. 0. caudatum. ]. Citharexylum fruticosum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1115. 1759. Citharexi/lum cinereum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 872. 1763. Citharexylum villosum Jacq. Icon. Par. 1: 12. 17S6. Citharexylum subserratum Sw. Prodr. 91. 1788. Citharexylum bahamense Milbp. Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 450. 1905 A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m.. with a trunk up to 2 dm. in diameter, the nearly smooth bark light brown, the twigs slender and 372 VERBEXACEAE. angled, the foliage glabrous or pubescent. Leaves oblong to obovate, various, 5-15 em. long, 1-4 cm. wide, acute, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, reticulate-veined, shining above, dull beneath, the petioles L',.1 em. long or less; spikes slender, 5-12 cm. long; pedicels 1 mm. long or less; calyx narrowly campanulate, about 3 mm. long; corolla white, its tube some- what longer than the calyx, its spreading limb about 6 mm. wide ; drupe sub- globose, 6-10 mm. in diameter, reddish brown to black; nutlets 2-celled. Coppices and scrub-lands, Aba CO and Andros to Mariguana, East Caicos and Inagua :— Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to 0. Berterii Spreng,, by Coker to C. quadranyulare Jacq. The species consists of a large number of races, the leaves varying from glabrous to pubescent and from narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate to obovate, occasionally dentate. Spicate Fiddlewood. Long Tom. 2. Citharexylum caudatum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 872. 1763. Citharexylum Berterii Spreng. Syst. 2: 763. 1825. Citharexylum lucidum Cham. Linnaea 5: 97. 1830. A shrub, or a tree up to 20 m. high, the nearly terete, slender twigs glabrous. Leaves oblong, rather thin, 7-15 em. long, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, shining above, dull beneath, the petioles 1—2 cm. long; racemes narrow, elongated, 4-8 dm. long; pedicels 1.5-3 mm. long; calyx campanulate, about 3 mm. long, nearly truncate ; corolla white, its tube about twice as long as the calyx, its limb spreading, 4-5 mm. wide; drupe globose-oblong, black, shining, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; nutlets 1-celled. Coastal coppices. Andros, at Conch Sound : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Mexico. Racemose Fiddlewood. 9. DURANTA L. Sp. PL 637. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, the branches sometimes armed. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire or toothed. Flowers small, in elongated or short, terminal or axillary racemes. Calyx-tube campanulate or tubular, truncate or minutely 5-lobed. Corolla funnelform or salverform, its tube eylindric, straight or incurved, its limb spreading, oblique or of 5 equal lobes. Stamens 4, didy- namous, included; anthers- with unappendaged connectives, the sacs distinct. Ovary partially or imperfectly 8-celled. Stigma oblique, sometimes unequally 4-lobed. Ovules solitary or 2 in each cavity. Drupe included in the calyx, of 4 nutlets. Seeds without endosperm. [In honor of Castor Durante, a physi- cian of Rome.] About 8 species, of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Duranta repens L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753. Durante Ellisia Jacq. Enum. 26. 1760. Duranta Plumieri Jacq. Select. Am. 186. 1763. A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 6 m., with glabrate or finely pubescent foliage and unarmed or spiny, slender, often drooping or trailing branches. Leaves numerous, ovate-elliptic, oval or obovate, 1.5-5 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, entire or serrate above the middle, short-petioled; racemes 5-15 cm. long, recurving; pedicels 1-5 mm. long; calyx 3-4 mm. long, angled, its lobes acute, shorter than the tube; corolla lilac, the tube surpassing the calyx, the limb 7-9 mm. broad; fruit yellow, globular, 7-11 mm. in diameter, enclosed by the accrescent yellowish calyx which is produced into a curved beak. Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama. Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Acklin's and Mariguana : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies and Mexico to northern South America. Pigeon-berry. YERBEXACEAE. 373 10. CALLICARPA L. Sp. PI. 111. 1753. Shrubs or tree?, with opposite leave?, and small blue purple or white flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short, eampanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5- toothed), or truncate. Corolla-tube short, expanded above, the limb 4-cleft (rarely 5-cleft), the lobes equal. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary incompletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally at- tached, amphitropous; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, much longer than the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek, handsome fruit.] About 35 species of Asia. Africa and America. Type species: Callicarpa americana L. 1. Callicarpa Hitchcockii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 312. 1909. A shrub, 2-3 m. high, with weak elongated vine-like branches, the slender twigs densely brown-scurfy. Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, sub- coriaceous, 2-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, revolute-margined, rugose, glabrous and dark-green above, densely brown-scurfy beneath, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, the petioles about 4 mm. long; cymes few-several- flowered, much shorter than the leaves ; calyx glabrous, obscurely toothed ; corolla white; fruit subglobose, bluish, resinous-dotted, about 5 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, pine-lands and savannas, Andros. New Providence and Cat Island : — Cuban Cays. Referred" by Hitchcock, and in Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2: 180, to C. fulva A. Rich. Boar-hog Bush. 11. PETITIA Jacq. Einim. 1, 12. 1760. Trees or shrubs, with large opposite entire petioled tomentulose leaves, and small axillary cymose-paniculate flowers. Calyx eampanulate, 4-toothed or subtruncate. Corolla short-salverform, the limb spreading, 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 4, borne near the top of the corolla-tube, equal; fila- ments very short; anthers ovate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style 2-eleft at the apex. Fruit a small drupe, the endocarp 2-4-eelled. [Commemorates Francois Petit, 1664-1741, a French physician.] Two or three species of the West Indies and Mexico, the following typical. * 1. Petitia domingensis Jacq. Enum. 12. 1760. Petitia Poeppigii Schauer, in DC. Prodr. 11: 639. Is 1 7. A tree, up to '22 m. high, usually much smaller or sometimes a shrub, the slender twigs, the petioles and the inflorescence densely brownish-tomentulose. Leaves elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, rather thin, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, dark green, dull and glabrous or nearly so above, rusty-tomentulose beneath, the slender petioles 7 cm. long or less; panicles many-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter; calyx about 1.5 mm. long; corolla whitish, its tube about twice as long as the calyx, its limb 4-5 mm. broad ; flowers fragrant ; drupes nearly black, globose to obovoid, 4-5 mm. in diameter. Pine-barrens, coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, and Cat Island: — Cuba; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico; Jamaica; Cayman Islands. Recorded from St. Croix. Petitia. Bastard Stopper. 12. PSEUDOCARPIDIUM Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 181. 1906. Shrubs or trees, with opposite petioled simple subeoriaceous, spinulose- dentate or entire leaves, and small axillary panieled flowers. Calyx campanu- 374 \i;i; m:\ACEAE. late, equally 5-dentate. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, the limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted. Ovary at length 4-celled; style simple; stigma 2-cdeft. Fruit dry or slightly fleshy, 3-4-lobed. [Greek, false carpid.] Six known species, of Cuba and the Bahamas. Type species: Vitex ilicifolia A. Kich. 1. Pseudocarpidium Wrightii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 182. 1906. A shrub or small tree up to 5 m. high, the young twigs and the inflores- cence puberulent, the bark light gray or nearly white. Leaves elliptic to obovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, rounded or sub- cordate at the base, spinulose-dentate, glabrous, shining and reticulate-veined above, puberulent at least on the veins beneath, the petioles 3-5 mm. long; panicles peduncled, several-many-flowered, mostly exceeding the leaves; calyx 2-3 mm. long, its teeth ovate, acute; corolla violet, about 4 times as long as the calyx; fruit depressed, about 8 mm. broad, its lobes rounded. Coppices and scrub-lands? Andros and Mangrove Cay: — Cuba. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Vitex ilicifolia A. Rich., which it resembles. Wright's Pseudo- carpidium. 13. VOLKAMERJA L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753. A vine-like, spiny shrub, with opposite petioled entire leaves, and white flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, with a slender tube, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted, somewhat unequal. Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a subglobose drupe, the 2 nutlets each 2-celled. [In honor of J. C. Volkamer, a Nuremberg botanist, who died in 1720.] Only the following species, native of tropical America. 1. Volkameria aculeata L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753. Clerodendron aculeatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 500. 1861. Ovieda aculeata Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 118. 1893. Climbing to a length of 3 m. or more, or nearly erect, the slender branches densely puberulent, armed with stout oposite spreading spines 8 mm. long or less. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, oblong to elliptic-obovate, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed to the base, 2-5 em. long; cymes stalked, few- several-flowered; pedicels slender, puberulent, 6-14 mm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long, puberulent, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; tube of the corolla about 18 mm. long, its limb about 12 mm. broad; stamens purple; drupe 4- grooved, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, New Providence and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Martinique ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. Prickly Mxrtle. 14. CLERODENDRUM [Burm.] L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753. Shrubs, vines or perennial herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and flowers in terminal or axillary cymes or panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube mostly longer than the 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, borne on the corolla-tube, exserted, somewhat unequal. Stigma 2- lobed; ovary 4-celled. Fruit a drupe, enclosing 4, 1-seeded nutlets. [Greek, tree of fortune.] Probably 100 or more species, mostly natives of tropical regions. Type species: Clerodendrum infortunatum L. LAM I ACE AE. 375 1. Clerodendrum fragrans Vent. Jard. Malm. pi. 70. 1804. Ovieda fragrans Hitche. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 118. 1S93. Half-shrubby, finely pubescent, 6-15 dm. high, the stout branches angled. Leaves very broadly ovate, 1-2 dm. long, acute at the apex, cordate or nearly truncate at the base, coarsely dentate, long-petioled; flowers white, fragrant, double in all American specimens examined, in dense terminal cymes, the corolla about 2.5 cm. broad; calyx 5-cleft, its lanceolate lobes acuminate; corolla-lobes rounded. Roadside, New Providence : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Naturalized from the tropics of Asia. Odorous Clerodendron. Wild Jessamine. 15. AVICENNIA L. Sp. PI. 110. 1753. Evergreen trees, sometimes shrubby, with nodose twigs, opposite entire leathery leaves without stipules, and peduncled clusters of white bracted flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, silky, with 5 persistent lobes. Corolla campanu- late, its short tube nearly eylindric, its limb spreading, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, adnate to the corolla-tube, the anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; ovules 4, on a central placenta; style short, 2 lobed. Fruit capsular, oblique, apicu- late. Seeds without endosperm, usually germinating in the capsule. [In honor of Avicenna (9S0-1036) of Bokhara, a distinguished oriental physician.] Three known species- of tropical and subtropical seacoasts. Type species: Avicennia officinalis L. 1. Avicennia nitida Jacq. Enum. 25. 1760. A tree, up to about 16 m. high, with shallowly fissured dark scaly bark, orange-red within, the young twigs finely pubescent. Leaves pubescent when young, soon becoming glabrous above, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or apieulate at the apex, finely canescent beneath, narrowed at the base into short petioles; panicles 2-5 cm. long; corolla 10-14 mm. broad, its lobes rounded; capsule oblong or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long, light green, slightly pubescent. In mangrove mud and shallows of the sea, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Inagua and Cay Sal : — Bermuda ; Florida to Texas; West Indies and continental tropical America. Catesby, 1: pi. 85. Black Mangrove. Green Turtle Bough. Family S. LAMIACEAE Lindl. Mint Family. Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees), mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; stipules none. Flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose, usually bracteolate. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-toothed or 5-lobed (rarely 4-toothed), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped. regular in a few genera; upper lip 2-lobed, or sometimes entire; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube typically 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2. rarely equal; filaments separate, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 2-celled, introrse, or confluently 1-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. Disk usually present, fleshy. Ovary 4-lobed, or 4-parted, superior, each lobe or division with 1 mostly anatropous ovule; style arising from the centre of the lobed or 376 LAMJACEAE. parted ovary, 2-lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4, 1-seeded nutlets. Seed erecl (transverse in Scutellaria); endosperm scanty, or none; embryo mostly straight; radicle short, inferior. About 160 genera and 3,200 species, of wide distribution. Ovary of 4 united carpels, 4-lobed: style not basal. 1. Alclosinon. Ovary of 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpels ; style basal. Calyx with a crest on the upper side. 2. Scutellaria. Calyx without a crest. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, the lips different, the upper one concave. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Calyx-lobes 5. 3. Leomirus. Calyx-lobes 8-10. 4. Leonotis. Anther-bearing stamens 2. 5. Salvia. Corolla nearly regular, or if 2-lipped, the upper lip not con- cave. Filaments converging under the upper lip of the corolla. 6. Micromeria. Lower pair of filaments appressed to the lower lip of the corolla. Lobes of the calyx nearly equal. 7. Hyptis. Upper lobe of the calyx broad, decurrent. 8. Ocimum. 1. MELOSMON Eaf. Fl. Tell. 3: 85. 1837. Herbs with incised or pinnatifid leaves, the white or blue pedicelled flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts. Calyx with a short, 10-ribbed tube and 5 long nearly equal lobes. Corolla irregular, the upper lip small, the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe much longer than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, exserted. Ovary 4-lobed, of 4 partly united carpels; style not basal. Nutlets laterally attached, roughened or smooth. [Greek, of uncertain application.] A few species, natives of temperate and tropical America. Type species: Melosmon bicolor Eaf. * 1. Melosmon cubense (Jacq.) Small, El. SE. TJ. S. 1019, 1337. 1903. Teucrhim cubense Jacq. Enum. 25. 1760. Annual (?); sparingly pubescent or glabrate; stems often branched near the base, slender, 2-5 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves ovate to spatulate in outline, 1-3 cm. long, incised, the lobes mostly entire ; bracts simi- lar to the leaves: pedicels 2-5 mm. long; calyx 4-5.5 mm. long, its linear- lanceolate pubescent acuminate lobes several times longer than the tube; corolla bluish-white, 11-14 mm. long; nutlets about 2 mm. long, irregularly roughened. Waste places and cultivated soils, Great Bahama, New Providence. Eleuthera to Long Island, Inagua : — Alabama, Texas and Mexico ; Cuba. West Indian Germander. 2. SCUTELLARIA L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753. Bitter herbs, some species shrubby. Flowers blue to violet, in bracted, mostly secund, spike-like racemes, or solitary or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx campanulate, gibbous, 2-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a crest or protuberance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit. Corolla recurved-ascending, dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading or de- flexed, its lateral lobes small and somewhat connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair somewhat the shorter, their anthers 2- LAMIACEAE. 377 celled, ciliate; anthers of the lower pair of stamens 1-celled, also ciliate. Nutlets papillose or tuberculate. [Latin, a dish, from the appendage to the fruiting calyx.] About 100 species of wide distribution. Type species: Scutellaria peregrina L. 1. Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. Enum. 25. 1760. Scutellaria cubensis A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 158. 1850. Scutellaria longiflora Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 437. 1905. Perennial; stems very slender, often branched near the base, erect or ascending, 3 dm. high or less, pubescent or puberulent. Leaves ovate or ovate- orbicular, short-petioled, 3-9 mm. long, puberulent on both sides, few-toothed or entire; flowers solitary in the axils on ascending peduncles 3-7 mm. long; flowering calyx about 1.5 mm. long; corolla dark blue, about 1.5 cm. long, the middle lobe of the upper lip emarginate, the lower lip 3-lobed; fruiting calyx about 3 mm. long. Rocky places, red-lands and pine-lands. Great Bahama, Eleuthera, Cat Island, and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico. Skullcap. Scutellaria purpurasccns Sw. mentioned by Hitchcock as occurring on Eleuthera was not found iu his collections ; the record is probably based on the above species. 3. LEONURUS L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753. Tall herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white or pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanu- late, 5-nerved, nearly regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower lip spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. Anthers 2-celled, the ?acs mostly parallel. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion's- tail.] About 10 species, of Europe and Asia. Type species : Leonurus Cardiaca L. 1. Leonurus sibiricus L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753. Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem 6-18 dm. high. Leaves long- petioled, 3-parted into ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cleft and incised segments, the lobes lanceolate or linear, acute, the uppermost linear or lanceo- late; clusters dense, usually all axillary; calyx campanulate, 6 mm. long, gla- brous or minutely puberulent ; corolla purple or red, densely puberulent without, 8-12 mm. long, its tube naked within ; anther-sacs divergent. Waste places, New Providence and Harbor Island : — Bermuda : Delaware and Maryland : West Indies ; continental tropical America. Naturalized from the Old World tropics. Lion's tail. Pipe-shank. 4. LEONOTIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 3: 409. 1811. Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants, the leaves opposite, broad, toothed, petioled, the flowers in dense whorls, short-pedicelled. Calyx- tube 10-nerved, oblique at the mouth, its lobes 8-10, unequal, bristle-tipped. Corolla yellow, orange or scarlet; 2-lipped, the tube dilated above, curved; upper lip erect, rather long; lower lip with 3 lobes, the middle lobe scarcely longer than the lateral. Stamens 4; filaments all anther-bearing; anthers -'- celled; sacs diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, smooth. [Greek, lion 'sear.] About 12 species, natives of Africa. Type species: Leonotis Leonitis (L.) R. Br. 25 378 LAMIACEAE. 1. Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 3: 409. 1811. Plilomis nepetaefolia L. Sp. PI. 586. 1753. Annual, softly pubescent. Stems 3-20 dm. tall, rather stout, simple or branched; leaves ovate to ovate-deltoid, 4-12 cm. long, coarsely crenate, cuneate or subcordate at the base; iiower-clusters dense, 4-6 cm. in diameter; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; calyx puberulent, becoming at least 2 cm. long, its tube reticu- lated above the middle, its lobes 8, awn-tipped; corolla scarlet or orange-yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long, villous-hirsute, its tube curved, the upper lip as long as the tube, the lower lip much shorter than the upper, with 3 narrow lobes; nutlets 3 mm. long, sharply angled. Waste places, New Providence, Eleuthera, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda : Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana ; West Indies ; Texas to Brazil ; Old World tropics. Lion's-ear. 5. SALVIA L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753. Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered flowers, the clusters mostly spiked, racemed, or panicled. Calyx mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly 2- lipped; upper lip entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudi- mentary) ; connective of the anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capitate or sometimes bearing a small or rudimentary one. Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin, salvus, safe, from its healing virtues.] About 500 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Salvia offi- cinalis L. Corolla blue to white. 4-10 mm. long. Leaves cuneate-narrowed at base. 1. S. occidentalis. Leaves rounded or cordate at base. 2. S. serotina. Corolla red or scarlet, 2-2.5 cm. long. 3. S. coccinea. } 1. Salvia occidentalis Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788. Annual ; stems ascending, decumbent or prostrate, branched, densely pubes- cent at least above, 0.5-2 m. long. Leaves ovate, 2-5 cm. long, serrate, short- petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base ; panicles narrow, 0.5-3 dm. long, the clusters few-flowered, the lower ones dis- tant, the upper close together; calyx about 3 mm. long densely glandular- pubescent, ribbed, the upper lip obtuse, the lobes of tix 'ower lip acute; corolla blue, about 5 mm. long, its tube a little shorter than the calyx; nutlets about 2 mm. long. Waste places and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera and Great Exuma : — Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America ; recorded from Bermuda. West Ixdiax Sage. * 2. Salvia serotina L. Mant. 1: 25. 1767. Salvia micrantha Vahl, Enum. 1: 235. 1805. Perennial, finely pubescent; stems 1.5-7 dm. tall, much branched. Leaves ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, rounded or sub- cordate at the base, slender-petioled ; panicles 2-10 cm. long; calyx longer than the pedicels, glandular-hirsute, becoming 5-8 mm. long; lips about i as long as the long-eampanulate tube; corolla 6-10 mm. long, white or blue, its tube included; style glabrous; nutlets fully 2 mm. long. LAMIACEAE. 379 Waste places and scrublands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, The Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies; continental tropical America. Consists of many races differing in pubescence, the corolla blue to white. Apparently referred to 8. tenella Sw. by Hitchcock. Erroneously called Catxkf. Listed by Dolley as Xcpita Vuturia L. Small White Sage. 3. Salvia coccinea Juss. in Murray, Comm. Gott. 1: 86. 1778. Annual, softly pubescent; stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-6 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, crenate-serrate, truncate to subcordate at the base; panicles 5-20 cm. long; pedicels 2-6 mm. long, slender; calyx minutely pubescent, 10-12 mm. long, its tube many-ribbed, the upper lip reniform, abruptly pointed, the lower lobes ovate-apiculate; corolla deep scarlet, 2-2.5 em. long, puberulent, the tube con- tracted above the base, then gradually enlarged, the lower lip 7-8 mm. broad, merely notched at the apex; nutlets 2.5 mm. long, slightly variegated. Waste places, Watling's Island, at Cockburn Town: — Bermuda; South Carolina to Florida, Texas and Mexico ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Scar- let Sage. Countey Belle. 6. MICROMBRIA Benth. Bot. Reg. 15: under pi. 1282. 1829. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with entire or dentate leaves and small axillary clustered or solitary flowers. Calyx tubular, its tube mostly 13-ribbed, its 5 lobes nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, often very small; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, converging under the upper corolla-lip; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Ovary 4- carpellary; style basal. Nutlets smooth, basally attached. [Greek, referring to the small flowers.] Sixty species or more, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Sabbatia corymbosa Moench. 1. Micromeria Brownei (Sw.) Benth. Lab. 372. 1834. Thumus Brownei Sw. Prodr. 89. 1788. Saiureia Brownei Briquet, in E. & P. Xat. Pflanzf. 43a: 300. 1896. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stems- branched near the base, very slender, the branches prostrate and creeping, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, 5-12 mm. broad, crenulate, obtuse or acute at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, the petioles 1-6 mm. long; flowers mostly solitary in the axils; pedicels filiform, 3-12 mm. long, as long as the upper leaves or longer; calyx narrowly turbinate, 4-5 mm. long, its triangular-ovate, ciliolate lobes about one-half as long as the tube; corolla white, 7-8 nun. long, its upper lip ovate, sometimes emarginate. Moist soils at fresh-water holes, Abaco and Great Bahama southward t" Crooked Island: — Florida; Jamaica. Recorded by Dolley as Nepeta coerulea L. W'kst Indian Thyme. 7. HYPTIS Jacq. Coll. 1: 101. 1786. [Mesosphaerum P. Br. Hist. Jam. 257. Eyponym. 1756.] Herbs, mostly erect and branched, the leaves usually dentate, the flowers variously clustered. Calyx tubular, ovoid or campanulate, equally 5-lobed, the lobes acute or aristate. Corolla 2-lipped, the up]. or lip erect or spreading, the lower saccate and drooping. Stamens I, declined, all antheriferous, the fila- ments distinct, the anthers 2-celled. Ovary 4-carpellary ; style basal. Nutlets 380 LAMIACEAE. smooth or rough. [Greek, bent backward.] About 300 species, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Ilyptis verticillata Jacq. Flowers in secund spiked cymes: calyx 3-4 mm. long. 1. H.peclinata. Flowers in axillary clusters; calyx S-10 mm. long. 2. H. suaveolens. 1. Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 7: 474. 1806. Nepeta pectinata L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1097. 1759. Perennial, densely puberulent; stems erect, 3-20 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 2-8 cm. long, serrate, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse or subcordate at the base, the petioles 4.5 cm. long or less; flowers in secund spiked cymules, the inflorescence elongated ; calyx 3-4 mm. long, puberulent, its subulate lobes nearly as long as the tube ; corolla whitish, little longer than the calyx, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; nutlets granular, about 1 mm. long. Waste places, Andros, Cat Island, and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies and con- tinental tropical America. Pectinate Hyptis. 2. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 7: 472. 1806. Ballota suaveolens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1100. 1759. Annual? Stem stout, often much branched, loosely pilose, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-orbicular, slender-petioled, 4 cm. long or less, acute or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, low-serrate, sparingly pubescent on both sides; flowers 2-5 together, nearly sessile, in short-peduncled, axillary clusters, or the clusters crowded in a terminal panicle and subtended by small leaves ; calyx eampanulate, strongly ribbed, at length 8-10 mm. long, its subulate teeth shorter than the tube; corolla 5-6 mm. long, bluish. Waste and cultivated soils. New Providence. Eleuthera and Great Exuma : — West Indies ; continental tropical America ; East Indies. Pilose Hyptis. Wild Basil. 8. OCIMUM L. Sp. PI. 597. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs, with erect or ascending branched stems, usually dentate petioled leaves and clustered flowers. Calyx deflexed in fruit, its tube eampanulate or ovoid, 5-lobed, the lobes unequal, the lower ones somewhat united. Corolla white or nearly white, its tube usually shorter than the calyx, its lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, the lower pair appressed to the lower lip of the corolla; filaments naked or appendaged. Ovary 4-carpellary ; style basal. Nutlets smooth or rugose. [Greek, odorous.] About 40 species widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Type species: Ocimum basilicum L. 1. Ocimum micranthum Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 630. 1809. Annual, pubescent; stem erect, branched, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-5 cm. long, serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, the petioles 5-20 mm. long; panicles 2-10 cm. long; flowers several in the clusters; pedicels 4-7 mm. long; calyx puberulent, 6-7 mm. long in fruit, the upper lip concave, the lower of 4 narrow subulate-tipped lobes; corolla about 4 mm. long, its tube dilated above, its upper lip with 2 rounded lobes, the lower lip with 2 ovate lateral lobes and a notched middle one; nutlets about 1 mm. long. Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Eleuthera :• — Florida ; West Indies ; Jamaica ; Mexico to continental tropical America. Wild Basil. Potmargin. Marrubium vulgare L.,' listed by Dolley. has not been found by our collectors on the islands. SOLANACEAB. 38 i Family 9. SOLANACEAE Pers. Potato Family. Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or rarely opposite estipulate leaves, and perfect regular, or nearly regular, cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube, all perfect in the following genera; anthers various, 2-celled, apically or longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-eelled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; ovules numerous on the axile placentae, anatropous or amphitropous; style slender, simple; stigma terminal; fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous ; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons semiterete. About 75 genera and 1,750 species, most abundant in tropical regions. Fruit a berry. Corolla plicate. Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx. 1. Phi/salif,. Berry not enclosed in the calyx. 2. Solatium. Corolla not plicate, or scarcely plicate. Corolla rotate. 3. Capsicum. Corolla salverform to funnelform. Stamens unequal ; filaments adnate to the mouth of the corolla-tube. 4. Lycium. Stamens equal or nearly so ; filaments adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube. 5. Cestnun. Fruit a capsule. Calyx tubular, at length circumscissile. 6. Datura. Calyx ovoid or campanulate, 5-cleft. 7. Nicotiana. 1. PHYSALIS L. Sp. PI. 182. 1753. Herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately toothed leaves. Peduncles slender, in our species solitary in the axils. Calyx campanu- late, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-angled, or prominently 10-ribbed and reticulate, wholly enclosing the pulpy berry. Corolla often with a brownish or purplish center, open-campanulate, or rarely campanulate-rotate, plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla ; anthers oblong, opening by longitudinal slits. Style slender, somewhat bent; stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened. [Greek, bladder, referring to the inflated calyx.] The number of recognized species is about 50, widely distributed. Type species: Physalis Alkekengi L. Fruiting calyx 5-angled; leaves narrowed at the base. 1. P.angulata. Fruiting calyx 5-winged ; leaves cordate, rounded or obtuse at the base. Glabrous, or nearly so. -• /'. turhinata. Densely pubescent. 3. P. pubcsct na. 1. Physalis angulata L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753. Physalis linkiana Dunal, in DC. Prodr. 131 : 448. 1852. Erect, 4-9 dm. high, glabrous; stem angled; leaves ovate, usually with cuneate base and long-acuminate teeth, 5-6.5 cm. long, on slender petioles, thin, the veins not prominent; peduncles slender, 2-3 cm. long, erect, in fruit often reflexed but seldom exceeding the fruiting calyx; calyx-teeth triangular to lanceolate, generally shorter than the tube; corolla 5-10 cm. in diameter; anthers purplish tinged; fruiting calyx about 3 cm. long, ovoid, not promi- nently angled, at last nearly filled by the yellow berry. Waste places, Andros Mini New Providence: — Bermuda; southern United smtes; West Indies and continental tropical America. Cut-leaved GboUND-Chbbbz. POPPHHS. 382 SOLAXACEAE. 2. Physalis turbinata Medik. in Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. 4: 188, t. 5, fig. 2. 1 780. Annual, glabrous, or minutely puberulent when young. Stems rather stout, acutely angled and divaricately branched ; leaves broadly ovate, obtuse or cordate and slightly oblique at the base, thin and dark green, repand-dentate, short-acuminate ; peduncles short, in fruit about 1.5 cm. long, calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 8-10 mm. wide, yellow with a purplish eye; fruiting calyx 3-3.5 cm. long, long-attenuate, almost pyramidal, deeply retuse at the base. Waste and cultivated grounds, Acklin's Island and Caicos Islands: — Bermuda; southern United States ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Smooth Gbotjnd-Chebky. 3. Physalis pubescens L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753. Physalis barbadensis Jacq. Misc. 2: 359. 1781. Annual, pubescent and viscid. Stems tall and erect, or widely spreading, acutely 3-4-angled ; leaves 3-6 cm. long, heart-shaped, acute, or usually abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubescent with short hairs; pe- duncles short, at maturity sometimes 2 cm. long ; calyx generally densely viscid-hirsute, its lobes lanceolate, acuminate ; corolla 5-10 mm. in diameter, yellow, with a purplish eye; anthers purplish; fruiting calyx 2.5-3 em. long, attenuate, reticulate, retuse at the base. Waste grounds, Andros and New Providence : — West Indies : continental tropical and temperate America. tP. curassavica of Schoepf. Hairy Grouxd-Cherry. 2. SOLANTJM L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, sometimes climbing. Flowers cymose, umbelliform, paniculate, or racemose. Calyx campanulate or rotate, mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5- lobed, the tube very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla ; filaments short; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or con- nivent into a cone, each sac dehiscent by a terminal pore, or sometimes by a short introse terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary usually 2-celled; stigma small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its base or enclosing it. [Name, according to Wittstein, from solamen, quieting.] About 900 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species; Solarium nigrum L. Pubescence not stellate. Plants copiously armed with long slender prickles. 1. 8. aculeatissimum. Plants unarmed. 2. 8. nigrum. Pubescence densely stellate. Leaves large, lanceolate to obovate. Inflorescence racemose. 3. S. bahamense. Inflorescence corymbose. Inflorescence terminal ; plants unarmed. Corolla-lobes ovate. 4. 8. rerbascifolium. Corolla-lobes lanceolate. o. S. Blodgettii. Inflorescence subaxillary ; plants usually with some prickles. R. 8. torvum. Leaves minute, not over 3 mm. long. 7. S. didymacanthitm. 1. Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. Coll. 1: 100. 1786. Perennial, slightly woody, usually much branched, 6-12 dm. high, some- what pilose, or becoming glabrous, the branches, petioles, leaf-blades and peduncles armed with straight yellow prickles. Leaves thin, broadly ovate in outline, 7-15 cm. long, pinnately lobed or repand ; cymes few-flowered, lateral ; SOLANACEAE. 383 calyx armed with stout prickles, about one-third as long as the corolla, its lobes ovate, acute; corolla white, about 12 mm. broad; anthers ovate-lanceo- late; berry globose, scarlet, glabrous, 1-2 cm. in diameter. Waste and cultivated ground, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleu- thera and Cat Island; recorded from Green Turtle Cay: — southern United States; Bermuda ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Cockroach Berry. 4 2. Solatium nigrum L. Sp. PI. 1S6. 1753. Solatium nodiflorum Dunal, Hist. Sol. 151. 1813. Not Jacq. 1793. Solatium americanum Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768. Solatium purpuratum Bitter, Repert. 12: 85. 1913. Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with simple hairs, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less inequilateral, 2-8 cm. long, thin, acute, acuminate or aeutish at the apex; peduncles lateral, umbellately 3-10-flowered; pedicels 6-14 mm. long; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, much shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry ; filaments somewhat pubescent; anthers obtuse; berries glabrous, globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, black, on nodding peduncles. Waste and cultivated grounds, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama to Watling's. East Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — all temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Consists of many races differing in length of pedicels and size of flowers, the leaves varying from entire to coarsely toothed. Recorded by Hitchcock as Solarium nigrum oleraceum; by Small as Solatium gracile Link. Black Nightshade. Ink-berry. Gooma-bcsh. :!. Solanum bahamense L. Sp. PI. 188. 1753. Solatium bahamense lanceolatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 440. 1861. Solanum subarmatum Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 240. 1SU9. A prickly or unarmed shrub, 2 m. high or less, the twigs, leaves and inflorescence stellate puberulent, the prickles slender. Leaves oblong to lanceo- late, 4-12 cm. long, slender-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or obtuse and often oblique at the base, the margin entire or somewhat undulate, the veins rather distant; peduncles lateral, longer than the petioles; inflores- cence raeemiform, sometimes forked, few-several-flowered ; pedicels slender, thickened upward, 6-12 mm. long, nodding in fruit; calyx 1.5 mm. long, its lobes ovate; corolla blue, rarely white, 10-15 mm. broad; berry red, globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. White-lands and scrub-lands throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama through the Biminis and Andros to Grand Turk Islands, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Ilispaniola : Jamaica. Consists of many races, unarmed or very prickly, with the leaves entire or toothed, and the flowers and fruits varying considerably in size. Recorded by Dolley and by Hitchcock as Solatium ignacum L. Bahama Solanum. Canker-berry. 4. Solanum verbascifolium L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753. A stellato-tomentulose unarmed shrub, 1-3 m. high, rarely forming a small tree up to 10 m. high, with a trunk up to 1.5 dm. in diameter. Leaves ovate to elliptic, rarely obovate, 1-3 dm. long, entire or very slightly repand, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, the stout petioles 7 cm. long or less; cymes terminal, several-many-flowered, long- peduneled ; pedicels stout, 6-12 mm. long; calyx 5-7 mm. long, densely stel- late, its lobes triangular-ovate; corolla white, 10-15 mm. wide, its lobes ovate- oblong; berry subglobose, 1-2 cm. in diameter, yellow. Waste places, scrub-lands, coppices and "Id fields, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama, Abaco and Andros to Marihuana and I). 'His' Cay (Caicos) : — Florida: West Indies: Mexico and Central America; old World tropics. Mii.i.iin- leaved Solanum. Wild Tobacco. Salve-bush. 384 SOLANACEAE. 5. Solanum Blodgettii Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 349. 1860. An unarmed shrub, 0.5-1.5 m. high, the branches spreading, the young twigs, leaves and inflorescence stellate-tomentulose. Leaves oblong, 5-15 em. long, entire or undulate, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, the petioles 1-3 cm. long; peduncles longer than the leaves; panicles dense, short, several-many-flowered; pedicels 3-7 mm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long, its teeth minute, deltoid; corolla white or blue, its lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, pubescent without; anthers linear, apically dehiscent; ovary glabrous; berries red, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands, North Cat Cay, Biminis : — Florida. Blodgett's Solanum. 6. Solanum torvum Sw. Prodr. 47. 1788. A stellate-tomentulose shrub, 1-4 m. high, the rather stout branches sparingly armed with short flattened, nearly straight prickles, or unarmed. Leaves broadly ovate in outline, 5-20 cm. long, stout-petioled, angular-lobed or sinuate-margined, acute or obtuse at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, sometimes with a few prickles on the petiole and on the midvein be- neath, the upper surface scabrous; cymes lateral, short-peduncled, several- flowered; flowering pedicels slender, glandular, 5-8 mm. long, thickening in fruit; calyx glandular, about 4 mm. long, 5-cleft, its lobes ovate, acute; corolla white, 5-cleft, 10-15 mm. broad; berry globose, 10-14 mm. in diameter, yellow. Waste and cultivated grounds near Nassau, New Providence : — Bermuda (accord- ing to Grisebach) ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Bushy White Solanum. 7. Solanum didymacanthum Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 183. 1906. Branches stellate-pilose, prickly; leaves minute, entire, stellate-pilose on both surfaces. Plants shrubby, branched, 1-2 m. high; prickles needle-like, in pairs at the nodes, 2-3 times as long as the leaves, slightly recurved, divaricately horizontal, reddish brown, thickened at the base, somewhat less than 12 mm. long; leaves fasciculate, petiolate, oblong or obovate, entire, about 3 mm. long, the base acute, the apex acute or obtuse; inflorescence terminal, solitary, single-flowered; peduncles, calyx and corolla stellate-pilose, unarmed; calyx 5-dentate; corolla white, 5-partite, the lobes liguliform, about 8 mm. long, somewhat shorter than the corolla; ovary globose; style filiform, longer than the stamens; berry sessile, globose, compressed at the base and apex, yellow, translucent, not exceeding the persistent calyx. Coppices and scrub-lands, Cat Island near Port Howe, Great Exuma on Haynes Road. Endemic. Cat's-paw. 3. CAPSICUM L. Sp. PI. 188. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with forking stems. Leaves flat, entire or repand. Flowers solitary in the axils, or in small cymes. Calyx scarcely accrescent, somewhat 5-lobed. Corolla usually white, nearly rotate, its lobes 5, imbricated. Stamens 5, adnate to the base of the corolla; anthers bluish, the sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-3-celled; stigma club-shaped or dilated. Berries red, yellow or green, often nodding, pungent. Seeds flattened. [Latin, capsa, a box, referring to the shape of the fruit in forms of the typical species.] About 30 species, natives of America. Type species: Cap- sicum annuum L. SOLANACEAE. 385 1. Capsicum baccatum L. Mant. 1: 47. 1767. Shrubby, more or less pubescent. Stems 1-3 m. tall, sometimes vine-like, widely branching; leaves ovate, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base; petioles one half as long as the blades or shorter; pedicels narrowly club- shaped, 1-2 cm. long; calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, its lobes as long as the tube or somewhat shorter; berries globose to ellipsoid, 5-10 mm. long, red, obtuse. Scrub-lands, Little Harbor Cay, New Providence and Eleuthera to Mariguana, Dellis' Cay (Caicos), Inagua and the Anguilla Isles :— southern United States; West Indies ; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. C. frutcscens of Hitch- cock, from Inagua, and of Dolley, is this species. Bird Pepper. 4. LYCIUM L. Sp. PL 191. 1753. Shrubs, or woody vines, often spiny, with small alternate entire leaves, commonly with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and white greenish or purple, solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate, 3-5-lobed or -toothed, not enlarged in fruit, presistent. Corolla-tube short or slender, the limb 5- lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 (rarely 4) ; filaments fili- form, sometimes dilated at the base; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry globose, ovoid, or oblong. [Named from the country Lycia.] About 75 species, widely distributed. Type species: Lycium afrum L. 1. Lycium spathuli folium Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 451. 1905. A glabrous shrub, 1.3 m. high or less, with long slender drooping branches, some of the twigs tipped by spines 2-4 mm. long, the bark gray. Leaves 2-4 together at the nodal cushions, or solitary, spatulate, fleshy, entire, 6-15 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, obtuse, long-attenuate from above the middle to the base ; flowers few, solitary ; peduncle filiform, 5 mm. long, gradually thickened above; calyx campannlate, 2-2.5 mm. long, somewhat scurfy, its teeth broadly ovate, obtuse, whitish-lanate ; corolla funnelform, white, its tube 4-5 mm. long, its 4 oblong obtusish lobes two thirds as long as the tube. Coppices at upper savannah, Inagua ; rocky plains, East Caicos and Ambergris Cay. Endemic. Inagua Lycium. 5. OESTRUM L. Sp. PL 191. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with alternate entire petioled leaves, the mostly yellow or white flowers in cymes or panicled. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube long, slender, the 5 lobes spreading. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, included; filaments filiform, often pilose below, sometimes with a tooth-like appendage; anthers small, their sacs parallel. Ovary 2-celled, usually short-stipitate ; ovules few; style filiform; stigma dilated, entire or 2-lobed. Fruit a small berry. Seeds oblong, smooth. [Greek, hammer, referring to the filaments.] Perhaps 150 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Cestrum nocturnum L. 1. Cestrum bahamense Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 123. 1905. A shrub 3 m. high or less, glabrous throughout, the bark light gray. Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, pale green on both sides, but slightly darker green above than beneath, 5-10 cm. long, 5 cm. wide or less, firm in texture, acute at both ends, or the apex obtusish, faintly 7-9-vcined on each side of the 386 SOLA^ACEAE. mid-vein; petioles slender, 1-1.5 cm. long; cymes axillary, few-several-flowered, their j>eduncles much shorter than the petioles; pedicels 1.5-3 mm. long; calyx oblong-campanulate in flower, 4 mm. long, its teeth triangular-lanceo- late, 1.5 mm. long; corolla-tube greenish yellow, 9-13 mm. long, narrowly ob- conic, its lobe3 lanceolate, acuminate, purplish, 4-5 mm. long, white-lanose within; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla just below the lobes, the free part of the filament scarcely longer than the anther; berry blue-black, shining, obovoid, about 12 mm. long, 5-6 mm. thick; fruiting calyx broadly obconic, loosely enclosing the narrowed base of the berry. Coppices, savannas and scrub-lands, Great Bahama and Abaco to Andros, Cat Island and Long Island : — Cuban Cays. Referred by Grisebach, Dolley, Mrs. Northrop and Hitchcock to Oestrum pallidum Lam. ; recorded by Coker as Solanum havunense Jacq. and by Schoepf as Cestrum vespertinum. Bahama Cestrum. CB.STBUM diubnum L., recorded by Dolley, has been cultivated on New Provi- dence. 6. DATURA L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753. Tall narcotic herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate petioled leaves, and large solitary erect, short-peduncled, white purple or violet flowers. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or spathe-like, in the following species circumscissile near the base which is persistent and subtends the prickly capsule. Corolla funnelform, the limb plaited, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Stamens included or little exserted ; filaments filiform, very long, inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-eelled, or falsely 4-eelled; style filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top, or bursting irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.] About 12 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Datura Stramonium L. Spines of the capsule subulate. Capsules erect. 1. II. Stramonium. Capsules nodding. 2. D. Met el. Spines of the capsule short, deltoid. 3. D. fastuosa. 1. Datura Stramonium L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753. Datura Tatula L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 256. 1762. Annual, glabrous or the young parts sparingly pubescent ; stem stout, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly narrowed at the base, 0.7-2 dm. long, irregularly sinuate-lobed, the lobes acute ; flowers white, about 1 dm. high; calyx prismatic, less than one-half the length of the corolla; capsule ovoid, erect, densely prickly, about 5 cm. high. Waste places, Great Bahama, Lignum Vitae Cay, Eleuthera and Acklin's Island : — Bermuda ; temperate and tropical America ; West Indies ; Old World. Thorn-Apple. Washwoman's Bush. 2. Datura Metel L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753. Annual, finely glandular-pubescent, 1-3 m. high. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, inequilateral, rounded or subcordate at the base, 1-2.5 dm. long; flow- ers white, 1.5-1.8 dm. high ; calyx about one-half as long as the corolla ; capsule globose or ovoid-globose, nodding, obtuse, prickly and pubescent, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter. Waste grounds, Andros and Inagua : — southern United States ; West Indies ; Mexico and tropical America ; Old World tropics. Prickly-bur. 3. Datura fastuosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 932. 1759. Annual, nearly glabrous; stem erect, branched, 1-2 m. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, 5-17 cm. long, acute or acuminate, undulate or SCROPHULARIACEAE. 387 repand-dentate, the slender petioles 3-7 cm. long; calyx about 6 cm. long, its ovate lobes acute or short-acuminate; corolla violet without, white within, 14-18 cm. long; capsule ovoid, erect, 4-6 cm. long, its stout prickles corrugated at the base. Waste places at Port Howe. Cat Island: — southern United States: West Indies; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Garden Datura. Bell-fi.ower. 7. NICOTIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. ISO. 1753. Viscid-pubescent narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate entire or slightly undulate leaves, and white yellow greenish or purplish flowers, in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-eampanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft. Corolla-tube usually longer than the limb, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anther- sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-eelled) ; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, or sometimes 4-valved at the summit. Seeds numerous, small. [Named for John Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de Medici, about 1560.] About 50 species, mostly natives of America, the following typical. 1. Nicotiana Tabacum L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753. Annual, 1-2 m. high, little branched or simple-stemmed. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, sessile, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower ones decurrent on the stem ; calyx about 12 mm. long, its lobes ovate; corolla funnelform, about 5 cm. long, pink, its lobes triangular-subulate; capsule longer than the calyx. Spontaneous in waste places. Great Bahama : — widely cultivated and spontaneous after cultivation in warm and tropical regions. Native of South America. Tobacco. Family 10. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. Figwort Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with estipnlate leaves, and perfect, mostly com- plete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of Synthyris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or sometimes split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate, imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or neai'ly equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled; the sacs equal, or unequal, or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil 1, entire or 2-lobed; ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled; ovules anatropous or amphitropous, on axile placentae; style slender, simple; stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or loculieidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous; endosperm fleshy; embryo small, straight or slightly curved; cotyledons little broader than the radicle. About 165 genera and 2.71)0 species, widely distributed. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the hud, or wanting. Corolla-tube with a sac on the lower side; vines. 1. Muurnmhia. Corolla-tube without a sac. Flowers eymose; our species a shrub. 2. RusscUia. Flowers solitary, racemose or spicate: herbaceous plants. Anther-bearing stamens 4 (rarely o) ; corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. 388 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Sepals equal or nearly so. 3. Stcmodia. Sepals very unequal. Corolla nearly regular. 4. Bramtti. Corolla manifestly 2-lipped. 5. Mecardonia. Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; corolla of only 1 lip ; minute herbs. 6. Hemianthus. Lower lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud (except in Oupraria and ScopaHa). Sepals distinct or nearly so. Corolla-lobes 5 ; leaves alternate. 1: Capraria, Corolla-lobes 4 ; leaves opposite. 8. Scoparia. Sepals more or less united below into a tube. Corolla campanulate to funnelform ; capsule not enclosed in the calyx. Stamens equal or nearly so. 0. Afzelia. Stamens manifestly didynamous. 10. Agalinis. Corolla salverform ; capsule nearly enclosed by the calyx. 11. Buchnera. 1. MAURANDYA Ort. Hort. Matr. Dec. 21. 1797. Annual or perennial vines, the leaves alternate, or opposite below, flat, hastate, angulate or coarsely toothed. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Sepals partially united. Corolla showy, pink, purple or violet, irregular, its tube scarcely gibbous at the base, with 2 often pubescent lines or plaits in the throat. Stamens 4, included; filaments thickened at the apex; anther-sacs often confluent. Styles with 2 dilated lobes at the apex. Ovules numerous. Capsule short, opening by transverse or irregular chinks. Seeds sometimes winged, wrinkled or tuberculate. [In honor of Maurandy, a botanist of Cartagena.] About 6 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Type species: Usteria scandens Cav. 1. Maurandya antirrhinaefldra H. & B.; Willd. Hort. Berol. pi. 83. 1807. Antirrhinum antirrhinifiora Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 113. 1893. Very slender, climbing or trailing, sometimes to a length of 3 m. or more, glabrous throughout. Leaves triangular-hastate, acute, 1-2.5 cm. long, slen- der-petioled ; peduncles very slender, mostly longer than the petioles; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the corolla-tube; corolla purple, 1.5 cm. long, its limb much shorter than its tube; capsule depressed-globose, about 1 em. in diameter. Roadsides, walls and thickets, New Providence : — southwestern United States and Mexico ; naturalized in Florida, Bermuda and in Jamaica. Roving Sailor. 2. RUSSELLIA Jacq. Enum. 6, 25. 1760. Shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, sometimes reduced to mere scales, and eymose or panicled, mostly showy flowers. Calyx-lobes ovate. Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnelform, the tube long, the lobes short, some- what unequal. Stamens 4, with divergent anther-sacs; no staminodes. Cap- sule ovoid to globose. [In honor of Alexander Russell, English physician and traveller, who died in 1768.] About 15 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Eussellia sarmentosa Jacq. 1. Russellia equisetiformis Schl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 377. 1831. Bussellia juncea Zucc. Flora 15: Beibl. 99. 1832. A glabrous, much-branched shrub, 4-12 dm. high, with spreading or arch- ing striate branches, the twigs very slender. Leaves of the stem and branches, or most of them, reduced to acute scales about 2 mm. long, those of sterile SCROPHTJLARIACEAE. 389 t twigs spatulate, 1.5 em. long or less; calyx about 4 mm. long; corolla bright red, about 2.5 em. long, its lobes ovate, 4—6 mm. long; capsule ovoid. Roadsides. New Providence, St. George's Cay, Cat Island. Native of Mexico. Naturalized in Florida, Bermuda, Jamaica and from Porto Rico to Tortola ; Barbadoes. Russellia. Fountain-plant. 3. STEMODIA L. Syst. ed. 10, 1118. 1759. Herbs or low shrubs, mostly glandular-pubescent and odorous, with oppo- site or verticillate leaves, the flowers solitary in the axils or in terminal, often leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated, nearly distinct and equal. Corolla with a nearly cylindric tube and a 2- lipped limb, the upper lip notched or entire, erect, external in the bud, the lower 3dobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; filaments filiform ; anther- sacs distinct, stipitate. Ovules many; style usually 2-lobed. Capsule 2- valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds striate or reticulated, small. [Greek, double stamens.] About 30 species, of tropical and subtropical regions, the follow- ing typical. i< 1. Stemodia maritima L. Syst. ed. 10, 1118. 1759. Perennial (?), pubescent or puberulent and somewhat viscid, usually much branched, 6 dm. high or less, the branches decumbent or ascending, leafy. Leaves opposite, oblong or cblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, serrate, sessile, acutish at the apex, cordate at the base ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils, solitary, shorter than the leaves: calyx about 2 mm. long; corolla purplish, longer than the calyx, its upper lip nearly entire. Moist ground and marshes, Andros, New Providence. Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, Great Exuma : — Cuba to Porto Rico : Jamaica ; Curacao ; South America. Recorded by Hitchcock from Cat Island as S. durantifolia (L.) Sw. Coast Stemodia. 4. BRAMIA Lam. Encyel. 1: 439. 1785. Diffuse or prostrate herbs, with opposite, mostly entire, obtuse, palmately veined leaves, and small peduncled flowers, mostly solitary in the axils. Calyx subtended by 2 bracts, 5-parted, the upper segment the broadest. Corolla nearly regular, the tube cylindric, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Seeds numerous. [From Brami, a Malabar name.] About 20 species of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Bramia indica Lam. 1. Bramia Monnieri (L.) Drake, PI. Polyn. Franc. 142. 1892. Lysimachia Monnieri L. Cent. PI. 2: 9. 1756. Gratiola Monnieri L. Syst. ed. 10, 851. 17-~:». Herpestis Monnieria H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 366. 1818. Monniera Broivnei Pers. Syn. 2: 166. 1806. Monniera Monniera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 292. LS94. Bacopa Monniera Wettst. in E. & P. Nat. Pflanz. 43b: 77. 1S91. Perennial, glabrous, fleshy; stem creeping, rooting at the nodes, 1.5-5 dm. long. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, or sparingly denticulate, 6-20 mm. long: peduncles mainly in alternate axils, 2-bracteolate at the summit, in fruit longer than the leaves; flowers pale blue, about 1 cm. long; upper calyx-segment ovate, acute; corolla ob- 390 SCROPHULARIACEAE. scurely 2-lipped; stamens nearly equal; capsule ovoid, acute, shorter than the calyx. Wet places, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Frovidence, Eleuthera to Wat- ling's Island and Long Island: — Bermuda; southeastern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Monnieb's Hedge-hyssop. 5. MECARDONIA Ruiz & Pavon, Syst. 164. 1798. Perennial, erect or diffuse, low herbs, with opposite serrate pinnately veined leaves, and solitary axillary slender-peduncled flowers. Sepals 5, unequal, the upper one the largest. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate. Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the corolla. Disc wanting. Stigma 2- lobed. Capsule septieidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous. [Commemorates Meea y Cardona, a founder of the Botanical Garden of Barcelona.] About 4 species of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Mecardonia ovata Ruiz & Pavon. 1. Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small, PI. SE. U. S. 1065, 1338. 1903. Erinus procumbens Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 6. 1768. Glabrous, usually branched from the base, the branches decumbent or sub- erect, 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves ovate or oval, 1-2 cm. long, serrate, short- petioled, darkening in drying; peduncles slender, as long as the leaves or longer, sometimes 3 times as long; upper sepal at length 8—10 mm. long; corolla white or pink, about 10 mm. long; capsule oblong, 6-10 mm. long. Sandy coppices and clearings, Great Bahama : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Croix ; Antigua ; Grenada to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. 6. HEMIANTHUS Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 1: 119. 1817. Diminutive prostrate herbs, often rooting at the nodes, with opposite entire 3-nerved leaves, and minute solitary, nearly sessile or peduncled flowers. Calyx deeply cleft, 4-lobed. Corolla (in our species) 1-lipped, the lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe somewhat longer than the lateral ones. Stamens 2, borne on the throat of the corolla; filaments short, with a basal appendage; staminodes none. Style 2-cleft above the middle. Capsule globose, 2-valved, membranous. Seeds several or many, few-ribbed and transversely striate. [Greek, referring to the deficient corolla.] A few species of the West Indies and the eastern United States. Type species : Hemianthus micranthemoides Nutt. 1. Hemianthus callitrichoides Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8 : 522. 1862. Hemianthus multiflorus C. "Wright; Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 185. 1866. Glabrous; matted; stems filiform, 2-4 em. long. Leaves elliptic, membran- ous, sessile, about 3 mm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex; peduncles fili- form, 1-3 mm. long; calyx about 1 mm. long; lobes of the corolla-lip oblong. Creeping on wet soil and mud, Andros, Cat Island, Acklin's Island : — Cuba. WATER-STARWORT HEMIANTHUS. 7. CAPRARIA L. Sp. PI. 628. 1753. Perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, longer than broad, toothed. Elowers on axillary pedicels. Calyx of 5 narrow, almost equal SCROPHULAEIACEAE. 391 sepals. Corolla white, eampamilate, with 5 flat lobes. Stamens usually 4; anther-saes 2, divergent, confluent. Stigmas dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule short, 2-grooved, loculieidally dehiscent. Seeds reticulated. [Latin, from capra, a nanny-goat.] About 4 species, of tropical and subtropical America, the following typical. * 1. Capraria biflora L. Sp. PL 628. 1753. Capraria biflora pilosa Griseb. El. Br. W. I. 427. 1861. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, branching, sometimes pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate, cuneate or oblong, 1-4 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate above the middle; pedicels solitary or 2 together, shorter than the leaves; sepals linear-lanceolate to linear-subulate, 4-6 mm. long; corolla about 1 cm. long, the tube eampanu- late, the lobes lanceolate, about as long as the tube; capsules oval or oval- ovoid, about as long as the sepals. Roadsides, waste grounds and costal dunes. Abaco and Andros to Grand Turk, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Bermuda; Florida, Texas, south through continental tropical America ; West Indies. Goat-weed. Stow-weed. S. SCOPARIA L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs, mostly branched, with opposite or verticillate, punc- tate leaves, and small braetless pedicelled flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils. Calyx 4-5-parted, the segments nearly distinct, imbricated. Corolla nearly rotate, 4-eleft, densely bearded in the throat, its lobes nearly equal, obtuse. Stamens 4, nearly equal; filaments filiform; anther-sacs distinct, par- allel or divergent. Style clavate above; stigma truncate or notched; ovules many. Capsules septicidally dehiscent, its valves entire, membranous. Seeds many, angular. [Latin, a broom.] About 6 species, of tropical and sub- tropical America, the following typical one also widely distributed in warm and tropical parts of the Old World. 1. Scoparia diilcis L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753. Annual, glabrous, often much branched, 3-10 dm. high, the branches slender. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, opposite or verticillate in 3 's or 4's, serrate or the upper ones entire, short-petioled, acute at the apex, nar- rowed or cuneate at the base, the lower 2-3 cm. long, the upper smaller; pedicels filiform, as long as the upper leaves or shorter, often borne in most of the axils; sepals oblong or oblong-obovate, acute, sometimes ciliolate, about 1.5 mm. long; corolla white, 3-4 mm. wide; capsule ovoid-globose, a little longer than the sepals. Waste places, New Providence, Great Exuma : — southern United Stales; West Indies ; tropical and subtropical continental America ; Old World tropics. Scoparia. 9. AFZELIA Gmel. Syst. 2: 927. 1791. Erect branched herbs, mostly with opposite leaves, at least the lower 1-2- pinnately parted or dissected, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils, or in terminal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx eampamilate, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla slightly irregular, eampamilate or rotate, the tube short, the limb 5- lobed, the lower lobe exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, slightly unequal; fila- ments short, villous, at least near the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, distinct. Capsule acute and more or less compressed at the summit. Seeds 392 SCROPHULARIACEAE. numerous, reticulated. [Named for Adam Afzelius, 1750-1812, botanical pro- fessor at Upsala.] About 10 species, of the southern United States and Mexico, the following typical one reaching the Bahamas. 1. Afzelia cassioides (Walt.) Gmel. Syst. 2: 927. 1791. Anonymos cassioides Walt. Fl. Car. 171. 1788. Puberulent, much branched, 0.5-1.2 m. high, the very slender branches ascending. Leaves approximate, sessile or nearly so, 1-2.5 cm. long, dissected into filiform segments; flowers in long narrow racemes terminating the branches and usually also in the upper axils; pedicels filiform, 3-7 mm. long; calyx-tube 1 mm. long, the lobes filiform, 1-2 mm. long; corolla glabrous, about 8 mm. broad; capsule 5-6 mm. long, its acute tip flattened. Pine-lands of Great Bahama : — southeastern United States. Afzelia. 10. AGALINIS Eaf. N. Fl. 2: 61. 1837. Erect herbs, mainly with opposite and sessile narrow leaves. Flowers showy, usualy large, purple, pink or white, in loose bracted racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla somewhat irregular, eampanulate, or funnelform, the tube broad, the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lower lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; filaments pubes- cent; anthers 2-celled, their sacs obtuse or mucronate at the base; style fili- form. Capsule lo-eulicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds mostly angled. Type species: Agalinis palustris Raf. Pedicels short, not longer than the calyx. 1. A. Harpcri. Pedicels as long as the calyx or longer, at least in fruit. 2. A. spicifora. ■ 1. Agalinis Harperi Pennell; Small, FL Miami 167, 200. 1913. Annual, glabrous or nearly so, little-branched, 8 dm. high or less. Leaves narrowly linear, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, spreading; bracts similar to the leaves, the lower often as long as the flowers; racemes 8-20-flowered, the flowers mostly opposite; pedicels shorter than the calyx, 2-3 mm. long; calyx-lobes triangular- lanceolate, about 1 mm. long ; corolla 15-18 mm. long, pubescent without, pinkish purple, with 2 yellow lines within, the lobes rounded or truncate, ciliate; stamens woolly; capsule subglobose, 4-5 mm. long. Borders of marshes and in scrub-lands. Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros and Eleu- thera : — Florida. Reported by Mrs. Northrop and also by Dolley as Gerardia pur- purea L. ; recorded as Ocrardia domingensis Spreng. in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 125. 2. Agalinis spiciflora (Engelm.) Pennell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 71: 277. 1920. Gerardia spiciflora Engelm. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 227. 1845. Annual, fleshy, glabrous, branched or simple, 2-6 dm. high, erect or usually so Leaves linear, 1-4 cm. long, spreading; bracts similar to the upper leaves, but much smaller, often not longer than the pedicels; racemes distantly 4-12-flowered ; pedicels 4-12 mm. long, ascending, longer than the calyx, thickened upward; calyx-lobes triangular, about 1 mm. long; corolla 15-20 mm. long, pink, puberulent without, its lobes rounded or emarginate, ciliate; stamens woolly; capsule globose or ovoid-globose, 4.5-6 mm. long. Marshy places. Abaco, Great Bahama. Andros. New Providence and Eleuthera : — southern United States : Cuba. Reported by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker as Gerardia maritima Raf., and as Gerardia purpurea L. bv Dolley. Marsh Agalinis. LEXTIBULARIACEAE. 393 11. BUCHNERA L. Sp. PI. G:j.O. 1753. Erect, perennial or biennial, strict hispid or scabrous herbs, blackening in drying, the lower leaves opposite, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers rather large, white, blue, or purple, in terminal bracted spikes, the lower com- monly distant. Calyx tubular, or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla sal- verform, its tube cylindric, somewhat curved, its limb nearly equally 5-eleft, spreading, the lateral lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; anther-sacs confluent into 1. Style slender, thickened or club-shaped above; stigma small, entire or emaiginate. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for J. G. Buehner.] About 30 species, of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Buchnera americana L. 1. Buchnera elongata S\v. Prodr. 92. 1788. Stems rough-hispidulous, 2-5 dm. high, simple or branched above, slender. Leaves scabrous, sparingly toothed or entire, the basal ones obovate or oblong, short-petioled, 1-3 cm. long, those of the stem oblong to linear, 1.5-8 cm. long; spikes slender, distantly-flowered; calyx 5-6 mm. long, hispidulous, its upper lobes triangular, acute; corolla blue or white, 9-12 mm. long, its tube some- what pubescent ; capsules ovoid, 5-7 mm. long. Pine-lands and savannas. Great Bahama. Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; continental tropical America. Buchnera. VBBBASCUM pulverulextum Mill, is recorded from Green Turtle Cay, Abaco, by Herrick. The specimen cannot be found among his plants nor has any species of the genus been seen by our collectors in the archipelago. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Is reported by Dolley to be naturalized in the Bahamas. While this may be possible neither Mr. Brace, nor any of our other collectors, has seen the plant on the islands. It may have been cultivated. Family 11. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl.* Bladderwort Family. Aquatic plants, or terrestrial on moist ground, with the leaves basal and tufted, or borne on branching stems. Scapes erect. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx inferior, 2-5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, spurred or sac- cate at the base. Stamens 2; anther-sacs confluent into 1. Ovary superior, ovoid or globose, 1-celled, with a free-central placenta; ovules numerous; style short or none; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a capsule, irregularly burst- ing, or dehiscent by valves. Seeds reticulate, or variously sculptured or appendaged; endosperm none. About 1G genera and 300 species, widely distributed. Scape with scales, or bracts, or both, 1 -many-flowered ; calyx 2-parted ; corolla with a prominent palate, closing the throat. Pedicels several times as long as the bracts at their bases; bractleta none. Bracts attached by the base; lower corolla-lip faintly lobed. 1. Utricularia, Bracts peltate; lower corolla-lip divergently 3-lobed. 2. Betiecapella. Pedicels- barely if at all exceeding the bracts; a pair of lateral bractlets as well as a bract at the base of each pedicel. 3. Stomoisla. Scape naked. 1 -flowered; calyx 5-parted; corolla with a subulate palate within the tube, or none, the throat open. 4. I'iiuiuicula. ♦Contributed by Dr. John H. Barnhart. 26 394 LENTIBULARIACEAE. 1. UTRICULARIA L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753. Aquatic herbs, the submersed stems with finely divided leaves bearing minute bladders. Flowers racemose or solitary at the summits of the scapes, each pedicel with a single bract at its base. Calyx 2-parted, the lobes herb- aceous. Corolla strongly '2-lipped, the lower lip with a prominent 2-lobed palate. [Latin, utriculus, a little bag.] About 75 species, of wide distribu- tion. Type species: Utricularia vulgaris L. Stems free-floating: scapes many-flowered; pedicels recurved in fruit. 1. U. foliosa. Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water ; scapes 1-4-flowered ; pedicels straight, ascending in fruit. 2. U. pumila. 1. Utricularia foliosa L. Sp. PL 18. 1753. Stems elongate, up to 25 dm. or more long, free-floating except for a single point of attachment. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, forked at the base, each fork pinnately dissected into numerous capillary segments, often copiously bladder -bearing ; scapes solitary, 1-3 dm. high, 10-20-flowered; pedicels re- curved in fruit; corolla yellow, 15-20 mm. broad; spur slenderly conic, shorter than the lower lip; capsules few-seeded. Fresh water of a palmetto swamp at Barnett's Point, Great Bahama : — Florida to Louisiana ; Cuba ; Haiti ; Jamaica. Leafy Bladderwort. 2. Utricularia pumila Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Stems short, creeping on the bottom in shallow water, radiating from the base of the scape. Leaves less than 1 cm. long, dichotomously divided into few capillary segments, bladder-bearing; scapes solitary or 2 together, 5-12 cm. high, 1-4-flowered; pedicels erect-ascending in fruit; corolla yellow, 12-15 mm. broad; spur slenderly conic or subulate, equalling or usually exceeding the lower lip; capsules many-seeded. In shallow water, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma : — eastern United States. Specimens from Andros, without flowers, were doubtfully determined by Morong as U. foliosa L. and as U. gibba L. ; the former is certainly, the latter probably, referable to this species. Two-flowered Bladderwort. 2. SETISCAPELLA Barnh. in Small, Fl. Miami 170. 1913. Terrestrial herbs, with short root-like branches from the base of the scape, the delicate and evanescent leaves and minute bladders rarely seen. Flowers in zig-zag racemes or solitary at the summits of the wiry scapes, each pedicel with a single peltate bract at its base. Calyx 2-parted, the lobes scarious, ribbed. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip divergently 3-lobed, with a prominent 2-lobed palate. [Latin, seta, bristle, and scapus, scape.] About 12 species, in Asia, Africa and America, the following typical. 1. Setiscapella subulata (L.) Barnh. in Small, Fl. Miami 170. 1913. Utricularia subulata L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753. Stems and leaves usually evanescent before flowering-time. Scapes 3-20 cm. high, filiform, bronze-colored, 1-12-flowered; pedicels ascending; corolla yellow, 4-6 mm. broad; spur appressed to the lower lip and nearly or quite equalling it in length. In mud, near Deep Creek, Andros : — eastern United States ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; northern and eastern South America. Zig-zag Bladderwort. BIGXONIACEAE. 395 3. STOMOISIA Raf. EL Tellur. 4: 108. 1838. Terrestrial herbs, with, short root-like branches from the base of the seape, the delicate and evanescent leaves and minute bladders rarely seen. Flowers racemose,, often subscapose, or solitary at the summits of the slender scapes, each pedicel with a bract and a pair of bractlets at its base. Calyx 2-parted, the lobes thin and veiny. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip with a dis- tinct claw, the lower consisting chiefly of the helmet-shaped, laterally com- pressed palate. [Greek, hairy mouth.] About 50 species, of wide distribu- tion, the following typical. 1. Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Eaf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 108. 1838. Vtricularia cornuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 12. 1803. Stem and leaves inconspicuous, rarely seen. Scapes stiffly erect, 1-4 dm. high, 2-5-flowered, the flowers approximate; pedicels usually shorter than the bracts; corolla yellow, the lower lip 12-15 mm. long; spur subulate, pendent, about 12 mm. long. In a large sink-hole, near Deep Creek, Andros : — eastern North America ; Cuba. Horned Bladderwokt. 4. PINGUECULA L. Sp. PL 17. 1753. Terrestrial herbs, with fibrous roots, and the entire leaves in a basal rosette. Flowers solitary at the summits of the naked scapes. Calyx 5-lobed, more or less 2-lipped. Corolla more or less 2-lipped, the spreading limb sometimes almost equally 5-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. [Latin, pinguis, fat, the leaves of some species being greasy to the touch.] About 30 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Pinguicula vulgaris L. 1. Pinguicula pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 11. 1803. Leaves elliptic-obovate, 1-3 cm. long, rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base but scarcely petioled, faintly veined. Scapes very slender, erect, 0.5-2 dm. high; calyx-lobes 2-3 mm. long, oblong, obtuse; corolla pale violet or white, somewhat 2-lipped but the 5 lobes subequal, 1-2 cm. broad; spur subulate, about 3 mm. long, longer than the sac-like base of the corolla; capsule subglobose, a little longer than the calyx-lobes. Savannas, Andros : — southeastern United States. Low Butterwort. Family 12. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. Trumpet-creeper Family. • Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few species herbaceous, with oppo- site (rarely alternate) leaves, and mostly large and showy, clustered, more or less irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, at least in the bud. Anther- bearing stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or cup-like. Ovary mostly 2-celled; plancentse parietal, or on the partition-wall of the ovary; ovules numerous, horizontal, anatropous; style slender; stigma terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds flat, 396 BIGNOXIACEAE. transverse, winged in ninny genera; endosperm none; cotyledons broad and flat, emarginate or 2-lobed; radicle short, straight. About 60 genera and over 500 species of wide distribution in tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. Fruit a capsule. Capsule elongated, terete. Corolla funnelform. Leaves simple or digitate. 1. Tabebuia. Leaves pinnate. 2. Tecoma. Corolla short-campanulate. 3. Macrocatalpa. Capsule short, flat, woody. 4. Jacaranda. Fruit indehiscent. 5. Crescentia. 1. TABEBUIA Gomez, Obs. 2: 7, pi. 2. 1803. Trees or shrubs, with opposite petioled, digitately 1-7-foliolate or simple leaves, the large showy flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. Calyx tubular, variously toothed or cleft. Corolla funnelform or funnelform-campanulate, the limb spreading, slightly 2-lipped or nearly regular, the 5 lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments slender, curved; anthers oblong or linear, glabrous. Ovary sessile; ovules many, in 2-several series. Capsule linear or linear-oblong, nearly terete, loculicidally dehiscent, its valves mem- branous or coriaceous, convex. Seeds numerous, winged. [Brazilian name.] Seventy-five species or more, natives of tropical America. Type species: Bignonia Tabebuya Veil. Leaflets mostly 3, green on both sides ; lateral leaflets sessile or nearly so. 1, T. lepidota. Leaflets mostly 5, white-lepidote beneath ; all the leaflets peti- oled. 2. T. bahamensis. 1. Tabebuia lepidota (H.B.K.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 42: 377. 1915. Bignonia lepidota H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 139. 1818. Tecoma lepidota DC. Prodr. 9: 220. 1845. A shrub, 1-3 m. high, or in Cuba sometimes a tree up to about 6 m. high, the young twigs more or less lepidote. Leaves mostly 3-foliolate, rarely 1—2- foliolate, or those of shoots 5-foliolate; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; leaflets oblance- olate to oblong-obovate, about 5 cm. long or less, coriaceous, rounded or refuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, the terminal one stalked, the lateral ones sessile, all somewhat lepidote, at least beneath ; flowers usually few, pink, 5-7 cm. long; calyx lepidote, oblique; capsule 6-12 cm. long. Scrub-lands, Andros : — 'Cuba. The specimens are incomplete and are referred to this species with hesitation. 2. Tabebuia bahamensis (Northrop) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 42: 379. 1915. Tecoma bahamensis Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 65. 1902. Bignonia pentaphylla L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 870. 1763. Not Tabebuia penta- phylla (Juss.) Hemsl. 1882. A shrub or small tree up to 10 m. high, the young twigs lepidote. Leaves 3-5-foliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets oblong to elliptic, stalked, 2-7 cm. long, entire, rounded or refuse at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, densely white-lepidote beneath, sparingly lepidote or elepidote above; panicles several- flowered; pedicels rather stout, brown-lepidote, 12 mm. long or less; calyx narrowly campanulate, brown-lepidote, irregularly 2-lipped, 1-1.5 cm. long; corolla pink, 4-6 cm. long, its lobes rounded, slightly undulate; capsule 8-12 em. long, about 7 mm. thick. Scrub-lands, pine-lands and coppices, Great Bahama, Abaco, South Bimini and Andros to Crooked Island, North Caicos and Inagua : — Cuba. Beet-bush. Gunwood. Above-all,. White Cedar. Referred by Grisebach and by Dolley to Tecoma Leu- coxylon Mart. Catesby, 1 : pi. 37. BIGNONIACEAE. 397 2. TECOMA Juss. Gen. 139. 1789. Shrubs or trees, with opposite, pinnate or rarely simple leaves, and large flowers racemose or panicled at the ends of the branches. Calyx tubular- campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary sessile or nearly sessile; ovules mostly in one series on the placentae. Capsule linear, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, the seeds winged. [From the Aztec name Tecomaxochitl.] About 10 species, natives of tropical and warm- temperate America, the following typical. j 1. Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 144. 1818. Bignonia stans L. Sp. PI. ed. '2, 871. 1763. Stenolobium stans Seem. Journ. Bot. 1 : 88. 1863. A shrub, or small tree up to about 8 m. high, glabrous throughout. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, petioled; leaflets 5-13, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, short-stalked, serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base; racemes several-many-flowered; pedicels slender, 1 cm. long or less; calyx 3-5 mm. long, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; corolla bright yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long, the cylindric part of its tube about twice as long as the calyx, its lobes broad; capsule 1-2 dm. long, 5-6 mm. in diameter, beaked. Waste places, scrub-lands and borders of coppices, New Providence, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; continental tropical America and the West Indies. Trumpet-flower. Yellow Elder. 3. MACEOCATALPA Britton, Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 19: 8. 1918. [Catalpa, sect. Hacrocatalpa Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 191. 1866.] Trees, with opposite or verticillate, simple, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled entire leaves, and medium-sized flowers panicled at the ends of the branches. Calyx closed in bud, 2-cleft at anthesis. Corolla mem- branous, obliquely campanulate, the short tube much expanded above, the limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse, undulate. Stamens 2, in- cluded, the filaments slender, the anthers glabrous; staminodia 3, small. Ovary sessile; style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate; ovules in several series. Capsule linear, very long, subterete. Seeds compressed, linear, long-pilose. [Greek, gnat Catalpa.] Two or three species, natives of the West Indies, the follow- ing typical. 1. Macrocatalpa punctata (Griseb.) Britton, Journ. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 19: 8. 1918. (l)Echitcs macrocarpa A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 94. 1850. Catalpa punctata Griseb. Cat, PI. Cub. 192. 1866. A tree, sometimes 10 m. high, the branches spreading, the young shoots puberulent. 1. raves o ] » j k > .- i t . > or some of them verticillate in 3 's, oblong to elliptic, subcoriaceous, 5-7 cm. long, obtuse, rounded, or acutish at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, finely reticulate-veined beneath and Lepidote- puncticulate when young, dull and glabrous above, the petioles 1 :: cm. long, puberulent when young; panicle-- tVn several-flowered, slender-peduncled; pedicels very slender, 8-20 mm. long; calyx lobes lepidote, obtuse, about 7 mm. long; corolla light yellow with orange and brown bands in the throat, 1.2-2 cm. long; capsule 3-4 dm. long. Coppices, Andros : — Cuba. Cuban Catalpa. 398 BIGNONIACEAE. [Macrocatalpa longIssima (Jaeq.) Britton (Catalpa longissima Jacq.) is reported by Hitchcock from Cat Island, and a speeiment of the species so labeled is in bis collections. We judge, however, that there is an error in this report and in the labeling of the specimen, as Prof. Hitchcock admits the possibility of error and does not remember the exact locality where the speci- men may have been collected, nor could we find the tree in passing over his exact route with the native who accompanied him. The Jamaica specimen in his collection is a counterpart of the one labeled Cat Island. Prof. Eoth- rock, who was with him, returns no specimen from Cat Island though his col- lections contain a counterpart of Prof. Hitchcock's from Jamaica.] 4. JACARANDA Juss. Gen. 138. 1789. Trees, with opposite, mostly bipinnate leaves, and showy panicled blue or violet flowers. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla obliquely funnelform, the tube cylindric below, expanded above, the limb some- what 2-lipped, with 5 spreading rounded lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anthers glabrous; staminodium about as long as the stamens, clavate, usually villous. Ovary 2-celled, sessile; ovules borne in 1 or 2 series. Capsule oblong to suborbicular, compressed, loculicidally dehiscent, its flat valves cori- aceous or ligneous. Seeds flat, winged. [Brazilian name.] About 20 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. > 1. Jacaranda coerulea (L.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 446. 1861. Bignonia coerulea L. Sp. PL 625. 1753. Jacaranda caroliniana Pers. Syn. 2: 174. 1806. Jacaranda baJiamensis R. Br. Bot. Mag. under pi. 2327. 1822. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 12 m., the foliage glabrous. Leaves evenly bipinnate, petioled, often 3 dm. long; pinnae 4-13 pairs, stalked; leaflets 17-35, obliquely oblong, sessile, 1-2.5 cm. long, acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base; panicle many-flowered, 1-2 dm. long, puberulent; pedicels short; calyx puberulent, 5-6 mm. long, its teeth triangular, acute; corolla puberulent, about 4 cm. long; capsule oval, glabrous, 4-6 cm. long, emarginate. Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Guana Cay, and Great Exuma : — Cuba ; recorded from Martinique. Boxwood. Cancer- tree. What o'clock. Catesby, 1 : pi. i2. 5. CRESCENTIA L. Sp. PL 626. 1753. Trees, with glabrous simple alternate or fascicled leaves, and large, solitary or clustered, lateral or axillary flowers. Calyx leathery, closed in bud, 2-parted or 5-cleft at anthesis. Corolla with a subcampanulate swollen tube and an oblique lacerate or 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, didynamous, included or a little exserted ; anthers glabrous. Ovary 1-celled, sessile ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentae. Fruit globose or ovoid, large, indehiscent, the shell hard. Seeds numerous, wingless, compressed, borne on spongy placentae. [Commemorates Petrus de Crescentius, a celebrated Italian, born in 1230.] About 5 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Crescentia Cujete L. Sp. PL 626. 1753. A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m., the trunk up to 2 dm. in diameter, with long spreading branches. Leaves spatulate to oblance- MAETYNIACEAE. 399 olate, fascicled, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the nearly sessile base; flowers stout-peduncled ; calyx 2-2.5 cm. long, its lobes broad, rounded or obtuse; corolla yellowish-purple, 5-6 cm. long, its lobes lacerate, much shorter than the tube; fruit subglobose to oval, 1.5-3 dm. in diameter, its rind hard. Jumbie Hole, Acklin's Island : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Often planted for its valuable fruit. Calabash. Family 13. PEDALIACEAE Lindl. Pedalium Family. Mostly herbs, often mucilaginous, the leaves opposite or the upper alternate, and axillary, solitary or sometimes fascicled, perfect irregular flowers. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla with a subcylindric tube and a usually short, obscurely 2-lipped, 5-lobed limb. Stamens mostly 4 and didynamous, included; anthers dorsifixed, the sacs parallel, or in some genera distinct. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile, 2— 1-eelled; ovules several or many, anatropous; style filiform. Fruit various. Seeds without endo- sperm. About 14 genera, including some 45 species, natives of the Old World. 1. SESAMUM L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753. Herbs, usually erect, the lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate, or all sometimes alternate, the violet to white, short-peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted. Tube of the corolla oblique at the base, somewhat gibbous, the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lobes spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, borne near the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2- celled ; ovules many in each cavity, superimposed in a single series. Fruit an oblong, 4-sided loculicidal capsule. [Arabic name.] About 12 species, natives of tropical Africa and Asia, the following typical. 1. Sesamum orientale L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753. Sesamum indicum L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753. Erect, simple or branched, more or less pubescent, 0.7-2 m. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, papillate beneath, the petioles 1-5 cm. long; peduncles about 4 mm. long; sepals linear-lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; corolla pale rose, 2-3 cm. long; capsule linear-oblong, short-beaked, 4-grooved, 2-3 cm. long. Spontaneous after cultivation, Eleuthera and Cat Island: — Florida: West Indies and continental tropical America. Native of the East Indies. SesamEw Benny-seed. Family 14. MARTYNIACEAE Link. Unicorn-plant Family. Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and perfect irreg- ular flowers. Calyx inferior. 4-5-cleft or 4—5-parted, or sometimes split to the base on the lower side. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, the tube oblique, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal, the 2 upper ones exterior in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2, or the posterior pair sterile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 400 ACANTHACEAE. Ovary 1-eelled, with 2 parietal placentae expanded into broad surfaces, or 2-4-celled by tbe intrusion of the placentae or by false partitions; ovules anatropous; style slender; stigma 2-lobed or 2-laraellate. Seeds com- pressed; endosperm none; embryo large; cotyledons fleshy, flat; radicle short, straig-ht. Three genera and about 12 species, mainly tropical. 1. MARTYNIA L. Sp. PL 618. 1753. Coarse glandular-pubescent and viscid strong-scented herbs, with long- petioled leaves, and large flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx 1-2- bracteolate at the base, campanulate, inflated, deciduous. Corolla funnelform- campanulate. Anthers gland-tipped, their sacs divergent. Ovary 1-celled, the 2 parietal placentae intruded and expanded in the center of the cavity into broad surfaces bearing the ovules in 1 or 2 rows. Fruit an incurved beaked loeulicidally 2-valved capsule, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endocarp fibrous, woody, crested below or also above, 4-eelled by the extension of the placentae. Seeds numerous, tuberculate. [Xamed for John Martyn, 1693- 1768, profesor of botany at Cambridge, England.] About 8 species, natives of America. Type species: Hartynia annua L. 1. Martynia annua L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753. Martynia diandra Glox. Obs. Bot. 14. 1785. Viscid-pubescent, branched, 5-8 dm. high, the stem and branches rather stout. Leaves thin, flaccid, opposite, long-petioled, ovate-orbicular, 8-15 cm. long, sinuate-dentate, palmately veined, acute at the apex, cordate at the base; racemes short-peduncled, several-flowered; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, slender, thickening and recurved in fruit; calyx very deeply 5-cleft, about 1.5 cm. long, its segments acute ; stamens 2 ; corolla pink, or nearly white, 3-5 cm. long, its rounded lobes purple-blotched; capsule obliquely ovoid, compressed, 2-2.5 cm. long, viscid, tipped with a hooked beak about 3 mm. long. Waste places, Nassau, New Providence : — Cuba to Porto Rico, St. Thomas and Antigua : Martinique and Bequia : continental tropical America. Small-fhcited Martynia. Family 15. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Acanthus Family. Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite simple estipulate leaves, and irregular, or nearly regular, perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-parted or 4— 5-cleft, the sepals or segments imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed, or 2-lipped. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 only; anther-sacs longitu- dinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2-10 in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style filiform, simple; stigmas 1 or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loeulicidally elastically 2-valved. Seeds not winged, borne on curved projections (retinacula) from the placenta?, the testa close, mostly roughened, often developing spiral threads and mucilage when wetted. About 175 genera and 2,000 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Herbs or shrubs. Stamens 4, didynamous. Caulescent herbs or shrubs. Flowers in densely bracted terminal spikes. 1. Blerhtnn. Flowers solitary or cymose. 2. Ruellia. Acaulescent herbs with spicate flowers. 3. Gerardia. ACANTHACEAE. 401 Fertile stamens only 2. Shrubs with opposite spines ; staminodia 2. 4. Anthacanthus. Unarmed herbs or shrubs ; staminodia none. Seeds 6-12. 5. Andronraphis. Seeds 2-4. n r . . Capsule oblong. 6. Justicia. Capsule ovate or orbicular. 7. Diapedium. Twining vines ; flowers solitary, axillary, subtended by 2 large bracts; stamens 4. 8. Thunbergia. 1. BLECHUM P. Br.; Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 2G9. 1807. Perennial herbs, with repand-dentate or entire, petioled leaves, and small flowers in dense terminal spikes, the large foliaceous bracts imbricated. Calyx 5-parted, the slightly unequal segments linear-subulate. Corolla with a slender tube little expanded above and a spreading, nearly equally 5-lobed limb, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, borne at or above the middle of the corolla-tube; anthers oblong, their sacs parallel. Ovules few or several in each ovary-cavity; style with a subulate apex. Capsule ovate or suborbicular with a short, narrowed base. Seeds orbicular. [Name Greek, originally ap- plied to some different plant.] About 4 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Buetiia Blechum L. -■ 1. Blechum Brownei Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 270. 1S07. Annual, puberulent, erect or ascending, 2-7 dm. high, branched, the branches slender. Leaves ovate, thin, petioled, 2-7 cm. long, acute at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base; spikes dense, 4-sided, 3-6 cm. long; bracts ovate, pinnately veined, 1-1.5 cm. long, loosely strigose and ciliate, acutish at the apex, rounded at the base; corolla whitish, a little longer than the subtending bract; capsule oblong, puberulent, about 6 mm. long. Waste places in good soil, Abaco, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — West Indies and continental tropical America; Philippine Islands. Blechum. 2. RUELLIA L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753. Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mostly pubescent, with entire or rarely dentate leaves and large flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, or cymose in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube usually narrow, slightly enlarged above, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous. Anther- sacs not mucronate at the base. Apex of the style recurved ; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong or club-shaped. Seeds compressed, ovate or orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Named for I. De la Ruelle, 1474-1537, an early French herbalist.] About 200 species, mainly of tropical America. Type species: Euellia tuberosa L. > 1. Euellia tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 635. 1753. Roots narrowly fusiform, clustered; stem erect or ascending, branched or simple, 2-6 dm. high, finely pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, 10 cm. long or less, undulate, finely pubescent, narrowed into margined petioles; cymes several-flowered, peduneled ; bracts narrow, small; calyx hispid-pubescent, its linear lobes 12-20 mm. long; corolla purple, 4-6 em. long, its tube rather abruptly expanded above; capsules puberulent, about 1.5 cm. long. Shaded grounds, New Providence, Eleuthera and Cat Island: — southern United States; West Indies and continental tropical America. Trr.i:ia>rs Ki'KI.i.ia. 402 ACANTHACEAE. 3. GERARDIA [Plum.] L. Sp. PI. 610. 1753. [Stenandrium Xees, in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 444. 1836.] Low and small pubescent perennial herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, the leaves in a basal tuft, the pink or purple flowers spieate on bracted scapes. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, nearly equal. Corolla with a slender tube, enlarged into a slightly curved throat, the oblique 5-lobed limb spreading, the lobes unequal and imbricated. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the anthers 1-celled. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule fusiform or narrowly oblong. Seeds flattened, rough or pubescent. [Commemorates John Gerardi, 1545-1607, famous English herbalist.] About 25 species, of tropical and sub- tropical America. Type species: Gerardia tuberosa L. Bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, the lower 3—7 mm. long ; leaves entire. 1. G. droseroides. Bracts lanceolate, the lower 1 cm. long ; leaves repand-dentate or undulate. 2. G. tractcosa. 1. Gerardia droseroides (Xees) Blake, Ehodora 20: 68. 1918. Stenandrium droseroides Xees, in DC. Prodr. 11: 284. 1847. Pubescent all over with soft hairs. Basal leaves forming small tufts, membranous, oblong, entire, 3-4.5 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, the petioles as long as the blades or shorter; scapes slender, 8-15 cm. high; spikes slender, several-many-flowered ; bracts linear to linear -lanceolate, 3-7 mm. long, acuminate; calyx-lobes linear, 2-3 mm. long; corolla white, its tube 3-4 mm. long, about as long as the lips; filaments very short; capsule oblong, acute, glabrous, 4-5 mm. long; seeds suborbieular. Pine-lands, Abaco and New Providence : — Cuba. Sundew Geeaedia. 2. Gerardia bracteosa Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov. Pubescent all over with long soft hairs. Basal leaves in large tufts, 7 cm. long or less, firm in texture, the flat petioles of the larger ones as long as the blades or longer, the blades oblong to oblong-obovate, 2-3.5 em. long, 8-18 mm. wide, undulate or nearly entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base ; scapes rather stout, 10-20 cm. high, naked toward the base, but floriferous for nearly two-thirds their length; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; calyx-lobes linear, acute about 6 mm. long; corolla pink, about 17 mm. long, the tube somewhat shorter than the larger lobes of the limb; anthers nearly sessile; capsule oblong, about 8 mm. long; seeds suborbieular. Fields and coppices, Mariguana (P. Wilson V/72, type; 7M0). Apparently the same as Egger's 3960, from Acklin's Island, referred by Lindau to Stenandrium rupestre (Sw.) Nees = Gerardia tuberosa L. Bracted Geeaedia. 4. ANTHACANTHTJS Xees; DC. Prodr. 11: 460. 1847. Slender, much-branched shrubs armed with opposite axillary, curved or straight spines, the leaves small, entire, often fascicled in the axils, the solitary or fascicled flowers axillary, slender-peduncled. Calyx 5-cleft. Tube of the small corolla cylindric, somewhat enlarged above, the limb spreading, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 2; filaments short; anthers oblong, 2-celled; staminodia 2, clavate or filiform. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule oblong, stipitate. Seeds 4 or fewer, compressed, tubercled. [Greek, spiny flower.] About 6 species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Jttsticia spinosa Jacq. ACAXTHACEAE. 403 - l. Anthacanthus spinosus (Jacq.) Xees, in DC. Prodr. 11: 460. 1847. Justicia spinosa Jacq. Enum. 11. 1760. A shrub, erect or diffuse, 2 m. high or less, the long slender branches pubescent or glabrous, the stiff subulate spines more or less recurved, 4-12 mm. long. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, ovate to oblong, elliptic or oblaneeolate, 3-20 mm. long, obtuse, acute or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral venation ob- scure, the petioles very short; flowers few or solitary at the axils; peduncles 6-10 mm. long; calyx 3-4 mm. long, its lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla purple or violet, puberulent or glabrous, its tube about 8 mm. long, its oblong lobes about as long as the tube; style filiform, about 10 mm. long; capsule about 2 cm. long; seeds wrinkled, 2-3 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands and thickets, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and Andros to Eleuthera, Watling's Island. Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Jamaica ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda, and Martinique. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop, by Coker. and by Lindau as A. acicularis (Sw.) Nees, which is known to us only from Jamaica. Races differ in pubescence, in size and shape of leaves, and in length of spines. Pkicklt Bcsh. 5. ANDROGRAPHIS Wall. PI. Asiat. Ear. 3: 77, 116. 1832. Herbs, erect or diffuse, the small flowers in panicles or cymes, with small bracts and bractlets. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a short tube, somewhat expanded above and a 2-lipped limb. Stamens 2 ; filaments sometimes bearded above; anthers 2-celled. Capsule linear to oblong, scarcely stipitate. Seeds 6-12, flattened. [Greek, bearded-stamens.] About 15 species, natives of the East Indies. Type species: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.) Xees. 1. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.) Xees; Wall. PI. Asiat. Ear. 3: 116. 1832. Justicia paniculata Burm. Fl. Ind. 9. 1768. Annual, erect, glabrous below, glandular above, 3-6 dm. high, simple or branched, the stem 4-sided. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mem- branous, 4-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles; racemes commonly numerous, slender, often branched, or pan- iculate; flowers secund, distant, purple; pedicels slender, 4-8 mm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long, its segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; capsule about 1.5 cm. long. Waste grounds on New Providence : — Cuba ; Dominica to Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Panama; naturalized from the East Indies. Andrographis. 6. JUSTICIA [Houst.] L. Sp. PI. 15. 1753. Herbs, or shrubs, with entire leaves, the flowers variously clustered. Calyx deeply cleft, its segments narrow, nearly equal. Corolla-tube mostly shorter than the 2-lipped limb, the upper lip 2-cleft. the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, borne in the throat of the corolla; anthers 2-eelled; staminodes none; lower anther-sac minutely appendaged. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each ovary- cavity. Capsule oblong. [In honor of James Justice, a Scotch gardener.] Over 100 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Justicia Adhatoda L. 1. Justicia carthaginensis Jacq. Enum. 11. 1760. Herbaceous, erect, branched, 0.5-1.5 m. hii 2. Guettarda Krugii Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 431. 1899. A shrub, 1-4 m. high, in Porto Eico sometimes becoming a tree up to 10 m. high, the twigs stout, the young ones densely tomentulose, the older gray and glabrous. Stipules ovate, obtuse or aeutish, brownish villous, deciduous; leaves ovate to suborbicular or elliptic-obovate, coriaceous, or those of shoots subchartaceous, obtuse, rounded or aeutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, smooth and glabrous above, densely pubescent, strongly and densely reticulate-veined beneath, 3-11 cm. long, the stout, villous and tomentose petioles 6-15 mm. long, or those of shoots larger and longer-petioled; cymes 1-few-flowered in the upper axils; peduncles* 1 cm. long or less; calyx brown- ish villous, 5-6 mm. long, its limb irregularly subtruncate; corolla white, ap- pressed-villous, about 1.5 cm. long, its lobes about one-fourth as long as the tube; fruit globose, densely tomentulose, 9-12 mm. in diameter. Scrub-lands and rocky coppices, Abaco, Eleuthera, Exuma Chain, Cat Island and Watling's to Grand Turk, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Porto Rico. Recorded by Hitchcock as G. calyptrata A. Rich. Some of our specimens are barren and are re- ferred to this species with hesitation. Kuuu's Velvet-seed. Fkogwood. 3. Guettarda Nashii Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov. A large shrub or small tree, with slender branches, the young twigs, petioles and peduncles densely tomentulose. Stipules oblong-lanceolate, acute, appressed-villous, deciduous, 10-12 mm. long; leaves elliptic to elliptic-obovate, or rhombic-elliptic, chartaceous, 9-12 cm. long, sharply acute at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, pubescent on the veins but otherwise glabrous a,bove, densely reticulate-veined and pilose-tomentulose beneath, the rather slender, tomentulose petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; peduncles axillary, rather slender, tomentulose, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; cymes 8-12-flowered, their branches 1-2 cm. long; flowers sessile; calyx tomentulose, obliquely truncate, 6-7 mm. long; bracts linear, longer than the calyx; corolla white, appressed-pubescent with long hairs, 2 cm. long, the oblong obtuse lobes about one-fourth as long as the tube. Scrub-lands, Matthew Town, Inagua (Nash cC- Taylor, 1369) . Nash's Vei.vet-seed. 4. Guettarda Tayldri Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov. A small tree, up to 4 m. high, with slender branches, the young twigs densely tomentulose. Stipules broadly ovate-elliptic, obtuse, densely tomentu- lose and appressed-villous, 8-10 mm. long; leaves elliptic, ovate-elliptic or obovate, membranous, 3-5 cm. long, obtuse and rounded at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base; pubescent on the veins, but otherwise glabrous above, densely tomentulose, appressed-villous on the veins, and reticulate- veined beneath, the slender villous petioles 8-12 mm. long; peduncles slender, axillary, tomentulose, about twice as long as the petioles; cymes compact, 5-8- flowered; flowers sessile; bracts linear, longer than the calyx; calyx tomentu- lose, 5 mm. long, pointed in bud; corolla white, appressed-strigose, 1 cm. long, its lobes more than one-half as long as the tube. .Matthew Town, Inagua (Xash & Taylor, 918). Taylor's Velvet-seed. 5. Guettarda inaguensis Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov. A small tree, up to 4 m. high, with slender stiff straight glabrous Tranches, the young twigs tomentose. Leaves membranous, broadly elliptic, 3-5 em. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cordate to truncate at the base, sparingly pubescent with long scattered hairs above, densely tomentulose, finely reticulate-veined and appressed-villous on the midvein beneath, the rather stout, villous petioles 5-10 mm. long; stipules ovate, obtuse, tomentu- lose and villous, about 8 mm. long, deciduous; flowers solitary, sessile in the axils: calyx narrowly campanulate, 2-lobed, 5-6 mm. long, densely pubescent; 414 RUBIACEAE. corolla nearly 3 cm. long, densely pubescent, its very slender tube 5-6 times as long as the oblong lobes; fruit subglobose, densely puberulent, 10-11 mm. in diameter. Matthew Town, Inagua (Nash d Taylor, 910). Inagua VELTBT-SBBD. 6. Guettarda elliptica Sw. Prodr. 59. 1788. A shrub or a tree up to 8 m. high, with slender branches, the young twigs loosely pubescent. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic to ovate-elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse, aeutish or apieulate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse, or (on young shoots) rarely subcordate at the base, sparingly pubes- cent or glabrate above, finely appressed-silky beneath, the petioles 3-8 mm. long, or those of shoot-leaves longer; stipules lanceolate, 4—10 mm. long; peduncles slender, pubescent, shorter than the leaves, few-several-flowered; bracts lanceolate or oblong, shorter than the calyx; calyx about 2 mm. long, puberulent, nearly truncate; corolla white or yellowish-white, above 6 mm. long, silky-pubescent, its 4 oblong lobes about one-fourth as long as the tube ; fruit globose, red, turning black, 6-8 mm. in diameter, the calyx-limb at length deciduous. Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to the Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispani- ola ; Mona ; St. Thomas. Common Velvet-seed. 9. STENOSTOMUM Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 69. 1805. Mostly glabrous shrubs or trees, often resinous, with opposite leaves and small, sessile or short-pedicelled flowers secund on the branches of axillary peduncled cymes. Calyx-tube mostly ovoid, its 4-5-toothed or nearly truncate limb persistent. Corolla salverform or funnelform, its 4 or 5 lobes imbricated. Stamens 4 or 5, borne on the throat of the corolla ; filaments short or filiform ; anthers linear. Ovary 2-6-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style slender; stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit a small, 2-6-celled drupe. [Greek, narrow mouth.] About 15 species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Steno- stomum lucidum (Sw.) Gaertn. f. Leaves thin, manifestly petioled. 1. 8. lucidum. Leaves thick, sessile or nearly so. Leaves elliptic to obovate-oblong, 3 cm. long or less. 2. 8. myrtifolium. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long. 3. 8. densiflorum. 1. Stenostomum lucidum (Sw.) Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 69. 1805. Lauaeria lucida Sw. Prodr. 48. 1788. Antirrhoea lucida Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL 2: 100. 1873. A smooth-barked tree, 5-13 m. high, or often a shrub, with slender spread- ing glabrous gray branches. Leaves elliptic to oblong, chartaceous, glabrous, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse or aeutish at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, bright green, shining, pinnately veined, the petioles 4-10 mm. long; stipules narrowly lanceolate, puberulent, about 8 mm. long; inflorescence glabrous, shorter than or equalling the leaves, the branches of the cyme few, very slen- der; flowers sessile; calyx turbinate, 5-toothed, about 2.5 mm. long, the teeth rounded; corolla white, 4-5 mm. long, with 5 rounded lobes; drupe oblong, red to black, 5-7 mm. long, crowned by the calyx-limb. Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence and Cat Island to Great Ragged Island, Inagua and Mariguana : — Cuba to St. Thomas and St. Croix ; Jamaica ; recorded south to Trinidad. Shining Stenostomum. RUBIACEAE. 415 2. Stenostomum myrtifolium Griseb. PI. Br. W. I. 334. 1861. Antirrhoea myrtifolia Urban. Symb. Ant. 1: 440. 1899. A much-branched, resinous rigid shrub, 6-13 dm. high, the young twigs pubescent. Leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, coriaceous, viscid, oblong to elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 3 cm. long or less, 8-17 mm. wide, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, finely reticulate-veined, glabrous or nearly so, the stout puberulent petioles about 2 mm. long; stipules deltoid-ovate; peduncles 2— 3-flowered, pubescent, much shorter than the leaves; flowers sessile; calyx about 2 mm. long, the limb 5- toothed; corolla white, 6-8 mm. long, its 5 oblong obtuse lobes much shorter than the tube; drupe globose-ellipsoid, black, 4 mm. long. White-lands, pine-lands, coppices, and scrub-lands, Berry Islands, North Bimlni, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera to North Caicos and Inagna : — Cuban fays. Myrtle Stenostomum. 3. Stenostomum densiflorum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 132. 1866. Laugcria densiflora Ilitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 93. 1893. Guettarda densiflora Maza, Ann. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 290. 1894. A shrub, usually 1-3 mm. high, or sometimes a small tree up to 5 m. high, the bark smooth, the slender, glabrous branches ascending. Leaves coriaceous, viscid-resinous at least when young, oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, dark green and shining above, dull and paler beneath, the petioles very short, the short-ovate stipules connate, ciliate, persistent; pe- duncles several-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter, the cyme usually 2-forked; flowers sessile; calyx about 1 mm. long; corolla about 4 mm. long, its oblong lobes shorter than the tube; drupe globose or globose-ellipsoid, pink to blue-black, 3-4 mm. long. Scrub la-ids and coppices, Abaco, Andros, New Providence: — Cuba. Viscid Stexosi 1ICM. 10. ERITHALIS P. Br.; L. Syst. ed. 10, 930. 1759. Glabrous shrubs or small trees, with broad, dark green, opposite petioled leaves, connate .stipules, and small flowers in corymbose panicles. Calyx-tube globose to ovoid, the short limb truncate or 4-5-toothed. Corolla nearly rotate or salverform, its 5-10 narrow lobes valvate, recurved or spreading. Stamens 5-10, borne at the base of the corolla ; filaments filiform ; anthers basifixed, narrow. Ovary 5-10-celled; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous; style stout. Fruit a small drupe, containing 5-10 nutlets. [Greek, very green.] About 6 species, of the West Indies, Florida and Central America. Type species: Erithalis frutieosa L. ;fV l. Erithalis fruticosa L. loe. cit. 1759. Erithalis odorifera Jacq. Select. Am. 72. 1763. A shrub, 6 dm. to 4 m. high, or a tree up to 8 m. high, with terete branches. Leaves elliptic to oblong, obovate or suborbicular, subcoriaceous, dark green, shining, 4-15 cm. long, rounded or short-pointed at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, the petioles 4-16 mm. long; stipules connate, mucronate, the sheath persistent, 1-2 mm. long; panicles peduncled, several- many-flowered; calyx 1-2 mm. long, the limb repand-denticulate; corolla 4-10 mm. long, deeply 5-parted, its lobes linear-oblong; anthers as long, as the filaments or longer; drupe globose or depreased-globose, 5-10-furrowed, 2-5 416 EUBIACEAE. mm. in diameter, black when mature. Consists of many races, differing in size of the plant, leaves, fruit and flowers, and length of the calyx-limb. Scrub-lands, coppices and coastal thickets, throughout the archipelago :-— Flor- ida ; West Indies; Central America. In Bulletin N. Y. Hot. Gard. 3: 452, E. odorif era was referred to as distinct from E. fruticosa, but the differences observed do not now appear to be sufficient to maintain the two as species. Referred to E. rotundata Griseb. by Mrs. Northrop. Black Tobch. 11. PHIA1ANTHUS Griseb. EL Br. W. I. 335. 1861. Eesiniferous shrubs or small trees, with terete branches, coriaceous oppo- site short-petioled, oblong to lanceolate leaves, and small axillary clustered, sessile or short-pedicelled flowers, the stipules connate. Calyx turbinate, with 4 or 5 persistent lobes. Corolla funnelform, its 4 or 5 lobes obtuse, valvate. Stamens 4 or 5, borne on the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary ' 2-celled ; style filiform; stigma obtuse; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit drupaceous. [Greek, urn-flower.] Four known West Indian species. Type species: Phia- lanthus myrtilloides Griseb. 1. Phialanthus myrtilloides Griseb. EL Br. W. I. 335. 1861. A shrub, or rarely a small tree, 1-3 m. high. Leaves oblong to oblong- spatulate, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. wide, obtuse or bluntly acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral venation almost wholly obscure; fascicles of flowers mostly opposite, very short- peduncled; calyx-tube narrowly turbinate, 1.5-2 mm. long, the 4 persistent thin, oblong to spatulate, obtuse lobes 2-2.5 mm. long. Coppices, pine-lands, and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Ex- uma, Crooked and Fortune Islands, the Inaguas and Caicos Islands : — Cuba. Myrtle Phialanthus. Candle wood. 12. CHIOCOCCA P. Br.; L. Syst. ed. 10, 917. 1759. "Woody vines, or shrubs, with broad opposite subcoriaceous or chartaceous leaves, broad stipules, and small, yellow or white flowers in axillary, simple or compound racemes. Calyx-tube ovoid to turbinate, the limb 5-toothed, per- sistent. Corolla funnelform or narrowly campanulate, with 5 valvate re- flexed or spreading lobes. Stamens 5, borne toward the base of the corolla- tube; filaments mostly pubescent, connate at the base; anthers linear, basi- fixed, not exserted. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled; style filiform; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe flattened, leathery, white. Seed- coat membranous; endosperm fleshy. [Greek, snowberry.] About 10 species, natives of Florida, Bermuda and tropical America. Type species: Chiococca racemosa L. Leaves bright green, mostly 4-8 cm. long; corolla bright yellow; fruit 6-8 mm. broad. 1. C. alba. Leaves dark green, mostly 2-4 cm. long; corolla white or purple to pale yellow ; fruit about 5 mm. broad. 2. G. pinetorum. * 1. Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 94. 1893. Lonicera alia L. Sp. PL 175. 1753. Chiococca racemosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 917. 1759. Chiococca parvifolia Wullschl.; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 337. 1861. A glabrous shrub, 1-3 m. high, with slender spreading branches, or a vine 5 m. long or more. Leaves elliptic, oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, RUB I ACE AE. 417 2-8 cm. long, acute, acuminate or bluntish at the apex, narrowed at the base, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins few and obscure, the slender petioles 4-12 mm. long; racemes Beveral-many-fiowered, as long as the , or longer, or shorter; corolla 5-lobed nearly to the middle, yellow, (j-9 mm. long; drupes bright white, orbicular, 5-8 mm. broad. Coppices, scrub-lauds and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Ab Great Bahama and Andros to Mariguana. North Caicos and Inagua : — Florida; \\v-t Indies; continental tropical America. Consists of many races differing in size of corolla, shape of leaves and with calyx-teeth deltoid to deltoid-lanceolate, the anther tips either included or somewhat exserted beyond the corolla-tube. West Indian SXOWBEliKY. SXAKEROOT. 2. Chiococca pinetoram Britton; ilillsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 171. 1906. A vine, creeping or low-climbing, sometimes 1.5 m. long, usually shorter. Branches short; leaves ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, small, 2-4.5 cm. long, varying from acute to obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, paler and dull beneath, the midvein impressed on the under side, the lateral veins few and obscure, the petiole slender, 2-3 mm. long; racemes few-flowered, shorter than the leaves or about equalling them; pedicels about as long as the calyx, or sometimes a little longer; calyx campanulate 2 mm. long; corolla funnelform-eampanulate, about 5 mm. long, white or purple changing to yellow; berry white, somewhat compressed, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco. Great Bahama, Andros, New- Providence, Cat Island and YVatling's : — Florida. Pineland SNOWBEitiiY. 13. SCOLOSANTHUS Vahl, Eclog. 1: 11. 1796. Shrubs, often spiny, with opposite petioled coriaceous leaves, and small or minute, axillary, solitary or clustered, peduncled flowers. Calyx-tube short, the limb 4-cleft, the lobes narrow. Corolla small, funnelform, its 4 short spreading lobes imbricated. Stamens 4, included, the filaments filiform, the anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled; style slender, pilose; stigma notched or 2- cleft; ovules solitary in each ovary-cavity, pendulous. Fruit a small drupe. [Greek, curved flower, of no obvious application.] About 7 species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Scolosanthus versicolor Vahl. 1. Scolosanthus bahamensis Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Card. 3: 452. 1905. An intricately branched, somewhat resinous shrub, 8 dm. high or leas, with gray-brown bark, the young twigs greenish, densely papillose, 4-angled, armed with slender scattered pungent solitary spines 1 cm. long or less. Leaves opposite or fascicled, 2-5 mm. long, thick, papillose, ovate to elliptic, revolute-margined, obtuse, very short-petioled, dark green above, paler beneath; flowers not seen; fruits solitary, oblong to globose, white, soft, 2-4 mm. long. Coppices and pine -lands, Andros, New Providence and Cat Island. Endemic. Bahama Scor.osANTiirs. 14. STRUMPFIA Jacq. Enum. 8, 28. 1760. A low, much-branched shrub, with linear, revolute-margined, coriaceous, very short-petioled leaves verticillate in .1 's, and crowded near the en. is of the short-jointed branches, the small white (lowers in short axillary racemes, the small stipules persistent, ('alvx ovoid, the limb 5-cleft, the lobes persistent. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, imbricated, the tube very short. Stamens 5, borne at the base of the corolla tube ; filaments short, slightly 418 EUBIACEAE. united at the base; anthers narrowly oblong, connate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, erect, anatropous; style pubescent; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a small fleshy drupe, containing 1 or 2 stones. Seed oblong; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Named for Karl Strumpf, professor in Halle.] A mono- typic West Indian genus. 1. Stmmpfia maritima Jacq. Enum. 28. 1760. A shrub 2 m. high or less, the rather stout twigs densely pubescent or puberulent, scarred by the persistent stipule-bases. Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, apiculate, pubescent when young, the margins revolute so as to meet and cover the under surface; peduncles pubescent, 2-10 mm. long; calyx about 1 mm. long; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla pubescent, 3-4 mm. long, its short tube campanulate, its lobes much longer than the tube; drupes white or red, 3-6 mm. in diameter. Coastal rocks and rocky plains, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to Grand Turk and lhagua : — Florida ; West Indies and Cozu- mel. Strompfia. 15. PSYCHOTRIA L. Syst. ed. 10, 929. 1759. Shrubs or trees, rarely perennial herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, the stipules persistent or deciduous, the small flowers in terminal corymbs or panicles, rarely in axillary fascicles. Calyx short, the limb 4-5- toothed. Corolla funnelform or subeampanulate, the limb 4-5-lobed, the lobes valvate. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla-tube, the filaments mostly short, the anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, erect, anat- ropous; style short or elongated; stigma 2-eleft. Fruit a globose to oblong drupe containing 2 pyrenae, smooth, angled or ribbed. Seed convex; endo- sperm fleshy or cartilaginous. [Greek, to give life, from supposed medicinal properties.] A very large genus, containing 500 species or more, natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Psychotria asiatica L., of Jamaica. Fruit subdidymous, broader than long; pyrenae angled. 1. P.puhescens. Fruit ellipsoid; pvrenae furrowed. Panicles sessile. 2. P. nndata. Panicles stalked. 3. P. ligustrifolia. 1. Psychotria pubescens Sw. Prodr. 44. 1788. Myrstiphyllum pubescens Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 95. 1893. A shrub, 3 m. high or less, rarely a small tree 5 m. high, the branches slender, sometimes constricted at the nodes, the twigs, leaves and inflorescence finely pubescent or puberulent, rarely glabrous. Leaves membranous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 em. long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, prominently pinnately veined, the slender petioles 8-18 mm. long, the subulate geminate stipules united by their broad bases; panicles peduncled, usually many-flowered; pedicels very short; calyx about 1 mm. long, its teeth ovate; corolla yellow, whitish or pinkish, 4-5 mm. long, usually puberulent outside, pubescent in the throat, its oblong lobes shorter than the tube; drupe subglobose, black, 3-4 mm. in diameter, the pyrenae angled. Pine-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama. Andros and New Providence : — Cuba to St. Thomas ; St. Kitts ; Jamaica. Hairy Wild Coffee. RUBIACEAE. 419 * 2. Psychotria undata Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 5. 1798. Psychotria lanceolata Xutt. Am. Journ. Sci. I. 5: 290. 1822. Myrstiphyll-um undatum llitche. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 95. 1893. A shrub, 0.5-3 m. high, the twigs, leaves and inflorescence usually gla- brous, sometimes pubescent. Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, chartaceous, (5-12 cm. long, strongly pinnately veined, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, bright green abov?, pale-green beneath, the slender petioles- 15 mm. long or less, the stipules connate-sheathing, deciduous; panicle sessile, several- many-flowered; flowers sessile or very nearly so; calyx about 1 mm. long, its limb nearly truncate; corolla white, about 4 mm. long, its lobes shorter than the tube; drupe red, ellipsoid, blunt, 5-7 mm. long; pyrenae grooved. Pine-lands, scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama, the Biminis and Andros to Watling's and Long Island : — Florida and the West Indies ; Central America. tP. asiatica of Schoepf. Wild Coffee. *k 3. Psychotria lignstrifdlia (Northrop) Millep. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 172. 1906. Myrstiphyllwm UgustrifoUum Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 68. 1902. Psychotria bahamensis Millsp.; Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 451. 1905. A nearly glabrous shrub, rarely more than 2.5 m. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate to oblanceolate, broadest at or above the middle, narrowed to the apex and to the petiole, slightly pilose beneath, especially along the mid-rib; stipules large, orbicular, dimidiate-sheathing, apiculate; inflorescence panicu- late, pcduncled, 4-chotomous, exceeded by the leaves; calyx with 5 short deltoid teeth; corolla-tube glabrous without, bearded in a ring at the insertions of the filaments within, its lobes 5, elliptic, acute, strongly deflexed, nearly as long as the tube; fruit ellipsoid, red, about 5 mm. long; pyrenae plano- convex, grooved. Pine-lands and scrublands, throughout the archipelago from Ab.aco, Greal Ba- hama, the Biminis and Andros to Mariguana, North Caicos and Inagua : — Florida; Bermuda; Cuba; Hispaniola : Porto Rico. Smooth Wild Cofj i B, 10. MORINDA L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753. Shrubs, vines or trees, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and mostly per- fect, white or red flowers in dense terminal or axillary capitate clusters. Calyx truncate or obscurely toothed. Corolla funnelform or salverform, its 4-7 lobes valvate. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, the short filaments aduate to the throat of the corolla. Ovary mostly 2-celled; styles connate; stigmas slender; ovules 1 in each cavity, ascending. Fruit a fleshy syncarp. I Latin, Indian Mulberry.] Forty species or more, of tropical distribution, the follow- ing typical. - 1. Morinda Royoc L. Sp. PI. 170. 1753. A shrub, 3 m. high or less, with slender straggling branches, or a vine up to 7 m. long, glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Leaves oblong to obi. oblanceolate, thin, but somewhal fleshy, 5-10 em. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate al the base, darkening in drying, the petioles 5-10 mm. long, the broad persistent stipules subulate- tipped ; flowers white or pinkish, in axillary, short peduncled heads; corolla ,; s nun. long, its ,,1> lobes shorter than the tube; syncarp subglobose, 8 2.1 nun. in diameter, yellow. Coastal rocky plains. Aba co, Great Bahama, Andros and Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba: Hispaniola; Jamaica; Bonaire; Curacao; Ami. a: South Mexico i" Colombia; recorded from Bermuda. Called RHUBARB. Wii.n Ml UBBBBT. 420 KUBIACEAE. 17. ERNODEA* Sw. Prodr. 29. 1788. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, low shrubs, the branches erect, decum- bent or trailing, with opposite, linear to lanceolate, nearly sessile leaves, the stipules connate into a sheath; flowers small, solitary and sessile in the axils. Calyx-tube short, the limb 4-6-parted, the lobes triangular to linear or subulate, persistent. Corolla white to pink, the tube nearly cylindric, the 4-6 lobes nar- row, revolute, valvate. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma subcapitate; ovules 1 in each ovary-cavity. Drupe fleshy, grooved, containing 2 cartilag- inous, 1-seeded pyrenes. [Greek, a shoot or off-shoot.] Only the following species are known. Type species: Ernodea littoralis Sw. Calyx-lobes nearly as long as the frifit or longer. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late, 5-10 mm. wide. Corolla white to pink ; leaves relatively broad ; plant mostly of coasts. 1. E. littoralis. Corolla red to scarlet ; leaves relatively narrow ; plant mostly of pine-lands. 2. E. angnsta. Leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 mm. wide. 3. E. Colt ri. Calyx-lobes much shorter than the fruit. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. wide. 4. E. Millspauf/hii. Leaves narrowly linear to linear-oblanceolate, 1-3 mm. wide. Leaves bristle-tipped ; calyx-lobes half as long as the fruit. 5. E. Taylori. Leaves merely mucronate ; calyx-lobes one-third as long as the fruit. 6. E. Xashii. ± 1. Ernodea littoralis Sw. Prodr. 29. 1788. A glabrous or glandular-puberulent shrub, 1-16 dm. high, erect, or nearly or quite prostrate, the branches 4-angled, usually densely leafy. Leaves 3-5- nerved, shining, somewhat fleshy, oblong, elliptic, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 2-3.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; entire or glandular-serrulate; stipules 1.5-2 mm. long; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, longer than the tube; corolla white or pink, its tube 1-1.5 cm. long; fruit subglobose, yellow, 4-6 mm. in diameter, about as long as or somewhat shorter than the calyx-lobes. Coastal rocks and sands within the influence of ocean spray, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama, Abaco and Andros to Mariguana and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Anegada ; St. Croix ; Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Races differ in habit, pubescence, size and width of leaves. Common Ernodea. 2. Emodea angusta Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 438. 1905. Similar to prostrate races of E. littoralis, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves linear, coriaceous, 2-4 cm. long, 1.5-6 mm. wide; calyx-lobes linear -lanceolate, acute, about one-half as long as the corolla-tube; corolla mostly pink or red to scarlet, its tube 8-10 mm. long; fruit oval, 5-6 mm. long. Coastal pine-lands of Garden Cay, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — Florida. Pineland Ernodea. 3. Ernodea Cokeri Britton; Coker in Shattuek, The Bahama Islands 264. 1905. Stems very slender, trailing, branched, finely pubescent, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, acute, rough-pubescent, 1-nerved. narrowed at the base into short petioles; stipules about 2 mm. long; fruit globose-obovoid, about 4 mm. long; calyx-lobes subulate, 6-7 mm. long; fruit oval, about 5 mm. long. Trailing on sand dunes and in scrub-lands of Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros. Endemic. Coker's Ernodea. * For a study of the species and races see Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 35 : 203-8. 1908. RUBIACEAE. 421 4. Ernodea Millspaughii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 207. 1908. A shrub, 6-12 dm. high, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Leaves oblong- oblaneeolate, sharply pointed, 2-3 em. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the short broad stipules cuspidate; flowering calyx obovoid, about 3 mm. long, the triangular lobes only one-fifth to one-fourth as long as the ovary ; corolla white, 1 cm. long, its lobes about one-half as long as the tube; fruit nearly oval, 5 mm. long, the calyx-lobes triangidar-lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long. Coastal sands of Long Island, Great Ragged Island, and Grand Turk. Endemic. Millspaugh's Ernodea. 5. Ernodea Taylori Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 208. 1908. Spreading, with long slender branches, glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear, stiff, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, revolute-margined, spinulose-tipped, the stipules triangular-subulate; flowers not seen; fruit golden-yellow, oval, 5 mm. long, the calyx-lobes narrowly linear, 2 mm. long. On white-lands at Tenados, Inagua. Endemic. Taylor's Ernodea. 6. Ernodea Nashii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 208. 1908. Prostrate, glabrous throughout, the branches 6 dm. long, or more, the branchlets erect or ascending, 0.5-2 dm. high, the twigs very densely clothed with leaves. Leaves linear-oblaneeolate, leathery in texture, 2-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, mucronulate; flowering calyx 4.5 mm. long, its lobes acute, 1.5 mm. long; corolla 1.5. cm. long, its lobes white within, brown without, about one-third as long as the tube; fruit ovoid-oval, 5 mm. long, the persistent acute calyx-lobes 1.5 mm. long. White-lands at Moujean Harbor, Little Inagua and at the west end of that island. Endemic. Nash's Ernodea. IS. BORRERIA G. F. W, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 79. ISIS. Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with opposite entire leaves, the stipules sheathing, the flowers perfect, solitary in the axils, or in axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or turbinate, its lobes persistent, sometimes accompanied by small teeth. Corolla white, pink or blue, funnel- form or salverform, the lobes 4, valvate, spreading. Stamens 4, adnate to the corolla-tube, sometimes up to its throat. Disk obsolete or cushion-like. Ovary 2-celled; -styles wholly or partially united; ovules solitary in each cavity, amphitropous. Fruit leathery or crustaceous, the 2 carpels opening along their inner faces. [In honor of W. Borrer, British liehenologist.] About 90 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Type species: Borreria suave- olens Meyer. Annual herbs. Calyx-teeth ovate, much shorter than tho tube. Calyx-teeth subulate, nearly as long as the tube. Shrubs or woody perennial herbs. Stems more "or less pubescent : leaves ciliate. Stem-pubescence short. stifT. Sti-m-pubescence loose, floccose. Stems glabrous; leaves not ciliate or but slightly ci 1 i ;i t < -. Leaves linear-oblong, 1.5-3 mm. wide; corolla 4.6—6 mm. Ion j.'. Leaves linear, 0.8—1.2 mm. wide; corolla 2.6—4 mm. long. Calyx-lobes long-clllate ; corolla 4 mm. long, Calyx-lobes glabrous : corolla 2.5 mm. long or le Leaves firm In texture, 1—1.5 cm. long; Internodes of branches short: calyx-lobes mostly 2 or '■'■. Lenvs thin in texture, I ■"• cm. long; Internodes of branches elongated; calyx-lobes i. 1. n. lat vis. o B. ocimoidea. 3. B, thymifolia. 1. n. inaguensis. 5. n. aawtoola. ('.. n. WUsonii. 7. it. bahatm >i *i*. B. /;. savanna rum. 422 RUBIACEAE. 1. Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. PI. Br. W. I. 349. 1861. Spermacoce laevis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 273. 1791. Slightly pubescent, branched, the branches spreading or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. long, somewhat angled. Leaves oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, pin- nately veined; stipular sheath subtruncate, bearing several bristles 4—6 mm. long; flowers white, about 3 mm. wide, capitate-clustered in the axils; calyx- lobes 4, ovate, minute; fruit obovoid, about 2 mm. long; seeds oblong, striate. Sink-holes, pine-lands and meadows, Great Bahama and New Providence to Wat- ling's and Inagua : — Bermuda ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Button- weed. 2. Borreria ocimoid.es (Burin, f.) DC. Prodr. 4: 544. 1830. Spermacoce ocimoides Burm. f. M. Ind. 34. 1768. Borreria parviflora G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 83. 1818. Annual, 6 dm. high or less, slender, erect or sometimes diffusely branched, glabrous, the stem and branches 4-angled. Leaves linear to oblong-elliptic, or the lower spatulate, 0.5-2.5 em. long, 1-8 mm. wide, acute, short-petioled ; stipular sheath with setaceous teeth 2-3 mm. long; glomerules several-many- flowered, 6-8 mm. in diameter; calyx-teeth 4, subulate, about 0.7 mm. long; corolla white, a little shorter than the calyx-teeth, its lobes ovate ; fruit ellipsoid to obovoid, pubescent, nearly 1 mm. long. South Caicos, Mariguana : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America ; East Indies. Slender Borreria. 3. Borreria thymifolia Griseb. Fl. Br.W. I. 350. 1861. Perennial, suffrutescent; stems bushy-branched, forming clumps up to 1 m. broad, 3.5 dm. high or less, the internodes short, the 4-angled branches loosely rather stiff-pubescent. Leaves linear, channeled, stiff, ciliate, 2-6 mm. long, sessile, the apex spinulose-apiculate ; smaller leaves are commonly fascicled in the axils of the larger ones; stipular sheath ciliate; flowers few together in small terminal heads subtended by the upper leaves; calyx-lobes 2 or 3, oblong-lanceolate, sparingly ciliate, acute; corolla white, about 3 mm. long, its lobes deltoid-ovate. Sandy and rocky soil, Turk's Islands. Endemic. 4. Borreria inaguensis Britton, sp. nov. Intricately branched from a stout woody root, forming clumps 4 dm. in diameter or more, about 2 dm. high, the branches very slender, 4-angled, loosely soft-pubescent, the internodes mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves linear, rather stiff, channeled, ciliolate, 1.5-3 mm. long, spinulose-tipped, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flowers few or solitary at the ends of the branches subtended by the upper leaves; calyx-lobes 4, linear- lanceolate, acuminate, 1 mm. long, with minute accessary teeth; corolla white, nearly 2 mm. long, its lobes ovate-elliptic, obtuse. Scrub-lands, Moujean Harbor, Little Inagua (Nash <& Taylor, 212!,). 5. Borreria saxicola Britton, sp. nov. Shrubby, loosely branched, 3-4 dm. high, the twigs slender, glabrous, 4-sided, the internodes mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves linear-oblong, glabrous, rather firm in texture, 10-18 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed toward the base, usually with smaller ones fascicled in the axils; stipular sheath sparingly puberulent, the stipules short, acute; flowers capitate at the ends of the twigs, subtended by the upper leaves; calyx-teeth 3 or 4, triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, 1.5-2 mm. long; corolla 4.5-5 mm. long, its lobes ovate, obtuse. Loose rocky soil, South Caicos (type, Millspaugh, 92$2). Endemic. RUBIACEAE. 423 6. Borreria Wilsonii Britton, sp. nov. Perennial with a tap-root 1.5-2 dm. long, bushy-branched, about 1.5 dm. high and as broad as high, the slender quadrangular twigs glabrous or very nearly so, the internodes about as long as the leaves or somewhat longer. Leaves linear, glabrous, 4-7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, apieulate, shining, straight or somewhat curved with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; stipular sheath with a few subulate teeth; flowers few together at the ends of the twigs; calyx-lobes 4, lanceolate, acuminate, long-ciliate, 1.5 mm. long; corolla 4 mm. long, its lobes ovate, obtus-e. Castle Island (Wilson, 7787). Endemic. 7. Borreria bahamensis Britton, sp. nov. A low much-branched glabrous shrub, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, the internodes mostly less than 2 cm. long. Leaves linear, rather stiff, 8-15 mm. long, mueronate, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, usually with smaller ones fascicled in the axils; stipular sheath few-toothed; flowers capitate at the ends of the branches, subtended by the upper leaves, the heads about 5 mm. in diameter; calyx- lobes 2 or 3, rarely 4; corolla white, 2-2.5 mm. long, its lobes ovate, acute. Sandy and rocky soil, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Rum Cay. Am- bergris Cay and Inagua. Type from Crooked Island (Brace. 'P-i'J)- Recorded by Hitchcock as B. thymocephala Griseb., and listed by Coker as Bourrcria thymifolia. Endemic. S. Borreria savannar-um Britton, sp. nov. A much branched glabrous shrub 3-10 dm. high, with very slender, elongated, 4-angled branches, the internodes mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves linear-filiform, 1-3 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, thin in texture, apieulate, darkening in drying, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; stipular sheath with several subulate teeth; flowers capitate at the ends of the branches, the heads 3-4 mm. in diameter, subtended by the uppermost leaves; calyx with 4 linear lobes about as long as the tube; corolla white, 2.5 mm. long, its lobes ovate, obtuse. Savannas, Inagua (type Xash & Taylor, 1320) ; also on Acklin's Island and For- tune Island. Endemic. 19. SPERMACOCE L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753. Herbs, with 4-sided stems, opposite stipulate leaves, and small white flowers, in dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid, or ob- conic, its limb 4-toothed. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style slender; stigma capitate, or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, didymous, of 2 carpels, one dehiscent, the other usually indehiscent. Seeds oblong, convex on the back; endosperm horny; embryo central; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, seed-point, from the sharp calyx-teeth surmounting the carpels.] Two or three species, natives of America. Type species: Spirmacoce tcnuior L. Glabrous or nearlv so: leaves 2 »'> mm. wide. I. 8. tenuior. Pubescent with long hairs; Leaves 8-20 mm. wide. -■ 8. tetraquetra. 1. Spermacoce tenuior L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753. Glabrous or nearly so. Sterna simple and erect or more or less diffusely branched from the base, the branches L-3 dm. long; leaves linear, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, narrowed into short petioles; calyx-lobes Bubulate or lanceolate-subulate; corolla white, 424 RUBIACEAE. twice or thrice as long as the calyx-lobes, its lobes broad, rounded, the fruit about 2 mm. long. Waste grounds and sink-holes, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to Watling's, Crooked, Inagua and Caicos Islands: — Bermuda; southern United States ; West Indies and continental tropical America. 2. Spermacoce tetraquetra A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 29. 1850. Stouter and larger than S. tenuior, sometimes 6 dm. high, densely pubes- cent nearly all over with .long, whitish hairs. Leaves lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, rather strongly veined, acute at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, 2-8 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla white, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit about 2 mm. long. Waste grounds, Andros, New Providence, Inagua : — Bermuda (naturalized) ; Cuba. 20. GALIUM L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753. Herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticillate leaves, and small flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles. Flowers perfect, or in some species dioecious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; anthers exserted. Ovary 2-celled; ovules one in each cavity. Styles 2, short; stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous, sepa- rating into 2 indehiscent carpels, or sometimes only 1 of the carpels maturing. Endosperm horny; embryo curved; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, milk, from the use of G. vemm for curdling.] About 250 species, of wide distribution. The leaves are really opposite, the intervening members of the verticils being stipules. Type species: Galium Mollugo L. X 1. Galium bermudense L. Sp. PL 105. 1753. Galium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 79. 1803. Belbunium bermudense Britten, Journ. Bot. 47: 42. 1909. Perennial, much branched, hirsute, hispid or nearly glabrous, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves in 4's, 1-nerved, oval, mucronate, rather thick, 6-20 mm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, the margins more or less revolute in drying ; flowers few, terminating the branchlets, white; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, rather stout, becom- ing deflexed in fruit; fruit fleshy, minutely pubescent, about 4 mm. broad. Pine-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Bermuda : southeastern United States. Plants glabrous or very pubes- cent. Reported by Dolley as Galium hypocarpium. Order 7. CAMPANULALES. Herbs, rarely shrubs, the corolla gamopetalous, or petals sometimes separate in Cucurbitaeeae. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes (fewer in the Cucurbitaeeae); anthers united (except in Ambrosiaceae). Ovary inferior. Flowers not in involucrate heads ; juice mostly milky. Endosperm none ; flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious ; our species vines. Fam. 1. Cucurbitaceae. Endosperm present, fleshy ; flowers perfect, irregular. Stigma not indusiate. Fam. 2. Lobeltaceae. Stigma indusiate. Fam. 3. Goodeniaceae. Flowers in involucrate heads. CUOUBBITACEAE. 425 Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate) ; juice milky. Fam. 4. Cichohiaceae. Flowers all tabular, or the outer expanded into rays; (nice very rarely milky. Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Tain. 5. A.MBBOSIACEAE. Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style. Faoi. 6. Cabdoaceae. Family 1. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Gourd Family. Herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alternate, petioled, generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb usually 5-lobed, the lobes imbri- cated. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, separate, or united into a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens mostly 3 (sometimes 1), 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a 1-celled anther; filaments short. often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1-3-celled; style terminal, simple, or lobed ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a pepo, indebiseent, or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or bursting- irregularly; or sometimes dry and membranous. Seeds usually flat; endosperm none. About 90 genera and 700 species, mainly of tropical regions. Ovules horizontal. Anther-sacs flexuous. . 1. Momordica. Anther-sacs straight or curved, not flexuous. Stamens 3 ; an annular disk at the base of the style. 2. Melothria. Stamens 2; disk none, or obscure. ;>>- Anguria. Ovules ascending. 4. Cayaponia. 1. MOMORDICA L. Sp. PI. 1009. 1753. Herbaceous, climbing or prostrate vines, with simple or forked tendrils, and dioecious or monoecious mostly yellow flowers, the staminate solitary or clustered, the pistillate solitary. Staminate flowers with a 5-lobed calyx, a nearly rotate, 5-parted or 5-lobed corolla, and usually 3 stamens with short distinct filaments. Pistillate flowers with calyx and corolla like those of the staminate, a 1-celled ovary with 3-placentae, the numerous ovules horizontal, the style slender, the stigmas 3. Fruit ovoid to cylindrie, 3-valved or indehiscent. [Latin, of uncertain application.] About 25 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type species: Momordica Balsamina L. 1. Momordica Charantia L. Sp. PL 1009. 1753. Stem slender, more or less pubescent, 1-2 m. long, with simple filiform tendrils opposite the leaves. Leaves thin, reniform or suborbicular in outline, 4-12 cm. broad, deeply pedately 5-7-lobed, glabrate or pubescent, the lobes dentate, acute or obtuse, the slender petioles 3-6 cm. long; peduncles with an ovate entire cordate bract at or below the middle; sepals oval or ovate, 3- LS mm. long; corolla-segments obtuse or emarginate, 1.5-2 cm. long, yellow; fruit ovoid or oblong, bright yellow, tubercled, 2-12 cm. long; seed- flat, 12-16 mm. long. Waste grounds, New Providence at Nassau: — southern United States; West Indies and continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley as Momordica Balsamina L, WILD Balsam-Apple, 2. MELOTHRIA L. Sp. PL 35. 1753. Slender vines, with simple or rarely bifid tendrils, thin leaves, and small, white or yellow, monoecious flowers, the staminate clustered, the pistillate often 28 426 CUCUKBITACEAE. solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers distinct or slightly united, the pistil wanting or rudimentary. Fertile flowers with 1 pistil; ovary ovoid, constricted below the corolla; placentae 3; ovules numerous; style short; stigmas 3, linear. Fruit small, berrydike, pulpy. [From the Greek for some vine, probably Bryonia cretica.~\ About 64 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Melothria pendula L. ^ 1. Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. 3: 580. 1881. Bryonia guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. 3: 15. 1826. Melothria pervaga Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 289. 1860. A slender glabrous vine, sometimes 2 m. long, climbing by Aliform tendrils. Leaves various, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate in outline, 3-7 cm. long, scabrous, repand or 3-5-lobed with the middle lobe often longer than the lateral ones, acute or acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base; petioles slender, 1-4 cm. long; staminate racemes few-flowered, peduncled; peduncle of the pistillate flower 2-4 em. long; calyx-teeth subulate, minute; corolla short-villous, about 4 mm. broad, its lobes obtuse; pepo ovoid, 1—1.5 cm. long, red or purple. Pine-lands and cultivated grounds, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera : — West Indies and continental tropical America. Guadaloupe Ckeeping-Cucumber. 3. ANGURIA Jacq. Enum. 9, 31. 1760. Climbing vines, with slender simple tendrils, the leaves various, the polygamous flowers mostly small, clustered at the end of a long peduncle, the calyx and corolla of staminate and pistillate flowers similar. Calyx with an elongated, more or less swollen tube and a 5-eleft or 5-toothed limb. Corolla 5-parted, rotate. Staminate flowers with 2 included stamens, the filaments short, the anther-sacs narrow. Pistillate flowers with 2 rudimentary stamens, an ovoid ovary, a slender 2-cleft style, the stigmas 2-cleft. Fruit many- seeded, ovoid or oblong. [Greek, similar to water melons.] Species 40 or 50, all American. Type species: Anguria pedata Jacq. ^c 1. Anguria pedata Jacq. Enum. 31. 1760. Anguria Keithii Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 69. 1902. A glabrous monoecious vine, trailing or climbing, 3 m. long or longer, the root elongated, the stem grooved, somewhat woody below. Leaves deeply 5—7- divided, reniform-orbicular in outline, usually divided into 3 short-stalked segments, the 2 lateral ones again 2-3-divided, the segments lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse, few-toothed or entire ; peduncles slender, about as long as the leaves ; staminate racemes several-flowered ; pedicels 5-16 mm. long; calyx ovoid, 5-7 mm. long, its tube ovate or lanceolate, acute, one-third to one-half as long as the tube; petals orange, 1-1.5 cm. long; pistillate flowers solitary or in pairs; fruit ovoid, short-beaked, about 3 cm. long. Coppices, Conch Sound, Lisbon Creek and Mangrove Cay, Andros, Eleuthera : — Cuba to Porto Rico; recorded from Panama. Referred to by Dolley as Cucumis Anguria L. 4. CAYAPONIA Manso, Enum. Subst. Bras. 31. 1836. Climbing herbaceous vines, with entire toothed lobed or palmately divided leaves, simple or divided tendrils, and rather large, monoecious or LOBELIACEAE. 4 '2 7 dioecious, mostly panicled or racemose flowers. Calyx eampanulate, its limb 5-cleft. Corolla 5-parted, rotate or subcampanulate. Staminate flowers with 3 distinct stamens, the anther-sacs flexuous, the rudimentary ovary 3-lobed. Pistillate flowers often with 3 rudimentary stamen-: ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity; style 3-cleft, the 3 stigmas dilated. Fruit rather small, slightly fleshy, mostly 3-seeded. [Brazilian name.] About 60 species of trop- ical and subtropical America, one in tropical Africa. Type species: Ca>iup< diffusa Manso? Calyx 3—4 mm. long, its teeth triangular : corolla-lobes 3-5 mm. long. 1. O. racemosa. Culyx G-9 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate ; corolla-lobes 12—15 mm. long. 2. 0. americana, 1. Cayaponia racemosa (Sw.) Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. 3: 768. 1881. Bryonia racemosa Sw. Prodr. 116. 1788. Trianospermum racemosum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 112. 1866. A somewhat woody, often high-climbing vine, up to 7 m. long, the stem and branches glabrous. Leaves ovate-orbicular in outline, 6-13 cm. long, variously lobed, or the upper entire or nearly so, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or subreniform at the bas-e, scabrous above, puberulent or his- pidulous beneath, the rather slender petioles 2-7 cm. long; flowers racemose or racemose-paniculate, distant; pedicels 3-6 mm. long; calyx eampanulate, 3—4 mm. long, its teeth triangular-ovate, very small ; corolla about 1 em. broad ; pepo oblong, red, 1-2 cm. long. Coppices and clearings, Abaco, New Providence: — Cuba to Tortola ; Tobago; Trinidad and continental tropical America. Racemose Cayaponia. 2. Cayaponia americana (Lam.) Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. 3: 785. 1881. Bryonia americana Lam. Encyel. 1: 49S. 1785. A long vine, glabrous, similar to C. racemosa, the leaves various, 3-5- lobed or nearly entire, the petioles 2-7 cm. long. Flowers few, clustered in short racemes or panicles, or sometimes solitary; pedicels 2-6 mm. long: calyx campamilate-cylindric, 6-9 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate, 2—4 mm. long; corolla 2-3 em. broad; pepo oblong to ellipsoid, 14—18 mm. long. Coppice, Conch Sound, Andros : — Cuba to Tortola and St. Vincent. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Trianosperma racemosum. Panicled Catatonia. Family 2. LOBELIACEAE Dumort. Lobelia Family. Herbs, or in tropical regions rarely shrubs or trees, often with milky sap which contains a narcotic-acid poison, with alternate estipulate simple entire, toothed or pinnately parted leaves, and solitary spicate racemose or paniculate flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lubes equal or unequal. Corolla gamopetalous, ir- regular, often bilabiate, its tube open on one side nearly or quite to the base, its limb 5-lobed; stamens 5, inserted with the corolla; filaments some- times cohering into a tube; anthers united. Ovary 2 5 celled; style single; stigma fringed; ovules numerous, sessile, horizontal, anatropous. Fruit a l-f)-celled capsule. or a berry. Seeds numerous, with a -m lb <>r fur- rowed testa. Endosperm fleshy. Aboul 20 genera and (500 species, of wide geographic distribution 428 GOODENIACEAE. 1. LOBELIA L. Sp. PI. 929. 1753. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs) , with alternate or basal leaves, and racemose spicate or paniculate, often leafy-braeted, red yellow blue or white flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate, hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube straight, oblique, or incurved, divided to the base on one side, 2-lipped in our species, the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved, turned away from the other 3 which are somewhat united. Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, at least above, 2 or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs at the tips, 3 of them usually larger than the other 2, all united into a tube or ring around the style. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 placentae many- ovuled; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule loculieidally 2-valved. [Named after Matthias de L'Obel, 1538-1616, a Flemish botanist.] About 250 species of wide geographic distribution. Type ?pecies: Lobelia Dortmanna L. 1. Lobelia lucayana Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov. Annual, slender, pilose with strap-shaped hairs. Stems simple, scapiform, erect, 3-12 cm. high; basal leaves rosulate, small, 1-2 em. long, ovate or orbicular, obtuse, attenuate to the petiole, crenate-dentate, the teeth mucronu- late; cauline leaves infrequent, spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile or short- petioled; racemes few-flowered, 2-7 cm. long; flowers long-pedicelled, the pedicels slender, much longer than the bracts ; corolla blue, about 4 mm. long, bilabiate, the tube elongate-cylindrie, deeply fissured; inferior lip 3-lobed, the lobes equal; superior lip 2-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, divergent; mature cap- sule 3 mm. long; seeds orbicular, biconvex, about 2.5 mm. in diameter, dark and shining. Type from North Caicos, in the vicinity of Kew, Wilson 7713 in herb. N. Y. Botanical Garden : shady places in rich soil, Watling's Island at the southeast end. Habitally like L. Feayana A. Gray, of southern Florida, but in our species the seeds are lenticular, dark brown and polished, while in L. Feayana they are oblong and tuberculate. Bahama Lobelia. Family 3. GOODENIACEAE Duniort. Goodexia Family. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with watery sap. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, without stipules, entire, toothed or rarely pinnatifid. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, an entire border, or sometimes obsolete. Corolla 5-lobed, split on one side. Stamens 5, distinct, the anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary mostly inferior, 1-2-celled; styles usually united. Stigma surrounded with an indusium. Ovules 1 or 2, or more in each cavity, mostly erect or ascending. Fruit dupaeeous, berry-like or capsular. Seeds usually one in each cavity; embryo straight in the axis of the fleshy endosperm. About 12 genera and over 200 species, mostly Australian. 1. SCAEVOLA L. Alant. 2: 145. 1771. Fleshy stout herbs or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite, mostly entire leaves, the flowers irregular, axillary, in dichotomous cymes or rarely solitary. Calyx 5-lobed, or a mere border. Corolla white or blue, its lobes winged, its tube split to the base on one side, villous within. Stamens epi- gynous. Ovary inferior or nearly so, 2-celled or rarely 1-celled; stigma sur- CICHORIACEAE. 429 rounded by a ciliate indusium. Ovules 1 in each cavity, or 2 in 1-celled ovaries, erect. Berry with a fleshy exocarp and a bony or woody endocarp. [Latin, referring to the irregular flowers.] About 60 species, mostly Austra- lian, the following typical. 1. Scaevola Plumierii (L.) Yahl, Symb. 2: 36. 1791. Lobelia Plumierii L. Sp. PI. 929. 1753. Scaevola Lobelia Murr. Syst. ed. 13, 178. 1774. Perennial, nearly glabrous, more or less shrubby, 6-15 dm. high, much branched and straggling. Leaves alternate, obovate, 4—6 cm. long, entire, shining, narrowed into very short winged petioles, or nearly sessile, with a tuft of silky hairs in each axil; peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-lobes much broader than high, rounded; corolla glabrous without, about 2.5 cm. long, the tube shorter than the lobes, the lobes nearly linear, with broad crisped wings; stamens nearly as long as the corolla-tube, hanging through the cleft; berry oval, black, juicy, 2-seeded, 10-14 mm. long. Coastal rocks and sanrls, throughout the archipelago : — Bermuda : Florida ; West Indies and Caribbean Mexico ; tropical Africa. Inkberry. Black Soap. Catesby, 1 : pi. 79. Family 4. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. Chicory Family. Herbs (two Pacific Island genera trees), almost always with milky, acrid or bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series. Receptacle of the head Hat or llattish, naked, scaly (paleaceous), smooth, pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all alike (heads homogamous), perfect. Calyx-tube completely adnate to the ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple or plumose bristles, or both. or wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or long tube, and a strap- shaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers connate into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, aol tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually 12- sided. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style very slender, 2-clet't, or 2-lobed, the lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect ; endo- sperm none; radicle narrower than the cotyledons. About 70 genera and 1,500 species, of wide geographic distribution. Achenes truncate. 1. Bonchua. Achenes narrowed or beaked at the summit. L'. Lactuca. 1. SONCHUS L. Sp. PI. 793. 1753. Annual or perennial succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly auriculate- clasping, entire dentate iobed or pinnatifid, prickly-margined leaves, and large or middle-sized, peduneled, corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flow< Involucre ovoid or campanulate, usually becoming thickened and more or less conic at the base when old, its bracts herbaceous or membranous, imbricated in several series, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle flat, naked. Bays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style- branches slender. Achenes oval, oblong, or linear, mor< - flattened, 10- 430 AMBROSIACEAE. 20-ribbed, somewhat narrowed at the base, truncate. Pappus of very copious soft white simple capillary bristles, usually falling away connected, sometimes with 1 or 2 stouter ones which fall separately. [The Greek name of the Sow- thistle.] About 45 species, of the Old World. Type species: Sonchus oleraceus L. Mc 1. Sonchus oleraceus L. Sp. PL 794. 1753. Annual, with fibrous roots ; stem leafy below, nearly simple, 3-30 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 10-25 cm. long, the terminal segment commonly large and triangular, the margins denticulate with mucronate or scarcely spiny teeth; upper leaves pinnatifid, clasping by an auricled or sagittate base; uppermost leaves often lanceolate and entire; heads several or numerous, pale yellow, 18-30 mm. broad. Waste places and cultivated fields, Abaco, Great Bahama, the Biminis, New Providence and Eleuthera to Acklin's Island and Grand Turk : — Bermuda ; the United States to continental tropical America ; West Indies. Naturalized from Europe. Sow-Thistle. 2. LACTUCA L. Sp. PL 795. 1753. Tall leafy herbs, with small panic-led heads of yellow, white or blue flowers, and alternate leaves. Involucre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter, or of 1 or 2 series of principal nearly equal inner bracts, and several rows of short outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays tuncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches mostly slender. Achenes oval, oblong or linear, fiat, 3-5-ribbed on each face, narrowed above or contracted into a narrow beak, which is some- what expanded at the summit into a small disk bearing the copious soft capillary, white or brown pappus-bristles. [The ancient Latin name, from lac, milk, referring to the milky juice.] About 95 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species: Lachica sativa L. •4 1. Lactuca intybacea Jacq. Ic. Rar. 1: 16. pi. 162. 1786. Annual, glabrous; stem terete, simple and leafy below, paniculately branched and nearly leafless above, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves thin, 0.5-2 dm. long, runcinate or irregularly lobed and toothed, the lower oblanceolate or obovate, petioled, the upper lanceolate, acuminate, sessile and clasping; heads solitary or in small clusters on the branches, distant, short-peduncled ; invo- lucre narrowly cylindric, 10-12 mm. long, its outer bracts ovate or lanceolate, broadly scarious-margined, much shorter than the linear acute inner ones; rays yellow or white; achenes linear, muricate, 3 mm. long; pappus white, plumose. Waste places and cultivated ground, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Conception Island, Great Exuma, Long Island, Acklin's Island, Grand Turk. Inagua and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; Margarita ; Curasao ; Bonaire ; Mexico to Venezuela. Wild Lettuce. Family 5. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb. Ragweed Family. Herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them weeds, rarely shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small heads of greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, separate or AMBROSIACEAE. 431 united bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and nut-like or bur-like. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same, or in separate heads. Re- ceptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers with no corolla, or this reduced to a short tube or ring; calyx adnate to the 1-celled ovary, its limb none, or a mere border; style 2-cleft. Staminate flowers with a fhinnelform tubular or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens mostly 5, separate, or their anthers merely comment, not truly syngenesious, with short indexed appendages; ovary rudimentary; summit of the style often hairy or penicillate. Eight genera and about 60 species, mostly natives of America. Staminate and pistillate flowers in different heads. Bracts of staminate involucres distinct. 1. Xanthtum. Bracts of staminate involucres united. -. Ambrosia. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads. 3. Im. 1. XANTHIUM L. Sp. PI. 9S7. 1753. Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny herbs, with alternate lobed or dentate leaves, and rather small heads of greenish discoid flowers, the staminate ones capitate-clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate axillary. Staminate heads with a short involucre of 1 to 3 series of distinct bracts; receptacle eylindric, chaffy; corollas tubular, 5-toothed; anthers not coherent, mucronate at the apex; filaments monadelphous; style slender, un- divided. Pistillate heads of an ovoid or oblong, closed involucre, covered with hooked bristles, 1-2-beaked, 2-eelled, each cavity containing one obovoid or oblong achene; corolla none; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted. [Greek, yellow, from its yielding a yellow hair-dye.] About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Xanthium strumarium Linn. 1. Xanthium chinense Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. S, no. 4. 1768. Xanthium longirostre Wallr. Beitr. Bot. I2: 237. 1S44. Hispidulous, 1 m. high or less. Leaves broadly ovate-reniform in outline, slender-petioled, 8-15 cm. long and about as wide as long, acute or acuminate at the apex, rather thin, coarsely irregularly toothed and usually 3— 5-lobed, scabrous on both sides, the base triangular-cuneate ; staminate heads numer- ous, about 5 mm. in diameter; fruit oblong, its body 2 cm. long or less, 5.5-S mm. thick, hispidulous and glandular or sometimes glabrous; bristles rather slender, 3-4.5 mm. long, hispidulous toward the base; beaks stout, 4-6 mm. long, somewhat incurved. Waste places in New Frovidenee : — Bermuda: Cuba to Tortola and Martinique: Jamaica; United States and Central America. Reported by Dolley and by Hitchcock as X. strumarium L. West Indian Cocklebur. 2. AMBROSIA L. Sp. PL 987. 1753. Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite, mostly lobed or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the Btamini Bpicate or racemose, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate heads globose, ovoid or top-shaped, closed, 1-flow- ered, usually armed with 4—8 tubercles or spines; corolla none; stamens none; style-branches filiform; achenes ovoi.l or obovoid; pappus none. Involucre of the staminate heads mostly hemispheric or Baucer-shaped, 5 L2-lobed, open, many-flowered; receptacle nearly flat, naked, or with filiform chaff; corolla 432 ' AMBROSIACEAE. funnelform, 5-toothed; anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped; style un- divided, penicillate at the summit. [The ancient classical name.] About 15 species, mostly natives of America. Type species: Ambrosia maritima L. Annual; erect; pubescent or puberulent. 1. A. panicuhita. Perennial ; repent ; hirsute or hispid. 2. A. hispida. 1. Ambrosia paniculata Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 183. 1803. Annual, pubescent or puberulent, paniculately branched, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves thin, 1-2-pinnatifid, petioled, 5-8 cm. long, the upper alternate, the lower mostly opposite, pale or canescent beneath, the lobes oblong or lanceo- late, obtuse or acute; racemes of sterile heads numerous, 2-12 cm. long, the involucres hemispheric, about 3 mm. broad, crenate; fertile heads few, obovoid or subglobose, 2-3 mm. long, short-beaked, pubescent. Waste places at Nassau, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. Referred by Dolley and by Hitchcock to A. artemisiae- folia L. Southern Ragweed. 2. Ambrosia hispida Pursh, PL Am. Sept. 743. 1814. Ambrosia crithmifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 525. 1836. Perennial, hirsute or hispid; stems branched at the base, the branches diffusely spreading or ascending, 2-8 dm. long, leafy. Leaves opposite, 2-3- pinnately divided, rather firm in texture, 4—12 cm. long, short-petioled ; racemes of sterile heads elongated, mostly solitary, the involucres spiny-pubescent; fertile heads clustered, 2.5-3 mm. long, short-beaked, usually tubercled. Sea-beaches, throughout the archipelago : — Florida : Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Virgin Gorda to Barbadoes ; Mexico. Sweet-bay. Bay Geranium. Bay Tansy. 3. IVA L. Sp. PI. 9S8. 1753. Puberulent or scabrous herbs or shrubs, with thick opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and small nodding, axillary and solitary, spieate racemose or paniculate heads of greenish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or cup-shaped, its bracts few, rounded. Receptacle chaffy, the linear or spatulate chaff envelop- ing the flowers. Marginal flowers 1-6, pistillate, fertile, their corollas short, tubular or none. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile., their corollas funnelform, 5- lobed, their styles undivided, dilated at the apex. Anthers entire at the base, yellow, scarcely coherent with each other, tipped with mucronate appendages. Aehenes compressed, obovoid, glabrous. Pappus none. [Xamed after Ajuga Iva, from its similar odor.] About 12 species, natives of America. Type species: Iva annua L. Involucres about 5 mm. broad ; plant glabrous ; leaves mostly alternate. 1. I- imhricata. Involucres 3-4 mm. broad ; plant pubescent ; leaves opposite. 2. J. cheiranthifolia. 1. Iva imbricata Walt. Fl. Car. 232. 1788. Perennial by woody roots, glabrous or nearly so throughout, fleshy; stem 3-6 dm. high, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves all but the lowest alter- nate, sessile, oblong-spatulate, or lanceolate, obtusish, mucronulate, entire, or rarely serrate, obscurely 3-nerved, the larger 3-5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; heads short peduncled or nearly sessile, the upper ones longer than their sub- tending leaves; involucre broadly campanulate, about 5 mm. broad, its bracts 6-9, somewhat imbricated in 2 series; fertile flowers 2-4, their corollas tubular, the staminate ones much more numerous. Sea-strands, Great Bahama, Great Harbor Cay, Andros, New Providence and Inagua : — Virginia to Florida and Louisiana ; Cays of northern Cuba. Beach Iva. CARDUACEAE. 433 > 2. Iva cheiranthifolia II.B.K. Nov. Gen. 4: 276. 1820. A much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, the slender twigs, the leaves and the involucres densely and finely pubescent. Leaves opposite, narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate or the lower obovate, 3-9 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved, the petioles 3-15 mm. long, the upper ones much smaller; peduncles shorter than the involucres; heads nodding, numerous; involucre 3-4 mm. broad, its bracts 3-5, nearly orbicular; fertile flowers 3-5; staminate flowers 5-8. Waste places and scrublands. Great Bahama, the Berry Islands, the Bimlnls, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera to Long Island: — Cuba. Boss Iva. Family 6. CARDUACEAE Neck. Thistle Family. Herbs, rarely .shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or res- inous (rarely milky) sap, and opposite alternate or basal estipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, borne on a common receptacle, forming heads, subtended by an involucre of few to many bracts arranged in one or more series. Eeceptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtending the flowers, smooth, or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube completely adnate to the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, or crown- like, or cup-like, or wanting. Corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the head expanded into a ligule (ray) ; when the ray-flowers are absent the head is said to be discoid; when present, radiate; the tubular flowers form the disk. Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, their anthers united into a tube (syngenesious), often appendaged at the apex, some- times sagittate or tailed at the base; pollen-grains globose, often rough or prickly. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style of fertile flowers 2- cleft; stigmas marginal; style of sterile flowers commonly undivided. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endosperm none; embryo straight; hypocotyl in- ferior. About S00 genera and not less than 10,000 species, of wide geo- graphic distribution. Perfect flowers with regular corollas. Stigmatic lines at the base of the stigma or below the middle. Stigmas filiform or subulate, hlspldulous. Stigmas more or less clavate, papillose-puberu- lent. Stigmatic lines extending to the tip of the stigma or to the appendages. Anthers without elongated appendages at the tip. Anther-sacs tailed at the base. Anther-sacs not tailed at the base. Receptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre well imbricated. Stigmas of tlw perfect flowers with terminal appendages. Stigmas of the perfect (lowers with truncate, hairy or papillose tips. Bracts of the involucre little if at all Imbricated ezcepl when tin- broad outer overlap the Inner. Receptacle chaffy ; bracts of the Involucre herbaceous, sometimes folbiceous. Anthers with elongated, cartilaginous, mostly connate appendages. Perfect flowers, or all, with bilabiate corollas. Tribe I. Vernon ieae. Tribe II. Eupatorieae. Tribe IV. Imi.hai:. Tribe III. Asterkae. Tribe VI. Hki.knieae. Tribe vn. Sbniciob Tribe V. Ili:i iantiieae. Tribe viii. Ctnabbab. Tribe IX. MOTISIEAB. 434 CARDUACEAE. Tribe I. Vernomeae. Pappus of 2 series ; bracts of involucre usually not appendaged. 1. Vcrnonia. Tribe II. Eupatorieae. Pappus of scales. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre of more than 4 bracts. 5-many-flowered. Involucre of 4 (rarely more) bracts, 4-flowered. 2. Ageratum. 3. EupatoHum, 4. Mikania. Tribe III. Astereae. Bay-florets present ; plants not dioecious. Ray-florets ligular. Ligules yellow : pappus copious, ray-achenes flattened. 5. Chrysopsis. Ligules white or colored (not yellow). Involucral bracts in 3-5 series. Ligules long and narrow ; bracts mainly herba- ceous. 6. Ligules short and broad : bracts not herbaceous. 7. Involucral bracts in 1-2 series. Ligules longer than the diameter of the disk. 8. Ligules shorter than the diameter of the disk. 9. Ray-florets tubular: pappus 2-serial. 10. Ray-florets wanting; plants dioecious. 11. Aster. Oundlachia. Erigeron. Leptilon. Eschenhachia. Baccharis. Tribe IV. Inuleae. Bracts broad ; plants leafy throughout. Bracts narrow ; plants leafy only at the base. 12. Plurhea. 13. Sachsia. Tribe V. Heliaktheae. Disk-florets perfect but not fruit-producing. Achenes not flattened. Fruit unarmed ; achenes quadrangular. Fruit armed with hooked prickles. Achenes markedly flattened. Disk-florets fruit-producing. Ray-florets persistent on the achenes. Ray-florets not persistent on the achenes or wanting. Pappus a mere crown or cap, or of few teeth, awns or bristles. Achenes not compressed. Chaff of the receptacle mere awns or bristles. Chaff of the receptacle concave or clasping. Pappus of slender caducous awns. Pappus wanting. Achenes sharp-edged, 4-6-angled. Achenes of the disk neither sharp-edged, margined nor winged. Achenes acutely 4-angled. Achenes indistinctly 4-angled. Achenes of the disk broadly white-winged. Achenes markedly flattened parallel with the invo- lucral bracts. Involucre single. Involucre double. Pappus of 2 short cornuate awns. Pappus of 2—4 long barbed awns. Pappus of numerous plumose ci'liate scales. 14. Tetranthus. 15. Acanthospermum. 16. Parthenium. 17. Crassina. 18. Yerhesina. 10. Melanthera, 20. Isocarpha. 21. 22. 23. liorrichia. Wedelia. Ximenesia. 24. Synedrella. 25. 26. 27. Salmca. Bid ens. Tridax. Tribe VI. Helenieae. oil glands ; bracts of the involucre Plant-tissues without united below. Plant-tissues with oil glands ; bracts separate. Involucral bracts 2-seriate ; pappus a crown. Involucral bracts 1 -seriate. Pappus of copious capillary bristles. Pappus of a few sharp awns. 28. Flaveria. 29. Neothymopsis. 30. Porophyllum. 31. Pedis. Tribe VII. Senecioneae. Bracts of the involucre markedly overlapping. Bracts of the involucre slightly if at all overlapping. Achenes elongated, sharply 5-ribbed. Achenes short, pilose-striate. 32. Neurolaena. 33. Emilia. 34. Erechthites. CARDUACEAE. 435 Tribe VIII. Cynaheak, Bracts of the involucre spined at the apex; leaves prickly. 33. Cirsium. Tribe IX. Mi'tisieae. Heads homogamous ; achenes conic, pubescent; leafy shrubs. 36. Anastraphia. Heads heterogamous ; achenes 5-ribbed, rostrate; herbs. 37. Chuptalia. 1. VERNONIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 2: 541. 1791. Erect branching perennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate (rarely opposite), entire or toothed, sessile or petioled leaves, and discoid cymose-paniculate heads of purple, pink, or white tubular flowers. In- volucre hemispheric, campanulate or oblong-eylindric, its bracts imbricated in several or many series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, not caudate. Style-branches subulate, his- pidulous their whole length. Achenes 8-10-ribbed, truncate. Pappus in 2 series, the inner of numerous roughened capillary bristles, the outer of much shorter small scales or stout bristles. [Xamed after William Vernon, English botanist.] Over 500 species, of wide distribution in warm-temperate regions, most abundant in South America. Type species: Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) waw. Shrubs or perennial herbs. Heads scorpioid, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves ; eanescent or tomentulose shrubs. Leaves broadest at or near the middle, not conspicuously attenuate at the base. 1. V. arhuscula. Leaves broadest above the middle, attenuate at the basi. Leaves broadly obcordate. -. V. ohrordata. Leaves spatulate to elliptic. 3. V. bahamensis. Heads cymose, long-ped uncled ; plant nearly glabrous ; leaves elongated-linear; herbaceous perennial. 4. V. insularia. Annual herb ; heads in terminal cymes. •"». 1". oinerea. 1. Vernonia arbuscula Less. Linnaea 6: 664. 1831. Vernonia arctata Gleason, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 185. 1906. A shrub, up to 8 dm. high, usually lower, more or less branched, the main branches nearly erect, the twigs tomentose, rather densely leafy. Leaves ellip- tic to oblong-obovate, 1-2 cm. long, acute or mucronate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, tomentose beneath, glabrate above, the petioles 3-7 mm. long; heads crowded at the ends of the twigs, several or numerous, sessile or short-peduncled ; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, its bracts lanceolate, tomentose; achenes 2.5 mm. long, pubescent; pappus nearly white. Pine-lands of New Providence and Andros. Endemic. Recorded as V. hnim mrnzi* by Coker and bv Mrs. Northrop. The plant was erroneously attributed to Mauritius by Lessing. (See Ekman, West Indian Veraoninr 68). LOW BUSH* Vi:icnonia. 2. Vernonia obcordata Gleason, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 1S7. 1906. A much-branched shrub 6-9 dm. high, the branches crooked, the young twigs angled, tomentose. Leaves crowded near the ends of the twigs, broadly obcordate, 1.5 cm. long or less, about as wide as long, grey-tomentose, espe- cially beneath, narrowed into petioles about 5 mm. long; heads few, sessile among the loaves, S-l.T-flowered ; involucre campanulate, I 5 mm. long, its bracts ovate-lanceolate, tomentose, acute; achenes hirsute, about - nun. long; pappus yellow. Rocky scrublands at Moujean Harbor, Little Inagua. Endemic. [NAOUA Vernonia. 436 CARDUACEAE. 3. Veruonia bahamensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 352. 1861. A shrub, 0.5-2 m. high, dichotomously branched, the twigs and leaves pale-tomentulose. Young twigs angled; leaves spatulate to elliptic, 1.5-5 'cm. long, entire, obtuse, mucronate or retuse at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles 5-10 mm. long; heads few, sessile on the twigs among the upper leaves, 7-13-flowered ; involucre campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, its bracts ovate- lanceolate, acute, tomentose, imbricated in few series; achenes hirsute, 2—2.5 mm. long ; pappus nearly white, 4-5 mm. long. Scrub-lands, rocky plains and white-lands, Crooked Island,* Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Castle Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Cotton Cay and Salt Cay, Turk's Islands and Inagua. Endemic. Bahama Vernonia. 4. Vernonia insularis Gleason, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 184. 1906. Perennial by a horizontal rootstock; stem erect, glabrous, or puberulent above, 1 m. high or less, simple or little-branched. Leaves narrowly linear- oblong, 6-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, entire, glabrous or very nearly so, acutish or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed to -the sessile base; heads 4-25, cymose, the peduncles 4 cm. long or less; involucre about 5 mm. high, its bracts glabrous, acuminate, the outer lanceolate, the inner oblong; achenes 2 mm. long, striate; pappus tawny, 6 mm. long, the outer bristles minute. Pine-lands of Great Bahama and Abaco. Endemic. Long-leaved Vernonia. 5. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Linnaea 4: 291. 1829. Conysa cinerea L. Sp. PI. 862. 1753. Annual, simple or little-branched, erect, 3-10 dm. high, appressed-pubes- cent, leafy nearly to the base. Leaves flaccid, ovate to lanceolate, repand or entire, acute or obtuse, the lower petioled, 4-7 cm. long, the upper much smaller and sessile ; heads numerous, slender-peduneled, in terminal compound leafless cymes; involucre about 3.5 mm. high, its bracts narrowly lanceolate, sharply acuminate, pubescent, the outermost minute; flowers purple; achenes pubescent; pappus white. Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and North Caicos : — Florida, West Indies and continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Herbaceous Vernonia. 2. AGERATUM L. Sp. PI. 839. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, with mostly toothed leaves, the small heads in terminal corymbs or cymes, the flowers all tubular. Involucre campanulate or subhemispheric, its narrow bracts nearly equal, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, sometimes with 1-3 smaller outer ones. Receptacle flat to conic. Corolla 5-toothed, white, blue, violet or purple. Anthers linear to oblong. Achenes 5-angled. Pappus of awned or awnless scales, distinct or connate. [Greek name of some similar plant.] About 25 species, mostly of tropical distribution. Type species: Ageratum conyzoides L. 1. Ageratum latifolium Cav. Icon. 4: 33. pi 357. 1797. Ageratum muticum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 356. 1861. Loosely villous or pubescent, erect or ascending, annual, simple or branched, 1-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, membranous, 2-5 cm. long, crenate-dentate, * Hitchcock's reference to the species on Cat Island is, apparently, an error, his label reads " Crooked Island." CARDUACEAE. 437 acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, the slender petioles 5-15 mm. long; hen Is several in the corymb; peduncles 5 LO mm. long; involucre about 4 mm. high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, acute; flowers violet or white ; pappus scales lanceolate, ciliolate, awnless or some of them bri tipped, about one-third as long as the achene. Waste places and cultivated fields, Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to Acklin's Island, Caicos and Turk's Islands and Inagua : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; EHspanionla ; continental tropical America. Specimens from New Providence and Harbour [s referred by Dr. B. L. Robinson (Proc. Am. Acad. 49: 463 i to .\. A. Bracet. Involucral bracts gradually acuminate. 4. A. exilis. Leaves not fleshy ; the basal ones oblong to oblong-lanceolate. 5. A. bahamensis. CARDUACEAE. 441 1. Aster lucayanus Button, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 143. 1906. Rootstock short, tuber-like; stems erect, 5-7 dm. high. Leaves reticulate- veined, entire, sessile (basal ones not seen), the lower oblaneeolate, obtuse, those above the middle of the stem lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2—3.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, those of the inflorescence similar. smaller; heads racemose or racemose-campanulate, about 2 cm. broad; peduncles slender, sericeous ; involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts loose, narrowly oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, sericeous, the inner 5-7 mm. long; rays purple, 2 mm. wide; achenes sericeous, 3 mm. long, half as long as the whitish pappus. Pine-lands of Great Bahama. Endemic. Pine-land Aster. 2. Aster adnatus Xutt. Jour. Acad. Sei. Phila. 7: 82. 1834. Rootstock tuberous; stem 2-8 dm. high, hispidulous, branched. Leaves various, the basal ones obovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, those of the stem numerous, oblong to lanceolate, 3-12 mm. long, scabrous, sessile, those of the branches reduced to very small scales; heads few, terminating the branches; involucre 4-6 mm. high, its linear bracts with slightly spreading green tips; ray- numerous, violet, 7-10 mm. long; achenes glabrous. Pine-lands of Great Bahama : — southeastern United States. Scale- lea vi:i> Aster. 3. Aster Bracei Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 190. 1913. Annual? Fleshy, glabrous, roots several coarse fibres; stem rather slender, often zigzag, branched above, the branches divaricately ascending; leaves all narrowly linear, thick, entire, acute, somewhat narrowed toward the clasping base, the lower ones and those of shoots 10 em. long or less, 3-4 mm. wide, the upper much shorter, those of the branches few, linear-subulate, very small; heads mostly solitary at the ends of the slender branches; involucre campanulate-cylindric, 3-4.5 mm. high; bracts in 3 or 4 series, light green, linear to linear lanceolate, abruptly acute or short-acuminate; rays pinkish, 4-5 mm. long; achenes 1-1.5 mm. long, rough on the angles. Brackish marshes and savannas, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi- dence:— Florida; Cuba. Recorded as A. tenuifolius by Coker. Brace's Aster, 4. Aster exilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 344. 1824. Annual, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, erect, 3-12 dm. high, usually much branched, the branches slender. Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, entire, acute, sessile or nearly so, 2-5 mm. wide, those of the branches subulate, 2-10 mm. long, ihe basal ones oblong-lanceolate, petioled; h< usually many, loosely panicled; involucre 5-6 mm. high, its linear-subulate, appressed bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series; rays several, 2-4 mm. long, purplish or white, longer than the pappus; achenes pubescent. Wet grounds, Andros: — southeastern United Slates; Cuba. Slim ASTEB. 5. Aster bahamensis Britton, Bull; Torr. Club 41: 14. L914. Stout, fibrous-rooted, slightly fleshy, glabrous, 3-20 dm. high. Lower leaves and those of sterile shoots with sheathing petioles i ~ cm. long, the blades oblong to linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, t 8 cm. louir, 5-20 mm. wide, sparingly crenate-dentate or entire, narrowed into the petiole, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins obscure; upper stem-leaves linear, entire, 0 cm. long or less, those of the branches nearly subulate, 3-12 mm. long; heads numerous, paniculate; involucre nearly cylindric. ,; B mm. high, its bracts linear, acuminate, about 0.7 mm. widi with -carious margins, or the inner merely green-tipped; rays purple, l 5 mm. long; ach columnar, •_'..") mm. long, the" angles roughened; pappus brownish, twice as : as the achene. .Moist grounds and marshes, (ireat Bahama, Andros, Eleuthera and Cal Island: — Cuba. Bahama Aster. 29 442 CARDUACEAE. 7. GUNDLACHIA A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 16: 100. 1880. Somewhat viscid, leafy shrubs, with alternate entire, linear to oblance- olate leaves, and numerous small heads of both discoid and radiate white flowers in terminal thyrses or compound corymbs. Ray-flowers few, pistillate; disk-flowers somewhat more numerous, perfect. Involucre obconic, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, the outer much shorter than the inner. Achenes nearly terete, 5-nerved. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles. [In honor of John Gundlach, 1810-1896, traveller and naturalist.] A few species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Gundlackia domingensis (Spreng.) A. Gray. 1. Gundlachia corymbosa (Urban) Britton; Boldingh, Fl. Ned. West-Ind. 391. 1913. Gundlachia domingensis corymbosa Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 406. 1903. Nearly glabrous, viscid above, bushy-branched, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, fleshy, obtuse and rounded at the apex, or emarginate or mucronulate, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins few and obscure ; corymbs dense, convex, 3-10 cm. broad; heads short-peduncled; involucre about 5 mm. high, its bracts acute or aeutish, the outer ovate, the inner linear- lanceolate; rays spreading, 4-5 mm. long. Sand-dunes, scrub-lands, pine-lands and borders of saline marshes. Andros, Eleu- thera to Acklin's, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Porto Rico ; Anegada ; Saba ; Barbuda ; Desirade : Montserrat ; Curasao ; Aruba. Horse-bush. Broom-bush. Soldier's-bcsh. 8. ERIGERON L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753. Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose, paniculate or solitary, peduncled heads, of both tubular and radiate (rarely all tubular) flowers. Involucre hemispheric or eampanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly equal, imbricated in but 1 or 2 series in most species. Receptacle nearly flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers usually numerous, white, violet or purple, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened, their appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles fragile, slender, scabrous or denticulate, in 1 series, or often an additional outer shorter series. [Greek, early-old, alluding to the early hoary pappus.] A genus of some 130 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Erigeron acre L. 1. Erigeron quercifolium Lam. Tabl. Encyc. 3: 258. 1823. Perennial, pubescent; stems 1-7 dm. high, commonly branched above, erect, slender. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, oblanceolate or oblong, 4—12 cm. long, sinuate-pinnatifid, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper ob- lanceolate to lanceolate, distant, smaller, mostly sessile; heads rather few; involucre about 3 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate; rays many, white or purplish, 3-4 mm. long. Moist grounds. Abaco. Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Florida. Referred to E. tenuis T. & G. by Dolley. Southern- Fleabane. CARDUACEAE. 443 9. LEPTILON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 263. 1818. Annual or biennial herbs, with small racemose, thyrsoid or panicled heads of white flowers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk or none. Involucre mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle naked. Eay-flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas usually 4-lobed or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse at the base; style-branches somewhat flattened, their appendages short. Achenes flattened. Pappus of numerous simple fragile bristles in 1 series. [Greek, referring to the small heads.] About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Type species: Erigeron divaricatum Michx. Bracts of the involucre very pubescent; plant hirsute. 1. L.Unifolium Plant glabrous or nearly so throughout. 2. L. puaillum. 1. Leptilon linifolium (Willd.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1231, 1340. 1903. Erigeron linifolius Willd. Sp. PL 3: 1955. 1804. Hirsute; stem slender, branched or simple, 7 dm. high or less. Leaves linear or linear-spatulate, 1.5-10 cm. long, the upper entire, sessile, the lower mostly incised-serrate, and petioled; heads paniculate or subraeemose, several or numerous; involucre about 5 mm. high, its bracts linear, acuminate, pilose; achenes glabrous; pappus tawny, about 3 times as long as the aehene. Waste grounds. New Providence at Nassau :— Bermuda : southeastern United States; Cuba; Old World tropics and subtropics. IIaiky Hobssweed. i'. Leptilon pusillum (Nutt.) Britton, Torreya 14: 19S. 1914. Erigeron pusillus Nutt. Gen. 2: 148. 1818. Stem glabrate, 7-30 dm. high, the larger plants paniculately much branched. Leaves usually ciliate, the basal and lower spatulate, petioled. mostly entire, 2-10 em. long, obtuse or aeutish, those of the stem linear and mainly entire; heads few or numerous, about 4 mm. broad: involucre, 2—3 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, glabrate, often purplish-tipped; rays numerous, white, shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes. Pine-lands, cultivated grounds, sandy soil and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Abaco and Andros to Watling's Island. North Calcoe and Inagua : — Bermuda ; conti- nental eastern North America ; West Indies. Formerly included in Erigt run cana- densis L., and thus recorded by previous authors. SMOOTH HOBSBWEED. 10. ESCHENBACHIA Moench, Meth. 573. 1794. Herbs, with alternate leaves, and mostly corymbose or panicled heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate, sewral-many-flowered, its narrow bracts imbricated in 2-several series, the outermost usually much .-mailer than the others-. Receptacle convex or flat, mostly naked. Marginal (lowers pistil- late with narrow or filiform, 2-3-toothed corollas; disk-flowers tubular, perfect, 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Achenes flattened, their -ides n< less or 1-nerved. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of bristles. [Commemorates .1. F. Eschenbach, German botanist.] Perhaps 50 species, <>t' tropical and warm- temperate regions. Type species: Erigeron aegyptiacum L. 444 CARDUACEAE. 1. Eschenbachia lyrata (H.B.K.) Britton & Millspaugh. Conyza lyrata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 4: 70. 1820. Perennial, erect, branched, viscid-pubescent, 4-9 dm. high, the branches ascending. Basal and lower leaves obovate, coarsely dentate, 4-8 cm. long, obtuse, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves much smaller than the lower, oblong to obovate, dentate or lyrate, sessile or nearly so; heads few or solitary at the ends of the branches, slender-peduncled; involucre campanulate, about 8 mm. high, its bracts linear, acuminate. Waste grounds. Long Island, at Clarence Town ; Great Exunia, near George- town : — Cuba ; Mexico to Colombia. Sticky-weed. 11. BACCHARIS L. Sp. PL 860. 1753. Dioecious shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small, paniculate or corymbose heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate or oblong, its many bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked, com- monly foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate flowers slender, that of the staminate tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches nar- row or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those of the sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, that of the sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; originally' applied to some different shrubs.] About 300 species, all American, most abundant in South America. Type species: Baccharis ivifolia L. Leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, the lower often dentate. 1. B. angustifolia. Leaves obovate to elliptic or oblanceolate. At least the lower leaves dentate. 2. B. halimifolia. Leaves all entire. 3. B. dioica. 1. Baccharis angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 125. 1803. A branching shrub, 2.5 m. high or less, the foliage resinous. Leaves mostly linear, sessile, 1-8 cm. long, entire, or the lower denticulate; heads numerous, glomerate in peduncled clusters, or solitary; involucre of the staminate heads campanulate, about 2.5 mm. high, that of the pistillate ones oblong, 4-5 mm. high, its bracts ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish; achenes about 1 mm. long; pappus white, twice as long as the involucre. Borders of marshes, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — south- eastern United States. Narrow-leaved Groundsel-bush. 2. Baccharis halimifolia L. Sp. PI. 860. 1753. A branching glabrous shrub, 1-3 dm. high, the branchlets angled, some- times minutely scurfy. Leaves thick, those of the stem and larger branches 2-7 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, those of the branchlets oblanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, entire, or few-toothed toward the apex; heads in terminal peduncled clusters of 1-5, those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young, the bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, obtuse, glutinous, appressed, the inner ones of the pistillate heads lanceolate, acute or acutish; pappus bright white, 6-8 mm. long, much exceeding the involucre. Borders of marshes, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — Coast of the eastern and southeastern United States. The Andros specimen (Brace 5203) may rep- resent the variety angustior DC, abundant in Cuba. Groundsel-bush. CARDUACEAE. 445 I fc 3. Baccharis dioica Yahl, Symb. 3: 98. 1794. Baccharis 1'ahlii DC. Prodr. 5: 411. 1836. Glabrous, branched, 2 m. high or less, shrubby, somewhat glutinous, the twigs striate, densely leafy, sometimes granular. Leaves obovate or cuneate- obovate, 2—4 em. long, 1-2 cm. wide, obtuse or subtruncate and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, the mid vein rather promi- nent, the lateral venation obscure; heads clustered at the ends of the twigs: involucre 4-7 mm. high, its bracts oblong, imbricated in 4 or 5 series; pappus of the pistillate heads about as long as the corollas; achenes 10-ribbed, glabrous. Scrub-lands and coppices, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; St. Croix ; Montserrat ; Jamaica. Vahl's Groundsel-bush. Broom-bush. 12. PLUCHEA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 31. 1817. Pubescent or glabrous herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate dentate leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. Involucre ovoid, campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its bracts appressed, herbaceous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Outer flowers of the head pistillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate at the apex. 'Central flowers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or undivided. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles. [Named for the Abbe N. A. Pluche, of Paris.] About 35 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Conyza marilandica Miehx. Plants shrubby. 1. P. odorata. Plants herbaceous. Perennial ; leaves sessile. -■ P. foetida. Annual; leaves petioled. 3. P. purpurascens. 1. Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Xat. 4: 3. 1826. Conyza odorata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1213. 1759. A densely and finely pubescent shrub, up to 3 m. high. Leaves oblong, entire, or undulate-serrate with small blunt teeth, 8-20 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, rather dark green, loosely pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous above, finely and densely pubescent and pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; corymbs mostly large; peduncles and involucre densely pubescent; involucre about 5 nun. high, its bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate; flowers creamy pink or whitish. Rockv scrub-lands, coppices and clearings throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and Andros to Grand Turk and Inagua: — Bermuda; Florida; West Indies; Mexico to northern Smith America. Bushy Fleakani-. Wild TOBACCO. Sour-bush. Cough -bdsh. % 2. Pluchea foetida (L.) B.S.P. Prelim. Cat. X. Y. 28. 1888. Baccharis foetida L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753. Pluchea bifrons DC. Prod. 5: 451. 1836. Perennial; stem simple or sparingly branched at the summit, puberulent and slightly viscid, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply denticulate, sessile, pubescent or puberulent, 5-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. 446 CARDUACEAE. wide, reticulate-veiny; clusters of heads compact, leafy-bracted ; involucre 5-6 mm. high, its bracts lanceolate, acute, viscid-puberulent. Marshy places, Great Bahama, Andres, New Providence, Eleuthera : — southeast- ern United States to Texas and North Mexico; Cuba. Perennial Mabsh Fi.eabane. 3. Pluchea purpurascens (S\v.) DC. Prodr. 5: 452. 1836. Conyza purpurascens Sw. Prodr. 112. 1788. Herbaceous, annual; stems rather stout, finely pubescent at least above, simple or branched, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sparingly finely pubescent or glabrate, dentate or crenate-dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, 5-12 cm. long, the petioles 3 cm. long or less, the upper ones smaller, nearly sessile; heads usually numerous; involucre 4-5 mm. high, its bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, pubescent; flowers pink. Brackish swamps and borders of coppices, Great Bahama and Andros to For- tune Island and Inagua : — southeastern United States ; Bermuda ; West Indies, south to Guadeloupe : Mexico and Central America. Reported by Mrs. Northrop as P. cam- phorata DC. to which it is closely related. Annual Mabsh Fleabane. 13. SACHSIA Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 150. 1866. Perennial seapose herbs, with tufted basal serrate leaves and loosely corymbose or panicled small heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the rays white. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, acute, rigid, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle naked, flat or convex. Ray- flowers fertile, with filiform 2-3-toothed corollas; disk-flowers tubular, regu- lar, fertile, or the inner sterile. Achenes compressed, 4-5-angled; pappus a single series of capillary barbed bristles. [In honor of F. G. J. von Sachs, German plant physiologist.] Four known species of Cuba, Florida and the Bahamas. Type species: Sachsia polycephala Griseb. 1. Sachsia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 408. 1903. Scape slender, erect, villous at the base, rough-glandular above, bearing 2-5 very small and distant leaves. Basal leaves several, spatulate to oblong- obovate, firm in texture, 7 cm. long or less, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, repand-dentate, minutely glandular and sparingly pubescent beneath; inflorescence loosely corymbose-paniculate; peduncles slen- der, mostly longer than the heads; involucre about 7 mm. high, its bracts in about 6 series, the outer ovate to lanceolate, densely glandular, the inner nar- rowly linear; outer flowers in several series, their filiform corollas 3-toothed; achenes linear, striate, about 2 mm. long; short-pilose; pappus yellowish-white, about 4 mm. long. Pine-lands and savannas of Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : — Florida. Bahama Sachsia. 14. TETRANTHUS Sw. Prodr. 116. 1788. Small prostrate herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and very small discoid heads solitary and peduncled in the axils, usually 4-flowered, with 2 flowers fertile and 2 sterile. Bracts of the involucre 4, sometimes with 4 minute ex- terior ones. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular with a somewhat campanulate 5-lobed limb. Anthers obtuse. Achenes oblong, angled or striate; pappus short, crown-like. [Greek, four-flowered.] Four known species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Tetranthus littoralis Sw. CARDUACEAE. 447 1. Tetranthus bahamensis Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 318. 1907. Stems smooth, slender, creeping, 3-6 em. long. Leaves ovate, about 4 mm. long and 3 mm. wide, obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, glabrous on both sides, the veins very obscure, the petioles about 3 mm. long, sparingly pilose; heads solitary, 4-flowered, on sparingly pilose peduncles, about 1 cm. long; involucre bracts 4, obovate, about 1.5 mm. long, and 1 mm. wide, 3-nerved, sparingly pilose without and slightly ciliate; corolla about 1 mm. long, glabrous, the lobes slightly shorter than the tube ; anthers large, apiculate; style glabrous, 0.5 mm. long, its branches glandular-pilose; achenes bluntly quadrangular, glabrous, 0.5 mm. long. In crevices of rocks under shrubs, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's Island, Mari- guana. Endemic. Bahama Tetranthus. 15. ACANTHOSPERMTJM Schrank, PI. Ear. Hort. Monac. pi. 53. 1819. Annual rather coarse herbs, with pubescent foliage and erect or creeping stems, opposite broad, often leathery, toothed leaves, and radiate but incon- spicuous heads, axillary to leaf-like bracts. Involucre double, an outer one of flat herbaceous bracts, and an inner one of several smaller bracts which become bur-like and fall away enclosing an achene at maturity. Receptacle concave or convex. Ray-flowers few, in 1 series, the rays very small, yellowish, concave or hooded. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes broadest above the middle, slightly curved. Pappus wanting. [Greek, thorn-seed, from the prickly, bur-like fruits.] About 3 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Acanthospermum brasilium Schrank. 1. Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC. Prodr. 5: 522. 1836. Melampodium humile Sw. Prodr. 114. 1788. Yillous-pubescent, branched, erect, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 2-4 cm. long, very coarsely dentate, obtuse or acute at the apex, obtuse or subtruncate at the base, the broadly margined petioles 1-2 cm. long, often coarsely toothed ; heads sessile or nearly so ; pistillate flowers 3-7 ; inner bracts of the involucre bearing short hooked prickles and 2 rigid subulate beaks 2-3 mm. long. A weed In cultivated and waste grounds near Nassau, New Providence : — south- eastern United States ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Culebrita ; St. Martin ; Tobago ; Jamaica. Spiny-bur. 16. PARTHENTUM L. Sp. PI. 9S8. 1753. Erect, mostly pubescent or eaneseent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate white or yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse, appressed, nearly e^jual. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, surrounding the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad, 2-toothed or obcordate. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed, the stylo undivided. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the inner face, margined, bearing the persistent rays on the summit. Pappus of 2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, virgin. | About 10 American species. Type species: Parthenium Ilysterophonis L. 4-18 CABDUACEAE. 1. Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753. Annual, strigose-pubescent or somewhat villous, usually much branched, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong in outline, 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid segments, thin, and flaccid; heads numerous, 5-6 mm. broad; involucre saucer-shaped, its bracts concave, the outer ones rhombic, the inner broader; ray-flowers few; rays reniform, white, about 1 mm. wide; achenes obovate, about 1 mm. long. Waste places and pine-lands, Andios. New Providence, Eleuthera to Watling's Island, Long Island and Inagua : — Bermuda ; United States to continental tropical America ; West Indies. Santa Maria. 17. CRASSINA Scepin, Acido Veg. 42. 1758. [Zinnia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1221. 1759.] Annual or perennial herbs, some species shrubby, with opposite entire, or sparingly serrate, mostly narrow and sessile leaves, and large or middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, yellow or variegated, persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; corolla cylindraeeous, its lobes villous. Involucre campanulate to nearly cylindric, its bracts obtuse, dry, firm, appressed, imbricated in 3 series or more, the outer gradually shorter. Keceptacle conic or cylindrk-, chaffy, the chaff subtending and enwrapping the disk-flowers. Style-branches elongated, not appendaged. Achenes of the ray-flowers somewhat 3-angled, those of the disk flattened. Pappus of few awns or teeth. [In honor of Paul Crassus, an Italian botanist of the 16th century.] About 12 species, natives of western America. Type species: Chrysogonum peruvianum L. 1. Crassina multifldra (L.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. 331. 1891. Zinnia multiflora L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1269. 1763. Annual, erect, simple or branched, 1-6 dm. high, the branches nearly erect, sparingly hispid. Leaves lanceolate, rough-hispid, thin, entire, 2-7 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the nearly sessile base; peduncles thickened upward, 1-6 em. long; involucre campanulate, about 1.5 cm. high, its bracts oblong, dark-margined above; rays obovate, 1-2 cm. long; receptacle- scales obtuse, entire; disk-achenes 1-awned. Bahamas, collected by Swainson : — Cuba to Porto Rico and Guadeloupe ; Mexico to Brazil and Peru. Zinnia. 18. VERBESINA L. Sp. PI. 901. 1753. Erect or diffuse, branching, pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite leaves, and small peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate whitish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in about 2 series, nearly equal, or the outer longer. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy, the chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular, 4-toothed or rarely 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Achenes thick, those of the rays 3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none, or of a few short teeth. [Name changed from Verbena.] About 4 species, the following typical. CARDUACEAE. 449 1. Verbesina alba L. Sp. PL 902. 1753. Eclipta erecta L. Mant. 2: 286. 1771. Eclipta alba Hassk. PI. Jav. Raw 528. 1848. Annual, appressed-pubescent, erect or diffuse, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, denticu- late or entire, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, 2-12 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide; heads commonly numerous, 6-12 mm. broad, nearly sessile, or slender-peduncled; rays short, nearly white; anthers brown. Wet or moist soil, New Providence. Great Exuma and Long Island: — Bermuda ; the United States from New York, Illinois and Nebraska, southward to temperate South America; West Indies; all warm temperate and tropical regions. ECLIPTA. 19. MELANTHERA Rohr, Skrift. Xat. Selsk. 2: 213. 1792. Perennial herbs, often quite woody, with opposite petioled dentate, some- times hastate leaves, and peduncled heads of small white yellowish or violet tubular flowers. Involucre low-hemispheric, its few ovate to lanceolate, nearly equal bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle convex or low-conic, scaly. Corollas subcylindric, with an expanded throat, 5-toothed. Anthers sometimes black, truncate or subsagittate at the base. Style-branches long. Achenes 4-angled; pappus of distinct caducous awns. [Greek, black anther.] About 10 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Bidens nivea L. 1. Melanthera deltoidea Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 107. 1803. ■Melanthera brevifolia O. E. Sehulz, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 123. 1911. Melanthera crenata O. E. Sehulz, loc. eit. 1911. Sparingly appressed-pubescent, scabrate, branched, 5-8 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves ovate or hastate-ovate, scabrate, 2-7 cm. long, serrate, incised or crenate, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, the petioles 0.5-3 cm. long; heads slender-peduncled, solitary or few together, 6-8 mm. in diameter; bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-4.5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish; corolla white, 5-6 mm. long. Waste and cultivated grounds, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to Watllng's, Fortune Island and the Cay Sal bank: — Florida; Cuba : Jamaica. Referred by Schcepf to Bidcns nivea L., by Mrs. Northrop to Amelias aspera (Jacq.) Kuntze. Recorded by Hitchcock as Eleutheranthera ruder alls. Con- sists of several races differing in leaf-form and serration. Mo.antiikiia. 2. Melanthera hastata (Walt.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 107. 1803. Athanasia hastata Walt. Fl. Car. 201. 1788. Similar to M. deltoidea, but with acute or acuminate involucre-bracts, the fruiting heads about 10 mm. in diameter, the leaves often more deeply incised or lobed. Water Cay, Cay Sal Bank: — southeastern United States; Cuba; Mexico to Panama. IIastati; Mklantiikha. 20. ISOCARPHA R. Br. Trans Linn. Soc. 12: 11". L817. Branched slender herbs, with alternate or opposite, entire or toothed leaves, and many-flowered, small heads of tubular white, perfect and fertile flowers, solitary or clustered at the end of the branches, [nvolucre-bracts im- bricated in 2 1 series, slightly unequal. Receptacle oblong or conic, chaffy. 450 CARDUACEAE. the chaff enveloping the flowers. Corollas regular, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers truncate, entire. Achenes glabrous, truncate, angled; pappus none. [Greek, equal chaff.] About 5 species, of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) R. Br.; DC. Prodr. 5: 107. 1836. Calea oppositifolia L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1179. 1763. Isocarpha angustata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 376. 1861. Perennial, usually pubescent, stem rather stiff, divaricately branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves opposite, sessile or nearly so, linear to lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire, acutish or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base; heads solitary or few together at the ends of slender naked peduncle-like branches; involucre 4-5 mm. high, its bracts oblong, strongly striate, acute and mueronate. White-lands and rocky places, Andros, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Great Ragged Island and Atwood Cay: — Cuba; Jamaica; Tobago; Trinidad; Curacao; Margarita; Texas through Mexico to Venezuela. Boston Catnep. 21. BORRICHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 130. 1763. Fleshy, more or less canescent, branching shrubs of the seacoast, with opposite, entire or denticulate, cuneate oblong spatulate or obovate, 1-3-nerved leaves, and terminal large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts slightly unequal, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave, subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistil- late, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, the style- branches elongated, hispid. Achenes of the ray-flowers 3-sided, those of the disk- flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist.] About 5 species, natives of America. Type species: Buph- thalmum frutescens L. 1. Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC. Prodr. 5: 489. 1836. Buphthalmum arborescens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1227. 1759. Borrichia argentea DC. Prodr. 5 : 489. 1836. Borrichia gidbrata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1263, 1340. 1903. A branching shrub, 1.3 m. high or less, densely white silky-canescent, or green and glabrous. Leaves fleshy, oblanceolate to spatulate, entire, 6 cm. long or less, 6-15 mm. wide, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, nar- rowed to the base, sessile, obscurely veined ; heads mostly solitary, rarely 2 together; peduncle 2-5 cm. long; involucre 1-1.5 cm. high, its bracts obtuse, or acute, appressed; rays few, 6-9 mm. long. Coastal rocks and sands and margins of brackish ponds throughout the archi- pelago : — Florida; Bermuda: Jamaica; Cuba to Anegada and Guadeloupe; Yucatan. Foliage either white-canescent or green and glabrous, sometimes on the same plant. Bat Marigold. Sea Ox-ete. Sea-bush. Catesby, 1 : pi. 93. 22. WEDELIA Jacq. Enum. 8, 28. 1760. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite, toothed or entire leaves, and peduncled heads of both radiate and discoid yellow flowers. Involucre ovoid to hemi- spheric, its bracts in about 2 series, the outer somewhat foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, its scales enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular with a cylindric to campanulate limb. Achenes oblong to obovate, smooth, pilose or tubercled, truncate or conic CARDUACEAE. 451 at the top; pappus cup-like, toothed or divided, or obsolete. [Commemorates George Wolfgang Wedel, 1645-1721, Professor at Jena.] About 50 species, of •warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type species: TVedelia fruticosa Jaeq. Herbaceous, prostrate with erect branches, nearly glabrous, some- what fleshy. 1. W. trilobata. Erect, shrubby, strigose-hairy. 2. W. bahamensis. 1. Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 99. 1893. Silpkium trilobatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1233. 1759. Wedelia carnosa L. C. Rich, in Pers. Syn. 2: 490. 1807. Stemmodontia trilobata Small, Fl. SE/u. S. -1262, 1340. 1903. Herbaceous, prostrate or with ascending branches, sparingly strigose- pubescent, often rooting at the nodes, 3-10 dm. long. Leaves somewhat fleshy, elliptic to obovate, 2-12 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, dentate, often s-everal-lobed, narrowed or cuneate at the base, triplinerved and pinnately veined, sessile or nearly so; peduncles solitary in the upper axils, 2-14 cm. long; involucre 7-12 mm. long, its bracts oblong-obovate, foliaceous; rays about 10, bright yellow, 10-15 mm. long; achenes 5 mm. long, tuberculate. Moist places along the coast, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies ; Hon- duras to Colombia. Trailing Wedelia. 2. Wedelia bahamensis (Britton) O. E. Sehulz, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 106. 1911. Stemmodontia bahamensis Britton, Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard 4: 126. 1905. Perennial, erect, densely strigose-pubeseent all over, pale green, 6-10 dm. tall, the branches striate. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, 5-12 em. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acute to long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, rather firm in texture, sparingly low-serrate or entire, 3-nerved above the base, the short stoutish petioles mostly not over 1 cm. long; heads solitary or 2 or 3 together, on erect peduncles 2 or 3 cm. long; outer bracts of the involucre oblong to ovate-oblong, apiculate or acutish, about 9 mm. long, faintly many-nerved, a little longer than the inner; rays bright yellow, oblong, 1 cm. long or less, emarginate, about 3 times as long as wide ; achenes linear, appressed-pubes- cent, at least 3.5 mm. long. Coastal thickets, coppices and scrub lands, Andrns, New Providence and Eleu- thera to Caicos and Grand Turk. Endemic. Recorded by Grisebach, Dolley and Hitchcock as W. buphthalmoides Griseb. Bahama Wedelia. Rong-iu-sh. Erro- neously called Marigold. Catesby, 1 : pi. 92. 23. XIMENESIA Cav. Icon. 2: 60. 1793. Pubescent caulescent herbs, with alternate or sometimes opposite, simple, toothed or somewhat laciniate leaves, and solitary or few, radiate showy peduncled heads. Involucre rather flat, of narrow spreading bracts. Recep- tacle convex, chaffy. Kay-flowers pistillate, fertile, numerous, the rays yellow. Disk-flowers numerous, perfect, fertile. Anthers somewhat sagittate at the base. Style-branches with slender pubescent appendages, Achenes flat, winged. Pappus of short and straight awns. [In honor of Joseph Ximenes, a Spanish botanist.] About ( sperms natives of America, the following typical. 452 CARDUACEAE. 1. Ximenesia encelioides Cav. Icon. 2: 60. 1793. Verbesina encelioides Benth. & Hook.; A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 350. 1876. Animal; stem densely puberulent, much branched; 3-6 dm. high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, thin, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, acute or blunt at the apex, coarsely dentate, or even laciniate, green and minutely pubescent above, pale and densely canescent beneath, all alternate, or the lowest opposite, narrowed at the base into naked or wing-margined petioles, which are often provided with dilated appendages at the base; heads several or numerous, 2.5-5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, about 12 mm. high, its bracts lanceolate, canescent ; rays 12-15, bright golden yellow, 3-toothed ; achenes of the disk-flowers obovate, winged, pubescent, their pappus of 2 subu- late awns, those of the ray-flowers rugose, thickened, often wingless. Waste grounds, Eleuthera, Fortune Island. Great Ragged Island : — southwestern United States and Mexico; introduced into Key West (Florida), Cuba and Porto Rico. Golden Crownbeard. 24. SYNEDRELLA Gaertn. Fr. et Sem. 2: 456. 1791. Annual pubescent herbs, with opposite dentate petioled leaves, and small, solitary or glomerate, axillary or terminal heads of radiate and discoid flowers. Involucre oblong, of few bracts, the outer 1 or 2 foliaceous, the inner pale- aceous. Receptacle small, the scarious narrow chaff subtending the disk- flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, with a filiform tube and a short 2-3-toothed limb; disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Ray-achenes com- pressed, 2-winged, the wings produced into awns, those of the disk-flowers narrower, 2-3-aristate. [Greek, referring to the clustered flower-heads.] Two known species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. . 1. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 456. 1791. Verbesina nodiflora L. Cent. PL 1: 28. 1755. Ucacou nodiflorum Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 100. 1893. Stem appressed-pubescent above, glabrate below, rather widely branched, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate to elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, triplinerved, low- serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into short margined petioles, loosely appressed-pubescent above, rather densely appressed-pubescent beneath; heads few or several together in nearly sessile, axillary or terminal clusters; involucre about 8 mm. high, its 1 or 2 outer bracts pubescent, oblong-lanceo- late, the inner narrower, glabrous; achenes 4-5 mm. long, those of the ray- flowers with ascending marginal bristles and 2 short awns, those of the disk- flowers with 2 subulate awns. Waste places, Abaco, New Providence and Crooked Island : — Florida ; West In- dies and continental tropical America. Nodeweed. 25. SALMEA DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 140. 1813. Shrubs or woody vines, the branches terete or nearly so, the leaves oppo- site and petioled. Heads small, corymbose, discoid. Involucre campanulate or turbinate, its bracts appressed, imbricated in few series. Receptacle conic, its scales enveloping the flowers. Flowers white, all perfect and fertile; corollas with a narrowly campanulate or funnelform limb. Achenes laterally compressed, mostly margined or narrowly winged. Pappus of 2 awns. [In honor of Count Salm-Salm, patron of Palermo.] About 7 species, of Mexico and the West Indies. Type species: Salmea Eupatoria DC. CARDUACEAE. 453 >4r 1. Salmea petrobioides Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 375. 1861. A much-branched shrub, 2 m. high or less, the twigs slender, erect-ascend- ing, glabrous. Leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate, 2-5 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, rounded or apiculate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, fleshy, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins obscure, the petioles 1.5-3 mm. long; heads numerous, in terminal compound, nearly flat-topped corymbs ; involucre glutinous, narrowly campanulate, about 4 mm. high, its bracts in 2 series, oblong to oval, obtuse, the outer much smaller than the inner; receptacle acute; achenes oblong, glabrous except at the apex. Coastal rocks, white-lauds, sand-dunes and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama and the Biminis to Cat Island, Long Island and Grand Caicos : — Cuban Cays ; Cayman Islands. Bushy Salmea. Shanks. Catesby, 1 : pi. 72. 26. BIDENS L. Sp. PI. 831. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite serrate lobed divided or dis- sected leaves, or the uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays none, or rudimentary. Involucre cam- panulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct or slightly united at the base; the outer often foliaceous and much larger than the inner. Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present, neutral, mostly entire, yellowT in our species. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely sagit- tate at the base. Style-branches with short or subulate tips. Achenes flat, quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, oblong, or linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate awns, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. [Latin, two- toothed, referring to the achenes.] About 75 species of wide geographic dis- tribution. Type species: Bidens tripartitus L. Achenes 4-awned ; rays yellow, small; leaves pinnatiseet. 1. R. ct/napiifolia. Achenes 2-awned ; rays white or none ; leaves 3-5 pinnately di- vided. 2. B. pilosa. 1. Bidens cynapiifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 4: 235. 1820. Annual; stem quadrangular, erect, branched, 0.2-2 m. high. Leaves thin, petioled, 1-3-pinnately dissected into ovate or oblong, toothed or lobed seg- ments; heads usually numerous, long-peduncled, 4-8 mm. broad; involucre narrow, its outer bracts linear, ascending, nearly as long as the broader erect inner ones; rays 3—4, yellow, short, sometimes none; achenes curved, linear, 4-angled, narrowed upward, 7-17 mm. long, the outer ones commonly shorter than the inner; pappus of 4-6 downwardly barbed, slightly spreading awns, much shorter than the achene. Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and EJleuthera : — West Indies; continental tropical America. Recorded by Dolley and by Hitchcock as /;. bipinnata L., which it resembles. Begqab-ticks. 2. Bidens pilosa L. Sp. PL 832. 1753. Coreopsis leucantha L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1282. 1763. Bidens leucantha Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1719. 1804. Annual, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 3-10 dm. high, more or less branched. Leaves petioled, 3 -divided, their segments ovate to lanceolate, 2 8 cm. long, serrate, acute or acuminate, the uppermost sometimes undivided; involucre campanulate, about 8 mm. high, its outer bracts Linear-oblong, usually 454 CARDUACEAE. shorter than the inner; rays, when present, white, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3-lobed; aehenes fusiform, unequal, the inner longer than the involucre; pappus of 2-4 yellow, downwardly barbed awns. Waste and cultivated ground. New Providence, Great Bahama, Andros, South Cat Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island and East Caicos : — southern United States; West Indies and Bermuda; continental tropical America. White Beggar- ticks. SllEI'HERD'S-NEEDLE. 27. TRIDAX L. Sp. PI. 900. 1753. Perennial herbs, with opposite, dentate or incised leaves and long-pe- duneled heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile, the ray-flowers pistillate, the rays often 3-lobed. Involucre ovoid to hemispheric, its nearly equal bracts in few series, or the outer smaller than the inner. Receptacle flat or convex, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Anthers auricled at the base or sagittate. Style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate-appendaged. Aehenes silky-villous. Pappus of many aristate plumose scales. [Greek, referring to the 3-lobed rays.] About a dozen species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Tridax procumbens L. Sp. PI. 900. 1753. Hirsute, branched from the base, the branches spreading or ascending, slender, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, 2-6 cm. long, incised-dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly cuneate at the base; peduncles solitary, terminal, 1-3 dm. long; involucre subcampanu- late, about 6 mm. high, its bracts hispid, the inner elliptic, the outer lanceo- late; rays nearly white; aehenes about 2 mm. long. Waste places. Lignum Vitae Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island and Fortune Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Grenada ; continental tropical America. Recorded by Hitchcock as Amellus aspera (Jacq.) Kuntze. Tridax. 28. FLAVERIA Juss.; J. F. Gmel. Syst, 2: 1269. 1791. Glabrous or minutely puberulent, light green, annual or perennial herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and small, 1-several-flowered, usually sessile, oblong, densely cymose-capitate heads of tubular, or both tubular and radiate, yellow or yellowish flowers. Involucre of 2-5 narrow, nearly equal, appressed bracts, sometimes with 1 or 2 additional small exterior ones. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flower commonly one, pistillate, fertile, sometimes wanting. Disk-flowers 1-15, perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Aehenes oblong or linear-oblong, 8-10-ribbed. Pappus none. [Latin, flavus, yellow, from its dyeing properties.] Type species: Flaveria chilensis J. F. Gmel. 1. Flaveria linearis Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 33. 1816. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat woody, usually branched, erect or decumbent, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves lineaT, entire, 3-7 cm. long, 1-6 mm. wide ; heads commonly numerous, in terminal corymbose cymes, short-pe- duncled; involucre narrow, about 4 mm. high, its principal bracts about 5, lanceolate or oblong, acute; ray -flower usually only one, its ligule 3-4 mm. long. Coastal coppices and scrub-lands, Joulter's Cays, Andros, New Providence, Water Cay on Cay Sal bank : — Florida ; Cuba ; Alacran Shoals ; Yucatan. The Cay Sal bank plant is of a broad-leaved race. Narrow-leaved Flaveria. CARDUACEAE. 455 29. NEOTHYMOPSIS Britton & Millspaugh. [Thymopsis Benth. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 407. 1873. Not Jaub. & Spach, 1843.] Low diffuse, annual or perennial, hirsute or puberulent herbs, with oppo- site small broad leaves, and few-flowered, small heads of tubular flowers, the outer pistillate the inner perfect. Bracts of the involucre few, nearly equal, hirsute or ciliolate. Receptacle naked, flat. Corolla of pistillate flowers slender, 2-3-toothed, shorter than the style, minutely 2-4-toothed; corolla of perfect flowers with a campanulate, 4-toothed limb. Anthers obtuse at the base, entire. Achenes oblong, nearly terete, striate. Pappus a fringed crown of several scales. [Greek, new — Thymopsis.] Only the two following species are known. Type species: Tetranthus thymoides Griseb. Plants hirsute-hispid throughout; flowers 10 in a head; awned. 1. N. Wrightii. Plants slightly pubescent ; flowers 5 in a head ; perennial. 2. N. Iirittonii. 1. Neothymopsis thymoides (Griseb.) Britton & Millspaugh. Tetranthus thymoides Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 286. 1866. Thymopsis Wrightii Benth. loc. cit. 1873. Thymopsis thymoides Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 254. 1907. Annual; stems very slender, little branched, 1-3 dm. long, short-hirsute. Leaves ovate, 10 mm. long or less, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed into petioles, hirsute-hispid; heads nearly sessile in the axils, about 10-flowered; involucre of 5 or 6 oblong, obtuse, hirsute bracts about 3 mm. long. Moist places, Acklin*s Island and Mariguana : — Cuba. 2. Neothymopsis Brittonii (Greenm.) Britton & Millspaugh. Thymopsis Brittonii Greenm. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 453. 1905. Perennial; stems several, erect or ascending, slender, 4-10 cm. long, puberulent. Leaves rhombic-ovate to somewhat spatulate, 4-8 mm. long, one- half as broad, obtuse, entire, revolute-margined, narrowed below to a short petiole, sparingly puberulent to glabrous, dark green above, paler and glandu- lar-punctate beneath; heads terminating the stem and branches, sessile, about 3 mm. high, 5-flowered ; involucre of 5 (4) oblong obtuse, navicular, or some- what obtusely carinate-eoncave, ciliolate green bracts. Moist places, New Providence and Great Exuma. Endemic. 30. POROPHYXLUM Yaill; Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 122. 1763. Herbs, or some species shrubby, glanduliferous, glabrous and often glau- cous. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, toothed or entire. Heads corymbose or solitary, long-stalked. Involucre narrowly campanulate or cylin- drie, its bracts 5-9. Receptacle small, not chaffy. Ray-flowers none. Disk- flowors perfect and fertile; corollas with a slender tube and narrowly cam- panulate limb. Achenes linear, many-striate, glabrous or pubescent. Pappus of copious capillary roughish bristles in 1 or 2 series. [Greek, porose-leaved.] About 25 species, of warm-temperate and tropical America, the following typical. 456 CARDUACEAE. 1. Porophyllum Porophyllum (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 32: 168. 1898. Cacalia Porophulhnn L. Sp. PI. 834. 1753. Porophyllum nut, rale Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 379. 1861. Not Cass., 1826. Annual ; stem erect, often much branched, pale, slightly glaucous, 1 m. high or less. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, oblong to ovate, obtuse or acute, low-crenate or entire, 2-7 cm. long, bearing marginal glands or sometimes glandless ; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, many-flowered ; involucre about 2 cm. high, its 5 bracts linear, acute, bearing narrowly linear glands; corolla about 10 mm. long; aehenes linear, about 8 mm. long, dark brown, hispidulous. Waste places and pot-holes In good soil, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Harbor Island, Bleuthera, Oat Island and Great Exuma : — West Indies and continental trop- ical America. Porophyllum. 31. PECTIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 1221. 1759. Annual or perennial, diffuse prostrate or erect, mostly glabrous herbs, gland-dotted and strong-scented, with opposite narrow, sometimes brstly-ciliate leaves, and small, usually cymose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, oblong or campanulate, its bracts in 1 series, narrow, keeled, distinct. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, the rays small, entire or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with expanded, somewhat irregularly 5-cleft limbs. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers very short, obtuse. Aehenes linear, slightly angled, striate. Pappus of scales, slender bristles or awns, sometimes with a few outer smaller additional ones. [Latin, pecten, comb, referring to the pappus.] About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Type species: Pedis lini folia L. Pappus of scales. 1. P. leptocephala. Pappus of 2-4 subulate awns. 2. P. Unifolia. 1. Pectis leptocephala (Cass.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 280. 1907. Chthonia leptocephala Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 27: 206. 1823. Pectis Lessingii Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 33: 67. 1897. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, diffusely branched, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 cm. long, less than 1 mm. wide, acute, bearing a few bristles below the middle; heads filiform-peduncled, mostly solitary; involucre narrow, 4-5 mm. high, its bracts linear; aehenes narrow, about 3 mm. long ; pappus of subulate-lanceolate scales. Limestone soil, Andros, New Providence : — Florida : Cays of northern Cuba ; Hispaniola. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop, by Dolley and by Hitchcock as P. Unifolia Xj. Narrow-leaved Pectis. Wrongly called Pennyroyal. 2. Pectis linifolia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1221. 1759. Pectis punctata Jacq. Enum. 28. 1760. Annual ; stems glabrous, very slender, usually much-branched, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves linear, 2-8 cm. long, usually not more than 3 mm. wide, nar- rowed at both ends, sparingly glanduliferous, commonly bearing 1-3 bristles at the base; heads on filiform peduncles 7-35 mm. long, 5-9-flowered ; in- volucre about 6 mm. long, its 4 or 5 linear glabrous bracts obtuse with revo- lute margins; flowers purplish to orange; aehenes linear, 4-6 mm. long, gla- CARDUACEAE. 457 brous or sparingly pubescent; pappus of 2-4 subulate, spreading or reflexed awns about 2 mm. long. Sandy and rocky soils, Acklin*s, Mariguana, South Caicos, Ambergris Cay, Grand Turk, Sand Cay, Inagua and Little Inagua : — West Indies, east to Anegada, south to Grenada; Aruba ; Curasao; continental tropical America. Awn-fruited Pectis. 32. NEUROLAENA R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 12: 120. 1817. Tall shrubby perennials, with large alternate leaves, and numerous small corymbose-paniculate heads of tubular yellow flowers, all perfect and fertile. Involucre eampanulate, its obtuse nerved bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series. Receptacle nearly flat, with membranous 1-nerved scales which are early deciduous. Corolla-tube slender, the limb somewhat expanded. Anthers sagit- tate. Achenes narrowed at the base. Pappus of many capillary persistent, somewhat unequal bristles. [Greek, referring to the nerved bracts.] Two known species of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br.; DC. Prodr. 6: 292. 1837. Conysa lobata L. Sp. PI. 862. 1753. Stems somewhat woody, erect, usually much branched, 1.5-3 m. high, appressed-pubescent and scabrous. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, pubescent and scabrous, dentate, denticulate or variously lobed, acuminate at the apex, narowed at the base, the lower up to 3 dm. long and petioled, the upper much smaller, sessile or nearly so; corymbs terminal, often 8 cm. broad or more ; peduncles rather slender, bracted, pubescent ; involucre 6-8 mm. high, its bracts oblong, pubescent, 3-nerved, the outer shorter than the inner; achenes pubescent; pappus brownish-white. Thickets at Red Bays, Andros : — Cuba to St. Thomas and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. 33. EMILIA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 68. 1817. Herbs, with alternate and basal, often clasping leaves, and long-peduncled, solitary or loosely corymbose heads of pink, purple or orange, tubular, perfect and fertile flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its bracts in a single equal series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla-limb cylindric. Achenes nearly terete or 5-angled. Pappus of numerous soft white capillary bristles. [Name unex- plained.] About 5 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type species: Emilia flammea Cass. 1. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Prodr. 6: 302. 1837. Cacalia sonchifolia L. Sp. PI. 835. 1753. Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent below, usually branched, 2-7 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, sometimes 12 em. long, obovate to oblanceolate, repand-dentate to lyrato-pinnatifid, obtuse or acute at the apex ; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, sagittate-clasping, dentate, lobed or entire; heads loosely corymbose, many-flowered; peduncles very slender or filiform: involucre 10-12 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, at length re- flexed; flowers rose, red or purple. Waste places in good soil. Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat island, Long Island and North Caicos: — Florida: Bermuda; West Indies and continental trop- ical America, Naturalized from the East Indies. Pdhplb Emilia. 30 458 CARDUACEAE. 34. ERECHTITES Raf. PI. Ludov. 65. 1817. Erect, usually branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and (in our species) rather large, discoid, many-flowered heads of whitish flowers, corymbose-panicu- late at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre eylindrlc, swollen at the base, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear, with or without much smaller outer ones. Receptacle concave, naked. Marginal flowers in 2-several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, the limb 2-4-toothed. Central flowers perfect, fertile; corolla narrowly tubular, the limb 4-5-toothed, the style- branches elongated, truncate or obtuse at the summit. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes linear-oblong, angled or striate. Pappus of copious capillary soft smooth white bristles. [Ancient name of some ground- sel.] About 12 species, natives of America and Australasia. Type species: Erechtites praealta Raf. 1, Erechtites hieracifdlia (L.) Raf.; DC. Prodr. 6: 294. 1837. Senecio Meracifolius L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753. Annual, glabrous, or somewhat hirsute; stem striate, succulent, usually branched, 3-25 dm. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate and often deeply incised, 5-20 cm. long, the upper sessile or auriculate-clasp- ing, mostly acuminate, the lower usually narrowed into petioles; heads 12-20 mm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, the involucre conspicuously swollen at the base before flowering, its bracts numerous, striate, green, with narrow scarious margins; pappus bright white. Cultivated fields and coppices. Andros : — West Indies and temperate and trop- ical continental America. Fire-weed. 35. CIRSIUM [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. abr. ed. 4. 1754. Erect, branched or simple, prickly herbs, some species acaulescent, with alternate or basal, sinuate-dentate lobed or pinnatifid, usually very spiny leaves, sometimes decurrent, and large many-flowered, solitary or clustered, discoid heads of purple, yellow or white, tubular, perfect and fertile, or rarely dioecious flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickle-tipped or un- armed, imbricated in many series. Receptacle flat or convex, bristly. Corolla- tube slender, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose, or rarely glabrous. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short or elongated, obtuse. Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several series of slender, plumose, bristles, connate at the base. [Greek, the thistle was used as a remedy for swollen veins.] Over 200 species, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. Type species: Carduus heterophyllus L. 1. Cirsium Smallii Britton. Carduus pinetorum Small, PL SE. U. S. 1308, 1341. 1903. Cirsium pinetorum Small, El. Miami 199, 200. 1913. Not Greenm., 1905. Stem simple or little-branched, sparingly floceose, rather slender, 9 dm. high or less. Leaves more or less floceose, runcinate-pinnatifid or entire, the teeth and margins armed with yellowish acicular spine-like bristles 1.5 cm. long or less; basal and lower leaves oblaneeolate or spatulate-oblong, 1-2.5 dm. CARDUACEAE. 459 long, the upper smaller, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, or half-clasping the stem; heads few; involucre about 3.5 cm. high, the outermost bracts spinulose- tipped, the inner acuminate; flowers pink; pappus white, long-plumose; achenes about 5 mm. long. Pine-hinds, Abaco and Great Bahama : — Florida. Pine-land Thistle. 36. ANASTRAPHIA D. Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc. 16: 295. 1830. t Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, and terminal discoid heads of tubular, perfect and fertile flowers. Involucre campanulate or turbinate, its bracts imbricated in several or many series, appressed or recurved, the outer gradually shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat or nearly so, naked. Corolla- limb scarcely expanded, 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles elongated. Style-branches short. Achenes linear, villous or pubescent. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of filiform bristles. [Greek, turned back- ward.] About 20 species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Anast- raphia ilicifolia D. Don. Bracts of the involucre recurved. 1. A. Xorthropiana. Bracts of the involucre strictly erect. 2. A. bahamensis. 1. Anastraphia Northropiana Greenm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 7: 435. 1897. An irregularly branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, or, on the coast of southern Cuba becoming a tree up to 10 m. high, with a trunk 2 dm. in diameter, the bark rough, the slender twigs densely white-tomentose. Leaves oblong to elliptic or obovate, 1-4 em. long, coriaceous, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, serrate with few spinulose-tipped teeth, or entire, glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath, short-petioled; involucre campanulate, 12-15 mm. high, its bracts pubescent, the inner linear, acute, reflexed, the outer gradually smaller; flowers 8-10, orange, about 3 cm. long; achenes villous, 3 mm. long; pappus tawny, 12-16 mm. long. Low coppices and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence and Cat Island : — Cuba. North hop's Anastraphia. Candlewood. ^ 2. Anastraphia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 415. 1903. Anastraphia cuneifolia Greenm. Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 126. 1905. Shrub 1-2 m. high, much-branched; stem and branches covered with a light gray bark. Leaves obovate-cuneate, 1-2 cm. long, 0.5-1.2 cm. broad, revolute-margined, sparingly spinulose-dentate in the terminal portion, entire and narrowed below the middle into the petiole, slightly puberulent above in the early stages but soon glabrate and rather conspicuously reticulate-veined, densely and permanently white-tomentose beneath; petioles 3-5 mm. long, tomentose; heads few, about 2 cm. long, sessile, mostly terminating the ulti- mate branchlets, 5-flowered; involucre narrowly campanulate, 8.5-10 mm. long; bracts of the involucre 5-6-seriate, triangular-ovate to lance-linear, acute, ex- ternaly arachnoid-tomentulose, brownish, slightly spreading at maturity; mature achenes 3.5-4 mm. long, pubescent; pappus about 13 nun. in length, persistent, tawny. Low coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Crooked, Fortune and Acklin'a [elands, Marignana, Dellls Cay, Caieoe Islands .•mil Inagua : — Cuba. Reported by Hitchcock and by Mrs. Northrop :is A. paucifloscula C. Wright, an unpublished name. Bahama Anastraphia. Carrajo iusn. 460 CARDUACEAE. 37. CHAPTALIA Vent. Jard. Cels. pi. 61. 1800. Perennial seapose herbs, with floceose-tomentose foliage. Leaves basal, persistently pubescent beneath. Heads heterogamous, radiate, solitary and terminal. Involucre many-flowered, its bracts narrow, in few series, the inner successively larger. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, rose-purple. Disk-flowers perfect, wholly or partially neutral, their corollas white or purplish, more or less 2 -lipped, the outer with 3 lobes to the lower lip, the inner with 2 lobes. Achenes 5-nerved, columnar or fusiform. Pappus of numerous soft hair-like bristles. [In honor of J. A. C. Chaptal, 1756-1831, French chemist and statesman.] About 25 species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical America. Type species: Chaptalia tomentosa Vent. 1. Chaptalia dentata (L.) Cass. Diet, Sci. Nat. 26: 104. 1823. Tussilago dentata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1213. 1763. Tussilago albicans Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1348. 1806. Chaptalia albicans Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 73. 1902. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 2-20 cm. long, repand-dentate or entire, obtuse or acute at the apex, long-attenuate at the base, loosely floccose or becoming glabrous and bright green above, densely white-felted or grayish-felted beneath, the petioles very short or sometimes as long as the blades; scape slender, more or less floccose, 1-3 dm. tall; head not nodding; involucre 13-22 mm. high, its linear bracts floccose, acuminate, the outer much shorter than the inner; flowers white (?); achenes glabrous or pubes- cent, the body 5-6 mm. long, the filiform beak longer; pappus straw-color, 8-10 mm. long. Grassy places, pine-lands and coppices. Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica. Recorded as C. nutans Hemsl. by Hitchcock. Low Chaptalia. [Artemisia vulgaris L. is reported by Herrick as growing on Green Turtle Cay, Abaco ; we have not succeeded in finding the species within the archipelago ; this European species would probably not long endure the Bahama climate.] Class 2. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this represented by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (mi- crospores) dividing at maturity into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothallium), which di- rectly fertilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female prothallium) in the ovule. The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian time. They became most numerous in the Triassic age. They are now represented by not more than 450 species of trees and shrubs. There are three orders, Pinales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the two first represented in the Bahama Flora. Leaves scale-like, linear or needle-like. Order 1. Pinai.es. Leaves large, pinnate, in a terminal crown. Order 2. Cycadales. Order 1. PINALES. Trees, or rarely shrubs, growing from both terminal and lateral buds, thus freely branching, the trunks mostly excurrent. Leaves scale-like, linear or needle-like, sometimes fascicled. Flowers mostly monoecious. Fruit a cone, with woody or fleshy scales, or drupaceous. PINACEAE. 461 Family 1. PINACEAE Lindl. Pine Family. Conifers. Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale- like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate spikes (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together, sub- tended by a scale; filaments more or less united; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously dehiscent; pollen-grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne solitary or several together on the surface of a scale, which is subtended by a bract in most genera. Fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or fleshy scales; sometimes berry- like. Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or starchy, copious. Embryo straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. About 25 genera and 250 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Fruit a large cone with many woody scales ; leaves linear, in sheaths. 1. Pinus. Fruit a berry-like cone of few fleshy scales ; leaves acicular or scale-like. 2. Juniperus. 1. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1000. 1753. Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale- like, deciduous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising from the axils of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary in some western species), subtended by the bud-scales, some of which are united to form a sheath. Staminate aments (flowers) borne at the bases of shoots of the season, the clusters of stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of a minute scale; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovule-bearing aments (flowers) solitary or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding season, composed of numerous imbricated minute bracts, each with an ovule-bearing scale in its. axil, ripening into a large cone, which matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and becoming woody. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, winged above, the testa crustaceous. [Name Celtic] About 100 species, of the northern hemisphere. Type species: Pinus sylvestris L. 1. Pinus caribaea Morelet, Eev. Hort. Cote d'Or. 1851. Pinus bahamensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 503. 1861. A tree, with a maximum height of about 30 m., the trunk up to 1.5 m. in diameter, the thick bark splitting into irregular plates, the stout twigs glabrous. Leaves in fascicles of 2 or 3, dark gTeen, shining, 17-30 cm. long, the sheaths 1-1.5 cm. long; staminate aments 2-4 cm. long; ovule-bearing aments mainly terminal; cones narrowly conic when closed, 9-14 cm. long, their scales thin, nearly flat, rounded at the apex and thickened into a low knob which bears a small spine; seeds 5—8 mm. long, the thin wing 2-2.5 cm. long. Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, North Caicos and Pine Cay, Caicos Islands: — southeastern United States; Cuba. Caribbean Pink thee. 462 CYCADACEAE. 2. JUNIPERUS L. Sp. PI. 1038. 1753. Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, subulate or scale- like, sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small globose axillary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments oblong or ovoid; anthers 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely verticillate in 3's, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, berry-like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony seeds. [Name Celtic] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species: Juniperus communis L. 1. Juniperus lucayana Britton, N. A. Trees, 121. 1908. Juniperus australis Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 479. 1913. A tree, seldom over 12 m. high, with a trunk up to 6 dm. in diameter, the thin bark separating in low strips, the branches ascending or the lower drooping, the twigs slender. Leaves of young plants, and often those of the lower parts of twigs, acicular, pungent, 5-10 mm. long; leaves of mature plants scale-like, appressed, 4-ranked, 1—1.5 mm. long; fruit blue, oblong-globose and somewhat laterally flattened, 5-6.5 mm. long. Great Bahama. Abaco, Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Cuba ; Jamaica. Recorded by Grisebach, by Mrs. Northrop, by Coker and by Dolley as J. barbadcnsis L., by Schoepf as J. bcrmudiana L., and by Dolley as /. virginiana L. West Indian Red Cedak. Order 2. CYCADALES. Palm-like or fern-like, dioecious, woody plants with erect trunks, some- times short and wholly buried in the ground, growing only from the summit and thus unbranched, although sometimes forming lateral adventitious buds, the large pinnate leaves in a terminal crown. Flowers in terminal cones, or on modified leaves. Scales of the staminate cones bearing several anther-sacs. Ovule-bearing scales or leaves with two or moi-e naked ovules. Seeds drupe-like or nut-like. Only the following family. Family 1. CYCADACEAE Lindl. Cycad Family. Nine genera and about 90 species, of tropical and subtropical distri- bution. 1. ZAMIA L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1659. 1753. Woody, dioecious plants, the trunk or caudex wholly or partly buried in the ground, the palm-like leaves tufted at its summit, pinnately compound, cori- aceous, the segments entire or toothed, parallel-veined, the petioles unarmed in the following species, prickly in some others, the inflorescence strobilar, pe- duncled, densely many-flowered, the cones from oblong-cylindric to subglobose, the female thicker than the male. Scales of the cones peltate, nearly flat, more or less hexagonal, closely set together, vertically superimposed. Scales of the male cone at length deciduous, bearing several sessile pollen-sacs, those of the CYCADACEAE. 463 female cone persistent, bearing 2 sessile, ovoid ovules. Seeds more or less angled, the testa fleshy. [Said to be Latin for a fir-cone.] About 25 species, natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species, Zamia pumila L. Leaflets 3-15 mm. wide. Leaflets 7-15 mm. wide, close together. 1. Z. pumila. Leaflets 3-7 mm. wide. Leaflets distant, 3-6 mm. wide ; scales of male cone wider than high. 2. Z. angustifolia. Leaflets closer together, fi-7 mm. wide; scales of male cone scarcely wider than high. 3. Z. tenuis. Leaflets about 2.5 cm. wide. 4. Z. lucaijana. 1. Zamia pumila L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1659. 1763. Caudex stout, 2 dm. long or longer, the upper part usually exposed, but sometimes completely buried. Basal scales ovate, acute or acuminate, villous, 2-3 cm. long; petiole silky-villous below, glabrous above; leaves 3-10 dm. long; leaflets 20-50, coriaceous, shining, 5-15 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, entire, or few- toothed at the obtuse apex, the pairs separated 0.5-2 cm.; peduncles stout, villous-pubescent, 5-10 cm. long; male cone oblong, 5-8 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. thick, its scales tomentose, broader than high or the lower nearly equally broad and long; ripe female cone ellipsoid, 7-11 cm. long, 5-8 cm. thick, short-tipped, its hexagonal scales tomentose, broader than high ; seeds angled, 2-2.5 cm. long. Thickets and woodlands among rocks, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba. Bat-rush. 2. Zamia angustifolia Jacq. Coll. 3: 263. 1789. Caudex slender, 2 dm. long or longer, completely buried in sand. Basal scales broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, densely villous 3-5 cm. long; leaves 2-10 dm. long; leaflets 5-20 pairs, narrowly linear, entire or with a few callous teeth at the obtuse apex, 5-20 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, nearly par- allel-margined or slightly tapering to both ends, shining, the pairs distant, those of larger leaves about 2 cm. apart; peduncles villous, those of male cones 5-8 cm. long, those of female cones stouter; male cone oblong-cylindric, 5-7 cm. long, about 2 cm. thick, pointed, its scales oblong, or rotund, hexagonal, tomentose, 6-7 mm. wide, 3-5 mm. high; ripe pistillate cone 8-9 cm. long, about 5 cm. thick, stout-tipped, its scales 2-2.5 cm. wide, about 1.5 cm. high; seeds 2 cm. long, red. In white calcareous sand, Eleuthera :; — Cuba. Narrow-leaved Bay-rush. 3. Zamia tenuis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 846. 1806. Caudex unknown definitely. Leaves 6 dm. long or longer; leaflets 40 or fewer, narrowly linear, 7-17 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide at or below the middle, tapering to the obtuse, callously 1-several-toothed apex, the pairs separated by 1.5 cm. or less; peduncles pubescent; male cone cylindric, its scales described as subquadrate-hexagonal, tomentose, little broader than high. Bahamas, according to Willdenow and subsequent authors. A leaf from a New Providence plant, communicated by Hon. IT. A. Brook, is tentatively referred to this species. A specimen from near S'ucvitas, Cuba {Shafer 70S), is also referred to it with hesitation. A leaf of the type specimen is figured by Miquel (Linneae 19 : pi. 6). The species may not be distinct from Z. angustifolia. 4. Zamia lucayana Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 311. 1907. Caudex stout, subfusiform, about 3 dm. long, 1 dm. thick, two thirds buried in the ground. Leaves glabrous, about 1 m. long; petiole obtusely angled, 3-4 dm. long; rachis somewhat angled; leaflets about 14 on each side of the rachis, spreading nearly at right angles, 17-21 cm. long, 2-2.7 cm. wide, 4-5 cm. apart, linear-oblong, obtuse, or irregularly rounded or subtruncate, and finely sparingly 464 POLYPODIACEAE. toothed at the apex, falcately narrowed at the base, the margins thickened and slightly revolute, the 40-50 nerves closely parallel; fruiting peduncle about 4 cm. long, 1.2 cm. thick below, 2 cm. thick at the top, densely pubescent; fruit- ing cone oblong, puberulent, 7 cm. long, 4 em. in diameter, its acute conic tip 8 mm. high, its scales oblong, hexagonal, about 1.5 cm. wide and 8 mm. high. Sandy coastal thicket, Clarence Town, Long Island. Endemic. Bahama Bay-rush. Phylum 2. PTERIDOPHYTA. Ferns and Fern- Allies. Plants containing woody and vascular tissues, producing spores asexually, which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green prothallia (gametophyte). On these are borne the reproductive organs, the female known as archegones, the male as antherids. From the fertilization of the egg in the archegone by spermato- zoids produced in the antherid, the asexual phase (sporophyte) of the plant is developed; this phase is represented by an ordinary fern, lycopod, or horsetail. Comprising about 6000 living species, of which more than three fourths are confined to tropical regions. Spores produced in sporanges borne on the leaves, or panicled or in special con- ceptacles. Spores all alike ; Bahama species all terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Order 1. Filicales. Spores of two sizes : small floating plants. Order 2. Salviniales. Spores produced in sporanges borne in the axils of scale- like leaves. Order 3. Ltcopodiales. Order 1. FILICALES. Spores all of one kind and size, produced in sporanges, which are borne usually in clusters (sori) on the back of a leaf or on greatly modified pinnae. Sporanges borne in sori on the back or the margin of a leaf, opening transversely. Fam. 1. POLYPODIACEAE. Sporanges in spikes or panicles, opening vertically. Fam. 2. Schizaeaceae. Family 1. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Fern Family. Ferns of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal and often elongated, or short and erect, the leaves entire, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, coiled in vernation, mostly with petioles (stipes). Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their segments, stalked, provided with a vertical ring, opening transversely. Sori with or without a membranous covering (indusium). Prothallium green. About 150 genera and 4,500 species of wide distribution. POLYPODIACEAE. 465 A. Sori confluent, without indusia, covering the under side of leaf-segments ; large pinnate marsh ferns. B. Sori separated, or forming marginal rows on the under side of leaves or of leaf-segments. 1. Sori marginal or submarginal. a. Sori without indusia. Leaves grass-like: venation regularly areolate, with- out included veinlets Leaves narrow ; venation irregularly areolate, with numerous included veinlets. b. Sori with indusia. Indusia formed of the inrolled margins of leaf- segments. Sori forming a continuous marginal band. Indusia double. Indusia simple. Sori borne on leaf-lobes at the ends of veins. Indusia cup-like at the truncate ends of leaf-segments. 2. Sori dorsal. 1. Sori linear or oblong, more than twice as long as wide. Sori parallel to the midvein of leaf-segments. Sori oblique to the midvein. 2. Sori orbicular or nearly so. a. Sori without indusia. Sori nearly confluent ; leaves much divided, powderv beneath. Sori distinctly separated ; leaves not powdery. Veins free. Veins anastomosing. Leaves pinnatifid. Leaves entire. Small-leaved, climbing ferns. Large-leaved, tufted ferns. b. Sori with indusia (indusia vestigial or wanting in species of Dryopteris) . Sori borne on the backs of veins. Veins copiously anastomosing, the areoles ir- regular. Veins free or, jf anastomosing, the areoles regular. Sori borne at the ends of veins ; indusia large, reniform or orbicular. 1. Acrostichum. 2. Vittaria. 3. Pultonium. 4. Pteris. 5. Pycnodoria. 6. Adiantum. 7. Sphenomeris. 8. Blcchnum. 9. Asplcnium. 10. Pityrogramma. 11. Polypodium. 12. PMeoodium. 13. Phymatodes. 14. Campyloneuron. 15. Tectaria. 16. Dryopteris. 17. Xephrolepis. 1. ACKOSTICHTJM L. Sp. PL 1067. 1753. Swamp-inhabiting, large ferns, with pinnate leaves growing in crowns. Sporanges spread over the whole surface of the leaf-blades, or of the upper segments. Veins forming copious areolae without free veinlets. [Greek, signi- fying a summit row.] A few species, natives of warm temperate and tropical America. Type species: Acrostichum aureum L. Petiole usually armed with spurs ; venation of the pinnae very oblique to the midrib. Petiole unarmed ; venation not very oblique. 1. A. aureum. 2. A. excelsum. 1. Acrostichum aureum L. Sp. PI. 1067. 1753. Eootstocks stout, erect, often forming large colonies. Leaves 1-3 m. high; petioles tufted, erect, channelled, often armed with horny spurs; blades leathery in texture, longer than the petioles; pinnae 10 pairs or more, the venation very oblique; sporanges usually borne only on the upper pinnae; segregate of corpuscles covering sporanges not sausage-shaped. Wet saline soil. North Cat Cay. Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence. Ack- lin's Island, Caicos, Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies. Giant Fekn. Leather Fern. 2. Acrostichum excelsum Maxon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 224. 1905. Acrostichum lomarioides Jenman, Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, 5: 154. 1S98. Not Bory, 1853. 460 POLYPODIACEAE. Rootstocks erect, solitary, or in masses. Petioles tufted, unarmed, erect, woody, 1-6.5 dm. long, flattish, channeled; blades leathery, 1-3 m. long, 3-4.5 dm. wide; pinnae 10 pairs or more, close or distant, the venation somewhat oblique to the midvein ; sporanges confined to the upper half or third of the leaf -blade, or all segments spore-bearing, or all without spores; segregate of corpuscles covering sporanges sausage-shaped. About fresh-water pools and in sink-boles, Andros, New Providence: — Florida; Bermuda : West Indies and continental tropical America. Giant Fkrn. Young plants collected by Percy Wilson on Cat Island (7186), show that one or the other of these Acrostichuma grows on that island. 2. VITTARIA J. E. Smith, Mem. Aead. Turin. 5: 413. 1793. Usually epiphytic ferns with narrowly linear, grass-like, entire leaves, the linear sori continuous in a groove along each margin, without indusia. Lateral veins obscure, forming a row of areoles on each side of the midvein. [Latin, ribbon-like.] About 40 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Pteris lineata L. 1. Vittaria lineata (L.) Sw. in Journ. Bot. Schrad. 18002: 72. 1801. Pteris lineata L. Sp. PI. 1073. 1853. Leaves usually numerous, drooping, smooth, shining, tufted on trees, 1-9 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the rootstock short, branched, scaly. On palmettos, Andros. New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Grass-fern. Shoestring-fern. 3. PALTONIUM Presl, Epim. 156. 1849. Epiphytic ferns, with short-creeping rootstocks and narrow entire leaves, the venation reticulated. Sori linear, submarginal, continuous or interrupted, without indusia. [Greek, like a javelin.] Two known species, the following typical one, the other of southern China. 1. Paltonium lanceolatum (L.) Presl, Epim. 156. 1849. Pteris lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 1073. 1753. Taenitis lanceolata Kaulf. Enum. 130. 1824. Cheilogramma lanceolata Maxon, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 630. 1901. Eootstock short. Leaves tufted, narrowly linear-oblong, glabrous, sub- coriaceous, 1.5-4 dm. long, 0.8-3 cm. wide, tapering to both ends, entire, the midvein prominent, the lateral venation obscure. Sporanges in a continuous or interrupted marginal row above the middle of the leaf, often only near the apex. On trees in coppices. Great Bahama. Andros. New Providence : — Florida ; Ja- maica : Cuba to St. Thomas ; St. Eustatius ; Guadaloupe to Barbadoes ; Central Amer- ica. Narrow-leaved Brake. 4. PTERIS L. Sp. PI. 1073. 1753. Large, mostly coarse ferns, growing in open sunny places, with variously divided leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium double, the outer one conspicuous, membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf, the inner one delicate and obscure. Stipes continuous with the rootstock. [Greek name for ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the wings of birds.] A few species of wide distribution. Type species: Pteris aquilina L. POLYPODIACEAE. 467 1. Pteris caudata L. Sp. PI. 1075. 1753. Pteridium caudatum Maxon, Proc. IT. S. Xat. Mus. 23: 631. 1901. Pteris aquilina caudata Hook. Sp. Pil. 2: 196. 1858. Leaves erect, 1-2 m. tall; blades triangular in outline, 2— 4-pinnate; divisions pinnatifid, the ultimate segments narrow, with recurved margins, re- mote from one another, scarcely decurrent on the rachis except near the apex, the larger with 1-12 similar but shorter segments. Pine-lands, scrub-lands and coppices. Abaco, Great Bahama. Andros, New Provi- dence, Cat Island. Crooked Island, North Caicos : — Florida : Bermuda : Jamaica ; Cuba : Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Montserrat ; continental tropical America. SOUTH- ERN BRACKEN'. 5. PYCNODORIA Presl. Epim. 101. 1849. Mostly large ferns, the petioles not jointed with the rootstocks, the leaves variously divided. Sori marginal, continuous or nearly so, on a filiform or narrow receptacle connecting the tips of the free veins ; indusium simple, membranous, formed by the reflexed margin of the leaf. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. [Greek, thick-skinned.] Many species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species : Pteris opaca J. Smith. 1. Pycnodoria longifolia (L.) Britton, El. Berm. 418. 1918. Pteris longifolia L. Sp. PI. 1074. 1753. Leaves somewhat spreading; petioles 1.5-3 dm. long, clothed below with pale brown scales; blades simply pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long; pinnae linear, 4-8 mm. wide, entire, sessile; veins close, usually once branched; indusium yellowish brown. In sink-holes. Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — Florida : Bermuda : Jamaica ; Cuba : Hispaniola : Porto Rico ; St. Thomas : St. Croix ; St. Kitts ; Guade- loupe : Dominica : Martinique. In a monstrous form from Xicholl's Town, Andros, the pinnae are deeply cut into linear lobes 4 cm. long or less. Long-leaved Brake. 6. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1094. 1753. Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods, and ravines, with much divided leaves and short marginal sori borne on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the pinnule, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches of the leaves slender or filiform, often polished and shining. [Xame ancient.] A genus of over 175 species, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Adiantum Capillus-Feneris L. Leaf -segments stalked, cuneate at base. 1. A. tenerum. Leaf-segments sessile, truncate at base. 2. A. melunoleucum. 1. Adiantum tenerum Sw. Prodr. 135. 1788. Rootstock short, thick. Stipes smooth, nearly black, shining, 1-3 dm. long. Blades 2-4-pinnatc, 2-4 dm. long:, glabrous; pinnules many, filiform-stalked, subrhombic, membranous, cuneate at the base, dentate or incised above, deli- cately many-veined, jointed with the stalk, 8-25 mm. long; sori few or several, roundish or oblong. In caves, sink-holes and on steps. Abaco, Andros. New Providence, Elouthera : — Florida; Jamaica: Cuba to St. Thomas and St. ('mix: St. Kitts to Tobago: conti- nental tropical America. The fern recorded by Coker .-is Ydiantum Oapillus Veneris L., is, apparently, this species. Slender Maiden-hair Fern. 4(58 POLYPODIACEAE. 2. Adiantura melanoleucum Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 443. 1910. Eootstock short. Stipes slender, smooth, nearly black, shining, 1-3 dm. long. Blades mostly 2-pinnate. sometimes only once pinnate, 1-4 dm. long, glabrous; pinnules usually many, sessile, obliquely oblong, thin, 8-25 mm. long, irregularly toothed or lacerate on the upper and outer margins, the lower margin entire or nearly so; uppermost segments commonly confluent; sori few, oblong or semilinear. In sink-holes, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Ilispaniola ; Porto Rico. Dark Maiden-hair Fern. 7. SPHENOMEKIS Maxon, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3: 144. 1913. Slender mostly small ferns, with creeping rootstocks covered by hair-like scales, the leaves 3-4-pinnately divided into narrow cuneate segments, the veins free. Sori borne solitary on the terminal margins of the segments, the indu- sium cup-like, attached at the base and sides. [Greek, referring to the wedge- shaped leaf-segments.] A few species of tropical and subtropical regions, the following typical. jk 1. Sphenomeris clavata (L.) Maxon, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3: 144. 1913. Adiantum clavatum L. Sp. PI. 1096. 1753. Davallia clavata J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Turin 5: 415. 1790. Odontosoria clavata J. Smith, Hist. Fil. 264. 1875. Eootstock short, 2-7 cm. long. Leaves often many, glabrous, nearly erect, close together, 1.5-6 dm. long, the smooth straw-colored stipe usually shorter than the much divided blade; leaf -divisions alternate; ultimate-segments 8-15 mm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide at the truncate apex. In sink-holes, most abundant in pine-lands, rarely on cliffs, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Rose Island, Great Guana Cay, Cat Island, Eleuthera : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba. Pine-land Fern. 8. BLECHNUM L, Sp. PL 1077. 1753. Terrestrial ferns with stout rootstocks and clustered pinnate leaves, the veinlets of the fertile pinnae joined transversely near the base. Sori linear, contiguous, parallel with the midvein of leaf-segments and close to it, the in- dusium membranous. [Greek, tasteless.] Forty species or more, mostly trop- ical in distribution. Type species: Blechnum orientate L. 1. Blechnum serrulatum L. C. Kich. Act. Soc. Nat. Paris 1: 114. 1792. Leaves erect, tufted, 3-9 dm. high, rather stiff, the plants often forming large colonies. Blades subcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, once pinnate, glabrous; petiole stout, shorter than the blade ; pinnae numerous, oblong, linear or oblong- lanceolate, sessile, mostly close together, obtuse or acute, 3-8 cm. long, the upper ones fertile, all incised-serrulate ; veins numerous, delicate, free beyond the sori; sori approximate to the strong midvein, conspicuous; fertile segments narrower than the sterile. Borders of swamps and lagoons, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Marsh Fern. POLYPODIA CEAE. 469 9. ASPLENIUM L. Sp. PL 1078. 1753. Large or small ferns with entire lobed pinnate, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid leaves, and linear or oblong sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves mostly uniform. Veins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening toward the midribs. [Ancient Greek name; some species were supposed to be remedies for diseases of the spleen.] A genus of some 400 species, of very wide geographical distribution. Type species: Asplenium Tricliomanes L. 1. Asplenium dentatum L. Sp. PI. 1080. 1753. Petioles tufted, 5-15 cm. long, naked, weak, blackish below. Fertile leaf- blades 5-12 cm. long, with 6-8 pairs of stalked oblong or rhombic pinnae, the lower side truncate with a curve, the outer edge irregularly crenate; sterile leaves similar but with shorter petioles ; rachis naked ; sori copious. In a cave, New Providence : in a deep sink-hole, Cat Island : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guadelope ; Barbados ; Mexico and Central America. Toothed Spleenwort. Schoepf records observing Asplenium rhizophyllum L., and A. marinum L., on New Providence in 1784 ; we do not know what ferns he had in mind. 10. PITYROGRAMMA Link, Handb. 3: 19. 1833. Terrestrial ferns,- with tufted, mostly bipinnate leaves, usually white- powdery or yellow-powdery on the under side, the sori dorsal, linear along the veins, nearly confluent. Indusia wanting. [Greek, bran-fern, with reference to the powdery under leaf -surfaces.] Ten species, or more, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Acrosticlium clirysophyllum Sw. 1. Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link, Handb. 3: 19. 1833. Acrostichum calomelanos L. Sp. PI. 1072. 1753. Gymnogramme calomelanos Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 76. 1824. Neurogramme calomelanos Diels in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. I4: 264. 1899. Eootstock short, rather stout, erect or nearly so. Leaves tufted, erect or arching, ovate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2-pinnate, 2-8 dm. long, the dark brown shining petiole usually shorter than the blade; rachis dark brown, shining; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, usually white-pulverulent beneath; pinnules lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dentate or entire, chartaceous, decur- rent, the upper commonly confluent. Sink-hole, Smith Hill Coppice, Andros : — West Indies ; continental tropical America. Silvek-ikrx. 11. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1082. 1753. Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks. Sori hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs. Indusium none. Veins free or variously anastomosing. [Greek, in allusion to the knob-like prominences on the rootstocks of some species.] About 350 species, of wide distribution, mostly tropical. Type species: Polypodiitm vulgare L. Rootstocks slender, wide-creeping, the leaves distant ; sori deeply impressed. 1. P. polypodioidea, Rootstocks thicker, short-creepins, the leaves approximate ; sori superficial. 2. P. squomotuin. 470 POLYPODIACEAE. 1. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt, Can. Nat. 11: 158. 1866. Acrostichum polypodioides L. Sp. PI. 1068. 1753. Polypodium iiicanum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1645. 1806. Eootstock widely creeping, woody, covered with small brown scales. Stipes densely appressed-sealy, 2.5-10 cm. long; blades oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute, coriaceous, evergreen, 3-15 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, cut very nearly or quite to the rachis into entire, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse segments, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, the lower densely covered with gray unap- pendaged peltate scales with darker centres, as are also the rachises; veins indistinct, usually once forked, connected or free. On trees, especially in coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Crooked Island : — southeastern United States ; Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Jan and Trini- dad ; continental tropical America. Gray Polypody. 2. Polypodium squamatum L. Sp. PI. 1806. 1753. Eootstock stout, creeping, covered with linear, ciliate scales. Stipes scaly, 5-25 cm. long; blades oblong-lanceolate in outline, 2-4 dm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, coriaceous, evergreen, cut nearly or quite to the rachis into entire linear, acute or obtusish segments; rachis and under surface of the leaf- segments densely covered with appressed scales with linear, ciliate appendages; veins hidden. On trees, Conch Sound, Andros : — Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico. Scaly Polypody. 12. PHLEBODIUM [R. Br.] J. Smith in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 58. 1841. Large, mostly epiphytic ferns, with stout creeping chaffy rootstocks, and deeply pinnatifid, rather thick, drooping or spreading leaves, the veins anas- tomosing. Sori dorsal, orbicular, without indusia, mostly in 1 row or more, parallel with the midvein of the leaf-segments, usually borne at the end of a pair of free veinlets. [Greek, referring to the veins.] Perhaps 10 species, trop- ical and subtropical, the following typical. <£ 1. Phlebodium aureum (L ) J. Smith in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 59. 1841. Polypodium aureum L. Sp. PI. 1087. 1753. Eootstock short and stout, creeping, densely clothed with linear-lanceolate membranous acuminate scales. Stipe stout, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long. Blade once-pinnate, glabrous, pale and glaucescent, 1.5 m. long or less, submem- branous, the lanceolate segments more or less united near the rachis, acuminate, acute or obtusish, 0.7-2 dm. long, reticulate-veined; sori large, mostly in 1 or 2 rows on each side of the midvein. On trees, especially palmettos, Great Bahama, Whale Cay, Andros, New Provi- dence. Eleuthera, Cat Island, Crooked Island : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Recorded by Dolley as Pteris aurea. Serpext-ferx. 13. PHYMATODES Presl, Tent. Pter. 195. 1836. Slender creeping or climbing ferns with elongated rootstocks or stems and simple, short-petioled leaves. Sori dorsal, circular, in 1 or 2 rows on each side of the midvein; indusium wanting. Veins delicate, usually inconspicuous, copiously anastomosing, their ends sometimes enlarged. [Greek, a swelling.] Perhaps 50 species of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Poly- podium phymatodes L. POLYPODIACEAE. 471 1. Phymatodes exiguum (Hew.) TJnderw. Torreya 3: IS. 1903. Polypodium criguum Hew. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 2: 458. 1838. Polypodium Swartzii Baker, in Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil. ed 2, 357. 1874. Rootstocks creeping on trees or shrubs, slender, clothed with brown linear- lanceolate scales, simple or branched, sometimes 8 dm. long. Leaves thin, various, linear, oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into petioles 4-12 mm. long, entire or slightly undulate ; sori mostly in 2 rows, one row on each side of the midvein. On tree-trunks in coppices, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Jan ; St. Croix ; Montserrat. Climbing Polypody. 14. CAMPYLONEURUM Presl, Tent. Pter. 189. 1836. Tufted ferns, with large narrow entire leaves. Sori dorsal, mostly in 1 or 2 rows on each side of the primary veins; indusium none. Primary venation regularly pinnate, the veins connected by nearly parallel veinlets forming regu- lar areoles. [Greek, crooked-nerved.] Twenty species or more, natives of tropical and subtropical regions, the following typical. 1. Campyloneumm Phyllitidis (L.) Presl, Tent. Pter. 190. 1836. Polypodium Phyllitidis L. Sp. PI. 1083. 1753. Rootstock short, stout. Leaves several or many, short-petioled, broadly linear, narrowed to both ends or rarely obtuse at the apex, 3-10 dm. long, 2-10 cm. wide, rather firm in texture, smooth and shining; sori small, often very numerous. On trees and in sink-holes in coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Crooked Island : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Strap-fern-. 15. TECTARIA Cav. Anales Hist. Nat. 1: 115. 1799. Usually terrestrial ferns, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, and thin broad lobed, coarsely toothed or pinnate leaves. Sori orbicular, dorsal, borne on the backs of veins. Indusia orbicular to reniform. Veins copiously anasto- mosing, forming many areolae. [Latin, referring to the indusia.] Over 40 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Polypodium trifoliatum L. Fully developed leaves not much longer than broad. Basal lobes and usually all lobes of the fully developed leaf long-acuminate; leaves rather linn in texture. 1. T. heracleifolia. At least the basal lobes obtuse, merely acute or rarely acumi- nate ; leaves thin in texture. 2. T. minima. Fully developed leaf 2-3 times as long as broad, the lobes all rounded. 3. T.Amesiana. 1. Tectaria heracleifolia (Willd.) TJnderw. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 200. 1906. Aspidium heracleifolium Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 217. 1S10. Rootstock stout, brown-scaly. Leaves 2-10 dm. high; petioles brown, shining, as long as the blades or shorter; blades various in form, rather firm in texture, the finely developed ones broadly triangular, little longer than wide, at least the lower lobes or segments long-acuminate; less developed Naves ovate, the apex long-acuminate; sori usually many, in 2 more or less complete rows parallel with the lateral veins, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter. Coppices, New Pro vide nee : — Florida: Texas; West Indies; continental tropical America. IlALBERD-ir.itN. 472 POLYPODTACEAE. 2. Tectaria minima Underw. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 199. 1906. Bootstock slender, short, brown-scaly. Leaves 0.8-4 dm. long; petioles green, or brownish, slender, commonly much longer than the blades, often very slender; blades various, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, but the fully developed ones not much longer than broad, lobed, pinnatifid or sometimes trifoliolate, the basal lobes obtuse, acute or rarely acuminate; sori usually few, scattered, or in 1 or 2 more or less complete rows parallel with the lateral veins, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. In sink-holes, wells and caves, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island : — Florida ; Cuba. Small Halberd-fekx. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Tectaria trifoliata (L.) Cav. and by Dolley as Aspidium trifoliatum Sw. "^3. Tectaria Amesiana A. A. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 479. 1906. Bootstock short, stout. Leaves 4 dm. long or less; petioles rather slender, about as long as the blades or shorter; blades narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceo- late in outline, rather thin, pinnate-pinnatifid, the segments and lobes obtuse or rounded, the lower 1 to 3 pairs of pinnae short-stalked; sori scattered or in 1 or 2 more or less rows parallel with the venation, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. Eleuthera, at Gregory Town (Coker .372) ; referred to this species with hesita- tion. Known otherwise only from one station in Florida. Ames' Halberd-fern. 16. DRYOPTEKIS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 20, 550. 1763. Ferns with simple to 2-3 pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves usually similar. Indusium flatfish, roundish-renif orm, superior, fixed by its sinus, or the indusium minute and vestigial or altogether wanting. Stipe continuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Veins free or anastomosing. [Greek, signifying oak-fern, in allusion to the forest habitat of most species.] Species several hundred, of wide distribution. Type species: Polypodium Filix-mas L. Leaves mostly erect ; veins free. Pinnae elongated, linear-lanceolate. 1. D. augescens. Pinnae lanceolate. 2. D. normalis. Leaves reclining, often rooting at the tip. Stipe and rachis laxly puberulent, many of the hairs simple ; veins with several branches, the basal ones joined. 3. D. reptans. Stipe and rachis closely stellate-puberulous, nearly or quite de- void of long simple hairs ; veins mostly forked, usually free. 4. D. cordata. ^ 1. Dryopteris augescens (Link) C. Chr. Danske Vidensk, Selsk. Skr. VII. 10:: 182. 1913. Aspidium augescens Link, Fil. Sp. 103. 1841. Bootstock horizontal, rather stout, scaly. Leaves once pinnate, mostly erect, sometimes 1 m. long or longer, lanceolate in outline, the petiole usually shorter than the blade, puberulent and scaly at the base, otherwise smooth; pinnae many, close together, linear-lanceolate, sessile, often 1.5 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, deeply pinnatifid, slender-tipped, more or less pubescent at least beneath, the segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, the lower ones somewhat larger than the others; veins free. Pine-lands, coppices, caves and sink-holes, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi- dence, Eleuthera :— Florida ; Cuba ; Central America. Reported by Mrs. Northrop as Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Kuntze. 2. Dryopteris normalis C. Chr. Arkiv. Bot. 9: 31. 1910. Bootstock horizontal, slender, scaly. Leaves erect or ascending, once pin- nate, 3-15 dm. long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, the petiole usually POLYPODIACEAE. 473 shorter than the blade, puberulent and usually bearing some scales toward the base, otherwise smooth; pinnae usually many, rather close together, sessile, mostly less than 1 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, lanceolate, long-tipped, deeply pin- natifid, pubescent beneath, the segments ovate, obtuse or acute, entire, the lower pair somewhat larger than the others; veins free. Pine-lands, coppices, sink-holes and marshes, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Lignum Vitae Cay, Rose Island. Eleuthera, Cat Island, Acklin's Island, Watling's Island. Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, North Caicos : — Florida ; West Indies. Referred to D. patens by Dolley, by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker. Dolley records a fern under the name Aspidium incisum Griseb. : this name ap- plies to a West Indian Dryopteris not known to inhabit the Bahamas. The record may apply to one of the preceding species. 3. Dryopteris reptans (Gmel.) €. Chr. Ind. Fil. 2S8. 1905. Polypodium reptans Gmel. Syst. 2: 1309. 1791. Goniopteris reptans Presl, Tent. Pter. 182. 1836. Phegopteris reptans D. C. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 101. 1883. Eootstock short, ascending or erect. Leaves usually several, reclining or arching, 2.5-9 dm. long, once pinnate, often rooting at the apex and sometimes along the rachis, the slender petioles mostly shorter than the blades; pinnae several or many, oblong to lanceolate, about 4 cm. long or less, pubescent, obtuse or acute at the apex, subtruncate at the base, crenate, sessile or very nearly so ; veins slender ; sori commonly few, borne about midway between the midvein and the margin; indusia vestigial or none. In caves, and sink-holes in coppices, Abaco. Andros. New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island : — Florida : West Indies. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Dryopteris asplenioides Baker. Walking Wood-fern. 4. Dryopteris cordata (Fee) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 18. 1903. Phegopteris cordata Fee, Gen. Fil. 241. 1850-52. Aspidium reptans cordata Mett. Asp. 99. 1858. Similar to D. reptans, but usually smaller, and with entire or merely undu- late pinnae, and having the veins usually free. In sink-holes in pine-lands, Andros : — Cuba ; Porto Rico ; recorded from Jamaica. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Goniopteris reptans cordata. Dolley records a fern as Aspidium adiantifolium Sw., but there is no such pub- lished species. Schoepf's record of Polypodium pubescens L. was probably based on some species of Dryopteris. 17. NEPHROLEPIS Schott, Gen. Fil. pi. 3. 1834. Leaves spreading or pendent, pinnate, elongated; pinnae numerous, ap- proximate, jointed at the base, with whitish dots on the upper surface. Sori round, arising from the apex of the upper branch of a vein, usually near the margin. Veins free. [Greek, referring to the shape of the indusium.] About 12 species, natives of tropical and warm-temperate regions. Type species: Polypodium exaltatum L. Indusia renlform ; leaves 7-20 cm. broad. 1. N. exaltata. Indusia orbicular ; leaves 20-40 cm. broad. 2. A. biserrata. 1. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil. under pi. 3. 1834. Polypodium exaltatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1326. 1759. Petioles 7-15 cm. long; leaf -blades 1 m. long or less. Pinnae sessile, lan- ceolate, sometimes crenulate, 2.5-8 cm. long, the upper side auricled at the base, the lower rounded, the rachis nearly naked; sori almost marginal, cov- ered with firm distinctly reniform indusia In >ric 31 In a cave, East ('aicos: — Bermuda: Florida: West Indies; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Sword-fern. Boston Fern. 474 SCHIZAEACEAE. 2. Nephrolepis biserrata (S\v.) Schott, Gen. Fil. under p7. 3. 1834. Poly podium biserratum Sw. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18002: 32. 1801. Similar to the preceding species, the petioles 10-20 cm. long, the leaf- Mades up to 1.2 m. long. Pinnae lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate, serru- late, crenulate or entire, 10-20 cm. long, 10-18 mm. wide, the base subtruncate or auricled on the upper side, rounded on the lower; sori close to the margin, the indusia nearly orbicular. In a cave. East Caicos, with the preceding species : — Florida ; West Indies ; Central America. Sword Fern. Family 2. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. Ferns of various habit, with simple or pinnate leaves. Sporanges borne in spikes or panicles, on modified leaves or leaf-segments, ovoid, sessile, provided with an apical ring, opening vertically by a longitudinal slit. Several genera and about 100 species, mainly tropical. 1. ANEMIA Sw. Syn. Fil. 6, 155. 1806. Small to medium-sized ferns, mostly with horizontal or creeping rootstocks, the leaves distichous or tufted, pinnatifid or decompound, often dimorphous (the sterile ones quite different from those bearing sporanges). Venation mostly free. Sporanges borne in a single row on the margins of the ultimate segments of fertile pinnae, with or without an indusium. [Greek, wind.] Thirty species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Anemia Phyllitidis L. Leaves wholly fertile or wholly sterile. Segments of sterile leaf obovate, cuneate. 1. A. Wrightii. Segments of sterile leaf rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oblong. 2. A. cicutaria. Only the basal segments of the leaf fertile. 3. A. adiantifolia. 1. Anemia Wrightii Baker in Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil. 435. 1868. Ornithopteris Wrightii Millsp. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 3: 14. 1903. Eootstock creeping, finely hairy. Leaves membraneous, dimorphous. Sterile leaves 5-12 cm. long, with slender straw-colored stipes 3-7 em. long, the blade ovate or rhombic-ovate in outline, 2.-4: cm. wide, sparingly pilose; pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, ascending, rather distant; ultimate leaf -segments obovate, cuneate, dentate or incised at the apex, or entire. Fertile leaves about twice as long as the sterile ones, their stipes much longer than the panicles of sporanges. In a sink-hole, coppice near Fresh Creek, Andros : — Cuba. A little-collected plant, perhaps not specifically distinct from the following species. Wright"s Axemia. 2. Anemia cicutaria Kunze; Spreng. Syst. 4: 31. 1834. Anemia bipinnata Moore, Index Fil. cxvi. 1857. Ornithopteris cicutaria Underw. Mem. Torr. Club 12: 15. 1902. Eootstock short, densely brown-hairy. Leaves membranous, dimorphous. Sterile leaves 1.5 dm. long or less, the slender, straw-colored stipes about as long as the blades or shorter ; blades deltoid-ovate in outline, 2-3-pinnate, with 3-7 pairs of pinnae, the ultimate segments rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oblong, dentate or incised above. Fertile leaves much longer than the sterile ones, their stipes longer than the panicles of sporanges. In sink-holes, Abaco, Andros, Xew Providence : — Cuba ; Yucatan. Parsley Axemia. MAKSILEACEAE. 475 X 3. Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 157. 1806. Osmunda adiantifolia L. Sp. PI. 1065. 1753. Ornithopteris adiantifolia Bernh. Xeues Journ. Bot. Schrad. 1=: 50. 1806. Rootstoek creeping, densely hairy. Leaves distichous, close together, sub- coriaceous, 1.5-8.5 dm. long, 2— 4-pinnate, ovate to subpentagonal in outline, the straw-colored stipe usually as long as the blade or longer; pinnae several or numerous, the lower the longer, the ultimate segments commonly close together, deltoid to oblong or ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire or few-toothed, 4-15 mm. long. Fertile leaf like the sterile, but the 2 lower pinnae transformed into panicles of sporanges, which are slender-stalked and erect. In sink-holes and in pine-lands. Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Kleuthera, Cat Island: — Florida; West Indies; Central America; northern South America. Maiden-haiii Anemia. Order 2. SALVINIALES. Aquatic or uliginous herbs with entire or 2-lobed, filiform, or 4-foliolate leaves. Spores of two kinds and sizes (microspores and macrospores) con- tained in sporocarps. Family 1. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender creeping rootstocks and 2- or 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation con- sisting of sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstoek near the leaf-stalk or are consolidated with it, containing both macrospores and microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear archegonia, while the microspores grow into prothallia bearing antheridia. Three genera and some 45 species of wide distribution. 1. MARSILEA Sp. PI. 1099. 1753. Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water, slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of two vertical valves with several transverse compart- ments (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of Giovanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, who died about 1804.] About 40 species, widely distributed. Type species: Marsilea quadrifolia L. Leaflets obliquely linear-oblanceolate. 1- M.Naahii. Leaflets broadly 'obovate-cuneate. -• M. vestita, 1. Marsilea Nashii Underwood, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 137. 1906. Plants forming compact dense mats in sandy soil. Stems short, slender, smooth or with a few appressed slender hairs, forming nodes at intervals of 3-10 mm.; leaves rising in clusters from short lateral branches; petioles fili- form, 5-8 cm. long; leaf -divisions narrow, cutlass-shaped, 10-12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, sparsely covered with white appressed hairs; sporocarps abundant, solitary on short peduncles, compressed-oval, averaging 7X4X2 mm., the raphe ending in a short, straight tooth with a second similar basal tooth 1 mm. beyond, the surfaces covered "ith appressed hairs, becoming smoother with age; sporangia about 12 pairs, elongate-oval, 4 mm. long by 1 mm. thick, the gelatinous stalk 2.4 cm. long; macrospores about 8-10 in each sporangium, oval; microspores numerous, globose. Smith's Thatch Pond, Inagua. Endemic. Nash's PUPPBEWOBT. 476 SELAGINELLACEAE. 2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pi. 159. 1831. Rootstock slender. Petioles slender, 5-13 cm. high; leaflets entire or toothed; sporoearps 4—8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely covered with soft spreading narrow hairdike scales; sori 6-11 in each valve. Wet sandy soil. Acklin's Island and South Caicos : — southern and western United States. The Bahama specimens are sterile and are referred to this species with doubt. Hairy Pepperwort. Order 3. LYCOPODIALES. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale- like or elongated leaves. Spores all alike. Fam. 1. Psilotaceae„ Spores of two kinds. Fam. 2. Selaginellaceae. Family 1. PSILOTACEAE Pritzel. PsiLOTinr Family. Perennial slender terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the leaves, 2-3-celled, opening by valves at the apex. Spores uniform. Only the following genus, and the monotypic Tmesipteris of Australasia. 1. PSILOTUM Sw. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18002: 109. 1801. Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic, the stem dichotomously forked. Leaves alternate, reduced to scales. Sporanges 3-celled, opening by 3 valves at the apex. Spores mealy, oval or elongated-reniform. [Greek, referring to the nearly naked stems and branches.] A few species of tropical and subtropical distribution, the following typical. 1. Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. Veg. Kar. 130. 1857. Lycopodium nudum L. Sp. PI. 1100. 1753. Psilotum triquetrum Sw. in Schrad Journ. Bot. 18002: 109. 1801. Stems erect, 2-3 dm. tall, or, when in caves or on trees, often pendent, 3-angled at the base, copiously forked above, the ultimate divisions with 3 wingdike angles; leaves remote, awddike, less than 2 mm. long; sporanges in interrupted spikes. On tree-trunks and in sink-holes. Abaco, New Providence, Andros, Cat Island, Great Exuma : — Florida ; Bermuda ; West Indies ; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Psilotum. Family 2. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two types spreading in two planes. Sporanges 1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes, some containing 4 macrospores (macrosporanges), others contain- ing numerous microspores (microsporanges), which develop into small prothallia, those from the macrospores bearing archegones, those from the microspores antherids. The family consists of the following genus : BRYOPHYTA. 477 1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Prod. Aetheog. 101. 1805. Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, ancient name of a Lycopodium.] About 600 species, widely distributed, most abundant in trop- ical regions. 1. Selaginella Eatoni Hieron.; Small, Ferns Trop. Florida 67. 1918. Pale green, matted, the slender branches prostrate, 1-4 cm. long, creeping. Leaves in two planes, those of the lower plane ovate to elliptic, spreading, 1.5 mm. long or less, abruptly acute or obtuse, sparingly setaceous-serrulate or entire; those of the upper plane somewhat smaller, lanceolate, acuminate, those subtending sporanges near the ends of the branches lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate-aristate; macrospores tubercled, about 0.2 mm. in diameter. Moist shaded rocky situations, Abaco, Andros : — Florida. Eaton's Selaginella. Phylum 3. BRYOPHYTA. Mosses and Liverworts. Small plants, producing minute usually spherical bodies, called spores, in capsules, from which arise a protonema on which are borne the plants bearing archegonia and antheridia, from which the fruit is formed, which in turn bears spores. There are two classes which differ from each other as follows : Stems erect or prostrate, having leaves more or less equally developed on all sides ; calyptra at the apex of the capsule. Class 1. Musci. Stems usually prostrate, with the leaves, when present, un- equally developed on the upper and lower surfaces ; calyptra at the base of the capsule. Class 2. IIepaticae. Class 1. MUSCI. Mosses. Contributed by Elizabeth G. Britton. Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, showing two distinctly marked but closely connected and continuous phases of growth, or alternate generations, usually having stem, leaves and rhizoids but not true roots ; stems arising from a more or less ephemeral protonema, which originates from the spore, forming either a filamentous or thallose growth. Sexual organs borne either apically or laterally on the stem, usually in special buds ; antheridia and archegonia on the same plant or on separate plants ; antheridium containing ciliate sperms ; archegonium a single egg, after the fer- tilization of which the embryo develops into the fruit, rupturing the walls of the archegonium in its growth ; the upper part of the archegonium is carried up by the elongation of the pedicel, forming the calyptra, which in many mosses covers and protects the capsule while it is developing. Capsule usually with a central axis forming 478 BBYOPHYTA. the columella, around which the spore-sac is developed, visually sep- arated from the walls by air-spaces and chlorophyl-bearing tissue. Capsule splitting regularly by a lid or slits, or breaking irregularly; when regular, frequently developing teeth around the mouth, form- ing the peristome, which serves in the protecting and scattering of the spores. Order 1. BRYALES. Protonema usually filamentous; ealyptra apical; pedicel more or less elongated, apical or lateral; capsule generally with a well-developed lid; peristome present or absent, neck usually with stomata. A. Acrocarpous Mosses: — Main stems erect, simple or branching; capsules terminal on the stems. 1. Plants pale green, almost white, leaves often iridescent ; vein wider than the blade of leaf, blade often lacking. Fam. 1. Leucobryaceae. 2. Plants bright or dark green ; vein narrower than the blade of leaf. a. Leaves two-ranked, with the blades duplicated on one side at base. Fam. 2. Fissidextaceae. b. Leaves not two-ranked, blades not duplicated at base, more or less equilateral. * Species onlv known from sterile specimens in the Bahamas. Propagating by gemmae or brood-bodies. Brood-bodies borne in clusters at the summit of longer apical leaves. Cah/mperes Richardi in Fam. 3. Calymperaceae. Brood-bodies borne on filaments in the axils of the upper leaves. Hyophila and Buvbula in Fam. 4. Tortulaceae. Not propagating by gemmae or brood-bodies. Costa thickened and spinose above, ending below the coarsely toothed. apex. Syrrhopodon Gaudichaitdii in Fam. 3. Calymperaceae. Costa thick but not spinose, ending below the minutely toothed apex. Desmatodon Garberi in Fam. 4. Tortulaceae. Costa not thickened nor spinose, ending in the mucronate apex. Trichostomum in Fam. 4. Tortulaceae. ** Species usually fruiting. t Peristome and annulus none. Leaves papillose above with minute papillae. Hymcnostomum flavcscens in Fam. 4. Tortulaceae. Leaves not papillose. Macromitrium mucronifolium in Fam. 5. Orthotrichaceae. ft Peristome and usually the annulus present. J Peristome single, annulus double. Teeth erect, not twisted. Gyrow&isia Barbula in Fam. 4. Tortulaceae. Teeth inclined, twisted 1-2 times. Tortula agraria in Fam. 4. Tortulaceae. %% Peristome double. Capsule erect, the lid beaked ; teeth erect, not twisted, deeply inserted ; annulus none. Schlothehnia in Fam. 5. Orthotrichaceae. Capsule nodding, lid not beaked : annulus double. 1. Teeth oblique, with apical appendages and united to a disc. Fam. 6. Fuxariaceae. 2. Teeth erect, without appendages and not united at apex. Fam. 7. Bryaceae. B. Pleurocarpous Mosses: — Main stems procumbent; capsules terminal or lateral on the branches. 1. Fruit unknown in the Bahamas : Propagating by brood-bodies, borne in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Leaves minutely papillose, with small papillae terminal on each cell. Margins revolute, entire, the vein ending below the apex. Leucodontopsis in Fam. 8. Leucodoxtaceae. Margins flat, serrulate, the vein ending at apex. Pireella in Fam. 9. Neckeraceae. Propagating by brittle terminal buds and slender branchlets ; leaves papillose, with several central papillae on each cell. Papillaria in Fam. 10. Meteoriaceae. 2. Fruit on elongated, erect pedicels ; peristome double. a. Capsules erect and symmetric. Stereophijllitm in Fam. 11. Es todontaceae. LEUCOBRYACEAE. 479 b Capsules horizontal or curved. * Leaves minutely papillose, on the back. Papillae single and central on each cell. Haplocladium in Fam. 12. Leskeaceae. Tapillae single and terminal at the end of each cell. HitteiiotluiHiiiiuiii in Fam. 13. Hypnaceae. Papillae several in a row in the middle of each cell. Taxithclium in Fam. 13. Hypxaci: ae. ** Leaves not papillose, the cells smooth. t Leaves uniform and regular ; alar cells enlarged. Vein lacking or short and double. Peristome teeth without deep lamellae on the inner surface. Isopterygium in Fam. 13. Hypnaceae. Peristome teeth with deep lamellae, especially at base. Sematophyllum in Fam. 14. 'Seiiatophyllaceae. Vein single, ending in the middle of the leaf. Arnblystegium in Fam. 13. Hypnaceae. tt Leaves of two kinds, the lateral shorter and broader; alar cells not enlarged. Vesicularia in Fam. 13. Hypxaceae. Family 1. LEUCOBRYACEAE C. Muell. White Moss Family. Plants perennial, growing in dense pale green cushions; stems medium to large, branching; sometimes fragile and breaking off (thus propagating asexually) ; leaves crowded, vein broad, filling most of the leaf, the green cells of the leaf small, in a single central band between several layers of larger hyaline cells; blade very narrow, sometimes lacking. Pedicels erect, terminal; capsule erect or horizontal, regular or irregular; peristome single, teeth 8 or 16 ; lid beaked ; calyptra cucullate. Nine genera and 229 species are known. (Named in reference to their pale green color.) Leaves four times longer than wide, incurved, apex concave and lanceolate. 1. Lcucobryum. Leaves ten times longer than wide, recurved, apex fiat, oblong- apiculate. 2. Octoblcphantm. 1. LEUCOBRYUM Hampe, Flora 20: 282. 1837. Characters of the family. A genus of 121 species, widely distributed in- temperate and tropical regions. [Greek, in reference to the pale color of the plants.] Type species: Leucobryum glaucum (L.) Sehimp. 1. Leucobryum albidum (Brid.) Lindb. Oefv. Sv. Vet. Akad. Forh. 20: 403. 1863. Bicranum albidum Brid. Muse. Rec. 21 : 167. 1798. Leucobryum glaucum albidum Cardot, Rev. Bryol. 38: 80. 1911. Plants in dense, pale green cushions, seldom more than 3 cm. high; stems crowded with branches; leaves numerous at the ends of the branches, incurved and concave when dry, spreading when moist from the base to a narrower eon- cave point, 2-4 mm. long, ending in a sharp apex, the basal blades short, form- ing a narrow, colorless border of 3-5 rows of cells; the vein composed of 2—4 layers of large hexagonal clear cells with a central band of small green quad- randular cells. [Capsule terminal, on a slender pedicel, curved and furrowed when dry; lid beaked; teeth split to the middle; calyptra cucullate.] Only found once, sterile, growing on rotten wood and logs in coppices. Conch Sound, Andros, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana: — Cuba: llispaniola; Mexico and Guatemala. White Moss. 480 FISSLDENTACEAE. 2. OCTOBLEPHARUM Hedw. Descr. 3: 15. 1791. Plants growing in loose or compact pale-green tufts, with dense branching stems. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, usually concave with a broader base and a narrow tapering apex, composed mostly of the broad thick costa which contains a central row of small green triangular cells, and several layers of hyaline cells above and below; the blade of the leaf is reduced to a few narrow hyaline cells on the basal margins or lacking. Pedicel short; capsule erect, symmetric, smooth; peristome single, of 8 or 16 lanceolate teeth; lid beaked; calyptra cucullate. [Greek, in reference to the 8 teeth.] Eighteen species have been described, mostly from tropical regions, the following typical. 1. Octoblepharum albidum (L.) Hedw. Descr. 3: 15. 1791. Bryum albidum L. Sp. PI. 1118. 1753. Plants in loose, pale yellowish-green cushions; stems brittle; leaves irides- cent, often broken and recurved when dry, up to 6 mm. long by 0.5 mm. wide; tip flat, longer than the base, ending abruptly in a cuspidate apex. Autoicous. Seta erect, 5-7 mm. long; capsule straight, smooth, 1-1.5 mm. long, narrowing to the mouth; teeth 8, entire or perforate; lid beaked; spores rough. On rotten wood and stumps or on palmetto, common in coppices of New Provi- dence [type locality], Andros, Cat Island, Eleuthera and Crooked Island: — Florida and the West Indies. Widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. Rainbow-moss. Family 2. FISSIDENTACEAE Bruch & Sehimp. Fissidens Family. Small plants, usually growing in moist shady places, on earth or stones. Stems erect or decumbent, simple or sparingly branched; leaves few, always two-ranked and eonduplicate, clasping at base, with a single vein and with an apical and dorsal prolongation of the blade especially in the upper leaves, except in Sorapilla. Pedicel terminal at apex of stems or on lateral buds; capsule ovoid or cylindric, straight or curved; calyptra cucullate; lid conic, often beaked, peristome red, single, of 16 entire or bifid teeth, often thickened at joints and either papillose or spiral at apex. A large family of 4 genera, containing some 570 species, abundant in tem- perate and tropical regions. 1. FISSIDENS Hedw. Fund. 2: 91. 1782. Plants scattered or crowded into dense cushions. Stems becoming de- cumbent when old, with apical or rarely lateral branches; leaves with duplicate basal blades present, the apical and dorsal blades sometimes lacking or reduced in size in the lower leaves or in the bracts of the inflorescence; pedicels always exserted, often bent or curved; capsules erect, inclined or rarely curved; walls often thickened with collenchyma cells around the mouth, also the base of the lid; annulus small, often fugacious or lacking; peristome deeply inserted; teeth bifid, usually bright red and forking, with long slender apical divisions, gen- erally quite different from the basal segments of the teeth and often suddenly bent at a sharp angle. [Latin, in reference to the split teeth.] A large genus CALYMPEKACEAE. 481 of about 125 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Rypnum bryoides L. Leaves entire, bordered all around, cells smooth. 1. F. monandrus. Leaves serrate, bordered only at base of duplicate blade of upper- most leaves; cells papillose. 2. F. Oarbcri. Leaves not bordered, margins serrate, cells mamillose. 3. F. radicans. 1. Fissidens monandrus Matt. Journ. Linn. Soe. 12: 598. 1869. Plants small, pale-green, erect or decumbent; seldom more than 2-5 mm. high; leaves 4-7 pairs, palmately spreading, and increasing in size upward to 2 mm. long by 0.33 mm. wide, overlapping and narrow at base; margins bordered all around; costa percurrent; cells smooth, somewhat oblique and hexagonal, those of the lower blades larger at base. Autoicous. Pedicel erect, bent at base, 3 to 4 mm. high; capsule straight, seldom more than 1 mm. long; peristome red, paler and spiral at apex; lid beaked; calyptra small; spores smooth. Only known from one collection from a sinkhole, Farringdon Road, New Provi- dence : — Florida ; Cuba and the West Indies to South America. Diminutive Fissidens. 2. Fissidens Garberi Lesq. & James, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts &Sci. 14: 137. 1879. Plants minute. Stems simple, seldom more than 2-3 mm. high, erect or decumbent ; leaves 4—8 pairs, most numerous on the sterile plants, usually all unbordered, except the two uppermost leaves of the fruiting plants which are longer and narrower than the others; vein ending in the acute apex; margins minutely serrate, with acute or truncate teeth; cells dense, with 2-4 small papillae, basal cells larger, papillose only on the outer surface; perichaetial leaves bordered only at the base by an obscure border of 1-3 rows of cells. Dioicious. Pedicel terminal, erect, short, 1-2 mm. ; capsule small, 0.6 to 1 mm. straight; lid beaked; teeth spirally thickened at apex; spores smooth. On rotten wood and rocks in sink-holes, coppices on Farringdon Road, New Providence : — Florida ; Louisiana ; West Indies and South America. Garbee's Fissi- dens. 3. Fissidens radicans Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) 14: 345. 1840. Plants in dense, bright-green cushions. Stems decumbent and recurved when dry, rarely erect or simple, branching repeatedly, rarely more than 1 cm. high; leaves circinate, often brittle and broken off, 5-10 or rarely 20 pairs, up to 1.5 mm. long by 0.33 mm. wide ; vein ending below the acute apex ; cells swollen, mamillose on both surfaces above, and only on the outer below. Autoicous; antheridial buds sometimes numerous on the fruiting plants. Pedi- cel slender, erect, 3— 4 mm. long; capsule up to 1 mm.; lid beaked; calyptra small, apical; teeth papillose and spiral at apex; spores smooth. On rotten wood in coppices, New Providence and Abaco : — Florida and the West Indies to continental tropical America. Radicant Fissidens. Family 3. CALYMPERACEAE C. Muell. Calymperes Family. Plants usually growing in dense dark green cushions on trees in shade seldom fruiting but often propagating by brood-bodies, growing in clusters from the tips of specially modified leaves. Stems mostly ereel and sparingly branched. Leaves often crowrded at the ends of the branches, erect or spreading, broad and clasping at base, lanceolate or contracted into a spathulate apex; margins entire or serrate, often with a band of elongated 482 CALYMPERACEAE. submarginal cells, basal cells large, clear, smooth, rectangular; upper cells small, round, often papillose. Pedicel terminal, erect usually exserted; calyptra campanulate or cucullate; lid long-beaked; peristome single of 16 short teeth or lacking. A family of mostly tropical mosses, containing 2 genera and about 313 species. Leaves with a sub-marginal border of long narrow cells on the hyaline base. 1. Calymperes. Leaves with a thickened or hyaline margin at base, which is often coarsely serrate or double above. 2. Syrrhopodon. 1. CALYMPERES Sw.j Schwaegr. Suppl. Is: 333. 1816. Plants in dense mats; stems crowded, simple or branching; leaves curled and twisted when dry, base hyaline, often white and broader than the point, the upper leaves often contracted into a narrow apex, bearing brood-bodies, which serve to propagate the plants when sterile. Dioieous. Calyptra large, covering the capsule, spirally ribbed and often rough at apex; lid beaked; peristome and annulus lacking. [Named in reference to the large calyptra.] About 200 species of tropical distribution. Type species: Calymperes loncho- phyllwrn Schwaegr. 1. Calymperes Richardi C. Muell. Syn. I, 524. 1849. Plants crowded in dark green mats, showing the white hyaline base of the leaves when dry; leaves up to 3.5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point; vein stout, ending below the apex, papillose on both surfaces above; submarginal border of 2-3 rows of cells, extending to apex, not distinct in the hyaline base ; margins serrulate above. Dioieous. [Seta short, slightly exserted; calyptra spirally ribbed 2 mm. long, persistent and clasping at base, split above; capsule ovoid, cylindric; peristome and annulus none; lid conic- beaked.] Only known sterile. On stumps in coppice, New Providence, Andros, Abaco and Berry Islands, Great Harbor Cay : — Florida ; West Indies to tropical South America. Richard's Calympebes. 2. SYRRHOPODON Schwaegr. Suppl. 22: 110. 1824. Plants growing in dense mats, frequently sterile and propagating by brood-bodies. Stems crowded, simple or branching; leaves curled and twisted when dry, crowded at the tips of the branches, with the upper part of the blade dense and often papillose, the lower part lax and translucent with large rec- tanguar cells, the margins of thickened or of a double layer of cells, often coarsely toothed; capsule erect, on a short terminal pedicel; peristome usually present, single; teeth usually entire and papillose; lid beaked; calyptra cucul- late, rough or smooth at apex. [Greek, in reference to the united teeth of the peristome.] About 215 described species^ tropical and subtropical. Type species: Syrrhopodon Gardneri Hook. 1. Syrrhopodon Gaudichaudii Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 2: 376. pi. 16. 1S34. Plants pale yellowish-green, with the white bases of the leaves very con- spicuous. Stems simple or with short crowded branches; leaves curled and twisted at apex, about 2 mm. long; base with 5-6 rows of large rectangular hyaline cells on each side of the vein and the margins bordered by narrower TORTULACEAE. 483 cells; upper part of leaf with small green, obscure and papillose cells, extend- ing a short distance down each side of the hyaline base ; margins above with a narrow pale border of 2-3 rows of elongated smooth clear cells, mostly entire except at the spinosely toothed apex; costa also spinose on back toward the apex. Dioicous. [Seta slender, about 5 mm. long; capsule narrow, about 2 mm. long with a slender beaked lid; calyptra cucullate, its tip rough; teeth narrow.] Onlv a few small sterile plants found at Xicholl's Town, Andros : — Cuba ; Ja- maica ; Porto Rico and Guadeloupe to Brazil. Gaudichaud*s Sykrhopodon. Family 4. TORTULACEAE Lindb. Tortula Family. Plants scattered or crowded into tufts, sometimes minute and ephem- eral, with indehiscent capsules. Stems simple or branched; leaves usu- ally crowded, sometimes forming rosettes at the apex of the stems, generally twisted when dry. lanceolate or oblong and hyaline at base often with a broader and denser apex; vein single, stout usually percurrent or some- times excurrent into an awn ; margins frequently recurved, entire, crenu- late, or rarely serrulate ; cells longer and smooth at base, smaller and denser or papillose at apex. Heteroicous. Pedicel terminal, more or less exserted and erect; capsule erect or inclined; peristome rarely double or lacking, usually single, of 16 narrow, often bifid teeth, sometimes long and twisted with a more or less exserted basal membrane; lid conic or beaked; calyptra cucullate; spores small. A large family of 46 genera and about 400 species widely distributed in all parts of the world. Sometimes called POTTIACEAE. A. Fruit on elongated erect pedicels ; capsules erect. Peristome single ; annulus double. Teeth oblique, twisted once or twice. 1. Tortula. Teeth erect, not twisted. 2. Oyrow< teia. Peristome and annulus none. 3. Hymeno8tomum. B. Fruit unknown in the Bahamas. Propagating by brood- bodies, borne in the axils of the upper leaves, or the • brood-bodies unknown. Upper cells of leaves mamillose on upper surface only. Costa stout, ending below the denticulate apex. 4. Hyophila. Costa tapering to the acuminate apex. 5. Desmatodon. Upper cells of leaves papillose on both surfaces. Margins tint or revolute at base, denticulate at apex. 6. Barbula. Margins inrolled, entire. 7. Trichostomum. 1. TORTULA Hedw. Fund. Muse 2: 92. 1782. Plants of various sizes, sometimes large and stout ; usually growing on the ground or on rocks, scattered or in cushions. Stems usually simple, rarely branched; with the leaves often crowded in a rosette at the top of the stem, usually spreading when dry, or twisted, mostly broader above the middle; mar- gins usually entire; vein single, sometimes excurrent into an awn; basal cells long, clear and smooth, the upper small and dense, generally papillose. Pedicel erect, elongate; capsule erect, cylindric ; lid usually long-beaked; calyptra cucullate; peristome single, usually twisted, arising from a basal membrane; teeth 16 or 32, slender, papillose; spores small. [Latin, with reference to the twisted peristome.] A large genus of 186 species widely distributed in all parts of the world. Type specie-: Bryum murale L. 484 TORTULACEAE. 1. Tortula agraria Sw. PI. Ind. Occ. 3: 17G3. 1S06. Barbxda agraria Hedw. Muse. Frond. 3: 17. pi. 6. 1792. Plants almost stemless, forming a rosette of basal leaves, not much curled or twisted when dry. Leaves widest above the middle; base oblong, with long, clear, smooth cells; upper cells square, mamillose on the inner surface, smooth on the outer; apex acute; vein stout, ending in a mueronate tip; margins flat, entire or denticulate. Dioicous. Pedicel erect; capsule cylindric, ribbed when dry; annulus double; lid long-beaked, red at base; peristome red, papillose, twisted; teeth 16, long and slender, bifid or trifid with a short basal membrane; calyptra cucullate; spores smooth, small, maturing in spring. One of the most common and widely distributed species, on limestone rocks, Jsew Providence, Abaco, Great Exuma, Great Bahama, Cat Cay, Andros and Berry Islands, Watling's and Acklin's Islands, Crooked Island and Fortune Island: — Florida and the West Indies ; Mexico and South America. Common Toktula. 2. GYROWEISIA Schimp. Syn. (2d ed.) 38. 1876. Plants small, usually growing in depressions of limestone rocks or on old walls in dark green patches, discolored and matted together by fresh-water algae, stems short or acaulescent; leaves dark green, inrolled and twisted when dry, spreading in a rosette when moist, oblong-lingulate, tip acute or obtuse, the vein ending below the apex ; margins flat, crenulate or obscurely toothed at apex; lower cells very thin and longer than the rounded and swollen cells of the apical blade. Dioicous. Pedicel short, erect, terminal; capsule narrow, cylindric; peristome simple, of 16 bifid, jointed and papillose teeth; lid beaked; calyptra cucullate. [Greek, in reference to the large annulus.] A small genus of 14 species, mostly in hilly regions. Type species: Gymnostomum tenue Schrad. 1. Gyroweisia Barbula (Schwaegr.) Paris, Index Bryol. ed. 2: 2: 299. 1904. Gymnostomum Barbula Schwaegr. Supp. 2:: 77. pi. 175. 1826. •Plants small, in dark green obscure mats, often sterile and acaulescent; leaves few, recurved, forming a rosette, linear-oblong, about 2 mm. long by 0.25 mm. wide, usually obtuse and cucullate, sometimes acute; margins crenu- late-toothed, often more coarsely and irregularly so at apex; vein ending below the apex; upper cells rounded and swollen, basal cells longer, very thin and clear on the margins; pedicel short, 4-8 mm., rarely 1 cm.; capsule dark when old, erect, up to 2 mm. long, narrowly cylindric, mouth small; annulus double; calyptra, lid, annulus and peristome often falling off all together; peristome slightly twisted; teeth 16, brittle, bifid, with 5-6 basal joints, densely papillose when mature; spores brown, small; ripe in spring; calyptra cucullate. On rocks and old walls, New Providence and Abaco : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Brazil. Black-fruited Gyroweisia. 3. HYMENOSTOMUM E. Br. Trans. Linn. Soe. 12: 572. 1818. Plants terrestrial, gregarious. Stems short and simple. Leaves crowded, much curled and twisted when dry, linear-lanceolate; margins entire, inrolled; vein stout, ending in the mueronate apex; cells small and papillose in the upper part of blade, lower ones oblong and smooth. Pedicel erect, mostly exserted; capsule cylindric, straight or bent; lid large, beak short; calyptra cucullate; peristome and annulus absent; mouth closed by a membrane until the spores TORTULACEAE. 485 are ripe. [The name refers to this character.] A small genus of 45 species widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Gymnc- stomum .microstomum Hedw. 1. Hymenostomum flavescens E. G. Britton, sp. nov. Plants usually light yellowish-green. Stems short, 3-5 mm. high; leaves 1.5-2 mm. long; apex lanceolate, incurved and eucullate, base broader and hyaline ; margins inrolled, entire ; vein stout, rough above, ending in the mucro- nate point; lower cells clear and smooth, up to 67 n long; upper cells only 8jt long, densely papillose on both surfaces, with 3-4 small papillae. Dioicous. Pedicel slender, 10-15 mm. long, erect; capsule ovoid-cylindric, 1-1.25 mm. long with the beaked lid; calyptra eucullate, twisted; peristome and annulus none, the mouth bordered by 5-6 rows of smaller, denser, quadrate cells; walls thin; spores brown, papillose, ripe in winter. New Providence, Eleuthera, Andros, Great Bahama, Abaco and Acklin's Island. Type from Pinder's Point, Great Bahama, Britton and Millspaugh 2515. Feb., 1905. Bahama Hymenostomum. 4. HYOPHILA Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 760. 1826. Plants dark green, frequently sterile and propagating by brood-bodies borne at the apex of the. stems. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, not very crowded ; apex obtuse or acute, entire or with a few obscure teeth ; vein ending in or below the apex, rarely excurrent; basal cells clear, rectangular, upper cells smaller and papillose, rarely smooth. Dioicous. Pedicel exserted, slender; capsule erect, narrow, cylindric; mouth small; annulus usually present; peris-tome none; lid beaked; calyptra eucullate. [Greek, referring to their moisture-loving habit.] A genus of about 80 species, occurring in tropical regions, widely distributed. Type species : Hyophila gymnostomoides Brid. 1. Hyophila Tortula (Schwaegr.) Hampe, Bot. Zeit. 4: 267. 1846. Gymnostomum Tortula Schwaegr. Supp. 22: 78. pi. 175. 1826. Tortula Domicilii Austin, Bot. Gaz. 3: 31. 1878. Barbula Domicilii Lesq. & James, Man. 128. 1884. Plants often growing on rocks in scattered, low cushions, usually sterile ; stems short and simple; leaves inrolled and twisted when dry, up to 2 mm. long by 0.5 mm. broad, lanceolate; vein stout, brown, ending in the cuspidate apex, smooth or slightly rough on the back; basal cells smooth, oblong, upper cells in transverse rows, hexagonal, mamillose on the inner surface, smooth on the back; margins sometimes denticulate at apex. Dioicous. Only known sterile, in the Bahamas, propagating by brood-bodies borne on filaments from the axils of the upper leaves. [Pedicel 8-10 mm. long, erect; capsule 2 mm. long, cylindric; mouth bordered by smaller, darker cells; annulus compound, falling with the beaked lid ; peristome none ; calyptra eucullate and slightly twisted ; spores smooth, small.] New Providence and Abaco : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico ; Guatemala and South America. Hyophila. 5. DESMATODON Brid. Mant. Muse. 86. 1819. Plants usually in cushions on limestone rocks or in crevices of walls. Stems erect, usually short and simple or forking. Leaves crowded, incurved and twisted when dry, spreading when moist, oblong-lanceolate; apex acute or 486 TOETULACEAE. obtuse; margins entire or serrulate, flat or recurved, sometimes bordered; costa ending below the apex, percurrent or excurrent into a slender awn, papillose on both surfaces; upper cells smooth or papillose; lower cells longer and smooth. Monoicous or dioicous. Pedicel erect; capsules erect or nodding, ovoid or cylindric; annulus present; peristome single, of 16 short, erect or slightly twisted, papillose, teeth united at base, with a short exserted basal membrane; lid short, conic-beaked; cells oblong; calyptra cucullate; spores rough or smooth. [Latin, in reference to the basal union of the teeth.] A small genus of about 12 species, varying in habit and distribution. Type species : Discranum latifolium Hedw. 1. Desmatodon Garberi Lesq. & James, Man. 112. 1884. Plants in dense round cushions, usually fruiting abundantly. Stems simple, up to 1 cm. high with the leaves much twisted when dry and spreading when moist, more crowded at apex of stems, only about 1 mm. long; margins in- curved, entire, crenulate or slightly toothed at apex; vein stout, smooth, ending below the point or percurrent into the cuspidate apex; upper cells irregular, rounded, and projecting on the inner surface, smooth on the back, lower cells larger, clear, oblong and smooth. Dioicous. [Thus far only found sterile asso- ciated with Tortula agraria; but the type specimens from Key West, show an erect pedicel, about 5 mm. long; the calyptra cucullate; the capsule, with the beaked lid, about 2 mm. long, brick-red, cylindric, the narrow annulus falling in fragments with the lid ; peristome short, deeply inserted ; the teeth papillose, fragile and broken, irregularly split and jointed, with no visible basal mem- brane; spores smooth, pale, ripe in winter.] On limestone rocks in coppice, New Providence : — Key West, Florida ; Yucatan. Gaebek's Desmatodon. 6. BARBULA Hedw. Fund. Muse. 2: 92. 1782. Plants usually a dirty green or brown color, often growing in muddy places. Stems slender and sparingly branched. Leaves crowded, usually small and narrowly lanceolate, keeled; margins recurved, seldom flat; vein stout, per- current, rarely excurrent; cells of the upper part of the leaf dense, papillose on both surfaces; basal cells larger, rectangular and nearly or quite smooth. Dioicous: if sterile often propagating by brood-bodies. Pedicel erect, terminal; lid conic or beaked; calyptra cucullate; capsule usually erect, cylindric; annu- lus sometimes present ; peristome rarely lacking, usually inserted below the rim of the capsule, of 32 slender, twisted, papillose teeth, united by a short basal membrane; spores small. [Latin, diminutive of barba, beard, referring to the peristome.] A large genus of 234 species, widely distributed in tem- perate and subtropical regions. Type species: Bryum unguiculatum Hudson. 1. Barbula Crugeri Sonder; C. Muell. Syn. Muse. 1: 618. 1849. Plants small, in dark brown patches on damp rocks. Stems slender, seldom more than 2 cm. high; leaves curled and twisted when dry, spreading when moist, about 1 mm. long; base oblong, with thin rectangular cells; apex keeled; upper cells minute, dense and papillose ; vein stout at base, rough on the back and ending abruptly in the cuspidate apex; margins flat or revolute, entire or rarely denticulate at apex. It has only been found sterile in the Bahamas, but propagates by club-shaped brood-bodies borne in clusters, in the axils of the ORTHOTBICHACEAE. 487 leaves. [Dioicous. Pedicels erect, about 1 cm. long, twisted when dry; cap- sules up to 1 mm., erect, eylindric; lid beaked; calyptra cucullate, rough at apex; peristome red, twisted; teeth slender, bifid and papillose, with a short basal membrane; annulus none; spores smooth, small, ripening in summer.] On wet rocks in quarry at Nassau: — Florida; Louisiana; Cuba; Jamaica; I'orto Rico to Trinidad and South America. CltUGEB'S Baublla. 7. TEICHOSTOMUM Hedw. Fund. 2: 90. 1782. Plants medium-sized, usually crowded. Stems erect, simple or branched. Leaves curled and twisted when dry, larger at base than above, with a narrow sharp apex; margins flat or inrolled, entire; vein single, usually percurrent; basal cells oblong and clear; upper cells denser, small and papillose on both surfaces. Pedicel erect, elongate ; capsule erect, eylindric ; peristome single ; teeth 16, either entire or divided to base, usually papillose; lid conic-beaked; calyptra cucullate. [Greek, in reference to the narrow teeth.] Widely dis- tributed in various temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Weisia cylindrica Bruch. 1. Trichostomum rivale (Mitt.) Jaeg. Adumb. 1: 2-45. 1871-72. Tortula rivalis Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 147. 1869. Plants in dense bright green or yellowish cushions. Stems up to 5-10 mm. high, usually simple ; leaves crowded, curled and twisted when dry, 2-3 mm. long, base erect, clasping, the tips narrower and spreading when moist; vein smooth, excurrent into the mucronate apex; margins entire, incurved above the middle; basal cells lax with longer cells on the margins, extending up the blade to the papillose cells of the tip ; upper cells densely papillose on both sur- faces. Only found sterile in the Bahamas. Dioicous. [Pedicel yellow, erect, 15-20 mm. long; capsule 2-3 mm. long, erect, eylindric; calyptra cucullate; lid conic-beaked; peristome single, of 16 slender, erect or slightly twisted, papillose, bifid teeth, often disappearing and leaving only a ragged membrane; spores rough, brown, maturing in spring.] Very closely related to Tricho- stomum jamaicense Mitt. On rocks and in pine-barrens, Marsh Harbor, Abaco: — Cuba; Jamaica and Porto Rico. Rock Trichostomum. Some poor sterile specimens of a Trichostomum were collected in New Provi- dence, by L. J. K. Brace, in June, 1918, Number 9509. The leaves are less papillose than in T. rivale and the plants may represent another species, T. involutum Sull. Family 5. ORTHOTRICHACEAE Bruch & Schimper. Orthotrichum Family. Plants growing in dense dark green mats. Stems erect or creeping, often branching and interlacing; branches short, erect, densely leafy. Leaves curled and twisted when dry. crowded, lanceolate or oblong; costa single, percurrent or excurrent into a mucronate tip; cells dense, small, obscure, smooth or papillose, basal often longer and smooth. Pedicel short, terminal; calyptra large, campanulate, plicate and lacerate at base, smooth, hairy, or rough at apex; lid usually beaked; capsule smooth or ribbed; peristome single or double, seldom lacking. Twelve genera and 824 species, widely distributed. Calyptra plicate, Bmooth; peristome lacking. 1. Hacromitrium, Calyptra doI plicate, rough at apex ; peristome double. '-'. Schlotheimio. 488 ORTHOTEICHACEAE. 1. MACROMITRIUM Brid. Mant. Muse. 132. 1819. Plants in dense dark mats, usually on trees. Stems creeping with erect branches; leaves crowded and usually twisted when dry; vein single, percur- rent or excurrent, rarely ending below the apex; margins entire or rarely toothed at apex, not bordered, except occasionally at base; cells small and dense in the upper part of the leaf smooth or papillose, larger and clearer below. Pedicel exserted or rarely immersed, terminal ; capsule erect, ovoid, urn-shaped or cylindric; lid beaked; calyptra campanulate and lacerate at base, smooth or hairy. [Greek, in reference to the large calyptra.] A large genus of 385 species, common in tropical regions of both hemispheres. Type species: Schlotheimia acicularis Brid. * 1. Macromitrium mucronifolium (Hook, et Grev.) Schwaegr. Supp. 22: 61. pi. 170. 1826. Orthotrichum mucronifolium Hook, et Grev.; Brewst. Edinb. Jour. 1: 116. pi. 4. 1824. Plants in dense dark green mats. Stems creeping and matted together by a brown felt of rhizoids, the branches erect, short, seldom more than 2-3 mm. high; leaves spirally twisted when dry, spreading when moist, crowded and numerous, carinate, oblong; apex blunt or sometimes notched; vein ending in a short cuspidate tip ; upper cells dense, small, opaque, with thickened swollen walls; base bordered by 3-4 rows of longer and clearer cells. Pedicels erect, about 5 mm. long; capsule about 1 mm., ovoid and tapering at base, with a long neck, slightly ribbed when old; calyptra covering the capsule, ribbed but not hairy; lid beaked; peristome and annulus none; spores nearly smooth. On trees in coppices, Andros and Abaco : — Florida and the West Indies to trop- ical South America. Mucronate Macromitricsi. 2. SCHLOTHEIMIA Brid. Sp. Muse. 2: 16. 1812. Plants in dense dark mats, usually on trees. Stems creeping, with numer- ous crowded and usually short simple branches. Leaves crowded, erect or spreading, often spirally twisted when dry; vein single, stout, percurrent or excurrent; margins usually entire and not bordered; upper cells much thick- ened, usually oblique, smooth or rarely papillose, the lower rectangular, less thickened and vertical, smooth. Pedicel exserted or immersed, terminal on the branches ; capsule ovoid or cylindric ; peristome double, the inner shorter than the outer, often rudimentary; lid beaked; calyptra not ribbed, usually lobed at base, sometimes hairy. [Named for Ernest Schlotheim.] A genus of about 120 species, mostly tropical or subtropical. Type species: Hypnum torquatum Hedw. 1. Schlotheimia Sullivantii C. Muell. Syn. Muse. 1: 756. 1S49. Plants in dense wide dark green or brown mats. Stems creeping and densely hairy with brown radicles; branches short, erect, crowded; leaves also densely crowded, 1-1.5 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate; apex blunt; vein end- ing in a short abrupt tip ; upper part of the leaf undulate, the cells thickened and hexagonal, those of the lower part clearer, oblong, not bordered. Pedicel erect, about 5 mm. high ; capsule 2-3 mm. long, cylindric, smooth or ribbed when dry; peristome double, deeply inserted, rim of 7-8 rows of cells, annulus none; the outer teeth recurved and papillose, longer than the inner ones; lid FUNARIACEAE. 489 beaked; ealyptra glossy, yellow or brown, deeply lobed at base, rough at apex; spores large and rough. On trees and decaying' wood in coppice, New Providence: — Florida and Louisiana. S'CLLIVAXT'S SCHLOTIIEIMIA. Family G. FUNARIACEAE C. Muell. Funaria Family. Plants usually annual, seldom biennial, sometimes ephemeral and minute or rudimentary. Stems short, erect and seldom branched. Leaves small and narrow, or large and broad; margins entire or toothed; vein pres- ent or rarely absent. Pedicel short and immersed, or long and exserted; capsule erect or inclined, symmetric or asymmetric, ovoid or pyriform; annulus large and conspicuous, or undeveloped; ealyptra cucullate, often inflated and oblique, rarely lobed or papillose; peristome absent, rudi- mentary or double, its teeth straight or oblique. A family of wide distri- bution, including about 12 genera with some 244 species. 1. FUNARIA Schreb.; L. Gen. Plant, ed. 8, 2: 760. 1791. Plants usually scattered, rarely crowded. Stems short, simple. Leaves crowded at the summit, usually broadest above the base, entire or serrate; vein ending below the apex, pereurrent or excurrent. Pedicel exserted, elongated; capsule erect or nodding, often pear-shaped; lid flat or apiculate; ealyptra much inflated at base, beaked; peristome single, double or rarely lacking. [Latin, in reference to the twisted pedicels.] A large genus of about 100 widely distributed species. Type species: Mnium hygrometricum L. Mouth of the capsule 'oblique; leaves serrate. 1. F. Jiygrometrlca. Mouth of the capsule small; leaves nearly entire. 2. F. flavicans. 1. Funaria hygrometrica (L.) Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 28S. 1794. Mnium hygrometricum L. Sp. PL 1110. 1753. Plants bright yellowish-green turning brown. Stems short, simple; leaves few, erect, appressed around the base of the pedicel, broad and concave, acute or acuminate; the vein ending in the apex, the margins with swollen teeth; cells clear, smooth, oblong below, shorter and hexagonal above. Pedicel pale, twisted, variable in length ; capsule horizontal or nodding, ribbed when dry, its mouth oblique ; lid bordered with a red rim ; annulus large, double, falling with the lid; peristome double, oblique, the teeth with apical appendages at- tached to a central disc; ealyptra large, inflated at base; spores rough, ripen- ing early in spring. On charred earth, Eight Mile Rock, Great Bahama. A cosmopolitan species. Cord-moss. 2. Funaria flavicans Michx. Pi. Bor. Am. 2: 303. 1S03. A smaller plant than the preceding, differing in the fewer leaves, which are entire, the vein ending in a short subulate tip; [the pedicel shorter, the capsule more symmetric, its mouth not oblique; spores a little larger]. Only known from sterile specimens collected In a coppice, Soldier's Road, New Providence: — Bermuda; southern United States. Pale-green Funaria. 32 490 BRYACEAE. Family 7. BRYACEAE C. Muell. Bryum Family. Plants usually growing in cushions, rarely scattered. Stems erect, simple or branching near the apex, often slender. Leaves scattered, 01 crowded at the summit, variable in shape, from oval to lanceolate, often acuminate and subulate; vein single; margins entire or toothed; cells smooth, generally hexagonal, sometimes longer and narrower on the border and rectangular at the base. Pedicel terminal, erect; capsule erect or nod- ding, generally symmetric with a well-developed neck; calyptra cucullate; lid flat, not beaked; peristome usually double, rarely single or lacking. A widely distributed f amily composed of 16 genera with over 950 species most abundant in temperate, alpine and arctic regions. [Greek, meaning a moss.] 1. BRYUM L. Sp. PL 1115. 1753. Plants usually growing in dense compact cushions, more or less matted with radicles. Stems erect, simple or branching by apical innovations. Leaves more or less crowded at apex, erect, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, concave; apex acute, obtuse or with the eosta pereurrent into an awn; margins often bordered, more or less recurved, entire or serrate at apex; cells mostly hex- agonal or rectangular at base. Inflorescence variable, heteroicous, pedicel exserted, erect or bent at apex; capsule nodding or rarely horizontal, usually ovoid or pyriform, with a distinct neck; annulus often large and compound, falling with the blunt lid; peristome double, its teeth usually with a zigzag median line; endostome equalling the teeth, sometimes imperfect or with keeled segments and 2—3 cilia, arising from a basal membrane. A large genus of about 625 species widely distributed from the arctic regions to the tropics in both hemispheres. [Name Greek, a moss.] Type species: Bryum argenteum L. Capsule cylindric, neck tapering. 1. B. capillare. Capsule pyriform, neck swollen. 2. B. coronatum. 1. Bryum capillare L. Sp. PL 1586. 1753. Plants growing in rather dense, dark green cushions. Stems short, spar- ingly branched; leaves crowded in a rosette at the apex, curled and twisted when dry, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, the margins bordered by 1 or 2 rows of narrow cells, entire or slightly toothed near apex; vein ending in the top or excurrent; upper cells hexagonal, basal oblong, smooth. Pedicel long, red, bent at base, paler and twisted above; capsule elongated, nodding; neck distinct; lid small, apiculate ; annulus large ; peristome brown ; teeth paler and papil- lose above; endostome with a basal membrane and appendiculate cilia; spores ripe in spring. On base of palms in sand, a widely distributed and variable species, Great Bahama and Lignum Vitae Cay : — Florida ; West Indies ; South America ; also in Europe and Africa. Haik-like Bryum. 2. Bryum coronatum Schwaegr. Suppl. I2: 103. pi. 71. 1816. Plants gregarious in bright green patches. Stems erect, simple or branch- ing, usually about 1 cm. high ; leaves not crowded, spreading when moist, about 2 mm. long, lanceolate or elliptic, with the vein excurrent into a smooth, subu- late tip; margins bordered by 1 or 2 rows of narrow elongated cells, some- LEUCODONTACEAE. 491 times obscurely toothed near the apex; base forming a long-deeurrent wing to the next lower leaf; basal cells oblong; upper cells hexagonal. Dioicous. Pedi- cel erect or bent, about 15 mm. long; capsule nodding, about 2 mm. long, dark red when mature, with a conspicuous swollen neck (like an acorn-cup or a crown, hence the specific name) ; lid falling with the large annulus more or less attached; peristome double; teeth brown; endostome pale, its segments split along the keel, with 2-3 slender appendiculate cilia; spores small, green, ripe in winter. In coppice, on dead wood and stones, New Providence, Abaco and Andros : — Florida; West Indies; South America; also in Asia and Africa. Cokonate Beyum. A doubtful species of Bryum was collected by L. J. K. Brace at the quarry, Nassau, New Providence, in February, 1918 (no. 9984) ; the specimens are sterile and do not seem to agree with anything heretofore found. Family S. LEUCODONTACEAE Broth. Leucodon Family. Plants in dense mats or cushions, usually on trees. Stems creeping and rooting, leafless or with rudimentary leaves at the apex of new stems; branches pendent, simple or branching, usually with unequal and irregular branchlets, seldom regularly pinnate or dendroid and circinate. Leaves crowded, often imbricate when dry, spreading when moist, usually ovate, acuminate, entire, or serrate at apex; vein single or double, sometimes lacking; cells smooth or rarely obscurely papillose or projecting at the ends; base with several rows of alar cells, generally transversely elongated or rounded and thickened. Dioicous or autoicous. Pedicels from lateral buds with clasping bracts, short or elongate; capsule ovoid, sometimes ribbed; calyptra eucullate, smooth or hairy; lid conic or beaked; annulus usually present; peristome double, the outer of 16 short pale papillose, bifid or perforate teeth; the endostome of a more or less developed mem- brane with or without keeled segments and cilia. A small family of 9 genera and 69 species, widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions. 1. LEUCODONTOPSIS Een. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 32: 177. 1893. Plants slender and creeping on twigs or branches. Primary stems usually closely attached to the bark, with short irregular spreading branches. Leaves crowded, small, erect appressed on the branches, spreading, longer and more sharply pointed on the tips of the stems; lanceolate, acuminate, carinate and plicate; margins revolute, entire or obscurely toothed at apex; vein single, ending above the middle; upper cells long and narrow, with papillose project- ing cells; alar cells round or quadrate and thickened, in several rows. Dioicous. [Named in reference to its resemblance to Leucodon.] A small genus of only three species, in all of which the fruit is unknown. Type species: Leucodontopsis plicata Ren. & Card. 1. Leucodontopsis floridana (Aust.) E. G. Britton, Bryologist 15: 26. 1916. Neckera (Pilotrichella?) floridana Aust. Bot. Gaz. 4: 152. 1879. Leucodontopsis plicata Een. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 32: 177. 1S93. Pilotrichella floridana Ren. & Card. Rev. Bryol. 19: 11. 1893. Stems leafless except at the apical portions, there bearing small, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, eeostate, flat-bordered leaves; branches seldom more 492 NECKERACEAE. than 3 em. long, simple or branched, when young more slender and flagellate, with smaller, less crowded leaves, when older with erect-appressed, crowded plicate leaves, up to 1.5 mm. long by 0.33 mm. broad at base; vein usually single, seldom double with a short accessory basal branch; alar cells fewer on one side, up to 81— 10 rows, seldom reaching the vein; margins entire, revolute almost to the serrulate apex; cells spindle-shaped, with minute, terminal papil- lae on both surfaces. Flowers and fruit unknown ; propagating by small septate brood-bodies borne in axillary clusters. On trees in coppices, New Providence and Andros : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Costa Rica and Panama. Florida Leucodontopsis. Family 9. NECKERACEAE Schimper. Neckera Family. Plants usually growing on trees with creeping stems and pendent branches, either simple or pinnately decompound, sometimes quite den- droid; branches usually densely leafy, with crowded or imbricate leaves, sometimes in 2-4 ranks. Leaves symmetric or inequilateral, various, cos- tate or ecostate, entire or serrate, smooth or papillose; the perichaetial usually quite different from the others, often surrounding: and covering the capsule. Usually dioicous. Pedicel often short and straight, immersed, rarely curved or exserted; capsule ovoid or cylindric; smooth or ribbed; lid conic, beaked ; calyptra smooth or hairy ; peristome usually double, the inner more or less rudimentary; annulus present or absent. A large family, of 50 genera and several hundred species, of wide temperate and subtropical distribution. 1. PIREELLA Cardot, Rev. Bryol. 40: 17. 1913. [Pirea Cardot, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 32: 175. 1893. Not Durand, 1888.] Stems creeping, slender and radiculose; branches erect, 2-4 cm. long, simple or pinnately branched, blunt, or rarely slender and flagellate ; leaves crowded, appressed, erect or spreading; stem-leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate, entire, ecostate; branch-leaves lanceolate, acuminate, entire or serrate at apex; vein thin, wider at base, ending below the apex; cells more or less thickened and porose, linear at base ; alar cells quadrate, shorter and broader with thick walls. Perichaetial leaves, erect, ovate or lanceolate-acuminate, or subulate. Dioicous, often sterile and propagating by brood-bodies. Pedicel exserted, erect, some- what rough above, seldom short or immersed ; capsule mostly exserted, calyptra cucullate, hairy; lid small, beaked; mouth small; peristome double, its teeth lanceolate, more or less bifid, smooth, pale or red; endostome hyaline, mem- branous, adherent to the teeth; spores smooth. [Diminutive of Pirea.] A small genus of 10 species, confined to tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America. Type species: Pireella cavifolia Cardot & Herzog. 1. Pireella cymbifolia (Sull.) Cardot, Rev. Bryol. 40: 17. 1913. Pilotrichum cymbifolium Sull. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 681. 1856. Plants usually growing on trees. Stems slender, creeping and rooting, the terminal growths slender with small acuminate leaves only about 0.5 mm. long, with a short vein and faintly serrate margins, the alar cells few and rectangu- METEOEIACEAE. 493 lar; branches stouter, usually simple, about 2 cm. long, or pinnately branched, up to 4 cm. long, with short branchlets; leaves crowded, imbricated in 5 ranks, concave and keeled, up to 1.5 mm. long by 0.5 mm. wide; vein narrow, ending in the flat acuminate tip; margins minutely toothed almost to the base; alar cells smaller, dense, rectangular; upper cells linear with projecting or ob- scurely papillose end walls ; perichaetial leaves minute, erect, appressed, ecos- tate and narrowly acuminate. Dioieous, the antheridial plants unknown, as well as the fruit; usually propagating by septate brood-bodies, borne in clus- ters at the bases of the leaves. Small depauperate unbranched plants have been found In coppices of New Provi- dence and Abaco : — Florida ; Louisiana ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Virgin Islands to South America. Pikeella. Family 10. METEORIACEAE Fleischer. Meteoriu;\i Family. Plants mostly of moist mountain regions, and of tropical and subtrop- ical distribution, usually epiphytic and characterized by their creeping stems and long pendent, simple or rarely branched habit, sometimes very glossy, with distichous leaves ; base usually regular and broad, often auricu- late; costa single, ending below the apex; cells smooth or papillose. Usually dioieous. Pedicel immersed or exserted; calyptra small, often hairy; lid generally beaked; peristome double, the inner sometimes perfect with cilia but more often imperfect with a short basal membrane; annulus lacking. A family of mostly tropical mosses with about 10 genera and 327 species. 1. PAPILLARIA C. Muell. Angstr. Oefv. K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Foerh. 334: 34. 1876. [Neckera Section Papillaria C. Muell. Syn. Muse. 2: 134. 1851.] Plants growing on rocks or trees, usually in dense pale green or dark mats. Stems slender, often pendent or creeping, branching irregularly. Leaves broad and often auricled at base, tapering to an acuminate or subulate tip; vein single, rarely percurrent or lacking; margins entire or serrulate; basal and median cells sometimes smooth, others usually papillose with several small papillae in the median line of the narrow cells; perichaetial leaves usually longer and narrower, erect. Dioieous. Pedicel exserted or immersed, straight and smooth; capsule immersed or exserted, small and ovoid; calyptra small, cam- panulate, hairy; lid conic-beaked; annulus absent; peristome double; teeth lanceolate and papillose; endostome hyaline and papillose from a short basal membrane, with or without cilia; spores papillose. About 70 species are known, mostly from tropical regions of both hemispheres. [Named in refer- ence to the papillose leaves.] Type species: Neckera capillaris C. Muell. 1. Papillaria nigrescens (Sw.) Jaeger, Adumb. 1: 169. 1875-76. Hypnum nigrescens Sw. Prodr. 141. 1788. Plants in dark brown mats. Young branches green; stems often 15-20 cm. long, branching pinnately; branches short and irregular, usually simple, and only 1-2 cm. long, but sometimes 4-5 cm. ending in clusters of slender brittle branchlets, which propagate this species. Leaves crowded, erect- 4'.!-i ENTODONTACEAE. appressed when dry, spreading when moist, small, up to 1.5 mm. long by 1 mm., broad at the auricled base; vein ending in the middle of the leaf; apex acumi- nate; margins entire, with projecting papillae; cells spindle-shaped with thick walls and 3-4 small papillae; basal colls longer and narrower, smooth and radiating toward the margins. Dioicous. [Perichaetial leaves pale, erect, lanceolate-subulate, plicate but not papillose; seta exserted up to 1 cm. long; capsule ovoid, about 2 mm. long; calyptra pale and hairy; lid beaked; mouth small with a dark rim; peristome pale, papillose; teeth lanceolate with a median line, inner membrane short with pale slender segments, more or less adherent to the teeth; spores brown, mature in summer.] Only known from sterile specimens in the Bahamas. On twigs and trunks of trees in coppice, New Providence : — Florida ; Louisiana ; West Indies and southern California to Panama and South America. Blackish Papilla ria. Family 11. ENTODONTACEAE Brotherus. Entodon Family. Plants growing in glossy flat mats, either on rocks or trees. Stems creeping, usually with simple branches. Leaves spreading or flattened, usually crowded; vein single or double, rarely lacking; cells mostly longer than broad; often with the ends thickened and projecting on the back of the leaf, with the alar transversely elongated. Autoieous or dioicous. Pedicel erect, exserted; capsule cylindrie, mostly erect and symmetric; lid usually short-beaked; calyptra cucullate, smooth; peristome double, often deephy inserted; teeth longer or shorter than the inner keeled segments, variously thickened; cilia usually lacking; annulus present or absent. A large family, of about 20 genera, widely distributed in temperate and trop- ical regions. 1. STEREOPHYLLUM Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. Suppl. 1: 117. 1859. Plants growing in thin flat mats, on rocks or trees. Stems creeping and rooting, with simple irregular branches. Leaves crowded, somewhat flattened and glossy; apex acute or obtuse; vein stout or lacking; margins flat, entire or rarely toothed at apex; base unequal, one side composed entirely of quadrate alar cells; upper cells short or long, often with the thickened end-walls forming minute papillae. Autoieous or rarely dioicous; pedicel elongated; capsule erect to inclined, and unequally ovoid; lid conic-beaked; annulus lacking; peri- stome double, the outer papillose with thickened joints above, the inner nar- rower from a short basal membrane, without cilia. A genus of 61 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. [Greek, in reference to the thick leaves.] Type species: Pterygophyllum indicum Belang. 1. Stereophyllum radiculosum (Hook.) Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 542. 1869. Hool-eria radiciilosa Hook. Musci. Exot. pi. 51. 1818-1820. Somalia Wrightii Sull. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 665. 1856. Plants in flat bright green mats. Stems matted together by numerous radicles; branches and branchlets with flattened glossy leaves, imbricate and secund when dry, spreading when moist, up to 1.75 mm. long by 0.75 mm. broad, concave with flat serrate margins; vein stout, tapering and ending above EXTODONTACEAE. 495 the middle of the leaf; apex acute; upper cells rhomboidal ; alar cells rectan- gular anl oblique, only reaching the vein and more numerous on one side of the base; basal radiating and longer, all minutely and distinctly papillose on the back; perichaetial leaves smaller, erect, clasping, more suddenly acuminate. Autoieous; pedicel up to 1 cm. long; calyptra small, entire; capsule horizontal, slightly unequal, 1.5-2 mm. long, its walls with swollen cells; lid large and pale, conic, short-beaked; annulus none, mouth with a dark rim; peristome double, the teeth yellow, paler and papillose at apex, inner with white, perforate keeled segments and shorter slender cilia; spores small and smooth, ripe in winter. On logs and rotten wood, in coppices, New Providence, Abaco, Great Bahama and Lignum Vitae Cay : — Florida ; New Mexico ; Texas ; Cuba ; South America. Family 12. LESKEACEAE Reichb. Leskea Family. Plants small or large. Stems creeping and branching, either irregularly or pinnately; branches short, usually slender and crowded with small leaves; vein single; cells papillose on one or both surfaces; branch-leaves smaller than the stem-leaves; rudimentary leaves present. Pedicel erect or inclined; calyptra cucullate; annulus often present; capsule erect or horizontal, usually symmetric, its lid conic or beaked ; peristome double, the inner sometimes shorter and imperfect. About 23 genera, containing some 333 species, widely distributed. 1. HAPLOCLADIUM C. Muell. Xuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 3: 11. 1896. Branches slender, simple, not pinnately divided; leaves papillose only on the back, those at base of pedicel erect, longer and paler. [Greek, referring to the simple branches.] A genus of 43 species, natives of America and eastern Asia. Type species: Haplocladium macropilum C. Muell. 1. Haplocladium microphyllum (Sw.) Broth, in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. 229: 1007. 1907. Ilypnum microphyllum Sw. Prodr. 1-42. 1788. Plants dark green or yellow. Stems creeping and rooting, sometimes quite slender and branching irregularly; branches short and simple, erect; leaves crowded, spreading or secund, ovate, acuminate, small, up to 0.5 mm. long, those of the branches smaller and less acuminate than those of the stem; vein excurrent into a long tip; margins minutely toothed; cells small, square or oblong, papillose only on the back ; leaves at base of pedicel longer and paler, erect. Pedicel 2-2.5 cm. long, slender, erect; capsule 1 mm. long, horizontal and curved; annulus falling with the conic lid; peristome double, the inner with keeled segments and 3 cilia; spores smooth, maturing in summer. On rocks in coppices. New Providence and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Bermuda; Cuba: Jamaica; Porto Rico; Mexico and South America. S.m m.i. I i: LVBD Haplo- cladium. 496 HYPNACEAE. Family 13. HYPNACEAE Hampe. Hypnum Family. Plants growing in loose or dense tufts, seldom floating. Stems usually decumbent and rooting, sometimes erect ; branches regularly pinnate or irregular. Leaves straight or curved, erect, spreading or secund, usually symmetric ; vein either lacking, single or double ; cells mostly much longer than wide, smooth or papillose, those of the basal angles often different in shape and size. Pedicel more or less elongated and exserted; capsule mostly horizontal, often curved and unsymmetric; peristome double; its segments keeled ; cilia usually present ; spores small. A large family, widely distributed in all parts of the globe, composed of about 37 genera with over 960 species. Cells of leaves smooth. Vein single, ending in the middle of the leaf. 1. Amblystegium. Veins lacking or short and double. Leaves uniform and regular; alar cells enlarged. 2. Isopteryr/ium. Leaves of two kinds, the lateral ones broader and shorter : alar cells not enlarged. 3. Yesicularia. Cells of leaves papillose. Papillae single at the ends of the cells. 4. Mittrnothamnium. Papillae several along the middle of the cells. 5. Taxithclium. 1. AMBLYSTEGIUM Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eu. 55-56: 1. 1853. Plants usually growing in moist situations. Stems irregularly branched; branches slender; leaves symmetric,, spreading; vein single; cells smooth, not much longer than wide. Pedicel erect, smooth ; capsule usually curved ; calyptra cueullate; lid conic; annulus present; peristome double. [Greek, referring to the blunt lid.] A genus of 47 species, widely distributed in America and Europe. Type species: Hypnum riparium L. 1. Amblystegium Sipho (Beauv.) E. G. Britton. Hypnum Sipho Beauv., Prodr. Aetheog. 70. 1805. Amblystegium riparium floridanum Een. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 14: 98. 1889. Plants in thin mats on damp ground in shade. Stems creeping, very slen- der, more or less branched; leaves distant, shrivelled and twisted when dry, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, up to 1 mm. long by 0.4 mm. broad, the mar- gins entire, the vein ending in the middle of the leaf; base narrow; alar cells oblong or square; upper cells 4 times longer than wide; perichaetlal leaves erect, pale and faintly veined, with more slender points. Autoieous; pedicel about 1 em. high, red at base, paler above; capsule short, only about 1 mm. long, horizontal and curved ; lid conic ; peristome double, yellow ; teeth paler at apex, inner segments split along the keel; spores small, smooth, ripe in spring. In sink-hole, Eleuthera : — southern' United States. Amblystegium. 2. ISOPTERYGIUM Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 21. 1869. Plants usually rather small. Stems decumbent and irregularly branched; leaves somewhat flattened, small and crowded, usually symmetric; vein short and double or none; pedicel erect; capsule erect or horizontal; lid conic or HYPNACEAE. 497 apiculate; calyptra cueullate; peristome double. [Greek, referring to the sym- metric leaves.] A genus of 168 species, mostly American, in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Isopterygium planissimum Mitt. 1. Isopterygium micans (Sw.) Cardot, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4: 10. 1896. Hypnum micans Sw. Adnot. Bot. 175. 1829. Plants growing in dense, glossy, yellowish-green mats. Stems slender, decumbent; branches simple or divided; leaves crowded, spreading, small, 0.85 mm. long by 0.25 mm. wide, ovate, acuminate, faintly serrate; veins short, double, obscure; cells 10 to 15 times longer than wide, a few at basal angles distinctly shorter and broader. Pedicel erect, slender, up to 1 cm. long; cap- sule horizontal, curved, contracted below the mouth when dry, about 1 mm. long; lid conic, slightly apiculate; cilia more or less developed; spores small. On roots of palms and rotten wood in coppices, New Providence, Great Bahama and Abaco : — United States; Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica. Glossy Isopterygium. 3. VESICULARIA C. Muell. Flora 82: 467. 1896. [Homalia Section Vesicularia C. Muell. Syn. 2: 233. 1851.] Plants growing in moist shady places, forming thin mats on the ground. Stems creeping; branches irregularly pinnate, usually short; leaves not crowded, shrunken and twisted when dry, usually flattened and of two kinds, the lateral ones larger and unequal, or falcate, the upper and lower ones more regular and much narrower, often longer and more acuminate; veins two, short or none; margins often bordered, entire or serrate; cells large and hexagonal, smooth, the alar not enlarged. Autoicous. Pedicels exserted and slender; cap- sules horizontal or nodding, ovoid and contracted below the mouth when dry; annulus present; peristome double; lid flat and beaked; calyptra cueullate; spores small. About ninety species have been described, many with very ob- scure and minute differences. [Named in reference to the large leaf -cells.] Type species: Hooleria Meyeniana Hampe. 1. Vesicularia vesicularis (Sehwaegr.) Broth. Pflf. 232-233: 1094. 1908. Hypnum vesiculare Sehwaegr. Supp. 2=: 167, pi. 199. 1827. Plants pale or yellowish green. Stems slender and rooting with short ir- regular branches ; stem-leaves with long recurved tips up to 1 mm. long, about three times longer than broad; branch-leaves of two kinds, the lateral unsym- metrie, shorter and less acuminate, up to 0.85 mm. and only about twice longer than broad with the cells about twice as long as wide; the upper and lower ones longer and narrower, with cells about five times longer than broad; leaves all ecostate or faintly bicostate, the margins bordered by one row of narrow cells, either entire or minutely toothed at apex; perichaetial leaves suddenly con- tracted to a slender recurved, entire or serrulate tip. Autoicous. Pedicel slender, 1.5-2 cm. long; capsule nodding, 1-1.5 mm., ovoid, with a distinct neck; walls of swollen inflated cells; lid conic-beaked; annulus large; peristome with a red base, teeth yellow, pale and papillose at apex, lamellate on the in- side; endostome brown, the keeled segments split and papillose; spores small, ripe in winter. On branches and roots of trees In coppices and in sink-holes, New Providence, Eleuthera and Andros : — Florida ; West Indies and South America. Vesicularia. 498 HYPNACEAE. 4. MITTENOTHAMNIUM Hennings, Hedwigia 41: 225. 1902. [MlCROTHAMNIUM Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 21. 1869. Not Naegeli, 1849.] Stems slender, creeping and rooting, usually branched more or less regu- larly, the branches erect often regularly pinnate; leaves of two kinds, the stem- leaves differing from the branch-leaves in being smaller, more broadly lanceo- late and sharply pointed; vein single or double; margins flat, serrate or serru- late; cells rhombic or linear, smooth or papillose at the ends; alar cells not enlarged. Monoicous, seldom dioicous. Pedicel erect, exserted; capsule erect or inclined, ovoid or cylindric; mouth wide, annulus usually present; lid beaked; calyptra cucullate, smooth or hairy; peristome double, its segments split along the keel, with 1-3 cilia; spores small. A genus of about 106 species, growing on rocks and trees, mostly in tropical regions. [Named in honor of William Mitten, 1819-1906, eminent British bryologist.] Type species: Hypmim thelistegum C. Muell. 1. Mittenothamnium diminutivum (Hpe.) E. G. Britton, Bryol. 17: 9. 1914. Kypnum diminutivum Hampe, Linnaea 20': 86. 1847. Plants growing in flat mats. Stems slender, branching irregularly, the branches short, seldom more than 5 mm. long; leaves spreading when dry, minute, up to 0.75 mm. long by 0.33 mm. broad, ovate, acuminate, minutely serrulate; veins 2, short; alar cells not enlarged; upper cells linear, 8 times longer than wide, sharply papillose on the back ; perichaetial leaves pale, long- pointed with lax smooth cells. Autoicous. Pedicel up to 15 mm. long, slender and red; capsule nodding, usually 1 mm. long; lid blunt; annulus narrow; peristome double; teeth red at base, finely striate; keeled segments perforate and papillose, paler at apex ; cilia 2 ; spores minute, ripe in summer. On stems and rotten or charred wood in coppices, New Providence, Great Ba- hama and Abaco : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to South America. Diminutive MlTTEN'S-MOSS. 5. TAXITHELIUM Spruce, Cat. 14. 1867. Plants in thin pale mats. Stems flattened, with appressed leaves; simple or branching, more or less regularly and distantly pinnate, with short branches; leaves crowded, concave, with a narrow, somewhat auriculate base; veins short and double or absent; margins entire or serrulate; cells long and narrow, either with several small papillae or with conspicuous branching projecting ones; alar cells smooth, shorter and broader, the basal often elliptic. Autoicous or dioicous. Pedicel smooth, elongate; capsule horizontal, or nodding, slightly curved; lid blunt; calyptra cucullate; peristome double, the teeth paler at apex and lamellate on the inner surface; endostome narrow; cilia single. [Named in reference to the numerous papillae on the leaves.] A genus of 99 species, widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. Type species: Kypnum planum, Brid. 1. Taxithelium planum (Brid.) Spruce, Cat. 14. 1867. Eypnum planum Brid. Spec. Muse. 2: 97. 1812. Plants in yellowish-green thin mats in shade. Stems creeping and rooting, with short branches, seldom more than 1 cm. long; leaves glossy and flattened, concave and acuminate, about 0.6 mm. long by 0.4 mm. wide; base narrower SEMATOPHYLLAOEAE. 499 and clasping with smooth enlarged, yellow cells at angles; cells long and nar- row with numerous small papillae ; margins minutely and sharply toothed nearly to the base; veins short or none. Autoicous; periehaetial leaves 'nar- rower and more acuminate, with smooth lax cells; pedicel up to 15 mm. long, slender; capsule about 1.5 mm. long, horizontal, strongly contracted below the mouth when dry; lid blunt; neck distinct; peristome pale yellow, its teeth stri- ate at base, pale and papillose at apex, deeply lamellate at base within; keeled segments slender, pointed; cilia 1 or 2, seldom perfect; spores small, smooth, yellow, ripe in winter. On the ground in coppice, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to South America. Flat Taxitheliuh. Family 14. SEMATOPHYLLAOEAE Brotherus. Sematophyllum Family. Plants usually forming dense tufts. Stems creeping; branches erect, irregular and unequal, sometimes pinnate; leaves small, crowded, often secund; veins short, double or lacking; cells usually much longer than wide, smooth or papillose, those of the basal angles often larger, inflated or square. Pedicel erect; capsule usually horizontal, without an annulus; calyptra cucullate; lid usually with a long slender beak; peristome double. Twelve genera and 448 species widely distributed in tropical regions. 1. SEJVIATOPHYLLUM Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 8: 5. 186-4. Stems rarely pinnate with the branches usually short and crowded. Leaves secund or spreading, faintly bicostate or ecostate, with the cells all smooth, the alar cells enlarged, often vesicular; margins entire or minutely serrulate; pedicels long or short; capsule with the lid long-beaked, often equaling the urn; teeth deeply lamellate inside, sometimes with minute projections on the outside, either with a zigzag median line or a deep central groove; endostome with the keeled segments more or less perforate and the cilia one or two, usu- ally shorter, often papillose. A large genus of 314 species, mostly from trop- ical America. [Greek, in reference to the pointed leaves.] Type species: Hypnum siibslrumulosum Hampe. Leaves recurved when dry : periehaetial leaves longer, entire or subserrulate ; peri- stome-teeth not deeply grooved, with a zigzag median line. Leaf-cells rhomboid, 3-5 times longer than wide. 1. 8. subpinnatum. Leaf-cells linear, 8-10 times longer than wide. 2. 8. ad mist um. Leaves spreading when dry : periehaetial leaves shorter and serrate; peristome-teeth deeply grooved on the median line. 3. 8. seridfolium. 1. Sematophyllum subpinnatum (Brid.) E. G. Britton, Bryol. 21: 28. 1918. Leslcea subpinnata Brid. Sp. Muse. 2: 54. 1812. Plants growing in bright or yellowish green cushions, usually on wood. Stems creeping and rooting, irregularly pinnate, with ascending, more or less circinate, simple branches; leaves crowded, recurved or secund when dry, spreading when moist, with recurved tips and revolute margins, seldom reach- ing 1 mm. in length by 0.4 mm. wide, concave, with flat or revolute, entire mar- gins; apex acute or short-acuminate; veins* short and double, obscure or none; basal angles with 3-4 rows of square cells and a few larger inflated alar cells; upper cells rhomboid, about 3—5 times longer than wide; periehaetial leaves 500 SEMATOPHYLLACEAE. longer, up to 1.^2 mm., erect and clasping, more acuminate, entire or finely subserrulate, ecostate with larger basal cells. Autoieous. Pedicel short, only 5 mm.; capsule 1-1.5 mm., erect or slightly inclined; neck distinct; lid with a long beak equalling the urn; peristome short and teeth yellow, with deep basal lamellae on the inside, dark basal segments, paler and papillose points; median line not deeply grooved; endostome with narrow pale papillose keeled segments, which are not perforate, and the cilia often absent ; spores smooth, ripe in winter. | \i On rotten wood and twigs in coppice, New Providence: — Florida; Mississippi; Cuba; Jamaica; Ilispaniola : Porto Rico to Trinidad; Mexico to Brazil. Subpinnate Sematophyllum. 2. Sematcphyllum admistum (Sull.) Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 485. 1869. Hypnum admistum Sull. Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 289. 1861. Plants small, yellowish-green, glossy. Stems short, creeping; branches erect; leaves crowded, recurved at apex of stems and all more or less secund when dry, spreading when moist, up to 1 mm. long by 0.3 mm. wide, concave and acuminate with flat or slightly revolute, entire or sub-serrulate margins; veins 2, short or none; cells eight times longer than wide, those of the basal angles , square with 2-3 alar cells enlarged and hyaline ; perichaetial leaves longer, up to 1.33 mm., more acuminate, entire, or subserrulate at apex. Autoi- eous; pedicel bent at base, up to 7 mm. long; capsule 1-1.5 mm. long, hori- zontal or curved, ovoid and contracted below the mouth when dry; calyptra cueullate; lid pale, long-beaked; peristome double, its teeth with short projec- tions on the outer surface and deep ones on the inner, paler and papillose at apex; median line zigzag, not deeply grooved; endostome pale, with 1-2 cilia; spores smooth, ripe in summer. Common, in dense cushions on rotten wood in coppices, also on palmetto, New Providence, Abaco, Andros, Great Bahama and Watling's Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica; Porto Rico; Virgin Islands to Brazil. Shining Sematophyllum. 3. Sematophyllum sericifolium Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 483. 1869. Plants in thin glossy patches on rotten wood. Stems short and slender; branches erect; leaves crowded, not secund, spreading when moist, up to 1 mm. long and only 0.2 mm. wide at base, sharply pointed and mucronate, with in- rolled entire margins, and large curved inflated alar cells; ecostate; the cells linear, about 10 times longer than wide; perichaetial leaves shorter, up to 0.85 mm. long, clearly serrate and sometimes suddenly subulate and coarsely toothed at the shoulder. Autoieous; pedicel short, only 5-8 mm. long, slender, curved; capsule erect or slightly inclined, ovoid; lid with a long slender beak; calyptra covering only the beak; walls of collenchyma cells; mouth bordered by red cells; peristome double, the teeth with a deep outer median groove, yellow and striate, paler and papillose at apex, within with deep lamellae extending almost to the apex; endostome papillose with 2 slender cilia; spores rough, small, ripe in spring. A few plants were collected at Nicholl's Town, Andros, by J. I. and A. R. Nor- throp in 1890 : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Virgin Islands to Grenada. Glossy Sematophyllum. Class 2. HEPATICAE. Liverworts. Contributed by Professor Alexander W. Evans. Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, showing a dis- tinct alternation of generations, the gametophyte existing as an in- HEPATICAE. 501 dependent individual, the very different sporophyte partially or wholly parasitic on the gametophyte. Gametophyte dorsiventral, consisting of a thallus or more or less differentiated into stem and leaves, attached to the substratum by means of rhizoids (true roots none), growing by means of an apical cell. Sexual organs borne on the upper surface of the gametophyte or terminal on more or less differentiated branches. Fertilized egg developing directly into the sporophyte, the wall of the venter of the archegonium usually de- veloping into a protective cover, or calyptra, which is not ruptured until the sporophyte is nearly mature. Sporophyte consisting of a capsule only or differentiated into a capsule (spore-bearing organ), a stalk or a growing region, and a foot (absorbing organ). Capsule consisting of a wall of sterile cells and a spore-sac, the latter some- times with a median sterile portion (columella), dehiscing irregu- larly or by means of a lid or of longitudinal splits ; spore-sac con- taining spores only or spores and elaters, the latter consisting of sterile cells, often elongated and usually developing spiral bands of thickening on their walls. Gametophyte a thallus or leafy shoot. Chloroplasts minute, many in each cell. Capsule short, spherical to oval, without a columella, borne on a translucent stalk. Gametophyte a thick and fleshy thallus, usually pale and differentiated into dis- tinct tissues, rarely deep green and succulent : green tissue usually with air- spaces. Capsule splitting irregularly or by means of a lid. Order 1. Marchantiales. Gametophyte a delicate thallus or a leafy shoot ; tissue differentiation slight ; air-spaces not pres- ent. Capsule splitting into four longitudinal valves. Order 2. .Tcxgermaxxiales. Gametophyte a thick and fleshy thallus. dark green and succulent, tissue differentiation slight. Chloro- plasts large, usually borne singly. Capsule long, cylindrical, with a basal growing region, splitting into two longitudinal valves. Order 3. Anthocerotales. Order 1. MARCHANTIALES. Gametophyte a prostrate, strap-shaped, dorsiventral thallus, growing apically, branching dichotomously or from the ventral surface of the median portion, and showing' a distinct differentiation into tissues, the green tissue usually with air-spaces. Ventral scales more or less distinct. Rhi- zoids of two kinds, the one with smooth walls, the other with interior peg- like papillae. Antheridia in deep depressions on the upper surface of the thallus, sometimes scattered, sometimes grouped together in more or less definite, sessile or stalked receptacles. Arehegonia similar in position but, when borne on stalked receptacles (carpocephala), becoming displaced to the lower surface through intercalary growth. Sporophyte a capsule only or differentiated into capsule, stalk, and foot; elaters (or other sterile cells) usually present in the capsule. Sporophyte consisting of a capsule only. Kmiu. 1. RlCCIACEAB, Sporophyte differentiated into capsule, stalk and foot. Fam. 2. Maischantiaceae. 502 E1CCIACEAE. Family 1. RICCIACEAE Duinort.* Riccia Family. Gametophyte terricolous or aquatic, annual or perennial, once to sev- eral times diehotomous, often forming rosettes, half -rosettes, or flabelliform expansions. Stomata wanting or rudimentary in Riccia, well developed in Oxymitra, moderately well developed in Ricciocarpus. Ventral scales usually obvious. Antheridia and archegonia arising singly from the dorsal surface just back of the growing apex, soon becoming deeply immersed in the thallus. Sporophyte a capsule, without foot or seta, enclosed by the calyptra, in which the spores come to lie at maturity through the disappearance of the capsule wall. Inner cells all producing spores or (Oxymitra) an incon- spicuous few of them remaining sterile; spores separating at or before ma- turity, the separate spores large, subspheric or more commonly more or less tetraheclral, with a rounded outer face and plane inner faces, the sur- faces marked with free or most frequently mesh-forming ridges, or simply with spines, the angles of the areolae often with papilliform elevations, the inner (plane) faces usually less strongly marked than the outer. 1. RICCIA [Micheli] L. Sp. PL 1138. 1753. [Eicciella A. Br. Flora 4: 756. 1821.] Gametophyte terricolous or rarely aquatic, usually several times dicho- tomously branched. Assimilatory layer consisting of vertical or subvertical columns of cells bounding very narrow air-canals, or consisting of larger poly- hedral or subclavate chambers bounded by unistratose lamellae. Stomata represented by very inconspicuous pores bounded by unmodified or only very slightly modified epidermal cells. Latero-ventral scales hyaline-albescent, brownish, violet, or dark purple, rarely surpassing the margins of the thallus, sometimes apparently wanting. Antheridia and archegonia scattered, the an- theridia irregularly intermingled with the archegonia in the monoecious species, with occasional tendencies to segregation, both destitute of a special involucre. Sporophyte-wall unistratose throughout, soon disintegrated. Spores separating at or before maturity. Accessory sterile cells wanting. [Commemorates P. F. Eicci, a Florentine senator and patron of science.] A genus of 130 or more species, of temperate and tropical distribution. Type species: Riccia crystal- Una L. Thallus margins and sides green or occasionally tinged with red-purple ; dorsal sur- face vesicular-areolate, becoming spongiose or lacunose-alveolate ; spores distinctly angled and wing-margined. 1. R. crystallina. Thallus margins and sides dark violet or blackish : dorsal sur- face rather obscurely and finely reticulate, remaining firm and intact ; spores obscurely angled, destitute of wing margins. 2. R. violacea. 1. Riccia crystallina L. Sp. PI. 1138. 1753. Thalli small to moderately large, 2-6 times diehotomous, forming rosettes 5-20 mm. (rarely 30 mm.) in diameter, or soon irregularly gregarious, usually a light crystalline green, occasionally dark green or now and then tinged with * Contributed by Dr. Marshall A. Howe. MABCHANTIACEAE. 503 red-purple or brownish red, concolorous below, the dorsal surface vesicular- areolate, soon becoming spongiose or laeunose-alveolate; main segments 1-2.5 mm. wide; margins obtuse or subacute, naked; scales wanting or rudimentary; transverse sections mostly 2-4 times as broad as high ; dorsal epidermis soon indeterminate, the cells of the primary stratum subspheric, ellipsoidal or papilli- form, irregularly collapsing or subpersistent, they or their successors finally 40-110 fj. in maximum diameter; air-chambers elongate-polyhedral, separated by unistratose lamellae; monoecious (rarely dioecious?); antheridial ostioles elevated 75-250/*; spores at first yellowish brown, soon darkening and often nearly opaque, 60-110/t in maximum diameter, distinctly angular, with a mar- gin mostly 3-10^, wide, the outer face marked with somewhat imperfectly formed areolae usually 10-30/a wide or those in the middle sometimes larger (30-45m) and enclosing a free-ending spur or an isolated tubercle, the inner faces with tubercles, short, free irregular ridges, or sometimes with imperfect areolae, the older spores commonly tuberculate-papillate in profile. On wet grounds and in sink-holes, Great Bahama and Exuma Chain : — Vermont to Alberta, Lower California and Trinidad ; Europe. Crystalline Riccia. 2. Riccia violacea M. A. Howe, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 51. 1915. Thallus small, 1.5-4 mm. long, simple or 1-3 times dichotomous, irregularly gregarious, rather obscurely and finely reticulate and dark green above, dark violet or blackish at margins and on sides; main segments 0.6-1.15 mm. wide; margins obtuse or rounded, commonly erect-connivent or inflexed on drying, bearing especially toward the apex and often low on the sides numerous or occasional violet or sometimes hyaline conic or subcylindric acute or obtuse papillae 20-110/* long and 25-45 /j. broad at base; scales very short or rudi- mentary, dark violet, rarely overlapping, commonly divided into a series of small irregular often tooth-like laciniae, each consisting of only a few cells; transverse sections 1.5—2 times as broad as high; dioecious ('?); antheridial ostioles elevated 20-150 /x, often violet; spores soon fuscous and very opaque, 80-105 /j. in maximum diameter, obscurely angled or flattened-sphaeroid, desti- tute of wing margins, finely, irregularly, indistinctly, and almost uniformly areolate over whole surface, the areolae 7-11 /j. wide, soon very obscure and the spores appearing minutely and densely verruculose. On moist ground, Eleuthera : — Mona Island ; Porto Rico ; Cuba ; and northern Mexico. Violet Riccia. Family 2. MARCHANTIACEAE Corda. ^IaRCHANTIA FAMILY. Thallus (except in Dumortiera) with a distinct dorsal layer of air- chambers, communicating with the outside air by means of epidermal pores. Ventral scales in two (or more) longitudinal rows. Antheridia and arche- gonia borne on more or less definite receptacles; antheridial receptacles discoid, sessile or stalked; carpocephala discoid, invariably stalked, the stalk sometimes with one or two rhizoid-furrows. Sporophyte differen- tiated into a capsule, stalk and foot, the capsule forced through the calyptra at maturity by the elongating stalk and dehiscing irregularly or by means of a more or less distinct lid; elaters present in the capsule. Gemmae discoid, present in two genera. About 25 genera and 200 species, widely distributed, especially in warm regions. 1. MARCHANTIA [Marchant f.] L. Sp. PL 1137. 1753. Thallus branching dichotomously. Air-chambers with distinct boundaries, forming a single layer; green cells in short, simple or branched filaments rising 504 JUNGEKMANNIACEAE. from the floors of the chambers., the filaments mostly three or four cells long; epidermal pores bounded by several superimposed layers, each usually composed of four cells. Ventral scales variable, some divided into a basal portion and an appendage. Inflorescence dioecious. Antheridial receptacle terminal on a thallus-braneh, flat or slightly convex, more or less lobed, borne on a somewhat elongated stalk with two rhizoid-furrows. Carpocephalum arising from the ex- tremity of a thallus-braneh, composed of a flat or convex central portion from which four to ten rays spread out, often unsymmetrically, the rays terete or flat; stalk with two or four rhizoid-furrows; archegonia (and sporophytes) in radiating groups between the lobes, each group enclosed by a membranous involucre consisting of two folds with fringed margins; pseudoperianth (around each sporophyte) tubular, membranous, with an open, irregularly cleft mouth. Capsule without a lid, splitting into from four to eight irregular teeth; cells of wall with ring-like thickenings. Gemmae discoid, several cells thick in the middle and with the growing points, borne in circular, cup-like conceptacles. [In honor of Nicholas Marchant, director of the ducal garden at Blois, died 1678.] About fifty species, mostly tropical. Type species: Marchantia polymorpha L. 1. Marchantia domiiigensis Lehm. & Lindenb. Pug. 6: 22. 1834. Thallus pale to dark green, mostly 2-3 cm. long and 4-6 mm. wide, flat or slightly furrowed, sinuate along the margin. Ventral scales more or less pig- mented, in two longitudinal rows on each side of the middle, those of the inner row with broadly lanceolate to ovate, toothed appendages; antheridial recep- tacle deeply lobed, the lobes mostly four to six, palmately spreading; carpo- cephalum deeply rayed, the rays mostly seven, not cylindrical ; spores spherical about 28m in diameter, with 1owt irregular ridges; elaters bispiral; gemmae- coneeptaeles closely short-eiliate. Along a drain, Fort Charlotte, New Providence : — southern United States ; West Indies : Mexico ; Central America and Venezuela. Previously listed from the Ba- hamas as M. chenopocla L. Santo Domingo Marchantia. Order 2. JUNGERMANNIALES. Gametophyte a prostrate, strap-shaped, dorsiventral thallus or more or less clearly differentiated into stem and leaves, showing slight tissue differ- entiation, destitute of air-spaces. Rhizoids all with smooth walls. An- theridia in deep depressions or superficial and usually protected by scales or leaves, sometimes scattered, sometimes grouped together in more or less definite receptacles or androecia. Archegonia superficial but usually more or less protected by scales or leaves. Sporophyte differentiated into cap- sule, stalk, and foot, the capsule splitting irregularly at maturity or more commonly into four equal valves; elaters always present. Family 1. JUNGEKMANNIACEAE Dumort. Jtjngermannia Family. Plant body usually prostrate or ascending, dorsiventral, differentiated into stem and leaves; branches lateral or ventral; leaves normally in three JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 505 longitudinal ranks, two dorsal or lateral and one ventral, those of the ventral rank (the underleaves) smaller than t lie others and sometimes absent altogether. Antheridia borne singly or in some groups in the axils of more or less specialized leaves, the perigonial bracts. Archegonia borne singly or in groups at the tips of branches, surrounded by specialized leaves, the perichaetial bracts and bracteoles. Perianth present in many genera, consisting of a cylindrical or prismatic tube open at the apex. Cap- sule spherical to cylindrical. About 150 genera and some 4,000 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions. A. Leaves undivided but often toothed. B. Leaves bilobed and complicate, the ventral lobe, or lobule, smaller than the dorsal and usually specialized as an inflated water-sac. 1. Underleaves none. Plants large, perianth with a broad truncate mouth. Plants minute, perianth abruptly contracted to a small tubular mouth. 2. Underleaves present, one for every lateral leaf. 3. Underleaves present, one for every two lateral leaves. a. Lobule inflated but not helmet-shaped, attached to the dorsal lobe by a long keel. * Underleaves bifid. t Plants pale green to yellowish green. Divisions of underleaves not subulate. Perianth inflated, more or less distinctly five-keeled. Lobule with a hyaline papilla at the proximal base of the apical tooth. Plants large ; well-developed leaves 0.6 mm. or more in length. Plants medium-sized ; well-dfevel- oped leaves mostly 0.3-0.5 mm. In length. Plants small ; well-developed leaves 0.3 or less in length. Lobule with a hyaline papilla at the distal base of the apical tooth. Perianth compressed, at least when young- Lobule with a hyaline papilla at the proximal base of the apical tooth. Lobule with a hyaline papilla at the distal base of the apical tooth. Divisions of underleaves subulate and spread- ing, tf Plants more or less pigmented with brown. ** Underleaves undivided. Plants pale green to yellowish green. Sublioral innovations none. Subfloral innovations present. Plants more or less pigmented with brown. Subfloral innovations none. Subfloral innovations present. Leaves densely squarrose. Perianth with five to ten keels. Perianth with three keels. Leaves not squarrose ; perianth with five keels. b. Lobule usually inflated and helmet-shaped, usually attached to the lobe by a very short keel. 1. Plagiochila. 2. Radula. 4. Leptocolea. 3. Diplasiolejeunea. 10. Taxilejcum u. 5. Lejeunea. 6. Microlcjeunca. 9. Euosmolejeunea. 7. Reetolejcunca. 8. Cheilolcjcunea. 12. Leptolejeunea. 11. CcratoUjcunea. 1.'. Cuiiiliih jcunfu. 18. Leucolejeunea. 14. Lopholejeunea. 1.'!. lirachiolcjcunea. 16. Musiii/iih ji ion a. 17. .1 rchilejeunea. 10. Frullania. 1. PLAGIOCHILA Dumort. Recueil d 'Obs. 14. 1835. Stems ascending from a prostrate rhizome, simple or with lateral branches. Leaves succnbous, undivided, decurrent dorsally and ventrally, the margin varying from entire to ciliate or spinose. Under-lraves usually minute and short- lived. Inflorescence dioecious. Antheridia from one to ten in the axils of 33 506 JUNGEEMANK1ACEAE. bracts saccate at the base, the bracts imbricated and usually arranged in elon- gated androecia, often proliferating at the apex. Perichaetial bracts similar to the leaves but often broader and more toothed. Perianth laterally com- pressed, the mouth broad, truncate, and variously dentate to ciliate. [Greek, oblique lip.] Some 800 species or more, mostly tropical. Type species: P. asplenioides (L.) Dumort. 1. Plagicchila ludoviciana Sulliv. Muse. Alleg. 223. 1845. Loosely tufted, yellowish to brownish green. Stems sparingly and irregu- larly branched. Leaves obliquely spreading, imbricated, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.2 mm. wide, ovate, long-deeurrent dorsally and reflexed at the ventral base, irregularly toothed in the apical region and along the ventral margin; underleaves minute or larger and narrowly lanceolate. On bark. Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence : — Louisiana to Florida ; Cuba ; Virgin Islands. Louisiana Plagiochila. 2. RADULA Dumort. Comm. Bot. 112. 1822, Stems prostrate or growing from a prostrate rhizome, with numerous lat- eral branches arising just behind normal leaves; rhizoids always borne on the ventral lobes of the leaves. Leaves complieate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger than the ventral, incubous, usually entire and often rounded at the apex; ven- tral lobes attached to the dorsal by a more or less elongated keel, the free margin usually appressed to the dorsal lobe. Underleaves none. Antheridia borne singly or in groups of two or three in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter forming more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne on more or less elongated branches, sometimes with subfloral innovations; bracts similar to the leaves. Perianth usually dorsiventrally compressed, rarely subterete or plicate, truncate and bilabiate but otherwise entire at the broad mouth. Gem- mae, when present, discoid, multicellular. [Latin, a scraper or spatula.] About 400 species, largely tropical. Type species: B. complanata (L.) Dumort. 1. Radula australis Aust. Bot. Bull. (Bot. Gaz.) 1: 32. 1875. Plants dark green, loosely tufted to scattered. Stems irregularly pinnate. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe spreading at about a right angle, obovate- oblong. about 1 mm. long and 0.6 mm. wide ; lobule rhomboid, rounded at the apex, the upper margin parallel with the keel; inflorescence dioecious; androe- cium mostly median, the bracts in about six pairs; perianth elongated. On bark, Andros and New Providence : — Georgia and Florida. Southern Radula. 3. DIPLASIOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Sehiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. I3: 121. 1894. Stems prostrate, copiously branched, the branching as in Radula. Leaves loosely imbricated, complieate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe ovate to orbicular, at- tached by a very short base, convex and widely spreading, entire; lobule in- flated, attached to the dorsal lobe by a long arched keel, usually with two dis- tinct teeth in the apical region ; leaf-cells with more or less thickened walls, scattered ocelli usually present. Underleaves doubled, one for every lateral leaf, deeply bifid with divaricate lobes. Antheridia borne in pairs in the axils JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 507 of saccate bracts, the latter usually in short androecia. Female inflorescence borne on a branch variable in length, with a single subfloral innovation. Peri- anth sharply five-keeled, abruptly narrowed into a short beak. Gemmae dis- coid, borne on the surface of the leaves. [Greek, doubled Lejeunea.] About 20 species, tropical. Type species: D. pellucida (Meissn.) Schiffn. 1. Diplasiolejeunea Rudolphiana Steph. Hedwigia 35: 79. 1S96. Plants yellowish green, in compact depressed tufts. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, somewhat convex, broadly ovate, about 1.3 nun. long, entire or nearly so; lobule about 0.7 mm. long, more or less inflated, the apical tooth long and slender, usually subparallel with the axis ; leaf-cells with small trigones; underleaves distant to subimbricated, broadly cuneate, bifid about one half with obliquely spreading, blunt divisions and a rounded sinus; inflorescence autoeeious; female inflorescence borne on a branch variable in length, the innovation usually simple and sterile; bracts bifid to the middle or beyond, the dorsal lobe rounded at the apex, the ventral obtuse to acute; bracteole ovate, shortly bifid, with acute to obtuse divisions; perianth obovate in outline, rounded at the apex ; gemmiparous leaves usually two, borne ter- minally on branches with limited growth. on bark, New Providence: — Florida; "West Indies; Dutch Guiana; Brazil. Ru- dolph's Diplasiolejeunea. 4. LEPTOCOLEA"[Spruee] Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 261. 1911. Stems prostrate, minute and delicate, irregularly branched, the branches as in Eadula. Leaves more or less imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger than the ventral, broadly to narrowly ovate, attached by a very i-hort base, widely spreading, usually rounded at the apex; lobule inflated, at- tached to the dorsal lobe by a long arched keel, usually with two teeth in the apical region ; leaf -cells often with trigones and surface-tubercles, ocelli and hyaline marginal cells sometimes present. Underleaves none. Antheridia borne singly or in pairs in the axils of the male bracts, the latter usually saccate and forming more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne singly on more or less elongated branches, with one or two subfloral innovations, the bracts usu- ally with plane lobules. Perianth compressed, with sharp lateral keels and sometimes with a more or less distinct two-angled ventral keel, beak short. Gemmae discoid, borne on the surface of the leaves. [Greek, delicate sheath.] About 30 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. micrandroecia (Spruce) Evans. 1. Leptocolea Jooriana (Aust.) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 270. 1911. Lejeunea Jooriana Aust. Bull. Torr. Club 6: 20. 1875. Cololejeunea Jooriana Evans, Mem. Torr. Club 8: 173. 1902. Yellowish green or whitish, loosely tufted or scattered. Leaves imbri- cated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, plane, ovate, about 0.5 mm. Long, grad- ually narrowed to the apex, usually from one to ten hyaline cells with free ex- tremities; lobule about half as long as the lobe, with two teeth in the apical region; leaf-cells with slightly thickened walls ami indistinct trigones; inflores- cence paroecious or syimecious; perianth ovate to obovate in outline, truncate to very slightly retuse at the apex with a very short beak. On bark. New Providence and Crooked Island: — North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana ; Porto Rico. Joor's Leptocolea. 508 JUXGEKMAXXIACEAE. 5. LEJEUNEA Libert, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. (Brux.) 6: 372. 1820. Stems prostrate, small, irregularly branched, the branches as in Eadula; rhizoids springing from the bases of the underleaves. Leaves complicate- ltilobed, the dorsal lobes larger than the ventral, incubous, attached by a long line, ovate to obovate, rounded to obtuse at the apex, entire or slightly crenulate ; lobule when well developed inflated, acute, bearing a hyaline papilla at the base of the apical tooth on the side next to the stem; leaf -cells thin-walled but sometimes with small trigones. Underleaves ovate to orbicular, bifid, the divi- sion mostly entire or crenulate. Antheridia borne or in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter in more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne singly on branches variable in length with one or two subfloral innova- tions, the bracts with plane lobules, bractole bifid. Perianth inflated, five- keeled, abruptly narrowed to a distinct tubular beak. [Commemorates A. L. S. Lejeune, Belgian botanist.] Xearly 200 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. cavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb. Lobule about 0.2 mm. long; keels of perianth srnooth or nearly so. 1. L.Hava. Lobule about 0.1 mm. long ; keels of perianth distinctly crenulate. 2. L. glaucescens. 1. Lejeunea flava (Sw.) Xees, Xaturges. Eur. Leberm. 3: 277. 1838. Jugermannia flava Sw. Prodr. 144. 1788. Plants pale to yellowish green, scattered or growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, ovate, about 0.5 mm. long, rounded to obtuse at the apex ; lobule inflated, ovate, more or less involute, apex tipped with a single blunt cell; leaf-cells thin-walled but usually with distinct trigones, averaging about 23^ in the middle of the lobe; underleaves usually subimbricated, orbicular, plane, bifid about one half with the segments usually sharp-pointed and the sinus narrow; inflorescence autoecious; female inflores- cence borne on a more or less elongated branch with one or two subfloral inno- vations; bracts a little larger than the leaves; bracteole free, Ovate; perianth obovoid, the keels rounded in the upper part, smooth. On bark, Waterloo and Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence : — North Carolina to Florida and Texas ; Ireland ; Australia ; widely distributed in tropical regions throughout the world. Yellow Lejeunea. 2. Lejeunea glaucescens Gottsche, in G. L. & X. Syn. Hep. 378. 1845. Plants pale to bright green, scattered or growing in thin, depressed mats. Leaves subimbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, ovate, about 0.7 mm. long, usually broad and rounded at the apex; lobule inflated, triangular-ovoid, involute, apex tipped with a single blunt cell; leaf-cells thin-walled and usually without trigones, averaging about 33 X 25 m in the middle of the lobe; under- leaves distant, orbicular, plane, bifid about one third with rounded or obtuse lobes and a narrow sinus; inflorescence autoecious; female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated branch with a single subfloral innovation; bracts shorter than the leaves, the lobule pointed ; bracteole slightly connate, ovate to obovate ; perianth obovoid, the keels rounded above, minutely crenulate. On bark, Great Bahama and Cat Island : — Florida : tropical America ; range not definitely known. The Bahamian specimens are not very well developed but seem to be referable to this species. Grayish Lejeunea. JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 509 6. MICROLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Jack & Steph. Bot. Centrb. 60: 107. 1894. A somewhat artificial genus differing from Lejeunea in its smaller size and relatively larger lobules, the latter often equaling the dorsal lobes in length. Structure of the lobes, lobules, underleaves and floral organs very similar in the two genera. [Greek, minute Lejeunea.] About 70 species, mostly tropical. Lobule about half as long as the dorsal lobe ; leaf-cells averag- ing about 20 #,. 1. M. laetevirens. Lobule nearly as long as the dorsal lobe ; leaf-cells averaging about 12 m. 2. If. buUata. 1. Microlejeunea laetevirens (Nees & Mont.) Evans, Bryol. 11: 68. 1908. Lejeunea laetevirens Nees & Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 9: 281. 1845. Plants pale green, scattered or growing in depressed mats. Leaves distant to subimbrieated, the dorsal lobe obliquely spreading, ovate, about 0.25 mm. long, rounded to obtuse at the apex; lobule inflated, about half as long as the lobe, ovate, involute, apex tipped with a single, almost straight, blunt cell; leaf cells averaging about 20 /j. in the middle of the lobe, thin-walled through- out or with minute trigones; underleaves distant, ovate, bifid about one half with acute or acuminate divisions and a narrow sinus, often unidentate on one or both sides; inflorescence dioecious; female inflorescence borne on a short branch, with one or two" subfloral innovations; bracts a little larger than the leaves, the lobule rounded to acuminate; braeteole free, ovate; perianth pyri- form, the keels smooth. On bark, Abaco, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence, and Cat Island : — Vir- ginia ; Florida to Louisiana ; widely distributed in tropical America. Yellowish GREEN MlCKOLEJEUNEA. 2. Microlejeunea bullata (Tayl.) Evans, Mem. Torr. Club 8: 164. 1902. Lejeunea buUata Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 5: 398. 1846. Plants pale or bright green, scattered or forming loose depressed mats. Leaves distant, the dorsal lobe erect or slightly spreading, ovate, about 0.15 long, rounded at the apex, entire or nearly so; lobule strongly inflated, almost as long as the lobe, ovate, usually involute, the apex tipped with a single, almost straight, blunt cell; leaf cells averaging about 12 n, usually thin-walled throughout; underleaves distant, ovate to orbicular, bifid more than one half with suberect, subulate lobes and a broad sinus, margin entire; inflorescence dioecious; female inflorescence borne on an elongated branch with a single sub- floral innovation; bracts about twice as long as the leaves, the lobe rounded to acute, the lobule narrower, usually acute; bractole slightly connate, oblong, bifid less than one half with sharp divisions; perianth pyriform, the keels smooth. On bark, New Providence and Crooked Island : — southern United States ; trop- ical America. Inflated Mickolejeunea. 7. RECTOLEJEUNEA Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 8. 1906. Differs primarily from Lejeunea in its flattened perianth with sharp lat- eral keels. Dorsal lobes, lobules and underleaves similar, but the lobes com- monly broader; ocelli sometimes present among the leaf -cells; vegetative repro- duction by means of specialized caducous leaves. [Greek, fragile Lejeunea.] About 40 species, largely of tropical America. Type species: 2?. flagelliformis Evans. 510 JUNGERMAXXIACEAE. I, oaves with basal ocelli; caducous leaves borne on short spread- ing branches with crowded persistent underleaves and limited growth. 1. R. Berteroana. Leaves without basal ocelli ; caducous leaves borne on ordinary branches. Dioecious : bracteoles present along the whole length of the androecia. 2. R. Brittoniae. Autoecious ; bracteoles restricted to the base of the androecia. 3. R. "phyllobola. 1. Eectolejeunea Berteroana (Gottsche) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 12. 1906. Lejeunea Berteroana Gottsche; Steph. Hedwigia 27: 282. 1888. Pale green, scattered or in depressed tufts. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, plane or nearly so, obliquely ovate, about 0.5 mm. long, rounded at the apex; lobule inflated, ovoid-cylindrical, involute, apex tipped with uniformly thickened walls, averaging about 10 m; basal ocelli much larger, usually occurring in groups of two to six; underleaves normally contiguous, orbicular, plane, bifid about half way with acute lobes and sinus; inflorescence dioecious; female inflorescence borne on a short branch with a single subfloral innovation; bracts with plane lobules, otherwise much like the leaves; perianth unknown; caducous leaves borne on short spreading branches with crowded persistent underleaves and limited growth. On bark, Soldier's Road and Grantstown, New Providence : — Florida ; West In- dies. Berteeo's Rectolejeunea. 2. Eectolejeunea Brittoniae Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 209. 1911. Yellowish green, growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, plane or nearly so, broadly ovate to orbicular, about 0.5 mm. long, rounded at the apex, margin vaguely crenulate; lobule inflated, triangular-ovoid, involute, apex tipped with a straight, slightly projecting cell; leaf cells with indistinct trigones, averaging about 25^ in the middle of the lobe ; underleaves scarcely overlapping, orbicular, bifid about one half with sharp or blunt lobes; inflorescence dioecious; male inflorescence variable in length, the bracteoles present throughout and similar to the underleaves; female inflorescence usually on an elongated branch, with one or two subfloral inno- vations; bracts and bracteoles a little larger than the leaves; perianth oblong to obovate; caducous leaves borne on prastrate branches. On bark, Great Bahama and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola. Mes. Bbitton's Eectolejeunea. 3. Eectolejeunea phyllobola (Nees & Mont.) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 15. Lejeunea phyllobola Nees & Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 9: 281. 1845. Pale green, growing in depressed mats. Leaves loosely imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, ovate-orbicular, about 0.5 mm. long, rounded at the apex, entire or nearly so ; lobule inflated, ovate, involute, apex usually tipped with a single rounded cell ; leaf cells thin-walled but with distinct tri- gones, averaging about 20/*; underleaves distant, broadly ovate to orbicular, bifid to about the middle with narrow and usually sharp divisions; inflorescence autoecious; male inflorescence with the bracteoles restricted to the basal por- tion ; female inflorescence usually borne on a short branch with a single sub- floral innovation; bracts, bracteoles and perianths much as in the preceding species; caducous leaves borne on prostrate branches. On bark, Great Bahama, New Providence, Cat and Watling's Islands : — Florida ; Bermuda ; West Indies. Leaf-sheddixg Rectolejeuxea. 8. CHEILOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. Is: 124. 1894. Stems prostrate, small or medium-sized, irregularly branched, the branches as in Badula; rhizoids springing from the bases of the underleaves. Leaves JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 511 complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes plane or slightly convex, widely spreading, ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, entire; lobule strongly inflated and more or less contracted in the outer part, with a single apical tooth bearing a hyaline papilla at its distal base; leaf-cells usually with distinct trigones. Underleaves suborbicular, bifid, the divisions mostly acute and the margins entire. Antheridia usually borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter usually in short androecia. Archegonia borne singly on branches variable in length, with or without subfloral innovations, the bracts with plane and usually acute lobules; bracteoles bifid. Perianth compressed with sharp lateral keels, often becoming two-lipped with age. Vegetative reproduction by means of caducous leaves. [Greek, lipyed-Lejeunea.] About 60 species, mostly tropical. Type species: C. aneogyna (Spruce) Evans. 1. Cheilolejeunea decidua (Spruce) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 6. 1906. Lejeunea decidua Spruce, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 15 : 257. 1884. Pale or brownish green, growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe ovate, about 0.7 mm. long; lobule triangular ovate in outline, apex tipped with a long, pointed, slightly curved cell; leaf -cells usually with trigones but sometimes thin-walled throughout, averaging about 20 m; under- leaves distant, plane, orbicular, bifid to the middle or less with triangular, erect, sharp divisions -and a broad sinus. Inflorescence dioecious. Female in- florescence borne on a short branch, with or without a subfloral innovation; perianth broadly obovate; caducous leaves borne on prostrate branches. On logs, near NicholTs Town, Andros : — Florida ; Cuba ; Forto Rico ; Brazil. De- ciduous-leaved Cheilolejeunea. 9. EUOSMOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Sehiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. Is: 124. 1894. Yellowish green and firm. Stems prostrate, often elongated, irregularly branched, the branches as in Radula; rhizoids springing from the base of the underleaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger than the ventral, incubous, attached by a long line, broadly ovate, convex, rounded at the apex, entire or nearly so; lobule strongly inflated, acute, bearing a hyaline papilla in the sinus, at the base of the apical tooth; leaf-cells with conspicuous trigones; ocelli none. Underleaves varying from medium-sized to large, some- times imbricated, orbicular and often cordate at the base, usually bifid with an acute to lunulate sinus, rarely undivided. Antheridia usually in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter in more or less elongated androecia, often proliferating. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated branch, with one or two subfloral innovations; bracts similar to the leaves but with plane lobules and sometimes with pointed lobes; bracteole bifid, free. Perianth often roughened by projecting cells, sharply 5-keeled, the keels rounded above, beak distinct. Gemmae none. [Greek, fragrant Lejeunea.] About 35 species, largely tropical. Type species: E. trifurm ( hVimv. Bl. & Xees) Sehiffn. Dioecious, perianths rarely present. Fnderleaves small and distant, narrowed inward base. 1. E. duriuacuUi. Underleaves large and usually overlapping, rounded to cor- date at base. 2. E. elttuaa. Autoeeious. perianths usually present : underleaves large ami usually overlapping, rounded to cordate at base. '■'<■ I-1, trifaria. ,12 JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 1. Euosmolejeunea duriuscula (Xees) Evans, Mem. Torr. Club 8: 135. 1902. Lejeunea duriuscula Nees, in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 364. 1S45. Yellowish green, growing in loose depressed mats. Leaves loosely imbri- cated, the dorsal lobe ovate, about 0.4 mm. long; leaf-cells with distinct tri- gones, averaging about 20//.; underleaves distinct, ovate to orbicular, narrowed toward base, bifid about one half with acute lobes and sinus; inflorescence dioecious; androecium usually intercalary on a more or less elongated branch; female inflorescence borne on a similar branch with one or two subfloral inno- vations. On bark, rarely on rocks, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — South Carolina ; Florida ; widely distributed in tropical America. Harsh Euosmolejeunea. 2. Euosmolejeunea clausa (Nees & Mont.) Evans, Bryol. 11: 69. 1908. Lejeunea clausa Nees & Mont.; Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 14: 337. 1840. In loose depressed mats. Leaves loosely imbricated, the lobe broadly ovate, about 0.5 mm. long; leaf -cells with large trigones; underleaves contiguous or imbricated, bifid about one third with obtuse or acute divisions and an obtuse or acute sinus; inflorescence dioecious; androecium borne on a short branch, sometimes proliferating; female inflorescence borne on a short branch, with one subfloral innovation. On logs, Soldier's Road, New Providence : — South Carolina ; Florida and Ala- bama ; Bermuda ; widely distributed in tropical America. Closed Euosmolejeunea, 3. Euosmolejeunea trifaria (Eeinw. Bl. & Nees) Sehiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. I3: 124. 1894. Jungermannia trifaria Eeinw. Bl. & Nees, Nova Acta 12: 226. 1824. Closely related to the preceding species but characterized by its slightly larger size, more robust trigones and autoecious inflorescence. On logs, Soldier's Road and Waterloo, New Providence. Widely distributed in tropical regions throughout the world; originally described from Javan material. Threefold Euosmolejeunea. 10. TAXILEJEUNEA [Spruce] Sehiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. I3: 125. 1894. Plants prostrate or sometimes pendulous, bright green to whitish green, medium-sized to greatly elongated, irregularly branched, the branches as in Badula. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe often involute about the axis, usually acute or apiculate, with the margin more or less crenulate ; leaf- cells large, thin-walled but with distinct and often large trigones. Underleaves medium-sized to large, often closely imbricated, bifid, usually crenulate. An- theridia usually borne in pairs in the axils of small saccate bracts, the an- droecia occupying short branches. Archegonia borne singly on branches of variable length, with subfloral innovations, the latter often repeatedly floriferous; bracts smaller than the leaves. Perianth sometimes terete but usually five-kelled in the upper part, the keels smooth or winged. [Greek, swift Lejeunea.'] About 100 species, mostly tropical. Type species: T. chintr borazensis (Spruce) Steph. 1. Taxilejeunea obtusangula (Spruce) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 215. 1911. Lejeunea obtusangula Spruce, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 15: 221. 1884. Pale green, scattered or forming loose depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe obliquely spreading, convex, orbicular-ovate to ovate, about 0.6 JUXGEEMAXXIACEAE. 513 mm. long, apex obtuse or apiculate, margin erenulate; lobule inflated, ovate, involute, the apex tipped with a single, straight, slightly projecting cell; leaf- cells with distinct trigones, averaging about 32 X 18 /i. in the middle of the lobe; underleaves not overlapping, orbicular, plane, bifid one half or less, with erect, usually sharp divisions; inflorescence autoecious; female inflorescence borne on a short or more or less elongated branch, with one or two subfloral innovations, the latter not ftoriferous; perianth obovoid, bluntly five-keeled in the apical region, beak lacking. On rocks, New Providence : — Florida ; Porto Rico ; Virgin Islands ; Brazil. Ob- tusely ANGLED TAXILEJEUNEA. 11. CERATOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Xat. Pflf. I8: 125. 1894. Plants prostrate, medium-sized, more or less pigmented with olive-brown and glossy, irregularly branched, the branches as in Eadula. Leaves compli- cate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe convex, often toothed, the apex blunt or acute; lobule normally as in Lejeunea with a hyaline papilla at the proximal base of the apical tooth, sometimes enlarged and bladder-like; leaf-cells with more or less thickened walls and often with apparent trigones; ocelli sometimes pres- ent. Underleaves medium-sized to large, orbicular to reniform, usually bifid. Antheridia borne singly or in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter in short androecia, often proliferating. Female inflorescence borne on a branch very variable in length, with one or two subfloral innovations; bracts often smaller and more dentate than the leaves; bracteole more or less connate. Perianth with a distinct beak and usually with four conspicuous horns. [Greek, horned Lejeunea.] About 100 species, mostly tropical. Type species: C. plu- vnrta (Spruce) Steph. Leaves more or less dentate ; autoecious. 1. C. cubensis. Leaves entire or nearly so ; dioecious. 2. C. integrifolia. 1. Ceratolejeunea cubensis (Mont.) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf . I3: 125. 1894. Lejeunea cubensis Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 9: 481. 1S45. Olive green or brown, growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe ovate, about 0.4 mm. long, acute and usually irregularly toothed in the apical portion; lobule always small and of the normal Lejeunea type, some- times poorly developed; leaf-cells apparently uniformly thickened, averaging about 15 ft; ocelli usually forming a basal pair; underleaves small, orbicular, plane, bifid about one half with acute divisions; inflorescence autoecious; perianth with short, spreading to suberect horns. On logs, Near NicholPs Town, Andros : — Florida ; widely distributed in tropical America. Cuban Ceratolejeunea. 2. Ceratolejeunea integrifolia Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 213. 1911. Related to the preceding species but readily distinguished by its entire leaves and dioecious inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles of the female in- florescence sometimes very sparingly toothed. On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. Entire-leaved Cera- tolejeunea. 514 JTJNGERMANN1ACEAE. 12. LEPTOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. I3: 126. 1894. Plants prostrate, small, irregularly but often copiously branched, the branches as in Badula. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe usually plane, obtuse to acute ; lobule as in Lejeunea, with a hyaline papilla at the proximal base of the apical tooth; leaf-cells thin-walled but sometimes with distinct trigones; ocelli usually present. Underleaves distant and minute, with widely spreading, subulate divisions. Antheridia usually in pairs, iu the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia variable in length. Female inflorescence borne on a very short branch, simple or with a single subfloral innovation. Perianth sharply five-keeled in the upper part, the keels projecting upward as entire horns. Vegetative reproduction by means of caducous branches with special- ized basal leaves. [Greek, delicate Lejeunea.] A genus of about 50 tropical species. Type species: L. elliptica (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Schiffn. 1. Leptolejeunea elliptica (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. I3: 126. 1894. Jungermannia elliptica Lehm. & Lindenb. Pug. 5: 13. 1832. Pale green, becoming blackish or brownish with age, growing in thin patches. Leaves distant, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, about 0.35 mm. long, rounded to subacute, entire; lobule in- flated, ovate, the apex tipped with a single, almost straight cell; leaf-cells with small but distinct trigones, averaging about 23 fi; ocelli two to five, in an inter- rupted median row; divisions of underleaves formed of two or three cells in a single row; inflorescence autoecious or dioecious; female branch without an innovation; bracts scarcely complicate, usually bilobed; braeteole connate on both sides, linear,, shortly bifid ; perianth obconical, terete below, the horns acute or truncate. On bark, Soldier's Road, New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in the tropical regions of America, Asia, and the Pacific Islands ; usually growing on living leaves. Elliptic Leptolejeunea. 13. BRACHIOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. P: 128. 1894. Plants prostrate or pendulous, medium sized to large, irregularly branched, some of the branches usually as in Frullania, the others as in Badula, color often dark brown or nearly black. Leaves imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe squarrose (at least when moist), ovate, rounded to apiculate or acute, entire; lobule inflated along the keel, appressed to the dorsal lobe along the crenulate or dentate margin, hyaline papilla at the proximal base of the apical tooth, displaced from the margin ; leaf-cells with distinct trigones. Underleaves undivided, orbicular to reniform, entire. Antheridia in paroe- cious species borne singly in the axils of scarcely modified bracts, in autoecious species borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia in the latter case long and often proliferating; bracteoles everywhere present. Female in- florescence borne on a more or less elongated branch, with one or commonly two subfloral innovations; bracts scarcely complicate but often winged along the keel, unequally bilobed; braeteole rounded to shortly bilobed. Perianth JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 515 obovoid, sometimes compressed, with from four to ten rounded keels -without wings or teeth. [Greek, armed Lejeunea.] About 65 species, mostly tropical. Type species: B. laxifolia (Tayl.) Schiffn. Autoecious : perianth ten-keeled. 1. B. buhnmmsis. Dioecious; perianth rive- to seven-keeled. 2. B. corticalis. 1. Brachiolejeunea bahamensis Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 383. 1908. Dull green, varying to brown or almost black, scattered or growing in depressed mats. Dorsal lobe of leaves convolute about the stem when dry, squarrose when moist, about 0.9 mm. long; lobule usually with five or six teeth, each usually three or four cells long; leaf-cells averaging about 25 X 18 fi; underleaves broadly orbicular, rounded at base ; inflorescence autoecious ; male bracts in from three to ten pairs, the androeeium often proliferating; female inflorescence usually with two innovations; bracts winged, the lobule obtuse, acute, or apiculate. Perianth with ten rounded keels, scarcely compressed. On bark, Abaco, New Providence, Watling's and Crooked Islands : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. Bahamian Brachiolejeunea. 2. Brachiolejeunea corticalis (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Schiffn.; Evans, Mem. Torr. Club 8: 131. 1902. Jungermannia corticalis Lehm. & Lindenb. Pug. 4: 50. 1832. Very similar in appearance to B. baliamensis. Lobule usually with only four teeth, each only one or two cells long; underleaves cuneate at base; in- florescence dioecious; lobule of female bracts rounded; perianth with five to eight keels. On bark, Great Bahama and Cat Island : — Florida ; tropical America. Bark Brachiolejeunea. 14. LOPHOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Xat. Pflf. I3: 129. 1894. Plants prostrate, usually dark brown or almost black, rarely olive green, often glossy, medium-sized, irregularly branched, the branches as in Badula. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe not squarrose when moist, often revolute at the rounded or bluntly pointed apex, entire except in the vicinity of the female inflorescence ; lobule inflated along the keel, the margin not invo- lute, the apical tooth usually represented by a blunt, slightly projecting cell, with the hyaline papilla near its proximal base; leaf-cells with distinct tri- gones or apparently uniformly thickened. Vnderleaves plane, orbicular to reni- form, undivided. Antheridia borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the androeeia more or less elongated, with the bracteoles everywhere present. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated branch, without sub- floral innovations; bracts more or less strongly toothed, the lobule much smaller than the lobe and sometimes reduced to ;i minute basal tooth; bracteole usually undivided but sometimes toothed. Perianth strongly compressed with two sharp ventral keels, the keels with toothed or laciniate wings. [Greek, crested Lejeunea.~] About 70 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. Sagracana (Mont.) Schiffn. 516 JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 1. Lopholejeunea Sagraeana (Mont.) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. T: 129. 1S94. Pkragmicoma Sagraeana Mont, in Sagra Hist. Cub. 9: 464. 1845. Brownish or blackish green, more or less glossy, growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, oblong-ovate, about 0.75 m. long,, rounded; apical tooth of lobule often indistinct; leaf -cells appar- ently uniformly thickened except for minute pits, averaging about 20 /* ; under- leaves subimbricated, reniform; inflorescence normally autoecious; perichaetial bracts larger than the leaves, the dorsal one suborbicular, coarsely toothed, the lobule in the form of a minute basal tooth ; bracteole entire or nearly so ; peri- anth oval to obovate in outline, the beak short and the wings deeply and closely laciniate. On bark, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in tropical America ; also reported from Africa and the East Indies. Sagea's Lopholejeunea. 15. CAUDALEJEUNEA [Steph.] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. I3: 129. 1894. Plants prostrate or ascending, medium-sized to large, green, not glossy. Leaves more or less imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe not squar- rose, oblong-ovate, rounded to acute, usually entire ; lobule inflated, the margin involute, mostly bidentate, the apical or outer tooth with the hyaline papilla near its proximal base; leaf-cells thin-walled but with distinct trigones. Under- leaves orbicular, more or less refuse, entire. Antheridia in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia more or less elongated, terminal; bracteoles everywhere present. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated branch without subfloral innovations; bracts unequally bilobed, the lobe entire or toothed, the lobule narrow and scarcely projecting, entire; bracteole shortly bifid, entire or toothed. Perianth obovate, compressed and with a single sharp ventral keel, the lateral keels sometimes with entire or dentate wings. [Latin, tailed Lejeunea.] About 15 species, mostly tropical. Type species: C. Lehmanniana (Gottsche) Evans. 1. Caudalejeunea Lehmanniana (Gottsche) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 34: 544. 1907. Lejeunea Lehmanniana Gottsch, in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 325. 1845. Very variable, bright or pale green, scattered or growing in loose tufts.- Dorsal lobe of leaves about 1 mm. long, the apex usually rounded and entire but sometimes acute and irregularly angular-dentate; apical tooth of lobule acute and outwardly curved, often three or four cells long; leaf -cells averaging about 28 X 21 At; perichaetial bracts about as large as the leaves, the lobe ovate-lanceolate, more or less sharp-pointed even when entire. On twigs, Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in the American tropics. Lehmann's Caudalejeunea. 16. MASTIGOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. I3: 129. m 1894. Plants medium-sized, with prostrate or ascending secondary stems arising from a prostrate caudex; branches as in Badula, sometimes microphyllous or flagelliform, often abundantly produced by the secondary stems; color green JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 5 1 7 to almost black, not glossy. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe squar- rose when moist, ligulate to ovate, entire or nearly so, the apex rounded to subacute, not reflexed; lobule normally inflated along the keel, the margin plane or involute, the apex represented by a more or less distinct tooth with a hyaline papilla at its proximal base; lobule often poorly developed, leaf-cells with distinct trigones. Underleaves more or less convex and often revolute along the sides, orbicular to obovate, undivided but sometimes retuse, entire. Antheridia borne singly in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia long, sometimes proliferating; braeteoles everywhere present. Female inflorescence borne on an elongated branch, usually with but one snbfloral innovation; bracts unequally complicate-bilobed, without wings; bracteole similar to the under- leaves. Perianth with sharp lateral keels and a single sharp ventral keel, usually wingless. [Greek, whip-bearing Lejeunea.] About 50 species, mostly tropical. Type species: M. auriculata (Wils. & Hook.) Schiffn. 1. Mastigolejeunea auriculata (Wils. & Hook.) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. P: 129. 1894. Jungermannia auriculata Wils. & Hook.; Drummond, Muse. Amer. St. Merid. 170. 1841. Glaucous green,, varying to purplish black, growing in depressed tufts. Dorsal lobes of leaves appressed when dry, squarrose when moist, about 1 mm. long, rounded to subacute; leaf cells averaging about 21 X 12 m; underleaves broadly orbicular, truncate to retuse, usually cuueate at the base ; inflorescence autoecious or dioecious; perianth oval, the keels not winged. On bark and rocks, Andros and New Providence : — Florida to Louisiana ; widely distributed in tropical America. Eared Mastigolejeunea. 17. ARCHILEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. P: 130. 1894. Plants medium-sized to large, usually reddish or brownish, consisting of a prostrate caudex and secondary, often branched, stems, free from the sub- stratum, the branches as in Badula. Leaves imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes not squarrose when moist, suborbicular to ligulate, rounded and entire; lobule inflated along the keel, the margin more or less appressed to the lobe, entire except for the sharp apical tooth, with a hyaline papilla near the proximal base; lobules often imperfectly developed on the secondary stems; leaf-cells with distinct trigones. Underleaves orbicular to reniform, undivided, entire. Antheridia borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia long but often proliferating; braeteoles everywhere present. Female inflores- cence borne on a secondary stem or one of its branches, with one or (more rarely) two subfloral innovations, the innovations often floriferous, thus giving rise to eymose clusters; bracts unequally complicate-bilobed but not winged, the lobes entire, narrower and often more sharply pointed than the loaves; bracteole sometimes bidentate or retuse. Perianth oblong to obovate, more or less compressed, dorsal surface with one and ventral surface with two keels, the keels with narrow and interrupted wings. [Greek, chief Lcjcunca.] About 70 species, mostly tropical. Type species: A. porelloides (Spruce) Schiffn. 518 JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 1. Archilejeunea viridissima (Lindenb.) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 169. 1908. Lejeunea viridissima Lindenb. in G L. & Syn. Hep. 320. 1845. Yellowish or brownish green, becoming darker with age, neither glossy nor glaucous, growing in depressed mats; secondary stems simple or sparingly branched, often with poorly developed lobules. Leaves with broadly ovate dor- sal lobes, about 0.75 mm. long; lobule (when well-developed) bearing two teeth, the outer or apical often variously curved and longer than the inner tooth; leaf -cells averaging about 24 X 18 n; underleaves distant to loosely im- bricated, broadly orbicular-ovate, cuneate, rounded to subretuse ; inflorescence autoecious. Female inflorescence usually with a single subfloral innovation, the bracts very deeply bilobed; perianth oblong-obovate, the wings usually distinct but narrow, sinuate or subcrenulate. On bark, Eight Mile Rocks, Great Bahama : — Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Venezuela. Greenest Archilejeunea. 18. LEUCOLEJEUNEA Evans, Torreya 7: 225. 1908. Plants medium-sized to large, pale green or glaucous, neither glossy nor pigmented, prostrate, copiously branched, the branches as in Eadula. Leaves imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes not squarrose when moist, ovate-oblong to suborbicular, convex and often revolute along the lower margin and in the region of the rounded apex, entire or nearly so; lobule inflated throughout, the margin more or less involute, entire except for the single blunt to acuminate apical tooth with the hyaline papilla at the distal base; leaf- cells with small trigones. Underleaves orbicular to reniform, undivided. An- theridia borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia short, not proliferating; bracteoles restricted to the base. Female inflorescence borne on a branch variable in length, innovating on one or both sides; bracts with plane lobules, otherwise similar to the leaves. Perianth five-keeled, scarcely com- pressed, the keels smooth or obscurely crenulate or denticulate, rarely with indistinct wings. [Greek, white Lejeunea.] A small genus, consisting of about 6 species, of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: L. clypeata (Schwein.) Evans. Dorsal lobes slightly convex or plane, not revolute ; apex of lobule easily seen. 1. L. unciloba. Dorsal lobes strongly convex and revolute ; apex of lobule not easily seen except by dissection. 2. L. xanthocarpa. 1. Leucolejeunea unciloba (Lindenb.) Evans, Torreya 7: 228. 1908. Lejeunea unciloba Lindenb. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 331. 1845. Pale green and glaucous, growing in depressed mats. Leaves closely im- bricated, the dorsal lobe plane or slightly convex, ovate-oblong, about 1.2 mm. long; lobule inflated toward base, the margin plane except at the base, the apical tooth acuminate and sometimes hamately curved, usually three to six cells long, easily visible without dissection; leaf -cells averaging about 18 fi in diameter; underleaves broadly orbicular to reniform; inflorescence autoecious. On bark, Soldier's Road, New Providence : — Rhode Island south to Florida and west to Texas ; widely distributed in tropical America. Hook-lobed Leucolejeunea. 2. Leucolej eunea xanthocarpa (Lehm.& Lindenb.) Evans, Torreya 7: 229. 1908. Jungermannia xanthocarpa Lehm. & Lindenb. Pug. 5: 8. 1832. Strongly resembling L. unciloba in size and general appearance and agree- ing with it in inflorescence. Distinguished by its strongly convex leaf lobes JUNGEKMANNIACEAE. 519 with revolute apex and lower margin; lobule sometimes blunt at the apex and sometimes with a more or less elongated acuminate tooth, reaching a maximum length of four cells, not visible without dissection; leaf-cells averaging about 20 ix. On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in the American trop- ics ; Africa ; Java. Yellow-fbuited Leucolejeunea. 19. FRULLANIA Eaddi, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena 18: 20. 1818. Dark green or more or less pigmented with yellow, brown or red. Stems prostrate, ascending or pendent, more or less copiously branched, the branches all arising at the bases of leaves without lobules, rhizoids springing from the bases of the underleaves. Leaves deeply complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger than the ventral, incubous, widely spreading, ovate to orbicular, usually entire, lobule normally inflated, helmet-shaped; leaf-cells with distinct trigones; ocelli present in certain species. Underleaves smaller than the leaves, usually bifid. Antheridia mostly in pairs, in the axils of inflated bracts with explanate lobules, the bracts imbricated and forming short or more or less elon- gated androecia. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated, branch, without innovations; bracts larger than the leaves, with explanate lobules and often more or less connate with the bifid bracteole. Perianth nor- mally 3-keeled, with one keel ventral, but often with supplementary folds, ab- ruptly contracted into a short tubular beak. [Commemorates L. Frullani, a Florentine minister of state.] A very large genus, 800 or more described spe- cies, mostly tropical. Type species: F. dilatata (L.) Dumort. Leaves not squarrose. Perianth with two lateral keels and a two-angled ventral keel ; lobule inflated in upper part only. Paroecious. 1. F. arietina. Autoecious. 2. F. riojancircnsls. Perianth distinctly three-keeled ; lobule inflated throughout. 5. F. obcordata. Leaves more or less squarrose when moist. Perianth with two lateral keels and a two-angled ventral keel, surface smooth. 3. F. gibbosa. Perianth distinctly three-keeled, the surface roughened by scattered tubercles or scales. 4. F. squarro&a. 1. Frullania arietina Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 413. 1845. Bright green, yellowish green or brownish green, scattered or in loose tufts. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe plane or nearly so, orbicular-ovate, about 1.2 mm. long; lobule inflated in the upper part only, the lower forming a subrhom- boidal expansion; leaf -cells with conspicuous trigones, averaging about 30/*; underleaves orbicular, shortly bifid, entire or nearly so; inflorescence paroecious, the saccate male bracts in two or three pairs below the female inflorescence; the latter borne on a short branch ; bracts in one to three pairs, the innermost w ith ovate, acute, sparingly toothed lobes and similar but narrower lobules ; bracteoles highly connate, bifid with narrow, sharp divisions; perianth oblong with two distinct lateral keels and a broad two-angled ventral keel. On twigs, Grantstown, New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in trop- ical America. Ram's Head Fkullania. 620 JUXGEEMAXXIACEAE. 2. Frullania riojaneirensis (Eaddi) Spruce, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 15: 23. 1884. FruUanoides riojaneirensis Eaddi, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena 19: 37. 1823. Closely related to F. arietina but distinguished by its- autoecious inflores- cence. Androecia occupying short branches in the vicinity of the female in- florescence, not proliferating, the bracts mostly in two or three pairs; female branch short, the leaves and bracts forming a gradual series. On twigs, New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in tropical America. Rio Janeiro Frdllania. 3. Frullania gibbosa Nees in G. L. & X. Syn. Hep. 411. 1845. Greenish yellow to dark brown, growing in closely appressed tufts or mats. Leaves densely imbricated, the dorsal lobe convex when dry, concave and squar- rose when moist, broadly orbicular, about 0.9 mm. long; lobule sometimes in- flated throughout but normally in the upper part only; leaf -cells with conspicu- ous trigones, averaging about 33 n; underleaves densely crowded, orbicular to reniform, shortly and sharply bidentate at the apex with a lunulate sinus, auricu- late at the base; inflorescence monoecious (autoecious or paroecious) ; female branch very short, the bracts in two or three pairs, the innermost with ovate, rounded or obtuse, entire lobes and subequal, strongly convolute, obtuse to acute lobules; bracteole highly connate, bifid with sharp divisions; perianth ob- long, with two distinct lateral keels and a broad two-angled ventral keel. On bark, Abaco and New Providence : — Alabama ; widely distributed in the American tropics. The Bahamian specimens are not typical and may represent an undescribed species. Gibbous Frullania. 4. Frullania squarrdsa (Eeinw. Bl. & Xees) Dumort. Recueil d'Obs. 13. 1835. Jungermannia squarrosa Eeinw. Bl. & Xees, Xova Acta 12: 215. 1824. Dark green or pigmented with brown, scattered or growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the lobe rolled around the stem when dry, strongly squarrose when moist, ovate, rounded at the apex, and entire ; lobule about as broad as long; underleaves bifid, usually with entire margins; inflorescence dioecious ; female inflorescence borne on a short and simple branch, bracts in about three pairs; perianth oblong, without supplementary keels, surface more or less roughened by scattered tubercles or scales, especially along the keels. On bark, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, New Providence. Eleuthera and An- guilla Isles : — Connecticut to Ohio and south to Florida and Louisiana ; Bermuda ; widely distributed in tropical regions throughout the world. Spreading Frullania. 5. Frullania obcordata Lehm. & Lindenb. in G. L. & X. Syn. Hep. 447. 1845. Yellowish green to reddish brown, growing scattered or in closely ap- pressed mats. Leaves closely imbricated, the dorsal lobe convex, ovate, about 0.7 mm. long; lobule short-clavate, inflated throughout, spreading at a wide angle; leaf-cells with more or less distinct trigones, averaging about 18m; underleaves subimbricated, orbicular, bifid about one half with obtuse or sub- acute divisions and sinus; inflorescence autoecious; androecia occupying short branches in the vicinity of the female inflorescence, the bracts in one or two pairs; female branch long, the bracts in three or four pairs, the innermost with ovate, obtuse or apieulate, entire lobes and smaller subacute lobules ; bracteole free or slightly connate, bifid about one third; perianth obcuneate, the beak in a slight depression, lateral keels and the single ventral keel distinct. On bark, New Providence : — Florida to Louisiana: tropical America. "Obcordate Frullania. AXTHOCEROTACEAE. 521 Order 3. ANTHOCEROTALES. Grarnetophyte a prostra'te dorsiventral thallus, varying from strap- shaped to circular, with very little cell-differentiation, destitute of air- spaces but sometimes developing intercellular spaces with mucilage; iireen cells with one or a few large flat ehloroplasts, often with a single pyrenoid. Antheridia borne singly or in groups just below the upper surface of the thallus. Archegonia in irregular dorsal groups, imbedded, the tip of the neck alone projecting. Sporophyte differentiated into a broad foot and an elongated cylindrical capsule, the latter growing indefinitely by means of a basal embryonic region, splitting at maturity into two valves. Spores surrounding a central sterile structure, the columella, and interspersed with irregular, often multicellular elaters, with or without bands of thick- ening. Four or five genera and about 150 species, widely distributed. Family 1. ANTHOCEROTACEAE Lindb. Anthoceros Family. Characters of the order. 1. ANTHOCEROS [Micbeli] L. Sp. PI. 1139. 1753. Thallus suborbicular, variously lobed and often with plate-like outgrowths, sometimes irregularly dissected, several cells thick and destitute of a distinct midrib ; green cells with a single chloroplast. Inflorescence usually (if not always) monoecious. Capsule erect, much longer than the basal sheath, with green cells in the wall and stomata in the epidermis. Spores variously rough- ened; elaters without spiral bands of thickenings composed of one to several cells and sometimes branched. [Greek, flowering horn.] About 50 species, largely tropical. Type species: A. punctatus L. 1. Anthoceros laevis L. Sp. PI. 1139. 1753. Thallus nearly plane on the upper surface, dark green and somewhat lus- trous, destitute of intercellular spaces. Capsule mostly 1-3 cm. long, the base surrounded by a cylindrical sheath often flaring at the mouth; spores yellow, the surface granular-papillose ; elaters yellowish, very variable in size and form, often branched. Along the Adelaide Road, New Providence. Brace. Widely distributed in North America, Europe and Asia. The Bahamian specimens are sterile and their deter- mination is therefore doubtful. Yellow-spored Anthoceros. Phylum 4. THALLOPHYTA. This phyllum includes many thousand species of simple organi- zation, grouped in many genera and families. The plants compos- ing it have scarcely any woody tissue, and are propagated either by spores or by vegetative division. Most of them are small, but there are some large and conspicuous types in all the classes. 34 522 VEBRUCARIACEAE. Terrestrial, saxicolous, or corticicolous plants, compased of filaments without chlorophyll and of cells containing chlorophyll. Aquatic plants, or microscopic terrestrial or corticicolous organisms with chlorophyll. Terrestrial or corticicolous plants, or microscopic aquatics, wholly without chlorophyll. Vegetative stage mycelial. Vegetative stage plasmoidal. CLASS 1. LICHENES. Class 1. LlCHBNES. Class 2. Algae. Class 3. Class 4. Fungi. Myxomycetes. Contributed by Lincoln W. Riddle. Fruit a perithecium, more or less flask-shaped, opening by a pore at maturity. Fruit an apothecium, open at maturity. Apothecia disk-shaped, circular ; asci deliquescing before the spores mature. Asci persisting until after the discharge of the spores. Apothecia typically linear, elliptical, or angular ; rarely circular, and then without an exciple. Apothecia circular, disk-shaped or cup-shaped. Order 1. Pybexulales. Order 2. Caliciales. Order 3. Geaphidales. Order 4. Lecideales. Order 1. PYRENULALES. Perithecia with an apical ostiole. Thallus crustose. Perithecia solitary. Gonidia : Plcurococcus. Gonidia : Trentepohlia. Perithecia imbedded in a stroma. Thallus squamulose or foliose. Perithecia with a lateral ostiole. Perithecia solitary. Perithecia imbedded in a stroma. Fam. 1. Verrucaeiaceae. Fam. 2. Pyrenulaceae. Fam. 3. Teypetheliaceae. Fam. 4. Dermatocarpaceae. Fam. 5. Parathemaceae. Fam. 6. Asteotheliaceae. Family 1. VERRUCARIACEAE. 1. VERRUCARIA Pers. 1. V. mamillaris. 2. V. rupestris. 3. V. muralis. 4. V. nigrescens. Perithecia failing out and leaving pits in the rock. Perithecia pruinose; ostiole papillate. Perithecia nudate above ; ostiole plane. Perithecia not leaving pits in the rock. Thallus nale, tinged with green or brown, perithecia super- ficial. Thallus dark olive-brown, perithecia immersed. 1. Verrucaria mamillaris Riddle, sp. now Thallus epilithicus crustaceus uniformis effusus aut subdeterminatus haud linea nigra limitatus, cretaceo-albus vel sordide albidus, crassiusculus, con- tinuus laevigatus inaequalis. Gonidia pleurococcoidea. Perithecia nigra hemi- sphaerica aut deplanata aut partim subconica, apiea mamilliformia aut rarius obtusa, basi deficientia, ad 0.8 mm. lata, dispersa solitaria, primum tota im- mersa dein Yo-% emergentia tenuiter thallino-pruinata, demum elabentia foveolamque relinqnentia. Gonidia hymenialia nulla. Paraphyses simplices deliquescentes. Asci clavati 8-spori. Sporae in ascis biseriales ineolores ellip- soideae simplices membrana laevigata, 16-21 X 9-10 fi. On limestone, vicinity of Cockburn Town, Watling's Island (Britton and Mills- paugh, March 13, 1917, 6130, type) ; without station, New Providence {Brace, 9502, 9508). This species, belonging to the section Euverrucaria, differs from Verrucaria rupestris in the thicker thallus and the larger, mamillate, pruinose perithecia. 2. Verrucaria rupestris Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Germ. 109. 1794. On limestone, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island : mopolitan. -cos- PYRENULACEAE. 523 3. Verrucaria muralis Aeh. Meth. Lich. 115. 1803. On limestone, New Providence : — cosmopolitan. 4. Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. in Usteri, Ann. Bot. 14: 36. 1795. On limestone, New Providence :- — North America and Europe. Family 2. PYRENULACEAE. Spores plurilocular (two to many-celled). Spores colorless. Spores with cylindrical cells. Paraphyses simple and persistent. Paraphyses branched or deliquescent. Spores with lens-shaped or rounded cells. Spores brown. Paraphyses simple and persistent. Paraphyses branched or deliquescent. Spores muriform-multilocular. Spores colorless. Paraphyses simple and persistent. Paraphyses branched or deliquescent. Spores brown. 1. PORINA Ach. Perithecial wall entirely black. Thallus chalky-white; perithecia 0.6-0.8 mm. in diameter. Thallus greenish or purplish ; perithecia 1.0—1.5 mm. in di- ameter. Perithecial wall black at -the tip only, or not at all. Thallus subfoliose, on rocks. Thallus with loosely adherent, convex lobes. Thallus closely adnate, flat and merely crenate. Thallus crustose. on bark. Ostiole brown or reddish. Ostiole blackening. Spores 7-1 o« wide. Spores 4-6 « wide. Thallus marked with frequent black lines. Thallus without such lines. 1. Porina. 2. Arthopyrcnia. 3. Pseudopyrt nuln. 4. Pyrenula. 5. Microlhclia. 6. Clathroporina. 7. Polyblastinpsis. 8. Anthracothccium. 1. P. Wilsonii. 2. P. macrocarpa. 3. P. firm ula. 4. P. subfirmula. 5. P. nucula. 6. P. mastoidea. 7. P. variec/ata. 8. P. Tetracerae. 1. Porina Wilsonii Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus epilithicus crustaceus uniformis effusus baud limitatus, eretaceo- albus opacus tartareus, crassiusculus continnus laevigatus, spermagoniis copiose nigropunctatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Perithecia globosa integra nigra, 0.6-0.8 mm. lata, primum tota immersa maculis nigrescentibus indicata dein semiemergentia, alte convexa, strato tenue thallode fere ad instar pruinae velata, demum apicibus denudatis, ostiolis minutis umbonatis, nunquam elabentia. Paraphyses persistentes tenues simplices. Asci eylindrices 8-spori. Sporae in ascis uniseriales, incolores fusiformes 4-loculares loculis cylindricis, 13-15 X 4-5 p.. Spermagonia minuta nigra apicibus emergentibus denudatis. Spermatia recta bacillaria, 3^5 X 1^. On limestone, Caleta Cocodrilos, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton, Wilson, and Lc6n, March 8, 1916, 15288, type). Bahamas : on limestone, New Providence (Brace, 963$) ; Governor's Harbor, Kleuthera (Britton and 1/ illxpauijh . 5;".iJ). A lichen occurring near the Columbus Monument, W at ling's Island, and showing spermagonia only, agrees with this species, but the determination can not be considered certain. This species, which I take pleasure in naming in honor of Mr. Percy Wilson, may be distinguished from other species of the section Bagedia, to which it belongs, by the chalky-white, tartareous thallus, and the delicately pruinose perithecia. It bears a strong external resemblance to \'s, iucolores ellipsoideae, 4-loculares loculis subcylin- dricis angulis sat rotundatis, 13-16 X 5-7 fi. Spermagonia mediocria nigra apiee emergente denudato. Spermatia iiliformia arcuata, 18-22 X 1/". On limestone, Key View Hill, Vivijagua, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton, Britton and Wilson, February 28-29, 1916, 15090, type). Bahamas : on limestone, Cockburn Town, Watling's Island (Britton and Mills- pa ugh, 6131). Known also from two other stations in the Isle of Pines and from one station in Porto Rico. The affinities of this snecies seem on the whole to be with the genus Porina, section Sagedia, although it has peculiarities which make its systematic position somewhat uncertain. While the perithecia are for the most part solitary, they occur occasionally completely confluent, except for the papillate tips. Even in these cases, however, there is never any indication of a stroma. The cells of the quadri- locular spores are somewhat more rounded than is typical for Porina. There is no other species with which this is liable to be confused. 3. Porina firmula Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 401. "1885. On limestone, Andros, at Mastic Point, and Watling's Island, near Cockburn Town : — Cuba ; Isle of Pines. 4. Porina subfirmula Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus epilithicus determinatus subfoliosus effiguratus, irregulariter ro- tundatus, margine integro aut crenato haud lobato, planus, arete adnatus, cras- sus (crassitudine 0.15-0.2 mm.), atro-olivaceus, continuus laevigatus vel sat inaequalis nitidulus; superne corticatus cortice tenue (crassitudine 12-14/u) pseudo-parenchymatica, inferne ecorticatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Perithecia subglobosa circ. 0.3 mm. lata, tota immersa aut apicibus leviter emergentibus et sat denudatis, amphithecio superne nigro inferne decolore. Paraphyses per- sistentes simplices. Asci 8-spori. Sporae incolores fusiformes, haud bene evolutae, 6-8-loculares, loculis cylindricis, circ. 25 X ifj.. On limestone. Sierra de las Casas, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton and Wilson, March 22, 1916, 157U, type). Bahamas: on limestone, New Providence (Brace, 9)87). This species belongs to the section Segestria, and is evidently related to but quite distinct from the preceding species. Both species are decidedly Endocarpon- like in appearance. 5. Porina nucula Ach. Syn. Lieh. 112. 1814. On bark of Exothea, New Providence, at Clifton : — widely distributed in trop- ical regions of both hemispheres. 6. Porina mastoidea (Ach.) Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. 191. 1852. Pyrenula mastoidea Ach. Syn. Lich. 122. 1814. Porina africana Muell. Arg. Linnaea 43: 41. 1880. On bark, Great Bahama : — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemi- The material represents a form with verrucose thallus and verrucae, and the latter are somewhat constricted : but the species is so variable that it is scarcely worth while to give this form a name. 7. Porina Tetracerae (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 401. 1885. Verrucaria Tetracerae Ach. Meth. Lich. 121. 1803. On bark, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — widely distributed in trop- ical regions of both hemispheres. 8. Porina variegata Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 75. 1837. On bark, Abaco, at Old Kerr's Point : — Cuba : Jamaica ; Porto Rico. PYRENULACEAE. 525 2. ARTHOPYRENIA Mass. Spores two-celled. Asci cylindrical, spores uniseriate. Spores 15-30 x7-13«. 1. A. gemmata. Spores 12-15 x 5-7 w. 2. A. biformis. Asci clavate, spores 2- to 3-seriate. Perithecia spreading at the base. Perithecia peltate, flattened, and thalline-suffused. 3. A. planorbis. At least the center of the perithecium elevated and nudate. Spore-cells equal in size. 4. A. Cinchonae. Spore-cells unequal. 5. A. fallow. Perithecia not spreading at the base. 6. A. consanguinea. Spores four-celled. Perithecia more or less covered by the thallus. Thallus thin, the perithecia merely suffused. 3. A. planorbis. Thallus thick, the perithecia imbedded with the tips emergent. 7. A. tumida. Perithecia superficial and nudate. 8. A. contendens. 1. Arthopyrenia gemmata (Aeh.) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 16: 428. 1862. Lichen gemmatus Aeh. Lieh. Suec. Prodr. 17. 1798. On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in temperate regions of both hemispheres. 2. Arthopyrenia biformis (Borr.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 306. 1883. Verruca-rid. biformis Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2617. 1829. On bark, New Providence, on the Farringdon Road : — widely distributed in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. 3. Arthopyrenia planorbis (Aeh.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 288. 1S83. Verrucaria planorbis Aeh. Syn. Lieh. 92. 1814. Arthopyrenia indusiata Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 288. 1883. Arthopyrenia fallacior Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 404. 1885. On bark. Great Bahama, and New Providence : — Cuba : Anegada ; Costa Rica. 4. Arthopyrenia Cinchonae (Aeh.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 287. 1883. Verrucaria Cinchonae Aeh. Syn. Lieh. 90. 1814. DidymeUa Cinchonae "vVainio* Lieh. Bres. 2: 233. 1890. Arthopyrenia planior Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 404. 1885. On bark. Great Bahama, New Providence. Little San Salvador, Great Exuma, Watling's Island: — widely distributed in tropical America. 5. Arthopyrenia fallax (Nyl.) Arnold, Flora 68: 159. 1885. Verrucaria epidenmidis var. fallax Nyl. Bot. Xotis. (1852) 178. On bark. Great Bahama, at Barnett's Point, and New Providence, near Seven Hills : — widely distributed in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. 6. Arthopyrenia consanguinea Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 404. 1885. On bark. Eleuthera Point: — Florida: Cuba. Very closely related to forms of Arthopyrenia epidermidia (Fr.) Mudd. 7. Arthopyrenia tumida Muell. Arg. Flora 67: 669. 1884. On bark. New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice : — Isle of Tines. Cuba : and Brazil. 8. Arthopyrenia contendens (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 317. 1883. Verrucaria contendens Nyl. Act. Soe. Sei. Fenn. 7: 492. 1863. On bark of Jacquinia keyensis, The Bight, Cat Island: — Colombia; Brazil. 526 PYRENULACEAE. 3. PSEUDOPYHENTJLA Muell. Arg. 1. Pseudopyrenula diremta (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 249. 1883. Verrucaria diremta Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 492. 1863. On bark, Now Providence: — Cuba; Venezuela; Colombia; Brazil. 4. PYRENTTLA Ach. Perithecia dimidiate. Perithecia spreading at the base and entirely nudate. 1. P. mamillana. Perithecia not spreading, immersed when young, then emergent. 2. P. leucoplaca. Terithecia subglobose. Thallus orange-brown. 3. P. cerina. Thallus more or less olivaceous. Perithecia immersed in the thallus. 4. P. punctella. Perithecia emergent to superficial. 5. P. Olaziovii. 1. Pyrenula mamillana (Ach.) Trev. Conspect. Yerr. 13. 1860. Yerrucaria mamillana Ach. Meth. Lich. 120. 1803. Yerrucaria Santensis Tuck, apud Nyl. Expos. Pyren. 45. 1858. Verrucaria Kunthii Fee, Essai Crypt. 88, pi. 34, f. 4. 1824. Pyrenula Kunthii Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 80. 1837. Pyrenula deplanata Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 411. 1885. On bark, Great Bahama and New Providence : — widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Pyrenula mamillana is an exceedingly variable species. P. Kunthii is the form with the larger perithecia and spores, that is the more luxuriant form ; .while P. deplanata is the less luxuriant form with the smaller perithecia and spores. But intergradations of all sizes are to be found commonly. 2. Pyrenula leucoplaca (Wallr.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 361. 1855. Yerrucaria leucoplaca Wallr. in Bluff and Fing. Fl. Germ. 3: 299. 1831. On bark of Casasia clusiaefolia, Little San Salvador: — widely distributed in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. 3. Pyrenula cerina (Eschw.) Muell. Arg. Flora 67: 667. 1884. Yerrucaria cerina Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 133. 1833. Pyrenula aurantiaca Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 82, pi. 37, f. 1. 1837. On bark, New Providence and Crooked Island : — widely distributed in tropical America. 4. Pyrenula punctella (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 400. 1882. Yerrucaria punctella Nyl. Expos. Pyren. 46. 1858. On bark of Drypetes, Cay north of wide opening, Exuma Chain : — South Caro- lina ; Colombia; Java. Probably generally distributed but confused with the well- known Pyrenula nitida (Weig.) Ach., from which it differs in the more completely immersed perithecia and the larger spores. 5. Pyrenula Glaziovii Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 303: 32. 1888. On bark, New Providence, along Soldier's Road : — Brazil. 5. MICROTHELIA Koerb. 1. Microthelia quadriloculata Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus epiphloeodes crustaceus uniformis effusus, albidus opacus, tenuis rimulosus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Perithecia integra globosa, minuta ad 0.4 mm. lata, superficialia basi thallino-tecta, superne nuda nitida, apice convexo aut minute umbilicato. Paraphyses persistentes distinctes ramoso-connexae. Asci oblongi 8-spori. Sporae in ascis 2-3-seriales fuscae oblongae aut fusi- formes, 4doculares loculis cylindrieis, 18-20 X 6-7^. PYREXULACEAE. 527 On bark of Jacquinia keyensis, vicinity of The Bight, Cat Island (Britton and Millspaugh, March 1-6, 1907, 58*0, type). The white epiphloeodal thallus and the shining globose perithecia will serve to distinguish this from the few species of Microthelia having four-celled spores, such as 11. thelena var. subtriseptata Wainio. 6. CLATHR-OPORINA Muell. Arg. 1. Clathroporina nuculastrum Muell. Arg. Flora 67: 618. 1884. On twigs, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — Florida ; Madagascar. 7. POLYBLASTIOPSIS Zahlbr. 1. Polyblastiopsis lactea (Mass.) Zahlbr. in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflan- zenfam. I1*: 65. 1903. Blastodesmia lactea Mass. apud Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 336. 1865. On bark, New Providence and The Bight, Cat Island : — North America ; Europe. 8. ANTHRACOTHECITJM Mass. Thallus from orange to yellow. 1. A. ochraceo-flavum. Thallus from white to olivaceous. Spores with two to four series of cells. Spores with two series of cells. 2. A. subglobosum. Spores with four series of cells. 3. A. corticatum. Spores with six to eight series of cells. Perithecia immersed except when old. 4. A. libricolum. Perithecium soon emergent and superficial. 5. A. americamim. 1. Anthracothecium ochraceo-flavum (Xyl.) Muell. Arg. Linnaea 43: 44. 1880. Verrucaria ochraceo-flavum Xyl. Expos. Pyren. 50. 1858. Verrucaria ochraceo-flavens Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 491. 1863. On bark of various species, Great Bahama, New Providence, Cave Cay, Exuma Chain, Cat Island : — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. 2. Anthracothecium subglobosum Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus epiphloeodes erustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, sordide aut virescenti-albidus, in crassitudine mediocris vel tenuis, rimosus rugulosus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Perithecia dispersa solitaria, primum immersa, verrueis thallinis convexis, apice plus minusve nudato minute umbilicato, dein circa Vt ad 1-& emergentia, globosa, 0.7-1.0 mm. diam., nigra integra. Paraphyses sim- plices crassiuseulae. Asci cylindrices 8-spori. Sporae in ascis uniseriales, fumosae aut fusco-atrae, globosae circa 12 n diam., aut subglobosae circa 12 X 10^, primum biloculares mox loculis altero ambobusve divisis rotundati-. On bark, New Providence (Brace. February 11, 1919, 1006',, type). The specific name refers not to the perithecia but to the peculiar spores. The species is related to A. sinapispermum (Fee) Muell. Arg., but the latter species has minute perithecia, 0.15—0.2 mm. in diameter, and oblong spores, 7-8 x 4-5 y. 3. Anthracothecium corticatum Muell. Arg. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 301: 96. 1891. On bark, New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice: — Costa Rica, Venezuela. 4. Anthracothecium libricolum (Foe) Muell. Arg. Linnaea 43: 43. 1^80. Fyrenvla libricola Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 82, pi. 41, f. SI. 1837, On bark of various species. Groat Bahama, New Providence, Great Exuina, Long Island: — widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. This species is a common and variable one. All stages may be found from that In which the perithecia are completely buried in the thallus and scarcely discernible externally, to that in which the perithecia become half emergent, when they are con- spicuous and appear relatively large. Superficially the two extremes look very different. 528 TRYPETHELIACEAE. 5. Anthracothecium americanum (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 68: 339. 1885. Verrucaria analepta var. americana Ach. Lich. Univ. 275. 1810. On dead wood, Abaco, at Old Kerr's Point, and on bark of Drypetes diversifolia, Thatch Cay, Long Island : — Jamaica. Family 3. TRYPETHELIACEAE. Spores pluriloeular (two to many-celled). Spores colorless. Spores with cylindrical cells. 1. Tomasellia. Spores with lens-shaped cells. 2. Trypethelium. Spores brown. 3. Melanotheca. Spores muriforni-multilocular, brown. 4. Bottaria. 1. TOMASELLIA Mass. Thallus epiphloeodnl, relatively well-developed. 1. T. exumana. Thallus hypophloeodal. Spores over 30xl2«. 2. T. macrospora. Spores under 25xl0«. Stroma with many ostioles indicated externally by whitened spots. 3. T. leucostoma. Stroma with few ostioles, concolorous with the black stroma. 4. T. cubana. 1. Tomasellia exumana Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus epiphloeodes erustaceus uniformis effusus glaueus, crassiusculus, undulatus laevigatus subnitidus rimulosus, linea nigra limitatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Stromata 0.6-1.0 mm. lata, nigra nuda convexa vel hemispherica haud gibbosa, ambitu obtuse angulosa aut irregularia pauciostiolata, ostiolis superficie aequalibus aut gibbosula inconspicuis. Perithecia crassa integra globosa. Paraphyses persistentes ramoso-connexae. Sporae in ascis biseriales, incolores ovoideae biloculares, loculo superiore multo majore, 14—16 X 6— 7/x. On bark near Georgetown, Great Exuma (Britton and Millspaugh, February 22- 28, 1905, S135, type). The well-developed thallus and the strongly convex stromata are the best char- acters for distinguishing this species. 2. Tomasellia macrospora Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus hypophloeodes quasi halonem albidum formans aut evanescens et cum cortice maculam testaceam eonstituens. Stromata 1.0-1.3 mm. lata, soli- taria aut partim confluentia, deplanata vel leviter convexa peltata ambitu ro- tundata, nigra thallino-pruinata ant denudata, ostiolis connatis papillata. Peri- thecia integra globosa. Paraphyses persistentes ramoso-connexae. Sporae incolores oblongae, 4-loculares, loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 30-38 X 12-14 /a. On bark of Zanthoxylum flaviim, Great Exuma (Britton and Millspauph, Feb- ruary 22-28, 1905, 3002, type). Externally similar to Tomasellia cubana, but differing in the decidedly larger spores, these measuring in the latter species only 15— 25x5-9 «,. 3. Tomasellia leucostoma Muell. Arg. Flora 68: 257. 1885. On bark, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Exuma, Long Island : — tropical America. The material listed under this and the following species shows considerable variation and some of the specimens may be specifically distinct, but it has seemed best to adopt a conservative treatment. 4. Tomasellia cubana Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 397. 1885. On bark. New Providence, Little San Salvador, Exuma, Cat Island, Conception Island : — Cuba. TRYPETHELIACEAE. 529 2. TRYPETHELIUM Spreng. Spores four-celled. Spores over 35 u in length. Spores under 30 u in length. Stroma dark brown to black. Stroma little developed, the individual peri- thecia evident. Stroma well-developed, merely the tips of the perithecia showing. Stroma some other color. Thallus rusty-orange. Stroma flat and covered by the thallus. Stroma elevated, conical. Thallus some other color. Stroma irregularly linear-elongated, peri- thecia often showing a serial arrange- ment. Stroma rounded, oval, or oblong. Stroma elevated, the black tips of the perithecia conspicuous. Stroma depressed, the tips of the peri- thecia inconspicuous. Spores six to many-celled. Stroma yellow within. Thallus smooth, stroma neither yellow nor pow- dery externally. Stroma varying in color from ashy to fulvous or chestnut-brown, strongly convex. Stroma dark-brown or blackening, flattened. Thallus smooth or powdery, stroma yellow or powdery or both. Thallus smooth, stroma lemon-yellow and powdery. Both thallus and stroma covered with a sul- phury or aeruginous powder. Stroma becoming brown or black within. 1. T. ochrotlu Hum. o T. tropic um. 3. T. mastoideum. 4. 5. T. T. aeneum. ferrugincum, 6. ■T. catervarium, 7. T. oehrolcucum. 8. T. pallescens. 9. T. eluteriae and varieties. Off. forma typica. 96. var. tr uncut um. 9c. var. citrinum. 9(7. var. subsulphureum. 9c. var. nigricans. 1. Trypethelium ochrothelium Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 494. 1863. On bark, The Bight, Cat Island : — Isle of Pines, Cuba ; Colombia. Trypethelium tropicum (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 393. T'crrucaria tropica Ach. Lich. Univ. 278. 1810. Pyrenula tropica Tuck. Genera Lich. 273. 1872. 1885. On bark of various species, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Long Island : — widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. 3. Trypethelium mastoideum Ach. Lich. Univ. 307. 1810. BatheUum mastoideum Ach. Meth. Lich. 111. 1803. Trypethelium scoria Nyl. Expos. Pyren. 74 . 1858. Not Fee Essai Crypt. 69. 1824. On bark. New Providence and Eleuthera subtropical regions of both hemispheres. -widely distributed in tropical and 4. Trypethelium aeneum (Eschw.) Zahlbr. in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflan- zenfam. I1*: 70. 1903. Verrucaria aenea Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 133. 1833. Trypethelium Kunzei Fee, Ann. Sci. Nat. I: 23: 446, pi. 15, f. 3. 1831. Trypethelium heterochroum Tuck. Genera Lich. 260. 1872. On bark. Andros. near Nicholl's Town; Crooked Island, at Landrail Point; Ack- lin's Island, at Boathouse Cove: — Florida; Cuba; Costa Uica ; Brazil. 5. Trypethelium ferrugineum Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 392. 1885. On bark, Andros, at Deep Creek : — Cuba. 530 TRYPETHELIACEAE. 6. Trypethelium catervarium (Fee) Tuck. Genera Lich. 260. 1872. Verrucaria catervaria Fee, Essai Crypt. 90, pi. 22, f. 1. 1824. On bark, New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice : — Alabama ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Costa Rica; Colombia; Australia. 7. Trypethelium ochroleucum (Eschw.) Nyl. Flora 52: 126. 1869. Verrucaria ochroleuca Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1 : 135. 1833. On bark, Andros, near Deep Creek : — widely distributed in tropical America, and recorded also from tropical Asia. 8. Trypethelium pallescens Fee, Ann. Sci. Nat. I: 23: 440. 1831. Trypethelium ochroleucum var. pallescens Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 392. 1885. On bark, Eleuthera and Great Exuma : — widely distributed in tropical America. 9. Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng. Anleit. zur Kennt. Gewachse 1: 351. 1804. Trypethelium Sprengelii Ach. Lich. Univ. 306. 1810. 9a. forma typica. On bark of various species, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera (type- locality!), Great Exuma, Cat Island, Long Island: — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. 9b. Trypethelium eluteriae var. truncatum Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 393. 1885. Watling's Island : — Cuba. 9c. Trypethelium eluteriae var. citrinum (Eschw.) Muell. Arg. 1. c. 1885. Astrothelium varium var. citrinum Eschw. in Mart. FL Bras. 1: 162. 1833. New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice : — Cuba ; Brazil ; Australia. 9d. Trypethelium eluteriae var. subsulphureum (Wainio) Riddle. Pseudopyrenula eluteriae subsp. siibsulphurea Wainio, Lich. Bres. 2: 205. 1890. New Providence, at Lake Cunningham : — Cuba ; Brazil. 9e. Trypethelium eluteriae var. nigricans (Fee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 303: 21. 1888. Trypethelium Sprengelii Fee, Ann. Sci. Nat. I: 23: 430. 1831. New Providence and Cat Island : — tropical America. 3. MELANOTHECA Fee. 1. Melanotheca cruenta (Mont.) Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 397. 1885. Trypethelium cruentum Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II: 8: 357. 1837. On bark, Great Bahama and New Providence : — -widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. 4. BOTTARIA Mass. 1. Bottaria cruentata Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 395. 1885. Trypethelium cnientatum Nyl. Flora 59: 365. Hyponym. 1876. On bark, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Crooked Island :■ — Florida ; Cuba. Externally identical with the preceding species, but differing in the muriform spores, the cells of which in the specimens examined are subspherical, not cubical as given in the key in Engler and Prantl : Die Naturlichen Fflanzenfamilien I1* : 69. DEEMATOCAEPACEAE. 531 Family 4. DERMATOCARPACEAE. Spores one-celled. 1. Dermatocarpon. Spores niuriforin-multilocular. 2. Endocarpon. 1. DERMATOCARPON Eschw. Thallus mostly over 10 mm. in diameter, attached by a single central point. 1. D, Moulinsii. Thallus mostly under 5 mm. in diameter, attached by greater part of under surface. Thallus reddish, margins free. 2. D. lachncum. Thallus brown, margins adnate. 3. D. hepaticum. 1. Dermatocarpon Moulinsii (Mont.) Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl, Xat. Pflan- zenfam. I1* : 60. 1903. Endocarpon Moulinsii Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II: 20: 358. 1843. On rocks, New Providence and Cat Island, at Orange Creek :- — France ; Texas ; India. 2. Dermatocarpon lachneum (Ach.) A. L. Sm. British Lich. 2: 270. 1911. Lichen lachneus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 140. 1798. Endocarpon rufescens Ach. Lich. Univ. 304. 1810. On sand. Great Sturrup Cay, Berry Islands : — widely distributed in North America and Europe. 3. Dermatocarpon hepaticum (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 255. I860. Endocarpon hepaticum Ach. Lich. Univ. 298. 1810. On the ground, Abaco, at Old Kerr's Point, and Acklin's Island, at Spring Point : — cosmopolitan. 2. ENDOCARPON Iledw. 1. Endocarpon pallidulum (Xyl.) Hue, Xouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris III: 4: 106. 1892. Verrucaria pallidula Nyl. Flora 57: 73. 1874. On limestone (mixed with Scytoncma), New Providence: — Cuba; Peru; Japan. Family 5. PARATHELIACEAE. Spores brown, plurilocular. 1. Parathelium. Spores colorless, muriform-multilocular. . 2. Campylothclium. 1. PARATHELIUM Nyl, Spores 34-40 x ll-16u. 1. P.indutum. Spores 18-22 x 8-9 u- 2. P. microcarpum. 1. Parathelium indutum Xyl. Bot. Zeit. 20: 279. 1862. On bark. Conception Island, Berry Islands. Stocking Island, Great Exuma, Cat Island, Long Island : — Cuba ; St. Thomas ; Porto Rico ; Colombia. 2. Parathelium microcarpum Eiddle, sp. now Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus hand limitatus, cum cortice maculam nitidain ochraceo-fulvam eonstitueiis, continuus laevigatus. Gouidia chroole- poidea. Perithelia pyriformia, minuta ad 0.5 mm. longa, 0.3 mm. lata, integra nigra semi-innata parte emersa nudata. ostiolis lateralibus collis breviusculis. Paraphyses sparse ramosae. Asci 8-spori. Sporae f uscae ellipsoideae, ad apices 532 ASTROTHELIACEAE. acutae, 3-septatae, ad septa modice constrictae, loeulis lentiformibus, 18-22 X 8-9 m. On bark in coppice, West End, Great Bahama (Brace, April 16-May 8, 1905, S615, type). Parathelium microcarpum has smaller spores than any other species of the genus, with the exception of P. decumbens Muell. Arg. (Hedwigia 32: 134. 1803) which differs from the present species in the whitish thallus and the larger perithecia. 2. CAMPYLOTHELIUM Muell. Arg. 1. Campylothelium decolorans Riddle, sp. now Thallus epiphloeodes crustaceus uniformis effusus stramineo-albus subni- tidus, tenuis vel tenuissimus, continuus laevigatus inaeqnalis. Gonidia chroole- poidea. Perithecia circa 1.0 mm. lata, tota thallino-corticata parum promi- nentia;, quasi maculam fnseescentem formantia, superne nigra, inferne decol- orata, ostiolis lateralibus eollis nullis. Paraphyses persistentes satis ramosae. Asci 2-6-spori. Sporae incolores oblongae medio leviter constricto irregulariter murali-divisae, 6— 8-loculares, loculi 3-4-locellati, loeulis cubicis aut irregu- laris, 37-43 X 16-18 p.. On bark of Drypetcs, Cay North of .Wide Opening, Exuma Chain (Britton and MilUpaugh, February 18, 1905, 279.5, type). This species differs from other species of the genus in the pale color of the lower part of the perithecial wall. Family 6. ASTROTHELIACEAE. Spores colorless, plurilocular. 1. Lithothelium. Spores brown, muriform-multilocular. 2. Parmentaria. 1. LITHOTHELIUM Muell. Arg. 1. Lithothelium bahamense Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus epilithieus crustaceus uniformis effusus linea nigra limitatus, glaucus aut cinereus opacus, crassiusculus crebre eontextus, continuus laevi- gatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Stromata minuta, 0.4-0.6 mm. lata, in foveolis saxi innata, dein semi-emergentia, demum elabentia foveolamque relinquentia, tota nigra parte emersa nudata, paucicarpica, ambitu oblonga aut satis dif- formia, ostiolis minutis irregulariter umbonatis. Perithecia minutissima, integra nigra. Paraphyses persistentes simplices filiformes. Asci cylindriees, 8-spori. Sporae in ascis 1-2-seriales, incolores, fusiformes, 8-loculares, loeulis eylindricis, 18-22 X 5-6 p.. On limestone, vicinitv of Cockburn Town, Watling's Island (Britton and Mills- paugh, March 13, 1907. 6127, type; 6129). Lithothelium bahamenfte differs from the only other known species of. the genus, L. cubanum Muell. Arg. (Bot. Jahrb. 6: 386. 1885), in the color of the thallus and the eight-celled spores. 2. PARMENTARIA Fee. 1. Parmentaria astroidea Fee, Essai Crypt. 70, pi. 20, f. 1. 1824. On bark. New Providence, at Clifton Coppice, and Crooked Island, at Vauxhall : — widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Order 2. CALICIALES. Family 1. CALICIACEAE. 1. CALICIUM Pers. 1. Calicium hyperellum Ach. Meth. Lich. 93. 1803. Lichen hyperellus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 85. 1798. On palmetto, The Bight, Cat Island : — widely distributed in North America and Europe. ARTHOXIACEAE. 533 Order 3. GRAPHIDALES. Apothecia without an exciple. Fam. 1. Arthoxiaceae. Apothecia with an exciple. Thallus without a cortex. Apothecia solitary. Fam. 2. Graphidaceai;. Apothecia typically imbedded in a stroma. Fam. 3. Chiodectoxaceae. Thallus with an upper cortex. Fam. 4. Dirixaceae. Family 1. ARTHONIACEAE. 1. ARTHONIA Ach. Spores two to many-celled. 1. Arthonia. Spores muriform-multilocular. 2. Arthothelium. Spores four- to six-celled. Apothecia some shade of red. 1. A. gregaria. Apothecia brown or black. Apothecia orbicular or difform. Apothecia about 0.3 mm. in diameter. Spores with cells of equal size. 2. A. chiodertrlla. Spores with end-cell enlarged. 3. .1. cinereopruinosa, Apothecia over 0.6 mm. in diameter. Spores with cells of equal size. 4. A. polymorpha. Spores with one or both end-cells enlarged. 5. A. complanata. Apothecia linear, more or less branched. 6. A. inter duct a. Spores eight- to sixteen-celled. Spores 22-32 x7-llM. Apothecia fulvous, 0.1 mm. wide. 7. A. fissurinea. Apothecia chestnut, 0.3—0.5 mm. wide. 8. A. septiscpta. Spores 50-75 x 14-23 «. Apothecia orbicular. 0. A. platygraphidea. Apothecia linear and branched. 10. A.atrata. 1. Arthonia gregaria (Weig.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 291. 1855. ■ Sphaeria gregaria Weig. Obs. Bot. 43, pi. 2, f. 10. 1772. Arthonia cinnabarina "Wallr. Crypt. Germ. 1: 320. 1831. On bark, Stocking Island, Exuma Chain : — cosmopolitan. 2. Arthonia chiodectella Xyl. Flora 52: 125. 1869. On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; Louisiana ; Texas. 3. Arthonia cinereopruinosa Schaer. Ennm. Lieh. 243. 1850. On bark, New Providence : — North America ; Europe. 4. Arthonia polymorpha Ach. Syn. Lich. 7. 1814. On bark, Great Bahama, New Providence, Great Exuma : — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. 5. Arthonia complanata Fee, Essai Crypt. 54. 1824. On bark, Great Bahama, at Tinder's Point : — widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America and in New Zealand. 6. Arthonia interducta Xyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 496. 1863. On bark. Stocking Island, and Cay north of Wide Opening, Exuma Chain : — Florida; Anegada Island; Nicaragua; Brazil; Hawaiian Islands. 7. Arthonia fissurinea Xyl. Flora 68: 447. 18S5. On bark, Great Bahama, near Rolletown : — Florida. 8. Arthonia septisepta Xvl. Flora 69: 104. Hyponym. 1886. Xyl. apiul Willey, Synops. Arth. 11. 1890. On bark, New Providence: — Florida; Cuba. This species is very closely related to tho common Arthonia conferta (Pfie) Nyl., differing only in baring the apothecia spuriously margined and the spores eight- celled instead of six-celled. 534 GRAPHIDACEAE. 9. Arthonia platygraphidea Nyl. Act. Soe. Sei. Fenn. 7: 483. 1863. On bark, New Providence, on Soldier's Road, and Cat Island, vicinity of The Bight :— Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Mexico ; Brazil. 10. Arthonia atrata (Fee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soe. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 29s: 59. 1887. Graphis atrata Fee, Essai Crypt. 35. 1824. Not Arthonia atrata Tuck. Genera Lich. 222. On bark, New Providence : — tropical America. 1872. 2. AKTHOTHELIUM Mass. 1. Arthothelium macrothecum (Fee) Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. 55. 1852. Arthonia macrotheca Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 42, pi. 40, f. 18. 1837. On bark, Abaco, at Marsh Harbor, and New Providence, at Soldiers' Home : — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. Family 2. GRAPHIDACEAE. Spores four- to many-celled. Spores colorless. Spores with cylindrical cells. Spores with lens-shaped cells. Spores brown. Spores muriform-multilocular. Spores colorless. Spores brown. 1. OPEGRAPHA Humb. Growing on bark. Spores four-celled. Spores six-celled. Spores 2-4 w wide. Spores 7-9 w wide. Growing on rocks. Spores four-celled. Thallus white. Thallus gray, greenish or brownish. Spores six- to eight-celled. Thallus some shade of brown. Thallus thin and continuous. Thallus of medium thickness, rimulose-areolate. Thallus slate-gray. 1. Opegrapha. 2. Graphis. 3. Phaeographis. 4. Graphina. 5. Phaeographina. 1. O. atra. 2. O. vulgata. 3. O. varia. 4. 0. calcarea. 5. O. saxicola. 6. O. isabellina. 7. 0. bahamensis. 8. O. colutnbina. 1. Opegrapha atra Pers. in Usteri, Ann. Bot. 7: 30. 1794. On bark, New Providence, at Soldiers' Home : — widely distributed. 2. Opegrapha vulgata Ach. Meth. Lich. 20. 1803. On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in temperate regions. 3. Opegrapha varia Pers. in Usteri, Ann. Bot. 7: 30. 1794. On bark, New Providence : — cosmopolitan. 4. Opegrapha calcarea Turn, in Smith, Eng. Bot. pi. 1690. 1807. Opegrapha Chevallieri Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II: 13: 90. 1854. On limestone, Conception Island : — Europe ; California ; Cuba. 5. Opegrapha saxicola Ach. Syn. Ligh. 71. 1814. On limestone, New Providence : — Europe ; California ; Cuba. GEAPHIDACEAE. 535 6. Opegrapha isabellina Riddle, sp. now Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, isabellinus minute albo-maculatus, tenuis continuus laevigatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Apotheeia dispersa aut rarius aggregata superficialia elevata, simplicia recta aut rarius flexuosa, oblonga aut linearia, 0.8-2.0 mm. longa, 0.1-0.2 mm. lata, tota nigra, labiis haud suleatis conniventibus disco rimaeformi; amphithecio nigricante integro basi complete Paraphyses ramosae. Asci clavati, 8-spori. Sporae incolores, fusiformes, 6-8-loeulares loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 20-24 X 4-5 p.. On limestone, New Providence (Brace, May 20, 1918, 9$37, type). In the Tucker- man Herbarium there is an unnamed specimen of this species from Cuba, sent to Tuckerman by Ravenel. Scarcely anything is known of the rock-inhabiting Opegraphas of the tropics. I have been unable to find any described in the writings of Nylander, Mueller-Argau, or Wainio. The three new species here described appear to be distinct from the European species. 7. Opegrapha bahamensis Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, testaceus, sat cras- siusculus laevigatus aut rugulosus, rimulosus partim areolatus, sorediis nullis; hypothallo nullo. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Apotheeia dispersa aut rarius aggre- gata, primum subinnata mox superficialia elevataque, simplicia recta, pro maxima parte brevia oblonga, 0.4-0.7 mm. longa, rarius subelongata, ad 1.5 mm. longa, 0.1-0.2 mm. lata, tota nigra, labiis haud suleatis conniventibus aut rarius hiantibus, disco rimaeformi aut rarius paullum aperto; amphithecio fusco-nigricante integro basi complete Paraphyses sparse ramosae. Asci clavati, 8-spori. Sporae incolores fusiformes, 6-loculares loculi cylindricis aequalibus, 18-20 X 3-4 /x. On limestone, New Providence (Brace, June 5, 1918, 9!i5ba, type). Opegrapha bahamensis resembles O. Chevallieri var. incarnata Riddle (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43 : 150. 1916), but differs in the six-celled spores. From O. zonata Koerb., it differs in the absence of soredia and hypothallus. The key-characters will serve to distinguish it from O. isabellina. 8. Opegrapha columbina Riddle, sp. nov. Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, columbina aut plumbeus aut partim nigrescens, tenuissimus farinulentus. Gonidia chroole- poidea. Apotheeia dispersa aut conglomerato-approximata, superficialia ele- vata, simplicia recta oblonga, 0.5-1.5 mm. longa, circa 0.2 mm. lata, tota nigra, labiis haud suleatis conniventibus disco rimaeformi; amphithecio nigricante integro basi eompleto crasso. Paraphyses ramosae. Asci clavati, 8-spori. Sporae incolores fusiformes, 8-loeulares loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 24-2S X 5-7 ft. On limestone, vicinitv of Governor's Harbor, Eleuthera Island (Britton and Millspaugh, February 19-20, 1907, 5533, type). This species is most closely related to Opegrapha ophites Tuck, fapud Riddle in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 150. 191G), but differs in the short, straight, oblong apotheeia. From O. lithyrga Ach. it may be distinguished by the color of the thallus and the wider spores. 2. GRAPHIS Adans. Apotheeia externally black. Apotheeia 0.4-1.0 mm. in length. 1. G. Paroniana. Apotheeia mostly 2-5 mm. in length. 2. G. scripta. Apotheeia not externally black. Apotheeia white, contrasting with the dark thallus or bark. 3. G. Afzelii. Apotheeia concolorous with the glaucous thallus. Lips entire or nearly so. 4. <:. veattta. Lips deeply silicate. 5. G. cinerea. 1. Graphis Pavoniana Fee, Essai Crypt. 40. 1S24. On bark, New Providence : — Texas ; Bermuda. 536 GKAPHIDACEAE. 2. Graphis scripta (L.) Aeh. Lich. Univ. 265. 1810. Lichen scriptus L. Sp. Plant. 1140. 1753. On bark, New Providence and Stocking Island, Great Exuma : — cosmopolitan. 3. Graphis Afzelii Ach. Syn. Lich. 85. 1814. On bark, Great Bahama and New Providence : — a common species in tropical regions. 4. Graphis vestita Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 288. 1825. On twips. New Providence, along road between Clifton and Fort Mt. Pleasant : — tropical America. 5. Graphis cinerea Fee, Essai Crypt. 37, pi. 10, f. 3. 1824. On bark, New Providence : — Jamaica ; Colombia ; Brazil. 3. PHAEOGRAPHIS Muell. Arg. Disk of apothecia dark red. 1. P. cinnabarina. Disk of apothecia brownish-black, sometimes pruinose. Amphithecium black at both sides and base. 2. P. dendritica. Amphithecium black at the sides only. 3. P. inusta. 1. Phaeographis cinnabarina (Fee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soe. Phvs. Hist. Nat. Geneve 29s: 27. 1887. Graphis cinnabarina Fee, Essai Crypt. 44, pi. 13, f. 4. 1824. On bark, New Providence : — Cuba ; Colombia ; Brazil ; Peru. 2. Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 382. 1882. Opegrapha dendritica Ach. Meth. Lich. 31. 1803. On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in temperate regions. 3. Phaeographis inusta (Aeh.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 383. 1882. Graphis inusta Ach. Syn. Lich. 85. 1814. On bark. New Providence : — widely distributed in Europe, North and South America, and New Zealand. 4. GRAPHINA Muell. Arg. Thallus olivaceous, apothecia simple. 1. G. nitidescens. Thallus malachite-green, apothecia branched. 2. O. virginea. 1. Graphina nitidescens (Nyl.) Biddle, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 115. 1918. Fissurina nitidescens Nyl. Lich. Japon. 108. 1890. On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. 2. Graphina virginea (Eschw.) Muell. Arg. Flora 63: 41. 1880. Leiogramma virginea Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 98. 1833. On bark, New Providence : — a common lichen in troDical America. 5. PHAEOGRAPHINA Muell. Arg. 1. Phaeographina caesiopruinosa (Fee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 29s: 49. 1887. Arthonia caesiopruinosa Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 36, pi. 40, f. 4. 1837. Graphis scalpturata var. plurifera Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. V: 7: 332. 1867. On bark, New Providence and Acklin's Island, at Spring Point : — widely dis- tributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. CHIODECTON ACE AE. 537 P. caesioijruinosa differs from P. scalpturata (Ach.) Muell. Arg. in the character of the spores which in the former species are four to eight in each ascus and are 40-85 x 14-22 « in size; while in the latter species, they are constantly solitary in the ascus, and 90-140 x 22-35 u in size. For a discussion of the confusion of this species with P. quassiaecola (Fee) Muell. Arg. and the distinctions between the two species, reference may be made to the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (44: 324. 1917). Family 3. CHIODECTONACEAE. Spores with cylindrical cells. Spores colorless. 1. Chiodecton. Spores brown. 2. Selerophyton. Spores with lens-shaped cells. Spores colorless. 3. GlypMs. Spores brown. 4. Sarcographa. 1. CHIODECTON Ach. Either thallus or apothecia more or less brilliant red. Thallus red at least in part. 1. O. sanguineum. Thallus not at all red, but apothecia blood-red. 2. C. cruentatum. Neither thallus nor apothecia at all red. Apothecia linear, more or less branched. 3. C. elongatum. Apothecia punctiform, difform, or oblong. Stroma distinctly convex, apothecia seriate. 4. C. quassiaccolum . Stroma flat or absent, apothecia scattered. Growing on bark ; spores 6- to 8-celled. 5. C. crassum. Growing on rocks ; spores 4-celled. 6. C. Bracei. 1. Chiodecton sanguineum (Sw.) Wainio, Lieh. Bres. 2: 143. 1890. Byssus sanguined Sw. Prodr. 148. 1788. Eypochnus rubrocinctus Ehrenb. in Nees, Hor. Phys. Berol. 84. 1820. Chiodecton ruorocinctum Nyl. Act. Soe. Sci. Fenn. 7: 486. 1863. On Juniperus stumps, Andros, at Nicholl's Town : — widely distributed in trop- ical regions of both hemispheres. 2. Chiodecton cruentatum Kiddle, sp. nov. Thallus epiphloeodes erustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, albus vel albidus opacus, crassiusculus verrucosus verrueis convexis hemisphericis aut subglobosis, 0.3-0.5 mm. diam., conglomeratis. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Stroma nulla. Apothecia dispersa, orbicularia oblonga aut pro maxima parte dif- formia, 0.4-0.7 mm. lata, innata, disco piano claro cruento, margine spurie thallino cincta; hymenio incolore, 60//. altit. ; hypothecio incolore. Asci clavati, 8-spori. Sporae incolores, fusiformes, 6-loculares, loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 13-16 X 4m- On bark of Eugenia confusa, Barnett's Point, Great Bahama (Britton and Mills- paugh, February 5-13, 1905, 263.'/, type). The compact thallus and the absence of a stroma indicate that this species be- longs to the section Enterographa. The absence of a stroma as well as the lack of any trace of red coloration in the thallus serve to distinguish it from the preceding species. There does not seem to be any other species with which it could possibly be confused. 3. Chiodecton elongatum Wainio, Lich. Bres. 2: 138. 1890. On bark, New Providence: — Brazil. The apothecia vary from immersed in and even with the thallus to conditions in which there is a definite convex stroma ; the spores may be ten-celled. 4. Chiodecton quassiaecolum (Fee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 29s: 69. 1887. Enterographa quassiaecola Fee, Essai Crypt. 57, pi. S3, f. 2. 1824. On bark of Erithalis fruticosa, Stocking Island, Great Esuma : — Martinique; New Caledonia ; Oceanica. 35 538 CHIODECTONACEAE. 5. Chiodecton crassum (DC.) Zahlbr. in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. I1*: 104. 1905. Opegrapha crassa DC. El. Franc. 2: 312. 1805. On bark, New Frovirlence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — Europe ; northern Africa ; Japan. Not previously recorded from North America. 6. Chiodecton Bracei Kiddle, sp. nov. Thallus epilithicus crustaceus uniformis subdeterminatus maculas 3-15 mm. diam. formans haud linea nigra limitatus, argillaceus aut albus, in cras- situdine mediocris, crebre contextus continuus laevigatus undulatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Stroma nulla. Apothecia dispersa aut rarius aggregata thallo immersa punctiformes aut difformia aut partim elongata, 0.1-0.5 mm. longa, simplicia, disco sicco nigro madefaeto badio, nudo piano superfkiem thallo subaequante, margine tenuissime spurie thallino aut margine evanescente ; epi- thecio fuscescente ; hymenio et hypothecio incolore. Paraphyses crassiusculae ramoso-connexae. Asci clavati 8-spori. Sporae incolores fusiformes 4-loculares loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 14-20 X 4,u. On limestone, New Providence (Brace, June 16, 1!>18, 951S, type). Also, Wat- ling's Island, vicinity of Cockburn Town (Britton and MiUspauf/h. GIZSa). Chiodecton Bracei belongs to the section Entcrographa. It differs from C. rufes- cens Wainio (Journ. Bot. 34: 262. 1896) in having simple apothecia which are more often punctate or difform than elongated. I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Mr. Brace, whose collections have greatly extended our knowledge of the lichens of the Bahamas. 2. SCLEROPHYTON Eschw. 1. Sclerophyton elegans Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 103. 1833. Stigmatidium elegans Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. II: 3: 274. 1869. On bark, New Providence, along Soldier's Road : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Guadeloupe ; Brazil. Easily confused with species of Arthonia, as the stroma is by no means obvious. 3. GLYPHIS Ach. 1. Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. Syn. Lich. 107. 1814. Glyphis Achariana Tuck. Amer. Journ. Sci. 25: 429. 1858. On bark of various species, and at various localities, Great Bahama, New Provi- dence, Watling's Island : — one of the commonest of tropical lichens. 4. SARCOGRAPHA Fee. 1. Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 298: 63. 1887. Graphis tricosa Ach. Lich. Univ. 674. 1810. On bark, New Providence, and Long Island : — widely distributed in tropical re- gions of both hemispheres. Family 4. DIRINACEAE. 1. DIRINA Fr. Growing on rocks. 1- D- rcpanda. Growing on bark (of Jacquinia keyensis) . 2. D. ceratoniae. 1. Dirina repanda (Fr.) Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 21: 343. 1856. Parmelia repanda Fries, Lich. Europ. 177. 1831. On limestone, New Providence, near Queen's Staircase, Nassau ; Great Exuma, along Haynes Road ; Long Cav, on Cunningham Hill : — southern Europe and northern Africa, Hawaii, India. The occurrence in the Bahamas of this species, not previously known from North America, was recorded in the Bryologist (21: 50. 1918). COLLEMACEAE. r>:vj 2. Dirina ceratoniae (Ach.) DeNot. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2: 188. 1846. Lecanora ceratoniae Ach. Lich. Univ. 361. 1810. On bark of Jacquinia kei/ensis (apparently confined to this, so far as it occurs in the Bahamas). New Providence, road south of Fox Hill, Eleuthera Island, at Miller's Point; Little San Salvador: Stocking Island, Great Exuma ; Watling's Island, on island in lake : — southern Europe and northern Africa. Order 4. LECIDEALES. A. Spores with uniformly thickened wall, colorless Leptotrema and there brown and muriform. 1. Thnllus gelatinous when moist. Gonidia : Oloeocapsa. Gonidia : Nostoc. 2. Thallus not gelatinous when moist. a. Thallus appearing ns a mat of Trentepohlia filaments, the hyphae to be seen only under the microscope. b. Thallus not as above. * Thallus crustose or squamulose. t Thallus crustose. Thalline exciple absent or soon dis- appearing. Margin of apothecia pilose. Margin of apothecia naked. Gonidia : Tnntrpnhlia. Apothecia with a black exciple. Exciple not black. Gonidia : Cu^tocnccus. Thalline exciple present. Apothecia immersed in the thal- lus or in thalline verrucae. Apothecia superficial and discoid. tt Thallus squamulose, or developing erect fruticose podetia and the original squamules disappearing. Apothecia sessile on the snuamules. Apothecia on the tips of erect po- detia. ** Thallus foliose or fruticose. Thallus foliose. Gonidia : Blue-green. Gonidia : Green. Thallus fruticose, growing on trees. (Species of Gladonia might be sought here, but never grow on trees.) B. Spores with irregularly thickened wall (i.e., polar- bilocular) or uniformly thickened, but then always brown; never muriform. Spores colorless. Spores brown. Thallus crustose. Thallus foliose. in all Bahama genera except Fam. 1. Pyrenopsidaceae. Fam. 2. Collemaceae. Fam. 3. Coenogoniaceae,. Fam. 4. Pilocarpaceae. Fam. 5. Lecanactidaceae. Fam. fi. Gtalectaceab. Fam. 7. Lecideaceae. Fam. 8. Thei,otremaceae. Fam. 9. Lecanoraceae. Fam. 10. Phyllopsoraceae. Fam. 11. Cladoniaceae. Fam. 12. Pannariaceae. Fam. 13. Parmfxiaceae. Fam. 14. Usneaceae. Fam. 15. Caloplacaceae. Fam. 1fi. BrELT.iArEAE. Fam. 17. Physciaceae. Family 1. PYRENOPSIDACEAE. 1. PSOROTICHIA Mass. 1. Psorotichia Boergesenii Wainio, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A: 6T: 118. 1915. On limestone. New Providence :■ — St. Thomas. Family 2. COLLEMACEAE. Spores simple. Spores plurilocular or muriform-multilocular. Thallus without a cortex. Thallus corticate, at least above. 1. Phiisma. 2. Collrtna. 3. Lcptnpium. 540 COLLEMACEAE. 1. PHYSMA Mass. 1. Physma uinbella (Tuck.) Kiddle. Omphalaria umbella Tuck, apud Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 105. 1858. On a rock, New Providence, at sink-hole, on Farringdon Road : — Alabama. 2. COLLEMA Hill. Surface of thallus granulose. 1. C. rupestre. Thallus not granulose. Thallus radiately nlicate, with rounded lobes. 2. C. nigrescens. Thallus merely uneven, with narrow lobes. 3. C. laciniatum. 1. Collema rupestre (Sw.) Eabenh. Deutsch. Krypt. Flora 2: 50. 1845. Lichen rupestris Sw. Meth. Muscor. 37. 1781. Lichen flaccidus Ach. Nov. Act. Acad. Sci. Stockholm 5: 14, pi. 1, f. 4. 1795. Collema flaccidum Ach. Lich. Univ. 647. 1810. On Annona glabra, Cat Island, at Port Howe : — widely distributed in temperate regions of both hemispheres. 2. Collema nigrescens (Huds.) Ach. Syn. Lich. 321. 1814. Lichen nigrescens Huds. Fl. Angl. 450. 1762. On trees, Great Bahama, at Barnett's Point, and New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice : — cosmopolitan. The material is without isidia, and would represent what Wainio (Lich. Br£s. 1: 235. 1890) calls Collema vespertilio (Lightf.) Wainio, but the original plants upon which these names were based are doubtful. 3. Collema laciniatum Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 115. 1858. At base of tree, Watling's Island, near Cockburn Town : — Alabama ; Kansas. The type came from calcareous rocks, and as the present material is sterile, the de- termination must be considered uncertain, although the thalline characters agree with the material in the Tuckerman Herbarium. 3. LEPTOGIUM S. F. Gray. Thallus dark green to black. 1. L. chloromelum. Thallus bluish lead-color. Thalline margin of apothecia a plaited corona. 2. L. bullatum. Thalline margin of apothecia thickly lobulate. 3. L. phyllocarpum. 1. Leptogium chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 128. 1858. Lichen chloromelos Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1892. 1806. On trees, New Providence, Watling's Island, and Salt Key Bank, Anguilla Islands : — throughout North America, and recorded as cosmopolitan. This is the most " CoZZema-like " of all the species of Leptogium, and is very variable. Some of the specimens cited are near the variety stellans Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1 : 163. 1882. 2. Leptogium bullatum (Ach.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 129. 1858. Lichen bullatus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 137. 1798. On trees, Great Bahama, at Golden Grove, and New Providence, along Soldier's Road : — widely distributed in tropical America, and recorded from tropical Asia and New Zealand. 3. Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 130. 1858. Collema phyllocarpum Pers. in Gaudich. Yoy. Uran. 204. 1826. Leptogium bullatum var. phyllocarpum Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 165. 1882. On trees, New Providence, at Grantstown and along Soldier's Road : — widely dis- tributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. GYALECTACEAE. 541 Family 3. COENOGONIACEAE. 1. COENOGONIUM Ehrenb. 1. Coenogonium interplexum Nyl. Aim. Sci. Nat. IV: 16: 92. 1862. On trees, Abaco, vicinity of Cherokee Sound, and Andros, at Louisa Coppice, near Nicholl's Town : — Costa Rica ; Colombia ; Venezuela. Family 4. PILOCARPACEAE. 1. PILOCARPON Wainio. 1. Pilocarpon tricholoma (Mont.) Wainio, Lich. Bres. 2: 89. 1890. Biatora tricholoma Mont, Ann. Sei. Nat. Ill: 16: 53. 1851. Lecidea leucoblephara Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 19: 337. 1863. On leaves of Eugenia, Crooked Island, at Stopper Hill : — widely distributed in tropical America. Family 5. LECANACTIDACEAE. 1. LECANACTIS Eschw. 1. Lecanactis denticulata Wainio, Ann. Acad. Sei. Fenn. A: 67: 141. 1915. Opegrapha acicularis Riddle, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 110. 1918. On bark of Coccolobis laurifolia, Great Harbor Cay, Berry Islands, and on Eugenia buxifolia, Watling's Island: — Florida; Cuba; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Porto Rico. It has only recently been possible for me to see a copy of Wainio's paper. His description of L. denticulata differs from that of O. acicularis only in stating that the base of the amphithecium is black, while I found it to be colorless in the mate- rial that I examined ; but the denticulate margin of the apothecia is so peculiar and so characteristic that I am convinced that the plants are the same. Furthermore, the acicular spores are identical, and Wainio has proposed a new section Bacidiactis to receive this species. Family 6. GYALECTACEAE. Spores one-celled. 1. Ionaspis. Spores two-celled. 2. Microphiale. 1. IONASPIS Th. Fr. 1. Ionaspis tropica Riddle, sp. now Thallus crustaceus effusus tenuissimus cum saxo conferruminatus, fusces- cens, minutissime farinosus, circa apothecia rimuloso-areolatus. Gonidia pauca chroolepoidea. Apothecia caespitosa minuta, in areolis thallinis immersa, disco primum punctiforme dein aperto ad 0.3 mm. lato, concavo aut piano, eastaneo aut fuscescente, margine pallidiore integro tenue parum prominente persistente; epithecio fulvo, excipulo et hypothecio pallido. Asci clavati 8-spori. Sporae incolores simplices ellipsoideae membrano tenue, 10-12 X 6-7 fi. On limestone, New Providence (Brace, November 20, 1918, 0G97, type). This species has the general appearance of Ionat