®Jie ^. ^. ^tU ICtbrarg # ^0rti| Cdarolma: ^iate College b^ce ♦' NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES S02075878 Date Due .00 tOQ) FRONTISPIECE. PLAN OF A FBUIT GAEDBN. 12« BARRY'S FRUIT GARDEN BY P. BARRY. NEW EDITION. REVISED AND BROUGHT DOWN TO DATE.. BY THE AlJTiJO? XIiIiUSTRATED. NEW Y O P K : ORANGE J HDD COMPANY, 1U06 t p^ti^t^J •sntered. accordln? to Act of Congress, In the year 1883, by fhy ORANOE JUDD COMPANY, Hm the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washingtoffi. PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. In undertaking a revision of this work I found that little was to be done except in the lists of fruits. In Apples, Petirs, Cherries, Plums, Apricots, Nectarines and Quinces only a few changes were to be made. Very little has been done in the past ten years in the way of intro- ducing new varieties of the=5e fruits, especially of such as can be recommended for, or are likely to prove worthy of, extensive or general cultivation. In Peaches and Grapes and what are termed the ''small fruits": Blackberries, Raspberries and Strawberries, a very large number of new varieties have been introduced. The.'je are so many as to make it somewhat difficult and embarrassing to select from the mass those which are likely to prove of permanent value. This I have endeav- ored to do. Those which I have considered worthy, have been added to the select lists, while those which are merely promising, or of doubtful value, are arranged in separate lists. Cultivators who possess the requisite fa- cilities will do well to try them all. This experimental woi«k is not only interesting and instructive to those en- gaged in it, but results are obtained which must be of general value. Within a few years there has been a per- fect flood of new peaches, grapes, and small fruits, only a small number of which will stand the test of time. The majority of them in a few years will be forgotten. To determine which are to be retained, and which reject- ed, is a tedious and expensive work, but it must be done. ^^^ PROPERTY OF 4«. A E. OO',. '-.ETOe Yl PUEFAC" -TO TaE R::\-ISnD EDITION. It is a ])ity that sunc restrictions cannot l.c })ut on the introduction of new sorts, by requiring a certilicute of some competent authoritative body. It must ultimately come to this, if vv'e are to prevent a waste of time and money on perfectly worthless novelties. The subject of manures and fertilizers more and more attracts the attention of cultivators. At agricultural and horticultural meetings, as well as in the press, it is a standing theme for discussion. This has led to a better appreciation of their value, but there has really been no new light shed on the subject. Stable manure continues to be the staple and, where it can be had, answers every purpose. Lime, aslies, and ground bones are very good, and can he safely and freely used to supplement the pro- duct of the stable and barnyard. Manufactured fertilizers are now used in large quan- tities; no doubt all of these have some degree of merit, but very many of them, judging from the reports of trustworthy chemists and experimenters, are by no means worth what they cost. As they are coming into such general use we shall soon know more about them. The cultivation of orchards and fruit plantations has recently been the subject of much inquiry and discussion. The result has no doubt been in the main beneficial, al- though the question practically remains just where it was. It seems to have been settled beyond dispute, by long experience and observation, that the ground, in all young plantations, should be kept in a state of cultivation, and if cropped at all, only with what are called hoed or cul- tivated crops. Even these must be kept at sufficient distances from the trees to not affect them injuriously, either at root or top. When trees have reached the bear- ing age, the ground may safely be seeded down to grass and kept so a few years. In this case the grass should either be fed off, or kept close cut like a lawn, and ma- nure be frequently applied on the surface; a light dress- PREFACE TO TKE EEYIoZD TDITIOX. VU ing, aniinally,'\vill yield best resnlt-s. My own experience, wirli pears esi»ee'ally, is, tiiat the largest crops aiul finest fruit are obtained by keeping the ground among the trees clean and well pulverized, but not so deeply worked as to disturb the roots. Under this metiiod less manure is re- cpiired than when tlie ground is kept in grass. The depredations of insects continue to increase and neither tine fruits, nor garden products of any kind, can be secured without prompt and energetic efforts to re])cl their attacks. In regard to those insects which are well known as enemies to the fruit groAver, and referred to in the proper place, notliing ne.w in regard to remedies has been discovered, unless it be the api)lication of Pai-is green to prevent the attacks of the codling moth on the apple. This will be described in the chapter on Insects and Diseases; while it cannot, at this writing, be regarded as a complete success, enough has been done to justify us in saying that it is promising. If successful, it will be a great boon to the oichardists of tliis country, whose an- nual losses by the ravages of this pest amount to millions of dollars. I have here referred to tiiese subjects at more length than may seem proper, because it will naturally be ex- pected that in a period of ten years of great activity and intelligent investigation, some new light ought to be thrown upon them. I trust that the next ten years will be more fruitful in this respect. P. B. May, 1883. INTRODUCTION TO FIRST EDITION. The subject of this treatise is one in which almost all classes of the coinimiiiity are more or less practically en- gaged and interested. Agriculture is pursued by one class, and commerce by another; the mechanic arts, fine arts, and learned ])rofessions by others ; but fruit culture, to a greater or less extent, by all. It is the desire of every man, whatever may be his ]iur- suit or condition in life, whether he live in town or country, to enjoy fine fruits, to provide them for his fam- ily, and, if possible, to cultivate the trees in his own garden witli his own hands. The agriculturist, whatever be the extent or condition of his grounds, considers an orchard, at least, indispensable. The merciiant or pro- fessional man who has, by half a lifetime of drudgery in town, secured a fortune or a competency that enables him to retire to a country or suburban villa, looks forward to his fruit garden as one of the chief sources of those rural comforts and pleasures he so long and so earnestly labored and hoped for. The artizan who has laid up enough from his earnings to purchase a homestead, considers the ])lant- ing of his fruit-trees as one of the first and most important steps towards improvement. He anticipates the pleasure of tending them in his spare hours, of watching their growth and ])rogress to maturity, antl of gathering their ripe and delicious fruits, and placing them before his family and friends as the valued products of his own gar- den, and of his own skill and labor. Fortunately, in the IX X INTROPUCTIOX TO FIT.ST P.DITION. ITnited States, land is so easily obtained ;is to be within the reach of every industrious in:in ; and the climate and soil being so favorable to the production of fruit, Ameri- cans, if they be not already, must become truly " a nation of fruit growers." Fruit culture, therefore, whether considered as a branch of profitable industry, or as exercising a most beneficial influence upon the health, habits, and tastes of the people, becomes a great national interest, and whatever may as- sist in making it better understood, and more interesting, and better adapted to the various wants, tastes, and cir- cumstances of the community, cannot fail to subserve the public good. Within a few years past it has received an unusual de- gree of attention. Plantations of all sorts, orchards, gardens, nnd nurseries, have increased in numbers and extent to a degree quite unprecedented ; not in one section or locality, but from tlie extreme north to the southern limits of the fruit-growing region. Foreign supplies of ti-ees have been required to meet the suddenly and greatly increased demand. Treatises and periodicals devoted to the subject have increased rapidly and circulated widely. Horticultural societies have been organized in all parts ; while exhibitions, and national. State, and local conven- tions of fruit growers, liave been held to discuss the merits of fruits and other kindred topics. To those unacquamted with the previous condition of fruit culture in the interior of the country, this new, plant- ing spiiit has appeared as a sort of speculative mania ; and tlie idea has suggested itself to them that the country will soon be overstocked with fruits. This is a greatly mis- taken apprehension. After all that has been done, let us look at the actual condition of fruit culture at the present time. In the best fruit-growing counties in the State of New York, the entire fruit plantations, of moie than three- fourths of the agricultural population, consist of very INTROr>lT( TlON" lO lIliST EDITION'. XI ordinary orchards of ap|)lcs. Not a dish of fine pears, plums, cherries, apricots, grajtes, nor raspberries, has ever appeared on their tables, and not a sti'p lias yet been taken to produce them. People are but beginning to learn the uses of fruits, and t'> a[)preciatc their importance, " At one time apples were grown chiefly for cider ; now they are considered an indispensable article of food. The finer fruits, that were formerly considered as luxuiies only for the tables of the wealthy, are beginning to take their place among the ordinary supplies of every man's table; and this taste must grow from year to year, with nn in- creased suj)ply. Those who consume a bushel of fruit this year, will require double or treble that quantity next. The rnpid increase of population alone, creates a demand to an extent that few ])eople are aware of The city of Rochester has added 20,000 to her numbers in ten years. Let such an increase as this in all our cities, towns, and villages, be estimated, and see what an aggre- gate, annual amount of new consumers it presents. New markets are continually presenting themselves, and demanding large supplies. New and more })erfect modes of packing and shipping fruits, and of drying, preserving, and preparing tliem for various purposes to Avliich they have not hitherto been approj)riated, are beginning to en- list attention and inquiry. Immense amounts of money are annually expended in importing grapes, wines, figs, nuts, prunes, raisins, cur- rants, almonds, etc., many of which might be produced perfectly well on our own soil. Pears have actually been imported from France by the New York confectioners, this present season (1851). These are facts that should be well understood by proprietors of lands, and e~;pecially by those who have allowed themselves to imagine that fruit will soon be so plenty as not to be worth the grow- ing. It is too soon, by a contm-y, to appiehend an over sup Xli INTKOni CTTON TO FIRST KDITION. ply of fruits in tlio United States, except of some very perishable soj*t, in a season of unusnal abundance, in some particular locality, where one branch of culture is inainly carried on. It is because fruit culture has been almost entirely neg- lected until within a few years, that the 'present activity appears so extraordinary. A vast majority of the people were quite unaware of the treasures within their reach; and that in regard to soil and climate, they possessed ad- vantages for fruit growing superior to any other nation. We had no popular works or periodicals to diffuse informa- tion or aw:iken interest on the subject. For fourteen or fifteen yeais Hovey's Magazine of JTorficultnre wns the only journal exclusively devoted to gardening subjects, and it only found its way into the hands of the more ad- vanced cultivators. We had some treatises on fruits, but none of them circulate*! sufficiently to effect much good. Previous to 1845, Kenrick''s American Orchardlst, and Manning's Book of Fruits, were the principal treatises that had any circulation worth naming. Coxe's work, Floy's, Prince's, and some others, were confined almost wholly to nurserymen, or persons already engaged and interested in fruit culture in the older ))artsof the country. Mr. Downing's " Fruit and Fruit Trees of America," that appeared in 1845, was the first treatise of the kind that really obtained a wide and general circulation. It made its appearance at a favorable moment, just as the planting spirit leferred to was beginning to manifest itself, nnd when, more than at any previous period, such a work was needed. Mr. Downing enjoyed great advan- tages over any previous American writer. During the ten years that hail elapsed since the publication of Ken- lick's Mnd Prince's treatises, a great fund of materials had be.'n accumulating. Messrs. Manning, Kenrick, Prince, Wilder, and many others, had been industriously collect- in"- fruits both :>t home and abroad. The Massachusetts ]NTi:0I)UCI10N iO FUIST KlUTION. X J U Horticultural Society w.is actively engaged in its labors. The London Horticultural Society had made great ad- vancement in its examination and trial of fruits, and had corrected a multitude of long standing errors in nomen- clature. Mr. Downing's work had the benefit of all this ; and possessing the instructive feature of outline figures of fruits, and being written in a very agreeable and attrac- tive style, it possessed the elements of popularity and usefulness in an eminent degree. Hetice it became at once the text-book of every man who sought for porao- logical information, or felt interested in fruits or fruit- trees ; and to it is justly attributable much of the taste and spiiit on the subject, and the increased attention to nomenclature, that so distinguishes the present time. Mr. Thomas's recent treatise, " The Amei-ican Fruit Culturist," on the same plan as Mr. DoAvning's, is also a popular Avork, and will be the means of diffusing both taste and informati(m. Mr. Thomas is a close and accurate ob- server, and his descriptions are peculiarly concise, methodi- cal, and minute. "Cole's Fruit Book" is also a recent treatise, and on account of its cheapness, and the vast ac- cumulation of facts and information it contains, is highly popular and useful. Besides these, periodicals, devoted more or less to the subject, have increased in number, and greatly extended their circulation, so that information is now accessible to all who desire it. The light which has been shed upon fruit-growing by. these works, and the taste they have created, have not only improved old systems of cultivation, but introduced new ones. Until within a few years, nothing was said or known among the gi'eat body of cultivators, or even nur- serymen, of dwarfing trees, of the uses of certain stocks, or of modes of propagation and pruning by which trees are made to bear early, and are adapted to different cir- cumstances. The entire routine of the propagation and 1* XIV INTllODUCTION TO FIUST EDITION. iiian.igeraent of trees was conducted generally in the sim- plest and rudest manner. Whether for the garden or the orchard, they were propagated in the same manner, on the ?ame stocks, and in the same form taken from the nursery, planted out, and left there to assume such forms as nature or accident might im])Ose, and produce fruit at such a time as natural circumstances would admit. The art of planting fifty trees ou a quarter of an acre of ground, and bringing them into a fruitful state in four or five years at most, was entirely nnknowu. Small gar- dens were encumbered with tall, unshapely, and unfruitful trees, that afforded no pleasure to the cultivator ; and thousands of persons, wlio are now the most enthusiastic cultivators, were entirely discouraged from the attempt. Fruit gardening, properly speaking, may be said to have only commenced. It is no longer a matter of mere utility, but taste also ; and, therefore, adaptation, variety, and heavty are sought fir in gai'den trees, and moiles of culture and management. Nothing so distinguishes the taste of modern planting as the partiality for dwarf trees, and the desire to obtain information in regard to their propagation and treatment. This has not been anticipated by any of our authors. The standard or orchard system alone is fully treated of, as being the only one practised ; and this requires so little skill in the art of culture, that only tlie simplest instruc- tions have been given. The very elements of the science have been unexplained and unstudied, and cultivators hi the main find themselves both destitute of knowledge in regard to the management of trees in the more refined and artificial forms, and the sources from which to obtain it. But a very small jiroportiou of those engaged or en- gaging in tree culture have studied the ])hysiology of trees in any degree. Very few have the slightest knowl- edge of the modes of growth and bearing of the different species of fruits, or even of the difference between wood INTEODLCTIOX TO FIRS'l EDITION" XV or lea!-buds and fruit-buds. Very few understand the functions of the different parts of trees, and the reUition in which thej stand one to another ; the principles that govern and regulate the growth and maturity, the forma- tion of wood, and the production of fruit. Practice is no better understood than principle. Persons engaged larg3ly in tree-growing will frequently ask the most ab- surd questions on the subject of propagation of stocks, of pruning, etc., matters that should be understood by every man who has a single tree to manage, but especially in- dispensable to those who wish to succeed in conducting garden-trees under certain modified forms, more or less opposed to the natural. The preparation of ground, lay- ing out small gardens, the selection of suitable trees, and a multitude of minor, but nevertheless important, mat- ters, are very imperfectly understood. Having for many years devoted much attention to this particular branch of culture, and feeling deeply interested in its success, and having, by a business intercourse with cultivators in all parts of the country, an ample opportu- nity of understanding the nature and extent of the infor- mation desired, I have prepared the following pages to supply it, at least, in part. I am well convinced that the work is neither perfect nor complete. It has been prepared, during a few weeks of the winter, in the midst of other engagements that renderi^d it impossible to bestow upon it the necessary care and labor. My original intention was to give a few brief directions for the management of garden-trees, but it was suggested by friends that it would prove more generally useful by adding a sketch of the entire routine of operations, from the propagation in the nursery to the management in the orchard and garden. This has in- volved much more labor than it was intended to bestow upon it, or than I could really spare from business. It has, therefore, beeu performed hastily, and, of course. Xn INTKODUCTION TO PIllST EDITIOTT. in many respects, imperfectly; but yet it is hoped it contains such an exposition of principles and practices as cannot fail to diffuse among the inexperienced much needed information. All doubtful theories, and whatever had not a direct practical bearing on the sub- jects treated, have been excluded, both for the sake of brevity, and to avoid anything calculated to mislead. The principles and practices set forth are not new, visionary, nor doubtful, but such as are taught and prac- tised by the most accomplished cultivators of the day, and have been successfully carried out in the daily opera- tions of our own establishment. For the sake of convenient reference, the different branches of the subject have been separated into four parts. The Jirsi treats of general principles, a knowl- edge of the structure, character, and functions of the different parts of trees, modes of growth, bearing, etc., etc. ; soils, manures, modes of j^ropagation, etc. This must be the groundwork of the study of tree culture. The second treats of the nursery. The third of planta- tions, orchards of different kinds, gardens, etc.; their laying out and management, and of the pruning and training of trees in different forms. The fourth con- tains abridged descriptions of the best fruits, a chapter on gathering and preserving fruits, another on diseases and insects, and another on the implements in common ase. P. B. Moupi Bope Garden and Nurseries, \ BOCHESTEB, N. Y, J COI^TEJSrTS. PART L GENERAL PRINCIPLES. CHAPTER I. PAGE. Names, Descriptions, and Offices of the Oiffekent Parts OF Fkuit T^ebs, ...... 21—69 CHAPTER II. SoELS, (i9— 74 CHAPTER m. Manures, ........ 74—80 CHAPTER IV. The Different Modes of Propagating Fruit Trees, . 80 — 100 CHAPTER V. Pruning — Its Principles and Practice. , . . 100 — 118 PART II. THE NURSERY. CHAPTER I. Soil, Situation, etc., ....,;• 131 — 172 PART III. THE LAYING OUT, ARRANGEMENT, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF PERMANENT PLANTATIONS OF FRUIT TREES, SELECTION OF TREES AND VARIETIES, AND PRUNING AND CONDUCTING TREES UT^DER VARIOUS FORMS. CHAPTER L Permanent Plantations of Fruit Trees, . . . 175—220 CHAPTER II. Pruning and Training applied to the Different Species OF Fruit Trees under Various Forms, . . . 230—326 PART IV. SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS, GATHERING AND PRESERVING FRUITS, DISEASES, INSECTS, IM- PLEMENTS IN COMMON USE. CHAPTER I. Abridged Descbiptions op Select Varieties of Fruits, . 329-437 CHAPTER II. Gathering, Packing, Transportation, and Preservation OF Fruits, 437—449 CHAPTER in. Diseases AND Insects, . . . . 449—466 CHAPTER IV. Nursebt, Orohabd, and Fruit-Garden Implements, , 466—480 P^RT I. GEIERAL PRIICIPLES GENERAL PRINCIPLES. CHAPTER I. NAMEb, DESCRIPTIONS, AND OFFICES OP TH'^ DIF FERENT PARTS OF FRUIT-TREES General Hemarks. — A Tree is a living body, composed of many parts, such as roots, branches, leaves, buds, blos- soms, fruit, etc. All tliese have difterent offices to fulfil, assume different forms and characters, and are known and designated from one another by different names, when subjected to the practical opeiations of culture. Without some knowledge of the names and structure of these dif- ferent parts, of the principles that guide their develop- ment, their relative connection with, and influence upon one another, tree culture cannot be, to any man, really pleasant, intellectual, or successful; but a misty, uncer- tain, unintelligible routine of manual labor. The industry of our times is peculiarly distinguished by the application of science — the union of theory with practice in every department ; and surely the votaries of the garden, whose labors, of all others, should be intelli- gent, will not allow themselves to fall behind, and per- form their labors in the dark. Fully sensible of the importance of this preliminary study, and confident that the minute and i)ractical details of culture cannot be well understood without it, I propose here, before entering upon the main subject, to describe, in as few and as plain words as possible, the structure, character, connection, and respective offices of the various 21 22 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. parts of fruit-trees, and the names by which each is known in practice. Section 1. — ^The Root. ' / The Root is composed of several parts. 1st. The collar [A^ fig. 1), which is the center of growth, or point of union be- tween tlie root and stem, usu- ally at or just below the surface of the ground. In root grafting seedlings, this is the point where the graft is set. 2(1. Tiie body or mnin root (-5, fig. 1), which usually pene^ trates the earth in a vertical di- rection, and decreases in size as it proceeds do wnw arils from the collar. It is also called the tap- root. A seedling that has not been transplanted has xisually but one descending or tap-root, furnished, in all its length, with minute hairy fibres. 3d. The lateral roots {C, fig. 1) are principal divisions or branches of the main root, and take more or less of a spreading or horizontal direction. When seedlings are transplanted, a por- tion of the tap-root is cut off, and these lateral, or side roots, are immediately formed. 4th. The fibres or rootlets (i), fig. 1) are the minute hair-like roots which we see most abundant on trees that have been frequently transplanted. Different species of 4, the Collar ; B, the Main Root ; C, Lateral Root ; D. Fihres ; E, fetem, orTnink ; i?',Main Branch- es ; 6^, Secondary Branches ; //, Slioots of one year's growth. THE EOOT. 23 trees vary much iu tlieir natural tendency to produce fibres. Thus the pear and the apple require frequent transplanting, and often root pruning, to produce that fibrous condition, Avhich is necessary to great fruitfulness ; AvhilsL the roots of tlie paradise apple, used as a stock for dwarf trees, and the quince, are always quite fibrous, the former never, and the latter seldom, requiring root pruning. The Spongioles is a term, which was formerly applied to the extremities of the root fibres, it being supposed that these tips were especial organs through which the plant absorbed its food from the soil. Later observations have sliown that the absorbing surface of the rootlet is not at the very extremity, but just back of it ; and that instead of there being a spongiole, or spongelet, the spe- cial ofiice of which is to take up moisture, all the newly formed root surface does this work, in which it is facili- tated by great numbers of root hairs, which are delicate projections from the surface, and so minute as to be only visible by the aid of a microscope. The root fibres are composed of soft, newly formed, delicate tissue, and are exceedingly suscptible of injury. The slightest bruise, or exposure to a dry or cold air, is fatal to them ; and this is the reason why transplanted trees generally receive such a severe check, and so frequently die. If trees could be taken up in such a way that the root fibres could all, or mostly, be preserved, trees would receive no check what- ever. By taking proper precautions, large trees are re- moved in midsummer without a leaf flagging. The Groicth of Moats. — The root increases in length by additions to its extreme point only. It does not ex- tend throughout its whole length, as does the joint of a stem. Tliis manner of growth allows it to accommodate itself to the oV)staeles that it meets in its course. The ex- tremities of the roots, at first, consist of cellular tissue only, but soon woody fibre is formed in them, and their 64 (iEIfEBAL PEINCIPLKS. internal structure is, essentially, like that of the stem, which Avill be described further along. The material for the growth of the root is supplied by the stem and leaves above, and these, in turn, are furnished, with the crude material for their own support and enlargement by the roots. The parts of the tree above the surface of the ground, and those below it, are dependent each upon the other for growth and existence. Practical cultivators are familiar with many facts that illustrate the intimate relations and mutual dependency of the roots and stems. For instance, where one portion of the head or branches is much larger or more vigorous than the other, if the roots be examined, it will be found that those immedi- ately under, or in direct connection with the largest branches, will have a corresponding size and vigor. In cases where one side of the top of a large tree is cut oiF, as in top grafting, a large number of new shoots are pro- duced on the cut branch, and, if the roots be examined under, or in connection with this branch, a corresponding new growth will be found there. It is quite obvious, from these and similar facts, that whatever affects the roots or stems of trees, favorably or unfavorably, affects the whole tree. If the foliage of a tree be entirely re- moved in the growing season, the absorbent action of the roots is suspended ; and if the absorbing portions of the roots be cut off, the growth of the top instantly ceases. Section 2. — The Stem. , The Stem is that part of a tree which starts from the collar, and grows upwards. It sustains all the branches, and forms the medium of communication between the different parts of the tree, from one extremity to the other. Plants, like the grape, with twining, or climbing stems, are called vines; and such as have no main stem, but have THE STEM, 25 branches (diverging from the collar, as the gooseberry, currant, etc., are called shrubs, or bushes. Where the stem is destitute of branches to some distance from the ground, it is usually called the trunk. Different Parts of the Stem. — A stem, or branch of a tree, is composed of the following parts, which are dis- tinctly observable Avhen we cut it across. Figure 2 repre- sents a portion of a stem of a young tree, one year old, A CB i: F 1 Fig 2 — SECTION OF A STEM ONE TEAR OI D— MAGNIFIED. A, Bark ; B, Wood, C, Epidcimib , Z), Coiky Layei , E, Gieen Layer; F, Inner Bark, or Liber; (?, Pith; H, Medullary Rays; /, Woody Fibre; A', Dotted Ducts ; i. Spiral Ducts. SO cut as to show a cross section, and a longitudinal one at the same time. The bark, included in the dotted line A, consists of an outer and inner bark. The Rind, or Outer J3, fruit-spurs on the two-year-old wood, with a wood-bud usually at the point. Fig. 17 is a fruit spur from the older wood ; A, the wood- bud at its point. Fig. 18 is a branch of the plum ; A, the two-year-old wood ; B, one year Fig. 13.— FRUIT-SPUR OF THE PEACH ON THE OLD WOOD. Fig. 14, mixed wood and fruit-branches of the peach ; B, C, D, E, fruit-buds; F, G, II, leaf-buds ; J, double buds ; C, triple buds, the two side buds being fruit- buds, and the center one, a leaf-bud. 3* 34 GENEKAL PIIINCIPLES. old; C and Z>, spurs. Fig. 19 is a fruit-spur from older wood. The wood-lnid in the centre of tliese groups of buds on the spur enables them to increase m length every Fig. 16. Fi;,^ 17, Fig. 15, a slender fruit-branch of the peach ; all the buds except A and B, and the terminal one, are fruit-buds. Fig. l(i, branch of the cherry ; A, two-year-old wood ; B, oue year; Cand Z>, fruit-spurs. Fig. 17, fruit-spur of the cheriy; the bud A^ in the center of the group, is a wood-bud. season. New buds are produced to replace those that bear, and so the spurs continue fruitful for several years, BUDS. 35 according to the vigor of the tree, and the manner in which it is treated. The fruit-branches of the quince and the medlar are Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 18, branch of the plum; A, two-year-old wood; B. one year old ; C and 2>, spurs. Fig. 19, fruit-spur of the plum on the old wood. slender twigs on the sides of lateral branches, and the fruit is borne on their points. I Section 4. — Buds. let. 77ie Nature and Functions of Buds. — In a practi- cal point of view, buds are certainly the most important organs of trees, because it is through them we are enabled completely to direct and control theii* forms and their productiveness. Whoever, therefore, wishes to become a skilful and successful tree culturist, must not fail to 36 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. make himself familiar with all their forms, modifications, modes of development, and the purposes they are adapted to fulfil in the formation of the true and its products. The immediate causes of the production of buds on the grow- ing shoots of trees, and the sources from which they spring or in which they originate, are alike thus far mysterious, notwithstanding they have been the subject of a vast deal of research and speculation among the botanists and vege- table physiologists. We are able, however, to trace clear- ly and satisfactorily the objects they are intended to fulfil in the development of the tree, their connection with, and dependency upon other parts, and the circumstances un- der which they can be made to accomplish specific pur- poses. Every bud contains the rudiments of, and is capable under favorable circumstances of producing, a new indi- vidual similar to that on which it is borne. This fact is clearly demonstrated in the propagation of trees by budding, Avhere a single eye is removed from one shoot and placed in the wood of another, to which it imites an,^'), called the b'ade. The base is the end (C), attached to the stalk, and the apex, or point {D), the op- posite one. Tlie length is tlic distance from the A. the petiole, or leaf .talk; B. C. A E, the ^^^^ ^.O the point ( O tO blade; 6', the base; Z>, the point; Line ^,5, J9), and the Width, a line ''"^' ^^'^'"'- cutthig the length at right angles, and extending from margin to mai'gin {£! to J3). The loaf-stalk and its branches, forming the nerves or veins of the blade, are composed of woody vessels, similar to the woody parts of the tree or branch that bears it, in- side of wliich is a pith, similar to the pith of the tree ; the leaf is thus connected with tjie pith and wood of the A LEAF OF THE PEAR. shoot, and consequently with tlie ascending sap, as we may readily see, by making a verticul out tliroiigh tlie leaf stalk and shoot. The spaces between the veins of the leaf are filled up with a cellular substance similar to thi; pith, calk-d purem-Jiytna, and the whole is covered with a thin skin, ejyidennls. The cellular substance of the leaf is connected with the inner baik, and consequently with the- descending sap, or cambium, that forms the new layers of wood. Both surfaces of the lenf are furnished with small pores, through which exhalation and absorp- tion :ire carried on ; these are most abundant on the lower surface. This property of the leaves to receive and give out air and moisture through the pores on their surface, has caused them to be likened to the lungs of .inimals, and this comparison is, to some extent, correct ; for we know that, without leaves, or organs performing their offices, trees do not grow; and, in proportion to the natural and healthy action of the leaves, do we find the vigor and growth of the tree. To piove that le.'ives have the power, in a greater or less degree, to absorb fluids, we have but to apply water to the drooping foliage of a plant suffering from drouth, and see how quickly it becomes refreshed. The dews of a single night, we know, too, will i-evive plants tliat the heat and drouth of the previous day liad prostrated ; and even if we put a flagging plant in a damp atmosphere, it recovers. The leaves of a bouquet can be kept fresh for a long time by sprinkling them with water. That plants exhale moisture and gases, cannot be doubt- ed. It is this very exhaling process that cuises plants to wilt under a hot sun, or in a dry atmosphere. Plants that are trans2)l:iiited with their foliage on, as annuals are in the spring or summer, will wilt, and even die, if ex- posed to the air and sun ; but if transplanted in a moist day, or covered, so that evaporation cannot take place,, 44 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. tlie plant does not appear to feel the removal. So with cuttings of many jilants thus pro[iagated ; if placed in the earth with a certain amount of foliage on, and left uncovered, they will immediately die ; but when we i)lace a Viell-glass or a hand-glass over them, to prevent evapo- ration, they remain as fresh as though they had roots supplying them with moisture from the soil. It is on this account that transplanted trees so often die, when the branches and shoots are not in proportion to the roots. In transplanting, a portion of the roots is destroyed, and all are more or less deranged, so that their functions are feebly performed for some time after planting. If all the branches and shoots are left on, they will, as usual, produce leaves ; but the absorption at the roots being so much less than the exhalation of the leaves, the juices contained in the tree, previously laid up, soon become ex- hausted, the leaves droop and wither, and the whole fabric perishes. In budding, too, if the whole leaf were left attach- ed to the bud, the evaporation would be so great as to kill the bud ; hence we remove all but a portion of the stalk. A tree can neither mature its wood nor its fruit without the full and healthy exercise of the leaves. If, in the growing season, a tree is deprived of its foliage by blight, insects, etc., Ave see that growth is entirely suspended for a time, until new leaves are developed ; and if the leaves be removed from a tree bearing fruit, we see the fruit shrivel and dry up, or ripen prematurely, and become worthless. These facts, and many others that might be cited, show the intimate connection existing between the leaves and the other organs of trees, and the influence they have on their growth and productiveness. It is be- lieved that the opening of the leaf buds in spring induces the formation of new roots ; this is doubtful, as new roots may be seen forming at times when there are no leaves on the tree, and apparently no growth whatever going on in the buds. But it is well known that they will soon cease A.At'*''^ttTY LEAVES. 45 to grow if leaves do not make their appearance. We observe in the case of trees, the tops of which have been so much injured by drying and exposure, that scarcely a sound bud is left to grow ; in this case the roots, although in perfect order, remain nearly dormant until new shoots and leaves are produced, and in proportion as the leaves increase, so do the roots. The fact of the absorption and exhalation by leaves of certain fluids, has, to a very con- siderable extent, established the theory that the sap of trees is taken iip from tlie roots, throxigh the cells or sap vessels of the wood of the trunk and branches, in a crude state, and passes into the leaves ; that in their tissue, spread out under the sun's rays, it receives certain modifications. Carbonic acid, which has been taken in a state of solution from the soil, and by the leaves from the atmosphere, is decomposed, its oxygen is given oiF into the air, carbon becomes fixed, and tlius the component j^arts of the tree, the material of the cells, starch, sugar, gum, etc., are formed. After passing through this purifying or concen- trating process, the sap acquires a more solid consistence, and is called cambium ; so prepared, it returns down- wards through the nerves or vessels of the leaf to the base of the leaf stalk, and then between the wood and bark of the stem; forming new layers on its passage. Such is, at present, the most popular theory of the functions of the leaves, and the ascent, assimilation, and descent of the sap. Some distinguished writers on the subject reject this theory, alleging that " there is no such thing as crude sap ; that as soon as it enters the roots it becomes assimi- lated, and fit for the production of new cells, and that it passes upwards, forming new wood or cells by a chemical process."* Observation, however, has clearly established that, in the leaves of healthy trees, cliemical processes, depending on light and heat, and absolutely essential to * Schleiden's Principles of Botany. 46 GENERAL PUIXCIPLES. the well-being of the tree, are contiiiiirilly going on ; for trees sluit out from the light always make a feeble growth, and have a blanched and sickly hue, compared witli the same species in the free air, and exposed to the rays of the sun. If one side or ])ortion of a tree is shaded or deprived of its full share of light, it ceases to grow in its natural way, and the shoots are lean, slender, and imperfect. 2d. Different Forms and Characters of Leaves. — The Fii^s. 23 to 27.— FORMS of leaves. 2.3, oval ; 24, oblon;; ; 25, lanceolate ; SO. ovate ; 27, obovate. different sizes and forms of the leaves of fruit trees, the divisions of their edgf^s, th.e absence or presence of glands, the smoothness or roughness of their surfaces, are all, more or less, serviceable in describing and identifying varieties. The terras designating forms are seldom mathemati- LEAVES. 47 call)' correct, but merely inatle by comparison ; for in- stance— Oval (fig. 23), when about twice as long as broad, and nearly of equal width at both ends. Oblong (fig. 24), three times, or more, longer than broad, and differing but little in width in any part. Lance Shaped^ or lanceolate^ (fig. 25), wlien much long- er than broad, and tapering gradually to a sharp point. Fi- ;]0. Fig. 28 Fig. 28, a leaf, folded, reflexed, and finely serrated, or toothed ; Fig. 20, coarsely serrated; Fig. 30, crenate or scolloped. Ovate (fig. 26), when twice as long as broad, tapering to the apex, and widest towards the base. Oborate (fig. 27), the reverse of ovate, the greatest di- ameter being in the upper part. Round, rovndish, approaching a circular form, like fig- 22. The apex or point is often a distinguishing feature ; some leaves terminate suddenly in a sharp point, others are drawn out to a long, sharp point, />e6'^"ec?, whilst others are nearly round. Leaves difter much, too, in the forui of the 48 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. base ; some are rounded, some sharp, and some heart- shaped. The divisions of the edges are serrated^ or toothed^ when the edges are cut into sliarp teeth, directed towards the point of the \ovi^ ; Jinely (fig. 28) or coarstiy (fig. 29) ser- rate, as these teeth ai'e fine or coarse ; doubly serrate, when the principal division, or tooth, is subdivided. i Crenate, or Scolloped (fig. 30), when the divisions are rounded, instead of being sharp, like teeth. Lohed, when deeply cut, and the penetrating angle large, as in the cur- rant, gooseberry, grape, etc. (Fig. 31.) Flat, when the surface is even (fig. 22). Folded, when the edges are turned inward (fig. 28). Beflexed, when the apex, or point, turns backwards, giving the leaf, more or less, the form of a ring (fig. 28). Waved, wrinkled. Fil?. 31.— LEAF OF THE CURRANT, LOBED. ,, , smooth, roufjh, etc., are terms well enough understood, used in describing leaves. The leaf-stalk has often striking peculiarities in certain varieties, such as unusually long, stout, short, or slender. There are sometimes gland^i on the leaf-stalk, close to the base, and, in certain cases, on the k'af itself, that are chiefly taken notice of in identifying varieties of the peach and nectarine ; these diflfer in shape, too, being globular (as in fig. 32), reniform, or kidney-shaped (fig. 33) ; these FLOWERS. 49 little glands are supposed to be, and no doubt are, organs of secretion. These are all in- teresting items in the study of the beautiful and almost endless va- riety of forms Avhich tlie different classes of fruit trees, and even different varieties of the same class, exhibit (■■ Fig. 33. Fig. 33. Fig. 32, . leaf of the peach, with globular glands ; Fig. 33, the same, with reuiforui, or kidiie>-shaped glands. in their foliasre. Section 6. — Flowers. let. Different Parts of Flowers. — Flowers are the principal reproductive organs of trees, and consist of floral envelopes, the calyx and corolla ; and of sexual organs, stamens, and ^^istils. Fig. 34, Avhich represents a flower C P Fig. 34. Figs. 34 to 36. — diffeuent parts of Fig. 35. Fig. A FLOWER. Fig. 34, flower of the peach cut open longitudinally. .4. the calyx; B. the petals; C. stamens; D, pistil. Fig. 35, a stamen, ,1, nlament, or stalk; B, anther. Fig. 36, the pistil, ^4, ovary; B, style ; C, stigma ; the ovary is cut open to show the ovule, D. of the peach cut open lengthwise, shows the different parts and their position. The Calyx {A, fig. 34,) is the outer covering, and is usually green, like the leaves. Its parts are called sepals. 3 50 GENERAL rRmCTPLES. These are either distinct or more or less united by their edges. The united portion is called the calyx-tube^ and the free points the segments. The corolla {B, fig. 34,) is within the calyx, and is the colored, showy part of the flower ; its divisions are called petals. Stamens (C, fig. 34), immediately within the petals, are the male oi-gans of plants. The delicate, thread-like filament (^4, fig. 35), supports, on its extremity, the anther {B, fig. 35). This contains a ])owdery substance, the pollen, which is liberated when the anther is mature. The pistil {D, fig. 34 and fig- 36,) is the female organ, and stands in the center of the flower. It consists of the ovary, at its base {A, fig. 36), Avhich contains the ovules or rudiments of seeds The style {B, fig. 36) is the elongated ])ortion, and the stigma {C, fig. 36,) is the portion that receives the fertilizing powder (pollen) from the nnthcrs. The stigma is usually rounded like a knob, but frequently it is incon- spicuous. Flowers may be deficient in any of these organs except the anthers, ovary, and stigma. These are indispensable to fructification, and must be present in some form or other, or the flowers will be barren. 2d. Sexual Distinctions. — The f ict that the two sexes, or sexual organs, the stamens, and pistils, are, in certain species, united on thQ same flower, and in others on dif- Fig. 37. — FLOWERS OF THE FILBERT. Fiar. 38.— FEMALE, OR PISTILLATE FLOWER OF THE STKAWBEIiKY. feroiit flowers, and even on difFerent trees, has created the necessity for the followmg distinctions : Trees or plants are called hermaphrodite (as in fig. 34), when both stamens and pistils are present on the same flower. Nearly all our cultivated fruits are of this class. Monoecious, when the male and female flowers are borne on the same tree, as in the filbert flower (fig. 37, A, the male, and B, the female flowers). Dioecious, when the male flowers are on one plant, and the female on another. A familiar in- stance, among cultivated plants, is the hop. The straicberry is not truly dioe- cious, but in many varieties we find the stamens or male organs so incompletely m»ki lP~ '•''evelo])ed (fig._38), that they are of no ^^kw service in fructifying the flowers. Such varieties are termed pistillate, and we l>lant near them varieties with an abund- ance of tliese organs, strongly developed, as in fig. 39. 3d. Impregnation. — The pi-oceas of impregnation is effected in this way : When the flowers first open, the pollen granules are contained within the anther. In a short time, afler the flow- er opens, tlie anther bursts, usually by a longitudinal slit, and sometimes by other kinds of opening, and the pollen is let fall upon the stigma, or is carried to it by means of the insects that fre- quent the flowers in search of pollen and honey. The stigma is furnished with a glutinous, or sticky secretion, to which the pollen adheres ; there it prolongs a minute tube, which penetrates through the st jde of the pistil to the ovary, where it reaches the ovule, and imjn-egnation takes place ; new cells are formed within the ovule, which results in the production of an embryo plant. Fiu'.oO.— HEKMAPHUO- DITE FLOWER OF TUE STRAWBEKUT. 62 GENERAL PKINCIPLES. This impregnation is sometimes, from certain causes, only partially eifected in the cases of fruit where the ovary, or seed vessel, is composed of several cells, as in the apple, pear, etc., and hence the fruit takes an imperfect, one-sided development from the beginning. The difficulty that a])pears to arise in the way of the impregnation of the stigma of one flower by the pollen of another, distantly situated, either on the same plant, as in nionfficious trees, or on different plants, as in the dioe- vious ones, is w^onderfully obviated by the provision that nature has made for its transmission — not only by the at- mosphere, but by insects, that pass from one flower to an- other, feeding on their honeyed secretions ; the pollen adhei-es to the bodies of the insects, and th.ey carry it from one flower to another. All natural flowers, of the same species, present the same number of petals in their flowers ; but occasionally the stamens are converted into petals, and thus, what are called double flowers, are produced. Among fruit trees we have double-flowering apples, plums, peaches, and chei'ries. These seldom produce fruit ; when perfectly double, never. Many of our double flowers, roses, pceo- nies, etc., have been obtained by this transformation of the stamens into petals. It is supposed to be caused by an excessively high cultivation given to the plants that produce the seeds fiom which these double varieties spring. 4. Period of Blossoming. — In treating of fruit-buds, allusion has been made to the causes which, according to observation and exj^eiience, promote fruitfulness. These are chiefly a slow or moderate growth, and a branching or spreading, constrained form, instead of an upright one. Some species of trees bloom at a much earlier age than others. Thus the peach, the apricot, and the cherry, will bloom in nearly one-fourth less time from the bud, all things being ecjual, than the pear. Some species bloons. FLOWERS. feS at an earlier period of the season than others ; the apricot and the peach bloom very early, and this is the chief rea- son why tlie crop is so often destroyed in localities snbject to late spring frosts. Among fruits even of the same spe- cies there is much difference in the period of blooming — one variety of apple being nearly two weeks later than another. This, in some sections, is an important quality, w^here every day that the blossom is retarded renders the crop su^er, from its being more likely to escape frost. These differences are caused by various circumstances. 1st. The Climate. — The ])eriod of blossoming of the same species varies much in different localities. Rochester i& at least a week earlier than Buffalo, although the dis- tance is less that one liundred miles ; and it is nearly two weeks earlier than Toronto, which is still nearer. The large bodies of ice in the lakes, at both Buffalo and Toronto, have, no doubt, a considerable effect in retarding the blossoming period. 2d. The Season and Position. — In the same locality, one season is frequently a week earlier than others, and trees on the south side of a wall or building will expand their blossoms several days before the same variety in the open ground, only a few rods distant, and ten days to a fort- night before those on a north wall. 3d. The /Soil. — On warm, and light soils, the roots of trees are excited into activity much sooner than in cold, damp, and heavy soils, and the blossoming period is earlier in consequence. The Different Characters of Flowers. — Flowers vary in size., form,., color., and other qualities, even in the same species. In the })each, these distinctions are so obvious, that one of the principal chissifications of pomologists is founded on them. Thus there are vai'ieties with large showy foicers (fig. 40), as the Serrate Eai'Iy York., and small (fig 41), as Large Enrly York., Crawford's Early, etc. The color also presents variations, some being 54 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. deep^ others pale ro<;p, and some almost white; two or three v.irietie> of the peacli have flowers wholly- white, as the Snow Veach., for instance. In all the other fruits, as in apples^ pears, plrnns^ cherries, etc., the flowers vary bnt slightly in form and color, and the difler- encesare only taken note of in very fidl and minute scientific descriptions. A few cases, however, are well Fig. 40, ia"rj,e' flower of the peach; Fig. marked, as the Jargovelle 41, small flower of the peach. jiear, the flowers of which are nearly twice as large as those of most other pears. In connection with the flowers, it may be proper to ex- plain the important process of Tlyhridization. — This is performed by fertilizing the pistil of one species or variety, with pollen from the stamens of another. The seeds produced by the flower so impregnated will ])roduce a cross, or hybrid, between the two parents. This process is now well understood, and is carried on to a wonderful extent, especially in the pro- duction of new flowers. Comparatively few of our popu- lar fruits have betn produced in this way. A few good sorts have been produced by the late Mr. Knight, a distin- guished English experimentalist, who effected much in his time towards establishing many diflicult and disputed points in vegetable physiology. Nearly all the native fruits of this country are accidental hybrils, or seedlings. A vast deal may be done to improve, in this way, all our fruits. The size, hardiness, and productiveness of one variety may be combined with the delicacy of texture and flavor of another, a-id endless variations and improvements may be effl'cted. To obtain a true hybrid, certain precau- tions are necessary. The two subjects selected must flower at the same time. The stamens must be carefully removed from the one intended for the mother, without injury to FLOWERS. 55 the stigma. It must also be guarded from accidental im- pregnation by other varieties, and the pollen from the selected male be applied at the [jroper moment — that is, when it bursts from the anther. Hybridization is only possible between species closely related ; for, although there is a relation between the apple and i\\c pear, and between the gooseberry and the currant, they will not hybridize ; but ditferent viriet/'es of the apple will hybridize with each othei-, and so with all the rest. It has been regarded as impracticable to hybridize the native with the foreign grape, but several parties claim to have at length succeeded. The varieties thus produced will be found in the descriptive list of grapes. Several parties have, from time to time, claimed to have succeeded in crossing the Monthly Alpine Strawberry with some of the large fruited sorts, but no instance of this kind has yet come to our knowledge, properly authen- ticated. It very often happens that the process of arti- ficial impregnation fiils, and a pure seedling of one of the parents, instead of a hybrid, is the result. The prospects now are that hybridization, better under- stood than formerly, will yield important results in the amelioration of fruits. [Since writing the foregoing, I understand that Colonel Wilder has really succeeded in producing hybrids between the Alpine and Hautboy species and the large strawber- ries, a march of great im])ortaiice.] Blossoming in Alternate Years. — Many varieties of apples, pears, etc., fruits that take the whole season to mature, produce flowers in alternate years only, with great regularity. The reason is supposed to be this : The fruit, during the bearing year, attracts a large quantity of the ascending sap of the tree in the same way as the leaves do; but instead of returning it to the tree, it is appropri- ated by the fruit to its own growth. The consequenoe is, the buds that would have blossomed the following year, if 56 GENERAL PRIKCIPLES. they had received their due share of nutriment, fail in attaining the proper condition, and produce only rosettes of leaves. During the unfruitful season, immense quan- tities of fruit-buds are again brought forward, and the year following, the tree is overloaded ; so it proceeds in regular alternation. ' This is never experienced in trees regularly pruned, and may be remedied by thinning out the crop in bearing years, leaving on but a reasonable amount, that will not exhaust the tree. The bearing years have been complete- ly reversed by removing the blossom-buds, or fruits, on the bearing yeai'. Section 7. — The Fruit. 1st. Character of the Fruit. — As soon as the ovules are impregnated, the ovary begins to swell ; the petals,stamens, and other parts of the flower fall off, and we then say the fruit is "se^." As a fruit-bud is but a transformed leaf-bud, a fruit occupies the same relative connection with the tree as a branch ; it attracts food from the stem and the atmos- phere in the same manner, and performs all tlie same func- tions, except that it does not, like the leaf, return anything to the tree, but appropriates all to its own use ; and this is the reason, as we have before remarked, that trees hav- ing borne a heavy crop of fruit one season, are less fruitful the next — this is the case only with fruits, as the apple and pear, that require nearly the whole season to mature them. Cherries and other fruits, that mature in a shorter period, and that draw more lightly on the juices of the tree, do not produce this exhaustion, and consequently bear year after year uninterruptedly. 2d. Classification. — In some fruits, as the apple, for in- stance, the fruit appeai-s to be formed below, or at the base of the calyx ; structurally, it is properly regarded as an adhesion of the greater part of the calyx to the ovary ; THE FRUIT. 57 the segments, or ])oints of the calyx are still visible in the mature fruit, and often servo, to some extent, by their Bize and otlier peculiarities, as being spread out, or closed together in a point, to identify varieties. In other species, as the plum and cherry, the fruit is forme I loithin the calyx, or above it. Fruits of the former character, form- ing below the calyx, and including it in their structure, are classed as inferior — the apple^pear^ quince^ gooseberry, and currant, are all inferior, having the calyx adhering. Those formed within the calyx, and free from it, are called superior; such are \X\q peach, pAum, apricot, nec- tarine, cherry, raspberry, strawberry, and grape. The more natural, popular, and useful classification of fruits is that by which they are divided into Pomes, or Kernel Fruits, as the apple, pear, quince, medlar, etc. In speaking of these, we call the enlarged accessory parts the flesh, and the dry, bony, seed capsules, the core. Drupes, or Stone Fruits, are those which have a peri- carp of two kinds ; the outer part soft and pulpy, t\\G flesh, and the inner one hard and bony, the pit, or stone, which encloses the seed in a shell, like a nut ; as the peach, plum, apricot, cherry, etc. Serries. — These have soft, pulpy flesh, containing seeds ; as the gooseberry, currant, and grape. Compound Berries, like the raspberry , and blackberry, are made up of minute separate fruits, each like a stone fj-uit, on a very small scale. In the strawberry, the fruits proper are the seed-like ripened ovaries, which are more or less imbedded in a large, fleshy receptacle, which is an enlargement of the end of the flower-stalk, Niits, as the fllbert, chestnut, etc., are fruits with a hard, bony covering, which are often contained in husks, or cups, that, when ripe, open and let the fruit drop. The outlines, or forms of fruits, and their colors, exliibil great variations, even in the same species. Every portion 3* 58 GENERAL PKlNClPLES. of the fruit, as the skin, flesh (T, fig. 4:>), core {E, fig. 42), seeds {D), or stones, ste7)is {A), and in kernel fruits, the c((lj/x (JB), has, in some cases, marked peculiarities and in others, they are more minute and scarcely perceptible ; but yet, in a strictly scientilic study of })omology, they are of more or less service. It w ould be foreign to the purposes of this work to notice these points in de- tail ; all that is deemed necessary, useful, or ap- propriate, is to point out well-defined ami practi- cal distinctions, and the FijJ. 42 — VEUTICAI. SECTION OF AN f p.. ii . -V . .'I 1 APPLE, SHOWING ITS DIFFERENT PAUTs. 1^1 uis ortiiuaniy maue A, the base ; £, the eye ; C\ the fleeli ; D, USC of in popular de- the seed ;£", the core ; A, stem ; B, calyx. scrilttioilS. Cd. Different Parts of the Fruit: The Base (^1) is the end in which tlie stem is inserted. The Eye {£) is the opposite end, in the apple, pear, .dtc, that have an adhering calyx. The JVeck, in pears, the contracted part near the stalk, as seen in fig. 50. The Point is the end opposite the stem in stone fruits, berries, etc., that have no calyx, and consequently no eye. The Pength is the distance from stem to point, or eye, A to i?, fig. 42. The Width, a line cutting the fruit across, or at right angles with the length. The P((sin, the depression around the eye, or calyx, in kernel fruit, B, fig. 42. The Cavity, the depression around the stem. The Suture, in stone frnits, the furrow-like depression running from the base to the point. ftlE FRUIT. 59 4th. Different properties of fruits: Besides the principal divisions which have been alluded to, fruits are considered in regard iothoiv size, eolor^form^ texture, flar or, and seaslum seeds in November, but they show no signs of germination until a cliange of season. When the warmth of spring penetrates the soil, it reaches the seed, and, in connection with the moisture already imbibed, induces chemical changes, which excite tlie vital energies of the germ, decompose the mealy part of the seed, and prepare it for the temporary nutrition of the young jilant. 3d. Air. — Although seeds may have heat and moisture in the requisite proportions, still it has been proved, by many experiments, that without air, germination cannot take place. Practical cultivators are aware that seeds planted too deeply do not grow ; many kinds will lie buried in the ground for years without growing, and when turned up near the surface, will germinate immediately. It is the oxygen of the air that constitutes its importance ; it pro- duces, by forming new combinations with the constituents of the seed, that chemical process which converts the starch into gum and sugar, as we observe in ordinary cases of fermentation. 4th. Exclusion of Light. — The manner in which self- sown seeds in the forest are covered with fallen and de- caying foliage, plainly indicates that nature never intend- ed the light to strike germinating seeds. A seed entirely exposed would be at one time saturated with moisture, and at another parched with drouth ; chemical changes would be alternately promoted and checked, until the vital principle would be destroyed, or so weakened as to produce a feeble and worthless plant. The depth of the covering should always be regulated by the size of the seeds. Small and delicate seeds may be sown almost on the surface, whilst large ones may be imbedded to the depth of four or five inches. The small seed requires lit- tle moisture, and has but a feeble force to penetrate an earthy covering ; but the large requires much moisture, and has force enough to push its way up. CHAPTER II. Section 1. — Different. Kinds of Soil. Soils are usually designated hy terms expressive of the predominant material in tlieir composition ; thus we hear of sandy, loamy, gravelhj, clayey, calcareoiis, or limy, and allovial soils. A sandy soil is that in Avhich sand is tlie principal in- gredient. Sucli soil is usually quite defective. It is so porous, that it parts almost instantaneously with moisture, and plants in it suffer from drouth. All the soluble parts of manures are also quickly washed out of it, and hence it requires continual additions to produce even a scanty growth. The great point in improving it is to render it more retentive by the addition of clay, ashes, etc. A clayey soil is that in which clay predominates. It may be considered tlie opposite of sandy, inasmuch as its defects are, that it retains moisture too long, is too adhe- sive ; in dry weather it becomes as hard as a burnt brick, impervious to dews or light showers, and when thoroughly saturated witli wet, it is tough, and requires a long time to dry. No fruit tree succeeds well in such a soil ; but it is capable of being improved and fitted for many species, and especially the plum and the pear. The obvious way to improve it is, by incorporating with it sand, muck, or leaf mould. '70 GENE UAL I'mNClPtES. A gravelly soil is one made up in greateT part of smalV stones, pebbles, decomposed ruck, etc. ; such soils, as a general thing, are unfit for fruit trees, unless great labor is incurred in trenching, deepening, and mixing with clay, muck, etc., of opposite characters. A loamy soil is one we hear a great deal about, and fniay be understood in various ways. It may be considered a mixture of equal parts of sandy, clayey, and vegetable soil. It is neither so light as tlie samdy, on the one hand, nor so tenacious as clay on the otlier ; and, as a general thing, contains such elements, and is of such a texture, as to render it eligible for all ordinary purposes of cultiva- tion, and especially so for fruit trees. Loamy soils are spoken of as sandy loams when sand foi-ms a large ingre- dient— say one-half of their composition ; gravelly, when pretty largely mixed with small stones ; calcareous^ when lime is found in them. Calcareous soils have a large amount of lime mixed with the other ingredients of which they are composed. All the lands in limestone districts are of this character, and, as a general thing, are well adapted to fruit culture. Peaty soil consists chiefly of vegetable mould from de- cayed marsh plants, in low, wet places. It is unfit, in itself, for fruit trees, but is valuable for improving both light and heavy soils. Alluvial soils are made up of decomposed vegetable substances, tlie sediment of rivers, and materials washed down from neighboring hills ; the valleys of all our rivers and streams are composed of this, and it is the richest of all soils. Fruit trees in such soils make a rank, vigorous growth, but they are not so hardy nor so fruit- ful, nor is the fruit so high flavored as on soils with more sand, clay, or gravel, and less vegetable mould. In treating of the different classes of fruits, we shall refer to the particidar soils best adapted to them. 71 Section 2. — Different Modes of Improving Soils. In regard to depth, soils vary materially, some being not over eight or ten inches in depth of surface, others a foot, while in deep alluvial valleys they are often two feet. For orchard and garden purposes, a deep soil is quite essential, to enable the roots to penetrate freely in search of food, and to enable them to withstand the demands of protracted drouths. Few soils in their ordinary condi- tion of farm culture are, in this respect, suitable for trees. Even where naturally deep and loamy, if the upper part only (say to the depth of six inches, which is as deep as most people plow) be in a friable condition, it cannot be considered as in a proper state for the reception of trees, for their roots cannot be confined to six inches of the sur- face. Some means of loosening and deepening must be resorted to, and what are they ? 1. SUBSOIL PLOWING. This is the cheapest and best method, where a large quantity of ground is to bo prepared for extensive plant- ing. The common plow goes first, and takes as deep a furrow as practicable. The subsoiler follows in the same furrow, and loosens, without turning up, the lower part of the surface, and a part of the subsoil. Except in cases where the subsoil is a very stiff clay, or a hard gravel, and near the surface, the two plows can go to the depth of eighteen or twenty inches. This is our mode of pre- paring nursery grounds. If a single plowing in this way does not accomplish the desired end, a second may be given, going down still deeper. We had a piece of soil, the surface of which was about a foot deep, of black vegetable mould, with a slight ad- mixture of sand, resting on a stiff clay subsoil, which prevented the water from passing off. In this condition 72 GENERAL PRIrfCIPLES. we found it entirely unfit for trees ; we subsoil plowed it six or eight inches deep, turning up the clay subsoil, and mixing it with the surfice ; we also drained it, and spread over the surface the clay that came out of the drains, and in this condition we find it producing the finest trees, especially apples, pears, and plums. The soil is more substantial, and the surface water passes oiF freely. 2, TRENCHING. In gardens, too limited in extent to admit of plows, or where it is desired to make the soil thoroughly and per- manently deep, trenching is the means. The spade is the implement used in this operation. A trench, two feet wide, is opened on one side of the ground, and the earth taken out of it is carried to the opposite side. Another trench is opened, the surface spadeful being thrown in the bottom of the first, and the next lower on the top of that, and so on until it is opened the required depth, which, for a good fruit garden, should be about two feet. If the subsoil be poor and gravelly, it is better to loosen it up thoroughly with a pick, and let it remain, than to tbrow it out on the surface. When the whole plot is tienched over in this way, the earth taken out of the first trench will fill up the last one, and the work is done. If the soil be poor, a layer of well-decomposed manure may be added alternately with the layers of earth ; and if the soil be too light and sandy, clay, ashes, etc., can be add- ed ; and if too heavy, sand, lime, muck, peat, scrapings of dead leaves from the woods, or any other material cal- culated to render it porous and friable. If a garden is thus trenched in the fall or winter, and then turned over once in the spring, to effect a thorough mixtui-e of all the materials, it will be in suitable order for planting. This is something like the way to prepare soil for a garden ; and let no one say it is too troublesome o;* too expensive, SOILS. '7B for, in two years, the extra ])leasure and profit it will yield will pay for all. Notliing is so expensive nor so trouble- some as an ill-prepared soil. 3. DKAINING. There is a false notion very prevalent among people, that where water does not lodge on the surface of a soil, it is " dry enough." However this may he in regard to meadows or annual crops, it is quite erroneous when ap- plied to orchards or fruit gardens. Stagnant 7nION LAYER. ; B, hooked peg; sopport. In the Grape, Gooseberri/, or Currant, a simple notch below a bud is sufficient, and they will root if sim- ply pegged down ; but roots are formed more rapidly when the shoot is cut one' third through, and slit as described. A long shoot of the vine may be layered at several points, and thus produce several rooted |)lants in the course of one season. This is called serpentine layering (fig. 64). The Quince, Para- dise, and Doucin stocks, where raised in large quan- tities, are propagated in a different way from that de- scribed. The process requires much less labor; and where plants root so freely as they do, it answers every purpose. We will take a plant of the quince, for example, and, in the spring, before growth commences, we cut it down nearly to the ground, leaving four or five buds at its base (^, fig. 05). Dur- ing that season, a number of vig- orous shoots will be made. The following au- tumn or spring the earth is drawn up around the base of the plant, so that the crown, where it was cut, will be covered, and, consequently, the base of all the shoots for several ,...^ -EUPENTINIC LATER. GENERAL PRTTSlCiPLES. inches in height. During the next summer's growth, every branch is sufficiently rooted to be separated and placed in nursery rows the following spring. This is the way to obtain strong stocks ; for the cutting back of the mother plnnt produces very vigorous shoots the first season, and /%> A when another season's >„ growth is added, they are as strong as can be desired. We succeed in rooting these shoots the first season of their growth by earth- Fig. es.-MorNi.Lw eking or . ^^^^ ^^^^^ j^^jj_ BANKING-UP. => ^ A the point at Which the mother plant s«™mer; but they are not was cut back. quite Strong enough, or suf- ficiently rooted, for transplanting and budding the fol- lowing season. Section 3. — ^Pbopagation by Suckers. Suckers are shoots sent up from the roots. We observe them most frequently around trees that have had their roots wounded by the spa, and c?, d, are small spurs, the base of shoots that have been pinched close to favor the growth of the leader, as well as the development of the shoots below. Without pinching, it would have been impossible to obtain such results in this branch in the same time. M. Dubreuil, formerly Professor of Arboriculture in the Garden of Plants at Rouen, in France, sums up the gen- eral principles of pruning as follows. (I may remark here, that in 1849 I visited the Rouen garden, and found M. Dubreuil's theory and practice beautifully illustrated on the trees in his charge. My visit was made at the time of his piactical lectures, and I was able to examine the wiiole Avith the most satisfactory minuteness. The trees there, under all forms, and embracing all the hardy spe- cies of fruits, were the best that I found anywhere, not even excepting the much admired and famous pyramidal pear trees of ]M. Cappe, at Paris. They were not only perfect in form, but, as regards viffor and fruitfulness, in the most admirable condition.) He says : " The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following six general principles : " 1. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning^ depends, in a great measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches. " In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally distributed in the diflferent parts without any other 114 GENEUAL PKINCIPLES. aid tlian nature, because the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural tendency of tlie sap.* " But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms imposed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, etc., change more or ]ess the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees require tlie devel- opment of ramifications more or less numerous, and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, it hap|)ens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be obtained disappears, to be replaced by the natural form, that is, a stem or a trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to preserve the form we impose upon trees, to em- ploy certain means, by the aid of which the natural direc- tion of the sap can be changed and directed towards the points where we wish to obtain the most vigorous growth. To do this we must arrest vegetation in the parts to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and on the con- trary favor the ])arts that do not receive enough. To ac- complish this the following means must be successively employed. " (1.) Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves. The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts, deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have jiro- duced ; consequently the sap is attracted there in less quantities, and the growth thereby diminished. The feeble » This is not true in all cases. Peach trees, we know, in our climate, left to themselves, exhibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends of the branches attract nearly the whole, leavin-^ the lateral shoots and lower parts to die out. In other species, similar instances misjht be quoted, and as a general thing, the proposition is unsound, except in a comparative senee. puuxiNC. 115 jiarts being pruned long, present a great number of buds, Avhich produce a large surface of leaves, and these attract the sap and acquire a vigorous growtli. This principle holds good in all trees, under whatever form they niay be conducted. " (2.) Leave a large quantity of fndt on the strong part, and remove the wJiole^or greater part, from the feeble. We know already that the fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the roots, and of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary result of this is, what we are about to point out, viz., that all the sap which arrives in the strong parts, will be absorl)od by the fruits, and the wood there, in consecpience, will make but little growth; while on the feeble part, deprived of fruits, the sap will all be appropriated by the growing jiarts, and they will increase in size and strength. "(3.) Bend the strong parts, and keep the loeak erect. The more erect the branches and stem arc, the gi*eater will be the flow of sap to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently, make a more vigorous growth and soon recover their balance. This remedy is moi"e especially applied to espalier trees. " (4.) Remove from the vigorous parts the superfluous shoots as early in the season, as j^osslble, and from the feeble parts as late as j)ossible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch, the fewer there are of leaves, and consequently the less is the sap attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble part, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigor- ous growth, " (5.) Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always any shoots xohich may be too vigorous for their position. By thus pinching early, the strong part, the flow of sap to that point is checked, and natural- 116 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. ly turns to the growing parts that have not been pinch- ed ; this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms. " (6.) Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave the feeble 2^arts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong i)arts obstructs the circulation of the sap in them, and consequently favors the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers. " (7.) In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light and cotifining the strong parts more iti the shade, restores a balance, for light is the agent which en- ables leaves to perform their functions and their action on the roots, and the parts receiving ilie greatest proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development. "2. The sap acts with greater force and produces more vigorous groioth on a branch or shoot pruned short than- on one pruned long. This is easily explained. Tlie sap, acting on two buds, must evidently produce a great- er development of wood on them than if it were divided between fifteen or twenty buds, "It follows from this, that if we wish to obtain wood branches, we prune short, for vigorous shoots jjroduce few fruit-buds. On the contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long, because the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to fruit. " Another application of this principle is to prune short, for a year or two, such trees or parts as have been enfee- bled by overbearing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its apjilication is of great importance.) " 3. The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots causes the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. According to this principle, wlien we wish a prolongment of a stem or branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no production that can interfere with the action of the sap on it. " 4. The more the sap is obstructed in its circulation, the more likely it will be to prodiice fritit-buds. This PRUNlNCf. 117 principle is founded on a fact to which we have already- had occasion to refer, viz., that the sap circulating slowly is subjected to a more complete elaboration in the tissues of the tree, and becomes better adapted to the formation of fruit-buds. "This principle can be applied to produce the following results : When we wish to produce fruit-buds on a branch, we prevent a free circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular or circular incisions on it ; and, on the contrary, when we wish to change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a vertical position, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we concentrate the action of the sap, and thus induce their vigorous de- velopment. " 5. The leaves serve to prepare the sap absorbed by the roots for the nourishment of the tree, and aid the forma- tion of buds on the shoots. All trees^ therefore, deprived of their leaves, are liable to perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large quantity of leaves *rom trees under the pretext of aiding the growth or ••ipening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and the trees depriveil of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the fruit; and the branches so stripped will have feeble, ill-formed buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly growth. " 6. Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not de- velop before the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very close pruning, and in some cases, as the peach, this eve?i vxill often fail. This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main branches of espaliers especially, so as to insure tlie development of the buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well tlie side shoots thus produced, for without this, the interior of the tree will become naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very difficult." If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully 118 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Btnl:ints when about four or five inches liigh, leaving only those of vigorous habit and large foliage. The prevailing error in growing apple seedlings, and, I may add, all seedlings, is that of having them too close together — usually three or four times as many on the ground as there should be. Give them plenty of room, good soil, and clean culture, and you will have good stocks. The Doucin is a distinct species of apple. The tree is of medium size, bears small, sweet fruit, and reproduces itself from seed. It is used for stocks for apple trees of meilium ?\zq, pyramids, or dwarf standards for gardens. It is propagated almost exclusively from layers. (See fig. 63.) The ])lants to be propagated from are planted in a rich, deep, friable soil, and cut back to within four to »?ix inches of the collar; the buds, on tlie part below the cut, will, during the next season, produce strong shoots; the following spring the earth is drawn up around each plant in the form of a mound, so that the whole of the stem and the base of all the shoots will be covered at least three incliesdeep; during that season, all the shoots will pt-o- duce roots, and should be sepaiated from the mother plant, or stool, as such plants are termed, in the fall. If left on until spi'ing, the frost wonld be likely to injure them. The stools are then dresseil,the soil around them ig spaded up and enriched with well-ilecayed manure ; and the fol- lowing season another crop of shoots is produced, much more numi-rous than the first, to be treated in the same way. Every year these stool plants increase in size and in the quantity of their productions, if well treated. Another course, but not so good, is frequently pursued when stocks are scarce. The shoots are layered by bend- ing down, as described in layering, the first season of their growth in July, and may be sufficiently rooted in the fall PROPAGATION OF STOCKS. 127 to be transferred to nursery rows in the S{)ring follow- ing ; a year is tlins saved, but the stocks are, of course, much inferior. If earthed up in midsummer, they will be piirtially rooted in the autumn, too, but not so well us if bent down ; for the bending has a tendency to stop the sap at the point fastened to the ground, and hastens the formation of roots. This stock may also be i)ropagated from root cuttings. The Paradise. — This, also, is a distinct species of apple. The tree is of very small size, never attaining over three to four feet in height. It is used for stocks for dwarf trees or bushes that occupy but a small space in the gar- den. It is propagated in precisely the same manner as that described for the Doucin. 2d. Stocks for the Pear. — The />e«r seedling and the quince are the only two stocks on which the pear c:m be advantageously worked to any considerable extent. The Mountain Ash and the Thorn are occasionally used for special ])urp()S('S only. Pear Seedlings. — The seeds are obtained by collecting such fruits ns can be had containing perfect seeds. Nearly all the seeds used in this country, of late years, have been imported from Europe. Great care should be taken to gather the fruits of hardy, healthy, vigorous trees only, and the seeds should be full and plump. The seeds are separated and washed, as described for apples. They are also saved and planted in a manner similar in all respects; but, in this country, it is a much more difficult matter to succeed with pear seedlings than with the apple. This difficulty is owing chiefly to a species of fungus, called " leaf-blight," that attacks the leaves of the young plants, very often before they have completed their first season's growth. To obviate the difficulty which this malady pre- sents, a vigorous growth should be obtained early in the season. New soil, or that in which trees have not be- fore been grown, should be selected — an old pasture is th» 128 THE NURSKRY. best. The autumn before pbmting it should be trenched, or subsoil- plowed, to the depth of two feet, for the pear lias long tap roots, and liberally enriched with a compost of stdble manure, leaf mould, or muck, and wood-ashes, in about equal parts ; four inches deep of this, spread over the surface before plowing, will be sufficient for any ordinary soil. Lime should also be given liberally, unless the soil be naturally and strongly calcareous. A soil pre- pared thus in the fall, will require another plowing or spading in the spring, to mix all the materials properly with the soil, and fit it for the seeds. If the soil be very tough, and not fit to be turned up, a thorough harrowing or working with the horse-hoe will do. Where large quantities are groAvii, the drills may be the same distance apart as that recommended for apples — three feet ; but if only a few, twelve to eighteen inches will be sufficient, as the cleaning can be done with the hoe. The seeds shi)uld be scattered thinly, that every plant may have sufficient space without any thinning. The end to aim at, as before remarked, is to get good growth, say eighteen to twenty inches in height, and stout in proportion, before the first of August. This can be done in any deeply-trenched or plowed fresh soil, well prepared and manured, as described above. I have been told that seedling pears, grown in a frame, covered with whitewashed sash, and kept well ventilated continually, escaped the "leaf-blight," whilst all those grown in open ground, near by, were blighted ; showing, as far as the experiment goes, that the sun's heat has something to do with producing leaf-blight. Pear seedlings should always be taken up in the fall, after the first season's growth ; the largest selected for trans- planting into the nursery, and the smaller to be put into beds, to remain another season. Quince Stocks are ]>ropagated with considerable success by cuttings. These should be strong shoots, six inches to a foot long, taken off close to the old wood, and, if pos- PKOPAegged down. The stools, or mother plants, managed in this way, re- quire the best treatment to maintain their vigor, that a supply of strong shoots may be produced every season fit to lay down in the spring. Weak, slender shoots, unfit to layer, should be cut out early in the season, to aid the growth of those intended for use. Sectiox 3. — Transplanthstg Stocks. This comprehends three separate operations — taking «/jo, dressing or />r?//imr/, and replanting ; but before touching on the details of these operations, it may be well to consider 1st. The age at which Stocks should be transplanted. — ■ On this point there seems to be a diversity of opinion. 138 THE XURSERT. The very general one is, that they shonld romaui where they have been propagated until they ai"e large enough to he worked ; a great many plans are, therefore, suggested for wintering seedlings, and especially the pear. The ex- perience of the best cultivators everywhere is, that seed- ling stocks in general should be transplanted when one year old. It may be urged against this that some seed- lings are so smal when one year old, as not to be worth transplanting ; so feeble, that more care and culture would be required, before they could be worked, than they are worth. In reply, it can only be said tiiat such feeble pro- ductions are only fit to be thrown away; because the seeds must have been defective, or the soil and culture bad ; and stocks raised from poor seeds, or stunted by bad soil and culture, Avill never make sound, healthy, vigorous, nor long-lived trees. There may be some exceptions to this, but the rule will generally hold good. Wiien seedlings rem;un longer than one year in the seed- bed, they grow up slender and weak ; one more vigorous than its neighbors will ruin all around it. Then the roots do not ramify, but continue to lengthen, without forming laterals or fibi-es ; arnd when removed, and reduced to the necessary dimensions, they receive a severe check; but at one year the check is very light; they at once form lateral roots, and instead of being drawn up tall and slender, they become stout and well-proportioned. The best ]>ear-grow- ers in Europe, and even in this country, would scarcely take, as a gift, two-year seedling pears from the seed-bed, unless in case of absohxte necessity. The proper plan is to take up all seedling storks, and all layers sufficiently rooted to bear separation from the stool, and all cuttings that stand close, at one year old, and sort and arrange into separate classes, in this way : in one class put the strongest, those fit for immediate use, either to be grafted on the root, or set in nursery rows, and be budded the summer following ; in another class, put such as may TRANSPr-ANTINC STOCKS. 139 require to stand one year in the nursery rows, to be fit for working ; and in the third class, such as are too weak to be put in the nursery I'ows, but will require to bj " bedded out;" that is, set closely in beds by themselves, where they can remain for one or two years, until they are large and strong enough for root grafting or for the nursery rows. Unless in the case of stocks scarce and difficult to procure, this third class had better be thrown away at once; as it will cost as much to nurse them as to raise fine stocks from the seed. 2d. Time to take up. — Tliere is but one proper time to take up all seedlings and rooted layers for stocks, and that is the fall; and for several reasons. The first is, they are all liable to injury by the frosts of winter ; seedlings have no side roots to hold them in the ground, and layers are near the surface, so that the freezing and thawing draw tliem up; the roots are thus exposed, and seriously injured. The second is, they can be dressed during the winter in the cellar, and be ready for planting in the spring. When taken uj), they can be laid closely in by the roots in the soil, in a diy place, and covered over so as to exclude frost. When out-door work is over, they can be uncovereil, taken into the cellar and dressed, and care- fully laid in again by the roots, in the same place, which sliould, of course, in the mean time, be protected from frost. The third reason is, that when seedlings are taken np in the fall, the ground can bo prepared fir another crop; and this is of considerable inn)ortance. Tn the case of laye'-s, the stools or mother jilants can be mainired, dressed, and put in order for another season'r, growth; and this, also, is important. Such are some of the ad- vantages, or, in f ict, the necessities of taking up stocks iu the fall. In the case of the quince, however, it frequently occurs that, when the layers have been removed in the fall, a severe winter kills the stool plants, nnb's« well pro- tected with a coverinir of earth. 140 THE KTRSERY. 3(1. Uov) to take up. — Seedlings are very easily taken up, in two Avays, without in the least mutilating the i-oots. If one person does the work, he should begin at one end of tlie row, and, with a common spade, or, which is better,- one with three strong prongs, a foot long and an inch and a half wide, dig under the plants without cutting the roots, and, as fast as they are loosened below, pull them out ; and in this way proceed. Another and quicker way i-;, for two men to loosen the plants, each on opposite sides of the row, inserting a forked spade as deep as the roots go, while another follows and pulls out the plants. When the groimd is quite soft, this way answers very well ; but if diy, or hard, the first is better. In nurseries where very large quantities of seedlings are to be taken up at once, a " Tree-digger " (see Imple- ments), drawn by horses, is used. The "digger" passes under the row afc a depth sufficient to avoid injury to the roots, and loosens them so that they can be readily pulled, either the whole, or a part. Layers require more care and caution. A trench must be opened all around the layered branches, deep enough to go quite below the roots, and in an oblique manner, so as to undermine them. "Where the branches are pegged down, the i»egs must be taken out, and the layer is then separated between the rooted part and the stool, and gently taken from the earth. Especial care must be taken not to split those that have been layered by incision ; their removal must be done slowly and cautiously. Mound Layers are easier separated ; the earth is simply removed from the base of the rooted branches, and thej are then separated within an inch or so of the stem. Layered branches. — ^When the young rooted plants are produced from the eyes of a buried shoot or branch, the pegs are removed, the whole branch dug under, and com- pletely loosened and separated from the stool ; the young plants are then taken off, one by one, close to their base. TRANSPLANTING STOCKS. 141 4th. Pruning, or Dressing Stocks. — The ol)jects always in view, in performing this operation, are — to remove in- jured or broken roots; to reduce the ta|>root, that it may produce laterals ; to reduce the stems to a proper proportion with the roots, and ])ut them in a condi- tion that will in- sure a vigorous growth. Seedlings^XaVQw from the seed-bed, have always a long tap-root, with few or no laterals ; and as trees with such roots are un- fit for 8afc trans- plantation, it is necessary to take measures to change their char- acter. We there- fore remove the small tapering jiortiou of the root, as at fig. 80, A, and this in- sures the j)roduc- tion of lateral or spreadmg roots, near the surface cially, are inclined lan to sjiread ; and and 87.— SEEDLING stocks and CUTTINGS. Fig. 86, a Beedliiig stock, one year's growth, as it comes from the seed-bed ; the line at A shows the shortening of the tap-root; that at J5, the shortening of the stem before replanting. Fig. 87, a quince cut- ting; the cross lines on the stem and roots indicate the pruning before replanting. of the ground. The pear roots, espe more to descend in a straiccht line tl 142 ■ THE NUKSERY. unless they are well cut back when young, they are always difficult to transplant safely afterwards. Roots that descend like the prongs of a fork are usually desti- tute of fibres, wliilst those that spread out horizontally, or near the surface, are well furnished with fibres, that not only make trees easily transplanted, but inclined to early fruitfulness. This operation on the roots, it is obvious, destroys the natural balance or proj^ortion that existed between them and the tops. Hence the necessity for shortening the stem in a corresponding manner. But even if the roots were not shortened, the stems should be, in order to obtain a vigorous growth. The very removal of the i>1ant lessens the power of the roots to absorb and convey nutriment ; and on this account, if no other, the stem should be reduced by way of regulating the supply and demand. We sometimes see young stocks planted out without any shortening of the stem; and the result is, they scarcely make any growth the first season — the roots are barely able to absorb enough to keep them alive. If one-half the stem had been cut away, the remaining buds would have received such a supply of food as wouLl have produced a vigorous growth. It is a pretty good rule, therefore, to reduce the stems of seedlings one-third to one-half, as at J3 O, fig. 86. But there are exceptions to tliis. For instance, a stock with a very large and strong root, and a short, stout, close-jointed stem, well matured, and furnished Avith plump, prominent buds, requires very little, if any, short- ening of the stem ; and again, others are just the reverse — tall, slender, and feeble, having been suffocated in the^ seed-bed. Such as these require to be shortened more than half, perhaps two-thirds. Layers, or Cuttings (fig. 87), are in a different situation from seedlings, and require, therefore, diff'erent treatment. They have no tap-roots, but masses of fibres ; and these fibres, being more or less injured by exposure, should bQ TKANSPLANTIKG STOCKS. 143 cut off, to make Avay for new ones. The shortening of the stems depends entirely on the size and condition of the roots. If well i-ooted, and the roots be in good con- dition, they may be left a foot long ; if j^oorly rooted, ihey should bs cut back to six or eight inches. This ap- plies equally to the layers of the quince, Paradise, Douc'm, plums, etc. 5th. Planting stocks in the nursery rows %Dhere they are to he hiidded. — The first consideration which this operation suggests is the condition of the soil. Under the head of soils, sufficient has been said respecting the modes of deepening, draining, and enriching ,' and it is only necessary to say here that, Avhere stocks are planted, the soil should be at once deep, dry, and rich; for no such thing as sound, vigorous fruit-trees can be raised on a poor, shallow, or wet soil. The various means of im- provement have been already pointed out and explained. It may, however, be well to remark that ground may be too rich, and induce a rank, watery growth, that would either result in death at the final transplanting into the garden or orchard, or in a very feeble and sickly growth after it. We see frequent illustrations of this in the case of trees raised in old, worn-out nurseries, Avhere rapid growth has been forced by powerfully-stimulating ma- nures, and in rich alluvial prairie soils and river bottoms. These i-ank, pithy, soft productions, are very attractive to tne eye ; but they suffer so much by removal, no mat- ter how well treated, that they seldom fail to disappoint the planter. Manures used should be well decomposed, and incorporated with the soil, if possible, the autumn before planting. A tree is not like a cabbage or lettuce. The tenderness and succulency of these constitute their great merit ; but the vv'ood of a tree must be firm, short-jointed, and mature; and these requisites are al- ways attained by a moderate and natural, not a forced^ growth, 144 THE NURSERY. Planting each species in the soil best adapted to it. — "Where there are dilFerent characters of soils in a nursery, to be planted with a general assortment of siocks, it is important to give to each that which is best adapted to its nature ; thus the pear, apple, and plum should have the richer, deeper, and more compact, or that with most clay. The plum, in particular, succeeds well on a pretty stiff clay. The cherry and peach should h:ive the lightest and warmest. The quince, the Paradise, and Doucin do not require such a deep soil as the pear and the common apple seedlings, because their roots are fibrous, and always remain near the surface ; but it must not be inferred from this that a shallow soil suits these best. 6th. When to Plant. — In parts of the country where the winter is long and severe, or where freezing and thaw- ing are frequent, fall jdanting cannot be successful ; as the plants, having no hold of the ground, are drawn out and injured; and besides, if the ground is somewhat clayey and tenacious, the heavy rains tliat occur early in the spring will make it so compact that air will not jDenetrate it, and the young roots will form slowly and feebly. When neither of these difficulties is to be feared, fall planting is decidedly preferable. Spring planting should be done at the earliest moment the condition of the ground will admit ; which is, when dry enough to crumble into fine particles when turned over with the spade. 7th. Distance to Plant. — We are all in the habit of plant- ing quite too closely in the nursery ; the consequence is that the trees are not well proportioned. Frequently, the standards are as large at six feet from the ground, as at the collar ; weak, and top-heavy, so that sticks have to be used to support them, even when four years old. Pyram- ided trees are out of the question where such close plant- ing is practised — the growth is nlways forced to the top. Nature gives us numerous and striking illustrations of the efiect of close planting. We see, in a natural group or TRAXSPr.ANTING STOCKS. 145 thicket, trees running up forty or fifty feet, of an equal di- ameter, and without a branch; and if one such tree were left exposed, by the removal of those around it, the first, high wind would blow it down. On the outskirts of this group or thicket, or perhaps completely isolated, in the center of a field, we see another tree of the same species branched almost from the ground, with a diameter at the base twice as great as at half its height, and tapering upward with beautiful I'egularity, cap-ible of resisting a hurricane. To raise stout, well-proportioned trees, we must give them plenty of room, that they may have the advantage of air all around, and not at the top only. There is scarcely a nursery to be found in which the trees are not grown too close — thi-ee or four on the space that one should occupy. There is, to be sure, great ecoi\o- my in close planting ; for five hunilred trees can be grown on the space that one hundred should occupy, and with nearly as little labor ; but it would really be better for people to pay twice or three times as much for their trees, if grown so far apart that the air and light would have free access to them in all parts, and give them stout, well- proportioned forms. A reform in this respect is much needed ; but it cannot be expected until purchasers be- come discriminating and intelligent on the subject. The distance at which stocks should be planted in the nursery rows is governed entirely by circumstances. If it is intended to use a cultivator between the rows, they should not be less than three and a half feet ^^^rt. If spade and hoe culture be intended, two and a half to three feet will be sufiicient. Where the trees are to be removed at the age of one year, one foot apart in the rows is sufiicient ; but if they are to remain until two, three, or four years, they should be eighteen inches to two feet. If removed at two years, eighteen inches is enough ; but where standards remain three or four years, until they have heads formed, and pyra'nids remain until they have 7 14G THE NURSERY. formed two or three tiers of lateral branches, two feet, or two and a half, is little enough. Indeed, when pyramids remain for three years', there should he a clear space — three feet — on all sides. The usual' nursery practice is, rows three and a half feet apart ; trees in rows, one to one and a half feet apart. Dioarf standards require less space than full stand- ards, and dwarf bushes still less. The stocks intended for these different classes of trees should be planted sepa- rately. In sorting the stocks, at the time of dressing, the larger should be used for full standards, and the smaller for low or dwarf standards. 8th. Mode of Planting. — The square or plot of grounci for each class of stocks being ready, a line is stretched along one side, and a trench opened with the spade, deep and wide enough to hold the roots; the plant is then held against the side of the trench, next the line, by one man, whilst the earth is filled in by another; when about half the earth is in, it is trodden down pretty firmly by the foot, and the remainder filled in. As buds are usually inserted on the nortli side of the stocks, they should in- cline, if at all, slightly to the south. Good pulverized surface soil should always bo put upon the roots, to induce the immediate formation of young fibres. During the planting, the roots must be carefully guarded from ex- posure. A few only should be taken out of the ground at a time. When there are but few fibrous roots, pud- dling in thin mud is useful, otherwise not. Some nursery- men open the trenches with a plow instead of the spade ; and some plant all kinds of stock with the dibble. We do not practise either. Planting Root Grafts. — The quickest mode of plant- ing small root grafts is to stretch a line along the ground to be planted, and, with a dibble, make the holes, and press the earth in around the plantP. This dibble should be twfjlve to eighteeq inclies long, about two inches iu BUDDINti, (iUAFTING, ETC. 147 diameter, ])ointe(l and shod with iron. Fig. 88 represents one made of the liandle of a spade. Figul'e 89 shows a dibble, such as is sold by the dealers in iinjilements. It is made from a stick, witli a natural curve at one end, to conveniently fit the hand, and is furnislied at the other end with an iron point. One l^erson Avill plant as many in this way as four could by opening trendies witli spades. But where the plants are dib- bled in, the ground must be in the best condition — perfectly dry, and finely pul- verized. Treatment of /Storks after Plantinj.- The principal care which stocks require ^^^^^ between the time they are planted and koot- Fig. 89.^ the time they are budded is to keep the ''''•'''^'- "''''''^'=- groimd about them clear of M'eeds, and in a friable, porous condition on the surface, by fi-equent stirring. A good rule is to run the cultivator or horse-hoe through them once a week. The success of budding depends, in a great measure, on the condition of the stocks. They must be in a thrifty, growing state, and this can only be obtained with good treatment. Having now considered, in as much detail as seems necessary, the j)ropagation and transplanting of stocks into the nursery rows, we proceed with Section 4. — The Budding, Grafting, and Manage- ment OF Trees in the Nursery, The simplest and cleai-est method of treating this part of the subject, seems to bo that of considering, separate- ly, each year's operations in succession. The First Year. — Strong yearling seedlings of the apple, pear^ cherry^ and plion, say one-fourth f>f an inch and upwards in diameter, and well-rooted layers of the 148 niK NURSEKY. guinre, Paradise, and Dox(cin, of the same size, planted in the spring, in a good soil, and kept under good, clean culture, Avill, as a geneial thing, be in a fit state for bud- ding in July, August, or September, following. The budding may, therefore, be considered as the first season's work. The details of this operation may be divided for consideration as follows : 1st. Time for Budding. 2d. Preparation of the Stocks. 3d. Insertion of the Buds. 4th. Untying. Ist. The time for budding each species or class of fruits depends upon its habits of growth. Such as cease to grow early in the season, must be budded early, as soon as mature buds can be had; because it can only be done while the stocks are in a free, growing state, full of sap. Such as grow imtil late in the autumn, must be budded late, otherwise the new layers of wood, formed after the insertion of the bud, would grow over and destroy it, or the bud would be forced into a premature growth towards autumn, which, in fruit-trees, should always be avoided. The common sorts of plum terminate their growth early in the season, and are therefore budded early, whether with plums, peaches, or apricots; at Rochester, usually about the last of July, or beginning of August. The na- tive or Canada plum, and the Cherry plum (Ifyrobaian), grow freely until late in the fall, and may be budded in the latter end of August or beginning of September. Pears on pear stocks are usually budded here in July, in anticipation of the leaf-blight, which stops their growth Avhen it attacks them. Where no such thing as this is ap- prehended, they should not be budded before the middle of August, as the buds are not generally mature until that time. Apples on free stocks, and on the Paradise and Doucin, may be budded as soon as the buds are mature, which is usually, here, about the first to the middle of Au- gust. Cherries on free Mazzard stocks, as soon as buds are ripe j here, aboiit the first of August. Pears on quince,^ BUDDIKG, GRAPTIXG, ETC. 149 and Cherries o/i 3fah'(leb, about the first of September, and from that to tlie middle of the month ; as the quince and Mahaleb grow late, especially the latter. Peach stocks should always be budded tiie sa'iie season tlie seeds are planted, and, as they grow rapidly, until very late, are not usually budded until between the first and middle of September. The budding j)eriod varies in dif- ferent seasons. In a dry, warm season, the young wood matures earlier, and stocks cease to grow sooner, and are, therefore, budded earlier than in a cool, moist season, that prolongs the groAvth of the stocks and retards the ma- turity of the buds. Stocks growing feebly, require to be budded earlier than those growing freely. It is necessary to keep an eye to all these points. The destruction of insects must be strictly attended to. An army of slugs may devour the foliage of the pear and cherry, and even the plum, in a day or two, and pre- vent their being worked that season. The aphis, too, fre- quently appears in such multitudes as to check growth. Dry lime or ashes thrown on the slugs, will kill them ; and strong soap-suyshes,ov esp(diers. Having settled these matters, we have but to follow up the proper course to accomplish the desired ends. It may be well to take each of these forms in succession, and point out the necessary management under various circumstances. 1st. Standards. — Until very lately, trees of all sorts, and for every situation, were grown as tall standards, with naked trunks, six, and even eight feet high. Indeed, it appeared as though an impression existed amongst people that a tree was not in reality a tree, nor worthy of a place on their grounds, if it had not this particular form. Lat* BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 153 terly however, since fruit-tree culture has become more practised, and somewhat better understood, this impres- sion has been gradually losing ground, and in all parts of the country low trees are finding advocates. Experience is beginning to teach people that, whilst tall standards in an orchard possess the single advantage of admitting the operations of the plow under the branches, low standai-ds are much more secure against the numerous fatal diseases that attack the trunks, are much more ac- cessible for the performance of all the necessary details of management and for the gathering of the fruit, and are less exposed to damage from higli winds. These are all very important advantages, certainly; but the most important one is the safety of the tree against diseases of the trunk. In all parts of this country wo have a powerful sun in summer, and in winter and spring sudden and violent changes from one extreme to another; and experience has shown that the trunk and large branches, being fully exposed to all external influences, are generally the parts first attacked with disease. Cul. tivators are, of course, at liberty to choose for themselves^ but, except to meet the wants of some particular circum. stances, no standard tree should have a branchless stem above Jive feet in height ; four is preferable for all, ex- cept orchards of common apples for cider or stock. Trees with heads only four feet from the ground are always easy of access, and the natural spread of the branches af- fords a great protection to the trunk at all seasons. Nur- serymen should by all means encourage, by precept and example, the cultivation of low-headed trees. Starting with the yearling trees for standards, we examine the habit of the variety, whether stout or slen- der ; whether branched, as many varieties are the fii-st season, or without brandies. Before proceeding to the operation of cutting down to increase the size of the trunk, the reader is referred to the principles and prac- 154 THE NURSERY. 91, tices of pruning in the first part of the work. (Part T, Chapter V.) No pruning sliould be attempted for the attainment of any special purpose without liaving first carefully studied these. If slender, and without side branches, as in fig. they shoulil be cut back tAvelve to tAventy inches, as at A; this removes the buds that Avould push firat, and retains the sap in the lower parts, which will give a stout body. The taller and more slender the tree, and the smaller the buds, the farther it becomes necessary to cut back. In fact, some very feeble-grow- ing sorts must be cut back until within a foot or less of the base. During the sum- mer, trees cut back in this way may produce lateral shoots on the greater ])art of their length. These must not be pruned off, but kept in a uniform size and vigor by pinching any that threaten to '^^^^:^ "^ exceed their proper bounds. The shoots immediately below ^1,^ 1 „ 1 „ 4. V i I J biui .4, indicates the cutting back to the loader must be watched, ,„ake a .tout .ten for a stamlard ; 5 as they are always inclined to and C, the cuttingr back for pyra- push too strongly. f"^' "'' ^Z ''T^''^'' ^' '^v""' * ^ •' linjr back for dwarfs or espaliers. A tree thus cut back, and Fig. 93, a young tree once cnt back the side branches regulated to form trunk for a standard. by pinching, will, in the fall, have a stout body, and i)ro- sent the appearance of fig. 92. Where the yearlings are short and stout, and are furnished with a few lateral Figs. 91 and 93. Fig. 91, a yearling tree; to the BUDDINr,, GRAPTI>fG, ETC. 155 shoots, cutting back may be Tinuccessary. The largest of the side shoots may be pruned off wholly ; and the small ones left to retain the sap in the lower part of the stem, at least until midsummer, when new ones will have been produced. There are certain stout-growing, branch- ing varieties of all tlie fruits that require no shortening, and very little pruning of any kind, to form stout trunks, wdien not planted too close. Dwarf Statidards. — The management of yearling bud** to produce these, is similar to that described for standards, varying it always to suit the particular habit of the spe- cies or variety ; tall, slender-growing sorts require cutting back, and the suppression of liranclies at the top ; but many varieties of cherries and plums, some very stout- growing pears and apples, and all apricots and peaches, may commence the formation of heads this season. The stem is cut at the point desired, two to three feet from the ground, to form the head on ; and three or four of the stoutest shoots, growing in opposite directions, are pre- served, whilst all others, close to them, are pinched off when two or three inches long ; side branches are allowed to remain that season on the stem to strengthen it, but they are kept short and regular by ])inching. In the fall these trees will be fit for the final i>lanting out, wliilst those of weaker habit will require another season, if heads are wanted. J*yraniile and honorable nurserymen. Purchasei-s are often at fault in this matter. Nursery- men have to buy and. ])ay for the material used in pack- ing. Mats cost one to two shillings apiece; straw, four to five cents per small bimdle ; yarn, one to two shillings per poimd ; moss, $15 to $20 per cord; and besides, the labor of packing, Avhen loell done, is very great. It is, therefore, not unreasonable that a chai-ge be made ; but some people, rather than pay fifty cents for packing fifty trees, would expose themselves to the risk of losing all TAKING Ur TREKS FROM THE NURSERY. 17\ Purcliasers shoulay one or even two cents per tree for packing than lose it, or injure it so much as to make it almost worthless. The mode of packing pursued here is this : Where the trees nre packed in bundles, a number of ties are first laid down, then a layer of long rye straw, three or four inches deep; the trees are then laid compactly together, straw being pLaced among the tops, to prevent their being chafed when di-awn together, and damp moss fi-om the swamp is shaken among the roots. Wlteii tlie bundle is l)uilt, long straw is placed on the top ns below, and it is then bound up as tightly as it can be drawn. Straw is then placed around the roots sufficiently thick to exclude the air, and then a bass mat is sewed on over tlie straw. If the bun- dle is only to go a short distance, the straw can be so se- cured around the roots tliat the mats may be dispensed with ; but if it has a long journey to perform, it sliould be matted from bottom to top, and sewed witii strong, tarred, spun yarn, about as tliick as a goose-quill. Boxes are more secure for very long journeys ; they ai-e generally made of ^|^-inch white pine timber. Boxes are now em- ployed almost exclusively, as they nre found to be cheaper and safer, and railroads charge one-half more freight on strawed or matted bundles. If the trees are composed of several varieties, they should be tied in small parcels of four to six each, according to the size. The sides and ends of the box should be well lined with straw, and the roots bedded in moss and the tops in straw, to prevent chafing. If the box be large, two rows of cleats are necessary — one in tlie middle, and one in the top, to hold the trees in their place, and to keep the box from spreading. When the box is nailed up, it should be banded both at the ends and middle with iron hoops, fastened with wrought nails. 172 THE NURSERY. Hickory lioops are sometimes employed, rxnd answer very well. Packed iu this way, trees may go any distance with safety. The season of the yenr modifies the mode of packing. The roots should always, for a long journey, be immersed in a thin mud before being packed, as this excludes the air ; but in the fall, this mud should be dry before the package is made up, and the moss should con- tain very little moisture. In a frosty time, the less moist- ure there is about the roots the better; but an abundance of straw should be used to exclude the air and frost. HeeUng-in. — When trees are taken up, and can neither be packed nor planted at once, they are laid in by the roots in trenches ; the longer they have to remain in this situation the better it should be performed. Trees are often wintered in this way, and, if the trenches are dug deep, and the roots well spread out, and deeply covered, they are ])erfectly safe. It should be done, in such cases, with almost as much care as the final planting of a tree. When great bundles of the roots are huddled in together, and only three or four inches of earth thrown over them, both air and frost act upon them, and they sustain serious injury. Tender trees, likely to suffer from tlie freezing of the shoots, should be laid in an inclined, almost horizon- tal, position, and be covered with brush, evergreen boughs, or something that will break the violence of the wind, and frost. Straw should not be used, ns it attracts vermin. Some rough litter or manure should also be thrown around the roots, and in this way the most tender of all our fruit trees may be wintered with safety. V P^RT III. THE LAYING OUT, ARRANGEMENT, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PER- MANENT PLANTATIONS OF FRUIT-TREES, SELECTION OP TREES AND VARIETIES, AND PRUNING AND CONDUCTING TREES UNDER VARIOUS FORMS. CHAPTER t PERMANENT PLANTATIONS OF FRUIT-TREES. Section 1. — Thk Different Kinds op Plantatioits. The different kinds of plantations may be classed as follows : 1st. The Fwinily Orchard^ which is a portion of the farm set apart for the production of the more hardy and common fruit, principally apples, for the use of the farm stock and the family. 2d. The Market, or Commer- cial Orchard, a large plantation of the various species of fruit-trees, for the production of fruit as an article of commerce. 3d. The Fruit Garden^ which, with the far- mer, is a plot of ground near the dwelling, in which the finer fruits, as pears, peaches, ])lums, cherries, apricots, etc, and all the small fruits, are cultivated. In many cases, and even in most cases, it is a portion of the kitchen garden, vrhere the table or culinary vegetables are grown. With the professional man, the merchant, the mechanic, and others who reside in cities, villages, and their suburbs, possessing but small tracts of land, at most but a few acres, the fruit garden is the only source for the supply of fruits for their families, and is usually planted with the most rare, perishable, and valuable sorts, that cannot so easily be procured in market. The pleasure and profit derived from fruit plantations, under any or all of these circumstances, depend upon the judicious selection of soil, situation, trees, and varie- ties, and their proper arrangemerit and management. These are the essential points, and every mnn who con- templates planting to a greater or less extent, should avail himself of all the liiiht which experience has shed ^ 175 176 PERMANENT PLANTATIONS. upon these various branches of the subject, before mak- ing the first movement towards the execution of hi8 project. Section 2. — The Okchard. Th-e orchard is distinguished from the fruit garden in this, that the trees planted in it are generally of the larg- est size to which the species attain ; they are grown in the natural, or, as it is called, standard form, without any particular training, and the varieties are generally the most hardy and productive of the species. 1st. The situatio7i of an orchard, with regard to expos- ure or aspect, requires very little consideration in some parts of the country. Where, as in Western New York, for instance, the winters are uniform, or comparatively so, in temperature, and late spring frosts do not prevail, the main difficulties to guard against are the prevailing high winds from the west and north that injure the blossoms, and blow off the fruit before it is mature. If possible, a situation should be chosen where some natural obstacle, as a hill, or a belt of woods, would break the force and influence of these destructive winds. Where no such obstacle naturally exists, a belt or border of rapidly-grow- ing trees, such as Soft Maple, White Pine, Norway jSpruce, Scotch Pine, European Larch, etc., should be planted simultaneously with the planting of the orchard, that they may grow up and form a protection by the time the trees have come into bearing. Instances occur every year in our own section where sheltered orchards bear full crops, whilst those fully exposed to the winds fail entirely. In other sections, as in some of the central and south- ern counties of New York, and in some parts of Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, and others of the Western as well as in the Southern States, where late and fatal spring frosts prevail, the selection of a situation is a most important THE OliCHAUD, 177 point. In such localities, an eastern and southern expos- ure, and low grounds, are to be avoided. John J. Thomas, in his Fruit Culturist, states that, " In the valley of thj Coshocton, which is flanked by hills five hundred feet high, peach-trees have been completely killed to the ground, but on one of the neighboring hills, five hundred feet above, and probably twelve hundred feet above the level of the sea, an orchard, planted in gootl t^oil, yields regular crops. In the town of Spencer, Tioga County, near the head of Cayuga Inlet, peaches have with- stood the climate and done well at an elevation of seven hundred feet above Cayuga Lake." Lawrence Young, Esq., Chairman of the Kentucky Fruit Committee, repoited to the Pomological Convention at Cincinnati, in 1850, the case of an orchard in that State, lying within the peach district, occupying the slopes of hills of no great hight, inclining gently toward a river, distant oidy a few hundred yards. Its success was that common to a fickle, western climate — a fruit year and a failure, or perhaps two years of productiveness and three of disappointnient in every five. Within five miles of this oichard, however, is located a hill six hundred feet high, upon which the peach crop has not failed since he first knew it. Numerous other in- stances are quoted and the particulars given with great accuracy, showing the eifects of even very slight eleva- tions. Among others, is an instance of the Heath Peach bear- ing a full crop in one part of an orchard, whilst in another part, thirty feet lower, the same variety bore not a single fruit. Multitudes of such cases might be collected in all parts of the country where the climate is variable, because in such situations vegetation is earlier excited than in those more elevated and colder, an-eparation of Soil for an Orchard. — The season before planting, the soil should be at least twice plowed with a common and subsoil plow, enriched with suitable composts, and drained, if necessary. 4th. Inclosures. — Before a tree is planted, it is neces- sary that the ground be inclosed with a fence, sufficient to protect it against the invasion of animals. It is no uncommon thing to hear people regret that the cattle broke into the orchard and destroyed many trees. Indeed, it frequently happens that more damage is done in this way than, if duly estimated, would have fenced the whole orchard. There is much inquiry nowadays on the sub- ject of fences, and various plans and materials are sug- gested and tried. Live hedges are unquestionably the most ornamental and appropriate inclosures for extensive plantations of fruit-trees, and in time will, no doubt, be generally adopted. Hitherto the failure of many plants tried, and the cost and difficulty of obtaining others, have THE ORCHAED. 181 retarded their introduction. Experience, however, has at length pretty fairly decided that the Osage Orange is the best for the West and South-ioest, and the JiucA-thorn for the North and East. The seeds of both these plants are now easily procured, and plants of them may be obtained in nurseries from |3 to $5 per 1,000 ; and about 2,000 will fence an acre of ground, setting the plants twelve inches apart, in two rows, six inches apart, which is the strong- est way. A single row, with the plants at six inches apart, will make a good fence, with proper shearing to thicken them at the bottom ; either way they will make a beautiful and efficient hedge in five or six years. The Honey-Locust is also a strong, hardy, rapid-growing plant, and makes a very beautiful and efficient hedge, which, in six or seven years from the planting, will turn any ani- mals. We are using this on our own grounds in prefer- ence to all others. For an ornatnental hedge, and screen or shelter, there is nothing equal at the North to the Norway Spruce and Arbor Vitce. It is sometimes objected to hedges that they harbor birds; but it is to be remembered that birds are the natural foes of insects, and never fail to accom- plish a vast amount of labor for the good of the fruit grower, for which they ought to be fully entitled to a participation in his enjoyments. As the feathered race are persecuted and driven away from our gardens, insects become more numerous and destructive ; at least this is the experience of most people, and should lessen, if not entirely prevent, the cruel hostility that is continually waged against them. It must, however, be admitted that occasionally certain species will attack our fruits in such force that their destruction becomes not only justifiable, but necessary. Even the Robin becomes troublesome at times. 5th. Selection of Varieties of Fruits for an Orchard. — This is a most important point. The selection of varie- 182 PEEMAXENT PLANIATIONS. ties must, in all oases, Le made with reference to the spe" eial purposes for which they are intended. The family orchard of the farmer we will suppose to contain apple- trees alone, as all the other fruits are, or ought to be, grown in the fruit garden. His selection of varieties must he adapted to his wants and circumstances. In the first i)lace, the number of his family must regul:ite the proportion of kitchen and table varieties. In tlie second place, he must consider how many he will want for sauce, how many for haking and drying, how many for cider, and how many for the dessert, and what proportion of siceet and of acid. These are all considerations that de- pend upon the habits, taste, and mode of living of fami- lies, and for which no man can provide or suggest but the planter himself. Then, again, he must consider to what extent it may be advantageous to feed apples to his stock, :ind provide for it accordingly. Witlioiit considering well all these points, a man may sit down and select wh:it are called "the best varieties," and yet find himself badly suited when they come to bear ; for so it happens tliat a variety that may be best for the dessert, will be exceedingly unprofitable for other purposes. A hardy, vigorous, and productive variety, of medium quality, quite imfit for the table, may be infinitely more advantageous for feeding stock than a feeble-grow- ing, shy-bearitig variety, quite indisjiensable for the des- sert ; and an apple may be excellent for sauce, for baking, or drying, and unfit for the dessert. These points should all l)e duly considered. The Market or Commercial Orchardisf must exercise the same discrimination in the selection of his varieties, adapting tliem to the mode of culture he intends to pur- sue and tlie market he intends to supply. In the imme- diate vicinity of large cities and towns, where the orchardist may carry his fruit to market in a few hours, the most profitable culture will, generally speaking, b« fSE OUCHaRD. 183 summer and early auttinin fruits, or such as require to l>e consumed immediately after maturity, and are unfit for distant transportation. Early apples and pears only will be profitable for him, because the autumn and winter va- rieties can be sent so easily from the most distant portions of the interior, with such facilities as our present system of railroads, plank-roads, canals, and steamboats afford. Tn addition to early apples and pears, his position gives him great advantages for the profitable culture of all the stone fruitfi^ c/ooseberries, currants, rasjyberries, grapes, and such soft fruits, when intended to be disposed of in a raw state. The market grower of the interior will find his most profitable culture to be principally autumn and winter npples andi^ears, to which he may add quinces, and, if the climate and soil be favorable, the grape, because all these ••an be packed and transported to a great distance with safety ; and the comparntive cheapness of his lands enables him to compete advantageously with those more favora- bly situated in regard to market. He can only cultivate *.he summer fruits with a view to drying or preserving, or
.1 d ^ ><\A ' U'-' ""^^:-""' '"■■■;:i^-"" i 'N ■ ?:"'" 1 ^"-4""'' ■'■■■■•4--'" 1 ---^ ic- r-r"' c- ^"-4"'"" 1 ^^^"^-4 "v-f-. I ,A u/' I \|e.-' / 10 20 30 40 SO Fig. 90. — SQUARE PLANTING. Fig. 97. — QUINCUNX PLANTING. there is a greater space left for the admission of light and air, and trees so planted mny be at less distance than in the other. The operation of planting is more compli- cated than that of the square, the rows not being the same distance apart as the trees are in the row. The first thing to be done is to find the two measures. Sup- pose, for instance, we propose to plant a plot of ground one hundred feet square, and to have the trees twenty- five feet apart every way, we make a triangle of wood, A, 7?, D (fig. 97), each side of which is twenty-five feet ; "we then measure tlie distance from the angle, _C, to the center of the opposite side, at C, and this gives us the distance between the rows, which will be about twenty- one feet. This will be called the small measure j and THE ORCHARD. 187 with this we measure off on two sides the distances for tlie rows, and put down a stake at each. We then com- mence on the first row, and with the long (twenty-five feet) measure mark off the places for the trees, and put down a stake to each. The measurements must be made with exactness, in order to have the plantation present a regular appearance, ns in fig. 97. 8th. /Select/'o/i. of Trees for the Market or Commercial Orchard. — The remarks made in reference to the selec- tion of standard trees for the family orchard may be applied with equal proi)riety to. these; but the orchardist must be supposed to have invested a considerable amount of capital, and probably devotes his entire attention to his trees, and depends upon them for his support. It is, therefore, a great object with him to have early returns in the form of products. An orchard of standard apples will not produce any considerable quantity of fruit before the eighth or tenth year, nor pears before the twelfth or fifteenth year. In the mean time it is highly desirable to occupy the ground amongst the trees in some way that will at least bear the expenses of cultivation. If this can be done, it is as much as can be expected in the usual practice of cultivating root crops. The most pro- fitable manner of turning to account tlie spaces between the standard trees for the first ten or twelve years at least, is to ))lant them with dwarf and pyramidal trees, or dwarf standards, that will commence bearing the third or fourth year after planting. This is the course pursued by the orchardists of Franco and Belgium, where land is vahiable, and the cultivators are compelled to turn every inch of it to the best account. Attention has been slightly called to this mode of management in this country, and a few persons have already carried it into practice. As soon as it comes to be considered, it cannot fail to recommend itself to those who are embarking extensively in the orchard culture of fruits for the market, 188 PERMANENT PLANTATIONS. on high-priced lands. It is only surprising that it should have been so long overlooked by shrewd and enterprising orchardists. An acre of land, for example, planted with standard apple-trees, at thirty feet apnrt, contains forty- five to fifty ; and if we fill up the spaces with dwarfs on Paradise, at six feet apart, leaving ten feet clear around each standard, we get in about five hundred dwarf trees. These will bear the third year, and during the next five years the average value of their products will be at least twenty to fifty cents each. We would plant them in such a way that the plow and cultivator could be 4_JL Fig. 98. Fig. 99. Fig. OS, orchard of standard and dwarf apple trees. Fiy. 99, orchard of standard and dwarf or pyramidal pears. used among them, two dwarfs between each standard, and two full rows between each row of standards, as in fig. 98. In ten or twelve years the dwarfs might be taken out, and the entire ground given to the standards. Orchards of standard 2^ears maij, in the same manner, be filled up with dwarf and pyramidal trees on the quince. .-i^^^^i^Lfeoe THE ORCHAED. 189 Standard pears do not require so much si>ace as apples ; their branches generally are more erect. In this country standard pears sliould not have naked trunks over three or four feet high, and twenty-five feet apart are quite suf- ficient ; at this distance an acre will contain about seventy trees. These, as a general tiling, will not begin to bear until the tenth year, unless artificial means be resorted to. Some early-beai-iiig sorts, like the Bartlett, may com- mence bearing much sooner ; but, as a general thing, the crop from standard pears is not of much account until the trees have attained ten years of age, or thereabouts. By putting one dwarf standard between each, in the same row, and a row ten feet apart between each row of standards, as in fig. 99, we can plant 250 dwarfs or pyra- mids, that will commence bearing the third year, and will be in full bearing the fifth, yielding not less, ou an aver- age, than $1 to 12 per tree. In selecting varieties of pears for profitable orchard culture on the quince, those only should be chosen which have been well proved on that stock, and also in the lo- cality, or a similar one, and that are popular in market. Mr. Quinn, in his book " Pear Culture for Profit," states that the Duchesse d'Angoulenie is almost the only one really profitable in his soil, in New Jersey. The following sorts succeed well on the quince, and are profitably grown here : Louise Bonne de Jersey, Duchesse d'Angoulime, Beurre cVAnjou, Howell, Josephine de Malines, Vicar of Winkfield, to which I might add many others. Peach trees should be only one year old from the bud, and set at a distance of about fifteen feet. At this dis- tance the trees soon grow to aftbrd each other considera- ble shelter. Mr. W. C. Flagg, of Alton, 111., an orchard- ist of experience, writes in Tilton's JNIagazine, Novem- ber, 1869, that he plants his large peach orchards in squares of 100 trees, at sixteen and a half feet apart each 190 rERMANEXT PLANTATIONS. way. Eaclx square is conij^osed wholly of one sort, for con- venience in gathering the fruit. Each square is separated from the next by a double space, or two rods. Mr. Flagg objects to mixed orchard-*, as of apples and peaches, on account of certain difficulties of cultivation. There may be some force in his objection in his locality, but, accord- ing to my experience, there is none at the East. Where land is cheap, there is nothing gained by mixing. Where land is worth from $200 to $500 per acre, the case is quite different. Standard cJierries, on IMazzard stocks, sliould not be over two years old from the bud, with stems three or four feet high. In the West and South, where the trees are subject to the bursting of the bark on the trunk, it is ad- visable to have the trees branched as near the ground as possible ; and in such cases the Mahaleb stock is better than the Mazzard, as it makes lower, more compact, and fertile trees. Orchards of pyramids, or low dwarfs, on the Mahaleb, may be planted at t.velve feet apart, or the g4-ound may be more compactly filled by planting stand- ards and dwaifs alternately, as in the case of the pears. Cherries, on the Malialcb, I would i)refer to be only one year from the bud, and, indeed, this is my choice on any stock. Apricots, on peach stocks, may be planted in the same soil, and should be of the same age and character as the peaches. On plum stocks they are better adapted to heavy soils. Plum-trees, for orchard standards, should be about two years old from the bud or graft, with steins about three feet high. The stone fruits, in particular, should have low stems, as they are more subject to the gum on the trunk if pruned up high. They may be planted at fif- teen feet apart, the same as peaches and apricots. Quinces should be two years old, at least, and may be three from the layer, cutting, or bud ; they may be planted twelve feet apart, which gives about 300 to the acre. THE OltCUARD. 191 9th. Pruning and Preparing the Trees for Planting. — "When a tree is taken up from the nursery, it unavoida- bly loses some of its roots, and others are more or less mutilated ; the roots frequently suffer hy lonj^ carriage or exposure, and in this state it is unable to support the entire head as it came from the nursery. This has been previously explained. In order that a tree may grow, it is necessary that a balance should exist between the stem or branches, and the root ; consequently, when a tree is transplanted, its branches should be reduced by shorten- ing so as to correspond with the roots. A standard tree, that lias four or five branches forming a head, should be pruned, at the time of i>lanting, to within three or four buds of the base of each of the branches. These remain- ing buds, receiving all the nourishment, will push vigor- ously, wliilst, if the brandies had been allowed to remain entire, they would have required a greater supply of food than the roots could have furnished, and tlie tree would either have died or made a very feeble growth. Every bud we leave on the top of a tree will produce either leaves or shoots, and these are so many new individuals requiiing sustenance. If we leave one hundred, it is plain the demand will be much greater than if we leave only twenty. The roots must be dressed by cutting back all bruised points to the sound wood, with a smooth cut on the under side of the root. Trees thus prepared are ready for planting. 10th. Planting Orchards. — When the soil has been thoroughly prepared by subsoil j)lowing, or trenching the season previous, the planting is a simple matter ; but if this has not been done, planting properly requires considerable labor ; for large holes, three or four feet wide, and one and a half to two feet deep, must be dug for the trees, and the re- quisite composts procured to be mixed with the earth in which the roots are to be placed. The planting offers an ex- cellent opportunity for sup[ilying any defects in the soilj 193 PERMANENT PLANTATIONS. for instance, if too compact, sand, Iraf mould, muck, etc., may be added, to render it moie porous ; and if too light, clay, stiff loam, ashos, etc., may be a Ided, to make it more retentive. The proper way to furnish these materials is to dig large holes, and put a good bed, twelve to eighteen inches deep, of the compost in the bottom under the trees. Lime should form a j^art of all composts, and especially for the apple and pear ; half a peck may be mixed with the bed of each tree in soil not naturally calcareous. In digging the holes, the good surface soil should be laid on one side, so that it can be used to fill in among the roots, and for this purpose it should be as finely pulverized as possible. In a soil adapted to fruit culture, if in a good state of fertility, there is no necessity for either large holes or compost. Our mode of planting is simply to prepare the land by a thorough plowing, and then dig the holes just deep and wide enough to admit the roots, using neither manure nor compost. When the compost has been laid in the bottom of the hole, and a layer of fine surface soil spread over it, so as to be highest in the center, the tree is set on it, so that when the planting is finished, the collar will be about two inches below the surface. In the case of trees on dwarf stocks, such as pears on quince, all the stock must be under the ground. The roots must be carefully adjusted, so that each one is spi'ead out in its natural position ; the fine earth is then filled in amongst them, so that no vacancies will be left ; the upper roots should be held back by the person who holds the tree until the lower ones are covered. When the fiUing-in is half done, it may be gently trodden down with the foot, so as to give the tree a firmer hold of the ground ; and when the filling-in of earth on the roots is finished, tread down firmly. la advanced spring planting, a pail of water might be given to each tree ■when the earth is partly filled in ; at other times it is un- necessary, if not injurious. THE ORCHARD. 193 lltti. StaJcing. — Where the trees are large, or the situ- ation is exposed, either one or two stakes should be plant- ed with each tree, to which it must be kept fastened for the first season, until the roots have fixed themselves in the ground. A proper provision must be made to pre- vent the tree from rubbing or chafing against the stake. When two stakes are used, it may be fastened to each in such a way as not to rub against either, 12th. Midching. — This should be looked upon as an indispensable operation in all cases. It consists in laying on the surface of the ground, around the trees, to the dis- tance of three feet or so, a covering two or three inches deep of half-decomposed manure, short straw, hay, etc., or litter of any kind, that may be at hand. This prevents the moisture of the soil from evaporating, and maintains a uniformity of heat and moisture which is highly favor- able to the formation of new roots. It also prevents the growth of -weeds around the tree, and obviates the ne- cessity of hoeing, dressing, or watering, during the season. We frequently practise it among nursery rows of late, spring-planted trees with great advantage. A deep mulching should always be given to fall-planted trees, to prevent the frost from penetrating to the roots or draw- ing up the tree. 13th. After-management of Orchard Trees. — This con- sists in the cultivation of the soil among the trees, and pruning them to regulate their growth. For the first five or six years after planting, the ground among orchard trees may be advantageously cropped wdth potatoes, ruta- bagas, or sugar beets. The manuring and culture that these roots require keep the soil in good condition, and will assist in defraying the expenses of the orchard. Grain crops should never be planted among trees, as they deprive them of air to a very injurious extent. If no root crops are cultivated, the ground should be kept clean and mellow with the one-horse plow and cultivator, the 9 194 PERMANENT PLANTATIONS. same as recommended for nursery culture. Every third or fourth year, or when their growth indicates the need of it, the trees should receive a dressing of well-decom- posed manure or compost, spread on the surface of the ground, over the roots, or partially worked in with u fork. This should always be done in the fall. Dwarf apples and pears require more frequent and liberal manuring than standards, because their roots occupy a limited space ; their heads are large compared with the roots, and they bear exhausting crops. Whoever has a large plantation of these trees should be well provided with heaps of compost, a year old, and give eacli tree a peck to half a bushel every year before the setting in of win- ter. This will maintain their vigor, and insure large and regular crops of fine fruit. Directions for pruning and forming the heads of standard trees will be treated of under the general head of pruning. A good way of renewing the soil where manure cannot be had is to sow peas, and when they are grown just to blossom, plow them under. There are those who advocate seeding orchards with some of the finer grasses, such as are used for lawns, and keeping it cut short. The advantage claimed is, that it protects the roots from excessive heat in the summer. I think this may answer tolerably Avell for the apple, but for all others, and even for that, I should prefer a mulch- ing of straw, hay, or some sort of litter, during the great- est heat of summer. At the North we do not even need this. In some parts of the West and South, where the pear suffers from leaf l)light, mulching during the warm sea- son is a necessity, and will, I am sure, prove far more beneficial than grass^ no matter how short it may be kepi*, THE FRUIT GAKDEX. 195 Section 3. — The Fruit Garden, The fruit garden is a plantation of fruit-trees, Intended to supply the family with fruit. In some cases, where a large supply of fruit is wanted, and the proprietor has land and means to warrant it, a certain portion of ground is wholly devoted to it ; and in others it forms a separate compartment of the kitchen garden, or is mixed with it — the fruit-trees occupying the borders, or outsides of the compartments, and the culinary vegetables the interior. The latter is most general, in this country, at the present time. In a country like ours, so well adapted to fruit culture, where almost every citizen not only occupies but owns a garden, and, as a general thing, possesses suffi- cient means to enable him to devote it to the culture of the higiier and better class of garden productions, the fruit garden is destined to be, if it is not already, an ob- ject of great importance. In the old countries of Europe, the rich alone, or those comparatively so, are permitted to enjoy such luxury ; for land is so dear that working people are unable to purchase it, and if they are, they are either unable to stock it with trees, or their necessities compel them to devote it to the production of the coarsest articles of vegetable food that can be produced in the greatest bulk. It is not so in America. Here every industrious man, at the age of five-and-twenty, whatever may be his pursuits, may, if he choose, be the proprietor of a garden of some extent, and possess sufficient means to stock it with the finest fruits of the land. The jjresent actual state of the population gives abun- dant evidence of this happy and prosperous condition. Let us look at our cities and villages. In Rochester, excepting a narrow circle in its very center, every house has its garden, varying in extent from twenty-five by one hundred feet to an acre of ground, and not one of these but is nearly filled with fruit-trees '-and so it is, but on a 196 PERMANENT PLANTATIOXS. larger scale, in all the villages of Western 'New York — ■ a section of country in which the first white man's settle- ment can scarcely date back over sixty years. Aside from the beneficial results to individual and public health and prosperity from this general union of the fruit garden and the dwelling, it cannot fail to exercise a softening and refining influence on the tastes, habits, and manners of the people, and greatly strengthen their love of home and country. The great thing wanting at this moment is a knowledge of the correct method of planting and managing fruit gardens. We cannot pass along the streets a rod, where there is a garden, without seeing and feeling that three- fourths of the profit and pleasure which gardens might afibrd, are sacrificed to bad management, arising, in the main, from ignorance of the proper modes of culture adapted to such limited grounds ; and it is hoped that the suggestions and plans oiFered in the following detail of fruit-garden management may afford at least a portion of the information wanted. The formation of a fruit garden requires a considera- tion of the soil, situation, inclosures, laying out, selection of trees, selection of varieties, and planting. 1st. ITie Situation. — This is generally governed by the particular circumstances of the proprietor, those only who build with reference to the location of the garden, or who liave a large domain at their disposal, having an opportunity of selection to any considerable extent. Per- sons who live in cities and villages have to make the best of their situation. As it is, if it be exposed, they can only give it protection by lofty inclosures, that will break the force of the winds. The aspect they cannot alter, and must adapt other circumstances to it. Those who can should select a situation convenient enough to the dwelling to render it at all times easy of access, in order to save time and labor in going to and from it. It THE KRUIT GARDEN. 197 should also be sheltered from tlie north and west winds. The former are destructive to the blossoms in spring, and the latter frequently blow oif the fruit before its maturity. In sections of the country subject to late spring frosts, an elevated situation is to be preferred, as in the case of orcliards. A full eastern or southern aspect should be avoided, because in both the sun's rays strike the trees while the frost is upon them, and produce in- juries that would be avoided in other aspects. Where artificial shelter is required, a belt of rapid-growing trees, composed of evergreens and deciduous trees mixed, should be planted on the exposed side, but at such a distance as to obviate any difficulty that might arise from the injuri- ous effects of shade, or from the roots entering the gar- den. Such a belt of trees might, at the same time, be made to impart a pleasing and highly ornamental appear- ance to the grounds. 2d. The i^oil is a most important consideration. As in a garden a general collection of all the fruits is to be grown, and that in the highest state of perfection, the soil should be of that character in its texture, depth, and quality, best adapted to general purposes. It should not only be suitable for the npple and the pear, but for the peach, the cherry, and tlie plum — a good, deep, friable loam, with a gravelly clay subsoil, and entirely free from stagnant moisture. In this country, our warm summers and frequent, protracted drouths render a deep soil for a garden absolutely necessary. The means for deepening, drying, improving, and changing the character of soils have been already pointed out under the general head of Soils, and need not be repeated here. Suffice it to say, that it will always be found true economy to be liberal in the first preparation of the soil; f)r after a garden is laid out and permanently planted, improvements are always made with greater difficulty and expense. Inclosures. — The cheapest and most ordinary kind of l98 t^EEMAiSTENT I^LA^^TATIONS, inclosure for gardens, in this counti-y, is the tight board fence, and the picket or j^aling fence. The former should be made of stout cedar posts, set at six feet apart and three or four feet in the ground, the ends being previously charred, or covered with hot gas-tar, to increase their durability, connected in the middle and on the top with cross-bars, or rails, which may be two by four inches. The boards should be well seasoned, matched, and se- curely nailed to the cross-bars. Where the fence is required to be higher than the posts, the boards can ex- tend above the top rail two, three, or even four feet, if necessary. The picket or paling fence is made in the same way, as fir as the frame wo i-k, jjosts, and cross-bars go ; but, instead of matched boards, pickets, from three to six inches wide, and pointed on the top, are used, and a space of two inches left between each. Where the pro- prietor can afford the expense of a brick or stone wall, it will prove the most permanent, and, in the end, the cheap- est inclosure. The hight of the fence or wall depends somewhat on the extent of the garden. In ordinary cases, eight or ten feet arc the proper hight, but when the gar- den is very small, five or six feet aie enough ; and the open paling will be preferable, except on the nortb side, to the tight board fence, as it offers less obstruction to the air and light. A high fencie around a very small garden, be- sides being injurious to vegetation in it, looks quite out of character, giving to it the appearance of a huge box. Live hedges, as recommended for orchards, might be employed around country gardens of considerable extent, say an acre or upwards, but they require to be kept in the neatest possible condition. Trellises. — In England, and other parts of Europe, where the summer temperature is not so high as it is here, espalier trees are trained directly on the garden walls or fence ; but our hot sun renders this unsafe, except in the case of the grape, or on the north sides of the walls. The THE FUUIT GARDEN. 199 Bun Strikes the south side of a fence with such force that the foUage in contact with it is burned. It is therefore necessary, where the walls or fences are to be occupied with espaliers, to erect suitable trellises at the distance of six to twelve inches from them, on which to train the trees. The form of tliese differs according to the nature of the subject to be trained. They are geneially made of upright and cross-bars, of inch boards, three inches wide, placed within six to twelve inches of each other, accord- ing to the growth of the species ; the larger the foliage and the longer the shoots, the greater may be the dis- tances ; thus, the grape twelve inches, and the peach eight. Sometimes they are constructed of Avooden bars and wire rods alternately ; these answer a good purpose for the grape, as it fixes itself to the wires by the tendrils. The trellis is fastened to the wall by iron hooks, and should stand a little farther from it at tlie bottom than at the top, for the pin-pose of giving the tree a better ex- posure to the sun, rain, etc. Fruits are grown so suc- cessfully in this country in the open ground that walls or trellises are seldom used, except to economizo sj)ace. In the North, however, where the more tender friiits do not succeed in the open ground, walls may be advantageously- employed, as the trees trained on them are easily pro- tected both from wintei- and spring frosts. Laying Out the Fndt Garden. — This is the arrange- ment or distributiearances were to be strictly ob- served, this bor- der should be as wide as tlie fence is high, but, as a general thing. Fiir. 100. — PLAN OF A SMALL FRUIT GARDEN. five to six feet will be sufficient ; and w li e r e ground is limited, appearance must, in many cases, be sacrified to economy. Where the work is all performed by manual labor, the walks need not be more than five to six feet wide, as that admits of the passage of a wheel- barrow, and this is all that is required. Fig. 100 is a design for a very small garden, fifty feet by THE yRUIT GARDEN. 20^ one hundred. A is the entrance gate, four feet wide ; Ji, JJ, a walk, five feet wide ; 6', C, fence border, six feet wide. The rows of trees are eiglit feet apart. Tlie pyram- idal pears and cherries, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, at seven feet apart in the row. Nos. 5 and G, dwarf apples, at four feet apart. No. 7, pyramidal or dwarf standard plums, at seven feet. Nos. 8, 9, and 10, low standard peaches, at ten feet apart, the outside ones four feet from the walk. Nos. 11, 12, 13, and 14, low standard (piinces, etc. Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, esj)aliers, apricots, grapes, etc. One border is filled with gooseberries and currants, the other can be occupied with raspberries and strawben-ies. This arrangement gives in this little garden twenty p\-rara- idal trees, thirteen standards, twelve dwarfs, six espal- iers, besiiles space enough for two dozen currants, two dozen gooseberries, tw^o dozen raspberries, etc. For sev- eral years a few strawberries and low vegetables, such as lettuces, radishes, beets, carrots, turnips, or even dwarf peas, may be grown in the spaces among the trees, but in no case to be permitted nearer than within three feet of a tree. In regard to distance between trees, my ex- perience is, that where a good crop is of more importance than a great variety, dwarf and ])} ramidal trees of the pear, j)lum, cherry, peach, apricot, nectarine, and quince, should have ten to twelve feet. This distance would re- duce the number of trees in the plan (fig. 100). The mixed, or fruit atid Jcitchen garden, is laid out in a similar manner. The trees are jdanted in rows, on a bor- der six to ten feet wide, according to the size of the trees, along the walks, leaving the interior of the compartments for vegetables. This arrangement is a very common one, and generally ansAvers a very good purpose ; but where it is practicable, it is much better to devote a separate portion exclusively to fruit, in order that the one may not in any way interfere with the other. In such a garden, the number of the walks, and consequently fruit borders, 9* 202 PERMANENT PLANTATIONS. will depend upon the i)ropoition of the ground intended to be allotted to fruit ; and this again will be regulated by the means, taste, and demands of the family. Tlie frontispiece of this work gives the plan of a mixed fruit and kitchen garden, one hundred and fifty feet wide by two hundred long, being one hundred and ten square rods ; somewhnt less than three-quarters of an acre. The design is to have two tree borders exclusive of the outside or fence border. The center main walk, from ji to C, is ten feet wide. That crossing it in the center, six feet wide. The small walk, next the fence border, four feet wide, and that between the two tree borders, five feet. The fence border is six feet wide, and may be planted with espalier trees, vines, etc., besides currants, raspber- ries, strawberries, or anything of low growth, not requir- ing the fullest exposure. The tree borders are all eight feet wide, except the dAvarf-apple border, which is only six. The outside border is planted on the two sides with low standard or pyramidal peaches, apricots, plum?, quinces, etc., at twelve feet apart, and the two ends with pyramids, at eight feet. The inside borders are planted with pyramids and dwarfs, the former at eight, and the hatter at six feet apart. A, is the entrance ; J?, well or cistern ; C, a space to turn a horse and cai't upon. This arrangement gives thirty standard trees, eighty-three pyramids, and forty dwarfs, leaving clear the outside border, over six hundred and sixty feet long, and six wide, and the four interior compartments, each about thirty by sixty feet. In crop- ping the latter with vegetal)les, they may be divided, as in the design, into nari-ow beds, three or four feet wide, separated by paths, eighteen mches wide. In gardens of greater extent, it will be well to increase the distance be- tween the trees. Walks in the Fruit Garden. — The number of these, as has been I'emarked, should be simply sufficient for con- THE FRUIT GARDEN. 203 dwcting the operations of gardening with convenience ; this being provided for, the fewer the better. Where horse labor is employed, the main walk, either through the center or around the sides, should be nine or ten feet wide. Where manual labor alone is employed, as in small gardens, five or six feet will be snfiicient, and even four feet, as that admits of the passage of a wheelbarrow. Between each compartment, or line of trees, there should also be a path, two or three feet wide, as a passage for the gardener or workmen, and others who may desire to inspect the trees. Where the . expense can be afforded, the main walks should be gravelled, so as to be dry and comfortable at all seasons, and in every state of the wea- ther; for it is presumed that every man who has a fruit garden, worthy of the name, will wish to visit it almost daily, and so will the members of his family and his friends who visit him. The labor and expense of making a walk depends upon the nature of the soil. If dry, with a porous subsoil, absorbing water rapidly, six inches of good pit gravel, slightly rounded on the top, will be sufficient. If the soil be damp and the subsoil compact, it will be necessary to remove the earth to the depth of a foot in the center, and rising towards the sides, so that the excavation will resemble a semicircle ; this is filled with small stones, and a few inches of good pit gravel on the top. This makes a walk dry at all times. We often see very comfortable and neat-looking walks made of spent bark from the tannery ; six inches deep of this will last two or three years, and no excavation is necessary in any kind of soil. It is not to be supposed that so great expense will be incurred, in any case, in the formation of the walks of a fruit or kitchen garden, as those of a pleasure ground or flower garden, and there- fore it is unnecessary to suggest either costly modes or materials. The chief point is to secure dry, comfortable walking, without introducing any material that will 204 PERMANENT PLANTATIONS. produce a decidedly unpleasant contrast with vegetation. This can all be accomplished by the cheap and simple means referred to, and others that may suggest them- selves. The main walks alone should be gravelled ; the smaller alleys, or paths, between the different lines of trees or com- partments of the gai'den, are principally for the use of the workmen. In very small gardens, where it is important to economize the ground, the spaces devoted to the walks may be of plank, raised on pillars or blocks a foot from the ground ; the roots of trees can then penetrate the ground below the walk as well as the border, and scarce any ground will be lost. Water. — A supply of water in the garden is a most important consideration in onr warm, diy, sunny climate. Good crops of culinary vegetables cannot be secured in many seasons witiiout a liberal application of water ; and fruit-trees are greatly benefited by frequent showering, especially in dry weather. It refreshes them and drives away insects. A good well or cistern should- therefore be provided in every garden, and be situated as near the center as possible, to be convenient to all parts. SELECTION OF TREES. TTieir Form. — "We start upon the principle that, in all cases, tall standard trees, such as are usually planted in orchards, are totally unfit for the garden. This is the chief defect in American fruit gardening. All the trees for a fruit garden should be either dwarf standards, with trunks two to three feet high, ^>^/ram^(/s, branched from the ground, or hushes, with stems six to twelve inches high. Trees in these forms are, in the first place, in keep- ing with the limited extent of the garden, and convey, at first sight, the idea of fitness. In the second place, they give a great variety on a small space, for three or four THE FKUIT GARDEN-. 205 such trees will not occupy more space than one standard. In the third place, they are in a convenient form for man- agement ; they are easily pruned or protected, and the fruit is easily gathered, and less likely to be blown off Fi<|. 101.— PYRAMIDAL APPLE-TREE. than on tall trees. Finally, they bear several years sooner than standards. Among the forms mentioned, the ^pyramid is certainly the most beautiful ; and in the best fruit gardening regions of Europe, where almost every conceivable form of tree has been tried, it is to-day the most popular, 206 PEEMANENT PLAITTATIONS. because it has proved the most advantageous and success* ful. The apple for pyramids (fig. 101) should be on the Doucin stock. Certain varieties, such as the Hawthorn- den^ Kesicick Codlin, Summer Hose, Duchess of Olden- burg, and many other moderate growers and early bearers, will make good pyramids on free stocks, but they will require more summer pruning and carciful management to keep their vigor under check than they would ©n the Doucin. But apples for the fruit garden, even on the Fig. 103. — DWARF BUSH APPLE-TREE. iDoucin, should be such as naturally make small trees, and are inclined to early bearing. In these res[)ects, it is very well knuwn there is a wide difference between varieties. Those mentioned above, and others similar in character, frequently bear, on free stocks in the nursery rows, at the age of three or four years from the bud, whilst others do not bear until eight or ten years old. This is a point that should always be regarded in selecting garden trees ; for it is the natural and proper desire of every one who plants a tree in the garden to obtain fruit from it as early as possible. THE FllUIT GAKDEN. 207 The Apple for Dicarfs. — The apple, worked on the Paradise, makes a beautiful little dwarf bush. We know of nothing more interesting in the fruit garden than a row or a little &-quaie of these miniature apple-trees (fig. 102), either in blossom or in fruit. Those who have not seen them may imagine an apple-tree, four feet high, and the same in width of branches, covered with blossoms in the spring, or loaded Avith magnificent golden and crim- son fruit in the autumn. They begin to bear the third year from the bud, and the same variety is always larger and finer on them tlian on standards. We have had Red Astrachcms on Paradise that measured eleven inches in circumference. The French plant a square or compart- ment of these in the kitchen or fruit garden, as they do gooseberries and currants, six feet apart ; they also alter- nate them with pyramidal pear-trees, in rows ; ant be taken to have them equally distant from one another, and pointing in such directions as not to cross or interfere. During the fust season, these young shoots must be watched and kept in a regular state of vigor. If any threaten to become too vigorous, they must be pinched and cheeked at once, so that perfect uniformity be pre- served. This is the time to secure a well-formed and nicely-balanced head. A very slight circumstance some- times throws the growth into one side or one branch of a young tree, and produces a deformity from which it never recovers. The trunk must be kept clear of all shoots, by rubbing off such as appear at the earhest possible moment, wlien it can be done without the use of a knife. Suppos- 222 PKUNLNG. ing we commenced the head with three branches at time of planting, there will be, at the end of the first season, six. The attention required after this will be to maintain an uniform growth among these six branches, and their mem- bers and diWsions, and to prevent the growth of shoots in the center. The leading defect in all our orchard trees is too much wood, the heads are kept bo dense with small shoots that the sun and air are, in a great measure, excluded, and the fruit on the outside of the tree only is marketable or fit for use. The head should be kept open, rather in the form of a vase, so that the wood, leaves, blossoms and fruit may all, on every part, enjoy the full benefit of the sun and air, without which they cannot perform their functions, or attain maturity and perfection. Too many people imagine that trees can take care of themselves, as trees in the forest, on the ground that nature pre- serves a balance in all her works ; but it should be borne in mind that a fruit tree is not exactly a natural production. It is far re- moved from the natural state by culture, and the farther it is re- moved, that is, the more its nature is refined and improved, the more care it requires. Fig. 108 repre- sents a young standard pear tree, stem four feet high, and the head twice cut back, as at the letters a and b. Pinehing. — If this be properly attended to, very little knife prun- ing will be necessary, except to shorten the leading shoots, because as soon as a superfluous or misplaced fig. 108.— A TOTTKG STANDARD PEAR-TREE. Trank 4 feet high ; head for- ward on tliree main branch- es, twice pruned at A and B. THE APPLE A^D TUE PEAR. 223 shoot api^ears, it is rubbed off, and when one becomes too vigorous, it is pinched and checked. The great ad- vantage of pinching is, that 1st. It economizes the sap of the tree. That which would be expended on superfluous shoots is turned to the benefit of the parts reserved, and tlius the growth is greatly promoted. 2d. All wounds necessarily inflicted, where knife-prun- ing is depended on, are completely avoided. These facts should be rememberetl. Standard apples and pears are not generally pruned with a. view to hastening their bearing, but are allowed to arrive at that state in their natural way. In the case of tardy-bearing sorts, how- ever, it may be desirable to ap|>ly artificial means, and these will be pointed out in treating of dwarfs and pyra- mids hereafter. Dicarf Standards. — These are similar to standards, except that the trunks are low, not over two or three feet in hight, and the head is retained in a smaller space. Their management is always much easier when the stocks are such as to dwarf or re>train the growth. Thus, apples on the Paradise or Douchi, and pears on the quince. The main branches, or frame-work of the head, are produced by cutting back the three or four branches that form the head of the tree as it comes from the jmrsery, in the same manner as recommended for stand- ards. The ^/irst season, all superfluous productions are rubbed oflT, and a balance maintained among the shoots by ]>inching. The second year ^ in the winter or spring, the shoots of last season are shortened, say one-half, as a general thing. This induces the development of the buds on their lower parts. The cut is made at a good, plump bud, capable of producing a vigorous shoot ; and this is selected to prolong the branch. If one or two secondary branches 224 PBUNINO are needed to fill up a space, those next the leader, if properly situated to fill the space, are chosen, and all be- low them are pinched when about two or three inches long, in order to check the production of wood where it is not wanted, and to convert them into fruit branches or spurs. The growth of all the main and secondary branches is regulated and balanced by pinching ; and if the pinched shoots, intended for fruit spurs, start again into growth, they must be again pinched. The third season, the shoots of the previous year are cut back as before, say to four, five, or six eyes, according to their strength. One shoot is chosen to continue the pro- longment of the branch, and the others are pinched in season to convert them into fruit spurs. Thus the tree is conducted from year to year, until it has attained the full size required. In this wTay the trees commence bearing quite young, and every branch is furnished, in all its length, with fruit spurs. Pyramids. — Under the head of "the selection of trees," it has been recommended to obtain thrifty yearling trees in preference to older ones, not properly managed. We will, therefore, begin with the yearling tree, and although the management of the first year after cutting back has been given in the nursery, it may be well to repeat it here, to save the reader the trouble of referring back. Objects of cutting back. — The object in doing this is to produce branches near the stock, that will form the base of the future pyramid. If left entire, the tendency of the sap to the extremities would produce shoots there only, leaving a naked space entirely inconsistent with the form in view. We therefore reduce the stem to such an ex- tent, that but a small number of buds are left on it, and the sap, acting on these with great force, causes their development. How far to cut bach. — It is obvious that this must de. pend on the character of the subject. In yearling plants, THE APPLE AND THE PEAR. 225 both of the pear and apple, there is presented a great difference in different varieties. Some invariably pro- duce lateral branches the first season. The buds are so perfectly developed, that Mhen the second growth takes place in mid-suniiner, they break, and form branches, in some cases as much as a foot long, and in others only a few inches. Then, among the varieties which do not thus produce side branches in the second growth, there is a great difference in the phmipness and prominence of the buds. In some they are larger, and stand out boldly from the wood on the whole length of the stem, appa« rently ready to push imder the least excitement. In others they are small, lie flat to the wood, and have every appearance of being difficult to excite into growth, and especially those towards the base. It should always be borne in mind tb.at it is better to cut too loxo than noi low enough. The difficulty of cutting too low is, that the shoots produced are nearly all of equal length, and a certain number of them require to be checked to give each one its proper dimensions. The difficulty of not cutting low enough is, that where we should have branches at the base, we have none, or, if any, they are smaller, instead of larger, than those above them. The remedy in this case is more difficult than the other. The vigorous shoots at the summit must be checked, and even the leading shoot, in order to throw back the sap into the lower parts, to act upon the buds there. The error Avhich produces such a difficulty is very common, as we know by experience, among persons not familiar with the growth of young trees or the development of the buds on their stems. It must be laid down as a general rule that the more feeble the plants and the smaller and the more imperfectly developed the buds, the lower it is necessary to cut. The condition of the roots, too, must be taken into account J for where the roots are weak, broken, or injured, 226 and consequently unfit to yield to the stem any considera- ble amount of nutriment, the buds will break with less force, and a more severe retrenchment will be necessary. All these circumstances must be consid- ered. For example, we will take a young pear-tree, of one year's growth .from the bud, without branches (fig, 109), Avhich we will suppose to be four feet, whicli is the ordinary average hight of yearlings. If the buds are full and prominent on it, we cut to a good bud, about twenty inches from tlie stock ; but if the buds are less prominent, cut to fifteen or eighteen inches, and if very feeble, with small buds, cut to within twelve inches. or five or six buds of the stock. If tha roots have been injured much, and tl.e stem somewhat dried or shrivelled, it should be cut to within three or four buds of the base. These difiV^rent cases are mentioned because it frequently han- pens that persons who live at a greau distance from nurseries often find their trees, on their arrival, in the condition de- scribed, and it is necessary that a course of treatment for them should be indicated. The bud cut to should, if possible, be one of the best on the stem, and be on the Fig. 107. Bide of the tree opposite that in which the yearling pear- bud was inserted, so as to continue the stem in a straight line. It is a great advantage to have a tree "I" well established in the ground before cut- ting it back, to produce the first branches to form the pyramid; because, in that condition, it is capable of producing vigorous shoots the first season. It tree without bran- dies. Tlie cross- line indicates tlie first pruning cutting back. THE APPLE AND THE PEAR. 227 is on this accmmt that a young tree, cut back in tlie nur sery, presents a much more perfect form, at the eix? of the second year, than those that liave been transplanted. Some good cul- tivators advise to defer the cut- ting back for the formation of the permanent branches until the plant has stood one year after transj)lant- ing; but this course is attended with many difficulties, and, on the whole, it is better to cut back when the tree is planted, even if we ob- tain but a moderate growth ; for the older the buds arc on the lower part of the tree, the more ol)stinate and unmanageable they are. If we fail to accomplish our ends in tlie first cutting, we can repeat it the next year. Pruning the Branched Yearling. • — Among trees of tliis kind, some have brandies a foot or more in length, while in others they resem- ble short, stiff spurs, two to four inches long. These two characters require dilFei'ent modes of treat- ment. Where there are branches of sufficient force, and properly situated to form the first series of main branches, they must be treat- -ed in the same manner as though the tree were two years old. The strongest and best situated are selected and pruned to with- in four to six inches of their base, according to their vigor aiid position ; the lowest should not be more than six inches txom the stock. The small, feeble, superfluous ones are en- Fi,^-. 108. Yearling pear-tree with branches, tliu pruning indi- cated by the cross-lines. 228 r'r.j^ijsa tirely remove- ?SmT^ '( -^^ 1 ii£^ ^^S ^^ :P^'^ ^^pl Fig. 139. — VINE ON THE GUTOT SYSTEM. cannot be conveniently adopted, two or three poles, twelve to fifteen feet high, may be sunk in the ground, with a space of three or four feet between them at the bottom, and fastened together at the top, forming a cone around which the permanent canes may be trained in a spiral manner. This produces a very beautiful efiect, and occupies com- paratively little space, but the grapes will not all ripen so well, nor will the training be so easy as on tlie flat surface of a trellis. Another way of arranging the poles is with the tops outwardly, and securing them at distances by hoops. This mode gives light and air to the vine, but requires good stout poles, well set in the ground, to support it against strong winds. Very tasteful arbors may also be made over some of the walks, by training the vine over the wood-work, or wire frame, in the same manner as on a trellis. This is a very common practice and offers many advan- tages. Ingenious persons who care well for their garden, as well in its appearance as its productions, will conceive other plans still better adapted to their particular wants and. taste than any of these ; but the main point must always be kept in view, that is, to provide for the foliage a free, open exposure to the sun. Any system that does not secure this, will fail to a greater or less extent. In the management of a grape-vine, as in the manage- ment of other trees, summer pruning, i. e., pinching the ends of shoots, not cutting away of foliage, is of great consequence. If a vine is left to itself all summer, or from one winter pruning to another, it will be found that avast quantity of useless wood has been jn-oduced, and that to the serious detriment of the bearing shoots for the follow- ing year. The growing vine should be frequently visited, shoots tied in, strong ones checked, superfluous ones rubbed off, and every part kept in its proper place, and in a proper degree of vigor. VINETAKD CULTURE. A quarter of a century since, taking our knowledge of position, soiU, etc., from the vineyards of Europe, we sup- posed that hill-sides, or warm, sheltered positions only, were suited to the culture of the grape, but thanks to the THE GRAPE. »03 energy and spirit of trial which pervades the people of this country, we have now such a variety, and so suited to soils, climates, nnd localities, that the culture of the grape may be said to be adapted, in the way of profitable culture, to nearly every variety of soil, climate, or location. The quantity of grapes produced as an item of profit per acre, depends much upon soils, location, nearness to market, and variety grown. The statements of growers vary greatly in the amount, all the way from one and a half tons to five and six tons per acre, and the gross re- ceipts are given all the way from three hundred to eight kandred dollars. Such varieties as the Concord, Isabella, etc., it may be safely estimated, will produce one year with another from two to three tons, and the Delaware, Miles, etc., from^ one and a half to two tons per acre; Seasons, insects, and diseases, care and culture will, of course, vary results, and while the grower may one season obtain four tons to the acre, the same vines anotlier year may not produce over one ton of fine, marketable fruit. It should, however, be remembered that while certain varieties of the grape can be grown in varied soils and locations, there is a requisite to be obtained for the pro- duction of the richest grapes and the best vines ; that requisite being in the sugar contained in the fruit, and only to be had in the grape Avhen ])lanted in soil and location exactly suited to its best development. The grower who seeks only for a table market, has first to select the variety to meet his soil and location, and then to grow large berries and bunches, well colored, and just sufficiently matured to make them vinously sweet. Tne grower for wine purposes must have another view — fo his crop value depends upon the full maturation of the su^ar in his grapes. Soils (md Situation. — Although we have said such is th% variety of grapes now cultivated that some one may 284 PRUNING. be selected for nearly every soil and location, yet we do not thereby desire to convey the idea that all soils and lo- cations are equally adapted to the grape. Our experience and observation have taught us that it is only upon a com- paratively few locations and soils that the best grapes are produced. A high elevation, sloping to the east and south, or, if a large lake or body of water lie on the north, then a gentle slope to the south, as along the south shore of Lake Erie, with a soil of clay underlaid with broken shale rock, is, perhaps, the best of all soils and lo- catiojis. The next to this is a rolling and moderately ele- vated position, adjacent to some large body of water, a stiff clay, with an underlay of shale rock ; next, is the same location witli a clay soil resting on a gravel bed. The next is a good, rich, clayey loam, resting upon a shale or gravel bed, and lying nearly level ; and the last we would use for the grape, in any case, is a light, sandy loam, resting either upon a compact yellow sand or a gravel. This last will produce line, handsome bunches, of many varieties, but the durability of vines in such localities is doubtful. Shelter. — Shelter is not indispensable to all vineyards, but many localities exposed to violent winds may be benefited materially by the planting of groups or masses of trees, at proper distances, on the side from whence come the strongest winds. Evergreens ameliorate the temperature of the winds better than deciduous trees, but, ill absence of them, the planting of Beech, Maple, etc., will assist in checking the liability to sudden changes, and protect the vines and fruit from the effects of the high wind, which, as we now write, October, 1871, has done much damage to oiir owm vineyard. Preparatkm of the Soil. — The first preparation of the soil is an important item in the forming of a vineyard. The vigor and healthiness of the first and second years' growth of the vine often decide their future. No young THE GRAPE. 285 plants, with small fibrous roots, can be made to grow rapidly unless the soil be fine and rich. This applies to the grape-vine ; hence the necessity of making the soil for the planting of the vineyard deep and rich at the outset. If the land is level so that it can be plowed, then plow it as deep as possible with the common plow, and follow in the furrow with a subsoil plow, thus loosening the ground to a depth of not less than sixteen to twenty inches, the deeper the better. Hill-sides not too steep may be pre- pared by using a side-hill plow, and in plowing leaving a strip of three or four feet unplowed at distances of from eight to twenty feet, for the purpose of prevent- ing washing. Very steep hill-sides must be dug with the pick and spade. If the ground is not what is called in good heart, but has been cropped yearly without manure, it should be dressed with a coat of ashes, bone- dust, or well-rotted barn-yard manure, and worked in with the harrow or cultivator. Time to Plant. — Where the soil is well drained, or of a light sandy or loamy character, and the climate not too se- vere, we should prefer to plant in the fall. In such case we should cover the entire plant with an inch or so of soil, to be removed as soon as the frost will permit, in the spring. The advantages of planting in the fall are, that as a rule the ground works better, and the work is therefore better done ; add to this that the earth becomes well settled among the roots and often new fibres will be thrown out, ready for growth in spring. But we have planted at all periods, when the ground would work, from October to June, and, if our plants were in good condition, have been successful. Kind of Plants. — Vines one or two years old, with well-ripened tops and roots, the latter one quarter of an inch in diameter, are perhaps the best, whether grown from single or triple-eyed cuttings, or by layers. Distance to Plant. — The distance apart at which to plant must depend upon the soil, variety, and mode of training, separately and collectively. Nearly all varieties have a tendency to make more wood in light, sandy, grav- elly, or loamy soils, than on clays. Strong, rampant- growing sorts, as the Concord, Ives', Norton's Virginia, Clinton, etc., on loamy or lich soils, should have at least ten or twelve feet space on the row, and the rows eight feet apart. If the ground is of a heavy clay, then the distance on the rows may be reduced two feet. For varieties like Catawba, lona, etc., eight feet apart each way is about right. Delaware, Walter, and other short- jointed varieties may be planted at six feet in the rows, the rows eight feet. The above, if the training is to be upon trellis, in any of the renewal modes. If the train- ing is to be on stakes, in the serpentine or bow system, then the distance may be reduced one foot each way. For very long pruning and training on trellis, the distance must be increased, some cultivators planting at twelve feet, with the vines eighteen feet apart in the row. Depth to Plant. — In heavy soils the upper tier of roots should always have at least four to five inches of earth over them, and in light or dry soils six to eight inches. Pruning — when and how. — For the annual or winter pruning the best time is as soon as the wood is ripened in the fall, but the work may be done any time until the warmth of spring starts a rapid circulation of sap. Never cut close to a bud, but leave an inch or two of wood be^ yond. For summer pruning, see Garden Culture, page 276, and for the length of wood left at the winter pruning, refer to the method of training that it is proposed to practise. Modes of Training. — Under the head of Garden Cul- ture, we have described several modes of training that are sometimes practised in the vineyard, to which the reader is referred. In Ohio and Missouri, the mode gen- erally practised is called the renewal-cane system, and con- THE GRAPE. 287 sists in yearly cutting away all the wood of two years old or more. The vine is taken, say at the close of the second summer, with, as supposed, three good strong canes grown from a point near the ground ; two of these canes are cut back to from four to six feet, according to the strength of the vine, and are tied to the lower wire in a bowed shape (see fig. 140), while the third cane is cut back to three or five buds, according to the age and vigor of the vine. The long bent canes are for fruiting, while on the shoots that grow from the centre cane all the fruit is rubbed ofi". The next season the bearing canes Fi^. 140.— BOW TRAINING. are cut away, two or three new canes are laid in for fruit, the centre cane cut back as before, for new shoots, and so from year to yenr the practice repeated. Some vignerons ])ractise training and fruituig by leaving very long canes, with more or less of the laterals, these latter being pruned to one or two buds, from which, it is claimed, some of the best fruit is grown. Such varieties as the Clinton, Nor- ton's Virginia, Concord, etc., are by some considered best when grown in this way. Training upon stakes is a ]iractice esteemed by many as giving better circulation of air among the vines. Some use two stakes, on one of which two canes of the previ- 288 rRUNING. ous year's growth are tied spirally (see fig. 141), and on the other the new rihoots are conducted as they grow, and tied so as not to be removed. In the winter pruning these canes are shortened, and those that bore last year- are cut down for the production of new canes. Another practice is to use three stakes, on the centre one of which the new shoots are grown, and oa the two outside ones a cane is train- ed for fruiting. Another system of training on stakes is to cut back the vine to three or four eyes for fruiting, and two or so for new canes ; the whole, then, as they grow, are trained to the one stake. This practice answers for some weak growers, or for those with sparse foliage, but is not advisable with strong-growing, vigorous sorts. For more complete details of modes of grape-growing and prun- ing, we refer to the various valuable books devoted ex- clusively to the subject. 141. — SPIRAl, TRAIN- ING. CULTURE OF FOREIGN GRAPES IN COLD VINERIES. Repeated experiments made during many years in all parts of the country, have convinced people generally that the delicious varietip'? of the foreign grape cannot be pro- duced with any considerable degree of success in the open air. A large number of the iiardiest French and German sorts have been tested in our ground, but not one of them has borne satisfactorily. A few good bunches have been obtained the first season or two under very favorable cir- THE GRAPE. ZO\3 cumstances ; but after that the failure is complete. This has rendered glass, heat, and slielter necessary. The Buildings. — These are constructed of all sizes and at various degrees of expense. Some have single lean-to roofs ; others have double or span roofs. The walls of some are built of brick or stone ; others are wholly of wood. The cheapest and simplest structure of this kind is the lean-to. The back may be nine or ten feet high, composed of strong cedar posts six feet apart, and boarded up on both sides. The ends are made in the same manner. The front may be two or three feet high, made of posts, and boards or planks, same as the back. Sills or plates are put on the front and back wall:*, and then rafters at three and a half to four feet apart. The sashes slip in between the rafters, and rest on a strip of wood on their sides. Unless the grapery be very small, the sash should be in two parts, the lower one twice as long as the upper, and fixed ; the \ipper to slide down over the under one on pulleys, to ventilate the house. Doors are in each end at the back, and means are provided for admitting air in front by the opening of boards like shutters. But a cheap structure is not the best economy, and while such may be admissible, on a merely commercial place, it would be out of character in any neatly kept groixnds. The maxim, that " whatever is worth doing is worth doing well," holds good in the construction of a grapery, and therefore, however plain the architecture of the de- sign, the materials should be of the best, the arrangement convenient, and the putting together done in a workman- j like manner. Lean-to or single-roof houses may frequently be built against the south or east side of a wall or out-building, and thus can be constructed cheaply, but a span-roofed house is much the best. Fig. 142 gives a good representation of a single-roof 13 290 'the C{KAi>E^ house against a wall, and fig. 143 represents a span cur- vilinear - roofed house, 20 X 30 feet, which we have built upon our own grounds and found very- successful. Fig. 144 is a representation of a straight - roof house, for cold grapery, taken from Woood- ward's Graperies. Position of House. — A south or south - east fronting is the best for a lean-to house, and for span roofs a north and south line af- fords the most equal amount of sunlight. 2'he border is made for the vines outside the front wall, or part outside and part in, twelve to six- teen feet wide, also two or three deep. This is done by digging a trench or pit the length and width ; THE GEAPE. 291 draining it thoroughly, that not a drop of water can lodge about it. Then lay a few inches of small stones, broken bricks, shells, etc., in the bottom for drainage ; and fill up the remainder, six inches to two feet above the level of the ground, and sloping outwards, with a good compost, of three-fourths surface loam (turf from an old jjasture), and the other of well-rotted stable manure. All these must be prepared by frequent turning and mixing a few months beforehand. The vines may be one or two years old, and are prefer- Fij;. 143.— SPAN CURVILINEAR-ROOFED HOUSE. able raised in pots from single eyes. They should be planted in the spring. A plant is placed under each rafter outside, or inside, and carried through under the wall into the house. The stem is cut back to two or three eyes, and when these break the strongest shoot is selected, and the others pinched oflT. Tliis shoot is trained, as it grows, to a light trellis of iron, or thick wire rods attached CO the rafter, and twelve to fifteen inches from the glass. If all goes well, it reaches the top of the house that sea- son. In September the top may be pinched to check the flow of sap, and throw it more into the lateral buds to increase their strength. During the summer no other shoot is allowed to grow but this. 293 THE GRAPE. Prujiing.— In November or December it is taken down, pruned, if according to the spur system, which is the simplest, to within three or four feet of its base, laid on the ground, and covered with leaves, evergreen boughs, or mats. There it remains till the buds begin to swell in the spring, when it is again fastened to the trellis. The shoot from the terminal bud con- tinues the cane, and no fruit is allowed on it. Those below it pro- duce lateral shoots, from each of which a bunch of grapes may be taken, and each of these must be stopped at three eyes above the bunch ; and this is repeated as often as necessary, to give the fruit the whole benefit of the sap. The lead- ing shoot is again stopped in September by pinching off its I n point, to increase the ' W^mm buds. In the fall, when the leaves have dropped, the vine is again taken down. The leader is pruned back to within three to THE GKAPE. }i\fd four feet of the old wood. The laterals that have borne are pruned to three eyes, and it is then covered up. This is the routine of spur training. In long cane pruning, the young shoot, after the first season's growth, is cut back to three eyes, and the next season two shoots are trained up. The next season the strongest is selected for fruit, and pruned to about three feet ; each of the eyes left will pro- duce a fruit shoot, from which one bunch only will be taken. The weaker cane is cut back to one eye, and this produces a shoot for next year's bearing, and so this goes on. When the vine becomes strong, several bearing canes may be provided for every season. This renewal or long cane is very simple, and requires much less cutting than the spur. It also produces a superior quality of fruit, but in general not so l;\rge a quantity. Thinning the Fruit. — When the fruit attains the size of a garden pea, one third of the smaller ones should be cut out carefully with pointed scissors (see implements) that are prepared for this purpose. The object of this is, to allow the fruits to swell out to their full size. Varieties that produce very compact bunches require more severe thinning than those of a loose, open bunch. Cleaning the Vine. — At the time the vines are taken from their winter quarters and trellised, they should be well washed with a solution of soft soap and tobacco- water, to kill all eggs of insects, and remove all loose bark and filth that may have accumulated on them during the season previous. The house, too, should be cleaned and renovated at the same time. Syringing the Yines and the Fruit. — Every one who has a grapery must be provided with a good hand-syringe, for this is necessary during the whole season. As soon as they begin to grow, they should be occasionally syringed in the morning, except while they are in bloom. After the fruit has set, they should be syringed every evening, and the house kept closed until the next forenoon when 294 ORCHARD HOUSES. the sun is out warm. The inside border should receive frequent and ample supplies of water. In a dry time the outside border should also be freely watered. Regulating the Temperature. — When the temperature exceeds ninety to one hundred degrees, air should be ad- mitted at the top, and, if necessary, at the bottom. The admission of abundance of air is one of the important features of the management of the grapery. To Prevent Mildew. — This may be looked for in July. Syringing freely night and morning, and the admission of air during the warmest hours of the day, are the best pre- ventives of this disease. Dust sulphur on the floor, at tlie rate of one pound for every twenty square feet ; and if the mildew continues to increase, syringe the vines in the even- ing, and dust the foliage with sulphur. This is but an imperfect outline of the management of a cold grapery. Those who wish full information on all points of the subject, should consult some of the special treatises on the culture of the grape under glass. ORCHARD HOUSES. The advantages of glass structures for the growing of all varieties of fruits are but yet little appreciated. By means of the orchard house, peaclies, apricots, and indeed all varieties of fruits may be grown without fear of insects or frost. By it the owner of a small garden or city lot can secure to himself a large amount of fruit grown in a small si)ace, and at a time when it cannot be purchased. To the commercial fruit-grower the orchard house of- fers jiecuniary profit from the sale of fruit ; and to the nurseryman it is becoming yearly more and more a neces- sity, toward testing the correctness of new varieties from '^ bich to propagate. The construction of an orchard house is similar to that OROHARU HOUSES. S95 of ft grapery, except that it should be higher at tlie sides, with the roof more flattened, in order tliat the trees may be brought as near the glass as possible. Ventilation is an important item, as too great heat, or a confined atmos- phere, are inc'onij)atible with success. A span-roof house should have ventilators all along the bottom and top, and lean-to houses require even more openings than span-roofs. Mr. Rivers, of England, who first set in motion the art of fruiting trees in the house, built his first houses like sheds, or what is termed lean-to, and so far the most of the structures erected in this country for this purpose have been of that style. The house of Mr, Pullen, in New Jersey, which has proved a commercial success, is fourteen feet wide and one hun- dred feet long. The house of Mr. Levering is the same width, with the back wall twelve feet and the front wall four feet high. Fig. 145 is an end view, taken from Dr. Norris' Avork on " Fruit Trees in Pots," in which the interior arrangement is given as follows : " The fruit border (three feet six inches wide) is raised nine inches above the walk (which is two feet six inches wide) ; the first back border is three feet wide and raised sixteen inches above the walk. The second back l>order is raised one foot above the front one and is four feet wide." In " Peach Culture," by J. A. Fulton, a lean-to house, twelve feet wide by fifty feet long, is described, with the back wall fourteen feet high and the front f )ur feet (see fig. 146), In this house it will be seen that the lower range of sash is hung on hinges to a plate securing the lower ends of the upper sash, and no other ventilation is sup- plied, except by the opening of doors. It is designed, in Fi"-. 145.— END VIEW OF HOUSE. 296 ORCHARD HOUSES. this house, to grow the plants in the ground, not in pots or tubs — a practice which we, from our own experience, cannot recommend. Some years since we built upon our own grounds a epan- roof house, twenty-five by seventy feet, which we have used very successfully (fig. 147). The interior arrange- ment is with border along the sides, a walk three feet wide VI II iioisi: Ijtoiti FuUo)i\ Pidi/t ( all around, and a bed in center, the beds or tables all on the same level. The advantages of a span-roof house over a lean-to, by the greater and more equable difi'usion of light, and the more tasteful appearance which can be made both out- side and inside, point to it as the most desirable. Fig. 148 shows a section of a movable house on iron supports, the house fourteen feet wide and constructed of length as desired. These houses are built in England — our sketch is from Pearson — but we do not know of any in this country. Although the first growing by Mr. Rivers was of trees in a Louse free from artificial heat, yet he has found the advantage of heating, and it is proved that with us a OKCHARD HOUSES. 297 certain amount of artificial heat is necessary, in order to get the fruit much in advance of what it would be out of doors. Varieties of Trees. — The peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, and cherry are the fruits for which the orchard-house may be said to have been specially designed, and if the house be small, they alone should occupy it. Large houses will, of course, give room for the pear and apple, for the fig, orange, etc. It is not absolutely necessary that the varieties be Fig. 147.— SPAN-ROOF ORCnABD-HOUSE. worked on stocks as dwarfs, but when such can be had, the peach and nectarine on the plum, and the cherry on the niahalebjwill be found to assist toward early maturity, and the compressed artificial growth which the restricted limits of this mode of culture command. TVees in Tubs or Pots. — The first orchard-house grow- ing of trees was in pots, but we have found in practice that boxes of about fifteen inches diameter at top, ten inches at bottom, and twenty inches deep, with the bot- tom board set an inch or more above the side pieces (see fig. 149), and with holes for drainage, gave us better stow- age when we desired to pack away the trees for winter, and were also less liable to accident and injury, which sometimes occur from breaking of pots. It has been asserted that the porous nature of the pots was an advan- tage, but we found success in the boxes, as do hundreds of 13* 298 OBCHAKD HOUSES. Others who for years grow oleanders, figs, oranges, etc., in tubs. One-year-old trees from the nursery are the best witli which to commence. Management. — The young tree being potted, using good, fresli turf loam two parts, and one part well-decomposed manure, cut it back to about one foot, and if there are any side branches grown, cut them back to one or two buds. The first season the tree may be grown in the open air, the pots or boxes plunged in the ground. As the Fig. 148.— SECTION OF MOVABLE HOUSE ON IRON SUPPORTS. young shoots grow, the side branches should be stopped wdien they have made a foot or so of growth. Watering must be attended to during the heat of summer, but as autumn approaches it should be graduated, in order to have the wood ripen off finely. In autumn, as soon as the wood is well ripened, or on approach of cold weather, the trees should be removed to the house, the boxes plunged in soil, and the whole covered with mats or straw. If the house is not ready, the trees may be stacked on their sides in a shed, and pro- tected by having straw or leaves packed in, among, around, and over them. We have found this practice quite successful and much superior to that of a cellar. OKCHARD HOUSES. 299 If fire heat is to be used, it should be started sometime in January, and the temperature by day kept at from 80° to 90% sinking at night to from 40° to 50°. If the fruit is to be obtained by means only of tlie protection and heat of the glass, tlien the trees should remain covered until all risk of severe frosts has passed. As the season advances the heat will, of course, be increased. Great • care should be given to the watering, keeping the trees always moist, but never wet, and also to ventilation. The spring or winter pruning is best done just as the trees come into bloom, but if the summer pinching is attend- ed to there will be little or no occasion for any winter pruning. The introduction of bees into the house at blooming time will assist greatly in fer- tilization. In their absence the tree should be occasion- ally jarred by a slight blow from the hand. As the period of ripening approaches, or as soon as they begin to show color, the trees sliould be removed to a warm, sheltered spot in the 02)en air, and the boxes plunged in the ground. During the season, or until the tubs are removed to the open air, for ripening the fruit, they should be lifted and turned every ten day^J to check the growth of outside roots. "Watering \Ati\ liquid manure assists in giving vigor to the tree, and sl^e UliOWN IN BOX. 300 ORCHARD HOUSES. to the fruit. The aphis and red spider are best kept in check by fumigating with tobacco. Propagating Houses. — Small glass houses for the pur- pose of propagating rare plants, keeping plants in -winter, or starting them forward in the spring, may be built very cheaply, and, attached to any considerable garden, may be made both profitable and pleasantly useful. The span-roof house costs really but a trifle more than r^Miiti i^iitifc] k ' ' © @ © © Fig. 150. — SECTION OF PUOPAGATING-HOUSE. a lean-to, when the surfice covered is estimated, and it is so much more ornamental, so much easier managed, and the opportunity to give plants the position and light re- quired, is so much greater, that we wonder it is not more generally adopted. It is not always possible to select a location in just the best place, but when this can be done the ends of the house should be north and south, and it should be where perfect drainage may be had, after having excavated three feet deep, for the purpose of sinking the side walls be- lor7 the level of the ground, and thereby reducing the ex- pense of heating. Twelve feet is a good width, while the length may be regulated to suit the proprietor's wants. THE FILBERT. 301 Heating with hot water is unquestionably best, but many good houses are now, and will continue to be, warmed by means of brick flues, or, what is perhaps better and cheaper, by sections of stone pipe. A series of connected houses, that we have built, are twelve feet wide and eighty feet long, and Ave know of nothing better, for a single house, than one of these by itself (fig. 150). In this the sashes are fixed permanently to the ridge-pole and plate, and ventilation obtained by cutting away the sash-bars at top, at distances of ten feet, and forming a frame to be hung on hinges. Movable sash- bars or frames are by some preferred, and where there is any other use for them than as applied to the house proper, they are i)robably best. Bottom heat is obtained when the house is heated by flues or pipes, by simply inclosing the space along one side, below the bench, with boarding, leaving the upper board hung on hinges, so that the heat may be let into the house as required. Tanks of hot water as the base for forming bottom- heat are also used, and when great care is practised they are of the best ; but there is a liability to dampness in houses so heated, and in extreme cold weather it is diffi- cult to get heat in the main part of the house without too much for the plants. Section 9. — Pruning and Training the Filbert. The filbert in this country is a neglected fruit. It is seldom found in the garden, and more rarely still in a pro- lific, well-grown condition. Of all other trees, it requires regular and proper pruning to maintain its fruitfulncss. The blossoms are mona'cious — that is, the male organs, which are in long catkins (fig. 37), are produced from one bud, and the female flowers from another. The blossom or fruit buds are produced on shoots of 302 THE FILBERT. one year's growth, and bear fruit the next. The fruit is borne in a cluster on the end of a small twig produced from the bud bearing the female organs. It is said that in the neighborhood of Maidstone, county of Kent, England, the filbert orchards occupy several hundred acres, and from these the principal supply of the London market is obtained. One acre has been known to produce £50 sterling, or $250 worth, in one season. The pruning of these Kent growers is supposed to bo most perfect of its kind, especially for their soil and cli- mate. It is described as follows in the " Transactions of the London Horticultural Society : " " The suckers are taken from the parent plant generally in the autumn, and planted in nursery beds (being first shortened to ten or twelve inches), where they remain three or four years. They are slightly pruned every year, in order to form strong lateral shoots, the number of which varies from four to six. But though it is the usual practice to plant the suckers in inirsery beds, I would ad- vise every one to plant them where they are to remain, whether they are intended for a garden or a larger planta- tion ; and after being suifered to grow without restraint for three or four years, to cut them down within a few inches of the ground. From the remaining part, if the trees are well rooted in the soil, five or six strong shoots will be produced. Whichever method is practised, the subsequent treatment of the trees will be exactly the same. '" In the second year after cutting down, these shoots are shortened ; generally one third is taken ofi". If very weak, I would advise that the trees be cut quite down a second time, as in the previous spring; but it would be mucli better not to cut them down until the trees give evident tokens of their being able to produce shoots of suiHcient strength. When they are thus shortened, tlitit they may appear regular, let a small hoop be placed THE FILBEKT. 303 ■within the branches, to which the shoots are to be fas* tened at equal distances. By this practice two consider- able advantages will be gained — the trees will grow more regular, and the middle will be kept hollow, so as to ad- mit the influence of the sun and air. " In the third year a shoot will spring from each bud ; these must be suffered to grow until the following autumn, or fourth year, when they are to be cut off" nearly close to the original stem, and the leading shoot of the last year shortened two-thirds. " In the fifth year several small shoots will arise from the bases of the side branches which were cut off" the pre- ceding year. These are produced from small buds, and would not have been emitted had not the branch on which they arc situated been shortened, the whole nourishment being carried to the upper part of the branch. It is from these shoots that fruit is to be expected. These produc- tive shoots Avill in a few years become very numerous, and many of them must be taken off", particularly the strongest, in order to encourage the production of the smaller ones, for those of the former year become so ex- hausted that they generally decay ; but whether decayed or not, they are always cut out by the pruner, and a fresh supply must therefore be provided to produce the fruit in the succeeding year. The leading shoot is every year to be shortened two-tliirds, or more should the tree be weak, and tlie whole hight of the ])ranches must not exceed six feet. " The method of pruning above detailed might, in a few words, be called a method of spurring, by which bearing shoots are produced, which otherwise would have had no existence. Old trees are easily induced to bear in this manner, by selecting a sufficient number of the main branches, and then cutting the side shoots off", nearly close, excepting any should be so situated as not to interfere with the others, and there should be no main branch di- 304 THE FILBERT. reeled to that particular part. It will, however, he two or three years before the full effect will be produced. By the above method of pruning, thirty hundred per acre have been grown in particular grounds and in particular years, yet twenty hundred is considered a large crop, and rather more than half that quantity maybe called a more usual one ; and even then the crop totally fails three years out of five ; so that the annual average quantity cannot be reckoned at more than five hundred per acre. " When I reflected upon the reason of failure happening so often as tliree years out of five, it occurred to me that possibly it might arise from the excessive productiveness of the other two. In order to insure fruit every year, I have usually left a large proportion of those shoots which, from their strength, I suspected would not be so productive of blossom-buds as the shorter ones ; leaving them more in a state of nature than is usually done, not pruning them so closely as to weaken the trees by excessive bearing, nor leaving them so entirely to their natural growth as to cause their annual productiveness to be destroyed by a superfluity of wood. These shoots, in the spring of the year, I have usually shortened to a blossom-bud." Such is the management of these celebrated filbert growers, their principal object being to keep the trees small, open in the center, and covered in every part with fruit spurs. A similar system, but less severe in the cut- ting back, may be pursued here ; some such course of treatment as recommended for the head of the quince as to form and fruitfulness. Instead of relying on the spring pruning to subdue vigor and induce fruitfulness, pinching should be practised during the summer ; for this not only checks the produc- tion of wood, but of roots. Root pruning, too, may be safely practised in August, when pruning and pinching of the branches prove insufficient. In all cases, suckers must be completely eradicated THE FIG. 305 evrry season, or as soon as they make their appearance. The want of pruning, and the growth of suckers, make the filbert in nearly all our gardens completely barren ; a rank production of wood only is obtained year after year. We find that grafting the finer kinds on stocks of the common filbert raised from seed, renders the trees much more prolific naturally, nnd also smaller in size. We have trees here now bearing only three years from the graft ; tlie stems are eighteen inches to two feet high, and they are very pretty. Their natural vigor is greatly subdued by the graft. The French conduct them in pyramids with great success, on the same principle as other trees. Seotiox 10. — Culture, Pruning, and Training op THE Fig. In the Northern States the fig is cultivated with very- little success in the open ground, but fine crops are pro- duced in the vineries recommended for foreign grapes; and it is in these only that its culture can yield any con- siderable degree of satisfaction, north of Maryland at least. Propagation. — The surest and best mode is by layers. A large branch may be layered in the spring, and will be sufliciently rooted in the fall to be planted out. Cuttings also strike freely, and make good plants in one season. All the modes of propagation recommended for the quince, may be applied to the fig. Cuttings are generally pre- ferred in the South, Soil. — It succeeds in any good, rich, warm garden soil, suitable for other fruit trees. In very light or dry soils the fruits fall before maturity, as they require at that season in particular a large amount of moisture; but it is better that it be too diy than too moist, for in the latter case nothing but soft unripe and unfruitful shoots are ob- tained, whilst in the former, moisture can be supplied at 306 TDE FIG. the time when it may be required. The wood should be short-jointed, the buds not more than one-fourth an inch apart. In England dry chalky soils produce the finest crops. Pruning. — The fig is somewhat peculiar in its mode of bearing, No blossoms appear, but the figs are produced on the stem, appearing at first like buds. The young shoots of last season bear fruit the next ; and the shoots produced during first growth produce fruit the same season, and this is called the " second crop." These never ripen, and should never be encouraged where the plants require protection. In warm climates, as in some of our South- ern States, these two crops ripen perfectly, though the first from the previous season's wood is larger and better. This mode i)f bearing shows that little pruning is neces- sary, beyond the cutting away of old or worn-out branch- es, and thinning and regulating others. Unfruitful trees, in a moist and rich ground, should be pinched in summer to check their growth, and concentrate the sap more in the lateral buds. Root-pruning., too, may be applied as on other trees. Mr. Downing recommends this in his " Fruits and Fruit Trees." Training. — Wherever the trees are hardy enough to withstand the winter without protection, as in the South- ern States or California, they may be grown in the form of low standards, as recommended for tlie peach ; but when protection is required, where the brandies have to be laid down and covered during winter, they must be grown in stools or bushes, with a dozen or more stems rising from the socket. These are easily laid doAvn and covered, and easily brought up to their places again, in the way that raspbeny canes are managed. To produce this form, the young tree is planted in the bottom of a trench about a third deeper than in ordinary cases, and a basin is left around it. At the end of the first season's growth, it is cut back to a few inches of the base ; there THE GOOSEBEKKY. 307 a number of shoots are producetl. As these grow up the earth is drawn in around them, to favor the production of other shoots at their base ; and in this way it is man- aged until the requisite number of branches is obtained. J*rotection. — Trained in this way, a trench is opened for each branch, or three or four may be put in one trench, if convenient ; they are fastened down with hooked pegs as in layering, and covered with a foot of earth, which should be drawn up in the mound form, to throw off the water. The fig is sometimes grown, at the North, in large pots or tubs, and stored in a cool cellar or pit during winter. Bipening the Fruit. — In fig-growing countries, and to some extent here, there is a practice of applying a drop of olive oil to the eye of the fruit, to hasten its maturity. This is usually done by means of a straw. Training in Graperies. — The back wall of a lean-to cold vinery is an excellent place for the fig. It may be trained on a trellis in a fan or horizontal manner, but severe pruning must not be practised to produce regu- larity. Section 11. — ^Pkuning the Goosebeery. The gooseberry produces fruit buds and spurs on wood two years old and upwards. Fig. 151 represents the two- year-old wood, A., with fruit buds (7, C, and -S, the one-year- old wood with wood buds, D, D. Of these wood buds, the upper one next season would produce a shoot, and the lower ones would probably be transformed into fruit buds. At the base of one of the fruit buds, (7, may be seen a small wood bud, d ; this during next season will produce a small shoot or spur. The great point to aim at in this country must always be to maintain a vigorous condi- tion ; the moment the plant becomes feeble or stinted, the fruit is so attacked with mildew or rust as to be utterly 308 THE GOOSEBEBET. worthless. Hence it is that young plants usually bear ex- cellent crops for the first or second year, while after that the mildew is in some varieties and situations unconquerable. The bush should have a stem of three or four inches in hight, and a head composed of five or six main branches placed at equal distances and inclined outwards, to prevent denseness and confusion in the center. These main branches should be furnished with bearing wood in all their length. The pro- duction of such a bush may be accomplished by the following means : Supposing the young plant as it comes A from the nursery to be either a two-year-old cutting, or a one-year bedded layer ; in either case it will have a stem of two or three inches at least, and a few branches at the top. Before planting, all the buds on the part of the stem to be below the ground are cut out, to prevent them from producing suckers. Among the branches, three of those most favorably situated, are selected for the formation of the head, and the others are cut out entirely. The reserved branches are year - old ^^^^ ^^^ y^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^j. ^J^j-gg l^^^g . fj-Q^j^ wood ; 5, one , ' year; c, c, fruit- these One slioot is taken on each branch, and hud^;/). Avvood- ^hg others are pinched to favor this. By this buds; d, a small , ,, i , , . wood-bud at the method we shall have three stout shoots in base of fruit - tjjg fa]]. If the plant had been well rooted, bud C. . -,„■,. , 1 ■, mstead of being newly transplanted, we might have taken two shoots instead of one from each shortened branch. These three branches are cut back at the next pruning to three or four buds, and from each two new shoots are taken, giving at the end of that sea- son six gtout young shoots, situated at equal distances. Fig. 151. Branch of the gooseberry. A, two THE GOOSEBERET. 309 At the next or third pruning these branches are cut back about one-half, in order to produce lateral branches and fruit spurs. At the fourth pruning, the leading shoot is shortened one-third to one-half. Any lateral branches not required to fill up spaces, or such as are improperly placed, are cut back to three or four buds, so as to convert them into fruit-branches. In this way the pruning is conducted from year to year. When the plants become feeble from overbearing, the fruit branches may be headed down and replaced by new vigorous shoots. The better way, however, to provide for this difficulty, is to raise young plants from layers or cuttings, to be at once substituted for such as fall a victim to the mildew. A northern aspect, a cool, damp, substan- tial soil, and abundance of manure, are all necessary, in connection with the pruning described, to produce fine gooseberries. The famous growers of Lancashire, England, outdo all the world besides in the production of large gooseberries. The Encyclopaedia of Gardening says : " To efiect this increased size, every stimulant is applied that their inge- nuity can suggest ; they not only annually manure the soil richly, but also surround the plants with trenches of manure for the extremities of the roots to strike into, and form round the stem of each plant a basin, to be mulched, or manured, or watered, as may become necessary. When a root has extended too far fi-om the stem it is uncovered, and all the strongest leaders are shortened back nearly one-half of their length, and covered with fresh marly loam, well manured. The efiect of this pruning is to in- crease the number of fibres and spongioles, which form rapidly on the shortened roots, and strike out in all direc- tions among the fresh, newly stirred loam, in search of nutriment." They also practise what they term suckling their prize fruit. By preparing a very rich soil, and by watering, 310 THE CUREANT. and the use of liquid manure, shading and thinning, the large fruit of the prize cultivator is produced. Not con- tent with watering at root, and over the top, the Lanca- shire connoisseur, when he is growing for exhibition, places a small saucer of water immediately under each goose- berry, only three or four of which he leaves on a tree ; this he technically calls suckling. He also pinches off a great part of the young wood, so as to throw all the strength he can into the fruit. Section 12. — Pruning and Management of the Currant. The red and white currants bear, like the gooseberry, on wood not less than two years old, and therefore the same system of pruning may be applied to them. The most convenient and easily-managed form in which they can be grown, is that of a bush or small tree, with a stem of three to six inches high, and a head composed of a certain number, say six or eight principal branches, situated at equal distances, and not nearer to one another at the ex- tremities than six or eight inches. These branches are produced by cutting back the young shoots found on the nursery plant, as recommended for the gooseberry. They are afterwards annually shortened to produce lateral branches, when wanted, and fruit spurs. Care must be taken not to prune too close, as this causes the buds on the lower parts to make wood instead of fruit spurs : one third, and in many cases one fourth, will be quite sufficient. Tlie Currant as a Pyramid. — The currant is very easily formed into pretty pyramids. The mode of conducting them will be similar to that recommended for other trees. A good strong shoot must first be obtained to com- mence upon ; this is cut back, and laterals produced as though it were a yearling cherry-tree. Summer pruning THE CtTERANT. 311 and pinching must be duly put in practice, under any form, to keep up an equality of growth among the shoots, and to check misplaced and superfluous ones. This will obviate a great deal of cutting at the Avinter or spring pruning. Mr. Rivers, in his " Miniature Fruit Garden,'* says: "A near neighbor of mine, an ingenious gardener, attaches much value, and with reason, to his pyramidal currant trees ; for his table is supplied abundantly Avith their fruit till late in autumn. The leading shoots of his trees are fastened to iron rods ; they form nice pyramids about five feet high ; and by the clever contrivance of slipping a bag made of coarse muslin over them as soon as the fruit is rijie, fastening it securely at the bottom, wasps, birds, flies, and all tlie ills that beset ripe currants are excluded." The Currant as an Espalier. — It is sometimes desirable, both to economize space and to retard the period of rii)en- ing, to train currants on a north wall or trellis ; and this is very easily done with success. We have seen the north side of a neighbor's garden fence completely covered with currants without any system whatever being pursued in laying in the branches. The plants were about five feet apart, and the branches were fastened to the wall in a sort of fan form. The proper way to treat the currant as an espalier is, to produce two strong branches on a stem six to twelve inches high. These branches are trained out in a horizontal manner like two arms — one on each side ; and from the shoots which they will produce, as many as are to be had at the distance of six inches from one another fire trained in an upright position, as in the grape vine (fig. 137). These upright shoots are managed in the same way as the branches of a bush ; they are annually shortened back a little to insure a good supply of fruit buds. The Black Currant produces its best fruit on the wood of the preceding year, therein differing from the others. 312 THE RASPBERRY. In pruning it, the young wood must "be preserved, anfl branches that have borne must be cut back to produce a succession of new bearing wood, as in the filbert. Manuring. — No other fruit tree is so patient under bad treatment as the currant, and yet none yields a more prompt or abundant reward for kindness. In addition to the annual pruning described, the bushes should receive a dressing of old, well-prepared manure, two or three inches deep, spread all around as far as the roots go, and forked lightly in. It is a great feeder, and, without these annual dressings, the soil becomes so poor that the fruit is really not worth gathering. Planting, Pruning, and Training the Raspberry. Planting. — The raspberry succeeds well in all good garden soils in the Northern States, but the foreign varie- ties {Ruhus Id(jeus) do not succeed at the South or South- west. The most advantageous and economical position for a raspberry bed in the garden is generally in the wall border, facing north. In this situation the fruit ripens sufficiently, and the canes are not so liable to suffer from alternate freezing and thawing in tlie winter. The young canes or suckers are shortened full one half, and planted at the distance of two or three feet. Any flowers that make their appearance on them the first season should be removed, in order to turn all the sap to the benefit of the leaves and new roots, and tlie production of a young cane for the next season. Pruning. — The stem is biennial — that is, the canes are produced one season and bear fruit the next, and then die. For example, in fig. 152, A is the old cane that has borne, and is of no further use. P is the young cane produced at its base last season. The fruit buds produce small shoots, a, a, a, that bear the fruit. The pruning is very simple J it consists merely in cutting away early iu the THE EASPBERRT. 313 spring the old cane tliat has borne. Some people do this as soon as the fruit is gathered, on the ground that tlie young cane is strengthened by so doing ; but this is ques- tionable. It may be, on tlie whole, safer to leave it to finish its natural course, and cut it away at the spring or winter pruning. Tlie young cane is shortened to three feet, or three and a half or four, if it be quite stout and vigorous. When the plants have been a year or two in their place, several canes will be produced from one stool in the same season; but three or four only are reserved, and these the strongest. Each one is pruned or shortened as above in order to concentrate the sap on the bearing buds on the center and lower parts. This not only increases the size, but im- proves the quality of the fruit. Wiien the suckers become very nu- merous, they enfeeble the plant, and it soon becomes worthless. AH the weaker sujierfluous ones should be carefully removed wnth a trowel early in the season, say when they have attained five or six inches of growth. In selecting such as are to be reserved, prefer- ence should be given to those being nearest in the regu- lar row of plants. Some of the French authors recom- mend leaving a hole ten or twelve inches deep around each plant at the time of planting, to be filled up gradu- ally, three or four inches a year, with fresh earth, to pro- mote the formation of vigorous radical buds, at the collar of the root, as recommended for the fig. Summer Pruning. — The foregoing is designed for the annual or winter pruning, but if summer pruning is prac- 14 The Raspberry. A, the old cane that has borne and will be cut away ; B, the young cane for next season, to be shortened at cross line b ; C, radical bud, to prc#es, because of the want of room, and because the work is intended as a guide to the planter, rather than a work on pomology. When inserted they are in small capitals. The name given to each fruit is the recognized name of the Amer- ican Pomological Society so far as recorded in their Cat- alogue FIRST DIVISION.— KERNEL FRUIT— APPLES, PEARS, AND QUINCES. Sbction 1. — Select Apples. class i. — summer apples. American Summer Pearmain. — Medium size, oblong ; skin smooth, red and yellow ; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sub- acid.— Late Summer. Tree a moderately vigorous grow- er, upright ; bears early. A valuable sort for family use ; not profitable in orchards. Benoni. — Origin Massachusetts. Medium size, roundish oblate ; yellow, shaded and striped with red. Stem short, calyx closed; flesh yellow, juicy, tender, sub-acid, — Mid- Summer. Tree a moderate upright grower, hardy and pro* ductive. A valuable variety for market or table use. 332 SELECT VARIETIES OF EEUITS. Carolina Red June. — Origin South. Medium or below in size, oval or conic ; purplish red, on yellow ground ; stem variable, calyx closed ; flesh tender, juicy, brisk sub-acid. — Early Summer. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, good bearer ; valuable as an orchard sort South and West. Successful in New York. Carolina Watson. — Large, roundish, flattened ; green- ish, shaded and striped with red; flesh white, coarse, mild sub-acid. — Mid-Summer. A Southern variety not valued at the North. Early Harvest. — Origin American. Medium size, round- ish oblate ; skin smooth, light pale yellow ; stem medium ; flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, sub-acid. — Early Summer. Tree a moderate grower, erect, spreading as it grows old, productive. A valuable variety for market or table use in almost every section. Early Joe. — Origin New York. Small size, oblate; yellowish, covered, striped, and shaded with red; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sprightly vinous sub-acid. — Mid-Sum- mer. Tree a slow, upright grower, very productive; val- uable for the garden. Early Pennock . — Origin American. Large size, round- ish, ribbed ; yellow, shaded with red ; flesh whitish, rather coarse, sub-acid. — Late Summer. Tree a strong grower, productive; valued as a market sort in parts of Ohio especially. Early Red Margaret. — Origin foreign. Medium or below in size, roundish ovate; skin yellowish, striped and marbied with dull red; flesh white, tender, crisp, sub-acid, agreeable. — Early Summer. Tree a moderate grower and bearer. Early Strawberry (Red Juneating of some). — Origin New York. Small, roundish, slightly conical ; skin smooth, yellowish, striped, shaded, and mostly covered with red; flesh white, tinged with red next the skin, tender, sprightly. APPLES. 333 pleasantly sub-acid and perfumed ; very good. — Middle to late Summer. Tree a moderate ujd right grower, an abundant bearer, ripening its fruit along evenly for a mouth or more. \'aluable for orchard or garlen. Family (McGloud's Family).— Origin Georgia. Me- uium, oblate-conical ; yellow, striped wich dull red ; tlesh white, tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid. Late Summer. Tree a good grower and productive. Valued at the South. Fanny. — Origin Pennsylvania. Large, roundish-ob- late ; crimson-red, sprinkled witli light dots ; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, fine ilavored. — Mid-Summer, Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fonndlin^. — Origin Massachusetts. Medium to large, oblate-conic ; yellowish-green, striped with deep red ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, rich. — Mid-Summer. Tree a poor grower in the nursery. Golden Sweet. — Origin Connecticut. Medium or above, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, rich. — Mid-Summer. Tree a strong grower, spreading, a good beacid. — Ripens before Tetofsky. Tree an upright f-rower, vigorous, hardy, and productive. CLASS II, — AUTUMN APPLES. Alexander. — Origin Russian. Large or very large, coni>5al; yellow, mostly shaded with red, light bloom; ilesli yellowish-white, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Middle to late Autumn. A superb fruit. Tree a vigor- ous spreading grower, and when grown as a dwarf, pro- ducing fruit of the largest size and greatest beauty. iutunin Sweet Hou£^h (Fall Bough, etc.). — Origin Pennsylvania. Medium, conical ; pale yellow ; flesh white, very tender, sweet, vinous. — Early Autumn. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. A highly esteemed dessert variety. Beauty of Kent. — A well-known popular English vari- ety. Large to very large, roundish; greenish-yellow, with broken stripes of red; stem short, calyx small; flesh juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid. — Late Autumn and early AVinter. Tree very vigorous, upright, and moderately productive. A showy fruit, and highly valued for cooking. Campfield (Newark Sweeting). — Origin New Jersey. Medium, roundish-oblate; greenish-yellow, with shades and stripes of red; flesh white, dry, firm, rich, sweet — Late Autumn, but will often keep until Spring. Tree a moderate, healthy grower, spreading, very productive. Tins is a celebrated cider apple in New Jersey, and is valued for bakin;? and for stock feeding. barter's Blue. — Origin Alabama. Large, roundish, flattened; greenish, mostly covered with dull red and a blue bloom; flesh yellowish-white, sugary, rich, aromatic. APPLES. 337 Early Autumn. Tree a fine upright grower and an early bearer; popular in some parts of the South. €henaii£i:o Strawberry (Sherwood's Favorite, etc.). — Origin New York. Medium to large, oblong-conic; shaded, splashed, and mottled with crimson, red, and white; flesli white, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. — ijarly Autumn. Tree vigorous, spreading. Wherever grown this is highly esteemed as a table fruit of fair quality and great beauty. Cornell's Fancy,— Origin Pennsylvania. Medium, oblong-conical; yellow, shaded with crimson-red; flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Tree vig- orous and productive. Duchess of Oldenbur^h. — Origin Eussian. Medium to large, roundisli; streaked and shaded red on yellow; flesh white, juicy, sprightly, sharp sub-acid. — Early Autumn. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, an early and abundant bearer, and very hardy. This variety is probably more generally cultivated West and N"orth-west than any other. Everywhere it succeeds and proves profitable as an orch- ard variety. Dyer (Pomme Eotale, Golden Spice, etc.). — Origin foreign. Medium size, roundish; greenish-yellow, with blush in the sun ; flesh white, very tender, juicy, sprightly aromatic, mild sub-acid. — Mid- Autumn. Tree a moderate grower, productive. This is one of the best of dessert apples, but too tender and not showy enough for shipment to distant markets. Fall Pippin. — Supposed American. Large to very large, roundish, flattened at ends; yellowish; flesli white, tender, rich, aromatic, sub-acid. — Middle to late Autumn. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. The Fall Pippin, in sections where there are no great extremes of tempera- ture, is one of the most valuable varieties, either foi table or market; popular over a great extent of country. 15 338 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Fall Wine (Ohio Wine, etc.). — Origin American. Medium or above, roundisli-oblate; light ground, mostly covered with red; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, rich, aromatic, mild sub-acid. — Mid- Autumn. Tree a slender but healthy grower, moderate annual bearer. This variety fails in most sections East, but in the new, rich soils of the West it is one of the best, and the fruit valuable for dessert or market. Garden Royal. — Origin Massachusetts. Medium or below in size, roundish-oblong; greenish -yellow, striped and splashed with red and russet; flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, rich, mild aromatic sub-acid. — Early Au- tumn. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, very pro- ductive. This is perhaps, in quality, the best apple grown, and desirable for the amateur, but not profitable as an orchard variety. Gravenstein. — Origin German. Large, roundish, flat- tened; yellow, shaded and marbled Avith red; flesh ten- der, crisp, with a peculiar, high, aromatic flavor. — Early Autumn, but sometimes keeps to Mid- Winter. Tree vigorous, spreading, and very productive. One of the most profitable sorts either for orchard or garden. Hawthornden. — Origin Scotch. Above medium, round- ish, slightly oblate; light yellow, with blush in the sun; flesh white, juicy, sharp sub-acid. — Early Autumn. Tree vigorous but small, upright, spreading, very productive and hardy. A valuable sort for cooking and drying, and profitable for market. Jefferis. — Origin Pennsylvania. Medium, roundish; yellow, shaded and splashed with red; flesh white, ten- der, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid. — Early Autumn. Tree a moderate, healthy grower, productive. Jersey Sweet, — Origin unknown. Medium size, round- ish-ovate ; greenish-yellow, washed and streaked with red, and often covered with stripes of pale and dark redj APPLES. 339 flesh white, juicy, tender, sprightly, sweet. — Early Au- tumn. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Highly valued for dessert, cooking, stock, or market. Keswick i'odliii. — Origin English. Above medium in size, rather conical; greenish-yellow, Avitli a faint blush in the sun; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Early Autunin. Tree vigorous, a very early and abundant bearer. One of the most profitable sorts for cooking or market. Late Strawberry (Autumk Steawbeert). — Origin New York. Medium size, roundish, slightly conic; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sub-acicL — Late Autumn. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading; an early and abun. dant bearer. Lowell (QuEEN" AsTNE, Tallow Pippin", etc.). — Origin unknown. Large, roundish-oval or conic; waxen-yel- low, oily; flesh yellowish-white; brisk, rich sub-acid. — • Mid-Autumn. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. A valuable variety for either garden or orchard, a fine dessert apple and a showy market fruit. Lyman's Pimipkin Sweet (Pumpkin^ Sweet, Vee- MONT Pumpkin Hweet, etc.). — Origin probably Con- necticut. Large to very large, roundish; green, with whitish streaks and white dots; flesh white, very sweet. — Early to late Autumn. Tree very vigorous, upright, spreading. Valued for baking, stock, or market. Maiden's Blush, — Origin New- Jersey. Medium, roundish-oblate; pale lemon-yellow, Avith a bright crim- son cheek next the sun; flesh white, tender, sprightly, brisk sub-acid. — Early and Mid-Autumn. Tree a fine grower with a spreading head, an early and abundant bearer. A profitable orchard sort. Valued for table, cooking, or market. Manjfum (Fall Cheese of Vikginia, etc.).— Origin Southern. Medium, flattened, slightly conic; yellowish. 340 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. mostly covered and strij^ed with red; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, mild siib-iicid. — Late Autumn. Tree a healthy, good grower, productive. This, one of the best of South- ern apples, has a dozen or more synonyms, and is widely grown South ancl South-west. Meiiagcrc. — Of European origin. Very large and beautiful; much flattened; pale yellow, sometimes blush- red in the sun; flesh tolerably juicy. — Late Autumn. Tree a vigorous grower, and a good bearer. Valued for market and cooking. Ohio IVonpareil (Myer's Nonpareil). — Medium to large, roundish-oblate; yellow, shaded, marbled, and splashed with shades of red; flesh yellowish-white, fine- grained, tender, juicy, rich aromatic sub-acid. — Late Au- tumn. Tree vigorous, with stout straight shoots, making a regular, spreading, open head, productive. Valuable for table or market. Porter, — Origin Massachusetts. Above medium size, oblong, narrowing to the eye; bright yellow, with blush in the sun; flesh fine-grained, crisp, firm yet tender, sprightly aromatic sub-acid. — Early Autumn. Tree a moderate grower, forming a low, round, spreading head, productive. Highly esteemed for table or market, and. succeeding in all good, rich soils. Red Bietiffheimer, — Origin Germany. Large to very large; roundish-oblate, somewhat inclining to conical; skin pale cream-colored ground, mostly covered with purplish-crimson; flesh white, firm, with a brisk, pleasant sub-acid flavor. — Early Autumn. Growth vigorous, tree productive. One of the largest and handsomest of apples. Richard's Graft (Red Spitzenburgh, etc.). — Origin New York. Medium, roundish, flattened; yellow, nearly covered with shades of red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, a,romt^tic sub-acid, — JGarly Autumn. ■ APPLES. 341 Rome Beauty. — Origin Ohio. Large to very Lirgc, rouudisli; yellow, sluided and stri})cd with red; flesh ycl- lowisli, tender, juicy, sub-acid. — Late Autumn. Tree a moderate grower, late bloomer, productive. St. Lawrence. — Supposed origin Canada. Large, ob- late; yellowish, strii^ed and splashed with deep red; flesh white, slightly stained with red, juicy, tender, vinous sub-acid. — Early Autumn. Tree vigorous, upright, pro- ductive. Sops of Wine (Homixy, etc.). — Origin foreign. Me- dium, roundish; yellow and red, splashed and shaded with deep red; flesh white, often stained, not very juicy, pleasant siib-acid. — Early Autumn. Stump. — Origin New York. Medium, roundish-coni- cal; skin white, striped and splashed with crimson; flesh white, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. — Early Autumn. Tree an upright, stocky grower, and abundant bearer. A favorite early market fruit where it originated. Washington Strawberry. — Origin New York. Large, roundish -conical; yellow, shaded, splashed, and mottled with rich red; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk sub-acid. — Early to Mid- Autumn. Tree vigorous, up- right, spreading, an early and abundant bearer. A fine market sort. CLASS III. — WINTER APPLES. American Beauty (Sterling Beauty).— Origin Mas- sachusetts. Large, roundish; yellow, covered wich dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree vigorous, productive. American Golden Russet (Bullock's Pippin, Little Pearmain, etc.). — Below medium size, roundish-ovate; dull yellow, marbled with thin russet; flesh yellowish. 342 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRtTITS. very tender, Juicy, rich, spicy.— Early to Mid- Winter. Tree a moderate upright grower and good bearer. Valued for table or market, for West and South. American Goldeu Pippin (Golden Pippin of West- CHESTER County).— Medium to large, roundish, sliglitly flattened; yellow, with a brownish blush in the sun; tlesh yellowish, juicy, aromatic sub-acid. —Early Winter. Tree a strong grower, making a spreading head; not an early, but abundant bearer. Baldwin. — Origin Massachusetts. Large, roundish, narrowing to the eye ; yellow ground, nearly covered with a rich, bright red; flesh yellowish- white, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree very vig- orous, upright, spreading, an early and abundant bearer. In many sections of New England, New York, Michigan, and Ontario, this is one of the most popular and profita- ble sorts for either table or market. In the South and South-west it matures with the late autumn varieties. Bailey's Sweet, — Supposed origin New York. Large, roundish-conical, slightly oblong; yellow, mostly covered, shaded, and obscurely striped with red; flesh white, ten- der, very sweet. — Early to Mid- Winter. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. Valued for table use or near market, too tender for shipping. Belle de Boskoop. — Said to be of Russian origin. Me- dium to large, oblate; skin yellow with light and dark red over nearly the whole surface; flesh a little coarse, crisp, tender, juicy and of very good quality. — Late Win- ter. Belmont (G-ate, etc.). — Origin Pennsylvania. Medium to large, roundish ; light, waxen-yellow, with vermilion- spotted cheek in the sun ; flesh yellowish- white, very ten- der, Juicy, mild, agreeable. — Early to Mid- Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. A beautiful dessert APPLES. 343 variety, fine in Northern Ohio, Michigan and New York, but variable South and West. Ben Davis (New York Pippin", etc.). — Supposed American. Medium to large, roundisli-conical ; yellow, mostly overspread, splashed, and shaded with red ; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, blooms late. Popular as a market variety at the West and South-west, Beutley's Sweet. — Supposed origin Virginia. Medium, roundish, flattened at the ends ; yellowish-green, shaded with pale red ; flesh wliitish, firm. Juicy, sweet. — Late Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, a good bearer. Es- teemed in rich soils of the South-west. Blue Pearmain. — Very large, roundish ; dark purplish- red, with bloom ; flesh, yellowish, mild, sub-acid. — Early Winter. Tree vigorous and a moderate bearer. Bonum (Magnum Bonum). — Origin North Carolina. Medium, oblate ; yellow, mostly covered with crimson and dark red; flesh white, often stained red next the skin, tender, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid. — Early Winter. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, an early and abundant bearer. Broadwell. — Origin Ohio. Medium, oblate-conic; yel low, with dull blush and carmine spots in the sun ; flesh whitish, firm, juicy, rich, sweet. — Early Winter. Tree vigorous, quite spreading, productive. A valuable apple for table or cooking. BiickiBSham(EQuiNETELY,FALLQuEEN,etc.). — Origin Unknown. Medium to large, oblate, slightly conic; green-, ish-yellow, mostly covered with rich red ; flesh yellowish, coarse, breaking, juicy, sub-acid. — Early Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, hardy, and productive. This va- riety is widely known in the South and South-west, and is popular for market or table; it has over twenty synonyms. 344 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Calef Sweet. — Origiii New Hampshire. Large, round- ish, flattened ; yellow, dotted with gray and crimson ; flesh white, sweet, and good in quality. — Mid- Winter. Valuable for culinary purposes as well as for market. €anada Reinette (Reinette Canada, etc.). — Origin uncertalu, proljubly foreign. Large to very large, oblate- conical ; greeuish-yellow ; flesh rather firm, juicy, lively siib-acid.— Late Winter. Tree vigorous, with an open, spreading head, very productive. A popular variety, suc- cessful in most localities. I'annon Permain. — Origin American. Medium, round- ish-conic ; yellow, mostly covered with two shades of red ; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, rich, brisk sub-acid. — Mid- Win- ter. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Esteemed where known South and West. ('0j?svvell . — Origin Connecticut. Above medium, round- ish-oblate ; red on yellow ground ; flesh yellowish-white, rather firm, juicy, aromatic sub-acid. — Early to late Win- ter. Tree a hardy, vigorous, upright grower, and good bearer. Extremely valuable for orchard or garden. Cooper's Market (Eedling). — Origin probably New Jersey. Medium, oblate-conic; yellow, shaded and striped with red; flesh white, tender, brisk sub-acid. — Late Win- ter. A good keeper. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, productive. Considerably grown in Western New York. Cullasa^a. — Origin North Carolina. Medium to large, roundish ; yellowish, shaded and striped with dark red ; flesh yellowish, firm, moderately juicy, mild sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree a good grower and productive. Danvers Winter Sweet. — Origin Massachusetts. Me- dium to large, roundish-oblong ; yellow, with an orange blush; flesh yellow, sweet, rich. — Early to late Winter. Tree a poor grower but a good bearer. Useful for baking. Disharoon. — Origin Georgia. Medium, roundish, slightly conical ; yellowish-green ; flesh yellowish-white. APPLES. 345 jnicy, tender, with an agreeable sub-acid flavor. — Early Winter. Tree vigorous and productive. Cultivated largely at the South. DoDiiue (English Red Streak, etc.). — Origin uncer- tain. Medium, oblate; greenish-yellow, Avith stripes and splashes of red in the sun; flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly, pleasant sub-acid. — Early and Mid-Winter. Tree rapid, vigorous grower, and a very early and abund- ant bearer. It is a popular and profitable Orchard sort in most localities. Dutch Mig^nonnc— Origin Holland. Medium, round- ish-oblate; yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, slightly sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, spread- ing, hardy and very productive. English Russet (Poughkeepsie Russet). — Origin un- known. Medium, roundish, slightly conical ; greenish- yellow, mostly covered with russet; flesh yellowish-white, pleasant, mild sub-acid. — Late Winter. Tree a moderate, erect grower, forming a straight, upright, round head, very productive. A profitable variety. Esopus Spitzenburgh. — Origin New York. Above medium to large, oblong-roundish; yellow, mostly covered with rich red ; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, rich, brisk aro- matic flavor. — Mid to late AVinter. Tree a healthy but not strong grower, a good but not early bearer. One of the very best for dessert. Fallawater (Tulpehocken, etc.).— Origin Pennsyl- vania. Very large, round ; yellowish-green, dull red shade in the sun ; flesh greenish-white, juicy, tender, pleasant sub-acid. — Mid- Winter. Tree a very strong, rather irregular grower, productive. A popular market sort in many sections. It has many synonyms. Fall Queen (Haas). — Origin Missouri. Large, flat, ribbed, or quartered; yellowish-green, streaked and nearly 346 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. covered with dull brovvnisli-red; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, good. — September to November. Tree very hardy aud vigorous. Highly esteemed at the West and South-west as a profitable market fruit and for family use. Tameiise (Snow). — Origin supposed to be France. Medium, roundish ; greenish-yellow, mostly covered with dark crimson ; flesh remarkable for its snowy whiteness, very tender, juicy, with a slight, pleasant perfume. — Early Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, an early and abundant bearer, very hardy. Highly prized for table or market. Gilpin (Little Eomanite, etc.). — Origin Virginia. Small to medium, roundish-oblong ; yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, rich. — Late Winter. Tree very hardy, vigorous, very productive. An old sort, highly prized South and West for orchard- ing. Golden Russet of Western New York. — Medium, roundish; yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, fre- quently a dull blush on one side ; flesh greenish-white, fine-grained, sprightly, mild sub-acid. — Late Winter. Tree vigorous, spreading, an early and abundant bearer. A popular variety wherever known. It is distinguished among other russets by its peculiar light-colored speckled shoots. Granite Beauty. — Origin New Hampshire. Medium to large, roundish-ovate, ribbed ; yellow, striped bright red; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Mid- Winter. Tree vigorous, spreading, hardy. Green fheese. — Medium, oblate; greenish-yellow; flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly sub- acid.— Mid-Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, blooms late and bears well. It is largely grown South and South-west. APPLES. 347 Green Sweet (Honey Greening). — Medium, round- ish, oblate; green, becoming yellowish-green at maturity; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet. — Mid-Winter. Troo vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. Grimes' Golden. — Origin Virginia. Medium, roundish, oblate; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, rich, spicy sub-acid. — Late Winter. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Has been considerably disseminated recently ; succeeds best West and South. Hall. — Origin North Carolina. Small, oblate, slightly conic; greenish-yellow, mostly shaded with crimson; flesh yellowish, fine grained, with a rich aromatic flavor. — Early to late Winter. Growth moderate, upright, pro- ductive. Extensively grown and highly prized at the South. Hewes' Vlrjfinia €rab.— Small, round ; dull red ; flesh fibrous, astringent ; valued for cider. Hoover (Black Coal). — Origin South Carolina. Medium, roundish ; yellowish, splashed with crimson, and spotted with whitish dots ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich. — Early Winter. Tree spreading. Esteemed at the South. Hubbardston IVonsuch. — Origin Massachusetts. Large roundish, oblong ; yellow, mostly covered with red; flesh yellowish, juicy, tender. — Early Winter. Tree a good but irregular, spreading grower, productive. A popular and valuable sort. Hurlbut. — Origin Connecticut. Medium, oblate, slight- ly conic ; yellow, striped red ; flesh white, crisp, tender, mild sub-acid flavor. — Early Winter. Tree very vigorous and a great bearer. Jewett's Fine Red (Nodhead).— Origin New Hamp- shire. Medium, roundish-oblate; greenish-yellow, striped crimson j flesh tender, fine grained, juicy^ mild, very 848 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. pleasant. — Mid- Autumn into Winter. Tree a moderate grower and productive. Jonathan. — Origin New York. Medium, roundish- conical ; yellow, mostly covered with red; flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly vinous. — Early to late Winter. Tree a hardy, moderately vigoi'ous grower, upright, spreading, an early and abundant bearer. One of the best and most popular sorts, both East and West, either for table or market. JunaUiskee. — Origin North Carolina. Medium to iarge, roundish, flattened ; yellow, shaded on the sun side ; flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree a moderately vigorous grower, pro- ductive. Kin^ of Tompkins bounty. — Origin New Jersey. Large, roundish ; yellow, shaded and striped with red ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, vinous, aromatic sub-acid. — Mid- Winter. Tree very vigorous, spreading, productive. Lady Apple. —Origin France. Small, oblate ; lemon- yellow, with a brilliant red cheek ; flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant. — Mid to late Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, very upright, productive. A beau- tiful and delicious dessert apple, and a profitable market sort. It often commands 110 to 120 per bbl. Lady's Sweet. — Origin New York. Large, roundish ; yellowish-green, nearly covered with red ; flesh tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, agreeable, sweet. — Late Winter. Tree a thrifty but not strong grower, an early and abundant bearer. Valued as a dessert sort and keeper. Limber Twij?.— Origin North Carolina. Medium or above, roundish ; greenish-yellow, shaded with dull red; flesh not very tender, juicy, brisk sub-acid. — Late Wmter. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. A popular market variety South and West. APPLES. 349 McAfee's IVonsiich (Large Striped Winter Pear- main). — Origin Kentucky. Medium to large, roundish- oblate ; yellow, strij^ed and splashed with red ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, rich. — Early Winter. Tree vigorous and productive. Esteemed at the West and South-west. Mann. — Origin New York. Medium to large, round- ish-oblate ; skin yellow when ripe, often brownish-red where exposed, and sprinkled with gray dots ; flesh yel- lowish, juicy, mild sub-acid flavor. Tree a good grower and productive. A late keeper, and valued particularly on that account. Melon. — Origin New York, Medium or above, round- ish-oblate; pale yellow, mostly covered with red, and traces of russet; fiesb white, tender, juicy, vinous sub- acid.— Mid- Winter. Tree a slow grower, making a round, small head, good bearer. Milam. — Origin doubtful. Medium or small, round; greenish, striped and shaded with red; flesh rather firm, flavor pleasant sub-acid, not rich. — Late Winter. Tree hardy and productive. Valued at the West and South- west. Missouri Pippin (Missouri Keeper). — Origin Mis- souri. Large to very large, roundish-oblate; whitish- yellow, striped and splashed with light and dark red; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, crisp, mild sub-acid, good flavor. — Late Winter. Tree npright, spreading, hardy and an abundant bearer. Regarded as a very valuable variety in Missouri, Kansas etc. Monmouth Pippin. — Origin New Jersey. Large, ob- late; pale yellow, Avith a red cheek in tbe sun; flesh juicy, brisk, aromatic sub-acid. — Middle to late Winter. Keeps well. Tree a moderate, upright grower, and productive. A beautiful and excellent fruit. Moore's Sweet (Red Sweet Pippin, etc.).— Mcdiumj 850 SELECT VARIETIES OF FEIHTS. roundish, flattened; dark, dull red; flesh yellowish, pleasant, rich, sweet. — Early to late Winter. Tree mod- erately vigorous, hardy, very productive. A profitable orchard sort for market, cooking, or stock-feeding. Mother. — Origin Massachusetts, Medium, roundish, slightly conical; yellow, nearly covered, splashed, and marbled with ricli shades of red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, aromatic sub-acid. — Early Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, productive. A valuable dessert apple. Miinson Sweet (Orange Sweet, etc.).— Origin prob- ably Massachusetts. Medium, flat; yellow, with some- times a blush; flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet. — Autumn and early Winter. Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, and a good bearer. IVewtown Pippin (Green Newtown Pippin).— Origin Long Island. Medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed; olive- green, brownish on the sunny side; flesh greenish- white, very juicy, crisp, with delicious aromatic flavor. — Late Winter. Tree a slender, slow grower, on rich soils makes a medium-sized round head, productive. Both this and the Yellow Newtown Pijipin require rich soil and good care, and with these are profitable only in particular localities. There is so little difference between the two that many regard them as identical. IVewtown Spitzenburgli (Vandevere of New York). ' — Medium, oblate, roundisli; yellow, shaded and striped with red, light bloom; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly vinous. — Early Winter, Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, very ])roductive. Succeeds in nearly all soils, and valuable for table or market. It has ten or more synouyms, and is generally and popularly known in all New York as Vandervere of New York. The name of Newtown Spitzeiiburgh having been flrst given this apple by Coxe, it has again been adopted. APPLES. 351 Nickajack (Winter Eose, etc.). — Origin ISTortli Caro- lina. Large size, roundish; yellowish, stri})ed and shaded with red; flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, i)leas- ant. — Late AVinter. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading grower, forming a large head, hardy and productive. The variety is extensively grown South and West, and has many synonyms. Northern Spy. — Origin New York, Large, roundish- oblate, conical; pale yellow, mostly covered, when ex- posed to the sun, with stripes of light and dark red; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, sub-acid, sprightly, delicious. — Mid to late Winter. Tree a rapid, ujn-ight grower, requires good soil, blooms late, very productive, but not an early bearer. A fruit of unrivalled beauty and excellence. Ortley (Woolman's Long, etc.). — Origin New Jersey. Medium to large, roundish, oblong-conic; greenish-yel- low, fine yellow at maturity; flesh white, fine-gramed, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Mid-Winter. Tree vigorous, with slender shoots, an abundant bearer. The Ortley has some thirty synonyms, is a hardy tree, and popular South and West. Peck's Pleasant. —Origin probably Rhode Island. Above medium, roundish, flattened; yellow with a red blush on the sunny side; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, crisp, tender, aromatic sub-acid, — Mid- Winter. Tree a moderate, upright, spreading grower, a regular, even bearer. Very valuable for market or table use. Pewankee. — Origin Wisconsin. Eaised from seed of the Duchess of Oldenburgh, by George P. Pepper, Pe- Avaukee, Wis. Medium to large, roundish-oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with red, surface covered with a grayish bloom; flesh white, somewhat coarse, juicy, sub- acid.— Late Winter. Tree vigorous and very hq,rdy, 352 SELECT VARIETIES OF FKUITS. Esteemed especially in cold regions, on account of its great hardiness. Phillips' Sweet. — Origin Ohio. Above medium, roundish, flattened, inclining to conic; light yellow, shaded and striped, mostly covered with shades of red; flesh white, crisp, pleasant, juicy, rich, sweet. — Early to late AVinter. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, an early and abundant bearer. One of the finest of sweet apples. Plumb's Cider. — Origin doubtful, but introduced in Wisconsin by 1. C. Plumb. Medium, roundish, sliglitly conic ; greenish-yellow, shaded and splashed with dull red ; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. — Early Winter. Tree, hardy and vigorous. Pomme Grise. — Origin probably France. Below me- dium, roundish-oblate ; greenish-gray, mostly covered with russet ; flesh tender and rich. — Mid- Winter. Tree a moderate grower, forming a small head, and bearing early. Valued as a dessert fruit. Pryor's Red. — Origin supposed Virginia. Medium, roundish-oblate ; greenish-yellow, shaded with red ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Late Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, spreading, requires a rich soil. Much grown and valued in Ken- tucky. Rambo. — Origin Delaware. Medium size, flat; yellow and red; flesh tender, rich, mild sub-acid. — Early Winter. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. The Eambo is an old, highly and widely esteemed variety, for orchard or garden. Ramsdell's Sweet (Exglish Sweet, etc.).— Origin unknown. Above medium, oblong ; mostly covered with red, and a bloom ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, rich. — Early Winter, Tree vigorous, upright, an early bearer. APPLES. 353 Rawle's Jauet (Jeniton, etc.).— Origin Virgiuia. Above medium, oblate-couic ; yellow, striped and shaded with red ; flesh whitish-yellow, tender, pleasant, juicy, sub-acid. — Late Winter. Tree very hardy and vigorous, blooms late, productive. Largely cultivated in Missouri and other parts of the South-west. Red Canada (Kichfield Nonsuch, etc.). — Medium, roundish ; yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh ten- der, crisp, Juicy, brisk, delicate, mild sub-acid. — Late Winter. Tree a thrifty but slender grower, productive. A popular and valuable sort in all the Middle, North, and West sections ; a superior fruit for table or market ; very successful and popular in Michigan, Avliere it is fre- quently called "Steele's Red Winter." Red Russet. — Origin New Hampshire. Large, round- ish-conical ; yellow, shaded with dark red where exposed to the sun, and with considerable russet over most of the surface ; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, with a rich sub-acid flavor. — Late Winter. Tree vigorous, resembling Bald- win, and productive. Red Winter Pearniain (Batchelor, etc.). — Origin unknown. Medium, roundish-oblong ; yellowish-white, mostly covered with maroon-red ; flesh whitish-yellow, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree a moderate, upright grower, and good bearer. Tliis variety has a dozen or more synonyms, under some one of whicli it is widely grown West and South. Rhode Island Greening. — Large, roundish; greenish- yellow; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, aromatic acid. — Early Winter. Tree a vigorous, strong grower, and very pro- ductive. This variety is too well known to need a word. It is one of the most profitable and valuable in almost all the North, but South it drops its iruir loo early. Ribston Pippin. — Origin England. Medium, roundish; greenish-yellow and dull red; flesh yellow, firm, crisp. 354 SELECT VAKIETIES OF FKUITS. , ric'li, aromatic. — Early to late Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. Valued in Maine and all Northern sections. Kid^e Pippin. — Origin supposed Pennsylvania. Large, roundish-conical, ribbed ; yellow, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots; flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, with a mild, somewhat aromatic flavor. — Late Winter. Tree a good grower and bearer. Esteemed for its good keeping qualities. Cultivated most in New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania. Roman Stem. — Origin New Jersey. Medium, roundish; whitish-yellow, with a delicate brownish blush; flesh tender, Juicy, with a mild, pleasant, sub-acid flavor. — Mid-Winter. Tree hardy and productive. Succeeds in the Middle, Southern and Western States. A good fruit, but in a great measure superseded by other sorts. Roxbury Russet. — Origin Massachusetts. Medium to large, roundish, flattened ; dull green, covered with brownish-yellow russet ; flesh greenish-white, moderately juicy, sub-acid. — Late Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. An old, well-knovvu, popular sort, success- ful in all New England and large portions of the Middle and Western States. Shiawassee Beauty. — Origin Michigan. Medium, ob- late ; whitish, striped and splashed with red ; flesh very white, firm, tender, with an agreeable sub-aoid flavor. Early Winter. Kesembles Fameuse. Tree not quite so good a growei' in the nursery. Shockley. — Origin Georgia. Below medium, roundish, conical ; yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh crisp, juicy, rich, pleasant. — Late Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, hardy, and very productive. Very popular and profitable at the South. Smith's €ider. — Origin Pennsylvania. Medium to large, roundish ; yellow, shaded with red ; flesh whitish, APPLES. 355 erisp, tender, ^ujcy, pleasant, mild, sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree a ve^'y vigorous but straggling grower, productive. Popular asj a market-orchard sort, in many localities; succeeds best trom Xew Jersey southward. Smokehouse. — Origin Pennsylvania. Above medium, roundish-oblate; yellow, idiaded with red; flesh yellowish, juicy, rather rich sub-aeiid. — Early Winter. Tree mod- erately vigorous, a good bearer. Esteemed where known for market and cooking, Stevenson's Winter, — •Origin Mississippi. Medium, roundish-oblate ; greenish- yellow, shaded with red ; flesh whitish, tirm, Juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. — • Late Winter. Tree a moderate grower. Highly valued at the South. Sutton Beauty. — Origin Massachusetts. Medium to large, roundish, somewhat inolining to conical ; waxen- yellow striped with crimson; flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sul)-acid, fine flavored. Mid- Winter. Tree a good grower and bearer. The fruit rs very handsome and keeps well. Swaar. — Origin New York. Large, roundish ; yellow at maturity ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, rich, spicy, aromatic, mild sub-acid. — Middle to late Winter. Tree a moderate grower, good bearer, needs a deep, dry soil and good culture. Talinan's Sweet.— Origin IJhode Island. Medium, round ; yellowisli ; flesh white, rather firm, rich, sweet. — Early to late Winter. Tree vigorous, hardy, and pro- ductive. Highly valued over a large territory as a profit- able orchard sort, for cooking, or stock purposes. Tewksbury Winter Blush.— Origin New Jersey. Small, oblate, roundish ; light yellow, with a red cheek ; flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Very late Winter. Tree a rapid, upright grower, very productive. An old sort, valued for its long-keeping (qualities. 356 SELECT VARIETIES OF FEUITS. ^■ Twenty-Ounce (Cayuga Red Streak).— Origin sup- posed Connecticut. Very large, roundish; greenish-yel- low, marbled and striped with purplish-red ; flesh rather coarse, brisk sub-acid.— Mid-Autumn to early Winter. Tree an upright, thrifty, compact grower, and a good bearer. It is one of the popular market sorts, always fair and handsome, excellent for cooking. Virs^inia Greening. — Origin supposed Southern. Large, oblate; yellowish-green, sparsely covered with large brown dots ; flesh yellow, firm, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Tree vigorous and productive. Valuable as a late keeper. Wagener. — Origin New York. Medium, roundish, ob- late ; yellow, mostly shaded with red ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk, slightly vinous. — Early Winter. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, and an early and over-abundant bearer. Wealthy, — Originated from seed by Peter M. Gideon, near St. Paul, Minn. Medium, roundish; whitish-yellow, mostly covered with dark red, smooth and oily; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, Juicy, vinous and fine-flavored. —Mid- Winter. Tree exceedingly hardy. Western Beauty, — Origin unknown. Large to very large; pale yellow, shaded with bright red; flesh whitish- yellow, coarse, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. — Early Win- ter. Tree very vigorous. WestfieM Seek - no - Further, — Origin Connecticut. Large, roundish-conical; greenish-yellow, mostly covered with dull red; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, rich, sub- acid.— Early to Mid- Winter. Tree a moderate, healthy, iipright, spreading grower, very productive. White Pippin. — Large, roundish, oblate; greenish, be- coming pale whitish-yellow at maturity, sometimes a dull blush cheek in the sun; fiesh white, tender, juicy, crisp, rich, sub- acid. — Late Winter. Tree thrifty, upright appi.es. 357 grower, and a good bearer. Considerably grown in the West and higbly esteemed. White Winter Pearmain. — Medium or above, roundish- oblong; i)ale yellow, with a blush cheek in sun exposures; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-acid. — Late Winter. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive. Esteemed in some localities at the West; little known East. Willow Twig. — Medium, roundish, or roundish-oblate; yellow, shaded and marbled with dull red; flesh not very tender, pleasant sub-acid. — Very late Winter. Tree hardy, but a spreading, ])Oor grower while young, very produc- tive, and mucli cultivated at the South-west as a profita- ble market sort, on account of its keeping and carrying qualities. Wine (Winter Wine, Hay's, Pennsylvania Red Streak). — Origin Delaware. Above medium, round, or roundish ; yellow, mostly covered with lively, rich, deep red; flesh yellowish- white, juicy, rich, vinous, pleasant. — Early to late Winter. Tree a thrifty grower, hardy, and very productive. Widely successful West and South. Winesap.. — Origin New Jersey. Medium, roundish- oblong, conical; yellow ground, mostly covered with rich, dark red ; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, rich flavor. — Early to late Winter. Tree a healthy grower, very hardy, an early and abundant bearer. Successful and profitable as an orchard variety over a large portion of our country, especially West and South. Winter Sweet Paradise. — Origin Pennsylvania. Large, roundish-oblate ; dull green, with a brownish-red blush ; flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. — Early and Mid- Winter. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, productive, but not an early bearer. Wolf IJiver. — Origin Wisconsin. Supposed to be a seedling of the Alexander, which it resembles. Large to very large, roundish-oblate; pale greenish-yellow, shaded 358 SELECT VATilETJES OF FEUIT?. with light and dark red on the sunny side- flesh white, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant, mild, sub-acid with a ])c- culiar si)icy flavor. — Early Winter. Tree vigorous and very hardy. Yellow Bellflower. — Origin New Jersey. Large, ob- long, slightly conical; lemon-yellow, usually with a blush in sun exposures; flesh breaking, tender, juicy, sprightly, sharp sub-acid. — Early to late Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a spreading, rather drooping head, not an early but abundant bearer. Yellow IVewtown Pippin. — Above medium to large, roundish-oblate; greenish, becoming quite yellow when fully ripe; flesh firm, crisp, juicy, with a rich, high flavor. — Late Winter. Tree a moderate grower, recpiiring a rich soil, when it is productive and profitable. York Imperial (Johnson's Fine Wintee). — Supposed origin Pennsylvania. Medium, oblate; whitish, shaded with crimson; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, mild sub-acid, with a pleasant flavor. — Mid- Winter. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Very popular in South- ern Pennsylvania. CLASS IV. — APPLES FOR OENAMENT OR PRESERVING. The Siberian Crabs are beautiful little fruits, varying in size from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. They are much esteemed for preserving, and as orna- mental trees, Avhether in blossom or loaded with theii brilliantly-colored fruit, they merit a place in the smallest garden. In extensive grounds they may be jilanted in groups, producing a fine effect. Briers Sweet. — Origin Wisconsin. Said to be the re- sult of crossing the Siberian Crab with the Bailey apple. Large as Transcendent; pale yellow, splashed with car- mine; flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sweet and rich.— Early Aatumu. t.ppLES. 359 Cherry Crab. — Small, roundisli, pointed; light yellow, shaded with red; flesh crisp, pleasant; hangs long on the tree. — Early Antnmn. Tree a moderate, healthy grower, makes a liandsome, round head. Chicago. — Origin Illinois. Small, oblong ; yellow ground Avith bright cheek; flesh yellow, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. — Mid- Winter. Tree a vigorous grower. Coral. — Origin Illinois. Small, conical; yellow with vermilion; flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, mild sub- acid.— Early Winter. Tree very vigorous. Currant. — An ornamental variety, producing fruit the size of currants, and borne in clusters. Dartmouth. — Origin New Hampshire. Medium to large; dark crimson and orange, with bloom; fine for cooking, preserves, or for cider. Hyslop. — Large, for a crab, roundish-egg-shai)ed; dark, rich red, with a thick blue bloom; flesh yellowish; fine for cooking or cider; bears in clusters. Tree a strong, spreading grower. Lady Crab.— Small, roundish, flattened; rich dark red, with some russet; flesh yellowish, mild sub-acid. Tree a vigorous, very npright grower. A foreign variety of great beauty. Lady Elffin. — Origin Illinois. Large for a Siberian, roundish-oblate ; skin Avhitish-yellow, overspread with bright red; flesh white, fiue, tender, juicy, with a mild pleasant sub-acid flavor. — Early to late Autumn. Said to be excellent for canning. Lake Winter,— Origin Wisconsin. Described as me- dium to large, round, smooth; pale yellow, mostly cov- ered with bright blush; flesh fine-grained, firm, juicy, sub-acid. — October to March. Tree a free grower and early bearer. Largfc Red Siberian Crab.— Nearly twice the size of 860 SELECT VARIETIES OE FRUITS. the common Siberiau crab; yellow, shaded on the sunny side, with bright red. Tree very vigorous, forming a large head. Valued for preserving. Lar^e Yellow Siberian €rab. — Eesembles the fore- going except in the shape of its fruit, which is more oval, and the color a light, clear yellow. lYIaren^o. — Origin Illinois. Large, roundish; yellow ground covered with bright warm red; flesh yellowish- white, crisp, juicy, with a mild sub-acid flavor. — Early to late Winter. Itloiltreal Beauty. — Large, roundish, flattened; bright yellow, mostly covered with clear, bright, rich red. Oblong Siberian Crab. — Medium size, oblong in form; beautifully shaded with rich crimson; thin bloom. Red Siberian Crab. — Small, roundish ; bright lively scarlet, over a close yellow ground, light bloom; an old, well-known sort. Sylvan Sweet, — Origin Wisconsin. Large, roundish- oblate; light yellow, nearly covered with bright red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet. — Mid- Summer. Transcendent. — Large, roundish-oblong, slightly flat- tened; golden-yellow, with a crimson cheek in the sun, white bloom, often the red nearly covers the entire sur- face. Tree a strong, rapid grower and abundant bearer. It is highly prized in some sections as a table fruit in autumn. Van Wyck. — Origin New York. Large, roundish, slightly conic ; whitish, shaded with bright red, and covered with bloom; flesh whitish, moderately juicy, sweet, rich. — Early Autumn. Tree a free, upright grower. Whitney. — Origin Illinois. Large; skin glossy-green, splashed with carmine; flesh tender, juicy, with a mild. APPLES. 361 pleasant flavor. — Early Autumn. Tree a handsome grower, with dark green, glossy foliage, and very prolific. Yellow Siberian Crab.— The fruit of this is a trifle larger than Red ^Siberian, and is of a fine, clear yellow color. In addition to tlie above there are several other varie- ties, chiefly originated at the West, but they are not well enough known to go on the list. SELECT LIST OF APPLES. The following varieties are recommended for the East- ern and Middle States. Summer. — Early Harvest, Early Strawberry, Golden Sweet, Large Yellow Bough, Primate, Red Astrachan, Williams' Favorite. Aiitumn. — Chenango Strawberry, Duchess of Olden- burgh, Fall Pippin, Gravenstein, Hawthornden, Jefferis, Jersey Sweet, Keswick Codlin, Lowell, Lyman's Pump- kin Sweet, Porter, St. Lawrence, Stump. Winter. — Baldwin, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Fameuse, Golden Russet of Western New York, Hubbardston Non- such, Jonathan, King of Tompkins County, Lady Apple, Monmouth Pippin, Mother, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleas- ant, Pomme Grise, Red Canada, Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, Sutton Beauty, Talman's Sweet, Twenty-Ounce, Wagencr, Yellow-Bellflower. For the West and South: Nearly all the summer and fall varieties of the East- ern and Middle States succeed well at the West and South. The winter varieties specially adapted to those regions are so designated in the previous lists. In Cal- ifornia and Oregon our best Northern sorts generally succeed, but the winter varieties of the South will be li 362 SELECT TARIETIES OF FRUITS. better adapted to the warmer districts of California, than our Northern winter sorts. CHOICE GARDE]^' VARIETIES. Red Astraehan, Early Strawberry, Early Joe, Keswick Codlin (cooking), Summer Rose, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Fall Pippin, Gravenstein, Garden Royal, Dyer, Fumouse, Jonathan, Lady Apple, Melon, Northern Spy, Pomme Grise, Red Canada, Swaar,Esopus Spitzenburgh,Wagener. TWENTY VERT LARGE AND BEAUTIFUL SORTS FOR DWARFS. Red Astraehan, Large Sweet Bough, Primate, Beauty of Kent, Alexander, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Fall Pijipin, Williams' Favorite, Gravenstein, Hawtliornden, Maiden's Blush, Porter, Menagere, Red Bietigheimer, Bailey ^weet, Canada Reinette, Northern Spy, Mother, King of Tousp- kins County, Twenty-Ounce, Wagener. Section 2. — Select Pears. CLASS I. — summer pears. Andre Desportes. — Origin France. Medium, obovate, obtuse-pyriform; pale green, marbled on the sunny side with red; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting. — Early Sum- mer, Tree a good grower as a standard or dwarf, and productive. A valuable addition to the list of early pears. Bartlett (Williams' Bonchrktien, etc.). — Origin England. Large, obtuse-pyriform; bright, clear yellow when fully ripe, sometimes a little russet; flesh white, buttery, juicy, musky perfume. — Late Summer. Tree an upright, thrifty, healthy grower, very productive. The Bartlett is one of the few good pears that succeed every- PEARS. 36S ■wlicrc; it has no competitor as a summer market fruit: bears early as a standard. Beurr^ (liiflard. — Origin France. Medium, pyriform; greenish-yellow, with considerable red in the sun; flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous, i)erfumed. — Early Summer. Tree a slender grower, healthy, hardy, very productive. A beautiful fruit and the best of its season; should be gathered early. Bloods^ood. — Origin Long Island. Medium, turbinate, fleshy at base of stalk; skin yellow, with russet dots and network markings; flesli yellowish-white, buttery, melting, sugary, very aromatic. — Mid-Summer, Tree is hardy, with close, firm, short-jointed wood, an early and abundant bearer. A delicions pear, but not at- tractive for market. Braiulywine. — Origin Pennsylvania. Medium, pyri- form; dull yellowish-green, slightly russeted, and ablush cheek on the sunny side; flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, aromatic. — Late Summer. Tree an upright, vigorous grower, with rich glossy foliage and very pro- ductive. Clapp's Favorite. — Origin Massachusetts. Large, obo- vate; pale yellow, marbled and sjilashed with red and light brown; flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, melting, buttery, rich, vinous, perfumed, sweet. — Ripens about ten days before the Bartlett. Tree an ui^right, spi-eading, open grower, bearing its fruit evenly distributed, very productive. Supposed to be a cross between Flemish Beauty and Bartlett; the tree resembles the former, the fruit the hitter. Dcarbonrs Seodljiij!:.— Origin Massachusetts. Below medium, roundish-oval; skin smooth, light yellow, or straw-eolor; flesh white, very juicy, sweet, melting, sprightly. — Late Summer. Tree a fine grower, an early 364 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. and profuse bearer. The tree is quite hardy and succeeds in ahnost all localities. Very fine for the dessert. Doyenne d'Et^ (Summer DoYENxi;).— Origin Bel- gium. Small, roundish; fine yellow, often with a bright red cheek in the sun; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. — Early Summer. Tree an upright, vigorous grower, and early and abundant bearer; this is the first to ripen of the really good pears. Duchesse de Berry d'Et^. — Origin France. Small, roundish, slightly pyriform; yellow, shaded with light red, more or less russet, and often a red cheek; flesh juicy, melting, vinous. — Late Summer. Tree a fine, vigorous grower, and a good bearer. An excellent and beautiful fruit, not extensively cultivated. Madeleine (Citron des Carmes). — Origin France. Medium, obovate-pyriform; bright yellow, with a red cheek; flesh white, juicy, sugary, sprightly, aromatic. — Early Summer. Tree a good grower, forming a fine, up- right head, productive. A very old and excellent sort, not so much planted as formerly, owing to the introduction of new varieties. Maiining^'s Elizabeth. — Origin Belgium. Below me- dium, obtuse-pyrii'orm; bright yellow, with a lively red cheek; flesh white, juicy, very melting, sugary, spright- ly, aromatic. — Late Summer. Tree a moderate grower, an even, regular bearer. The small size, beauty, and ex- cellent quality of this variety recommend it to all ama- teurs. Osband's Summer (Summer Virgalteu). — Origin New York. Medium, obtuse-pyriform; yellow, dotted with green and brown dots, thin russet, red cheek in the sun. — Mid-Summer. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer. Petite Marguerite. — Origin France. Medium, obovate; greenish-yellow with brownish-red cheek and covered PEAES. 365 with greenisli dots ; flesh fine, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous and very agreeable. — Mid-Summer. Tree vigor- ous and an early and abundant bearer. Succeeds admir- ably as a standard or dwarf. Best pear of its season. Rostiezert — Origin Germany. Medium or below, ob- long-pyriform ; dull yellowish, mixed with reddish-brown; flesh juicy, sliglitly buttery, melting, sugary, vinous, aromatic, perfumed. — Late Summer. Tree a ra2:>id, vigor- ous, but straggling grower, requiring severe pruning while young to form a good head ; bears early and abun- dantly. A pear of fine quality, but not attractive for market. Souvenir du Congres. — Origin France. Large to very large, in form resembling the Bartlett ; usually growing in clusters ; bright yellow when fully matured, with the parts exposed to tbe sun brilliant red or carmine ; flesh like that of the Bartlett but much less musky. — It com- mences to ripen in August a little before the Bart- lett, and extends into September. Growth moderate. It is recommended to double work it on strong growing varieties to obtain the best results. — This noble fruit, the largest fine pear in cultivation, is worthy of extra care and attention from the amateur as well as the orcbardist. Tyson. — Origin Pennsylvania. Medium; clear yellow, with a bright, red clieek ; flesh juicy, very sweet, melt- ing, slightly aromatic. — Late Summer. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, not an early bearer, but A'ery productive; a variety of great excellence both in tree and fruit. CLASS II. — AUTUMN PEARS. Ananas d'Et^, — Origin Holland. Above medium, pyri- form, sometimes obtuse ; yellow, with brown russet in the sun ; flesb fine-grained, butter}^ melting, sweet, per- fumed.— Early Autumn. Tree vigorous, an early and profuse bearer. 366 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Baronnc de Mcllo. — Origin Belgium. Medium, yary- ing ill form, often roundish or acute-pyriform; yellowish, nearly covered with brown russet ; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous sub-acid. — Mid-Autumn. Tree productive, hardy, and a vigorous grower. Belle Lucrative (Fond ante d'Automne). — Medium, form variable, generally roundish, obtuse-pyriform ; flesh melting, juicy, rich, sugary, delicious. — Early Autumn. Tree moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, and productive. Beurr^ d'Anjou (Ne Plus Meueis of the French).— Origin Belgium. Large, short or blunt-pyriform ; skin greenish-yellow, with traces of russet, dull crimson dots and sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun; flesh whit- ish, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous, perfumed, pleasant. — Late Autumn to early Winter. Tree a vigorous, healthy grower, making an open, round-head, that bears its fruit evenly distributed and of uniform size. One of the most profitable varieties for orchard or garden ; generally re- garded as one of the most valuable pears grown, succeed- ing everywhere. Beiirr^ Bosc. — Origin Belgium. Large, pyriform, or long-pyriform ; dark yellow, often much covered with dull cinnamon russet, in dots or streaks, occasionally a tinge of red; flesh white, very buttery, melting, rich, and deliciously perfumed. — Mid- Autumn. Tree a healthy, good grower, but often irregular ; not an early but an abundant bearer, producing its fruit singly, and evenly distributed on the tree. A valuable orchard variety, of splendid a})pearance and finost quality. Beiirr^ de Bri^nais (Des Nonnes, etc.).— Medium, roundish, flattened ; greenish, with many dots ; flesh melting, juicy, with a brisk, high perfumed flavor. — Early Autumn. Tree a hardy, vigorous grower, pro- ductive. Beurr^ Clairgeail»— Origin France. Large, pyriform; PEARS. 3G7 yellow, shaded with orange and crimson, much dotted and sprinkled with russet; flesh yellowish, Juicy, buttery, a little granular, sweet, vinous, perfumed. — Late Autumn to early Winter. Tree very vigorous, with erect habit and fine foliage, an early and abundant bearer, and, al- though a little variable in quality, its size, beauty, and productiveness make it a very profitable market variety. In some cases it seems disi3osed to shed its leaves prema- turely— a serious defect. Bcurr^ Diel. — Origin Belgium. Large, obtuse-pyri- form; skin rather rough, rich yellow when fully and well ripened, some russet; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse- gi-ained, buttery, sugary, half-melting, delicious. — Late Autumn. Tree very vigorous, and an abundant bearer; on young trees the fruit is sometimes not first-rate, but with age it assumes its true character, and is one of the most profitable market sorts. In Western New York and some other localities, it has suffered in some seasons from the black rust on the fruit, and blighting or ''scalding" of the foliage. Beiirr^ Hardy. — Large, obtuse-pyriform ; greenish, covered with light russet, and shaded one side with brownish-red; flesh melting, buttery. Juicy, brisk, vinous, slightly astringent, perfumed. — Early Autumn. Tree a strong grower, with erect hal:)it and ample foliage, very productive. A beautiful and delicious fruit, worthy of more general cultivation. Beurr^ Superfin.— Origin France. Medium, roundish- pyriform; yellow, with bright red in the sun, and some russet; flesh buttery, very Juicy, melting, vinous, sub- acid.— Mid-Autumn. Tree hardy, a moderately vigorous grower, not an early but a good bearer when at maturity. In quality it is among the best. Bonne du PuitS Ansaillt.— Origin France. Medium, fouudish-obovate ; greenish-yellow, mostly covered with 308 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. light russet ; flesh ^vhite, fine, juicy, melting, vinous, rich, delicious. — Early Autumn. The tree being a poor grower it must be top-grafted upon a vigorous sort. Grown in this way, it bears early and abundantly. A most impor- tant acquisition for the amateur. Buffum. — Origin Khode Island. Medium, obovate-ob- long ; deep yellow, when fully ripe, with red covering nearly one side, sometimes a little russet ; flesh white, sweet, moderately juicy, buttery, pleasant. — Early Au- tumn. Tree a strong, upright grower, forming a beauti- ful, compact head, a regular and productive bearer, hardy, and valuable for the orchard. Tree remarkable for its symmetrical and vigorous growth. Doctor Recder. — Origin New York. Small to medium, roundish, slightly pyriform ; yellow, mostly covered with nettings of russet and russet dots ; flesh fine, melting, juicy, buttery, sugary, vinous, slightly musky. — Late Autumn. Tree a healthy, hardy, vigorous, open, spread- ing grower, productive. A delicious fruit, valuable for the amateur ; not large nor showy enough for market. Doyenne Boussock(BEURRf: Boussock, etc.).— Origin Belgium. Large, varying in form, usually roundish, or obtuse-pyriform ; deep yellow, clouded with russet, bronzed red cheek in the sun. — Early Autumn. Tree very vigorous, upright, spreading ; an early, abundant bearer ; profitable for market. Doyenn^ dii Cornice. — Origin France. Large, broad, obtuse-pyriform ; greenish- yellow, clear yellow at ma- turity, some russet ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. — Late Autumn. Tree moderately vigorous, upright ; requires time to be productive. Doyenn^ Gray. — Medium, obovate ; dull yellow, mostly covered with smooth cinnamon russet ; flesh very buttery, fine-grained, rich, delicious. — Mid-Autumn. Tree a mod- eratC; healthy grower, a good bearer ; very valuable for PEAKS. 369 orchard or garden ; hy many esteemed superior to White Doyeuue. lii some localities, as iu Western New York, both these varieties are often rendered worthless by black rust and cracking. Doyenn^ White (Butter Pear, Virgalieu, and thirty other synonyms.) — Medium to large, obovate ; when fully ripe, pale yellow, often witli a fine, red cheek ; flesh white, fine-grained, melting, very buttery, rich, delicious. — Early to late Autumn. Tree a healthy, vigorous grower, hardy, l)roductive ; unreliable at the East and in Western New York, but in the new, rich soils of the West, one of the best. Twenty years ago this was regarded as the best of all pears ; now it is an outcast in many localities. Duchesse d'Angoiilcine. — Origin France. Large to very large, oblong-obovate ; dull greenisli-yellow, with more or less of russet spots and streaks ; flesh white, but- tery, juicy, excellent. — Mid-Autumn. Tree a very vig- orous grower, the most successful on the quince, j^roduc- tivc and very profitable. Is now regarded as one of the most valuable varieties cultivated ; it is next to Bartlett in popularity among the market-growers all over the country. Duchesse Precoce. — Origin France. Large, pyra- midal ; greenish-yellow, becoming clear yellow ; flesh melting, very Juicy, sprightly though not rich. — Early Autumn. Tree vigorous and prolific. A good early market pear. Einile d'Heyst. — Origin Belgium. Large, oblong- pyri- form ; clear yellow, with a brownish cheek in the sun, netted and patched with russet ; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, fine-grained, melting, sweet, aromatic, excellent. — Early Winter. Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, hold- ing its foliage late in autumn, very productive ; taking rank as a valuable early winter sort. Flemish Beauty (Belle de Flandres, and twenty 370 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. more synonyms). — Large, roundisli-jjyriform ; yellow, mostly covered with marblings and patches of light rus- set, brownish-red in the sun ; Hesh yellowish-white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly musky. — Early Autumn. Tree hardy, vigorous, an early and abundant bearer, and highly valued West for orchard or garden ; sometimes seriously attacked with black fungus or rust, and crack- ing in New York and the Eastern States. Frederick €lapp. — Origin Massachusetts. Above me- dium, obovate ; lemon-yellow ; flesh fine-grained, very juicy, melting, flavor sprightly, acidulous, rich and aro- matic.— Late Autumn. Tree of vigorous habit, somewhat spiny. A very promising new variety. Pronounced by the committee of the Mass. Horticultural Society superior to Buerre Superfin. Fulton. — Origin Maine. Below medium, roundish, flattened ; gray-russet, becoming at maturity dark cinna- mon-russet ; flesh moderately juicy, half-buttery, spright- ly, agreeable. — Mid to late Autumn. Tree a moderate but healthy grower, hardy and jH-oductive. Valuable for the orchard. Hoosic. — Origin Massachusetts. Large, obovate, hav- ing considerable exterior resemblance to Beurre Diel ; greenish-yellow, dotted and marbled with russet ; flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, with a rich almond flavor. — ■ Mid-Autumn. Tree erect, vigorous, very hardy and re- markably prolific. A new variety which merits the at- tention of amateurs, at least. Howell. — Origin Connecticut. Eather large, round- ish-pyriform ; light yellow, with a clear, red cheek ; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. — Early and Mid- Autumn. Tree an upright, vigorous grower, an early and abundant bearer. One of the most beautiful and ex- cellent of pears, and promising to be of great value over PEARS. 371 a large extent of country ; beginning to be much planted for market. The fruit bears carriage well. Jones (Jones's Seedling).— Origin Pennsylvania. Medium or below, roundish-pyriform ; yellow, shaded with russet, briglit cinnamon-russet in the sun ; flesh rather coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, vinous. — Late Autumn to early Winter. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, and very productive. A fine little pear for the amateur's collection and valuable for tlie orcliardist. Kieffer (Kieffer's Hybrid).— Origin Pennsylvania. Eaised from seed of the Chinese Sand Pear accident- ally crossed with Bartlett or some other kind. Medium to large, oval-pyriform ; rich golden-yellow, sprinkled thickly with small dots, often tinged with red on the sunny side ; flesh slightly coarse, juicy, melting, with a pronounced quince flavor ; as grown by us will scarcely rank as ' ' good " ; said to be particularly valuable for canmng. Ripe in October, but will keep for some time. Tree very vigorous, witli handsome, shining foliage, and a good bearer. The value of this pear for market has not yet been determined. The quality of the fruit does not rank high enough to make it a popular variety with the amateur. Kirtland. — Origin Ohio. Medium, roundish-obovate ; rich yellow, much covered witli ciunamon-russet, and red on the sunny side ; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, aro- matic.— Early Autumn. Tree moderately vigorous, stocky, healthy, and productive. Le €onte (Chinese Pear). — Supposed to be a hybrid between the old Chinese Sand Pear and a cultivated va- riety. Large, pyriform; skin yellow; of medium quality. — Mid-Summer. Tree remarkably vigorous and prolific. Highly valued and extensively cultivated at the South, as it succeeds where the European and American sorts 37^ SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. entirely fuil. In Georgia it is i^ropagated from cuttings. Not regarded as of any value at the North. Louise Bonne de Jersey. — Origin France. Large, lotig-pyriforiu ; greeuish-yellow, mostly overspread with brownish-red, and a red cheek in the sun ; flesh melting, very juicy, rich, vinous, excellent. — Early Autumn. Tree a rapid, upright groAver, and abundant bearer ; one of the very best on quince. A profitable market pear where it succeeds. Merriam. — Origin Massachusetts. Medium, round- ish ; dull yellow, with more or less of russet ; flesh yel- lowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, slightly vinous, musky. — Mid- Autumn. Tree vigorous, very produc- tive. An exceedingly profitable orchard sort, but little grown out of Massachusetts. Mar^chal de la €our (Conseiller de la Cour, etc.). — Origin Belgium. Medium to large, pyriform; green- ish-yellow, with more or less russet ; flesh yellowish- Avhite, melting, buttery, juicy, rich, vinous. — Mid- Autumn. Tree moderately vigorous, holds its foliage late in the season, a good bearer. Onondai^a (Swan's OrantxE). — This pear was first introduced by the late General Swan, of Eochester, N. Y., under the name of "Swan's Orange," from CHnton, N. Y., but it was supposed to be traced to Con- necticut. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, surface rather uneven; skin orange-yellow at maturity, with traces of russet in some localities, rarely a red cheek ; flesh melt- ing, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, sometimes slightly as- tringent, a little variable but generally excellent. Tree a strong grower, hardy, and very productive. Paradise dMutomne. — Origin Belgium. Large, long- pyriform ; yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon-russet ; flesh often slightly granular, melting, juicy, with a rich, vinous, aromatic flavor. — Early to Mid- Autumn. Tree a PEAKS. 373 vigorous, rather irroguliir grower, an early, good bearer ; fine for the garden, not suited to the orchard. Pitniaston Duchess. — Origin Enghmd. Very hirge, oblong-obovate ; beautiful golden yellow ; flesh yellow- ish-white, melting, buttery, juicy and of excellent qual- ity.— Mid-Autumn. Tree vigorous, productive. Will make a fine market fruit. Pratt. — Origin Ehode Island. Medium, roundish-py- riform ; greenish lemon-yellow, shaded with red in the sun ; flesh juicy, sugary, melting, briskly vinous. — Early Autumn. Tree an upright grower, very pro- ductive. Seckel. — Origin Pennsylvania. Small, roundish-ovate; dull yellowish-brown, with a russet-red cheek; flesh but- tery, very juicy, rich, spicy, aromatic. — Early Autumn. Tree a slow but healthy, hardy grower, upright, forming a small, compact head; successful and well known every- where. Although it takes a little more time to bring this variety into profitable bearing condition, yet it is a reliable and permanently valuable sort for orchard or garden. Sheldon. — Origin New York. Medium, roundisli ; greenish-yellow, a thin, light russet and a bright red or crimson in the sun; flesh very juicy, melting, vinous, sweet, aromatic. Tree hardy, a vigorous, upright grower, forming a liandsome, round head, a good bearer. This noble fruit, like some other varieties, is often condemned as rotting at the core, but it only requires to be gathered early and used when ripe, like Flemish Beauty, Clapp'e Favorite, Beurre Giffard, and others. Stevens' Genesee. — Origin New York. Large, round- ish; 3^ellow; flesh half-buttery, rich, aromatic flavor. — Early Autumn. Tree a healtliy, good grower, and pro- ductive. It is not so popular as formerly in Western New York, but West, and especially in light soils, it is 374 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. one of the profitable sorts; needs to be gathered early and 'ised as soou as ripe. Urbauistc (Beurrk Picquery, etc.). — Medium to large, roundish-i)ynforni; pale yellow, with some russet; flesh very melting, buttery, juicy, rich, and delicately •lerfumed. — Early and Mid- Autumn. Tree a moderate, vigorous, compact, pyramidal grower, very hardy, not an curly bearer, but an abundant one at maturity. Very valuable and profitable foV the orchard. Wasliin^toii. — Origin Delaware. Medium, oval; clear, Jdmon-yeliow, with some red in the sun and reddish dots; flesh very juicy, sweet, melting, agreeable. — Early Au- tumn, 'i'ree a slender but healthy and vigorous grower, and a good bearer. This is one of our native pears that iias been too much overlooked; a very beautiful and ex- <;ellent variety for the amateur's collection. CLASS III. — WINTER PEARS. Belle Epine Dumas (Due de Bordeaux). — Medium, obtuse-pyriform; greenish-yellow, with russet dots; flesh white, half-melting, buttery, juicy, sweet. — Early Winter. Tree a vigorous, fine grower, and a good bearer. Beurr^ Easter (Doyenne d'Hiver, and a dozen or more other synonyms). — Large, roundish-oval; yellowish, more or less of russet in dots, which sometimes gives it a brownish cheek; flesh fine-grained, very buttery, melting and juicy, sweet, and rich. — Very late Winter; we have often kept it until April. The tree is a moderate grower, makir.g a compact, upright, round head, bearing abun- dantly. It is one of the best sorts for the South and South-west, but requires a warm exposure when grown North and East, Everywhere it requires good, rich soil, good culture, and careful thinning of the fruit to bring it to perfection. PEARS. 375 Beiirr^ Gris d'Hiver IVoiiveaii. — Medium to large, roundish, obtuse; rich, yellow-russet, with a tine, sunny- cheek of dark red; flesh slightly granular, buttery, melt- ing, rich, sugary. — Early to Mid- Winter. Tree a moder- ately vigorous grower, somewhat irregular, good liearer. Beurr^ d'Arembcrs (Due d'Aremberg, etc.). — Origin France. Medium to large, obovate, uneven surface; gre»nish-yellow, yellow at maturity with some russet; flesh white, buttery, juicy, rich, vinous. — Early to Mid- Winter. Tree a slow grower and unhealthy; a delicious winter pear, but seldom planted, on account of its serious defects. Columbia. — Origin New York. Large, obovate; pale green in autumn, becoming golden-yellow at maturity, with deep orange cheek in sun exposure; flesh juicy, sweet, aromatic. — Early Winter. Tree an upright, hand- some grower, and a good bearer. Fruit liable to be blown off, and needs watching. Dana's Hovey. — Origin Massachusetts. Small, obovate- pyriform; pale yellow, netted and patched with russet; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, aromatic. — Early Winter. Tree a healtliy, vigorous grower, hardy, and productive. A high-flavored, delicious pear for the garden ; too small for profitable market growing, though, like the Seckel, it commands high prices where known. Doyenne d'AIen^on (Doyen^ne d'Hiyer, D'Alen^on, etc.). — Medium, roundish, slightly pyriform ; yellow, shaded in the sun with dark crimson, considerable russet; flesh granular, buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly, per- fumed.— Middle to late Winter, often keeping until spring. Tree moderately vigorous and productive ; a valuable pear, like the Easter Beurre, though not in same degree; needs high culture and thinning of the fruit to bring it to perfection ; tree more hardy than Easter Beurre. 376 SELECT VARIETIES 0? FRUITS. Diihanicl dti Honceaii. — Origin France. Large, long- pyrifonii, wiiitish-ycllow, rather rough, nearly covered with brownish-russet ; flesh whitish, melting, tender, juicy, with the flavor of Winter Nelis. — Early Winter. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. Glout Morceaii. — Flemish origin. Rather large, often very large, varying in form, usually short-pyrif orm ; greenish-yellow, with patches and dots of greenish-brown; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich, sugary. — Early Winter. Tree is of a roundish, spreading habit, very healthy and hardy, not an early bearer, but when mature produces an abundant crop, regular and uniform. It is distinct in wood and foliage from other varieties, and forms one of the handsomest of pyramids on quince roots. In localities where the pear blight prevails, it seems pecu- liarly liable to attack, and recently has not been much planted. Josephine de Malines. — Medium, roundish, flattened; pale yellow or straw-color at maturity, sometimes netted and patched with russet; flesh white, tinted with rose, juicy, melting, sweet, slight aroma. — Mid-Winter, often keeps until Spring. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, foliage small, quite productive. A very valuable late pear, and rapidly gaining in popularity. Lawrence. — Origin Long Island. Medium or above, obovate, obtuse-pyriform; clear, light yellow, with more or less of russet; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. — Early Winter. Tree a moderate grower, healthy, and a good bearer; valuable both for garden and orchard. It usually commands the highest price in market; one of the most valuable early winter sorts. Mount Vernon. — Origin Massachusetts. Medium or above, generally roundish obtuse-pyriform ,- light russet on yellow ground; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly aromatic, fine flavored. — Early Winter. Tree vigorous PEARS. 877 and an early bearer. Like many other sorts, is liable to overbear, and will then be poor ; needs severe thinning. Pound (UvEDALE'rf St. Gekmain, and over thirty other synonyms). — Large, pyriform ; yellowisli-green ; flesh firm, excellent for baking or stewing. — Early to late Winter. Tree a moderate, healthy grower, very pro- ductive. Valued everywhere for cooking or preserving. Vicar of Hiukfield (Le Cure, and two dozen more synonyms). — Origin France. Large, long-pyrif orm ; pale yellow at maturity, often, when well grown, with a browish-red cheek ; flesh moderately juicy, half-buttery, sprightly and good. — Early to mid or late Winter. Tree a healthy, vigorous grower, and very productive. This is one of the most profitable as an orchard sort among the whole list of pears, but needs to be well grown to be good ; trees are apt to be overladen and should be thinned. Winter Nelis (Bonne de Maltnes, etc.). — Medium or below, roundish-obovate ; yellowish-green, patched and marbled with considerable russet ; flesh fine-grained, but- tery, very juicy, sugary, aromatic. — Early Winter. Tree thrifty, hardy, rather slender, and somewhat irregular grower, an early and regularly abundant bearer ; valuable for the garden and orchard. The crop usually needs thinning, especially on trees of considerable age ; fruit is always inferior when the tree is overloaded, but this applies to nearly all varieties, though not in the same CLASS IV. Varieties of pears scarcely entitled to a place on the select list, and too good to be omitted. Some are very popular and valuable in certain localities ; others are new, or comparatively new, and promising. This list might have been greatly extended. 378 SELECT VARIETIES OP FRUITS. Abbott. — Medium, pyriform ; yellowish, shaded with red ; white, granular, juicy, buttery, melting. — Septem- ber. Rhode Island. Adams. — Large, obovate-pyriform ; greenish-yellow, russet and red cheek ; very Juicy, melting, vinous. — Sep- tember. Massachusetts. Andrews. — Eather large, pyriform; yellowish-green, with a dull red cheek; juicy, melting, fine, vinous flavor. — September. Massachusetts. Beurr^ d'Amanlis. — Large, roundish ; dull yellowish- green, reddish-brown cheek ; flesh yellowish, coarse, but- tery, melting ; unreliable in quality ; good old market sort. — September. Beurr^ d'Angleterre. — Medium, pyriform; dull green, netted with russet; buttery, melting, juicy, pleasant. — September. France. Beurr^ d'Albret. — Medium, long-pyriform ; yellow, with cinnamon-russet ; very juicy, buttery, melting, Yinous. — October. An excellent fruit. Beiirr^ Brown. — Large, obovate-oblong ; yellowish- green, with reddish-brown and russet ; flesh white, melt- ing, buttery, extremely juicy, sub-acid. — September. France. A fine old sort, often excellent, but too variable. Beurr^ Durand. — Medium, oblong-pyiiform ; yellow, with splashes of red in the sun ; fine, melting, sugary, vinous. — September. France. Beurr^ Golden of Bilboa. — Medium, obovate-pyri- form ; yellow, slight russet ; very buttery, melting, fine- grained, vinous. — September. Spain. Beurr^ Mauxion. — Medium, roundish-pyriform ; yel- low-russet, with a red cheek; fine, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinoiis, perfumed. — September. Belgium. Bcurr^ de I'Assomption. — Large, short-pyriform; lem- PEARS. 379 on-yellow, some russet ; fine, melting, juicy, vinous, per- fumed.— August. France. Tree a vigorous grower. Beurr^ Moire. — Large, oblong-pyriform ; greenish- yellow, a tinge of red in sun ; granular, buttery, melting, line, rich, perfumed, — October. France. Bergaiuotc Esp^ren. — Medium, roundish, flattened, or flat; skin thick, rough; greenish-yellow, russet patches; flesh greenish-yellow, sweet, juicy, rich. Tree healthy, vigorous, and productive. — Late Winter. France. Besi Esp^rcn. — Large, roundish-pyriform ; dull yel- low, some russet; juicy, sprightly, vinous. — October. France. Besi dc Montigny (Comtesse de Lunay, etc.). — Me- dium, roundish-obovate ; yellowish-green ; flesh melting, half-buttery, juicy, sweet, musky. — Mid-Autumn. Tree vigorous, healthy, productive. Blacl( Worcester. — Large, pyriform ; green, nearly covered with russet, coarse; valued for cooking. — Winter. Caen de France. — Medium, short-pyriform ; yellow, with dull russet ; fine-grained, juicy, melting, vinous, aromatic. — December, February. France. A variety of great excellence. Catillac. — Large, or very large, broad -turbinate ; yel- lowish, with a brown cheek ; flesh firm. — Early to late Winter. France. Tree a strong grower and good bearer; valued for cooking or baking. Church. — Below medium, flattened ; greenish-yellow ; very buttery, melting, rich, sweet, perfumed. — Sep- tember. Coit's Beurr^. — Medium, obtuse-pyriform ; yellow, slightly russet, often a red cheek ; flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, vinous. — Early Autumn. Ohio. Comte de Flandre. — Large, long-pyriform ; yellowish- 880 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. russet ; very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, sweet. — Oc- tober. Belgium, Dc Ton^rcs (Duran'deau). — Large, long-pyriform ; pale yellow, with cinnamon-russet, which becomes red ou the sunny side ; flesh melting, juicy, vinous, sugary, rich. — Mid- Autumn. France. Dix. — Large, long-pyriform ; deep yellow, with more or less of russet ; flesh juicy, sugary, melting, slightly perfumed, — Mid to late Autumn. Massachusetts. Doctor Lindley. — Medium, obovate-pyriform; yellow, with slight russet; melting, sweet, perfumed. — Novem- ber, December. France. Duchesse d'Orleans (St, Nicholas, etc.). — Above me- dium, long-pyriform; yellowish-green, with sometimes a red cheek; flesh melting, juicy, slightly aromatic. — Early Autumn. France. Due de Brabant (B. de Waterloo, Fond ante des Charneuse), — Large, pyriform; greenish, with crimson- red in the sun; flesh very juicy, buttery, melting, vinous. — Mid to late Autumn. Belgium. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Edmonds. — Large, roundish-pyriform, with a very long stalk; yellow, or straw-color, with occasionally bronzed-red in the sun; flesh fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet, with a peculiar and very agreeable aroma; quality Variable, especially on young trees, — Early Au- tumn. New York. Tree a remarkably strongs uj) right grower, and an abundant bearer. Euj^ene Appcrt. — Medium, roundish-oblate; greenish- yellow; flesh melting, sweet, with flavor of Gansel's Ber- gamot. — Mid- Autumn. France. Tree moderate grower as a standard, does not succed so well on the quince. Fondantc de Bihorel. — Described as follows: "of me- dium size or below; melting and good; one of the best eariv pears. '* France. PEARS. 381 GanscPs Ber^aiuot. — Large, roundisIi-ol)ovate; skin grayish-brown; tiesli white, melting, juicy, rich, aromatic. — Mid-Autumn. England. Tree a moderate grower. tlansel's Seckel. — Medium, oblate; skin yellow, most- ly covered with thin russet; flesh buttery, juicy, vinous, mth a rich aromatic flavor. — Late Autumn. England. "Tree a poor grower but very productive. General Totleben. — Medium to large, obtusc-pyri- lorm; greenish-yellow, patched with russet; flesh whitish- /ellow, a little coarse, melting, juicy, slightly aromatic. — October. Belgium. General Taylor (Homewood). — Medium, obtuse-pyri- form; yellow, crimson in the sun, nettings and patches of russet; flesh a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet. — Oc- tober. Maryland. Gratioli of Jersey. — Medium, roundish-pyriform; greenisli-yellow, netted and patched with russet; juicy, rich, melting, vinous. — September. Isle of Jersey. Gregoire Bordillon. — Described as being a fine large variety ripening in August. France. Henry the Fourth. — Below medium, roundish-pyri- form; greenish-yellow, with gray specks; not fine-grained, juicy, melting, perfumed. — September. France. An old variety. Henri Desportes. — Large, piriform; yellowish-green; juicy, melting, sweet. — August. Tree a moderate grow- er. France. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendue. —Medium, long-pyri- form; dull yellow and green, a red cheek and some russet; flesh white, melting, buttery, rich. — Mid-Autumn. France. Tree a vigorous grower and early and abundant bearer. Jules Bivort. — Medium to large, pyriform; yellowish. 382 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. with more or less russet; very juicy, buttery, sweet, melt« ing, vinous. — October. Kin^sessing'. — Large, obtuse-pyriform; greenish-yel- low; rather coarse, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet. — Sep- tember. Pennsylvania. Madam Eliza. — Large, acute-pyriform; light yellow, traces of russet; fine, juicy, melting, sweet, jserfumed. — ■ October. Tree a good grower. Belgium. Maurice Desportes. — Medium to large, acute-pyriform; dull yellow, with russet; fine-grained, melting, sweet. — October. Tree a vigorous grower and productive. France. Marie Bcnoist. — Described as being large and of fine quality, and a valuable addition to the list of late pears. — Season December and January. France. Marie Louise. — Large, long-pyriform; yellow, mottled with russet; very buttery, melting, vinous, sweet. — Octo- ber. Belgium. A fine, old sort, but variable in some localities. Marie Louise d'llccles. — Large, roundish-pyriform; yellow, shaded with brown in the sun, netted and patched with russet; juicy, melting, vinous, a little astringent. — September. Belgium. IVantais (Beurrede Nantes). — Large, long-pyriform; greenish-yellow, with a red cheek; melting, juicy, sweet, pleasantly perfumed. — October. France. IVouveau Poiteau. — Large, pyriform; greenish, with patches and dots of russet; flesh whitish, buttery, melt- ing, juicy, sugary, vinous. — Late Autumn. Belgium. Oswes?o Beurr^. — Medium, roundish, flattened ; yel- lowish-green, with tliin russet until fully ripe, tlien fine, yellow russet ; flesh melting, buttery, juicy, vinous, aromatic. — Mid to late Autumn. New YorK. Tree erect, PEARS. 383 moderately vigorous, and a great bearer even when young; fruit sometimes cracks. Ott. — Small, roundish; light yellow; melting, sugary, aromatic. — August. Pennsylvania. Piatt. — Medium, roundish, flattened; pale yellow, con- siderable russet; buttery, juicy, half-melting, pleasant. — October. New -York. Pius the 9th, — Above medium, roundish, long-pyri- form ; yellow, considerable russet ; juicy, a little firm, melting, brisk, vinous. — October. 13elgium. Variable. President Mas, — Large to very large, pyriform; orange- yellow, sprinkled with russet; flesh fine grained, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, first quality. — Early Winter. France. Rapelje's Seedling, — Medium, obovate to pyriform ; yellowish, mostly covered Avith gray russet ; juicy, some- what granular, melting, sweet, vinous. — September. Long Island. An excellent fruit. Rutter. — Medium to large, roundish ; greenish-yellow, considerable russet ; moderately juicy, a little gritty, al- most melting, sweet. — October. Pennsylvania. St, Ghislain. — Medium, pp-iform ; clear, pale yellow; buttery, juicy, sprightly, rich. — October. Belgium. A fine, old sort, but rather superseded by others larger and more attractive of the same season. St, Michael Archangel, — Large, obovate-pyriform ; pale yellow, netted and patched with russet; flesh but- tery, juicy, melting, slightly aromatic. — Mid-Autumn. France. Souvenir d'Esperen,— Medium to large, long-pyriform; greenish-yellow, mostly covered with russet; flesh yellow- ish, juicy, vinous, aromatic. — Mid to late Autumn. France. Tree vigorous, healthy, and hardy, holds its foliage late in the season, productive. 384 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. SELECT ASSORTMENTS OF PEARS. To aid the inexperienced amateur in making up small assortments : Twelve Varieties on" Pear Stocks. — Bartlett, Clapp's Favorite, Doyenne d'Ete, Beurre Bosc, Lawrence, Beurre d'Anjou, Seckel, Winter Nelis, Dana's Hovey, Sheldon, Paradise d'Antomne, Doyenne Boussock. Twelve Varieties oisr Quince Stocks. — Beurre d'Anjou, Duchesne d'Angonleme, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Howell, XJrbaniste, White Doyenne (where it succeeds). Vicar of Winkfield, Beurre Superfin, Brandy wine, Tyson, Beurre Giifard. Josephine de Malines. Twenty-five Varieties for the Garden on Quince. — Bartlett, Petite Marguerite, Tyson, Beurre d'Anjou, Beurre Diel, B3II0 Lucrative, Beurre Giffard, Duchesse d'Angonleme, Doyenne White (where it suc- ceeds), Doyenne Gray. Louise Bonne de Jersey, Seckel, Onondaga, Urbaiiiste, Beurre Easter, Beurre Gris d'Hiver, Glout Morceau, Vicar of Winkfield, Josephine de Ma- lines, Clapp's Favorite, Beurre Superfin, Beurre Hardy, Howell, Brandywine, Doyenne d'Alenyon. For Profit on Quince Stock. — Duchesse d'Angoa- leme, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Beurre d'Anjou, Howell, and White Doyenne where it succeeds. Section 3. — Quinces. Apple-Shaped or Orange. — Large, roundish, with a short neck ; color bright golden-yellow. The tree has rather slender shoots and oval leaves ; very productive. This is the variety most extensively cultivated for the fruit. — Ripe in October. AnffcrSi — The strongest grower of all the quinces, and tlij best for pear stocks. The fruit is much like the QUINCES. 385 Oi-ange in appearance; later, keeps longer. The tree does noi bear as young, but when once it reaches maturity is a good, regular bearer. Champion. — A 'new variety which originated in Con- necticut, described as a large handsome fruit, of good quality, maturing later than the Orange. Tree a vigor- ous grower. Pear-Shapcd. — This has generally more of a pyriforni shape than the Orange quince ; the fruit is larger, the tree stronger. Portugal. — The fruit of this is more oblong than the preceding, of a ligliter color and better quality ; the shoots are stouter, and the leaves thicker and broader; usually propagated by budding or grafting. A week or two later than the Apple. A shy bearer. Rea's Seedling (Rea's Mammoth, Van" Slyke). — Native of Greene County, N. Y. A magnificent fruit, averaging much larger than the Apple-shaped or Orange, and superior to it for culinary purposes. QUINCES FOR ORNAMENT. Chinese. — Quite different in appearance from other quinces. The leaves are glossy, sharply and beautifully toothed ; the fruit is large, oblong, bright yellow, and keeps until spring ; little used. The flowers are large and showy, with the fragrance of the violet ; worked on the other sorts, rather tender, requiring a sheltered sit- uation. Usually cultivated for ornament. A very tardy- bearer. Japan. — This is very distinct from all the others; very bushy, thorny, and hardy. There are several varieties, all of which may be reckoned among the most beautiful of all our hardy spring-flowering shrubs. Cultivated usually as Pyrus Jaijonica and sometimes given in the 17 386 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. catalogues as Cydonia Japonica. Makes an excellent or- namental hedge. Fruit about as large as a chicken's Qgg ; unfit for use. ♦SECOND DIVISION.— STONE FRUITS— APRICOTS, CHER- RIES, PEACHES, NECTARINES, AND PLUMS. SECTION" 4. — SELECT APRICOTS. Alberge de Mont.Sfaniet (Montgamet). — Medium; pale yellow, with tinge of red in the sun; flesh yellowish, ad- hering to the stone; juicy, perfumed, excellent. The tree is a hardy, fine grower. — Last of July. Beauge. — Resembles Moorpark, but ripens later, Blenheim (Shipley). — Medium, oval; orange-yellow; flesh juicy, moderately rich. — Ripens eight or ten days before Moorpark. Breda f — Small, round; dull orange, marked with red in the sun; flesh orange-colored, juicy, rich, and vinous; parts from the stone; kernel sweet; tree hardy, robust, and prolific— End of July and beginning of August. Canino Grosso.— Large; orange-color, becoming red in the sun; flesh reddish-yellow, high-flavored.— Middle of July. Tree vigorous, hardy. Early Golden (Dubois).— Small; pale orange; flesh orange, juicy, and sweet; kernel sweet; tree very hardy and productive. The original tree at Fishkill is said to have yielded $90 worth of fruit in one season.— Begin- ning of July. Early Moorpark, — Resembles Moorpark, but ripens earlier. Medium, roundish-oval; yellow, mottled with crimson in the sun. APRICOTS, 387 Hemskerk.— A large English variety, much like Moor- park, but ripens a little earlier. It is known by its stone not being perforated, as is that of the Moorpark. Kaisha. — A variety from Syria; requires a warm, shel- tered location; medium, roundish; yellow, mottled and tinged with red in the sun; flesh tender, sugary, high- flavored; separating freely from the stone. — Last of July. Large Early. — Large; orange, with a red cheek; flesh sweet, rich, and excellent; parts from the stone. Tree vigorous and productive. — Beginning of August. Moorpark, — One of the largest and finest apricots ; yellow, with a red cheek; flesh orange, sweet, juicy, and rich; parts from the stone; growth rather slow, but stout and short-Jointed. Very productive. Xcw Large Early (Eivers). — Resembles the old Large Early, but very rich. Orange. — Medium; orange, with a ruddy cheek; flesh rather dry, adheres slightly to the stone; rerpiires ripen- ing in the house. — End of July. Peach. — Very large and handsome ; flesh delicate, juicy, and rich. Red Masculine (Early Masculine, etc.). — Small, nearly round; well-marked suture one side; bright yel- low, tinged with deep orange, and spotted with dark red; flesh juicy, musky, pleasant; the earliest to ripen. — Early in July. Tree hardy and a good bearer. Royal. — Large oval; pale orange; flesh firm, juicy, rich, vinous; ripens just before the Moorpark. A val- uable variety. Saint Ambroise. — Large; deep yellow, reddish next the sun; fiesh juicy, rich and sweet, — Middle of August. Sardinian. — Small; white, with a red cheek; moder- ately juicy. — Very early in July. Tree productive. Turkey, — Medium to large, nearly round; deep yellow^ 388 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. mottled with orange in the sun; flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, excellent. — Middle of August. Section 5. — Select Cherries. class l — heart cherries. Fruit heart-shaped, with tender, sweet flesh. Trees of rapid growth, with large, soft, drooping leaves. Belle d'Orleans. — Origin France. Medium, round- ish-heart-shape ; pale yellow, partially covered with red; flesh very tender, juicy, sweet and delicious. — Early iu June, or immediately after Early Purple Guigne. Tree a fine grower and an abundant bearer; one of the finest early varieties. Black Eagle. — Origin England. Eather above medium, obtuse-heart-shape; deep purplish-black; flesh deep purple, tender, with a rich, high-flavored juice. — Early in July, or just after Black Tartarian. Tree a strong grower, a moderate bearer while young, productive when old. Black Tartarian. — Origin Russia. Very large, heart- shape, uneven on the surface; purplish black; flesh half- tender, very juicy, mild, delicious. — Last of June. Tree very vigorous, upright, a great bearer; one of the most popular and productive varieties in all parts of the coun- try. Always commands the highest price in market. €oe's Transparent, — Origin Connecticut. Medium, round; skin glossy, pale amber, mottled and spotted with cornelian-red; flesh very tender, juicy, sweet and delicate. Middle to last of June. Tree a vigorous grower, form- ing a handsome, round head, very productive. This is one of the best of dessert cherries, but too tender for marketing. Delicate. — Origin Ohio. Rather above medium, round- ish; clear amber-yellow, with a rich, bright red in the sun CHEREIES. 389 exposure; flesh very tender, juicy, sweet, with a rich, high flavor. — Last of June. Tree a thrifty, spreading grower, productive. Most vahiable for family use. Downer's Late Red, — Origin Massachusetts. Medium, roundish; clear, lively red, mottled with amber; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly, a little bitter unless fully ripe, when it is sweet and fine. — Early to middle of July. Tree very hardy, a fine, erect grower, very productive; the fruit is borne in clusters, and will hang fur a considerable time on the tree. Early Purple Ciiii^ne. — Medium, roundish-heart- shajw; dark red, i)urplisli when mature; flesh purjfle, juicy, tender, rich and sweet. — Early in June. Tree a free but slender grower while young, hardy, and makes a fine, spreading, open head, bearing very abundantly. Indispensable as an early variety, and is found highly profitable as a market sort in some localities. Elton • — Origin England. Large, heart-shape, pointed ; glossy pale yellow, shaded, mottled and streaked with red in the sun ; flesh somewhat firm, nearly tender when fully ripe, juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor. — Middle to last of June. Tree vigorous, spreading, irregular in growth, a good liearer. One of the best of the large light-colored rarieties. Governor Wood, — Origin Ohio. Large, roundish- heart-shape ; light, rich yellow, shaded and marbled with red ; flesh almost tender, jnicy, sweet, with a rich, deli- cious flavor. — Middle to last of June. Tree a fine grower, forming a round, half-spreading head, very })roductive ; liable to overbear, which might be remedied by judicious pruning. Knight's Early Black. — Origin England. Large,heart- shape ; deep purple, almost black ; flesh purple, tender, juicy, sweet and rich, high flavor. — Middle to last of June. Tree a sjireading, stocky grower, and productive. 390 SELECT VARIETIES OE ERtJlTS. Ohio Beauty. — Origin Ohio. Large, obtuse heart- sluii)e ; pale yellow, mostly overspread with clear, bright red ; flesh quite tender, juicy, brisk, delicious. — Middle of June. Tree a vigorous, rather spreading grower, very productive, and hardy. Ranks among the best of the light-colored varieties. CLASS II. — BIGARREAU CHERRIES. These are chiefly distinguished from the preceding class by their firmer flesh. Their growth is vigorous, branches spreading, and foliage luxuriant, soft, and drooping. Bif^arreau or Yellow Spanish. — Large, obtuse heart- shape ; beautiful waxen-yellow, with bright red cheek in the sun ; flesh quite firm, pale yellow, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious flavor, — Last of June. Tree a vigorous, stocky grower, making a fine, round head, very produc- tive. An old variety of tlie largest size and best quality. Cleveland Bigarrcau. — Origin Ohio. Large, round heart-shape ; bright, clear red on yellow ; flesh half-firm, juicy, sweet and rich. — Last of June. Tree a fine grower, spreading and productive. Gridley or Apple Cherry. — Origin Massachusetts. Me- dium, roundish ; dark reddish-brown, black when fully ripe ; flesh very firm, not juicy or high-flavored. — Middle of July. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. A cap- ital market variety because of its lateness and firmness. Monstrueuse dc Mezel (Great Bigarreau). — Origin France. Large or very large, obtuse heart-shape, uneven surface ; dark red, almost black at maturity ; flesh firm, juicy, well-flavored. — Early to middle of July. Tree very vigorous, forming a large, wide, open, spreading head. Productive and profitable. Napoleon Bija^arreau ( ''Royal Ann" in Calif ornia and Oregon). — Very large, heart-shaped ; pale yellow, dotted cnERRiES. 39i and spotted witli deep red and dark crimson ; flesli very firm, juicy, fine flavor. — Early in July. Tree a vigorous gi'ower and very productive. Red Jacket. — Origin Ohio. Large to very large, reg- ular, obtuse heart-shape ; amber-yellow, mostly covered with light red ; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet, good flavor. — Middle of July. Tree a free, healthy grower, forming a large, spreading head, very productive. Ripens late, and is very ])rofi table for market. Rockport Bi^arreau. — Origin Ohio. Large, roundish, obtuse heart-shape ; amber-yellow, shaded and mostly covered with bright red; flesh half -tender, juicy, sweet, rich, excellent. — Middle of June. Tree a very erect, vigorous grower, forming a remarkably beautiful, upright head, and very productive. Tradescaiit's Black Heart (Elkhorn).— Origin Eu- rope. Very large, heart-shaped ; deep purple, almost black; flesh firm, moderately juicy, purplish, sweet. — Middle to end of July. Tree vigorous, upright, with a peculiar gray bark, a great bearer, and valuable for market or garden. Windsor. — Originated by James Dougall, Windsor, Ont. Large; liver-colored; flesh remarkably firm, and of fine quality. — Ripens three or four clays after Tradescant's Black Heart, or Elkhorn. Tree vigorous and productive. This is a new variety which promises to be valuable on account of its lateness, firmness, and good quality. CLASS III. — DUKE AND MORELLO CHERRIES. These two classes of cherries are very distinct from the preceding. The trees are of smaller size and grow slowly; the leaves are thicker and more erect, and of a deeper green. The fruit is generally round, and in color varying from light red, like Belle de Choisy, to dark brown, like Mayduke or Morello. 392 . SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. The Dukes usually have stout, erect branches, avA some of them, like Belle de Choisy and Reme Hortense, are quite sweet. The Morellos have slender, spreading branches, and invariably acid fruit. These two classes are peculiarly appropriate for dwarfs and pyramids on the Mahaleb stock, and their hardiness renders them well worthy of attention in localities w^here the Hearts and Bigarreaus are too tender. Belle de Choisy. — Origin France. Medium, round; skin thin, translucent, pale amber-color, mottled with yellowish and bright cornelian-red ; flesh very tender, amber-colored, melting. Juicy, sweet. — Last of June. Tree a healthy grower, makes a handsome pyramid on the Mahaleb, a regular but moderate bearer. An excel- lent dessert sort, valued for garden culture. Belle Magnifique. — Large, roundish; bright, rich red; flesh juicy, tender, rich, rather acid until fully ripe, when it is fine for the table and excellent for cooking. — Last of July. Tree very hardy and healthy, a moderate grower, abundant bearer, fine as a dwarf or pyramid on Mahaleb. rarnation. — Large, round ; yellowish-white, mottled and marbled with red; flesh tender, juicy, rich, a little acid unless fully ripe, when it is a rich, pleasant sub-acid. — Middle to last of July. Tree a good grower, with a rather low, spreading habit; a moderate, regular bearer. Donna Maria. — Medium, roundish; dark, clear red; flesh tender, juicy, rich acid. — Middle of July. Tree a healthy grower, hardy, forming a small, round-headed tree, that comes early into bearing and bears profusely. A valuable and profitable variety for market or cooking. Early Richmond. — Small to medium, roundish, borne in pairs, and usually recognized by the calyx remaining on the stem next the fruit; bright, clear red; brisk, rich acid. — Early to last of June. Tree hardy, healthy, vigor- CHERRIES. 393 ous, forming a medium-sized tree, with long, liiilf- pendent shoots, very productive, valuable, and profitable. Empress Eugenic. — Origin France. Large, roundish, flattened; dark red; flesh reddish, tender, juicy, sub-acid. — Middle of June. Tree of dwarf habit and moderately productive. Late Duke. — Large, heart-shape, flattened; rich, clear, rather dark red; flesli tender, Juicy, sprightly sub-acid. — Ripens gradually and hangs a long time or until last of July. Tree a vigorous grower for its class, and a good bearer; makes a fine dwarf or pyramid. Lieb. — Origin doubtful. Described as large or larger than Early Richmond, less acid, later, and hardier. Louis Philippe. — Origin France. Large, roundish, regular ; dark red, almost purplish-black; flesh red, ten- der, juicy, sprightly, mild acid, excellent, — Middle to last of July, Tree a vigorous grower, making a large tree for its class, with a handsome, round, spreading head, very productive. A very valuable sort for dessert, canning, cooking, or market. May Duke. — Large, roundish; dark, lively, rich red; flesh tender, very juicy, reddish, rich, and excellent sub- acid.— Middle of June. Tree hardy, vigorous, and pro- ductive, the fruit ripening gradually in succession; makes fine dwarfs or pyramids, rHontraoreiicy Larffe-Fruited.— Origin France. Large roundish; dark red; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid, very agreeable; one of the best flavored in this class, — Ri])ens about ten days after Early Richmond. Tree a good bearer, hardy, and prolific, Montmorency Ordinaire. — Origin France. Larger and finer than Early Richmond; rich red; flesh tender, soft, rich sub-acid, peculiarly refreshing. — Ripens ten days after Early Richmond. Tree remarkably prolific 394 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. and very liardy. One of tlie most valuable sorts in the class, either for the table or for canning. Morello (English). — Large, roundish; dark red, near- ly black; flesh dark purplish-red, tender, juicy, sub-acid. — Late July. Tree a small, healthy, but slender grower, forming a pretty round head as a standard, and a fine bush as a dwarf. Olivet. — Origin France. Of recent introduction, de- scribed as follows: '* Large, globular; deep red; flesh red, tender. Juicy, rich. — Kipens early in June. Tree productive and hardy." Reinc Hor tense. — Origin France. Large to very large, roundish ; bright, clear red, marbled and mottled in yellow ; flesh tender, Juicy, slightly sub-acid, delicious. — Middle to last of July, Tree a healthy, vigorous, handsome grower, and a moderate, even, regular bearer. Royal Duke. — Large, roundish-oblong ; rich, dark red at maturity ; flesh reddish, tender, Juicy, sub-acid. — Last of June. Tree an upright, compact grower, with branches stouter than the average of its class. An even but moderate bearer. SMALL SELECT LISTS. Six for the Oarden. — Black Tartarian, Coe's Trans- parent, Knight's Early Black, Yellow Spanish, Late Duke, Montmorency Ordinaire. For the MarTcet Orchard.— Black Tartarian, Yellow Spanish, Napoleon Bigarreau, Tradescant's Black Heart, Montmorency Ordinaire, Windsor, Monstrueuse de Mezel. Section 6. — Select Nectarines. The Nectarine is derived from the peach ; the trees are precisely alike, and the fruit diifers only in the nectarine NECTARINES. 395 being smootli-skinned. It is peculiarly liable to Ije de- stroyed by tbe curculio. The same preventive remedy against curculio must be applied as with tbe plum. Boston. — Origin Massachusetts. Fruit large, roundish- oval; bright yellow, with a deep red and mottled cheek ; flesh yellow, sweet, pleasant, peculiar flavor. Freestone. — Early September. Tree hardy and productive. Downton. — Origin England. Large, roundish-oval ; pale green, with a violet-red cheek ; flesh greenish- white, melting, juicy, sweet, rich and high flavored. Freestone. — Last of August. Early Violet ( Violette Hative). — Rather large, round- ish ; pale yellowish-green, nearly covered with violet-pur- plish-red; flesh whitish, rays of red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich and high flavor. Freestone. — Last of August. Early IVewin^ton (Lucombe's Black, etc.). — Origin England. Large, roundish-ovate, with a swollen point at apex ; pale green, nearly covered, mottled and marbled with red, thin bloom; flesh green isli-Avhite, red at the stone; juicy, sugary, rich, excellent. Clingstone. — Early September. Elruge. — Origin England. Medium, roundish-oval; greenish, mostly covered with violet-red, deep red in the sun; flesh slightly stained with red at the stone, very juicy, melting, with a rich, fine flavor. Freestone. — Early September. This variety is widely grown and generally successful. Hardwicke's Seedlinff.— Origin England. Very large, roundish, or roundish-oval, with a swollen point at apex; pale yellosv, with a dark, violet-red cheek; flesh pale green, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich. Freestone. — Last of August. Tree very hardy and excel- lent bearer. Hunt's Tawny. — Origin England. Medium, roundish, narrowing to the apex, with a swollen point, one side 39G SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. enlarged; pale orange, with a deep red cheek in the snn', flesh orange, melting, juicy, stained with red at the stone. Freestone. — Middle of August. A hardy tree, early and productive. Lord Napier. — Origin England (Rivers). Large, hand- some, fine flavored. Very early. Pituiastoil Orange— Origin England. Large, round- ish-ovate with a swollen point; rich orange-yellow, red, bronzed in the sun; flesh orange-yellow, red at the stone, juicy, excellent. Freestone — Last of August or early September, Red Roman. — Large, roundish, a little flattened; green- ish-yellow, with a brownish-red cheek; flesh firm, green- ish-yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, vinous. Clingstone. — Early September. Tree healthy and productive. An old, foreign variety of great value. Rivers' Orange. — Originated by Thomas Rivers, Eng- land. Much like its parent, the Pitmaston Orange, but rii)ening later. Tree a great bearer. Stanwick. — Origin England, where it was grown from a stone brought from Syria. Large, or above medium, roundish-oval; greenish-white, much covered and shaded with violet-red when grown in the sun; flesh white, melting, rich, juicy, sweet. — Middle of September. Victoria. — Origin England. Fruit resembles Stanwick, except that it ripens a month earlier. It originated with Thomas Rivers, England, from seed of Early Violet, fer- tilized by Stanwick. Note. — Mr. Rivers in the latter part of his life origi- nated many new varieties of Nectarines, some of which promise to be valuable. Section" 7. — Select Peaches. Li the descriptions for the sake of brevity, the follow- ing abbreviations are made use of : fl. s. denotes small 397 Sowers ; fl. L, laige rlowers • gl. glands ; glob, and ren., reniform. F. freestone ; C. clingstone. Alexander. — American. Gl. giob., fl. 1. Fruit me- dium lo large; greenish-white, nearly covered with deep, rich red ; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, adhering slightly to the stone. Last of July, two weeks before Hale's Early. One of the largest and best of the very early varieties. Amsden's June proves to be so much like this that many regard it as identical. Alexandra IVoblesse. — English. GL glob.; fl. I. Very large, round, with a rather deep suture ; skin wnitish with clusters of red dots on the sunny side ; flesh white, melting, rich and excellent. F. — August. Beer's Smock. — American. Described as a large 3'el- low peach of second quality, but very productive and popular for canning and evaporating. F. Bcllei?arde (Early Royal George, etc.). — France. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit large, round, suture siiallow; pale yellow-green, with a rich, purplish-red cheek ; flesh marked Avith red at the stone, very melting, juicy, rich, and high flavored. F. — Last of August. An old va- riety, but one of the handsomest and best. Bergen's Yellow. — American. Gl. ren,, fl. s. Fruit large, globular ; deep orange, with red ; flesh yellow, melting, juicy, rich, luscious. F. — Early September. A fine peach, but only an indifferent bearer. Bilyen's Late October (Bilyeu's Comet).— American. Large; white, with a red cheek ; flesh white, firm, juicy, rich. F. — Ripens about ten days after Smock. A good shipper. A valuable late peach. Chinese Cling. — Gl. ren., fl. s. Large, globular, su- ture shallow ; skin creamy-white, marbled with red ; flesh white, red at stone, juicy, melting, with u rich vinous flavor. C, — Middle of September. 398 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Cole's Early Red.— American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit medium size, roundish ; pale yellow, nearly cov- ered with red ; flesh melting, juicy, rich, sprightly. F. — Middle of August. A vigorous tree, hardy, abundant bearer, a 2)rofitable market sort. I'oliiiubia (Indiak Peach). — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit medium to large, roundish, with distinct suture ; dull yellov/ish-red, with streaks of dark red ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, excellent. F. — September. A profitable market sort. Tree hardy, a good grower and bearer ; extensively grown both in orchard and garden. ('OnkliiijE^. — American. Large, round, with a slight suture ; golden-yellow, marbled with crimson ; flesh pale yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous, high flavored. F. — Middle of September. A very handsome and excellent peach. Coolcd|?e's Favorite. — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit medium, roundish, one side slightly largest ; clear white, with a flne crimson-red cheek ; flesh very melting, juicy, rich, sweet, high flavor. F. — Middle of August. Tree vigorous, healthy, very productive ; an extremely valuable, hardy, and profitable variety. Crawford's Early. — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit very large, roundish-oblong, suture distinct, with swol- len point at apex ; yellow, Avith red cheek ; flesh yellow, melting, rich, sweet, excellent. F. — Early September. Tree very vigorous grower, abundant bearer, widely grown and highly esteemed either for orchard or garden. Crawford's Late.— American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit very large, roundish, with shallow suture ; yellow, with a fine, dark red cheek ; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, excellent. F. — Mid- dle to last of September. Tree vigorous, hardy, produc- tive, highly valued for orchard or garden. Crimson Galande. — English. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit medium, roundish, very handsome j skin alrnost entirely PEACUES. 399 covered with very dark crimson ; flesh tender, melting, deeply stained at the stone, juicy, sprightly, excellent. F. — Early in September. Druid Hill.— American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit large, roundish, swollen point distinct; greenish- white, clouded with red in the sun; flesh greenish-white, purplish- red at the stone, very juicy, melting, rich, vinous. F.— Last of September, early October. Tree very vigorous, abundant bearer, and profitable South and South-west ; it does not always ripen well in this section. Early Beatrice. — English. (rl. ren., fl. 1. Fruit medium or rather small, with a marbled i-ed cheek; flesh melting and very juicy. F. — Succeeds Alexander. A very handsome and excellent peach; needs thinning and good culture. Early Louise. — English. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit me- dium size, round; skin bright red; flesh melting and juicy. F. — Eipens a few days after Early Beatrice and just before Early Elvers. Tree hardy and prolific. De- sirable for home use and near market, but too soft for cai-riage. Early IVewington Freestone. — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit large or above medium, round, suture dis- tinct, pale yellowish-white, dotted and shaded with red in the sun; flesh white, red at the stone, to which it par- tially adheres unless fully ripe, melting, juicy, rich, vinous. F. — Middle August. Tree hardy, moderate bearer. Early Rivers.— English, Gl. ren., fl. 1. Fruit large, roundish; skin creamy-white, with a delicate pink cheek; flesh melting, juicy, vinous, with a rich delicate flavor. F. — Larger than, and ripens three or four days after. Early Louise. The finest early peach, invaluable for the amateur's garden and home markct^but will not carry well. 400 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Early Silver.— English. Gl. reu., £1. 1. Fruit large, roundish-ovate; skin cream-colored with occasionally a light blush on, the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, melting, very juicy, vinous and delicious. F.— Early in September. Early Tillotson. — American. Leaves serrated and without glands, fl. s. Fruit medium to large; pale yel- lowish-white, considerable red in the sun; flesh melting, whitish, red at stone, very juicy, rich, and excellent. F. —Middle August. Tree a slow grower, mildews badly at the North, but South it is one of the best and most profitable sorts. Early York (Serrate Early York). — Leaves serrat- ed, without glands, fl. 1. Fruit medium, ro.undish, slight- ly ovate ; pale red on greenish-white ground, dark red in the sun; flesh greenish-white, very tender, melting, juicy, sprightly, rich, excellent. F. — Middle of August. Tree a good, fair grower, prolific ; one of the best for orchard or garden. Fleita's or Yellow St. John,— American. Fruit large, roundish ; skin orange-yellow with a deep red cheek ; flesh yellow, juicy and high flavored. F. Grown exten- sively at the South. Foster. — American. Resembles Crawford's Early, but of l^etter quality and ripens with that variety. F. Freeman. — American. Gl. glob. Fruit large, round- ish; yellow, with rich red cheek in the sun; flesh yellow, red next the stone, juicy, sweet, rich. F. — Middle Oc- tober. Originated at South Pass, 111., where it is esteem- ed, on account of late maturity, as a market sort. George the Fourth. — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit large, round, suture deep, one side enlarged; pale yellow- ish-white, rich, dark red cheek in the sun ; flesh tinted with red at the stone, melting, juicy, very rich and delici- ous. F. — Last of August. Tree vigorous, hardy, and PEACHES. 401 pfoductive. One of the best in quality, and successful in almost every locality. Cioshawk. — English. A seedling from Cooledge's Fa- vorite; while partaking of the hue flavor of that sort, it is lai'ger and ripens about a week later, F. Grosse Mignonne.— French. Gl. glob., fl.l. Fruit large, roundish, depressed, hollow suture at apex ; greenish- yellow, mottled with red, purplish-red cheek; flesh white, marked with red at the stone, melting, juicy, very rich, high, vinous flavor. F. — Middle August. Tree a free grower, good bearer. Haines' Early. — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Medium, roun4, flattened at apex, one side enlarged ; pale white, nearly covered with red; flesh greenish- white, very juicy, melting, sweet, fine flavor. F. — Early August. Tree a fine grower, hardy and productive, valued highly for the orchard. Hale's Early.— American. Gl. glob., fl. 1. Fruit medi- um, nearly round ; greenish, mostly covered with red ; flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, sweet. F. — Last of July. Tree very hardy, a vigorous grower and abundant bearer ; but is liable to rot in some localities. Heath Clinif. — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit very large, oblong, roundish, suture distinct, with swollen point at apex; skin whitish, with blush or red tinge in the sun; flesh greenish-white, very tender, melting, juicy, rich, and of the highest flavor, adheres closely to the stone. C. — October. Tree very hardy, vigorous, and productive. This is one of the best and most popular varieties in all the South and South-west. It does not always ripen well at the North, but may be gathered and kept for weeks. It is well suited to espalier training. Hill's Chili. — American. Fruit medium, oval, suture slight; skin yellow, shaded with dark red; flesh yellow, red at the stone, half melting, s\\'eet, of uiQdium (Quality. 402 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. F. — Last of September. Tree vigorous, hardy, and pro- ductive. Indian Blood. — American. Fruit large; skin dark claret-color, with deep red veins; flesh deep red, juicy, and vinous. C. Valued at the South. Jacques' Rareripe. — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit large, roundish, compressed; dark, rich yellow, mostly covered with dull red; flesh yellow, red at the stone, juicy, slightly sub-acid. F. — Middle September. A popular and i)rofitable peach in all the New England and Northern States. Kenrii'k's Heath (Heath Free). — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit large, oblong, with a swollen point at apex ; pale greenish-white, with a purplish-red cheek; flesh a little coarse; greenish- white, deep red at the stone; juicy, melting, pleasant, sub-acid. F. — Middle Septem- ber. A hardy, vigorous, and productive variety, profit- able, but not of the highest quality. Keyport White. — American. Originated in New Jersey. Gl. ren. Described as a large, fine, white, late peach. Lady Parhani. — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit medium, roundish ; yellowish-white, downy ; flesh firm, rich, vinous. F. — Middle of October. Esteemed at the South. La Grange. — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit large, roundish-oblong; greenish-white, some red in the sun; flesh juicy, melting, very rich, sweet and high -flavored. F. — Last of September. Tree a hardy, good grower and bearer. Highly esteemed and profitable in New Jersey, Delaware, and the peach regions of the South-west. Lar^e Early York (Honest John). — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit above medium, roundish; whitish, with a clear, rich red cheek; flesh almost white, fine-grained, juicy, rich, mild, excellent. F, — Last of August. TreQ PEACHES. 403 vigorous, litiidy, i)ro(luctive. Profitable cither for orchard or garden. Larffe White Cliiij?.— American. Gl. glob., 11. s. Large, round; white, with red on the sunny side; llesh whitish, tender. Juicy, sweet, rich. C. — Middle of Sep- tember. Late AdiuiraUle (Teton de Venus). — Gl. glob., fl. s. Very large, roundish-oval; deep, bold suture, small, acute, SAVollen 2)oint at apex; pale, yellowish-green, with a red cheek, very dark in the sun; flesh greenish- white, red at the stone, jnicy, melting, delicious. F. — Middle of Sep- tember. Tree vigorous and productive, hardy. Valuable and profitable either for garden or orchard. Late I^Iorris White. — American, Resembles the old well-known sort, but ripens about eight days later; flavor fine. A desirable variety. Lemon Cliii^. — American. Gl. rcn., fl. s. Large, ob- long, with a large projecting point at apex, like a lemon; fine yellow, with a rich brownish-red cheek; flesh firm, yellow, red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres; rich, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid. C. — Last of September. A native of South Carolina, and successful and popular both North and South. Many seedlings have been grown from it, but none to supersede it. Lord Palmerston. — English. Gl. ren., fl. 1. Very large; skin creamy-white, with a pink cheek; flesh firm, stained with red at the stone, to which it slightly adheres; juicy and rich. — Last of September. A fine late peach. Maf?dala.— English. Gl. ren., fl. 1. Fruit medium, inclining to oval; skin creamy-white, marbled and blotched with crimson; flesh greenish, melting, rich, and fine, sepa- rating freely from the stone. F. — Early in September. lUalta. — Fl. 1. Mediuin, roundish ; greenish-yellow, blotched with purple on tlie sunny side; flesh light red 404 SELECT VARIETIES OF EKUITS. next the stone, ricli, juicy, vinous, sweet, tmd delicious. F. — Middle of September. Not productive enough for market purposes, but desirable for the amateur. Monstriieiise de Done,— French. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit large, roundish, suture distinct ; skin whitish, nearly covered with red; flesh red at the stone, juicy, meltiug, vinous. F. — Last of September. Tree Aery vigorous and productive. Moore's Favorite. — American. Gl. glob. , fl. s. . Ee- sembles Oldmixon Free, but larger and ripens a little earlier. F. Valued in Delaware. Morris's White (Morkis'sWkite Rareripe). — Amer- ican. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit rather large; greenish-white, with a creamy tint when fully ripe, and a slight tint of purplish-red on the sun-exposed side; flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, and rich. F. — Middle of September. Tree a vigorous grower, healthy, moderate but good bearer. A fruit highly valued for canning. 3l0untain Rose, — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Large, roundish; skin whitish, nearly covered with dark red; flesh tinged with pink, juicy, vinous. F. Tree vigorous and productive. An excellent and early market variety. Mrs. Brett. — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Medium, roundish; skin whitish, with red on the exposed side; flesh white, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich. F. Nectarine. — English. Gl. ren., fl. 1. Large, pointed; skin smooth like a nectarine, mottled with red next the sun; flesh red next the stone, firm, brisk, refreshing; highly flavored. F. — Middle of September, ripening Avith Crawford's Late. Noblesse. — English, Leaves serrated, without glands, fl. 1. Fruit large, roundish-oblong; pale green, with clouded red in the sun; flesh greenish-Avhite, juicy, melting, excellent. F. — Last of August, Tree healthy PEACHES. 405 and productive, A capital old sort, highly esteemed wherever grown. Oldmixou Clilll?. — Gl. glob.^ 11. s. Fruit large, ruund- isli-oval, one side .slightly enlarged; yellowish-white, with a red cheek; flesh pale wliite, exceedingly rich, melting, and juicy. C. — Middle of September. Tree healthy, hardy, vigorous, and productive. One of the best and most profitable of the clingstones. Oldmixou Freestone.— Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen; pale yellowish- white, marbled with red, deep red in the sun; flesh wliite, red at the stone, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous. F. — Early to middle of September. Tree hardy, very pro- ductive. One of the most valuable of all the white- fleshed peaches, either for oi'chard or garden. Peen-To, or Flat Peacli of < liiiia.— A Chinese variety raised by P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga., from stones received from Australia. It is flat and about two inches in diameter. The flesh is produced on the sides only, the ends being flattened down to the stone, and is sweet, juicy, and good. Succeeds admirably in Florida. Picquet's Late. — American. Gl. ren., fl. 1. Large to very large, yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, rich, sweet, and of first quality. F. — Matures in Georgia early in September. Highly valued at the South. President.— American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yelloAvish-green, with a dull red cheek; flesh white, but deep red at the stone, melting, juicy, and high flavored. F. — Middle of September. Princess of Wales.— English. Gl. glob., fl. 1. Large, round, cream-colored, shaded with blush; flesh deep red at the stone, rich, excellent. F. — Ripens with Crawford's Late. A late variety of high merit. Red Cheek Melocoton.— American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit large, rouudish-oval, with swollen point at apexj 406 SELECT VARIETIES OF PRUITS. yellow, with a deep red cheek; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous. F. — Middle of iScptember. Tree very hardy and productive. One of the most reliable of all varieties, and profitable for orch- ard or garden. A large number of varieties have been grown from it, though few are sufficiently distinct or superior. Reeves' Favorite. — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Large, roundish; skin yellow, witli a red cheek; flesh deep yel- low, red at stone, juicy, melting, vinous, good. F. — Middle of September. Rivers' Early Yorli.— English. Gl. glob., fl. 1. Fruit medium ; skin marbled with red ; flesh melting and juicy. F. — Latter part of August. Rodman's Cliog, — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit large, roundish ; skin nearly covered with red ; flesh juicy, firm, vinous. C. — Last of September. Salway. — English. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit large, round- ish, one side enlarged, suture distinct; creamy yellow, with a marbled, rich brownish-red cheek ; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, rich, vinous, sugary. F. — Middle of October. Of great value as a late-ripening, showy, market sort. Sliangliai. — China. Gl. ren., fl. 1. Very large, round- ish to oblong ; pale green, marked with light red on the side next the sun ; flesh white, clings to the stone, very juicy, and excellent. C. — End of August. Tree hardy and prolific. Desirable for the amateur. Smocli Freestone. — American. Gl. ren. Fruit large, oval, compressed on its sides ; orange-yellow, mottled with red, deep red cheek in the sun : flesh yellow, red at the stone, moderately juicy and rich, vinous. F. — Early October. Tree a vigorous grower and productive. Highly valued as a late ripening, showy, and profitable market sort. Snow. — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit medium, PEACHES. 407 rouiidisli ; elea!- wh^te ; flesh wl\ite to the stone, juicy, melting, sprightly, sweet, and rich. F. — Early Sep- tember. Tree hardy, very productive. Uiglily valued for preserving, canning, etc. Stcadley. — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit medium, roundish; skin white, with a faint blush on the sunny side; flesh juicy, sweet. F. — Kipens later than Heath Cling. Stiinip the World. — American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Fruit lajge, roundish-oblong; creamy-white, with a bright, red cheek; flesh white, juicy. F,— Last of September. Tree vigorous and productive. Esteemed in New Jersey, where it originated, as a profitable market variety. Surpassc illelocoton.— American. This variety, which originated in the grounds of Ellwanger & Burry, is large, roundish-oval ; rich yellow, with a red cheek ; flesh pale yellow, nearly white, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous, excel- lent. F. — Early September. Tree a strong grower, productive, a valuable market sort. Susquehanna. — American. Large, nearly round, suture distinct : yellow, with a beautiful, broad, red cheek ; flesh yellow, sweet, nch, juicy, vinous. F. — Middle to last of September. Tiee a fine grower, very popular in Pennsylvania. Thurber. — American. Fl. s. A seedling of the Chinese Cling, which it resembles. Large to very large, roundish ; skin creamy-white, marbled with ci'imson ,* flesh white, juicy, vinous, rich. F. — Matures from th^ middle to the end of July in Georgia. Tippecanoe Clini?. — American. Gl. reii., fl. s. Fruit very large, nearly round, flattened slightly at tlie sides ; yellow, with a fine, rich, red cheek ; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous. C. — Late September and early October. Tree vigorous, productive. Handsome, of a very good quality, valued highly wlicre known as a market sort. 408 SELECT VATIILTIES OF FRUITS. Troth's Early,— American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Frui'. medium, roundish-oval ; whitish, bright red in the sun ; flesh whits, red at the stone, juicy, sweet. F. — Early in August. Tree vigorous, very productive. Extensively grown, and highly esteemed as a market orchard sort ; it is also fine for the orcliard-house, and the garden. Waiter. — American. Fruit medium, oblong-oval , flesh yellow, firm, moderately juicy, vinous, separates freely from the stone. F. — First of September. Said to be valuable for market and canning. Ward's Late Free. — American. Gl. ren., fl. s. Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly oval ; white, with a beau- tiful red cheek; flesh white, tinged with red at the stone, juic}!, melting, sweet, delicious. F. — Late September. Tree vigorous and productive. Very valuable for orchard or garden. Walburton Admirable. — English. Fl. s. Fruit large, roundish; greenish-white, shaded with dark red in t!ie sun; flesh white, stained red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, and sweet. F. — Last of September. Tree a good grower and productive; this variety, wherever it has been grown in this country, has been found valuable. Waterloo.— American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Medium to large, round, with a deep suture on one side; pale whit- ish-green in the shade, marbled red, deepening into dark purple-crimson in the sun ; flesh greenish-white, with an abundance of sweet, vinous juice ; adheres considerablv to the stone, like Hale's Early, Amsden, etc. — The first fruit shown of this sort ripened from eight to ten days earlier tlian Alexander. Subsequent crops ripened about the same time as Alexander and Amsden. In point of quality, Waterloo is superior to either of these sorts, and seems less disposed to decay. Wheatland. — American. Gl. ren., fl. 1. Large to very large, roundish, a distinct suture on one side; skin golden- PEACHES. 409 ycIIoWj with crimson on the exposed side; flesh yellow, rather juicy, sweet, and excellent. F. — Ripens between Crawford's Early and Late. Tree vigorous and prolific. Yello^v Aiberge (Barnard's Yellow). — GI. glob., fl. s. Frait niediuni or above in size, roundish; yellow, with a deep puiplish-red check; flesh yelloAV, deep red at the stone, juicy, .sweet, vinous, pleasant. F. — Early Sep- tember. Trej hardy, vigorous, and productive. This old French peacli Jiolds a popular position as a reliable and profitable variety, although of only second-rate quality. Many seedlings have been grown from it, al- most identical with the parent. Yellow Rareripe.— American. Gl. glob., fl. s. Large, roundish ; orange-yellow, a rich, red cheek, shaded off and striped; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, melting, juicy, vinous, excellent. F. — Last of August. Tree vigorous and productive. One of the best and most profitable very early yellow-fleshed peaches grown. Brice's Early, Brigg's Red May, Bower's Early, Cum- berland, Downing, Early Canada, Gov. Garland, Harper's Early, Honeywell, Musser, Saunders, and "Wilder, being nearly alike in size, flavor, growth, and period of ripen- ing, and showing no superiority over Alexander, we do not consider them of sufficient importance to be de- scribed separately. I SELECT GARDEN VARIETIES. Named in order of ripening. — AVaterloo, Alexander, Early Louise, Early Rivers, Hale's Early, Large Early York, Cooledge's Favorite, George the Fourth, Early Silver, Foster, Crawford's Early, Conkling, Oldmixon Free, Princess of Wales, Crawford's Late, Ward's Late Free. Varieties ge^ierally successful in New England, Western New York, Ohio, and Michigan iti order of ripening. — 18 410 SELECT VARIETTES OF FRUITS. Waterloo, Alexander, Early Louise, Early Rivers, Hale's Early, Early York, Largo Early York, Haines' Early, Coolcdge's Favorite, George the Fourth, Foster, Craw- ford's Early, Surpasse Melocoton, Conkling, Morris White, Oldmixon Free, Crawford's Late, Eed Cheek Melocoton, Stump the World, Smock Free, Hill's Chili, Ward's Late Free. Varieties for Profitable Market Orchards in order of ripening. — Waterloo, Alexander, Early Rivers, Hale's Early, Mountain Rose, Large Early York, Cooledge's Favorite, Foster, Crawford's Early, Jacques' Rareripe, Morris White, Reeves' Favorite, Oldmixon Free, Craw- ford's Late, Red Cheek Melocoton, Stump the World, Smock. Varieties successful South and South-west in order of ripening. — Alexander, Early Beatrice, Early Rivers, Hale's Early, Early Tillotson, George the Fourth, Fleita's St. John, Mountain Rose, Crawford's Early, Reeve's Favorite, Oldmixon Free, Crawford's Late, Thurber, Chinese Cling, Oldmixon Cling, Stump the World, Columbia, Druid Hill, Smock, La Grange, Heath Cling Steadley, Picquet's Late, Bilyeu's Late October. Section' 7. — Select Plums. Autumn Gag^e. — Origin New York. Medium, oval, broadest at the stem end; pale yellow, with a thin, whitish bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, sweet, jileas- ant, separates freely from the stone. — September. Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, and an abundant bearer. Belle de Septenibrc. — Origin Belgium. Large, round- ish, inclining to oval; reddish-pnrple, with a thin blue bloom; flesh orange-yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous, rich, adheres to the stone. — September and October. Tree a moderate grower and productive. A very handsome and valuable late plum. PLUMS. 411 BIceckcr's Gaffe. — Origin New York. Me).— Origin Connecticut. Plant very vigorous and hardy, and for productiveness has no equal; fruit medium to large, conical; color bright scarlet; flesh soft, acid, inferior (piality; very ])rofitable 428 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. for near market. Season early to late; variable both in quality and quantity. (iiniberland Triunipli. — Origin Pennsylvania. Plant vigorous and productive; fruit large, ovate-conical, regu- lar, and uniform, very handsome; color beautiful light red; flesh moderately firm, with a pleasant flavor. Too ^soft for shipping to long distances, but valuable for the amateur and near market. Season medium. Diichesse. — Origin 'New York. Plant vigorous and productive; fruit medium to large, nearly round, uni- form, light crimson; flesh moderately firm, good, and sprightly; ripens early and lasts a long time; one of the most reliable early sorts. Green Prolific {p). — Origin New Jersey. Plant vig- orous, hardy, and very productive; valued for home or near market; does not bear long transportation; fruit large, obtuse-conical, scarlet, surface soft; rather acid, but rich. Hovey {p). — Origin Boston, Mass. An old, well- known sort, succeeds in rich, good soils, is one of the handsomest and firmest grown; plant vigorous, moder- ately productive; fruit large, or very large, roundish, rich, shining scarlet; flesh firm, rich, juicy, sweet, agree- able; medium season of ripening. Kentucky (Downer). — Origin Kentucky. Plant very vigorous, with long fruit stalks, hardy and prodnctive; fruit large, roundish-conical, dark red, moderately firm; juicy, a little acid, rich, and good; a valuable late variety. Lennis's White. — Origin Pennsylvania. Plant moder- ately vigorous; fruit large, roundish, flattened, whitish, tinged with red; flesh soft, tender, jnicy, a delicious pineapple flavor, excellent; a poor bearer, but of such superior quality as to be desirable for the amateur's garden. STRAWBERRIES. 429 Monarch of the West. — Origin Illinois. Plant vigor- ous and productive; fruit large, roundish; bright red, showy; flesh moderately firm and of good quality; season medium. Atone time very popular, but gradually losing favor. IVeunaii's Proliflc— A popular variety at Charleston, S. C. IVicanor. — Origin Rochester, N. Y. Plant hardy, vigorous, productive, ripens early and continues a long time; fruit uniform, moderately large, roundish-conical; bright scarlet; flesh reddish, rather firm, juicy, rich, sweet. President Wilder. — Originated by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Massachusetts. Plant vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit large and handsome, obtuse-conical; bright crimson- scarlet; flesh Juicy, firm, rich, sweet, excellent. Succeeds well in some localities. Sharpless. — Origin Pennsylvania. Plant remarkably vigorous and luxuriant, hardy and prolific; fruit very large, generally oblong, narrowing to the apex, irregular, often flattened; clear, light red, with a smooth, shining surface; flesh firm, sweet, with a delicate aroma; excel- lent quality; season medium to late. A. S, Fuller, in describing it, says: ''A genuine surprise to strawberry growers generally, because it has proved to be all that was claimed for it at the time of dissemination." Of all the strawberries introduced within the last ten years, no other has become equally popular. It produces its best crops grown in hills or narrow rows, and requires good culture. Wilson's Albany.— Origin New York. The most widely grown and universally successful and profitable of any strawberry yet produced. Plant very hardy, vigor- ous, and very productive, early to ripen and on tinn- ing to the latest ; fruit large, conical ; deep crimson ; 430 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. flesh crimson, tender, brisk, juicy, sub-acid ,• will only rank as second or third in quality, Windsor Chief {p) (Gardner). — Plant vigorous and very productive ; fruit large, globular ; dark crimson ; flesh firm and good, though rather acid. One of the best late varieties for market. CLASS II. — FOREIGN VAEIETIES. JllClinda. — Phint moderately vigorous, hardy, pro- ductive ; fruit large to very large and beautiful, conical, sometimes flattened coxcomb-shape; clear, light scarlet; flesh light pink, moderately firm, sweet, often hollow and deficient in flavor ; quite variable ; succeeds well in some localities. Season medium to late. Trioiliplie de Gaud. — Plant vigorous, hardy, and pro- ductive ; fruit large, roundish, obtuse, sometimes cox- comb-shape ; bright red, greenish at apex end, glossy ; flesh firm, a little hollow at core, juicy, rich, aromatic, agreeable. Tliis and Jucunda are probably the most generally successful of the foreign sorts. Trollope's Victoria (Golden Queen, etc.).— Plant vigorous, moderately productive ; fruit large, roundish ; pale red ; flesh light scarlet, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. CLASS III. — ALPINE VARIETIES. Alpine Wood. — The wild strawberry of Europe ; red and white in color. Plants very liardy, productive, ripening a long time in succession ; fruit small, conical, with a peculiar musky, agreeable flavor ; easily grown from seed. Alpine Bush. — The busli Alpines make no runners, and are highly valued on account of their long-continued, regular bearing from June to October, and for the fa- cility with which they can be used ae edging plants* STUAWBERRIES. 431 both useful and ornamental ; the fruit is small, red or white in color, conical, pleasant, musky, juicy, sweet; propagated by division or seeds. Autumnal Cialaude. — A productive variety, large, conical, light red, excellent. Montreuil.— A large and txcellent variety of the Al- pine, much grown around Paris. Should be in every amateur's collection. CLASS IV. — HAUTBOIS STRAAVBERRIES. Belle Bordelaise. — A French sort, of medium size ; dark red, with a high, musky flavor ; jdant productive and very ornamental. Monstrous llautbois. — Plant very vigorous, with broad serrated foliage, highly ornamental, very productive, bearing its fruit, which is large, on high footstalks, dark colored, with a rich, slightly musky flavor. Royal llautbois. — Plant vigorous, very prolific ; fruit medium to large, roundish, conical, dark crimson ; flesh soft, sweet, musky, rich. Originated by Thomas Kivers, of England, fi-om seed of Belle Bordelaise. CLASS V. New varieties of strawl)erries not yet sufficiently tested to go in the select list, and old sorts esteemed only in particular localities. Black Defiance. — Origin New Jersey. Plant vigorous, if grown in suitable soil, and moderately productive ; fruit large, obtuse-conical ; dark crimson ; flesh firm, solid, juicy, and high flavored ; requires high culture. Season early. Captain Jack. — Origin Missouri. Plant vigorous and very productive j fruit of good size, round ; light scarle^ . 433 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. flesh moderately firm ; flavor poor. Season late. Es- teemed in some parts of the West. Crystal City. — Origin Missouri. Plant vigorous, but only moderately productive ; fruit medium, conical ; light crimson ; flesh soft, quality good when very ripe. Valuable only to the amateur on account of its earliness, being the first to ripen. Duncan. — Origin New York. Plant vigorous and jiro- ductive ; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval ; bright crimson ; flesh moderately firm and high flavored. Val- uable for table use, as it is one of the best in point of flavor. Season early. Forest Rose. — Origin Ohio. Medium to large, obtuse conic, usually regular, sometimes coxcombed ; color light, rich crimson ; flesh firm, juicy, rich ; plant vigor- ous and productive ; requires high culture. Golden Defiance (p). — Origin Pennsylvania. Plant vigorous and very productive, often twelve to fifteen ber- ries on a truss; fruit medium to large, roundish regular; dark crimson; flesh moderately firm, and of good qual- ity. One of the best late varieties. Great American.— Origin New Jersey. Medium to large, roundish-conical; beautiful deep crimson ; flesh firm, flavor good; plant moderately vigorous and produc- tive; under high culture does well in some localities. Season late. Hervey Davis. — Origin Massachusetts. Medium to large; obtusely conical; bright scarlet; flesh firm, flavor, good; plant vigorous and productive. Season medium. Jersey Queen (p). — Origin New Jersey. A new and promising variety; fruit large, handsome, and of fine quality. Season late. Lonj?fellow. — Origin Kentucky. A large, handsome, fine-flavored berry; plant moderately productive. Season l^te, STRAWBERRIES. 433 Manchester (p). — Origin Now Jersey. A very prom- ising, new viiriety, described as large, liandsome, firm, and of the best quality; plant vigorous and productive. Season medium to late. Miner's Great Prolific. — Origin New Jersey. Plant vigorous; fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, somewhat ribbed; crimson; tlesh moderately firm; flavor good; valuable for near market. Season medium to late. Oliver Goldsmith. — Origin Ohio. Described as being large, handsome, and fine flavored ; plant vigorous and productive. Season medium to late. Pioneer. — Origin New Jersey. Large, oval; light scarlet; flesh moderately firm; flavor very good; plant vigorous and moderately productive. Season early. Pronty's Seedlinj?, — Large, conical; bright scarlet; flesh moderately firm and of fair quality; plant vigorous and })roductive. Seneca Queen. — A variety said to be very promising f'or home use and near market. Described as "large, jilmost round; dark crimson; flavor good; plant vigorous and very productive." Season early to late. Seth Boyden (Boyden's No. 30). Plant vigorous and productive; large, roundish, conical, regular; bright crimson; flesh Juicy, rich, sub-acid of excellent quality. Season medium to late. With good culture one of the best of StrawbeiTies. Triple Crown. — Origin New York. Said to be a val- uable variety for home garden and market on account of its fine flavor. Season medium. Warren. — Origin Kentucky. At the South-west highly valued. Only partially tested here. Season medium early. Big Bob {/)), Early Canada, Finch's Prolific, Gypsy ( p). Hart's Minnesota, James Vick, Mount Vernon or Kirk wood, Nigh's Superb, Phelp's Seedling, Piper's 19 434 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Seedling, Prinio, are new varieties, not yet generally tested, but bearing strong recommendations from the dis- seminators. Section 12. — Berberries. epine vinette of the french. foninion Red. — This is everywhere well known; growii not only for the fruit, which is used for preserves, jellies, and pickles, but for ornament. The bright scarlet oval fruit is borne in rich clusters, which hang on until late in the autumn. Sweet-Fruited (Berberis dulcis). — The fruit of this is much less acid than the common. The plant is not so vigorous. Besides these, there are several species and varieties cultivated chiefly for ornament; The WMte-fruited, The Violet- fruited, and the Variegated-leaved, its foliage mark- ed with yellow; The Purple-leaved and Purple-fruited, the most unique and ornamental of all, the former with beautiful violet-purple foliage. They are all easily propa- gated by layers or suckers, and the rare sorts by grafting; seeds of the purple-leaved variety produce a large pro- portion true. Section 13. — Select Blackberries. CLASS lo A^awam. — Fruit of medium size; jet black; sweet, melting to the core; early; plant hardy and prolific. Ancieit Briton. — Fruit medium size; melting, without core and with a pleasant favor; a little better in quality than Agawam or Snyder. Plant hardy and productive. Dorcliester (Improved High Bush). — A moderately strong, upright grower, very hardy, moderate bearer ; fruit medium to large, oblong; deep, shining black; when fully ripe, soft, juicy, rich. BLACKBERRIES. 435 Kittatiuny. — A strong grower, very productive, quite liarcly; fruit large to very large, roundish, conical; glossy black; rather firm, rich, Juicy, sweet, excellent; profitable for market or garden, IVew Rochelle or Lawton. — A very strong grower, with strong, stout spines, hardy in most localities, very productive ; fruit very large, oval, black, rather soft; juicy, tender, sweet, excellent ; requires to be fully ripe, otiierwise it is acid and lacking in flavor, Snyder. — Origin Indiana, Fruit medium size and of good quality ; plant very hardy and remarkably produc- tive ; requires good cultivation ; ripens early. Wachusett Tlioriiless. — Fruit medium size, oblong oval, moderately firm, sweet and good; said to be valua- ble as a market berry ; comparatively free from thorns, Wilson's Early. — A moderately strong grower, produc- tive, and ripening early ; fruit large, oblong, oval, black, firm. Juicy, a little hard at center, sweet and good ; a profitable, early market sort. CLASS II. The following are new and promising varieties of Blackberries not sufficiently tested to insert in the select list. Early Harvest and Stayman's Early, of medium size, are said to be the earliest of Blackberries, Stone's Hardy,— Origin Illinois, Said to be hardier than Snyder, more productive, a larger berry and of better quality, Taylor's Proliflc. — Origin Indiana, A promising new berry, said to be larger than Snyder, equally as hardy and very ])roductive ; ripens after the Snyder, Wallace. — Another new variety, said to be similar to the Kittatinny in many respects, but hardier. 430 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Western Triumph. — Described as being larger than Snyder and as hardy ; flavor fine ; commences to ripen quite early and continues until late. All the Blackberries ripen just after Kaspberries, and help to fill up a vacant season just before the early peach- es, pears, etc. The fruit is not only agreeable for the dessert, but among the best for canning, and always healthful. Section 14. — Mulberries. Black. — A native of Persia. The berry is an inch and a-half long, and nearly an inch in diameter, black, suc- culent, sugary, and rich. The tree is highly ornamental, very erect, with a large, spreading head. The leaves ap- pear late in spring, are large, heart-shaped, sometimes lobed, deep green, and form a dense shade. Everbearing.— This variety was grown from seed by Chas. Downing and is regarded as a valuable fruit ; the fruit is large, one and a quarter inch long, and nearly half an inch in diameter, color from maroon to blue black ; flesh juicy, sugary, sprightly, and vinous ; it ripens gradually, a long time in succession. Johnson. — This variety originated in Ohio. It is a strong, vigorous-growing tree, with very large leaves, and very productive ; the fruit is large, blackish, sub-acid, mild, pleasantly agreeable. Section 15. — Grapes. select hardy native grapes. class i. — klack grapes. Barry (Rogers' No. 43), — Bunch large and hand^me; berries Ijirge, rqu"t^ish j delicate, swe^^^ii^ ^n^©k GRAPES. 437 Ripens with Concord. Vine vigorous and productive. One of the largest and finest of the Rogers' Hybrids. I'hampion (Talman's Seedling). — Bunc^h medium to large, compact, shouldered; berry large, round; skin thick and firm ; llesh somewhat pulpy, juicy, sweet, with a slight foxy flavor. Ripens before Hartford Prolific. — A large, handsome, early grape, of poor quality, but profit- able on account of its extreme earliness. ('lintOll. — A well-known old sort. The bunches are small to medium, compact, berries small ; colors early, but requires a considerable time after that to attain full maturity, and will lumg until early winter. Successful both North and South. A hardy, productive, valuable sort. Concord, — Almost too well known to need a word. It is a very strong, vigorous, and productive variety ; succeeding in almost every soil and locality. One of the earliest and most profitable; valuable for garden or vine- yard. The bunch is large, shouldered; berry large, round; flesh juicy, pleasantly sweet, agreeable ; skin too thin to carry well, and therefore not good for distant markets. Crevelin^. — An old variety. Supposed origin Penn- sylvania. Bunch medium, often very loose, shouldered; berry medium, round, blue bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, very little pulp; richer than Concord, and ripens a little before that variety. A fine grape, but does not always set well. fynthiana, — A variety much like Norton's Virginia. Higbly prized for Avine purposes in the West; vine vigor' ous, hardy, and productive, and by some deemed supei'ior to Norton. Elsinbiir&^h. — An old variety ; a moderate, regular bearer; much esteemed in Missouri for wine, also for the table. The bunch is pretty large, long, and loose. 438 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. shouldered ; berries small, round ; flesh free from pulp, juicy, sweet, excellent. Essex (Rogers' No. 41). — Vine a vigorous and strong grower, productive ; bunch medium size, short, shoul- dered; berry large, tender, and sweet. Ripens with Con- cord. Eumelan. — Origin New York. A supposed seedling of the Isabella. Bunch and berry medium; flesh tender, sweet, juicy, rich, excellent ; vine moderately vigorous and a good bearer. One of the best for the table. Hartford Proliflc, — A very popular variety because of its early maturity. Tlie vine is vigorous, hardy, and a good bearer; bunch large, shouldered; berry large, round, musky; thick skin, black, with a bloom; flesh sweet, with a tough acid pulp; rich and good when fully ripe. Liable to drop its berries from the bunch when fully ripe, and more so on sand than clay soils. A week earlier than Concord. Herbemont. — A Southern variety, highly esteemed in Missouri and many Southern localities, as profitable and desirable for wine or table. North it does not ripen its fruit generally. The bunch is large, compact; berries be- low medium, almost black ; flesh juicy, sweet, rich, aro- matic. Herbert (Rogers' No. 44). — Bunch rather loose; berry medium ; flesh tender, sweet, a little pulpy, very good; vine vigorous, a strong grower, and moderately produc- tive. Ripens with Concord. A large, handsome variety. Isabella. — This old, well-known sort continues popular and profitable in many localities, but is rapidly being su- perseded. It is a vigorous grower, an immense bearer, and hardy, but in some localities it is liable to mildew. In quality, it is the best of any of the black grapes of its season. Bunches large, rather loose; berries oval, pretty largo ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, slightly musky. Still GRAPES. 439 one of tlie best for niiirket, Avliere it ripens, as it carries and keeps well. Ives (Ives' Seedling). — Originated with Ilenry Ives, Cincinnati, Ohio. Vine very vigorous, hardy, and very l^roductive. It is esteemed at the West as a profitable wine grape, and also as a tolerable table grape when fully ripe. Merrimack (Rogers' No. 19). — Bunch medium, rather short; berry large, round, slight bloom; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; vine vigorous and productive. One of the earliest and best of the liogers' Varieties. Monroe. — Raised from seed by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Bunch medium to large, shouldered; berries medium to large, round; skin rather thick, black, covered with a coating of white bloom, handsome; flesh juicy, vinous, and sprightly; vine vigorous, with firm, short-jointed wood, which always ripens well, and fine, healthy foliage, which has never shown a trace of mildew. Ripens with Hartford Prolific. Moore's Early.— Raised by J. B. Moore, Concord, Mass. Bunch large, berry large, round; black with a blue bloom; quality medium; ripens about ten days be- fore Concord; vine vigorous and productive; useful as an early variety. Norton's Virginia. — Introduced to cultivation by Dr. D. N. Norton, of Richmond, Va. It is a strong, vigor- ous, long grower, producing very abundantly, and highly esteemed for wine. Bunch medium, shouldered; berries small, purplish black; flesh tender, juicy, rich, brisk, rough, sweet flavor. Although most largely grown in Missouri, it is equally adapted to the North, as it ripens with Isabella. Telegraph (Christine).— Originated in Philadelphia. Vine vigorous, hardy, very productive. Bunch above medium to large, compact; berry large, round; black; 440 SELECT TAMETIES OF FRUITS. flesh juicy, tender, very little pulp, not as sweet as Hart- ford Prolific, but free of all the musky flavor, and ripen- ing at same time. Wilder (Rogers' No. 4). — This is believed to be the best of the black varieties grown by E. S, Eogers, of Salem, Mass. The vine is vigorous, hardy, a good bearer, and the fruit hangs well to the vine, and is a good keeper. Bunch large, compact, shouldered; berry large, round, black; flesh tender, slight pulp at center, juicy, sweet, rather rich and aromatic. Eipens about with Concord. Valuable for market on account of its size and beauty. Worden. — Origin New York. Said to be a seedling of the Concord. Bunch large, compact, handsome; berries large, larger than those of the Concord. It ripens a few days earlier, and is superior to it in flavor, CLASS II. — RED GRAPES. Agawam (Rogers' No. 15), — Vine very vigorous, hardy, productive, a little liable to mildew; bunch variable, sometimes large and fine, often small and imperfect; ber- ries large, roundish, thick skin; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic, hard center pulp with a native musky aroma. Generally regarded as one of the best of Rogers' red varie- ties. Brighton. — Raised by Jacob Moore, Rochester, N. Y., by crossing the Concord and Diana Hamburgh. Bunch large; berry medium to large, round; color red at first, 1 turning to purple when fully ripe, and covered with a bloom; flesh tender, sweet, and vinous; vine a luxuriant grower, making long, strong canes, with large foliage; ripens a little earlier than Concord. A fine grape, and worthy of careful culture. Catawba. — A native of Maryland. The Catawl)a does not always ripen at the Nortn, except in certain localities; but where it does ripen perfectly, no grape of its season GRAPES. iiX it in quality or value. It has been subject to rot, etc., ill some localities, but it is again renewing itself; and in sections where, a few years since, it was unprofitable, it is now one of the best. It has been more generally grown as a wine and table grape than any other, except, perhai)s, the Isabella, and to-day holds supremacy in many localities. Except in sheltered or favored locali- ties, and in good seasons, it does not ripen well in Western New York. Bunch medium to large, loose; berries large, coppery red, with light bloom, round; flesh slightly pulpy at center, Juicy, very sweet, musky, aromatic, rich. Ripens early in October, but will hang, and is im- proved, until weather becomes too cold. Keeps well during winter. Delaware. — This in quality is one of our most delicate and best of native varieties. The vine is perfectly hardy, a healthy grower, requiring rich soil, has short-jointed wood, and bears abundantly, so much so, that, if long pruned, which is best, it should have more or less of its fruit thinned out. As a table-dessert grape, or for wine, it is one of the best. The bunch is small, compact, shouldered; berries small, round, clear, light red, almost translucent; free from pulp, sweet, vinous, aromatic. Diana. — Originated in Boston, Mass. Supposed to be a seedling from the Catawba. Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy, and productive, requires age to develop its true qualities. A thin, light, or poor soil is better suited to it than one over-rich. It hangs well after ripening, and is one of the best winter keepers among grapes. The bunches are large, compact; berry medium, reddish-lilac; flesh juicy, nearly free from pulp, sweet, aromatic; colors early, but does not attain perfect maturity earlier than Catawba. A valuable table and wine grape where it ripens well. 442 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Gaertncr (Rogers' No. U). — Bunch largo; berry large, round, red, skin thin, almost translucent; flesh somewhat pulpy, but so.'t and pleasant flavored; vine healthy and productive. One of the handsomest of grapes; but little known. Goethe (Rogers' No. 1} — Vine very vigorous and pro- ductive. Ripens with Ci^tawba. Succeeds well South and South-west, or wherever the Catawba ripens per- fectly. At the North aiii East, it does not ripen per- fectly, except in sheltered warm locations. Bunch large, moderately compact; ami^Qr, flushed with red; flesh ten- der, melting, sweet, juicy loaa. — Originated by Dr. Grant. Vine moderately vigorous, hardy, produc'ive. The fruit colors early, but does not real'y lipen much, if any, earlier than Catawba. It has been widely d^'^seminated, but is not found suc- cessful as a vineyard port, except in certain localities. Bunch medium toiarr^e, shouldered; berries medium size, roundish-ovd; light^ clear red, thin bloom; flesh soft, tender, vinous, juicy, sweet, delicious^ A grape of supe- rior quality, and should be in ovcry garden where tlie climate is suitable. Needs high culture. Lindiey (Rogers' No. 9). — Vine healthy an(? vigorous; foliage rather sparse; a good bearer; bunch medium, compact; berry medium, roundish, pale reddish; flesh sweet, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic. One of the best and earliest of the Rogers' list. Massasoit (Rogers' No. 3). — Vine moderately vigor^ ous, productive; bunch medium, rather loose; berry large, roundish, light claret-red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; ripens just before Concord; is a desirable variety for the garden. Rochester.— Raised byEllwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Bunch large to very large, shouldered, frequently double-shouldered, very comjiact ; berries medium to GRAPES. 443 large, round; dark purple or purplish lilac, with thin, white bloom; flesh very sweet, vinous, rich and aromatic; vine a remarkably vigorous grower; wood short- jointed and hardy; foliago large, thick, healthy, has never been known to mildew. Its habits are similar to the Diana, and it requires ample room and rather long pruning. Ripens usually the first week in September. The fruit sets well, and it has never failed to ripen in the worst of seasons since it first bore. It should be used when ripe, as after that the berries begin to fall from the bunch. Salem (Rogers' No. 53). — Vine healthy, vigorous, and productive; bunch large, compact; berry large, round; dark, coppery red; flesh tender, juicy, slight pulp, sweet, a little foxy, aromatic. Ripens about same season as Concord. CLASS III. — WHITE GRAPES. Duchess. — Raised by A. J, Caywood, Marlboro, N. Y., and said to be a cross of a Avhite Concord seedling and Delaware. Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact; berries medium, roundish, light green at first, changing to greenish-yellow when mature; flesh tender, free from pulp, juicy, sweet, rich, and of fine quality; vine vigorous, productive. Ripens with Concord. Lady. — Originated by Mr. Imlay, of Muskingum Co., Ohio. Said to be a seedling of the Concord. Bunch medium; berry about the size of Concord; skin light greenish-yellow, covered with white bloom; flesh tender and sweet; ripens early; vine hardy and vigorous. A valuable early grape. Lady Washington. — A cross of Concord and Allen's Hybrid, raised by J. H. Ricketts, Newburg, N". Y. Bunch large, shouldered; berry medium to large; skin green at first, changing to a pale yellow when matured; flesh 444 SELECT VARIETIES OV FRUITS. pulpy but tender, juicy, sweet, not rich; ripens after the Concord. A remarkably vigorous growing vine, and » beautiful fruit when in perfection, Martha.— liaised by Samuel Miller, of Bluffton, Mo, Vine a vigorous grower and a good bearer, hardy and healthy; bunch medium; berry large, roundish; greenish- yellow; flesh juicy, sweet, a little pulp at centre. Ripens with Concord, Maxatavviiey. — Originated in Pennsylvania. Vine vig- orous, hardy, healthy, and productive. Ripens with Isabella; bunch medium, rather loose, berries medium, roundish-oval; greenish or yellowish-white, tinted with amber; flesh free from pulp, tender, sweet, juicy, sprightly, delicious. IVias^ara. — Originated with Hoag and Clark, Lockport, N. Y. Said to be a cross of Concord and Cassady. Bunch large, compact; berry large, roundish ; skin green, covered with a whitish bloom; of about same quality as Concord and ripens at the same time. Vine vigorous, hardy, and productive. A large, handsome, white grape, not of the highest quality, but promising to be valuable for market. Pockliugton. — Raised from seed of Concord by Johti Pocklington, Sandy Hill, N. Y. Bunch large, shoul- dered, compact ; berry large, roundish ; skin pale amber, when ripe ; fair, quality ; vine hardy, healthy, vigorous, and productive. Ripens about the same time as Concord. A handsome grape, promising to be valuable for market. Prentiss. — A seedling of Isabella, raised by J. W. Prentiss, Pultncy, N. Y. Bunch medium, compact ; berry medium, round ; skin thick, firm, pale yellow when ripe ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Ripens with Concord. Vine moderately vigorous and produc- tive. Rebecca. — Origin Hudson, N. Y. Vine a free but GRAPES. 445 not strong groAver, an abundant bearer, hardy in most localities ; rijiens soon after Concord, and deserves a place in every garden ; bnnch medium, compact ; berries medium, greenish-yellow, almost golden amber at full ripeness ; flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, delicious. AVhen well ripened it is not surpassed by any of the native grapes. The following list embraces mauyof the promising new varieties, as well as some old ones, either not sufficiently tested to go on the select list, or esteemed only in partic- ular localities. Adirondack. — Origin Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y. Bunch large ; berries medium ; skin black ; flesh tender and sweet. Ripens among the earliest. Vine moder- ately vigorous. A grape of excellent quality, well suited to warm localities. Allen's Hybrid. — Bunch medium or above ; berry me- dium, roundish ; skin pale, whitish-yellow ; a delicious grape, very much subject to mildew. In some locations it ripens its fruit perfectly every year. Amber Queen. — A new variety, which originated with N. B. AVhite, Xorwood, Mass., from seed of the Marion hybridized with pollen of Black Hamburgh ; bunch and berry of medium size ; amber color at first, changing to purple overspread with bloom, when perfectly ripe ; flesh tender, free from pulp, sprightly, vinous, rich. Ripens with Concord. Vine vigorous and healthy. It has the serious defect of setting its fruit imperfectly. Auf^USt Giant.— Raised by N. B. White, Norwood, IVIass. Descriljed as follows : " A cross between Black Hamburgh and Marion. Bunch very large ; berries very large, somewhat oblong ; color bjack j fruit, wbea well 446 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. grown, has a decided Hamburgh flavor, tender, rich, fine. Kipens in August. Vine vigorous and produc- tive." Bacchus. —A seedling of tlie Clinton raised by James II. Kicketts. Described as follows: " Bunch compact ; berry medium, round ; black with blue bloom ; pulp half tender, juicy ; vine vigorous, hardy, and in'oductive. A Aviue grape." Black Ea^le and Black Defiance are hybrids raised by Stephen Underbill, Croton Point, N. Y. Both are black. The first ripens early, the latter later, and are represented to be very promising table grapes. Burnet.— A new grape raised by Mr. P. C. Dempsey, Prince Edwards Co., Ont,, by hybridizing the Hartford Prolific with pollen of the Black Hamburgh. Bunch medium ; berry medium, oval, purplish black ; flavor sprightly, vinous, rich, agreeable. Eipens with Concord. Foliage tender, and fruit does not always set well. This variety merits trial by the amateur, on account of the fine quality of the fruit. Canada. — Raised by Charles Arnold, of Ontario, and said to be a cross between Clinton and Black St. Peters. Vine moderately vigorous ; foliage tender ; bunch and berry large ; flesh nearly free from pulp, and fine. Eipens with Concord. Centennial. — Eaised by D, S. Marvin, Watertown, N. Y. Described as "Bunch medium to large, compact, sometimes shouldered ; berries medium, round ; skin thick, tough, light red, with thin white bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet, vinous. Eipens with Concord. Vine vigorous." Croton. — Originated by S. Underbill, Croton Point, N. Y. Said to be a cross between Delaware and Golden Chasselas. Bunch large, shouldered ; berry medium or above, greenish-yellow ; flesh juicy, sprightly, sweet, rich. GRAPES. 447 delicious fliivor. Ripens l)ct\vcoii Hartford Prolilic and Concord. In some places a valuable garden variety, but variable. Early Dawu.— Originated with Dr. Wm. A. M. Cutli- bert, of Newburg, N. Y. Buncii medium; berry medium, round, black with bloom ; flesh juicy, sweet, rich, vinous, and of excellent quality. Ripens early. Vine vigorous and jiroductive. A tine grape for the anuiteur. Early Victor. — A new variety raised by John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas. Described as follows: " Buncli medium, compact ; berry medium, round, black, covered with a flue blue bloom; flesh tender, sweet, rich; ripens very early, two weeks before the Concord and one before Moore's Early, the quality far superior to either. It makes a high flavored wine ; vine hardy, vigorous, and productive." El Uoriido. — One of Mr. Ricketts' hybrids, of the same parentage as Lady Washington, and described as a large, handsome, and i)romising white grape, ripening about with Hartford. Elvira. — A seedling from Taylor raised by Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Mo. Bunch medium, very com- pact ; berry medium, round ; pale green, with white bloom; skin thin, transparent; pulp tender, juicy, sweet. Ripens a few days after the Concord. Vine vigorous, hardy, and productive. This variety is, we believe, esteemed at the ^Yest for wine. It is useless here, the berries cracking badly, and the flavor being indifferent. Our experience with Uhland has been similar. Golden Drop. — Raised by C. G. Pringle, of Vermont, from seed of the Adirondack, fertilized by the Delaware. A small yellowish-white grape of fine quality, but both vine and fruit mildew. Highland, — A hybrid between Concord and Jura Mus- cat, raised by James 11. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y. 4-48 SELECT VAIUETIES OF FRUITS. ) Bunch large, shouldered; berry large, round, witli bloom; flesh Juicy, sweet, and vinous. Kii^eus late, probably too late for this locality. Empire State (Ricketts). — A seedling of the . Hart- ford Prolific, fertilized with the Clinton. Described as follows: " Bunch large, shouldered ; berry medium to large, roundish-oval, white, with a slight tinge of yellow; llesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet, and si^rightly. Ripens Avith Hartford Prolific. Vine a good grower. Janesville. — An early black grape, originated with F. \V. Loudon, Janesville, Wis. Useless here, but said to be valuable in cold sections on account of its earliness, hardiness, and habit of maturing its short-jointed wood. Ripens with the Hartford. Jefferson. — A cross of the Concord and lona, raised by James H. Ricketts, Newburgh. N. Y., described as follows: " Bunch large, shouldered, compact; berry medium to large; skin firm, light red, resembling lona; flesh meaty, tender, juicy, sprightly, and rich. Ripens about with Concord; vine vigorous and hardy." Jessica. — A promising, new, early white grape, now being disseminated by D. AV. Beadle, St. Catharines, Out. IVaomi. — A hybrid of Clinton and one of the Muscats, raised by Mr. Ricketts. Described as follows: "Bunch large, shouldered; berry medium, roundish-oval, pale green, tinged with red in the sun ; flesh tender, juicy, melting, crisp. Ripens with Concord." Said to be desirable for the amateur. IVoali. — Originated by Edward Wasserzieher, Nauvoo, 111., from seed of the Taylor. Described as follows: " Bunch medium, shouldered, compact; berry medium, round, pale yellow, with white bloom; pulpy, but sweet." Said to be a valuable grape at the West for wine, but not suitable for the table. GRAPES. 449 Oneida. —Eaised by II. Tluicker, Community, N. Y., and s;iid to be a soedljr.g of Merrimack (Rogers' No. 19). Bunch medium to large, I)erries large, red, becoming purple when fully ripe; skin thick; flesh somewhat pulpy, but rich and sweet. Kipens rather late; vine said to be strong and healthy. A promising variety. Oriental and IMorwood, — Seedlings raised by N. B. White, Norwood, Mass., and said to be hybrids. Tlie former is described as resembling Catawba in color and flavor, but twice its si/e in bunch and berry, more sweet and tender, and much earlier. The latter is black, color of Black Hamburg, and is said to resemble that variety, and to be a superior market grape. Othello (Arnold's No. 1). — Originated with Charles Arnold, P.-iris, Ontario. Bunch large, shouldered, com- pact; berry large; flesh firm, juicy, a little pulp; sprightly, very good; vihe a moderate grower, and very productive. Ripens with Concord. Senasqua. — Raised by S. Underbill, Croton Point, N. Y. Bunch medium, compact ; berry medium, tender, Juicy, breaking, sweet, and rich; vine vigorous and hardy. Ripens with Isabella. Fruit cracks sometimes, owing ito its thin skin. A desirable garden variety. To Kalon. — An old variety, originated at Lansing- burgh, N. Y. Bunches large, shouldered; berries almost purplish-black, covered with bloom; flesh very sweet, buttery, very little pulp; vine vigorous, hardy, but ir- regularly productive; does not ripen evenly. A large, handsome grape, but variable in quality. Triumph. — A hybrid between Chasselas Musque and Concord. Orown by George W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio. A large and handsome white grape, ripening late and suited specially to Southern latitudes. The season is too short here to permit of its maturing. Union Village (Ontario). — Origin Ohio. A very vig- 450 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. oroiis grower, with immense foliage, productive. Buncli and berry very large; flesh free from hard pulp, tender, juicy, vinous, pleasant. Vine rather tender at the North; needs protection. Veri^ennes. — A chance seedling found in the garden of Mr. William E. Greene, Vergennes, Vt. Described as follows: ''Clusters large; berries large, holding firmly to the stems; color light amber with purple bloom; flavor rich. Ripens with Hartford, and a very late keeper. Vine vigorous and healthy." Walter. — Origin Poughkeepsie, N". Y. Bunch me- dium, compact; berry medium, round, light red; flesh sweet, juicy, rich, vinous. Eipens shortly after Concord. Waverly. — One of Mr. Ricketts' hybrids, a seedling of the Clinton and one of the Muscats, and recommended by him as one of the best black grapes for amateur and family use. Wyomin!? Red (Wilmington Red). — Raised by S. J. Parker, M. D., Ithaca, N. Y. An early red grape; flesh sweet, pulpy, and foxy. Vine healthy and hardy. May have value as a hardy, early grape. Miner's seedlings, as follows, have all proved worthless here: Antoinette; Augusta, Belinda, Carlotta, Eugenia, Harrison, Ida, Lexington, Linden, Rockingham, Vic- toria. The fruit drops badly and is of inferior quality. Select Foreign Grapes. class i. — black or purple grapes. Alicante (Black Palestine, etc.). — Bunch large, shouldered, compact; berries nearly round, black, with a little bloom; flesh tender, juicy, fine. An excellent late var/'ety; hangs well. Black Frontignan (Muscat Noir, etc.). — Bunches GRA.PES. 451 long; berries medium, round; flesh musky, rich; a good bearer. Black llamburji^h. — One of the most popuhir, because well known and tested. It is an admirable grape, and a general favorite; bunch large, often double shouldered; berries large, roundish, slightly oval; juicy, very sugary, ricb. fhanipion Hamburgh. — An excellent variety. Much like Black llaniburgli. Gros Colmau. — Bunch large; berries very large and round; flesh juicy, sweet, but coarse, with a peculiar flavor; good when fully ripe; habit vigorous; hangs very late. Gros Itia roc. — Bunch large, compact, shouldered; ber- ries large, round, black; flesh firm, sweet, vinous. A fine grower, and ripens well. Jura Muscat. — Bunch large, shouldered; berries above medium, oval; flesh rich, flavored with a fine Muscat aroma. Lady Downe's. — Bundles large, rather loose, shoul- dered; berries above medium, roundish-oval; black, with a thin bloom; flesh firm, sweet, and rich. One of the most valuable late varieties. Hangs a long time after ripening. Muscat llanibur^li. — Bunches large and long; berries large, roundisb-oval; flesh juicy, rich, excellent; flavor of Muscat of Alexandria. Requires good culture, but is of tlic liigliost quality. Muscat Lierval. — Bunch medium; berries round, me- dium size, deep purplish-black; flesh ricb, sugary, with a sHgbt Muscat flavor. Very early. Muscat d'Aout. — Bunch and berries medium; round, inclining to oval; flesh very rich and juicy. A good early grape. 452 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat.— Bunches large, shoul- dered; berries medium size, oval, puri^lish-black, thin bloom; flesh firm, sweet, vinous, with a Muscat flavor. Purple C'onstantia. — Bunches long and tapering, with small shoulders; berries large and round. A delicious grape; one of the best. Very early. Trciltham Black. — Bunclies large, tapering, and shoul- dered; berries oval; skin tough, jet black; flesh juicy, rich, sugary, and vinous. Valued highly for the cold yinery. CLASS II. — RED GRAPES. Grizzly Frontlj^nan.— Bunches large; berries large, round; skin thick, pale brown, blended with pink and yellow; flesh very juicy, rich, musky, high-flavored. Rose Chasselas (Chasselas de Falloux). — Bunch long and compact; berries large, round; skin pale red when fully ripe; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, and refreshing; vine a great bearer, well suited for pot culture. class III. — WHITE grapes. Bowood Muscat. — Bunch large; berries very large, bright amber color; flesh rich, juicy, sweet, fine Muscat flavor. A superb grape; sets and ripens tolerably well in cold vineries. Supersedes to some extent the Muscat of Alexandria and Canon Hall Muscat. Buckland's Sweetwater.— Bunch large, shouldered ; berries large, round, slightly oval; skin thin, amber color, with a thin white bloom; flesh juicy, sweet, delicious. Chasselas Musqu^. — Bunches medium size, long, loose; berries medium size, round; skin thin, yellowish white; flesh tender, very juicy, rich musky flavor. A delicious giape, highest flavored of the Chasselas. Sometimes cracks. Kequires severe thinning. QRArES. 453 Early Smyrna Frontignan. — Bunches medinm, well formed, not shouldered; berries medium, round, bright amber; flesh juicy, melting, rich, and delicious. One of the earliest to ripen. Well suited to a cold vinery. Early Silver Frontignan. — Bunch medium to large, shouldered; berries large, roundisli-oval, whitish silvery yellow; flesh melting, juicy, rich, agreeable. An early and productive sort. Very desirable. Foster's White Seedling. — Bunch large; berries above medium, roundish-oval, yello.wish-amber; flesh tender, melting, sweet, and rich flavored. Superior to Koyal Muscadine; ripening at the same time. General Delia Marmora. — A very fine grape, with a distinct Hamburgh flavor; one of the best. Golden Champion.— Bunches large, heavily shouldered; berries very lars^, obovate or ovate, to almost round; flesh firm, very juicy, tender, and rich. A superb variety. Golden llambnrgh. — Bunches large, loose, branching, and shouldered; berries large and oval; flesh tender and melting, very juicy, rich, sugary, and vinous. An excel- lent early grape; should not be allowed to hang long after it is ripe. Muscat St. Laurent.— Bunch similar to Royal Musca- dine; berries small, oval; flesh very tender, melting, and juicy, with a high Muscat flavor; as hardy as a Sweet- water; very early. Well adapted for pot culture. Primavis Frontignan.— Bunciies large, long, shoul- dered; berries medium to large, round; amber-color; flesh rather solid, tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. One. of the finest of the early Muscat Chasselas family. Royal Muscadine (Chasselas de Fontainbleaf, \etc.). — Bunches large and shouldered; berries large, greenish- white, becoming amber when fully ripe; flesh 454 SELECt rAftlEtlES OP ERtJtTS. tender, rich, aud delicious. An excellent old sort; still popular. Syrian. — Bunches euormously large, with broad shoul- ders; berries large, oval; skin thick, tawny yellow, or amber when mature; flesh tirm and solid, moderately juicy and sweet; bunches weighing nineteen and a half pounds have been grown. White Frontignan, — Bunches medium, rather long, not shouldered; berries medium, round, dull white, or yellow, thin bloom; flesh tender, rich, perfumed, musky. An old and favorite variety, known under many names; it is so very hardy in its habit and uniform in productive- ness as to be widely grown and esteemed. White Muscat of Alexandria. — Bunches very large, long, and loose, shouldered; berries large, oval, pale am- ber, with a thin, white bloom; flesh firm, moderately juicy, sweet, rich Muscat flavor. An old, Avell-known variety; requires a high temperature to mature it thor- oughly. It is from this that the Muscatel raisins are made. Succeeds well in tlie open air in California. White IVice. — Bunch very large, shouldered, loose; ber- ries medium, roundish; greenish-white, becoming yellow- ish at maturity; flesh sweet, very good flavor. Bunches weighing eighteen pounds have been grown. It is very prolific. sub-teopical fruits. Section 16. — Figs. The culture of the Fig in all of the Southern States, California, and Utah, is as easy as that of the apple in the Middle States, and it promises to become one of the profitable branches of fruit culture. In the North they are easily grown in pots or tubs. tiGS. 455 Adam. — Very large, turbinate, brownish-purple ; leaves very large. This is said to be the largest variety grov/n. Ang^liqiie ( Angelica). — Medium, obovate ; yellow, dotted with long greenish-white specks ; flesh white, tinged with red at the center. Au abundant bearer. Brown Iscliia. — Medium, roundish-turbinate, liglit- brown or chestnut-colored ; flesh purple, sweet, and high-flavored. An excellent bearer. Bro\Fn Turkey. — Large, pyriform ; brownish-red, cov- ered with bhie bloom ; flesh red and very luscious. Tree very hardy and prolific. Brunswick. — Very large, pyriform, depressed at apex ; greenish-yellow, with violet-brown on the sun side ; flesh tinged with red at the center, rich and excellent. Tree cue of the hardiest, and a capital bearer. Early Violet. — Small, roundish, brownish-red, covered with a blue bh)om ; flesh red, fine flavored. Tree hardy, and an abundant bearer. One of tlie best for pots and forcing. Preffussata.— Small, round, compressed at ends; pur- plish-brown, with pale spots in the sun ; flesh deep red, rich, and luscious. Hangs a long time. White Genoa. — Large, roundisn-turbinate; skin thin, pale yellowish ; flesh red, excellent flavor. Only a mod- erate bearer. Section 17. — Oranges — Citrus. The cultivation of the Orange is now attracting more attention in Florida and Southern California than it has, ever done before. In some parts of Florida — the Indian Eiver country in particular — the crop rarely fails from any cause, and the fruit is of the finest quality. Where the soil is suitable, and proper care bestowed on the cul- 450 SELECT VAEIETIES OF FRUITS. tivation, an orange grove must be quite as profitable as the best of our Northern orchards. The trees bear annually, coming into bearing at four or five years from bud or graft, and continue to improve from year to year for a long period They live to a great age, under fnvorable circumstances — trees are recorded that are some four hundred years old. The orange flourishes best in a rich calcareous soil. The most thrifty and fruitful plantations we saw were on shell lauds, which occur frequently in Florida — a dark, ricli loam, mixed with small shells. In the absence of shells, lime will, no doubt, be beneficial. The propaga- tion is similar to that of other fruit-trees. Stocks for grafting are either procured by raising seed- lings of the Bitter or Wild Orange, which can be worked at the age of one or two years from seed ; or plants may in some places be procured from the woods. In many localities in Florida, the Wild Orange abounds in the woods, and seems to be as much at home as though it were indigenous. The trees are planted in groves at twenty to thirty feet apart. It takes ten or twelve years to bring the trees to a really remunerative condition. After the fourth or fifth year the crop will probably pay for cultivation. VARIETIES. There are a great many varieties in cultivation, intro- duced from China, Spain, and other orange-growing countries, but that generally grown in Florida, which was no doubt introduced by the Spaniards, has no su- perior. It is known as the St, AHSiistine Orange, a variety of the Sweet Orange, often sold in the markets under local names, such as *'MellonviUe/' "Indian River," etc. It is a large. ORANGES. 457 handsome fruit, with moderately thin skin, somewliafc rough ; pulp full of sweet, sprightl}^ delicious juice. It resembles the Cuba Orange, but seems to be larger and of better quality. The Havana. — This is the most common in our mar- kets, and best known. A large, excellent fruit ; quite similar to the preceding. The Maltese, or Malta Blood, has a thick and spongy rind ; pulp red and delicious, but sometimes a trace of bitterness. The Mandarin is a small, flattened fruit, tliin rind, with a dark orange pulp ; juicy and rich. The Bergamot has small flowers and jiear-shaped fruit ; very fragrant; the oil is much used by perfumers. The Variegated-Leaved is a variety with variegated foliage ; ornamental. The Shaddock {Citrus decumana) is a fruit of great size, striking in appearance, but not of value, except for confectionery. The Tangerine is small, sweet, and rich ; very pro- lific. One of the best for pot culture. The Otaheite is a small A^ariety, a dwarf-growing kind ; blooms and bears abundantly when not over a foot high. The St. Michaels is a medium-sized fruit, pale yellow, with a thin rind, very delicious; the tree an abundant bearer. Chiefly grown in the Portuguese Island St. Michael. The Myrtle-Leaved (or Chinese) is a small-fruited variety, a dwarf tree ; more curious than profitable. Besides these are the Egg, Embiguo or Navel, Silver, Peruamlnico, Exquisite, Du Koi, Excelsior, Prolific, 20 458 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Dulcississima, and several others recently introduced, some of which may prove to be valuable. LEMON AND LIME. The Lemon {Citrus Limonium) is not as hardy as the orange, and is improved by being worked upon the bitter- orange stock. There is an Italian variety which is sweet. The Lime {Citrus Limetta). — Several varieties in cul- tivation. That commonly grown is a profuse bearer. Hedges are formed of it in tlie West Indies. It is grown extensively in California, and is very profitable. It is used for the same purposes as the lemon, and for pre- serves. THE POMEGRANATE. The Pomegranate is a native of China and the south of Europe, and its culture in our Southern States and California is perfectly successful. It is a low, deciduous tree, with long, narrow leaves. The fruit has a very re- freshing, sweet, rather acid pulp, and its singular and beautiful appearance makes it a welcome addition to the dessert. The tree is propagated like other fruit trees, by seeds, layers, cuttings, grafting, etc., and grows readily in any ordinary good garden soil. The varieties known as the best are: the Sweet-fruited, with sweet and juicy pulp; the Suh-acld- fruited, which is the variety commonly grown in gardens; the Violet, yfhich. is a large and late variety, and the Wild or Acid-fruited, with a sharp acid flavor. The Pomegranate is also a highly ornamental shrub, and its varieties with double red and double white flowers are especially attractive and desirable. ALMONDS. 459 THE PAWPAW OR CUSTAED APPLE. The Custard Apple, a variety of whicli, Aslmlna triloba^ commonly called Pawpaw, is a native of Kentucky, Southern Ohio, etc. It is a small, deciduous tree, easily propagated by seeds or grafting. Tlie Custard Apple of Peru and other trojiical coun- tries {Anoua Cherimolia) is described as a superior fruit, and highly esteemed for the dessert. The A. jndusfris, A. squamosa, and A. muricata are esteemed West India fruits. fourth division. — almonds, chestnuts, filberts, and walnuts. Section 18. — Almonds. Sweet Hard-shell. — This is a hardy and productive variety, succeeding well in the climate of Western -New York, and still further North. Nut very large, with a hard shell and a large, sweet kernel; ripe here about the first of October. The tree is very vigorous, has smooth, glaucous leaves, and when in bloom in the spring is more brilliant and showy than any other fruit tree. Soft Sweet-shell, Ladies' Thin-shell, etc.— This is /7?6 almond of the shops, of wliich such immense quantities are annually imported from abroad. It and all its sub- varieties, so far as we know, are too tender for our North- ern climate, unless carefully grown on a wall or trellis, and protected. South of Virginia, we believe, it succeeds well; and so beautiful a tree, and so estimable a fruit, de- serve the attention of all fruit-growers. Very succesfully grown in California. The Bitter Almond. — This is hardy and productive; nut similar to the first-named in appearance, but bitter. 460 SELECT VARIETIES OF FRUITS. and only useful in coufcctionery or medicine. Its cliief product is the oil of bitter almonds of the druggists, which contains prussic acid. Section 19. — Chestnuts. The American or ('ommon Chestnut is well known as one of our most beautiful forest-trees. It is seldom grown as a fruit tree, although the fruit is highly es- teemed. It should have a place in all large collections of standard fruit trees. It reproduces itself from seed. The Dwarf Chestnut, or Chinquapin, is a small tree, eight or ten feet high, and very prolific, but the nuts are small. It grows spontaneously in Maryland, Virginia, and southward. The Spanish Chestnut or Marron. — Tiiis is the large, sweet nut, as large as a horse chestnut, imported from abroad. There are many varieties cultivated in France and England, but that designated by the French as " Marron de Lyon,^' is the best. It is propagated by grafting on the common sorts. It is not rejiroduced truly from seed, but its seedlings produce large and fine fruits. It bears and ripens well as far north as Rochester. It bears the second year from the graft and the fourth from seed. Section 20. — Filberts. 1. Cosford. — This is an improved variety of the Eng- lish hazel-nut, very prolific, nut large, oblong, or. oval; shell thin, and kernel fine flavored. 2. Cohurj?. — Large and fine, and a most abundant bearer. 3. Dwarf Prolific. — One of the^-most prolific bearers, nut rather smalx; kernel ffood. WALNUTS. 4G] 4. Frizzloil.— Iicmarkiible for its curious frizzled liusk, a good bearer, and one of the finest llavorcd. 5. Rcd-Skilllied.— One of tlic old standard sorts of the English growers, distinguished by the bright red or crim- son skin of the kernel; medium size, egg-shaped, sliell thick, flavor good. G, White. — This is also an old standard sort; the ker- nel is a yellowish white. Botli this and tlie preceding have long husks. Section 21. — Walnuts. The Enn^lish Walnut or i>Iadcira IVut {Juglansregia). — A native of Persia. A lofty, spreading tree, with pin- nated leaves like the butternut, and tlie fruit nearly as large. Great quantities are annually imported and sold in the fruit shops. The tree is tender Avliile young, the ends of the young shoots being injured in winter at the North, but as it grows older, it becomes hardier. It is produced from seed or by grafting. There are many varieties of it cul- tivated abroad, few of which have yet been hitroduced here, on account of the little attention given to this class of fruits. Is now being extensively planted in (California, where it succeeds well. The Dwarf Prolifle Walnut {Juglans prceimrturicns) is a French variety, most desirable for the garden. It bears at the age of three years from the seed, and often at the height of two or three feet. Our native sorts, the Black AValnut {Juglans nigra), the Butternut {Juglans cinerea), the Hickory-Nut {Carya), and its varieties, arc all well-known trees that deserve much more attention tlian they receive, consid- ering the value of their timber as well as their fruit. CHAPTER n. GATHEKHTG, fTACK.XNG, TRANSPOETATION, AND PKESBRVA TION OF FKUITS. This is a branch of the general subject of fruit culture and managem<}nt that requires the most careful attention ; for it is quite useless to take pains in producing fine fruits, ■without taking equal pains in gathering, preserving, and sending them to the table or the market in a sound, sightly, and proper condition. Very few fruit-growers seem to appreciate this part of their business. Fruit- dealers at home and abroad complain of the careless and slovenly manner in which our fruits are gathered, packed, and presented in the market, and would gladly pay a dou- ble price for them in a better condition. The first con- sideration is : The period of maturity at tchich fruits should be gathered. — The stone fruits generally are allowed to reach perfect maturity, or within four or five days of it, on the tree. In moist, cool seasons, particularly, they are benefited by being gathered a few days before maturity, and allow- ed to ripen in a dry, warm room; they part with the water contained in their juices, which thus become better elaborated and more sugary and high-flavored. Summer Pears, too, on the same principle, require to be gathered, as a general thing, from a week to a fort- 463 ; - GATHERING FRUITS, ETC. 463 night before their maturity. Sweet varieties, and such as are inclined to become mealy ^ are entirely worthless when ripened on the tree, and many very excellent varieties are condemned on this account. Such as these should be gathered the moment the skin begins to change color in the least degree. Summer Apples, too, and especially those inclined to mealiness, should be picked early ; as soon as the skin begins to change color, otherwise they part with their juices, and become worthless. Ri])eness is indicated by the seeds turning dark-colored, and by the stem parting readily from the tree when it is lifted upwards. Winter Apples and Pears should be allowed to remain on the trees as long as vegetation is active, or until frosts are apprehended. Grapes, JBerries, etc., are allowed to attain perfect maturity before being gathered. Chestnuts, Filberts, etc., are not gathered until they be- gin to fall from the tree. 3fode of Gathering. — Unless it be a few specimens wanted for immediate use, which may be taken with some of the contrivances mentioned under the head of imple- ments, all fruits should be gathered by the hand. The branch to be gathered from should be taken in one hand, and the fruits carefully taken off, one by one, with the other, with their stems attached. (For fruits neither keep so well, nor look so well, without the stems.) They are then laid carefully in single layers in broad, shallow baskets, the bot- toms of which should be covered with paper or moss, to prevent bruises. Peaches and other soft fruits should be pressed as lightly as possible, for anything like a squeeze is certainly followed by decay in the form of a brown spot, and this is the reason Avhy it is so exceedingly diffi- cult to find a perfectly somid and at the same time rip$ peach in our markets. 464 GATHERING FRUITS, ETC. ^ When more than one layer of fruit is laid in the same basket, some soft paper, dry moss, hay, or other material, ought to separate them, for it is difficult to place one layer immediately upon another, and especially if the fruits are approaching maturity, without bruising them more or less. Fruit should only be gathered in dry weather, and in the dry time of the day. Dlspositio)i of the Fruits after gathering. — When they are thus in the baskets, if summer fruits, tliey are either carried into the fruit-room and arranged on shelves or tables in thin layers, or they are carefully transferred, one by one, into market-baskets and carried to market on an easy spring wagon, if not by steamboat or railroad, by which jarring or jolting will be avoided. Treated in this manner, they will be in a marketable condition, and one basket will sell for as much as four, carelessly picked, thrown into baskets, and tumbled out of them into a barrel or wagon-box. Ripe fruits may be kept in good condition for a consid- erable period of time, in an ice-house, or in some of the recently-invented fruit-preservers, and even in very cool, dry cellars. The vessels in which they are deposited should be perfectly clean, that no unpleasant flavor may be imparted to them. Peaches have been sent to the East Indies, by being properly packed in ice ; and it may be that methods of packing and pi-eserving will, before long, be discovered, that will give us access to the markets of other countries, even for our perishable summer fruits. W^e have seen 8eckel pears in a very good state of preser- vation in January. The science of I'ipening and preserving fruits is but in its infancy, and horticultural societies that have the means will be doing a great public service by offering liberal premiums that will incite to experiment on the subject. Winter Fruits intended for long keeping are transferred GATHERING FRUITS, ETC. 405 by hand from the baskets in which they are gathered on the tree, into larger ones in which they can be carried into a dry, cool room, where they are laid in heaps, which may be three or four deep, where they may remain for a couple of weeks, during which time they will have pai'ted witli considerable moisture and be quite dry. They will then be fit for packing. Clean, new barrels should be procured, and the fruits should be carefully assorted. For sliipj^ing to distant or foreign markets, the best only should be selected ; all bruised, wormy, knotty specimens being laid aside for home consumption. They are then placed in the barrels, by hand, arranged regularly in layers, so that no spaces will exist, by Avhich the fruits may shift, roll, or knock against one another. The barrels are then tightly lieaded up, so that the head presses firmly on the fruits ; some people recommend placing a layer of clean moss or soft paper, both on the bottom and top of the barrel ; but this is not necessary where the packing and heading are per- formed carefully. After i)acking, the barrels must be sent to market in such a manner as never to be jolted or rolled,' any more than they would be on men's shoulders, or an easy spring wagon or sled, or by a water convey- ance. On shipboard, the barrels should be placed in the coolest and dryest place. It is perfectly idle to gather, pack, or ship fruits in any other way than this to foreign markets. American apples are frequently sold in Liverpool at auction for half what they would have sold for in New- York, on account of their bad condition. I saw this in 1849, wdien Newtown pippins were selling at twelve and a half cents apiece in the fruit-shops. Winter fruits for home cons^nnption should be care- fully assorted, keeping the best, the poorest, the sound, the bruised, and the earlier and later ripening varieties all separate ; when sound and bruised, early and late, are 4GG PACKING, MARKING, SHIPPING, ETC. all thrown together promiscuously, they cannot fail to decay speedily and to lose their flavor; for two or three decaying apples in a heap or barrel will taint the flavor of all, and hasten the decay of those around them. This arrangement into grades and classes is, therefore, absolutely necessary even for the fruits needed for family use ; and when they are so arranged, the sound, long-keepers are put into clean, new barrels, carefully, by hand, and the barrels headed up tightly and placed in a cool, dry cellar or fruit- room. The bruised ones can be laid in a place by them- selves for immediate use. Every barrel, when packed, should be marked. Winter jPears, as a general thing, require to be brought into a warm temperature one or two weeks before they are wanted for table use. All the baking and stewing, and even many of the table varieties, may be treated ex* actly like appples. PACKING, MARKING, SHIPPING, ETC. In all that relates to the labor of preparing fruits for market, great care is requisite, and we cannot do bet- ter than to copy the following very concise and practical directions prepared by a large and experienced shipping- house from long observance of the requisites needed for success : " Tacking. — In packing Apples, Pears, Berries, etc., do not face your fruit more than it will bear, for if a buyer is once deceived in buying a mark of fruit, he will discount the mark in buying again, or refuse to l)uy it at all ; while if it runs uniform^ and gives satisfaction, it is eagerly sought after, and the seller can get increased price by the compe- tition. Also bear in mind that good fruit, etc., well put up and reaching here in good order, always sells, even when the market is glutted ; while fruit, etc., poorly put 19* PACKING, MARKING, SUIPPING, ETC. 407 up, can sometimes be scarcely given away, thereby caus- ing dissatisfaction to the shipper on account of poor re- turns, and disgust to the receiver, because they have had to sacrifice it, when a little pains taken with the article would have caused a different result. Nothing is gained in packing fruit, etc. (which is sold by the package), in short packages, that is for barrels to be less than flour-bar- rel size, or baskets to hold twelve or fourteen quarts, when they should hold half a bushel, or in boxes less than measure intended. If fruit is too ripe or soft to pack in full-size packages, pack in those of half or even quarter- size, but by all means give full measure, and try to pack your packages so tight that, upon arrival, they will open full and not look as though there was not enough of the article to fill them. Besides fruit, etc., will come a longer distance and arrive in far better order, by bemg packed full, even to slight jamming, than if packed loose. AVith the rough and severe handling, that all ])ackages get more or less, the articles are very likely to be badly bruised in coming. All packages shouLl be neat and clean ; and bar- rels, boxes, and crates sold with the articles should, if ]>08- sible, be new, as the package helps shov/ the contents to better advantage, and will sell the better from the evident pains bestowed upon it. ^^ 3farJcmg. — Always mark each package plainly and neat, with the name or initials of consignor, and the net weight or count of contents of each. '■^Shijyping. — All perishable fruits, such as peaches, plums, berries, etc., should be sent by the quickest conveyance. Receipts should be taken from trans[iortation compa- nies. Advices, with a full and correct invoice, should be sent by mail. A duplicate invoice should be put in one of the packages, marked Bill. There is nothing so vexa- tious to a commission house, as the receipt of consign- ments not properly or distinctly marked, and no advices of the same. 4G8 PACKING, MARKING, SHIPPING, ETC *' Handling. — All fruit, of whatever kind, should be han- dled with the greatest care, so as not to bruise it, even slightly, as oftentimes where a little bruise does not show when fruit is packed, in ten or twelve hours afterwards the article is half, if not totally destroyed, causing the fruit in contact with it to also decay, and injuring the sale of the same, as buyers will discount imperfect or decayed fruit. Great care should also be taken in handling the packages after fruit is packed, as a blow or fall will pene- trate through the entire package, bruising the contents oftentimes badly. '"'• Apples. — Assort those uniform in size and quality, pack in clean barrels; take out one head, commence packing by placing a tier of apples with their ends to the closed head of the barrel, then fill up without bruising the fruit, shake down thoroughly, and fill the barrel so full that the head must be pressed in with a lever, flattening the last tier of apples, and even starting the juice. Nail the head and hoops with four-penny nails, turn the barrel over, and on the head not oi)ened mark plainly the variety in each bar- rel. Apples packed in this way show a fine, handsome face when opened. '"'' Pears. — This delicate fruit must be packed and shipped when it is fully matured and before it has ripened, so as to insure arrival in good order. Pears are not as elastic as apples. Line the sides, top, and bottom of the barrel or package with straw-paper, to prevent the fruit being stained by the wood of the barrel or package. Assort and pack same as apples, except placing the blossom-end of the fruit upon the end not opened. When the barrel is full, press the head in firmly without starting the juice. Summer Pears, if over two days on the way, should be ventilated, otherwise the package should be tight, as the fruit will ripen more uniformly and hold its color better." Packing Pears for Distant Markets. — The French send PACKING, MARKIKG, SlllFPING, ETC. 4G9 away more pears to foreign markets ihan any other ])co- ple. Tliey pack tliem in small boxes, either round or square, such as a man can carry easily in his hands. Our own practice is to wrap each fruit in soft paper, and then pack so tightly as to prevent all motion in bushel and ludf-bushel boxes. They cover the bottom and sides with very dry moss or soft, dry paper, well calculated to absorb moisture. They then wrap each fruit in the dry, soft pa})er, and lay them in layers, the largest and least mature in the bottom, and fill all the interstices with dry moss or paper. I have seen these boxes opened in London, in the finest con- dition, after being packed a month. They are so tightly packed that the slightest movement cannot take place among them, and yet no one presses upon another. The dry moss and paper that separate them, absorb any mois- ture ; and if one decays, it does not affect others. • Some of the Paris confectioners and restaurant-keepers preserve fruits very successfully in barrels, packed in lay- ers, and the interstices filled up with jwwdered charcoal. The barrels ai"e kept in a dry, cool place, about forty degrees, where they are not subjected to changes of tem- perature. Apples, pears, grapes, almonds, nuts, and pota- toes, are all preserved in this manner. " Peaches. — Pack in stave baskets holding half of a bushel ; they are firmer than splint baskets, and protect the fruit better. Sort uniform as to size and quality. Fill your baskets rounding full. Tie a cover over the top of the basket, so that the fruit Avill not be liable to shake. Or they can be jiacked in slat crates holding a bushel, with a partition across the crate at an equal distance from each end. " Quinces. — Sort to run uniform, pack in barrel same as apples, except that the blossom end of the fruit should be placed to the end not opened. When the barrel is full, press in head harder than for pears, but not as tight as apples. 470 PACKING, MARKING, SHIPPING, ETC. " /Strawberries.— All large berries should be packed in quart boxes or baskets, twenty-l\)ur or thirty to the crate. In filling the boxes, put in berries of uniform size, reject- ing all soft ones ; face the box with nice fruit, and fill it rounding full, so that when packed in crates the upper box wall slightly press the fruit in the lower box, Tlie small varieties of strawberries can be packed in a little larger crate, or packed in half-bushel drawers, four drawers to a stand. " Haspberries should be packed in a quart box or basket. The fruit should be carefully picked, boxes well filled, and packed in crates of twenty-four and thirty quarts. " Currants can be packed in half-bushel or bushel drawers, and equally as well in baskets; and Avhen filled should be well rounded. " Cherries. — Same as curi'ants ; but think a clean half- bushel basket preferable, with a paper or cloth cover. They should be well packed. ^'■blackberries. — Pack in boxes holding a quart or pint ■ — twenty-four or thirty-six quarts to a crate. Fill and sort the same as strawberries. When the crate is full, place a sheet of straw-paper over the upper row of boxes, so that it will exclude the air and help retain the color of the fruit. " Plums. — The fancy kinds should be packed in small boxes or fancy baskets; while the common kinds can be packed in half-bushel or bushel boxes or baskets, the same as peaches." They sell best in small packages. Grapes^ when fully ripe, should be taken, a single cluster at a time, and all imperfect berries cut from the bunch. They can be packed in three, five, six, ten, or twelve- pound boxes; or if going but a short distance, in clean baskets of ten to twenty pounds, and covered with a cloth. In packing, take off" the cover of the box, line the inside with thin white paper, commence filling with whole bunches, pack close as possible without jamming, 611 up PACKING, MARKING, SHIPPING, BTC. 471 with bunches, parts of bunches, then single grapes, but with a stem, so that all space is occupied, and the fruit projects from the top, from, a quarter to half an inch. Turn over the paper used in lining, nail the cover-points down, reverse the box, and paste a label, stat- ing the variety of the grape, on the cover that was not opened. Fimit-Rootns. — A fruit-room is a structure set apart exclusively for the preservation of fruit. Its great requi- sites are, perfect security from moisture oi- dampness, ex- clusion from light, and a uniform temperature. If these points are obtained, no matter where, how, or of what material the fruit-room be constructed. It may be built of stone, brick, clay, or wood, above or below ground, as circumstances or taste may dictate. A good, dry, and cool cellar is as good a place for keeping fruit as can be provided ; but the great objection to cellars used for other purposes is, tliat currents of air are frequently admitted, and too much light, l)y which the temperature is changed, decay promoted, or the fruits dried and shriveled. There are, also, other objects that un- avoidably saturate the air more or less with moisture. Where a fruit-room is built on the surface of the ground, it should be on the ice-house principle of double walls and doors, to prevent access of either heat or cold from with- out. A good cellar or cave, built in a dry, sandy, or gravelly bank, or side-hill, will answer every purpose. The walls may be of stone, brick, or timber ; the roof should be thick, with a slope sufficient to throw off water freely, and the earth about should also be so graded, that water will flow away as fast as it falls. Provision may be made for lighting and ventilating in the roof, and the door or doors should be double. The interior should be fitted up with shelves and bins, with places for barrels or other articles, in which fruits are packed. 472 PACKING, MARKING, SHIPPING, ETC. A cheap and effective fruit-house has long been a desid- eratum, and many i)atents have been obtained. The ma- jority of tliem, however, have proved expensive failures. The best house we have seen was erected several years ago by a firm in Philadelphia, Pa., from whose circular we extract the following: " When the purity of the atmosphere is obtained by excessive ventilation, not only is the temperature of the apartment increased, but the ice is melted with great rapidity. To dry the atmosphere by the use of absorb- ents is also a very expensive and troublesome process. " In a room cooled to 38° Fahrenheit, and kept perfect- ly dry, the decomposition of fruit is very slow. Fruit may be kept sound and good for three or four months, or longer. The cooler the house, the drier it will naturally become, but when the natural tendency is aided by philo- sophical construction, it will be perceived that the object may be more easily accomplished. " Decomposing organic matter will of course throw off, and, in fact, generate moisture ; but when the process of decomposition is reduced to the lowest point, or suspended altogether, then less moisture will be present. " The foul gases, or odors, emanating from decaying vegetables being volatile, are easily removed ; but the removal of moisture, or aqueous vapor, is more difficult. " The last difficulty — the removal of moisture, without the use of artificial absorbents — has been overcome by this in- vention, in the most perfect manner, without any ex- pensive machinery, or any daily cost in working the house. " The ap{)aratus can be applied to large or small rooms, or even closets and refrigerators, with equal ease and suc- cess ; and from the very nature of things, being based upon the strictest natural laws, is the only plan that can produce the desired results, without the use of absorbents or driers. " Fruit, in a state of moist decay, on being put into the PACKING, MARKING, SHIPPING, ETC. 473 fruit-rooia, directly Ijecomes dried to sucli ;i dcgiee that all the moisture on the decaying spots disappears, and the spots themselves become covered with a dried i)L'llicle- like court-plaster, and the rot ceases. The drying process, however, is not such as to produce shriveling in apples or pears, for the reason tliat only the external moisture is removed, and the interior flesh of the fruit remains un- changed. " In this connection may be demonstrated the fallacy of the common idea that fruit just gathered from the tree must undergo a process o^ sweating before it is fit to be put into the cellar or fruit-room. The simple truth is, that fruit which has been cooled by any means will always sweat when it is brought into a warm atmosphere, not because the juice passes out of it, but because the moisture in hot air always condenses on a cold surface. On the contrary, fruit taken from the tree, on a warm day, and put imme- diately into a cold fruit-room, never siceafs. The process of sweating in apples and pears may be repeated a hun- dred times by cooling the fruit in a cellar, and then bring- ing them suddenly into a hot room. A cold apple will always sweat in hot air. " The ordinary working temperature obtained by means of ice, is about 38° to 40" Fahrenheit. But by the use of suitable apparatus, with salt and crushed ice, as in the ice- cream freezer, a room may be cooled below the freezing point." Attention to Fruits in the Cellar or Fruit-room, — The decay of fruits is caused either by bruises or by a fungus, or species of mildew, that increases rapidly and attacks all the sound fruits within its reach. It is, therefore, necessary to examine fruits frequently, and remove all that show any symptoms of decay, before they have either affected others or tainted the atmosphere of the 474 DISEASES AXD INSECTSo CHAPTER m. DISEASES AND INSECTS. Section 1. — Diseases. The Fire-Blight of the Pear^ Apple, and Quince. — Tliis is one of the most formidable diseases to wliich fruit- trees are liable. Whether it is caused by the sun, the atmosphere, or an insect, remains in doubt, some cases favoring one opinion, some another. It attacks the trees at different periods of the growing season, from June to September, and generally in the young parts first ; the leaves flag, the sap becomes thick and brown, oozing out in globules through the bark, and emitting a very dis- agreeable odor, and the diseased branch or part turns black, as if it were burned by fire. When the pear-tree is attacked it is diflicult to save it, tlic disease spreads so rapidly. In the apjde and quince it is less fatal, rarely killing more than a portion of the tree even if left to its own course. The only remedy is, to cut away instantly the blighted parts, into the sound wood, where there is not the slightest trace of the disease, and burn them up immediately. It is thought by some that young trees growing very rapidly are more subject to it than older trees growing slowly ; and that warm sunshine, with a sultry atmosphere after rain, is apt to be followed by much blight. We have always regarded the cases favoring such an opinion as accidental. Tioig Blight, — This attacks the young shoots of the current season's growth on apple, pear, quince, mountain ash, etc., causing them to suddenly wither and become DISEASES. 4^5 brown at early or micl-summcr. Tlic cause is unknown and tlie injury is not materially great. The remedy is in cutting away at the first ai)})earance. It is much more abundant in some years than in others. Apple IMhfht. — This is a disease of serious character, inasmucli as it invades and destroys many orchards. Like the dreaded fire-blight of the pear, there seems no pre- ventive. It attacks a whole branch or limb, and some- times one quarter to one half of the top is destroyed, ere to the common observer it is apparent. No remedy is known except to cut away and destroy the memento of one's losses. Bitter Mot. — This disease, by some attributed to want of ajipropriate nourishment to the troe, and by others to a fungous growth, is as yet but little understood. High culture, the application of lime to the soil, etc., are recommended as remedies. Hust, or JFangus, Mildew, and Crackinr/.—Thia disease is more general in the pear than the apple, and it is more apparent and destructive on some varieties than upon others ; yet these varieties have not been so closely ob- served and noted as to make it safe to enumerate them. ►Suffice it that varieties longest in cultivation, most pro- ductive, and in confined situations, are most liable to it. It appears to be a fungous growth, presenting, when viewed by the microscope, a mossy, spongy character, occupying the skin, so as to prevent the develo|)ment of its tissues, and residts in checking the growth at that })oint, thus creating a deformity. When the malady spreads, as it sometimes does, over a half or more of the fruit, it tends to a deeper nature, and causes the fruit to crack open, and become corky and worthless. 476 DISEASES AND IKSECTS. Pear-leaf Blight. — This disease has already been a!= luded to in treating of pear seedlings. It is a sort of rust that appears on the leave.^ in July or August, first as small brown spots ; these spread rapidly over the leaves until they are completely dried up and growth stopped. It appears in a certain spot as a center, from which it spreads. Whether it be an insect, a fungus, or some at- mospherical cause that produces this blight, is unknown. Certain cases favor one or other of these opinions. More minute investigations are wanted on the subject. To avoid its evil effects as far as possible, the great point is, to get a rapid, vigorous growth, before mid-sum- mer, when it usually appears. Seedlings grown in new soils do not appear to be so much affected as in old. Where stocks are affected very early in the season, they become almost worthless, on account of the feebleness produced in both stem and roots by such an untimely and unnatural check. Some special applications, such as coal cinders, iron filings, copperas, etc., have been suggested, but no evidence has yet been produced of their efficacy. The Gutn in Stone Fruits. — The cherry, plum, apricot, and peach are all more or less subject to this malady. The cherry is particularly liable to it in the West. It is produced by different causes, such as a wet soil, severe pruning, pruning at an improper time, violent changes of temperature, etc. The gumming of the Cherry in the West is considei-ed by some to be owing in a great mea- sure to the bark not yielding naturally to the growth of the wood, and hence they practise longitudinal incisions on it. The cherry-tree has a very powerful baj-k, and in some cases it may not yield naturally to the expansion or growth of the wood. We have seen about a foot cf the trunk of a cherry-tree several inches smaller than the parts both above and below it. The bark was as smooth as glass on it, the first rind being unbroken, whilst on the large parts this was quite rough. This was a case arising DISEASES. 477 from the obstinacy of tlie bark, and could only bvi remedied by longitudinal incisions on the small ])art. It is most probable that the extent and severity of this disease in the West is owing to violent changes from a liard frost to a bright sun and rapid thaw, by which the sap becomes derangcrepare it for seeds, etc. They are of different sizes, with from Fijr. 167.— DUNG- IMPLEMENTS FOR CUTTING. 407 six to twelve teeth. The Lest are those of which the head and teeth are drawn out of a solid bar of steel. (I J Tliose that are welded and riveted soon get out of order. Section 2. — Implements for Cutting. The Pruning Saw. — Tliis is used for cutting off branches, either too large for the knife, or so 8itu;ited that the ktiife cannot operate. It has various sizes and forms. Some are jointed, and fold like a pruning-knife ; others are like the common carpenter's handsaw, but smaller and stouter. Two forms are sliown at fig. 175. The Jioio-Saic (fig. 176). — This is the most generally useful form for tlie gardener or nur- Fig. 169.— serymau. The blade is very narrow, and stiff- sQUAKE ^^^^ Y)Y an arch back. It is fastened at both DRAW-HOE. Z • ^ X xU 1 • 1 *l, ends by a rivet to the screw on which the back turns, and by which it is adapted to different i)ur- poses. It is indispensable in making horizontal cuts close to the ground, as in heading down. Some are set with a double row of teeth on one side, Y\'i. 170.— TRIANGULAIl mtAW-HOE. T\^. 171.— SEMICrRCUI-AR DRAW-HOB. and tlie edge is much thicker than the back ; these work mucli easier than those toothed in tlie ordinary way, and it would be an object to have them where much saw-prua- 408 NURSERY AND FRUIT GARDEN IMPLEMENTS. H 172. — DUTCH OR THUUST-nOE. ing is to be done. "Wherever the saw is used, the cut surface should be pared smooth with the knife, to facili- tate its healing. Long-handled pruning-saws are sometimes recomru^uided, but never should be used in pruning fruit- trees, if possible to avoid it. The branch to be operated should be reached by means of a ladder, if need be, within arm's length, and cut with a common saw. Hand Pruning- Shears (fig. 177).— There is a kind of these made now, that, having a mov- ing center, as in the figure, make a smooth draw cut almost equal to that of a knife, and it is a very- expeditious instru- ment in the hand of a skilful workman. In pruning out small dead branches, shortening in peach- trees, etc., It will perform four times as much work as a knife. ^.^^ ^^. _ ^^^^^^^ Prunmg Scissors (fig. 178).— These garden-hoe. scissors cut as smoothly as a knife, and can be easily car- ried in the pocket, ready to take away a small branch wherever it may chance to be observed. Lopping or Branch Shears.— These are very strongly IMPLEMENTS I'Oll CUTTING. 499 made, with loug wooden handles, and are used for cutting ,| ^^ thick branches from trees, shrub- l^^^^^^ hery, hedges, etc. One form is shown in fig. 179. Pole Pruning/ /Shears. — These resemble the hand-shears, but are worked by a string passing over a pulley, and are fixed on a pole of anyiequired length. They are used in cutting cions, diseased shoots, III 1 1 iljlll etc.,- from the heads of lofty stand- ■1''' ■ ' lill ar^ trees. Grcrpe Scissors. — These are small, sharp-pointed scissors, as in fig. 180, for thinning bunches of grapes. The rrimififf-JCnffe.— The best for general purposes are those of medium size, with a handle about four inches long, smooth, slightly hollowed in the back ; the blade about three and a half inches long, three quarters of an inch wide, and nearly straight (fig. lf!er Fig. 180.— GRAPE SCISSORS, 184). — This is made of heavy plate- steel, with a long, jointed handle for scraping upper branches, or a short one for the trunks. Section 3, — Laddkrs and Fruit-Gatherers. Ladders. — Of these there are many kinds, fruit-garden, where the trees are low, the self-supporting ladder (fig. 185) is the most conveni- ent and best For the Fi!^. 181. riiUNING-KNIFE. Fig. 182. — BUDDING-KNIFE, It should, be made of light wood, with flat steps, so that a person can stand upon them and work. The back, or supports, consist of One or two light pieces of timber, fixed at the top with hooks and straps, so as to be contracted or extended at pleasure. A ladder of this kind, six or eight feet high, will ansAver all the demands of a garden. Orchard Ladders are of various kinds. For pruning or gathering the fruit from lofty trees, a great length of lad- der is necessary ; it is therefore desirable that the mate- rial be as light as possible consistent with the necessary I^^ strength. Some- times these long lad- ders are composed fit into one another, all GRAFTING CHISEL. Fig. 184. — TREE-SCKAPEK. of several smaller ones, that 503 NURSERY AND FRUIT GARDEN IMPLEMENTS. mounted on a frame with a small wbeel, by wLicli they are easily moved about. The Folding Ladder is a very neat and convenient ar« ticle for many purposes. The inside of the styles is hol- lowed out, and the steps are fastened to them by means of iron pins, on which they turn as on hinges, so that the two sides can be brought together, the steps turning into the grooves or hollows in them, the whole appearing like a round pole — B. It is more easily carried and })lacGd where wanted than the ordinary lad- der. A re])resents it open, and B closed (fig. 186). There are also Self-supporting Orchard-Badders^ com- posed of three upright pieces of any required length, and spread widely at the bottom, to give them stability. Two Fig. 185. — FRUIT-LADDER. ^ Fig. 186. — FOLDING LADDER. of the sides are fixed, and are furnished with steps all the way up. The third is longer and movable, and can be extended or contracted at pleasure. A piece of boaz'd wide enough to stand upon can be extended from one side to the other, resting upon the steps at whatever bight it is desirable to work. On the movable side a pulley is fixed, by which the baskets oi fruit are let down as they are gathered. Two persons of LADDERS AND FRUIT-GATHERERS. 503 more can ascend and work on a ladder at the same time Fig. 187 represents one of these ; a, 5, the two fixed sides ; C, the movable one It IS considerably used hi Fram*e The Orchard} sfs IFomI. '8 a liglit rod, Avith a hook on one end, and a movable piece of ■wood that slides along it. The person gathering fruit draws tie branch towards him with the hooked end, and retains it there by means of the sliding piece which is hooked to another branch. This is an indispensable in- strument in gathering fruit from large trees. Fruit- Gatherers. — Of these there are many designs by which the fruit may be taken Fig. 187.— SELF-SUPPORTING OKCHAKD LADDER. Fig. ISS.— ORAPE-OATHERER. from the tree by a person standing on the ground. They mi Fi?. 189.— HAND SYRINGE. answer very well for gathering a few ripe specimens for 504 NURSERY AKD FRUIT GARDEX IMPLEMENTS. immediate consumption. The ladder, hook, and hatid are the only safe and expeditious fruit-gatherers. Some are made in the form of a vase of wood or tin placed on the end of a pole. The edge of tlie vase is toothed, and when the stem of the fruit is taken between two of the teetli, and slightly twisted, it drops. Others are composed of a pair of shears on tlie end of a pole, to which a basket 'is attached that slides up and down the handle. Fl^ 100 — BARROW-ENGINE. The Grape- Gatherer resembles a pair of shears com- bining the property of pincers. They cut a bunch of MACHINES FOR WATERING. 505 grapes, and hold it firmly until it is brought down. These are very useful for gathering a few bunchea of grapes from the top of a house or trellis (fig. 188). Sectiox 4. — ^Machines for Watering. The Hand-Syringe (fig. 1S9). — This is a very useful Implement for sprinkling and washuig the foliage of trees in dry weather. There are various kinds, made of tin, copper, and brass, and sold at various prices. Whatever sort is used should have several caps {A) to regulate tlie quantity or shower of water discharged ; and they should also have an inverted or " gooseneck" one {B) to throw the stream, if necessary, on the under side of leaves, or in any oblique direction. There are, also, hatul-engines^ barrel-engines^ and hw' rote-engines, all of which are very useful. In every large garden there should be both the syringe and one of these en- gines; for watering is a most important atfair in gardening under our hot sun and pro- „,.n„.„x.,^ x,^,. tracted drouths. -WATERING-POT. 7^he jBarroic - JEngine (fig. 190) is the most useful for general purposes; it is easily moved from one j)lace to another. The improved kinds are easily worke2 " Peach-tree 2(il " " '• Sqimrj 2ti7 " Trees 158 Pig, Pro^jagalion of the 305 " Training in Graperies 307 the ..306 Figs 167, 451 Filbert, Form of 211 Filberts 167,460 " Distance apart to Plant 218 Fire-Blight 474 Flowers, Diflereut Cliaracters of . . . 53 " Parts of 49-53 Fruit and Kitchen Garden 201 '' Branches, Management of . . 235 " Characters of 56 " Classification of 56 Sizeof 60 " Different Parts of. 58 " Form of 61 " Haiidliiijr 468 " Garden, Inclosures for 197 Laying out 199 " Proper 199 " " Selection of Trees 204 " •' Situation of 196 " " Soil for 197 " " Trellises for 198 " Walks in the 202 " Water for 204 " Gatliering 462 " Marking 467 " Packing 466 " Ripening 464 " Rooms 471 " Spurs aj •' Trees, Diseases of 474 Fruits, Aiter.tion to, in Cellar or Fruit-Room 473 " Color of 64 " Different Properties of 59 " Flavor of &"> " for an Orchard, Varieties of. .181 " Select Varieties of 329 Garden, Mixed 201 Germination, Air in .. 68 " Conditions of 67 " ExclusiouofLight in. 68 " Heat in 68 " Moisture in 67 Grafting, Cleft 97 Composition 95 Grape 160 " Cuttings *i, 161 " Layering the 160 " Mildewofthe 478 " Root of the 478 Grapery, Border for 290 " Cleaning the vines in a....»t3 Pruning the vines in a 292 " Thinning the Fruit in a. ..293 Vines for 291 Grapes, Buildings for Foreign 289 " Culture, Pruning, and Train- ing of 271 " Distaucft apart to Plaut 273 Grapes, Foreign 4S0 Foreign in Cold Vineries. ..288 Garden Ciillure of ...272 Hardy Native 271 Native 436 Packing , 470 " Posi tion of the Vine or Bor- der for 273 " Pruning 275 Soils for 272 Trellis for 273 Vineyard Culture of. 282 Gooseberry, I'ruuing the 307 Gooseberries 165,421 " Distance apart to plant 218 Heart or Perfect Wood 26 Hedge-Fences for Orchards 180 Hoeling-in 172 Hogs 490 Hybridization 54 Implements 491 Insects, Ants 487 " Aphis or Plant Louse 479 " Apple-tree Borer 481 Apple Worm 482 Canker Worm 483 " Caterpillars 483 Clieny and Pear Slug 484 Codling Moth 482 " Cureulio 4S5 " Currant Worm 485 Leal-Rollers 489 " Peach-tree Borers 488 Rose-Bug 489 " Scaly Aphis 481 Labels for Nursery Trees 168 Layering, Propagation by 86 Laying out the Fruit-Garden 199 Leaves, Structure and Functions of.. 40 Lemons 458 Limes 458 Manure, Liquid 79 Manures 74 Manuring 323 Medlar, Treatment of 249 Mice, Field 489 Mildew 475 Moles 490 M ul berries 166, 43(5 Mulching 193.323 Nectarine, Pruning the 270 '* Training the 211 Nectarines 35M " Distance apart to Plant. .217 New Varieties, Production of. 81 Nursery 121,154 Oranges 456 Orchard 176 " Arrangement of Trees in . . 185 " Preparation of Soil for an. .180 Selection of Trees for an .184 Seleclicm of Varieties for. .329 " Situation of 176 Soil for 179 Orchard-House, Trees in Tubs or Pots in the ....297 " Varieties of Trees for 291 m mm^. Oi-chird-Honsea Maiiajjeiiient of Orchaids, Hedge-Feiio-es lor luclosures lor Planting Packing Pawpaws Peacli as a Dwarf Standard " Curl of tlie Leaf in " Mildew on the " Pruning the " Tree as an Espalier " TreeBoi-r " Tree, Formi ng i Standard . . . " Tree in the Form of a Vase. . " Tree, Pruning Hie " Tree, Root-Pruning the " Trees, Dwarf " Trees, Fan-shaped Espalier. . " Trees. Setting .. .. " Trees trained ou a Wall " Yellows in the Peaches " Distance apart to Plant " Forms of " Packing " Select Garden " S lect List of. Pear as a Pyramid " Pruningtlie " Seedlings " in Wine-glass Form Pear-leaf Blight Pear-Trees, Cordon-trained " Cutting hack Pyramid- al " First Pruning of " Oblique Cordon " Pruning the Yearling.. " Pyramid " Third Pruning of. " Training Standard Pears, Distanceapart to Plant " Forms of " Packing " Select Assortment of Pinching 109, Pith Plants, Exhalation of Moisture from. PlowiuiT, Subsoil Plum as a Dwarf Pyramid " as a Pyramid ... " Beach.. " Pruning and Management of. " Soil for " Trees. Setlins Phim-tree Wart or Black- Knot Plums " Distance apart to Plant " Forms of " Packing " Select List of Pomegranates Propagating Fruit-Trees Propagation by Division of Plants. Pruning of the Peach Pruning and Preparing Trees fo Plauting Pruning, Root... 104 Season for 108 the Apple and Pear »20 as Espaliers 239 on Paradise Stock 237 " Apricot 269 " Cherry as a Pyriimid 251 " " " Standard 250 " Currant 310 " Grape 275 " Gooseberry. .^ 307 " Nectarine 270 " Peach Tree 358 Plum ...268 " Raspberry 312 Pyramidal Training 208 Pyramids 155 Quince, Angers 130 " Pruning and Training the.248 " Training the 211 Quinces 384 " Distance apart to Plant... 217 " Packing 444 Rabbits 490 Raspberry, Manuring the 314 Planting the. 312 " Pruning the ....312 " Summer Pruning the... 313 " Training the 314 " Winter Protection for .316 Raspberries 166, 422 " Distance apart to Plant.218 " Packing 470 Root, Diflerent Parts of the 22 " Grafts, Planting 146 " •' Treatment of. 150 Roots, Growth of 23 Rotation of Crops 123 Rust or Fungus 475 Sap, Circulation of 45 '• Wood 26 Seed, the 66 Seeds, Propagating by 80 Sloe... 136 Soil, Annual Cultivation of 323 " In Nursery, Treatment of 159 Soils 69 " Modes of Improving 71 Staking 193 Standards 152 Dwarf ...146,155 Stem 24 " Growth of 27 " Structure of 27 " The Different Parts of 25 Stocks 94 " Doucin 124 " for Apples 124 " Cherry 131 " Apricot and Nectarine 134 "■ Plum 135 " Mahaleb 132 " Paradise 124 " Peach 133 " Pear 127 " Planting Peach 134 " Plum 134 *' Preparation of. 149 509 stocks, Preparing and Savini; Seeds lor ; 132 " Quince I'iS " Ilaisin-,' Seedlinj,' 134 " Tnirisplimtin^' 137 Straw berry, Culture of the 318 Strawberries 165, 427 Packing 470 Suckers*, Propa^jation by 88 Takinfj up Trees from the Nursery.. 168 Training the Apple 207 " Apricot and Nectarine 211 Ciierry 209 'J Filbert 211 Peach 210 Pear 208 " Quince 211 " Plum 209 Trees, After-management of Or- chard 193 " Age of 212 " Arraiigem.ntof.in Orchard. 185 " Arrangement in Regard to Position 216 " Distance apart to Plant 216 " Fastening to Walls and Trellises 268 " for Market or Commercial Orchard 187 Formof 204 " General Remarks upon the Structure of 21 Heeling-in... 172 " Labeling 160 Mulching 193 Trees, Packing no Permanent Plantations of Fruit 175 " Planting 216 " Proieciing against E.xtremes of Temperature 334 " Pruiiini; and Preparing for Planting 191 " Renovating Pyramidal Apple and Pear 324 " Selection of i^ " Setting Peach 182 " Selling Plum UK) " Setting Standard Cherry 190 " Slaking 193 " Taking up 216 Trellis fur Oblique Cordon Trees... 247 Trellises i<(8 Trenching 72 Twiir-Bli^ht 474 Vineyard Culture of Grapes 282 Depth to set the Plants in.286 " Distance apart to set the Vines in 285 Kinds of Plants for 285 " Methods of Training in.. 286 " Preparation of Soil for . .284 Pruninga 286 " Shelter for 284 Soil and Situation for.... 283 " Time to Plant a 285 Walks in the Fniit Garden 202 Waliiuls 167,4(il Water! ng 324 Yellows on the Peach 477 INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRIITS. The standard names are in Roman letters ; the synonymous names in Italics. Almonds. Bitter Aljnond 459 Ladies' Thin-shell 459 Soft Sweet-shell 4.59 Sweet Hard-shell 459 Apples. Alexander 336 American Beauty 341 American Golden Pippin 312 American Golden Russet 341 Autumn Strawberry 339 Autumn Sweet Bough :«6 Bailey's Sweet :i42 Batchelor S53 Beauty of Kent ^^\ Belle de Boskoop 342 Belmont 342 Ben Davis 34:i Bentley's Sweet 343 liiack Coal 347 Blue Pearmain 343 Bonum 343 Broadwell. 3t.! Bt i'T's Sweet 3^.8 Buckingham S43 Bullocks Pippin 341 Calef Sweet 344 Campfield 3;16 Canada Reinette 344 Cannon Pearmain .344 Carters Blue .^36 Cayuga Red Streak 3.56 Cham/ilain 8:>4 Chenango Strawberry :J37 Cherry Crab :<59 Chicago .359 Cogswell 344 Cooper's Market 344 Cornell's Fancy .337 Coral 3.59 Currant 359 Cullasaga :i44 Danver's Winter Sweet .344 Dartmouth .359 Disharoon 344 Domine. .345 Duchess of Oldenburg .3:17 Dutch Mignonne .345 Dyer .3:17 Enollih Red Streak :M5 English Russet »J5 Engligh Sweet 3.52 liarly Sweet Bough 33$ 510 Esopus Spltzenburgh 345 EquineUly 343 Fallawater 345 Fall Bough 3oB F(Ul Cheese of Virginia 3o9 Fall Pippin 337 Fall tiuuen 345 Fall Uueea 343 Fall Wiue 338 Family 333 Fameuse 346 Fanny 333 Foundling 333 Garden Royal 3:^8 Gate 342 Golden Pippin of Westchester Co..X42 Golden Spice 33T Golden Russet of Western N. Y.. .34H Golden Sweet 333 Granite Beauty 346 Gravenstein. . 338 Green Clieese 346 Green Newtown Pippin ;350 Green Svveut 347 Grimes' Golden 347 Haas S45 Hall 347 Havvthornden 338 Hay's 357 Hewes' Virginia Crab 347 Hightop Sweet 333 Hocking 335 Hominy. ... 341 Himey Greening 347 Hoover 347 Hubbardston Nonsuch . 347 Hurlbut. 347 Hyslop 359 Jcfferies. 3:38 Jeniton 353 Jersey Sweet 338 Jewetr s Fine Red 347 Jonathan 348 Johnson'' s Fine Winter 358 Julian 333 Julien 333 Junaluskee 348 Keswick Codlin 339 King of Tompkins County :W8 Lady Apple 348 Lady Crab 35i) Lady Elgin .359 Lady's Sweet 348 Lake Winter :i59 Large Red Siberian Crab 359 Large Striped Winter Peai-main 3i9 Large Yellow Siberian Crab 360 Late Strawberry 339 Large Yellow Bough 3313 Limber Twig 348 LipptncolVs Early 335 Little Pearmain 341 Little Rornanite 34fi Lowell 339 Lvmar.'s Pumpkin Sweet 339 McAffee's Nonsuch 349 Mi'Cloud's Family 333 Mangum 339 Magnum Bonum.... 34? Maiden's Blush 339 Mann 349 Marengo 360 Melon.. 349 Menagere 340 Milam ■ . . .34' Missouri Keeper 349 Missouri Pippin 349 Monmouth Pippin 349 Montreal Beauty 360 Moore's Sweet 349 Mother 350 Munson Sweet 350 Myer's Nonpareil 340 Newtown Pi ppin. ... 350 Newtown Spitzenburgh 350 Newark Sweeting 336 New York Pippin 343 Nickajack 351 Nodhead 347 Northern Spy 351 Oblong Siberian Crab 360 Ohio Nonpareil 340 Ohio Wine 338 Orange Sweet 350 Oettey 351 Pewaukee 351 Peck's Pleasant 351 Phillip's Sweet 352 Plumb's Cider 353 Pomme Royale 33T Pomme Grise 357 Porter 340 Poughkeepsie Russet 339 Primate 334 Pryor's Red 352 Pumpkin Sweet 339 Queen Anne a39 Rambo 352 Ramsdell's Sweet 352 Rawle's Janet 353 Red Astrachan 334 Red Bietigheimer 340 Red Canada 353 Redling 344 Red Russet 353 Red Siberian Crab 360 Red Spitzenburgh 340 Red Sweet PipjAn 349 Red Winter Pearmain 3'>3 Reinette Canada 344 Repka 334 Rhode Island Greening 353 Ribston Pippin 353 Richard's Graft 340 Richfield Nonsuch 353 Ridge Pippin 354 Roman Stem 354 Rome Beauty 341 Roxbury Russet 354 Shernood's Favoiite 337 Shiawassee Beauty .'?54 Shockley 354 Smith's Cider 354 Smokehouse 355 Snow 346 Sops of Wine 341 INDEX. 511 sterling Beanty 3-Jl Steveusou's Winter 355 St. Lawrence H41 Stump 311 Summer Hajrloe 3 4 Summer Pippin 334 Summer Queen :j34 Summer Rose 335 Summer Sweet Paradise 335 Sutton Beauty 355 Swaai- 355 Sweet June 333 Sylvan Sweet 360 Talman's Sweet 355 TaUow Itppin 33i» Tetofsky 335 Tewksbury Winter Blush :i55 Titovka ;i35 Titus Apple 3.>5 Towuseiid :Wi Trauscendent 360 Tidp^hocken 345 Twenty Ounce 35ti Varuievere of New York 350 Van Wyck 360 Vermont Pumpkin Sweet 330 Virginia Greening 356 Wagoner 356 Washington Strawberry 341 Wealthy ;i56 Western Beauty 356 Westfleld Seek-no-further 356 White Pippin 356 While Winter Pcarmain 357 Whitney 360 Wine 357 William's Favorite :«5 miliaiirx Red 335 Willow Twig. 3.57 Winter liofe :«1 Winter Sweet Paradise 357 Winter nine 357 Wolf River 357 Wnolman's Long 351 Yellow Bellflower 3."i8 Yellow Newtown Pippin .358 Yellow Siberian Crao 3(il Yellow Transparent 33»'i York Imperial 358 Apricots. Alher-ro de Montgamet . . 386 Boaiige .386 Blenheim 3S)) Breda :»6 C.'iniiio Groseo 386 I)ul)Ois as6 Early Golden :«6 Early Masculine 387 E:nly Moorpark .380 Heniskirke .3.S7 Kaishii 387 Lnrye Early .387 Mnntgamet .386 Moorpark .3^7 New Large Early 3S7 Orange 387 Paach 387 Rod Masculine .3S7 Koyal 387 Sardinian 3)s7 Ship ey 386 Si. Aiiibroise 3S7 Turkey 387 Berberries. Berberis dulcVs 434 I Common Red 434 Purple-Fruiteij 434 Purple-Leaved 434 Sweet-Fruitid 434 Variegated-Leaved 4;i4 Violet-Fruited 434 White-Fruitid 434 Blackberries. Aga warn . .4,34 Ancient Briton 4;j4 Dorchester ' . .4;i4 Early Harvest 435 Impi oved High Bush 434 Kittatinny 435 Lawlon 435 New Rochelle ."435 j Snyder 435 Staymnn's Early 435 Stone 8 Hardy . 4.35 Taylors Prolific ^445 Wallace 435 Wachnsctt Thornless !4;J5 Western Triumph 436 Wilson's Early 435 Clieni-les. Apple 390 Brlle de Clioisy 392 Belle d'Orlcans ..!..388 Belle Magnifique 3i)2 Bii Wilder 440 Wilmington Red 4.50 Worden 440 Wyoming Red 400 ITIalberrles. Black 436 Everix-aring 436 Johnson. 436 Nectarines. BosI on 395 Dowiilon 395 Eiirlv Newington 395 Early Violet 395 Elriige 395 Hardwicke's Seedling 395 Hunt's Tawny 395 Lord Napier 396 Lucombe's Black 395 Pitmaston Orange 396 Red Roman 396 Rivers' Orange 396 Stanwick 396 Victoria 396 Yidette Halive 395 Oranges and other Tropical Fruits. Bergamot 457 Chinese 457 Citrus Decutnana 457 Citrus Linxetta 458 Citrus Limonium 458 Custard Apple 459 Havana 457 Lemon 458 Lime 458 Malta Blood 457 Maltese 457 Mandarin 457 • Myrtle-Leaved 457 Otaheite 457 Pomegranate 458 Pawpaw 459 St. Augustine 456 St. Michaels 457 Shaddock 457 Tangerine 457 Variegfttert-Leaved 457 Peacbes. Alexander 397 Alexander Noblesse 397 Barnard's Tellow ... 409 Beer's Smock 397 Bcllegarde 397 Bergen's Yellow 397 Bitlyeu's Comet 397 Bi 1 lyeu's Late October 397 Chinese Cling 397 Cole's Early Red 398 Cohimbia .398 ('ooledge's Favorite 398 Conkliliix 39S Crawford's Early 398 Crawford s Late 398 Crimson Galande 398 Druid Hill 39!» Early Beatrice 399 E.irly Louise 399 EarlV Newington Freestone 899 Early Rivers 399 Karti/ Royal George 397 fiarlj Silver 4W 514 INDEX. Early Tillotson 400 Eaily York ,...400 Flat Pc,;icli of China 405 Fleita'8 400 Foster 400 Freaman . 400 George the Fourth 400 Goshawk 401 Grosse Mi>;uouiie 401 Haines' Early 401 Hale's Early 401 Heath Cliii!,' 401 Heaih Free .402 Hill's Chili .401 Honest John 402 Indian Blood 402 Indian Peach 39S Jacques' Rareripe 402 Kenrick's Heath 402 Keyport Wliite 402 Lady Parhani 402 La Grange 402 Large Early York 402 Large While Cling 403 Late Admirable 403 Lemon Cling 403 Lord Paimerston 403 Magdala 403 Malta 403 Monstreiise de Done 404 Moore's Favorite 404 Morris White 404 Morris Wiite Rareripe 404 Mountain Rose 404 Mrs. Brett... 404 Nectarine 404 Noblesse 404 Oldmixon Cling... 405 Oldmixton Freestone 405 Peen-To 405 Picquet's Late 405 President 405 Princess of Wales 405 Red-cheeked Melocoton 405 Reeves' Favorite 406 Kivers' Early York 406 Rodman's Cling 406 Sal way 406 Seirate Early York 400 Shanghai 406 Smock Freebtone 406 Snow ... 406 Steadley 407 Stump the World 407 Surpasse Melocoton 407 Susquehanna 407 Teton de Venus 403 Thurber 407 Tippecanoe Cling ..407 Troth's Early 408 Wager 408 Walburton Admirable 408 Ward's Late Free 408 Waterloo 408 Whnatland 408 Yellow Alberge 409 Yellow Rareripe 409 Yellow St. ^obn 400 Pears. Abbott 378 Ananas d' Etp 365 Andre Desportes 363 Andrews .378 Baronnc de Mello 366 Bartlelt 362 Belle Epine Dumas 374 Belle de Flandres , 369 Belle Lucrative ,366 Bergamot Esperen 379 Besi de Montigny .. . 379 Besi Esperen 379 Beurr6 Bosc .366 Be.urre Boussock 368 Beurre Brown 378 Benrre Clairgeau 366 Beurr6 d'Albret 378 Beurre d'Araanlis 378 Benrr6 d'Angleterre 378 Beurr6 d'Angou 366 Beurr6 d'Aremberg ,375 Benrr6 de Britrnais ,366 Beurr6 de I'Assoniption 378 Bairre de Nanles 382 Bemre de Waterloo 380 Beurr6 Diei ,367 Beurre Durand 378 Beurr6 Easter 374 Beurre Giffard 363 Ben rr6 Golden of Bilboa 378 Beurre Gris d' Hiver Nouveau 375 Beurre Hardy 367 Beurr6 Maxion 378 Beurre Moire 379 Beurre Picquery 374 Beurr6 Superfln .367 Black Worcester 379 Bloodgood 363 Bonne de Malines 377 Bonne de Puits Ansault 367 Brandywine .363 Buffum 368 Butter Pear 369 Ca;n de France 379 Catillac 379 Chinese Pear 371 Church 379 Clapp's Favorite 363 Coil's Beurr6 379 Columbia ,375 Conite de Flandre 379 Comtesse de Lumay 379 Conseiller de la Coiir 372 Dana's Hovey 375 D'Alencon 3'5 Dearborn's Seedling 363 Des Nonnes . ..366 De Tongres ,380 Dix .380 Doctor Lindley 380 Doctor Reeder 368 Doyenne Boussock 368 Doyenn6 d' Alencon 375 Doyenn6 d'Et6 364 Doyenne d' Hiver 374 Doyenne d' Hiver d" Alengon 375 Doyenn6 du Com jce 368 INDEX. 615 Doyenii6 Gray 368 DoyemiR White 309 Ducd' Aremberg 375 Due de Boi'deavx 374 Due (Ic Brabant 380 Dnchessc (rAii Diihainel dii Monceau 37(; Edmunds 380 Emile de Heyst 3()9 Eugene Appert 380 Flem-eh Beauty 3ti9 Fondante Bihorel 380 Fondante d' Autotnne 366 Frederick Clapp 370 Fulton 370 Gansel's Bersamot 381 GansePs Scclccl 3«1 General Taylor .381 General Totlebcn 381 Glout Morceau 376 Qratioli of Jersey 381 Gregoire Bordillon 381 Ileuri Desportes 381 Henry the Fourth 381 Hoosic 370 Howell 370 Jalousie de Foutenay Vendes 381 Jones 371 Josephine de Malines 376 Jules Bi vort 381 Keiffer 371 Kingsessins 38-3 Kirtland 371 Lawrence 376 Le Conte 371 Louise Bonne de Jersey 372 Madam Eliza 382 Madelaiue 364 Manning's Elizabeth 3()4 Marechal de la Cour 372 Marie Benoist 382 Marie Louise 382 Mario Louise d' Uccles 382 Maurice Desportes 382 Merriain 372 Mount Vernon 376 Nantais 382 NePlusMeuris 366 Nouveau Poiteau 382 Onondaga 372 Osband's Summer 364 Oswego Beurre 382 Ott..: li^i Paradise d' Automnc 372 Petite Marguerite 364 Pitmaston Duchess 373 Pius the 9th 383 Plait 383 Pound 377 Pratt 373 President Mas 383 Rapelje's Seedling 38.3 Rosteizer 365 Rutter .383 Seckel 373 Sheldon 373 Souvenir d'Espiiren !'..... 383 Souvi'iiirdu Congres 365 St. Ciliisluin 383 St. Michael Archangel 3&3 I b't. A'icholas 380 Stevens' Genesee 373 i Hiiinmer Vergalieu 3(J4 Swan's Orange 372 i 'I'J'-"" 365 Uibaiiiste 374 I UredaWs St. Germam 377 I Verga/ieu 369 Vicar of Winkfleld 377 Wa:ren 415 Qiiackenboss 415 Reine Claude de Bavay 416 Saint Catherine 416 Saint Lawrence 416 Shropshire Damson 416 Smilli's Orleans 416 Victoria 416 WaL'iMihciin 41« Washinirion 116 W.-aver 418 Wild Goose 418 516 INDEX. Tellow Gage iVt Qaliioes. Apple Shaped or Orauste 384 Angers 384 Chainpioii 385 Chinese 385 Japan 385 Pear-Sliaped.. Portugal Kea's Seedlinj] .385 Raspberries. American Blaclc Cap 423 Banmforth's Seedling 426 Belle de Pontenay 425 Belle de Palluau 422 Brandywine 423 Bnnckle's Orange 423 Caroline 423 Clarke 422 Crimson Beauty 426 Cuthbert 4*4 Doolittle 423 Fastolf 422 Franconia 422 French. 422 Gregg 421 Hansel! 426 Herstine 422 Highland Hardy 424 Hopkins 426 Hornet 422 Hudson River Antwerp 422 JoslynV Black Cap 423 Knevel t's Giant 423 Lost Rubies 426 Mammoth Cluster 424 Marlboro 426 McCormick 424 Mervillo des Qnartre Saisons 425 Miami 424 Monlclair 426 Ohio Everbearing 425 Orange 423 Parncll 423 Pliiladelpliia 424 Queen of tlie Market 424 Red Antwerp 423 Red Antwerp of the Hudson River .422 Reliance 424 Seneca Black Cap 424 Shaffer's Colossal 426 Souhegan 425 Superb 427 Susqueco 42.3 Thwack 425 Turner 425 Tyler 427 Vice-President French 422 Victoria 42;i Welsh 427 StraTFberries. Mltiih' Vdrlflies 430 Anil I /nil) Vnr/eties 427 Foividii Vmifties 430 HauUjoi6 Varieties 431 IVew Varieties 431 Alpine Busli 430 Alpine Wood 430 Auiuninal Galande .431 BeKe Bordelaise 431 Bidwell 427 BiiiBob 433 Black Defiance 431 Boyden's No. 2X1 433 Captain Jack 431 Charles Downing 427 Crescent Seedling 427 Crystal City 432 Cumberland Triumph 428 Diichesse 428 Duncan 432 Early Canada 433 Finch's Prolific 433 Forest Rose 432 Golden Defiance 432 Golden Queen 430 Great American , 438 Green Prolific 428 Gypsy 433 Halt's Minnesota 433 Hervey Davis 432 Hovey 428 James Vick 433 Jersey Queen 432 Jucunda 430 Kentucky 428 Kirknood 433 Lennig's White.... 428 Longfellow 432 Mai Chester 433 Miner's Great Prolific ...433 Monarch of the West 429 Monstrous Hautbois 431 Montreuil 431 Mount Vernon 433 Neunan's Prolific 429 Nicanor 429 Nigh's Superb 433 Oliver Goldsmith 433 Phelps' Seedling 433 Pioneer 433 Piper's Seedling 433 President Wilder 429 Prime 433 Pronty's Seedling. 433 Royal Haul bois 431 Seneca Queen 433 Seth Boyden 4^3 Sharpl ss.... 429 Triomphede Gand 430 Triple Crown 4X3 TroUope's Victoria 430 Warren 433 Wilson's Albany 429 Windsor Chief. 430 iraliiiits. Black Walnut 461 Butternut 461 Dwarf Prolific Walnut 461 EuL'lish Walnut 461 Hickory Nut 461 Madeira Nut j>tf>ktj--461 STANDARD BOOKS ..PUBLISHED BY., ORANGE JUDD COMPANY NEW YORK CHICAGO 52 & 54 Lafayette Place Marqtcette Building TDOOKS sent to all parts of the world for catalog price. Discounts for large quantities on appli- cation. Correspondence invited. Brief descriptive catalog free. Large illustrated catalog, six cents : : : The Cereals in America By Thomas F. Hunt, M.S., D. Agr. If you raise five acres of any kind of grain you cannot afford to be without this book. It is in every way the best book on th*- subject that has ever been written. It treats of the cultivation and improve- ment of every grain crop raised in America in a thoroughly practical and accurate manner. The subject matter includes a comprehensive and succinct treatise of wheat, maize, oats, barley, rye, rice, sorghum (kafir corn), and buckwheat, a* related particularly to American conditions. 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