cx^s^

o^r.P^

BOOK 597.6.C79B c 1

COPE # BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA

3 T1S3 OOlMbflS? 1

THE

BATRACHIA

OF

NORTH AMERICA

BY

E. D. COPE

ERIC LUNDBERG

AsHioN, Maryland

Originally published as

United States National Museum

Bulletin No. 34, 1889

Reprinted 1963 by

Eric Lundberg
Ashton, Maryland

PRINTED IN U.S.A. BY

Quick Lithographers, Inc., New York 12, N. Y.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Philadelphia, February 18, 1887.

Dear Sir : I have the honor to present to you for publication among
the Bulletins of the United States National Museum the manuscript of
a general work on the Batrachia of North America. It embraces the
results of a thorough study of the characters of the species, with their
variations, which has been rendered effective by the very full collection
contained in the National Museum, and which this work thus illustrates.
Besides this descriptive part, I have presented the results of a thorough
'^tudy of the osteology of the class, based on the material contained in
various museums of the United States and Europe. I have expressed
these results largely in systematic form, in the belief that descriptive
zoology will never be complete until the structure is exhausted in fur-
nishing definitions. Wherever practicable, reference is made to the
relations between the extinct and living forms.

I have been greatly indebted to you for the use of the manuscript
prepared by yourself and Dr. Girard many years ago with such a pub-
lication as the present one in view. Of the descriptions of the fifty- three
Urodela, nineteen are from your pen, and of the forty-seven Salientia,
twenty-one are the work of yourself and Dr. Girard. This has materally
lightened my labor, the only additional work necessary to these descrip-
tions being such as increase of material has required. In the same way
the figures of the external characters of the Urodela of which your de-
scriptions appear in the text, were prepared under your direction, and
the drawings of the crania of the same Urodela were partially prepared
at the same time, and have been completed by myself, now appearing
for the first time. The other drawings were made by myself, excepting
some wbich are credited to others at the proper places.

Besides the collection of specimens in alcohol, the collection of skele-
tons prepared by yourself, and now part of the National Museum, has
been of the greatest service in the preparation of this work and of the
various papers by myself which have preceded it.
I am, with much respect, yours, truly,

Prof. S. F. Baird,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

E. D. Cope.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Letter of transmittal 5

Batrachia ~

General characters *

General anatomy ~

Larval characters 1-

Classiticatiou l-i

Affinities 1^

Phylogeuy H

Explanation of terms 1'5

Nomenclature and history IH

Proteida ~1

Urodela -^

Trachystomata '^'••^

Salientia ^^-

Recapitulation -1^1

Addenda ■!•'•'

Bibliography ■^'^1

Addendum to bibliography ■!-•'>

List of cuts ^ - '-'

Explanation of lettering ou plates 4'j;3

Explanation of plate> -l'-^'

Index iJl'

f.

THE BATRACHIA OF x\ORTH AMERICA.

BATRACHIA.

Bongniart, 1800. Amphibia Latreille, 1825 (not of Linnaens 1766).
GENERAL CHARACTERS.

Vertebrata with a distinct coracoid element of the scapular arch and
with an os quadratum. The limbs consist of a single proximal element,
two propodials (sometimes united), a carpus and tarsus, metapodials,
and phalanges. The cartilage of the basis-cranii unossified (except some-
times a basioccipital ossification), but supported by the single mem-
brane bone, the parasphenoid ; vertebral column consisting entirely or
in part of intercentra. Stapes present.

Brain with the cerebellum small, and the mesencephalon smaller than
the prosencephalon ("hemispheres"); the latter with the ventricles on
the inner side of their principal mass.

Heart with three chambers, two auricles, and a ventricle. Three or
four aorta bows on each side. Lungs always present.

Gall-bladder and urinary bladder present; oviducts entirely distinct,
and opening by fontanelles into the abdominal cavity at a distance from
the ovaries. Reproductive, renal, and digestive products discharged
into a cloaca. Male without distinct intromittent organ.

In development the embryonic life is prolonged during a period of
freedom subsequent to leaving the egg, constituting a larval stage.
During this period the young is branchiferous and generally aquatic in
its habits. No amnion nor allantois. Segmentation of the yolk complete
or holoblastic.

GENERAL ANATOMY.

The auditory organs resemble those of other terrestrial vertebrata,
and differ from those of fishes, in the presence of a fenestra ovalis of
the internal ear, which is closed by a stapes. The other ear bones or
their equivalents are fused at an early stage of growth with the sus-
pensorial cartilage of the lower jaw (Parker). There are three semi-
circular canals, but the helix is represented only by a diverticulum of
the sacculus.

The hyoid apparatus is less complicated than that of the I'isces, and
more so than that of the vertebrate classes above them in the series.

7

8 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

There are always a distinct so-called ceratolijal ; one or more axial ele-
ments or basibranchials, and lateral pieces, or ceralobranchials. There
is no glossohyal. Further than this nothing can be said of the class,
as the orders differ among themselves in the details.

In the carpus and tarsus there is always an os centrale, except in the
tarsus of the Salientia. In the extinct Carboniferous genera Eryops^
and Archegosaurus,^ there are two centralia in each foot [pes of Eryops
unknown). The intermedium is either present or fused with one of the
adjacent bones of the first row. There is a series of carpalia and of
tarsalia, giving attachment to the metapodials, whose number and con-
dition differ in the different families. The number of digits is generally
not more than four in front and five behind. There is very often a rudi-
mental thumb on the anterior foot in the Salientia, and in the extinct
rhachitomous genus Eryops there are five well-developed digits on the
mauus. (Plate 45, fig. I.) In the Salientia there is often a rudimental
sixth toe internal to the hallux. (Plate 67-S.)

The shoulder-girdle is not connected with the skull in the Batrachia,
excepting in the genus Hemisus. There is a large suprascapula. The
osseous coracoid is of various proportions, and it has various cartilagi-
nous extensions, as epicoracoid and procoracoid. These are ossified in
some of the extinct forms. There is much variety in the pieces which
occupy the middle line of the scapular arch. The orders may be ar-
ranged as follows on this basis :

An episteruiim aud no sternum: Ganocephala, Bhachitomi, Embolomeri, StegocephaU.
An omostefnum and sternum ; no episternum, Salientia. No median sternal elements :
Trachystoinata, Froteida, Urodela (except Trematodera).

The pelvis is always furnished with an ilium, but the pubis is want-
ing or represented by rudiments, except in the extinct forms, where it
is present. The ischium is primitively an undivided cartilaginous plate.
No obturator foramen. There are some characters which are common
to all or nearly all Batrachia, but wbic'i "lay be fnnnd on further knowl-
edge of the extinct forms not to have been always present. Oii" of
these is the continuity or fixed articulation of the quadrate cartilage
or bone with the skull. The proximal part of this bone is intercalated
between the squamosal anrl exoccipital, and the pterygoid when present,
so as to present only its distal extremity free. In the Salientia it is an
insignificant element, being generally cartilaginous.

The vomeropalatine bones are always double, except where wanting,
which is only the case in the Trachystomata. They are nearly always
dentigerous.

The orbitosphenoid bone is always well developed.

In the existing orders the atlas is undivided. I have put forth the
hypothesis' that the vertebral bodies in the existing and most of the

' Cope, American Naturalist, 1888, p. 436.

-Baur, Carpus u. Tarsus der Vertebraten, 1H87, Batrachia, pp. 6-12.
'On tlie Intercentrum of the Terrestrial Vertebrata, Transac. Amer Philosoph.
See, 1886, p. 243.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

extinct orders of Batrachia are not the centra of the higher vertebrata,
but are intefcentra, which are occasionally seen in the higher vertebrates
in a rudimental condition. This is especially the case in the remark-
able saurian of New Zealand, the Sphenodon, and in the extinct order
of the Theromora. Owen has shown that the intercentra exist, also in
the mole. I have given the following reasons for this view :

1. The intercentra are very large in the Ganocephala and Khachi-
tomi.

2. They support the neural arch in the Embolomeri.

3. They are not rudimental in existing Batrachia.

4. The chevron bones, which originate from the intercentra of Rep-
tilia, are continua with the caudal vertebral bodies in Batrachia.

5. The ribs, which originate from the interceutral cartilages in Rep-
tilia, originate from the vertebral bodies of Batrachia.

The paleontology of the Batrachia and Reptilia shows that the order
Embolomeri is the only one with complete vertebral bodies, and so
probably gave origin to the reptiles ; while the intercentra in some
Batrachiaus become so connected with the neural arches as to lead to the
belief that they become the vertebral bodies of later forms of the class
which have descended from them.

In all the orders, genera with well-developed anterior limbs display
well-developed distal condyles of the humerus. They are better de-
veloped than in any order of reptiles, with the exception of the Thero-
mora.

With regard to the cranial nerves, it is to be remarked that the latera-
lis branch of the vagus is present, as in fishes ; also that the glossopha-
ryngeal is united with the vagus. In the Urodela the nervus facialis is
distinct from the trigeminus (Fig. 1), but in the Salientia they are
united. (Plate 43.)

r. nas.

^rfa'-^/ac.

giph&vag.

\ rlut.sup. r.intest

rJatinf^

Fig. 1. Diagram of chondrocranium and cranial nerves of Salaniandra, side vie-w (from Wiedersheim).

In the muscular system the Batrachia differ from the fishes in the
modifications which partially take the place of the myocommata, and.
the development of the muscles of the limbs and their extension on
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body. Myocommata persist in

10

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the caudal regions of all the tailed orders, and are transient in the
tails of the larvce of the Salientia. Eemaius of the same are seen in the

segmented dorsal muscles of the TJro-
dela, and the segmented median ven-
tral, or pubosternal' muscles of the
tailed and tailless orders. Between
these median series of muscles extend
two layers, which support the sides
of the body cavity, the external and
internal oblique. In the Urodela the
external oblique is divided up at the
superior border into separate heads,
each of which arises from the extrem-
ity of a rib. Between the ribs is a
band of narrow longitudinal mus-
cles— theintercostals — which are par-
allel to the dorsal muscles. Owing
to the modification of the skeleton
the dorsal muscles in the Salientia
are much modified, and form che ;-
rons with the apex posterior. Tie
limb muscles are much like those of
higher vertebrata.
The heart of the Batrachia jtos-
sesses three chambers, two auricles and one ventricle, and there is a
sinus veuosus at the entrance of the vena cava. The bulbus arteri jsus
is not muscular, and has a longitudinal valve or partial septum, or is
completely divided into two in the Proteida. In the Urodela there are
four aortic branches on each side, which are in the larval state branchial
arteries. As many veins return from the branchire and unite above the
heart to form the aorta. In development to maturity the arteries be-
come connected with the veins by longitudinal vessels, the ductub botalli,
which complete the "aorta bows" where the branchial systeri disap-
pears. The first and last of these arches become subordinate, and
the intermediate on each side function as " aorta roots," whose union
forms the aorta. The carotid artery is a continuation of the ductus
botalli eonnectiug the first and second bows, and the last bow is modi-
fied into the pulmonary vein. In the Proteida and Trachystomata
three aorta bows remain on each side, and the branchial aiteries and
veins persist. In the Salientia three aoria bows remain, but the second
on each side only form the aorta, the first and last forming the carotid
artery and pulmonary vein.

The venous system consists primitively, as in other '^ ertebrata, of
two anterior and two posterior cardinal veins, which uuitr on each side
into a single transverse vessel, the Luctus cuvicri, which empties into
the sinus venosus. Subsequently two other pairs of longitudinal veins

Fig. 2. Diagram of chondrocranium and cranial
nerves of Salaraandra, from below (from Wie-
dersheim).

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 11

arise parallel to the cardinal veins, and empty into the anterior cardi-
nals on each side, in front of the Ductus cuvieri. These are the verte-
bral veins. The portion of the posterior cardinals between the Ductus
imvieri and the kidney disappears, so that what remains of the pos-
terior cardinals are only renales advehentes. The anterior cardinals
become the jugulars. The principal posterior vein is the venacavapos-
terior, which is median, and consists originall}' of the renales revehentes
from the kidney. It receives the hepatic vein before emptying into the
sin us venosus. The iliac veins pass directly into the kidney after re-
ceiving the V. caudaUs.

The lymph cavities of the body in the Batrachia are extensive. This
is especially the case with the Salientia, where the skin is loosely at-
tached, and incloses large spaces immediately below it. The lymphatic
vessels from the digestive system open into these cavities. The ves-
sels also empty into the veins, and present at such points enlargements
which contract rhythmically, and are known as " lymph-hearts." They
are situated in the sacral region, one on each side, in the tailed forms,
while an additional pair is present in the scapular region in the Sali-
entia.

The reproductive and urinary systems are closely connected in the
Batrachia, and must be treated of together. Both discharge their con-
tents into the alimentary canal, forming a cloaca. Their structure is
best understood by reference to that of the sharks. In these fishes a
primitive longitudinal vessel on each side of the dorsum of the abdom-
inal cavity sends branches to the outer side, which there form convo-
luted lobules, the primitive kidney. In the Batrachia this longitudinal
or archinephric duct divides longitudinally, and the inner portion re-
mains as the Miillerian duct. This becomes the oviduct of the female.
The external half with its series of branches becomes the urogenital
duct. The testes and ovaries are developed independently external to
the kidneys, and the former send their efifereut ducts directly into the
latter. The ovaries discharge the eggs into the abdominal cavity,
whence they pass into the oviducts by the free open extremities of the
latter, and are thence ejected by the anus, after receiving a covering
of albumen. The male organ homologous with the Miillerian duct is
of reduced size in all the Salientia except the Ran* and allies, where it
is aborted. It has been shown, however, to persist in our Bana virens.
In the Urodela the vasa defereutia pass through the kidney and enter
the genitourinary duct, and so into the cloaca ; but in the Salientia the
efferent ducts of the kidney collect themselves into a separate tube or
ureter, which, however, joins the single vas deferens before entering
the cloaca. But the Discoglossidae agree with the Urodela in this, as
in several other respects. A urinary bladder is always present in the
Batrachia. The testes are single on each side in the Salientia ; there
are several in the Urodela, especially in the Cseciliidfe. The penis is
wanting. Impregnation is accomplished by copulation in the Urodela,

12 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

but in the Salientia the spermatozooids are discharged on the ova after
leaving the body of the female. (Plates 18, 19, 32, 12.)

The alimentary canal in the Batrachia is simple, since it is not highly
specialized into distinct parts. The liver is large and is divided into a
varying number of lobes, which are especially numerous, and arranged
like a roll of coins in the Cfeciliidfe. The gall-bladder and pancreas
are present. The teeth are not implanted in alveolae, and are in the
recent forms more or less pleurodont.

LARVAL CHARACTERS.

In the course of the growth of a batrachian there is always a period
which follows the freedom of the embryo, in which there are structures
for securing respiration in the water. These gills differ from those of
fishes, in that the fringes in which the blood is aerated stand on fleshy
processes of the branchial arches, and not directly on the arches them-
selves. Similar structures are found in the preliminary stages of
some fishes. During this stage the tail is more or less modified as a
swimming organ, and the condition of the skull differs materially in
character from that of the adult. In the tailless or anurous Batrachia
the limbs do not appear until this period has nearly closed, while in
the tailed or urodele order the limbs appear almost immediately after
the gills. Besides these transitional characters, theUrodela possess in
their early larval condition a long process in front of the first gill on
each sidCj which is termed a balancer. This remains in a few abnormal
cases in salamanders, but is permanent iu the suborder of the caecil-
ians or worm-l^ke Batrachia. A similar process exists in the larva of
the frogs of the geuus Xenopus^ which resembles superficially a siluroid
fish ; but in the Salientia generally the balancers are \yanting.

The gills in the Salientia (frogs, toads, etc.) are soon concealed by a
growth of the skin, which leaves a small orifice for the discharge of
water from the pharyngeal cavity. In one group of these animals this
opening rs on the middle line below, but in the great majority it is
single and is situated on the left side.

The changes undergone by the skull iu the metamorphosis are much
more important iu the Salientia than in any other order, and are treated
of under the head of that order.

The eggs of Batrachia are always deposited in the water or iu damp
places. In a few instances the young do not seek the water, and in
one species [Salamandra atra) they are born free from the egg.

Under the head of the Salientia will be found a table of the various
modes in which the eggs and larvae of those animals are deposited and
cared for prior to maturity.

Under the respective orders the descriptions of their characteristic
peculiarities of development will be found. (Plates 30, 44, 78.)

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13

CLASSIFICATION.

There are several orders of Batrachia, aud they display remarkable
diversities of skeletal structure. For the better understanding of these
I give the following table of their principal definitions:'

I. Basioccipital, supraoccipital, intercalary,^ aud suprateraporal boues present. Pro-

podial bones distinct.
a. One cotyloid occipital condyle.

Vertebral centra n-i'laced by one basal and two lateral elements

with one neural arch 1 Ganoeephala,

aa. Two occipital condyles.

Vertebral bodies, including atlas, segmented, one set of segments

together supporting one arch Bhachitomi,

Vertebra! segmented, the superior aud inferior segments each

complete, forming two centra to each arch Emholomeri. .

Vertebral bodies, including atlas, not segmented ; one to each
arch Stegocephali.

II. Basioccipital, supraoccipital, and supfatemporal bones wanting. Frontal and

propodial bones distinct.
a. An OS intercalare.

A palatine arch and separate caudal vertebrae Proteida.

aa. No OS intercalare.

A maxillary arch and vomers; palatine arch present, imperfect;

nasals, premaxillaries and caudal vertebras distinct Urodela.

No maxillary or palatine arches; no vomers; nasals and pre-
maxillary, also caudal vertebrae, distinct Track ystomata.

III. Basioccipital, su-oraoccipital, intercalare, and supratemporal bones wanting'

Frontals and parietals connate; propodial bones and lumbosacral vertebrae
each confluent.
Palatines distinct from vomers ; a palatine arch ; astragalus and

calcaneum elongate, forming a distinct segment of the limb Salientia.

The animals of the Division I are all extinct. Division II includes the
Salamanders and their allies, with the worm-like Coecilians (Apoda),
while the third division embraces the frogs, toads, etc.

AFFINITIES.

The Batrachia are, then, intermediate in characters, and therefore in
position, between the fish-like forms aud the reptiles. Among the
former the Dipnoi approach them most nearly, while the extinct reptiles
of the oldest order, the Theromora,' are the nearest allies on the rep-
tilian side. It belongs to the series of vertebrates which have a dis-
tinct coracoid bone in the shoulder-girdle, and a distinct quadrate bone
in the skull. The greater part of the basicranial axis is cartilaginous,
but it is protected below by the membrane bone, the parasphenoid. In
all these respects, and in the absence of an amnion of the embryo, the
Batrachia agree with the fishes. They differ from this class in the i)res-
ence of legs and absence of fins, and in the absence of various bones
which belong to the branchial aud opercular systems, and to the sus-
pensor of the lower jaw.

'This is partly derived from the table which I have given in Vol. II, Palaeontology
of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 1874, p. 352. See also American Naturalist, 1^84.
"Of Cuvier : Epiotic of Huxley, according to Vrolik.
" Theromorpha Cope olim; name preoccupied.

14 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The characters displayed by the three (M visions iu question indicate
their relationship to be as follows: The orders of Division I present in
their cranial structure a greater resemblance to the- limb-finned or
crossopterygian fishes than do either of the others. The third division
is the most divergent from the type, and is in various respects the most
specialized. This specialization consists not only in a departure from
the primitive Batrachia, but also from all other forms of vertebrata.
Its specialization is seen in the loss and coossification of various parts
of the skeleton. The Urodela display characters intermediate between
the extremes of the class. Near them the Trachystomata (Sirenidse) are
still more inferior by loss of parts of the skull and of the pelvic arch.
The Proteida have lost the maxillary arch of the Stegocephali, but re-
tain their os intercalaro.

PHYLOGENY.

The class Batrachia holds an important position in the history of the
vertebrata, as the first member of that kingdom which occupied the
land on the advent of the conditions suitable for air-breathing types.
It thus stands in ancestral relation to the lines of the Sauropsida and
Mammalia, and as the immediate descendants of the fislies. As regards
the extinct orders, the primitive type is evidently' the Ganocephala,
whose vertebral column displays an arrest of characters which are
transitional in the higher vertebrata. From this group the orders
Rhachitomi, Embolomeri,and Stegocephali have been evidently derived.
We may then present the following genealogical table of the class
Batrachia :

Salientia.

\ Trachystomata.

\ /

\ /

\Urodela.

\ \

\ \

\ Proteida.

\/

Embolomeri. Stegocephali.

\ /

\

Rhac

/

litomi.

Gano

cephala.

THE BATKACHIA OF "NORTH AMERICA. 15

As regards the couuectiou of the class, as a whole, with other classes
of vertebrata, it is very probable that the extinct orders, as the Gano-
cephala, were derived from some extinct form of Dipuoan fishes, more
or less related to the group of which the genus Ceratodus is a represent-
ative. In this type we have a persistent chorda dorsalis, fins which
present the type from which ambulatory limbs were derived, a pelvis,
and a cranium nearer that of the batrachians than most other fishes
l)resent. The Crossopterygia are a little on one side of the parental
stem, since they have no pelvis, and their limbs begin to show a begin-
ning of that reduction and specialization which is carried to such an
extent in the Actinopterygia, or typical fishes.

From the Ganocephala we derive the remaining orders, all of which
possess two occipital condyles. The intercentra, which are small in the
prepelvic vertebral axis of the Ganocephala, assume a large development
in the Embolomeri, which thus have two bodies to each neural arch
throughout the series. It is probable that the reptiles took their origin
from this group by the gradual reduction of the intercentra, and the
continued dominance of the centra. It is possible also that the Em-
bolomeri possess but one occipital condyle, which, uniting with an in-
tercentrura, formed the single occipital condyle of the Reptilia.

In the direction of the Rbachitomi there is reason to believe that the
intercentra became predominant in the vertebral axis, and that the
centra soon disappeared. This order gave origin to the Stegocephala,
in which the centra are wanting; and this order was the source of the
Proteida on one hand, and the Salientia on the other. The former, of
all the existing orders is the only one which retains the os intercalare
of the Palaeozoic types. From the Proteida we get the Urodela, and
from the latter the Trachystomata, as will be more especially shown
under that order.

The Ganocephala (Trimerorhachis) and the Rhachitomi (Zatrachys)
had a well developed columella auris, which extended from the fenestra
ovale and turned upwards and backwards to the notch of the posterior
outline of the skull between the os intercalare a-nd the base of the quad-
rate. It is highly probable that this notch was occupied by a tympanic
drum.' In the Proteida, Urodela, aud^-Txachystomata, there is no col-
umella. In the Salientia there is a chain consisting of one bone and
two cartilages extending between the stapes and the memhranum tym-
IHini. Thus the Urodela in this respect have undergone degeneration,
while the Salientia have undergone specialization. With regard to
other parts of the skeleton all the later and recent orders must be re-
garded as having undergone degeneration, in view of the extensive loss
of parts. (See Origin of the Fittest, by E. D. Cope, On the Evolution
of the Vertebrata, progressive and retrogressive.)

' See Cope On the ossicula auditns of the Batrachia, Amer. Naturalist, 18d8, p. 464;
Journal of Morphology, November, 1688.

16 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

The Canthus rostralis is the ridge more or less defined which marks
the line of separation anterior to the eyes, between the top and side of
the head. The outer nares or external nostrils are situat€d in or a little
below this angular line, and between the eye and tip of snout. The
Canthus orbitalis is the corner of the eye, either anterior or posterior.
By ramus of jaw is meant either of the two branches, one on each side.
The rictus is the point of junction between the upper and lower jaws.
The commissure is the line along which the two jaws meet when closed.
The internal nares or choance are in the roof of the mouth a little ante-
rior to the eyes. The Eustachian apertures, or ostia pharyngea, are sit-
uated very far back in the roof of the mouth near the end of the jaw, one
on each side. The angle of the jaw is just behind the point of articula-
tion of the two jaws. The concealed surfaces of the body are those which
are internal and pressed against each other when the limbs are flexed.
The teeth in the roof of the mouth are vomerine or vomeropalatine when
they are within or near the inner nares, and on the bone of same name;
and they are parasphenoid, or loo&^Xy, palatine, when considerably be-
hind the level of the inner nares and placed on the parasphenoid bone.

The enumeration of the fingers and toes com mences^with the inner ones,
the fourth finger and the fifth toe being the external. The term finger
always belongs to the anterior extremities, and toe to the posterior.
The phalanges are numbered from the metapodial bone. By articula-
tion is understood the hinge between two adjacent bones, which them-
selves are called segments. The tympanum or membranum tympani
is the circular disk seen on each side the head, posteriorly and just
back of the eye, in the Salientia.

NOMENCLATURE AND HISTORY.

By Linnceiis, in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae (1760), in the
twelfth (1766), and in the thirteenth (1788) reptiles and batrachians are
included in a class "Amphibia." The two classes were not recognized
even as subordinate divisions of the Amphibia. These divisions were
the Keptiles, Serpentes, and Nantes. The last named included only
fishes. Four genera were included in the reptiles, one of which was
Rana, which embraced all the Batrachia Salientia. The Urodela were
enumerated as species of the genus Lacerta. The genus Ccecilia was
placed among the Serpentes.

Laurenti, in the Tentamen Systema Reptilium, 1768, first used the
class name Reptilia for a combination of the two classes, Reptilia and
Batrachia, as at present recognized. He proposed three orders of
Reptilia, the Salientia ( = Batrachia Anura), the Gradientia (= lizards
and Batrachia Urodela), and the Serpentes, in which he included the
Ooecilias.

Lacepede, 1788-'90, did not distinguish Reptiles from Batrachia, and

THE IJATI.'ACIIIA OF NORTH AMEUJCA. 17

(lid not j^ivo distinctive iiiiines lor tlic groui)s wliicli he [)roi)oseil, which
were vvvy ;irtiticial.

JjioHfjniart published his system in 1800-03, in the IMemoires des
Huvaiis lOtraiin^ers do I'lustitiit. lie did not distinguish the ijatrachia
as a class from the lieptilia, but he distinguished it tirst as a natural
{jjroui> and named it. lie divided the Keptilia into the four orders, Che-
Ionia, ISauria, 0])hidia, and Batrachia. He placed the salaniantV^s in
the Batrachia for the tirst time.

Latrcillc published a system of Keptilia in thf Nouveau Dictionaire
d' Ilistoire Naturelle in 1801, Vol. xxiv, page Gl. He adoi)ts the sys-
tem of Brongniart. The Batrachia are divided into two sections: 1
B. courcurs, and II B.pisciformes. The second section included the gen-
era Proteus and Siren; section 1, all other Batrachia known to the
author. In 1825 Latreille published another classilication in the bio-
chure " Les Families Katurclles du Kegne Animal." He divides the
vertebrata into warm-blooded (llaemathernies) and cold-blooded (llae-
macrymes). The latter include Pulmonees and Solibranches. Tlie lat-
ter includes the tishes. The former division has two subdivisions, \W\)
tiles and Amphibia or Batrachia. We here tind the systeiii of I)e
Blainville adoi)ted in the recognition of the Batrachia as distinct from
the Keptilia, and the name Amphibia is used for it for the tirst time.

Daudin in ISO^-'OS published his Traite Generale. He adopted the
classification of Brongniart.

DnnicrU, in 1801, in the Traite eleinentaire d'liistoire naturelle, also
adopted the system of Brongniart. He placed the Cueciliidie among
the Ophidia. In his Zoologie Analytique, published in 1807, he followed
I he same arrangement, and divided the Batrachia into Anura and Uro-
dela. The latter included four genera: Triton, Salamandra, Proteus,
and Siren.

Lamarclx, in 1809, published a Distribution Generale des Animaux, as
I he chai)ter viii of the Philosoi)hie Zoologi<<ue. He did not distinguish
the Batrachia from the Keptilia as a class, but recognized the four
orders of Keptilia already proposed by Brongniart. The Batrachia are
divided into two divisions: Urodela and Anura. (Ja'cilia is placed in
the seri)eiits.

Cuvicr, in the Lemons d'Anatomie Comparee, in 1800, and in the
Kegne Animal, in 1817, ado[)teil the system of Brongniart. In I he
second edition of the latter, published in 1820, he divides the Batrachia
into hve genera, viz: C(ecilia, Rana, Salamandra, Proteus, and Siren.

Opi)il published his " Ordnungen Familien u. Gattungen der Kep-
tilien" in 1811 (Munich). He adopts the class name Keptilia, and
divides it into three orders : Testudinata, Squamata (snakes and lizaids),
and Xuda or Batrachia. The liatrachia are divided into three families;
the A])oda (C(eeiliid;e), Ecaiidata or Anura, and the Urodela.

J>c BIdinrillc puhlislKMl in 181(! in the Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences
lie la Societc riiilom;ithi(iui' of Paris a I'rodrome d'une uouv. distribu-
10521— liull. 3i 2

18 BULLETIN 34, UNITED 8TATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tiou systematiquo dii R6j>''ig Aiiiuial. Ho first proposed to regard the
Batracbia as a distinct class of vertebrata, tbe iv of liis scries, under
the name "Nudipelliferes, les Arapbybiens." On a subsequent page
be divides tbe class Reptilia into two subclasses, "les Reptiles " and
les Icbtbyoides. Tbe latter are subdivided into four divisions, viz:
Batracieus (Grenouilles); rseudosnnriens(Salaiuandres); Ampbibiens
(les Protees et les Sirencs) ; Pseudopbidiens (Ccecilies). We bere find
tbe Batracbia for tbe first time set off from tbe Eeplilia as a division
of equal rank witb it.

Merrem^ Tentamen Systemae Ampbibiarum, 1820, reverts to tbe
Linua^an name Ampbibia for tbe combined reptiles and batracbians,
but recognizes tbe two as subordinate diNTsions. He calls tbese Pbo-
lidota and Batracbia. Tbe Batracbia be divided into tbe Apoda (Cce-
cilia), Salientia, and Gradientia. Tbe Gradientia or Salamandres are
divided into Mutabilia (Salamandra, etc.) and Ampbipneusta, or tbe
forms with jiermanent brancbia^.

Oray published in 1825, in tbe Annals of Philosophy of Philadelphia,
a synopsis of the genera of Reptilia and Batracbia of North America.
He separates the two classes distinctly as such under tbe names Rep-
tilia and Ampbibia. Tbe former arc divided into tbe orders Emydo-
sauria (crocodiles and ex.inct marine reptiles), Sauria, Sauropbidia,
Ophidia, and Cbelouia. Tbe Ami)bibia were divided into Mutabilia and
Ampbipneusta. The latt'^r division included tbe branchiate forms, with
the Cryptobranchidae a id tbe Ca^ciliida?. Tbe Mutabilia embraced
all other Batracbia.

Harlan also, in 1825, j ablisbed Genera and Synopsisof Species of Rep-
tiles of America in tbe Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. He adc pts tbe system of Brongniart, and divides the Ba-
tracbia into three divisions, dependent on tbe characters of tbe external
respiratory organs. In the first there is an external fissure only; in
the second, external branchiae and fissures; and in the third, neither the
one nor the other,

Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Reptilien (I82G), adopts tbe names of
Leuckart for the primary divisions of tbe Reptilia, the Monopnoa cor-
responding to tbe Reptilia and tbe Dipnoa to tbe Batracbia. He places
Cfficilia among the Monopnoa. Tbe Dipnoa are divided into IMutabilia
and Immutabilia. Tbe latter includes tbe families Cryptobrancboida
and Pbanerobrancboida. Tbe Mutabilia include all other Batracbia.

Dumcril and Bihron,\n tbe " Erpetologie Generale," i)ublisbed be-
tween 1834 and 1841, adopt tbe system of Brongniart. Tbe fourth order
of reptiles, the Batracbia, is divided into tbree suborders, viz : tbr
Peroinela (Coeciliida?), Anura, and TJrodela. Tbe Urodela are divided
into Atretodera (Salamandres) and Trematodera, which embraces the
Cryptobrancbidae and forms with permanent branchiae.

Johannes jMiUIer, in Stannius' Handbuch der Zootomie (185G), uses
the Linnaean name Ampbibia for the combined Reptilia and Batra-

THE BATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19

cilia. The latter two ilivisious lie regards as subclasses, uuiler the
Dailies Moilopnoa and Dipiioa. The Dipuoa (IJatracliia) are (li\ ided
into llrodelaand Batrachia ( = Aiiina). The Urodehiiutnru are divided
I itoPereiuiibrauehiata, Derotreinata (Trematodera i)t. ot'Duiueril and
JJibroii), and Myctoder.i (siilauianders in general).

Jlcuckcl published in ISOG his Generelle Morphologie. He then dis-
tinguished the Batrachia not only as a class from thi'. lieptilia, but
phiced it in a separate group of the vertebrata, which he called the
Anamnia, from the absence of the amnion, aloug with the lishes. He
uses indiscriminately the names Batrachia and Amphibia for the class.
lie divides it into two primary divisions, the rhractainphibia and Lis-
siimphibia, The former are the extinct forms, together with the Ceci-
liidic. The Lissa'n[)hibia are divided into three divisions: Sozobian-
chia (L'erennibranchs), Sozura ((Jrodela), and Anura.

Cope, in a "Syno[)sis of the Extinct Batrachia of North Ameri(;a,"
1808 (Proceedings of the Ac.idemy Philadelphia),. recognized the B;itra-
chia as a class distinct from the Reptili.i, and divided it into six orders,
as follows: Trachystomata (Sirens), Prot' ida, Urodela, Gymnopliidia
(the Cceciliida'), Stegocephali (extinct foiius), and Anura. In a paper on
the Batrachia of the Permian Period of North America, 1881:( Amer-can
X ituralist), two orders were added, tiie Khachitomi and Embolomeri,
both extinct. In the " Origin of the Fittest" (Philadelphia, 1880) still
anothci- order is added to the Batrachia, the Gauocephalaof Owen, and
tiie Gymuophiona(Cceciliidiie)are united with the Urodela, makingeight
oiders in all. Tiiis system is adopted in the present work. In 18(15, in
•1 i)aper on the Primary Divisions of the Batrachia Salientia (Natural
History Keview) the Annra were divided into Aglossa, Bnfoniformia,
Arcifera, and Kaniformia. These divisions are here adopted, except-
ing the Bnfoniformia.

Huxley, Anatomy of Veitebrated Animals, 1871, divides the verte-
brata into Ichthyopsida, Sauropsida, and Mammalia. The Ichthyopsida
correspond to the Anamnia of Haeckel, plus the Leptocardii and Mar-
sipobranchii. This division is divided into two classes, tho Pisces and
Arni>hibia (Batrachia). The Keptilia and Aves form the Sauro[)sida.
The An;i)hibia embrace, according to Huxley, four orders, viz: Dro-
dehi. Labyrinthodonta, Gymuophiona, and Batrachia or Anura. The
Urodela are divided into Proteida and Salamandrida, which corre-
spond to the Trematodera and Atretodera of Dumeril and Bibron.
Professor Huxley gave the first clear osteological definition of the class.

Gegenhaur, in the Elementsof Comparative Anatomy, 1872, follows the
system of Haeckel so far as regards the higher grou[)S of vertebrata.
The Batrachia are called Amphibia, and have the three divisions pro-
l)osed by Merrem, but under the names Urodela, Anura, and Gymno-
phiona.

In the preceding review no attem]»t has been made to present the
views of all naturalists who have written on the veitebrata, but I have

20 BULLETIN 34, L'NlTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

endeavored to include all the works in wliich the Batrachia and their
internal and external relations have been exi)ressly considered and new
views introduced. The system which appears to the writer to express
most fully the natural relations of the contents of the class is presented
in the following pages. But I devote a few words to nomenclature.

The earliest name for a given conception derived from individuals is
adoi)ted. Species must be defined or figured; genera and all higher
groups nnist be defined, since figures can not express the generaliza-
tions such names are intended to represent. As the conception of the
extent of a genus varies with discovery, it is impossible to require that
the definition accompanying its earliest name shall be necessarily exact,
so that a bona fide definition is all that is obligatory, according to the
rules. In the case of the higher groups the case is ditierent. It has
been customary to require that the definition accompaiiying the name
adopted shall correspond with the thing adopted. If the defii:ition
does not so correspond, the name has generally remained unused. Such
names are the IMutabiliaand Immutabilin, CaducibranchiiUa and Peren-
nibranchiata, which have been applied to systematic ideas not in corre-
spondence with the true relationships of the members of the Batrachia.
They have fallen accordingly into disuse. Such are also the so called
orders Emydosauria and Saurophidia. The division then receives the
name which was first applied to it, and not to something more or less
corresponding to it on ommission or addition of contents, The rank as-
s'gned to such division is immaterial; the idea of the division itself is
everything.

Applying these principles to the vertebrates which form the subject
of this book, I find the following to be the names to be adoi)ted. I fiiul
that lirongniart first perceived the correct limitation of the Batrachia,
and that in 1800 he gave it that name. In this he was followed by La-
treiliein ISOt ; by Dandin, in 1802-3; by Dumeril, in 180i ; by Lamarck,
in 1809; by Cuvier, in 1800 and in 1817; by Merrem,in 1820; by Harlan,
in 1825; by Dumeril and Bibron, in 1841; and by various modern wiiters
since that date. The name Amphibia I find first used by De Bhiinville
in 181G as interchangeable with the name Nudipelliferi, and also as a
subdivision of itself equal to the Perennibranehiates of some later au-
thors. The name is first definitely adopted by Latreille in 1825, a quar-
ter of a century after the introduction of the name Batrachia. He is
followed after a long interval by Hacckel in 18G(J, who, howe\er, uses
the nauie Amphibia as interchangeable with Datrachia. It is exclu
sively used by Huxley and by Gegenbaur, and by a number of modern
naturalists, chiefly anatomists. From the'above record it is quite evi-
dent that the proper name for this class is Batrachia.

The true classification of the contents of the class was of much later
discovery. The tailless division was recognized, it is true, by the earlier
authors; and, first of all, in 1708 by Laurenti, wlio called it the Salient ia.
audgaveitadefinitiou. This name must be therefore retained. The di vis-

THE I3ATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 21

ion of true Salamanders was not properly distin<;uislie(l before the pub-
lication of the system of De Blainville, in 181G, who called them the
Pseudosauria. He, however, omitted from them the CiBciliidie. In this
omission he was followed by t'll subsequent authors, except Cope, who
called the entire order, including theCoeciliida^, theUrodela, adopting a
name already [)roposed by Dumeril, in 1804, for a division of wider
scope. On this account tlie name Urodela is adopted in the present
work. The name G-radientia was first used to include only Batrachia,
without lizards, by Merrem^ in 1820. The two branchiate or.lers, Pro-
tcidaandTrachystomata, wereincluded in theUrodela or Grailientia by-
all authors except the following: De Blainville combined tliem in one
order, the Ami)hibia; Gray, Harlan, and Fitzinger followed, but com
bined them with unrelated forms; Dumeril and Bibron kept them to-
gether with the CryptobranchidiB in a division, Trematoderes, follow-
ing Fitzinger (182G); Ilaeckel follows De Blainville, bnt renames the
Pseudosauria of that author Sozobranchia, and includes in his Am-
phibia the nou-related Axolotls, In 180G* Cope first distinguished the
'I'rachystomata and Proteida as orders, and purged them of the Axolotls,
which he placed in the Urodela.

PROTEIDA.

Os intercalare present; no supra or basioccipitals; 0. maxillare and
prcfrontaUa wanting; voinero-palatinum and pterygoideum present,
continuous; orbitosphenoid elongate, not formiug part of palate; cera-
tohyals connate.

This order agrees generally witli the Urodela, but presents one most
important feature of dilierence, in the presence of the Os intercalare. It
is this point that gives the Proteida its position between the Stego-
ce[)hali and the Urodela, and which indicates the line of connection
between the extinct ibrms of the Carboniferous period and the mod-
ern types.

The hyoid apparatus differs from that of adult Urodela, and resembles
their larvai in having three epibranchials, instead of one only. Tlie
second basibranchial is also connected with the first, which is not the
case with the Urodela. The centrale is present in both carpus and
tarsus.

No extinct genera arc certainly known to belong to this order, but
there is one that resembles it nearly, and may belong here. This is the
Cocytinust (Cope), which has been found in the coal measures of eastern
Ohio, If it be not a larval St.egocephal, it belongs to this order. It
would not enter the same family as the recent forms, as it has a small
maxillary bone. Another extinct type from the Wealden of Belgium
has been suspected to belong to the Proteida, but the cranium is not

* Oil tbe Arciferous Anura, Journal Academy PhilaiU'JpIiia, 1866, p. 102.
t Geolo;;ical Survey of Ohio, ii, Paleontologj'.

22 LULLETIX 3t, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MlISKUM.

sufiBcieutly well piesorvc.l to allow of a positive determination. This is
the IIyJ(co!mtraehiis croyii of Dollo.* It differs from any of the known
genera of the order in having five digits on all the feet.

There is but one existing family of Proteida, wliich is defined as fol-
lows :

PROTEIDA.

No median sternal elements. Vertebme amphic(Blous. Carpus and
tarsus cartilaginous. Inner wall of vestibule osseous. Nasalia want-
ing. Teeth on all the usual bones except the niaxillaries, which are
wanting. The second ceratobranchial is present, as in Urodela gen-
erally. Stapes directly connected with the suspensorium.

Of this family but two genera are known. They are the following :

External brauchiic; digits 4-4 ; eyes exposed Xeclnnis.

External brancbia;; digits, 3-2; eyes bidden. Prolrns.

Of these Necturus is ]!^orth America'i ant' Proteus is Europiau. The
latter is represented by three or four species, which live in subterranean
waters iu the southern parts of Austria.

These genera differ somewhat in the hyoid apparatus. The hypo-
hyal is present in Necturus, but is, according to Wiedersheim, wanting
iu Proteus. In the former the second ceratobranchial is much smaller
than in the latter, and is not connected with the basibranchials.

The connections between the inferioi- arches and the skull are inter-
esting. In N'ecturus the columella is osseous and is bent abruptly for-
wards, and articulates with a short posterior process of the squamosal
bone. The ceratohyal is free fro;n the skull, but is connected with it
by the two ligaments, the hyosuspensorial to the middle of the quadrate,
and the mandibulohyoid, to the angle of the mandible. (Plate 48, fig.
1.) In Proteus (Pig. 2) the ariMni^ement is similar, except that the
processes of the stapes and squamosal do not; meet, bat are connected
by a strong ligament.

The intermedium of the carpus and of the tarsus is confluent with
the adjacent external element, the uluare and the fibulare. Tlieie are
three carpalia and three tarsalia, the internal on the iuiier side of the
carpus and tarsus. The carpus and tarsus are thus very much alike.
(Plate 45, fig. 2.)

The procoracoid cartilages are distinguished from the cc^racoids, but
are continuous at the point of junction with them. Tliey are much
l)roduced forwards in Necturus. The coracoids meet on the middle line.
No sternum. Tlie ilium is the only ossified part of the pelvis. It is con-
nected with the single sacral vertebra by a true rib, which is rather larger
than the others. The inferior elements of the pelvis are continuous car-
tilage. [ii Necturiis the ischiadic portion is subquadivito, while the
public portion forms a triangle, well produced forwards to an acute-
angled apex. Femur with a trochanter in Nccturus.

* Bnllitin du Mus6e Koyal du Buigiqin', 1885, p. h;».

THE BATKACIIIA OF NORlII AMERICA. 23

NECTURUS Eafincsquc.

Do Blaiuville's Journal Physiquo, i.xxxvin, 1819, p. 417 ; Wa<;l. Nat. Syst. Aui-
pbib., 1830, p. 210; Gray, Catal. Brit. Muh., cd. i, p. (W ; Boiileuper, Catal.
Bat. Giad. Brit. Miis., ed. Ii, 1882, p. 83.
Phancrohranchus, part., Louckart, Isis, 1821, p. 260. Fitzing., None. Classif. Ropt.,

p. 08, 18 -'6.
Maiqhranchm, Harlan, Ami Lye. N. Y., i, 182."), p. 221 ; Tsehiuli. Batr., p. 97 ; Dim.
& Bibr., IX, p. 183.

Extei'ual gills persistent. Fiugor.s ami toes, four; vomeropaliitiiie
teeth ill a single series. Eyes exposed.

This gemis is distribiiteil throughout the eastern district of Nortii
Anieriea only, where it is represented by two species. These are distin-
guished among other characters by the following:

Muzzle lougor, more depressed ; brancliiio shorter; teeth, preinaxillaries 11-15 ; voin-
eriiies 12-ir); brown, darker spotted; larijjer N. niaculatii/*.

Muzzle tjborter, less depres.sed ; brancbiic longer; teeth, preraaxillaries G-8 ; voni
erines 8-9; pale, unspotted; smaller K. j^unctafus.

NECTURUS MACULATUS Raf.

Plates i-iii.

Nectiinis mnciilalus, Rafin., 1. c.; Holbr., N. A. Hcrp., V, p. Ill, pi. 37; Bonlenger, Cat.

Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. SI.
Triton laleralh, Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., i, p. 5.
I'linmrobrancbiis tcfradftcliiJiis, Leiickart, I.e.
Meiiohiancliiis Jatcralis, Harlan,!, c.; Tschudi, Batr., p. 97; Holbr., 1. c.,p.. 11"), ]>1.38;

Dekay, N. Y. Faun., Rept., p. 87, pi. 18, f. 45 ; Dnm. cK: Bibr., p. 1H3 ; Wied, Nova

Acta Leop. -Carol xxxii, p. 138, pi. 7, f. 1.
Menohratjchus titiadacli/htf:, Harlan, Jonru. Ac. Plila., iv, p. 324 ; Gray, Ann. Pbilos.,

X, 1825, p. 21G.
Meiwbranchus sayi, Gray, 1. c.

Xicturus inacitlosKS, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mns.,ed. i, p. 0(1.
Proiem macnlatus, Barnes, Amcr. Journ., xi, p. 2.58.
Meiiohraiichnu laccpedii, Gray, in Grill'. A. K.,ix, p. 10>^.
Plinvrrol)ra)ichi(s laccpedii, Fitz.,1. c.
Xcctiiriis lalcraJifi, Wagl., 1. c.
Sircdon hjionalis Kneeland Proceeds. Boslon Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, \k 1.52, 185G ; p.

218(1857).
Mciiobranchits hycmalis Kneeland, 1. c., p. 280, 1857.

In this species the body is only moderately elongate, measuring, with
the head, four and a half to five times the greatest width of the latter.
The body is depressed, though not so much so as that of tho known
species of Cryptobranchus. The section of tlie tail at tho base is a ver-
tical oval ; beyond this point it is more comi)resscd, so that the distal
half is Hat and oar like, with a wide dermal border above and below.
The length of the tail varies somewhat. It usually enters twice into the
length from its base to a point posterior to the eye, bi\t sometimes this
point is anterior to the eye, and even rarely as far as the end of the
muzzle.

The head is a Hat oval, and the muzz'.e is tlat, rath'.'r short, and some-
what truncate in outline. The eye is situated anterior to the middle of
the head and is quite small, its longer diameter entering the interorbital

24

nULLEn.V 34, UNIT15D STATES NATlOXAt. MUSEUAf.

space five tiinos. Tlic nostrils arc small, and are situated near the
border of the lip. The distance between them equals from three-liftbs
to two-thirds the iuterorbital space. The upper lip is rather full and
has a thin edge It overhangs the lower lip, coucealing the posteiior
part of it, and embracing it at the canthus, since it is attached wilbiu
the groove which bounds it below. The lower lip is decurved, and the
anterior part is deeper, or more convex downwards, than the posterior
half, and is separated from the corresponding part of the opposite side
by a considerable interspace, which is without groove.

Fig. 3. 1-7, Necturus mactilatus Kaf., No. 8815, Mount Carmcl, 111.; 8, Siredon mexicannm Wap;l., larv.i,
head ; 9, Clwndrotiig tnirhromis B. £ G., larva, lioad. All iiatiirnl .sizi>.

The branchial processes are undivided, and form vertical plates, which
thin out downwards. The external and internal faces, the inferior
nnirgin, and the free extremity are fringed with rather short fimbria^.
The anterior processes are shorter than the two others, which are sub-
equal. The longest about eqtials the length of the muzzle from the eyej

THE BATRACIIIA OP NORTH AMERICA. 25

tbcy arc fiequently shorter. Jii two specimens from Kingston, IJp[)er
Caniuln, tliey exceed the length of the muzzle, but this is verv schloin
the case.

The tonj^ue does not reach the symphysis of the lower jaw, and is
obtusely rounded in front. It is considerably free anteriorly. The in-
ternal nostrils are an oblique slit on each side, which lies obliquely and
opivosite to the interval between the vomeiine and pterygoid teeth.
The premaxil!:iry teeth are in two straight divergent series, which unite
at a rounded angle in front, which would bo, if completed, a little less
than a right angle. T^nd, gj^ic usually contains eleven teeth, but there
are sometimes thiiteen and m one large specimen (Xo. 85G0) tllteen
teeth. The vomerine series is parallel within the prcmaxillary, forming,
like them, an obtuse angle anteriorly. There are twelve or thirteen
teeth on each side, but sixteen in the large specimen (No. 8jG0). Imme-
diately posterior to thc:*e and at a short interval, the pterygoid .^eries
(■oiiinu'nces. It is slightly convex outwards, and embraces usually six
tee h, rarely five, and in the large (No. 8i.G0) ten teeth. The dentary bone
supports twelve or thirteen te(th, which arc directed obliqueiy inwards
at a slight angle. The splenial bono sni)ports four and somefimes five
teeth, which form a short series posterior to those of the dentary b(Mie,
whose base ascends gently backwards. In two specimens from (jlrass
Kiver, N. Y. (No. 7038) the teeth are rather fewer in number, viz: I're-
inaxillaries, eleven ; vomeropalatines, eleven ; pterygoids, four.

The limbs are well developed, but short and weak, as in salamanders
generally. The two external fingers are subequal in length, and slioi'ter
than the two middle ones, which are also siil)equal. There are no dis-
tinct palmar or su bdigital warts. The phalanges are, beginning on
the inner side, 1-3-3-2. The toes arc all unequal. The inner is the
shortest; then Ibllow in order the fourth, the second, and the third.
There are no solar or subdigital tubercles. The phalanges number
1-2-2-2. Tlie limbs are of about equal length, and are equal to the
width of the head Just in front of the branchia'. Pressed to the side,
they are separated by a distance equal to one length and a half of
eitiier of them.

The skin is entirely s.nooth, and has no longitudinal lateral fold,
il.^-'i pT-o fnirteou transverse folds — very rarely fitteeu — which are not
visible on tiie belly nor on the median dorsal region. A fold crosses
the throat, connectii.f^ the branchial fissures; it is not very profound,
and becomes obscure in specimens which have not been well preserved.
There are two branchial fissures only, there being none behind the pos
teiior branchial arch. The vent presents two short obtuse ])rocesses
inwards and backwards at tliL^ posterior part of its lateral borders. An-
terior tc these there are three short processes, one on each side and one
at the anterior angle, which are principally composed of fine pappilhi).
I'esides these, the entire walls are pappillose. These arc es[)ecially
prominent at the breeding season.

26 BULLETIN 3i, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurements of No. !J897.

M.

Total length 0.360

Length to end of veut 250

Length to opposite groin 220

Length to opposite axilla OSO

Length to opposite anterior branchia 0o5

Length to opposite eye Olo

Width of head at eyes 0:{fi

Width of head between eyes 02;{

Greatest width of head 04(5

Length of anterior limbs 010

Length of posterior limbs 043

Depth of tail at middle „ 0:).">

The ground color is a light chocolate brown, which is sometimes
tinged with pink, and which is usually rendered lighter in tint by :in
infinitude of whitish specks and small spots, which reduce the groui;<1
to a minute reticulate pattern. On this ground are distributed several
rows of spots of dark brown, which are quincuncially arranged, not.very
close together, in from four to eight or nine irregular longitudinal rows.
These are wanting on the belly, but are continued on the tail. The in-
ferior surfaces are dirty white, clouded with the color of the back, but
they are sometimes colored like the back, including the dark spots.
The soles and palms are yellowish. A dark brown band passes along
the canthus rostralis through the eye, and extends some distance pos-
terior to it. in young specimens this band extends to the end of the
tail, involving the greater part of the sides. It is bordered above by an
ochreous yellow band, which also extends from the end of the muzzle lo
the end of the tail. The median line of the head and back is dark
brown, this color ceasing above the vent.

An entirely black variety has been sent me by Dr. J. G. Garnier of
Luckuow, Ontario, which he has obtained from the Maitlandand Luck-
now Rivers. The only variation in the color consists of two obscure
band-like aggregates of yellowish brown specks along the inferior and
superior borders of the muscular part of the tail.

Habits. — Dr. Samuel Kneeland, of Boston, gives an account of the
habits of two individuals of this species which he kept several months
in confinement. They were very hardy, having been frozen and thawed
several times during the winter. They were quite rapacious, eating
worms and fishes. They were most active at night, and during the day
avoided the light. They cleaned their bfanchiiii by stroking them with
their anterior feet. The fibrilhiB were alternately expanded and con-
tracted by pressure of blood and its absence.

As may be seen from the following list, this species ranges through-
out the tributaries of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, as well as
the rivers that flow into the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, as
far north as the Tar River, Nortli Carolina. It has not yet been found
in either the Floridan or tlic Texan districts.

THE BATKACHIA OF iNORTH AMERICA.
RESERVE SERIES.

27

Catalogue

No.of

uumber.

spec.

8348

0

7897

2

8350

2

8560

1

8815

1

9203

1

9207

2

7907

3

1089C

1

10837

1

4530

2

7041

1

70«7

1

3907

3

54:)0

1

7008

2

7038

4

70(il

3

7057

•J

7042

1

7015

3

12071

0

4058

1

12761

1

13390

2

49

Locality.

Kir.8toii, N. C

(iniud Ecoiao, Mich

Claikston, Mich

Manitoba

Mount Carmcl, 111

Great Lake-s

Uraud Ecorse, Mich

do

Geneva Lake, Wi.s

.... do

Rurlincton, Vt

Tyree Sprinss, Tunn

Lake Superior

Cook County, 111

Toledo, Ohio

Portage Lake

(Jrass River, Madrid, N. Y

Cleveland, Ohio

Detroit, Mich

Tiiscunibia, Ala

I'arboro, N. C

Mount Carmcl, III

Arkansas River, near Fort

Smith.
Morehouse P.irisli, L.a. . . .
Montgomery, Ala ".

When
collected.

Oct. — , 1875
Juno -,1875

From wbom received

Nature of
specimen.

Mason &. Welsber.
J. \V. Milner...'...

do

M. Banks

Samuel Turner

Julv 26, 1881
....do

CM. Clark

G. Clark

n. W. Welsher..

do

Prof. S. F. Baird.

Dr. R. Owen

D. Gunn

R. Kennicott. ...

Dr. Trembley

Will. Dickinson. .

Dr. .L P. Kirlland

Caplaiu Gunnison, U. S. A.

— , 1^81

J. L. P.ridger.
L. M Tuincr
G. Shuniard. .

B. n. Broadnax.
T. S. Doian

Ak'oli(die.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

GENERAL SERIES.

12079
7059
3967
7060
7011
7057
7054
7006
7058
4058
7053
7141
7061
7049
3980

14460

Mount Carmol. Ill

Saint Loui.s, Ma

(Jook County, III . .

Root River, Ua<'iue, Wis.

Tyree Spriiiiis, 'I'euii

Detroit, Mi( h

Lake Miilii;;au, Mich. . ..

Isle Royal

Columbus, Ohio

Arkansas River, Ark

Meadville, Pa

(0

Cleveland, Ohio

Columbus, Ohio

(?) -

Detroit, Mich

Nov. — , 1881

L. M. Turner

Dr. (Jeorge Englemanu

li. Kennicott

Prof. S. F.Baird

Prof. R. Owen

Captain Gunnison, U. S. A.

Rev. A. C. Barry

Ma j(ir Whittlesey

Dr. Wormley

Dr. B. F. Shiimard

Dr. J. P. Kirtland...
Prof. L. Lesqnereux.

(?)

(?)

Alc(di(d.
Do.
■Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.

NECTURIIS PUNCTATIJS Gibbes.
Journal of tbo Uostou Society of Natural History, 1853, vi, p. 369.

1 2 3

Fir,. 4. Kectrirns pnnctatKS, No I !?13, Charlcs-tin, S. C, natural .size.

The general !ii»i)enriii]ce of this s])t'ci('s is (iiiite (iitteront from tliat of
the N. maculatus, and this is sii|>[»orled by several structural characters.

28 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The auimal is uot common in collections, and there are but four in the
National Museum.

The general form is much like that of the N. maculatus, but the muz-
zle is (lifltereut. Instead of being depressed or even concave above, and
rather wide, it is pinched at the sides, so as to be rather elevated at the
end, and to have a truncate profile. 1 he head is wide in proportion to its
length, the two measurements being about equal. The length of the
tail is the same as in N. maculatus, twice its length marking a point pos-
terior to the eye. The limbs are not quite so long as in tlie N. maculatus,
the space between them, when they are appressed to the sides, equaling
twice the extent of the anterior leg, which is little longer than the pos-
terior. In the specimens in the Museum the body is decidedly com-
pressed, and there is a distinct median dorsal groove. These char-
acters are less marked in the X. maculatus.

The upper lip is more pendulous than in X. maculatus, or perhaps
such an appearance may be ascribed to an elevation of thepreiiuixilhiiy
border, in accord with ihe more elevated muzzle. The nostrils are
a little closer together than in Ihe larger species, the distance between
them equaling half the interorbital space, instead of two thirds. How-
ever, in one of the four spcMinens this space mensures two-thirds that
between the orbits. The branchial processses are relatively consider-
ably longer than in N. maculatus in all the specimens, and they are
more acumin'ate in form. Their length considerably exceeds that of
the muzzle in front of the eye. In N. maculatus they are usually
shorter than this length ; in two or three specimens, however, they are
as long as in the N. punctatus. There are but two branchial fissures.
The widtii of the head enters 5.G times the length of the head and body
together.

The numbers of the teeth furnish distinctive characters for this
species. They are: Prcmaxillaries, G-8 ; vomeropalatines, 8-9 ; ptery-
goids, C- Thus while the pterygoids are as numerous as in N. maculatus,
the numbers of the other teeth are reduced. There are eleven denta
ries and three splenials in the lower jaw. The posterior nares are a
longitudinal slit opposite the space between the vomeropalatine teeth
and the pterygoids. The tongue is short and rounded, and extensively
Iri'c in front. The phalanges of the anterior foot are 2-2-3-2. The
metacarpals are connected by a slight web to their distal ends. Tl.e
middle toes are equal, and the external and internal ones are ('(pial.
The posterior phalanges number 2-2-3-2, and the digits are all une(|ual,
and are very slightly webbed at the base.

The skin is entirely smooth. The lalenl folds number fourteen, as in A'.
maculatus. The muscular part of the tail hi^s a '^ide, free, dermal border
above and below, Tlie former is more slender than in most specimens
of the X. maculatus ; but this character does not always hold goo<l.
There are live cloaeal i)a,pillie, with the three anterior linely (ringed,
as in X. tnaculatus.

THE liATKACiilA Oh' NORTH AMI^IKICA. 29

AJcasHnniuiilti of Xo. llHli! (type).

M.
Total length 171

Length to end of veut 120

Length to opposite groin ODD

Length to opposite axilla.. 0:55

Length to opposite anterior braneiiia 02:5

Length to opposite eye OOG

Width of head at eyes 015

W id til of head between eyes 010

(ireatest widtli of head 017

Length of anterior limb Ulli

Length of posterior lindj Olrt

llepth of tail at middle 014

111 life tlie colors arc very indistinct and admirably adapted for con-
(caliiient iu water. In alcohol they fade to li^£:;ht brown or slate color;
the lower surfaces paler. There are no spots or darker niarkinj^s of any
kind, but iu life there are numerous minute Avhite punctic scattered ou
the sides and upper surfaces.

As may be seen from the accompanying list of specimens, the range
of this species is quite limited. It has not been found outof tJie rivers
of North and South Carolina.

(,"alal<ijZuo
iiiniibiT.

IISKI
1-'5II4
7014

No.ofl

S110C. ;

Locality.

When
collocted.

From whom roceivcd.

1 S. .Siuiteo Uiver, S. C —,1^50, Dr. L. R. Oilibis. ..

2 Wiliiiiii;xtoii, N. C Mar. — , 1«W Uonald McHao

1 Cbaikstuu, S. C I (?)

Nature of
speciiucu.

Ale. type.

Alcoholic.

L)o.

URODELA.

Diundril pt. 1804 ; Cope, 18S7 ; rsetidosaiirla pt. Dc Blainville, IBIG.

No intercalary, supraoccipital, tior basioccipital bones. O. maxillare
lucsent; prefrontale present (with one e.xccptiou); vomero nalatina pres-
ent, not approximated to usually present pterygoidea; orbitosi)henoid
huge, not reaching palatal surface ; mandible with teeth on the dentale.

Body of proatlas coossified, with the atlas forming the odontoid proc-
ess of the latter. Cervical vertebrai without vertebrarterial canal.
No rudimental centra or iutercentra. Ribs with two, frequently closely
ajtproximatcd, heads.

No median sternal elements. Coracoid bone rudimental. Sacral
rib well developed. Pubes represented by a single cartilaginous plate,
which sometimes contains a median osseous center. Ischia in mutual
contact throughout their length. No obturator foramen. Femur with
distinct great trochanter.

The stapes has no connection with tlie suspensorium in the adult ex-
cept in the Cryptobranchidn' and Ami»]iiiimi(he. It is connected with
the suspensory cartilage, wliir'.i is (;!)ntiinu)us with the quadrate carti-
lage, iu the latter families, ;iiid in the young of other Urodela. Tho

30 BULLETIN 3t, UNITED STATES NATIOxNAL MUSEUM

curiitobyal is either free at its posterior extremity, as in the Proteida,
or iu the more typical forms it joins the quadrale cartilage by direct
articulation or by I'jiamciit.

The hyoid api)aratiis has a very uniform character iu the various
families, excepting in the Cryptobranchiidie, Amphiumida^, and Ccccil-
iida', where it is quite different. In the typical forms it is constructed
as follows: lis suspensor is, as usual, the ccratohyal, which is undi-
vided. This is connected with a median basal piece, the tirst basi"
branchial, by a segment, generally slender, the hypohyal. Sometimes
this piece does not touch the ceratohyal. From the posterior lateral
border of the basibranchial there originates on each side a rod, the first
ceratobranchial, which is continued after a joint, as the first epibran-
chial. From a process which originates between the bases of these, on
the sui)erior side of the basibranchial, there originates on each side of
its posterior extremity another rod, shorter than the first, the second
ceiatobranchial. In some genera (ElynobiidaO theie is attached to the
distal extremity of this rod a second one, continuous with it, the second
epibranchial. The second basibranc^hial is separated from the first,
and is situated far posterior to it, not far iu advance of the coracoid
bones. It is better ossified than most of the rest of the hyeids, and was
called the thyroid bone by Cuvier. Thatitis the distal extremityof
the second basibranchial is shown by the fact that it is continuous with
the first by a median rod in the larvae. (Plates 15, 25, 20, 30, 37.)

The important ditlerences displayed by the ditiVrent forms of the
hyoid in the Urodela may be tabulated as follows.

1. Modiiiii aud lateral cleiiicuts distinct.
a. Two ceratobraiicliial pairs.
Ceratohyal.s nndividod ; opilirancliiais, first and rarely second present. Pseudo-

sanria Blv.
Ceratoliyais divided ; epilirancdiials, 2, '3, aud 4 present. Trcmdtodtra Duiu.
aa. One pair of ceratobrancbials.
Ceratoliyais undivided ; epibrancbials, '^, II, and 4 present. Amphiumoidea
Cope.
n. Lateral elements eontinnons across middle line.

No median elements Apoda Oi)pel.*

The Trematodera, Am[»liiiiiii(nilea, aud Ai)oda contain one fatnily
each, viz: the Ciyi)tol)raii(;liida', Ami>liiuMiida', and C(i'lciiida\ The
value of the differences separating them is diminished bv the fact that
iu the larvje of the Pseudosauria the 1, 2, 3, ami 4 e[)ibranchials are
l)reseut,and the ceratohyal is fr('(iiiently divided (e.^, Chondrotus tenebro-
sus, Plate 25, fig. 1).

The subordinate ditlVrences [»resented by the families and genera
are indicated under their respective heads.

The Urodela, excepting the Apoda, have limbs. The toes number
from two in both feet to five in the posterior foot, and four in the anterior
foot. No Urod(de agrees with the extinct genus T'ryops (Cope), from the
* Oppel, Ibll, not ApodcD of Linn;eiis (in lisbisj; i'scH(i>pkidla De Hi., 1816.

THE BATl^AClllA oy NORTH AMKlilCA. 31

Permiiin beds of Xortli America, wbeie there are live toes in the anterior
foot. In the eari)us there is at least one intermedium, except in so:iit^
iSahiMiandrida' and Pleurodelida?,* where it is united with the uli ar. .
Cenlr.ile always i)resent. The carpalia aretive in Cryptobranchus and
Amblystoma. and three in Plethodou and Diemyctylus. In the tarsus
there are three bones in the first row, a large fibulare and intermedium,
and a small tibiale. There is one centrale, as in the carpus. The tarsa
lia number live, except that there are four in the Salamandrid.e and
l*leurodelida', where the carpalia are only three. The internal or first
tibiale is not distal, but lateral in Amblystoma and IMethodon. It is
distal in Cryptobranchus. (Plat.s 45, 4G).

Development. — The eggs of Urudela are laid in the water (ir on land.
In the former case they are attached singly or in small numbers to the
leaves of aquatic plants. In the latter case they are laid in little con-
cavities beneath stones or l)arlc. In Desmognathus the albumen con-
necting them dries into threads, which hold the eggs together. One of
the parents lies by and watches them. In the Amphiumoideat and the
Apodal the female coils herself in a circle over the eggs.

In the growth of the lar\ ;e the branchia' and balancers are first devel-
oped, and afterwards the anterior limbs. The posterior limbs follow.
Those spiracles or biancliial fissures between the epibranchial bones
which sui)port the gills give passage for water from the ])harynx. There
are no internal gills such as are found in Anura. The branchial i)ro-
cesses vary in form, but all terminate in fringes, in each (»f which is a
\ascular loop. The varieties displayed by larvai of Urodela as com-
pared with those of gener.i with permanent branchia? are as follows :
(Plate 2.)

I. Septa with bipiiiiiatc rami.

Kami with many thread like fimbria' Siren.

II. iSi'pta with uuipiiinato rami.

A nidiiiu'iital inner row of rami ; liinbria' thiead-like I'lotcua.

III. Septa with simple rami.

J. Kami lonj;, eompressed : limbriio dependent from lower edge.

Fimbria- thread-like, cxtendinj^ on both outer and inner face of proee,>-8.

iSV(7 //)•«.•*.
Fimbria' liat, long, ehietly confined to the lower margin of process. Lur-
va- of Spchr2n'S ruhir ; S. biliiudtiiK, and Cijrinophihts jxirpliijiiruits.

Fimbria- few, snbclavate I'hfliodoii viiiacKti.

AA. Kami long, narrow; bearing timbria' only on the side next the body.

Fimbriic simple, tlat, siibecinal Amhliiniohia.

AAA. Rami very short; fimbria^ extending on the vertical septa.

Fimbria! in numerous rowsou the edge of the septa ; slender, unbranched.

Larva of Chovdiotii.s t(iiibro»ii8.

IV. Septa without rami.

St'iita bearing Hat, thread-like dmbria', which arise posteriorly, and are
often divided. I.nrva from Simiahnioo, Washington Territory, prob-
ably of a Clioiidrotin.

* K. (J. Mohje vuhjarU (Diiges). Dicmficti/hts riridescena.
\0. V. !Iay. American Naturalist, lR-'8.
t Sarasin, Embryology of the Ca'ciliida^.

32 BULLETIN o\, UNITED STATES NATIONAL IMUSKUM.

In the Jevc'lopiiieiit oftbc vertebra' all arc tir.st biconcave, or li>sli-like.
The intervertebral cartilage ossifies later, and attaclies itself to the
centrum posterior to it, forming an opisthoca'lous articnlation. There
are no proco^loua vertebra', among Urodcla.

The feet are first simple at the extremity (Plate '*(), fig. G), but soou
become bifnrcate (Fig. 5), or with two digits. This was liu^L observed
l>y liusconi in 1821 in the European llemisalamandra crisfata. i'ro-
fesaor Baird* lirst observed this in the Ambhjstoma punciatiim in larvie
of 1.4""" iu length. The same has since been observed by myself in
18GD,t and hiter by G()ttc| in his essay on the development and re-
generation of the foot-skeleton in the triton ; also by Strasser and
by Hoy. In AmbJystoma pnnctatnm the numbers of digits succeed
each other as follows: First stage, 2 before, hind limb none; second,
3 before, hind limb none; third, 3 before, hind limb 2; fourth, 3 be-
ibre, hind limb 3. Sometimes the anterior digits are comi)lete in num
ber before the posterior foot appears, ami we have combinations of
numbers from 4—0 to 4 — 3, and 4 — 4 to the full number, 4 — 5, which is
found in aU specimens of 2.0"'"' and upwards.

As already observed, the Batrachia are supposed to have been de-
lived i'rom the Dipnoi. Specimens of Lepidosircn annectcns have been
described § which have the extremity of tie limbs abnoiinably bifur-
cate, but the abnormality is jierhaps in the direction of the e\olution of
digits. ])r. G. Baur believes that the third, fourth, and fifth digits have
giown or sprouted successively in time from the external distal angle of
the ulna and fibula, while the first and second are represented by the
two original branches. ||

In the cranium a gooil many important changes occur before the bcnes
ai)i)ear.^ Among the first of these is the division of the five simple
transverse branchial cartilages into two segments each, ei)il)ranchials
and ceratobranchials, or, iu the case of the anterior arch, into cerato-
hval and hypohyal. So the mandibular cartilage immediately anterior
to the ceratohyal, divides into the superior quadrate, and the inferior
nu'ckelian or mandibular. A subsequent change is the fusion of thc^
quadrate cartilage at its superior end with the trabecubim of its side,
ami with the pterygopalatine arch with the inferior end. (See Plate 4>",
tigs. 7-0 ) At this time the chordadorsalis has retreated till it is only
present between theexoecipital cartilage below. When ossification com-
mences, the vomers, palatines, and pterygoids are all distinct. Towards
the end of the metamorphosis the former two unite, and the pterygoid
sei)arates from the palatine. Both these elements contract away from
each other until they are widely separated, and the i)tery golds are much

* Icoiiograpliie Eiu'yclopifdia, 18r)l.
t Proceed ill ii's Pliila. Acad., p. 'Xt.
t l.STi).

1^^ Hy Stciiidatliiicr.

II Beitrilge ziir Moipboyenie d. Carpus ii. Tarsus dcr Vci tcl)iiiteii, 1887, \>. 07.
UTIic facts as to the first statues of tlie skull of tlie iaiva of Auiblystoma are deriveil
from Dr. W. K, rarlior, riiilosopli. 'i'nnisac 1S77, p. 5"i'J,

THE I5ATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33

ivilncod ill si/0. In some laniilies the pterygoids never ossiCv, Jiiid dis-
appear. An illiistiiition of the kite persistence of the osseous pte.-ygo
pnhitiiie nrch is seen in the larva of Chondrotus tcnchrosuH. (See Plate
24.)

The systematic arrangement of tbo Urodchi may be reiaesented as
follows :

1. LiitL'ial ;iii(l median liyoid elements distinct.

A. Two pairs of ccratobnincliial bones; stapes connected witli (|nadrate arcli ;
no double bypopopliyses. 'J'rt'inalodera.
No lirst I'liibiniicliial ; no double L^popophyses of veitebne ; vertebiie ani-
phicu'lons; ceratobyal connected witb (piadrate by ligament only;
vonieropalatine bones witb teetb on tbo anterior margin; vestil)nle
with nicnibrauons inner wall; no paraspbeuoid teetb.

Cri/ptob)aiicIti(Iir.

15. One pairof ceratobrauebial bones; stapes connected with ([nadrate arcb ; bypo-

popbyses double. Aniphiiiniohha.

No lirst ci)ibrancbial, several otbers present ; vertebiie anipliicHrloiis ; an ctli-

inoid; scapular and pelvic arches present; eeratoby.il connected witii

quadrate by ligament only ; liver little sul) divided ImphiumUla:

C. Two pairs of ceratobrancbials; stapes not connected witb quadrate arch in
adult; only the first and rarely second epibraucbials jireseiit; verte-
bra' without double bypopopbyses. rscKdosaitria.

1. Vertebra; ampbictelons.

Voineropalatine bones witb teeth on the ]iosterior margin; ceratobyal
connected with quadrate by cartilage ; no paraspbeuoid teeth ; vesti-
bule witb osseous walls; carpus and tarsus ossilied; an otoglossai
cartilage; no second epibranchial element Amhlysiomldw.

VonuTopalatiue bones witb teeth on the posterior margin ; no i>araspbe-
uoid teetb; no otoglossai cartilage; a second epibranchial.

JI;jiiobii(l<i

Vonieropalatine bones witb teeth on the posterior margins ; parasj)hcnoi<l
teeth; vestibule with osseous walls; ceratobyal connected willi
(luadrate by cartilage ; no otoglossai cartilage ; no second epiln-aiub-
ial ; carpus and tarsus cartilaginous ; no pterygoid ricihodoiilihi-

2. Vertebra; opistboccelous.

Vonieropalatine bones not sending processes over paraspbeuoid bone ;
ceratobyal connecteu witb (juadrate by cartilage ; i)arasidienoid
teeth; no postfrontosquamosal arcb; carpus and tarsus cartilagi-
nous iJenmogiialhhhi:

Vonieropalatine bones not produced posteriorly ; paraspbenoid teetb; no
postfrontos(iuaniosal arcb ; carpus and tarsus osseous Thoriidn.

V )nieropalatiiie bones extended over paraspbeiioids in two dentigermis
processes; no paraspbenoid teetb; no osseous postfrontosquaiiios.il
arch; ceratobyal only connected witb (juadrate by ligament, carpus

and tarsus osseous Sahimaiulrida:

Vonieropalatine bones extended over par.ispbeiioid in two deutigerons
processes; no paraspbenoid teetb; an osseous iiostfrontos(]uamosai
arcb; ceratobyal only comicited witb quadrate by ligament ; carpus

and tarsus osseous f'leuroddido'. *

II. Hyoiil elements continuous across middle lim-. No distinct median elements.
Stapes connected with C|uadiaie bone. Apnda.
Vertebra" with double bypopcqibyses ; an >'lliiiioid bone j scapular .r.id pelvio
arches wanting; liver greatly subdivided Caciliida\

rj51— Uull U 3

34 BULLETIN 31, UNITKlJ STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The (y.i'ciliichu ;irc generally regiiiiled as representing a distinct order,
which bears the names Apoda or Gyninophion:i. The definition given
to this order by Mr. Boulenger* is : "No limbs; tail rudimentary. Males
with an intromittent copulatory organ. Ada[)ted for burrowing." Of
these definitions none is of ordinal value. The tail in some species is
distinct. The intromittent cojjulatory organ in Dcrmophis mexkaiiuSy
Gymnopis ])roiimi(,s, iunl Herpelc ochrocephala is not an esi)ecial organ,
but is merely the eve- ted cloaca. The hard piipilhe observed by Giin-
thert in the Ichthyophis glutinosus are wanting in the above species.
The protrusion of the cloaca is efi'ected by two especial muscles, which
are wanting in Amphiumidiii. As to limbs, their extremely rudiment-
ary character in Amphiuina is well known. To regard their condi-
tion as indicating ordinal separation from theCaiciliida^ is not in accord-
ance with our praiti'3e iu similar cases in the Reptilia, as in the order
Laceitilia.

I have endeavored to sustain the order Gymnophioua by the character
of the fusion of the nasal and premaxillary bones found in the majority
of the genera. I But Stannius§ shows that these bones are distinct in
Ichthyojihis. Huxley states (Anatomy of Vertebrate Animals, p. 155)
that in Ichthyophis gluiiiiosus a distinct bone nearly encircles the orbit.
This he compares to the supra and postorbital bones found in the Stego-
cephali. But in Chthon'npeton, Ciecilia, Derujophis, and other genera,
this boneformspartof the maxillary, so that it is not characteristic of the
fp.mily, and may not be homologous with the bones which occui)y the
same position in Stegocephali. Wiedersheim calls it maxillary.

With these fact in view I have united || the C;eciliidai with the Urodela,
a proposition which I fully believe to be sustained by the evidence, llic
Ca'ciliidce is a family of Urodela, connected u-ith the typical forms through
the Amphiumidcv.

Geographical distribution.- Tha distribntion of the families of the
Urodela and their contents is as follows : None exist in the Australian
realm and, excepting some Cajciliidiie, in the Ethiopian realm. In the
Neotropical they are restricted to the Central American and Mexican
districts, with a few species iu the northern Andes, and one reputed to
be from the West Indian island, Santo Domingo.

The Caiciliid;e are more widely distributed, belonging especially to
tropical regions.

* Ciifaloguc of the British Museum, 186'2, p. 88.
t Reptiles of British ludia (Ray Society), p. 44L
{ Aniericau Naturalist, 1884, p. 2G.
'^ Zuotoiiiie dor Auijjhibicn, 1856, p. 44.

II American Naturalist, 1885, p. 244, Dotc, aud rioceeds. Auier. Philos. Soc, Feb.
|188G p. 442.

THE BATKACHIA OF NOKTll AMKKICA.

35

Faniilios.

Cr\ i>t<il>i;iiiilii(lio .
Aiiii)hMtiiiuitlu; . . .

H.Viioi.ii.lii!

PJel'aixl.iiiliiliC ..
l)i'.si<»«t;tiMtliiihi' . .

'riioiiiilit'

S;ilj»iii;iiiclriil»

I'lcni-..l.li.lin

Aiiipliiiiriiidiis

Oa'ciliidu!

Tot:il

Pnla--
arctic.

Iiidiau.

Kthio
piau.

lie.

Nc...
Iiti]ii(::il

Total.

'Jl

lis

The temperate regions of the New World is, then, the liomo of the
greatest umnber of species of Urodela, after which the teiii[n rate re-
gions of the OUl World follow.

The distribution of the families and their species in North America
is as follows :

Familica.

Epgions.

Eastern.

Aiistro-
liparlan.

Central.

Sonoran.

Pacific.

CiyptobrancliidiL' .

2
12

8
3
1

G

8
1
1
1

1

1

8
11

1

Aui]ibiiituida;

20

17

1

1

20

The details of distribution are given under the family and generic
heads.

rhijlogcny — This order is probably of considerable antiquity, but no
species positively referable to it is known from any pretertiary forma-
tion. In tertiary beds we have representatives ot diflerent types. The
genus Chelotiiton Poinel from the Miocene of Allier, France, has oiiis-
tiiocoDclous vertebra.' like most of the existing species of Euro])e, and
has in addition an expansion of the neural spine of each vertebra, to
which the epideimis was closely adherent, giving a row of rough plates
down the middle line of the back. Ileliarchon and I'olysemia of Von
Meyer are known from specimens from the Miocene beds of Germany.
They have apparently the cartilaginous carpus and tarsus of the Amer-
ican genera. The Miocene of Switzerland has fiirni.shed the remains of
a species, probably of Cryptobranchi(he, which has been referred to the
genus Andrias by Tsclauli. It is very much like Cryptobranchus.

In older Ibrmations we have in the North American Laramie the
genus Siapherpeton Cope, which may well belong to the Urodela, but
the skull is unknown. In the Wealden of Belgium the genus Hyla'oba-
traehus Dollo may belong to this order, but the skull is not yet well
kuowu.

30

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The most priinilive Ibrin of the existing Urodela is iippareiitly Ciyp-
tobraiiclms.

Wieilersbcim * (/. c, p. 95) Las attempted to trace the ancestry of the
CiBciliidoi to the Stegocephali of the Carboniferous period, from wliicli
he supposes theui to have arisen by a process of degeneration. He re-
ijiarkstbat in order to demonstrate this proposition it is only necessary
to discover a type with rudimental bmbs wbich shall connect the two.

That the Cieci'iidae is a type which has resulted from a degeneration,
1 have also proposed, t but T have derived them from the Urodela rather
than from the Stegocei)hali direct. They have, like Ami)hinma, essen-
tially the saine cranial structure as the Urodela, which is widely different
from that of the Sti'goce»>ha1i, in the absence of the intercalare, supra
tenii)oral, basioccii»ital and postorbital bones. And these characters
are fully maintained in various genera of Stegocephali whicli have rudi-
mental limbs. Ami)hiuma then is the aunectant type with rudimental
limbs which Dr. Wiedersheim sought for. The circumstance that his
eyes were turned toward tlie Stegocephali indisposed him to recognize
this fact.

The affinities of the recent families, which may be regarded as phylo-
genetic, may be represented as follows:

Thoriitl;-.

\

\
PlutbocloiitidiL'.

Cieciliulae.

Amphiiiiuidu'.

Dosiiio^inatbklu;.

Auiblysluiiiiil;

ricuiodclitl;

Salaiiianilritlu;.

Cryptobruncliidav

CUYPTOBUANCniD.E.

Vertebra^ amphit(elous, without anterior double hypo[toi>hysis. Tail
develoi)ed. Parietal and [)refrontal bones embracing frontals, an<l
meeting above orbits. Vestibule with internal wall membranous. No
ethmoid bone. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous. Vomeropalatine teeth
on anterior border of bono of that name. Pterygoid bone present.
'Auatoinicder Gymuopbioueu, Jcua, lci7y. tAiucricau Naturalist, 1865, p. 244.

THE HATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87

Oftbis laniily but two existing? jiCiiciM urc known, nltliouuli it is
fjdito piohable tliat a third has h'tt ivniaiiis in the .Miocene hicnstiine
beds at Oenin<fen, in Germany, which is known under the name of An-
drias. The existing genera differ as follows :

I>r;uicliial fissure prosciit Crijplohranchiis-

\(i I)raiiclii;il lissiirt' MigahihalrnihitN.

The Mignlohairachun maxlmiis is found in Japan and eastern Asia as
far southwest as eastern Tiiibet. 1*; exceeds in dimensions the species
of Cryptobranchus, which are exclusively North American, but has a
great general resend»lance to them.

The nearest apjjroach to this family among other Urodela is made by
the family of Amblystomidir. The structural dilferences are, however,
important.

CRYPTOBRANCriUS Leuckart.

Lsis, 1821, p. 'JGO. IJoiileiigor, Catal. Batr. Grad. Britr. Miis., 1882, p. 81.
Ahraiuhiis. Ilailan, .Viinals, Lyconm Nat. Hist. Now York, LSi'i, i, ]». 221.
Meiinpoma.M.u^nu, I.e., p. 270; Tstliiidi, natr.,ur> ; Diiin. Hibr., Eop. G<^ii., ix,i).20.">.
S,iliii)i(tiidio])s. Waj;]., Nat. 8ysf. Ampliil*., 18:50, ]). 209.
Eiinicia. Kiiliiu'sqiio (toste Bainl), Atlantic Journal, 1832, p. 121.
Vrotoiiop'^ift. "IJartoii", Gray, Catal. Batr. Grad. Brit. Miis., od. I, p. 53.

In this genus the voiiurine teeth form a legularly arched series, con-
centric with the maxillary seiies. The tongue is but little free, and
that only round the edges. The columella of the stapes is cartilagiuou.s,
and is connected by a close articular contact with the quadrate carti-
bige and with the uiuler side of the s<]uamosal bone. The ceratohyal
is connected by a ligament with the posterior side of the quadrate, with
the intervention of an oval cartilage, whicli has the position of the sty-
lohyal bone of fishes. The posterior extremity of the ceratohyal is not
incurved, and is free from the skull. (Plate 48, fig, 3.)

The hyoid apparatus is quite characteristic. They have been already
described so far as they define the suborder Trematodera. They re
semble the Pseudo.sauria in having two ccratobranchials, but differ from
them and resemble the Amphiumoidea in having uo first epibranchial.
This element may, however, be confiuent with the first ceratobranchial,
but no suture appears in very young specimens. The ccratohyals are
di\i(led transversely aud the bypohyals are large. They are not m
contact with each other or with the first basibranchial, as in other or-
ilers and suborders, but are separated by a pair of transverse elements,
which are probably true basihyals. The first basibranchial appears to
be interrupted at its middle, the anterior part remaining attached to
the basihyals. No second basibranchial.

A broad cartilaginous plate rises from the basibranchial and supports
the tongue. It resembles a good deal the otoglossal cartilage of the
Arnblystomida^,, with which it is ]»robably homologous.* The second,

*Tlii.s siiji'icstioii I owe lo Dr. Gult.

38 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

third, and fourtli ei>ibraucbials are present. Between tbe bases of the,
second and third is a rndiineutal third ccratobranchial. (Plati 15,
ti-. 4.)

The carpus in Cryptobranchns is somewhat variable in tlie typical
species. The centrale carpi always separates the intermedinin from
the ulnare, thus reaching the nbia, while the contrale tarsi is always
shut off" from the fibula by the intermedium. (Phite 45, fig. 3.) There
may be twocentralia tirsi (Plate 40, fig. 3), as hasbeen shown by Wie-
diTsheiin. There are four carpaliaand five tarsalia, but the fourth and
liith tarsalia may be fused. (Plato 40, fig. 3.)

The boms of the extremities are sim[de, the fcmnr being witln^nt the
t. o^^haiitiT found in the Pseudosauria, and the humerus being without
the condyh's. The scapular arch is entirely cartilaginous, excepting
the scapula, whicli is small. There is a large cartilaginous coracoid
plate which overlaps that of the opposite side, and is dee[)ly fissured
transvei'si' oMicjuely in fiont liom the interior border, cutting off a
narrow [ir.KiDiacoid. Tiiere is a cartilaginous sternum posterior to the
coracoids. The pelvic arch has an osseous ilium, which is in contact
with an osseous ischmm on eacii side, which does not meet its fellow on
the middle line belou\ Tiie i)ubi(! region is represented by a large sin!
l>le cartihigc, which is produced into a style on the middle line antiui-
orly, as in the Pseudosauria.

In its visceral anatomy this genus resembles the Pseudosauria. The
stomach is distinct, and there is a pyloric flexure. (Plates G and 53,

fi^. 4 )

Tiier.i is one widely-distributed si)ecies of this genus, and probably
a second, known only as yet from the upper waters of the Tcniifssce
lliver, but the latter re(]uires further investigation, as I have seen but
a single s[)e(;imen of it. The distinguishing features are the following:

ro.sterior (lij^its tVoc; toiiync frt-o in rmut, its superior surface tlirowu iuto|)lic;c;

internal narcs open 6'. allcghcnieiisis.

P()Ht«'-ri()r (li;;its wcbbiid, tlic external to tholi]»; tongue not free, covered with lar^e

cl().scly-plac'0<l iiapiiilla- ; internal nares valvular C.fascus.

CKVPTOBRANCIIUS ALLEGHENIENSIS Daudin.
(Plates 5-8.)

CruplithrancliKs nJlcuhcniciis'ts, Van dor Hoeven, Tijdscber, v. Nat. Gescli. en Pliysiol.

IV, p. :W4, PI. V A, f. 3-4, & V. B; Borilenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mu.s., od.

II, lHr2, p. 8L
Salamu)i(lra allcfjliftiiiensis, Dand., IJept., viii, p. 231.
Sdhimandra t/igaiitca, Barton, On Siren laccrtliia.
Molffc i/iijaiiieu, Merr. Tent., ]). IrtT.
('riiitlubi-auchuH ftahimaiidroidcs, Lenckart, /. c.
Abraiiclnis allciihanioisis, Harlan, /. c.
.)hiioin)in(i <illvt/h(i)ncii><i>i, Harlan, /. r. ; Holhr., N. A. TIc.rp , v, p. Of), PI. 32; Dekny,

N. Y.,Fann. Kept., ]>. H.), PL IM, f. ll; Diim \ Biltr., p. 207, pi. IM, f. 1; Wi.d.,

Nova Acta Lcop. -Carol, xxxii, p. 1:5 5, Pl.f'i.

THE nATUACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Salamatidropti (jindiitea, Wayl-, /• c.

I'.iiriicca Diucroitdta, Kaliii., /. c

Mdioponid (ihiniitcit, Tscliudi, I.e.

I'rotonopshhorrhla, Gray, Cat. Batr. Gtiul. Hrit. Mas., eO. i, p. 53.

39

Vv.. r.. CnipU,hr<nu-h„. aW'ghrn!r„>-is Dau.l.; No. 9752. rennsylvania ; natural size.

r,o(lv nioderatelv oloi.gato and (lein-ossed ; tlio liiuh.s (,nite sl.oi t. Tl.o
tMil much cornpivsscMl, ul.out one l.alf the lougU. of the head and body.
Tl.r iicck wide; the head a, litUe wider, phu.e above, 1h,t and ninch de-
pres.se*!, with veiv short, wide, and rounded niuzzh'.

The nostril.s are near the labial b .rler, an.l look forwards. Ih.' .space
s,M>,,ratincrtheMns;,b.)nthalftl.ei..terorbit.l width. The eye.s are quite
s.M.dl and are .-overed with a rather thin cornea, but are without dis-

40 BULLETIN :U, UNITE]) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tiiKt cyt'liils. They arc oval in oiiiliiu', the long' diamctiT auteropos-
teiior. They are widely separate! iVoiii each otlier and are not far I'roui
the hibhil border. The Jaws are ('(juiil in front, and the niuz/Je is per-
fectly tlat. The upper lii) is not I'cnduhis except at its posterior end,
where it is also thick. The free h)\ver lip is decurved, and extends only
about one third the distance; round tiie lower Jaw.

The month is wide, and the rictus falls below the posterior canthus
of the eye. The inaxilloi)reniaxillary arc of teeth extends to a point a
little i>oslerior to a line dropped froiii the posterior edge of the eye.
The vomeropalatinc seri, s is quite close to the maxillopreniaxillary, and
extend about one half way as far [)osteriorly as the external row. At
the niiddleof the arc it sonietinies presents a convexity backwards for a
short distance. At each ol its extremities is situated the posterior nostril,
which is an oval more or less open, and never a slit, as in the C.fuscus.
Its position ditfcrs from that seen in Amphiuma means and NecturitH in its
being at the end of the row, and not external to it. Theroofof tlie mouth
is everywhere tlat. The tongue is wide and is considerably free in front,
the free border narrowing later.illy and ])osterior]y. It nearly fills the
floor of the mouth, leaving but a narrow space between it and the man-
dibular an;. Its surface is thrown into numerous elevated folds, which
are thin, and generally anteroposterior in direction. They intercom-
municate by lesser oblique folds, which with other delicate ridges form
anct-woT-k between the principal ones. In old specimens or badly-pre-
ser^'C.i OMcs tlie plicje may be flatt'.Mied or lowered.

The legs are quite short ; when pressed to the side they are separated
by a space equal to 1.25 the length of the anterior limb. The fingers
are short and rather free, and the external one is considerably shorter
than the internal one. The others are subsequal. An extensive fold
of the skin extends from the axilla to near the extremity of the external
finger, forming the posterior expanded border of the limb. It is most
prominent at the lower part of the upper arm. The posterior toes are
rather short, and are fret; from web as to the phalanges. The first is
the shortest, and the second a little exceeds the fifth. The third and
fourth are subequal, and, with the fifth, are somewhat depressed. Phis
ai)pearanee is produced by adeimal wing on the external border, which
increases in width from the third to the fifth, becoming very wide on
the latter. It continues from the fifth toe on the hinder border of the
leg to the base of the thigh, corresponding with the similar fold on the
fore leg. The epidermis is not hardened into ungues in this species.

The skin is perfectly smooth, but is thrown into a longitudinal undu-
lating fold on the sides betwien the fore and hind legs. Th s fold is
obsolete in some specimens, ap])arently on account of the distension of
the body with food or eggs. There are a shallow median dorsal groove
and fourteen costal grooves. The latter are not distinct on the back or
belly, and are best seen on the sides of the latter. The tail has a free
dermal border or: its superior edge, but none on the inferior edge, thus

THK BATRACIIIA OP NORTFI AMERICA. 41

ilittoriiijjj froiii the s[)eoio.s of Nectiinis. A groove along tlie side of the
tail divides it into a superior and infeiior portion, and a lateral wedge-
shaped mass, covered with longiLndinally folded skin, intervenes between
the two for about one third the length of the member. Dermal mucous
pores are especially abundaiit on the head of this species. They generally
appear in the middle of a low, elongate, dermal pai)illa, dividing it into
two papilla'. These are closely placed in a triangular patch, of which the
maxillary bolder forms the hypotenuse, a line extending backwards from
the nostril [)arallel to the middle line, another side ; and the other border
transvers(>, p;issing about its own diameter posterior to the eye. But
there are numerous other similar pai)illa5 posterior to this patch, and
on the sides of the anterior half of the neck. A series of double pa-
pillic extends rouiul near the border of the lower jaw, becoming obso-
lete on the symphyseal region. A conspicuous arched row of the same
extends round opposite the inferior edge of the lower jaw ; and between
it and the superior row are numorous other pores and papilla3. A row of
[ores passes round within each arm on the sides of the thorax ; and there
ar(^ two rows on the sides, one above and the other below, the lateral fold.
The up])or row is continued on the wedge-like portion of integument,
forming the middle of the basal third of the side of the tail.

The branchial fissure is half-way between the angle of the lower jaw
and the shoulder. The vent is small.

Mcasitrihiciits of ^Vo. 9752. if.

Total Icnytb .480

Length from end of mnzzle to eud of vent ;{19

Iveiigt'ii from end of muzzle to line of groin 27r>

Lengtii from end of nuizzlc to line of axilla 100

Width between nostrils Ol:{

Width between eyes 029

rjieatest width of head Oi")!)

Width between axil lie 04.')

Widtii at base of tail 0.30

Di'ptli of tail at middk^ 045i">

ijcngth of foie limb from axilla 0.^»4

Length of fore foot Oil

L(>ngth of hind limb OGI

Length of hind foot 0"iO

Length of lower leg , 0"2(i

Width Intween internal nostrils 0'24r)

The largest specimen (No. 10043) measures 545 """.

The usual color is raiher light lead-colored above and a still paler
shade of the same below. There are indistinct dnrkcT spots on the sur-
face above, only visible when the animal is in fluid. Sometimes these
>hades are represented by very distinct dark-brown spots (Nos. 4531,
7001). Some specimens have the ground color brown of a lighter hue
(No. 7005), the dark spots being present or absent. Three specimens
(No. 9205) are almost entirely black.

This sjH'cies is distributed from western New York and Pe.msyl-
vania and the Great Lakes to Iowa, and south tj Georgia, North Caro-

42 BULLKTIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL Mt/SEUM.

liuii, aud Louisiaiui. It is not yet known from Florida or Texas. A sin-
gle s|)ecimen in tbe National Museum was taken in the Susquehanna
Itiver, Pennsylvania.

The "hellbender" is entirely aquatic in its habits, and is frequently
taken by fishermen on their hooks. It is very tenacious of life, and is
perfectly harmless. Its larval period must be of brief duration, sirce
it has not been yet observed. The eggs are rather large, and are s t-
tached by two strong suspensors at opposite poles.

RESERVE SERIES.

Cata)i>siio

NTo.of

number.

.spoc.

1

10(»43

8229

1

7lMi8

1

OJdl

1

920.5

;t

!)144

G

97. V2

1

700.-.

3

7().-.,'>

1

70li!»

1

!»2m2

1

4.-.:fi

4

5n:i7

1

:i,s7'.)

')

7()u4

'>

l:t922

1

931C

1

31

Localiiy.

.SusquehanDa River.

Alli'Kany County, N. Y .

Eviuisville, lutl

Gnat Lakes.

Pennsylvania

Abbeville, S.C.

I'olanil. Ohio

Tvree Spiings, Tenu...
Uillsbmoush, N. C-...

Meartville, Pa

Geiiigia

Prairie Mer Knuco, La
Nolicbiif.ky, E. Tenu..

De.s Moine.s, Iowa

(?)

When
collected.

June 1,1878

1884

Fiom whom received.

Agricultural Departiueut. .,
Dr. Steven.s

H. 15. Wriirht

Dr. J. H. Ban aft ..
Prof. S. F. Biiird...

Prof U. ()w<n

Rev. M. A. <'urti.s.

J. V. Tliickslon

Dr. W. L. Jones...
JauH'sl"'airie

R. Ellsworth Call.
.(?)

Nature of
spccituen.

klcoliolic.
Do.
Do.

Do.
DO
DO.
Do.
DO.
Ijo.
DO.
Do.
DO.
Do.
Do.
DO.
DO.

GEXEUAL SERIES.

70C9

1

7004

1

9316

14

16

Tyreo Springi», Tenn

Nolichucky River, Teun.
(?)

Piof. R. Owen.

Aleoliolic.
Do.
Do.

There is some variation in specimens in the relative distance of one
nostril from the other and from the eye. In some specimens these dis-
tances are identical; in others the former is somewhat less than the
latter, and the same measurement, usually one-half the width between
the eyes, may enter it 2.2o times.

A local variety is seen in three specimens (No. 7005) from Abbeville,
S. C. These are a light brown, much resembling the G.fiiscus, but are
spotted with a darker brown. The double pai)illa! are not visible on
the superior surface of the head, and are faintly marked on the inferior
aspect. The rows of pores are, however, as in C. alleghenicnsis, as are
the tongue and internal nares. The digits are all more slender, and the
(lirmal ala on the external toe and that of the elbow are much reduced.

Besides the generic character, the following differences may be ob-
served on comparison of this species with the MefjalohatrarJtvs mnximns
of Asia. In the latter the tongue is not free, but is sessile, and with-
out plica"; head with rows of oltuse tubercles; sides and limbs without
dermal folds.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

43

CRYPTOBRANCHUS FUSCUS Holbrook.
Menopoma fuscuiii Holbrook, N. Am. Herpetology, 1842, V, p. 99.

Fltt.G. — Cri/ptohranchHsfiiscus, KnoKvillo, Tonnossco ; natiival si/.(

Besides the cliaracters already assigned to tliis species, tlic single
s[»eciineu ou wbicli it rests diifcrs (V.):ii most of those of the (' aJleghe-

44 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

niensis in the absence of the longitudiual doniiiil fold on tlie side, and of
tbc papilhe on tUe upper surl'ac^ of tlio lica 1. In both thest' iesi»ects
it agrees with some speclnions IVjui Abbe.ville, S, C. (No. 7003), aheady
referred to. I do not attach niueli importance to the absence of the lat-
eral folds, as distension of the abdomen from any cause would be a[)t to
cause it to disappear. These two characters, however, with the brown
color, supplement the three important ones given in the diagnosis, and
(tonfirm the proi)riety of recognizing the species. Nevertheless, tin' ob-
serva'ion of other specimens presenting the saine features will be nectes-
sary before the species (^aii be regar.led as fully established.

The head hasthewiile, H it formof the other species, with the very shor
and broadly rounded muzzle, but these characters are exaggerated.
Thus the length from the end of the muzzle to the lines connect ii.g tlie
angles or cauthus of the nioutli enters the greatest width of the lu'ail
foar times and a fraction ; while in the C. alleghenieiisis it is one-half tin
.'ame measurement of the width of the head, or even a little longer.
The shortness of the gape as compared with its width is also indicated
by the fact that the cauthus oris is below a point anterior to the anterior
cauthus of the eye in the C.fuscus, while in the C. allc[/heiiicn.sis the angle
is below the posterior cauthus of the latt.'r. The eye is smaller than is
usual in the C. alleghcniensis, its long dianu'ter entering tlie interocnlar
space a little over seven times; while in the more abundant species it en-
ters five times to nearly six times. The extremity of the nnixillary si ries
of teeth corresponds with the cauthus of the mouth. The vonuMinos
have only half as much length. Theintirnal iM)stril is a slit, nearly
closed, in line with the series of vomerine teeth at their extremity. I
have not found it closed in this way in any specimens of tlie C. ((llf</hc-
niensis. The characteristics of the tongue form one of the strongest
characters of this species. Its superior surface is coverc<l with large
truncate papilhe, so closely placed as to be everywhere in cout.u-t.
They arc only distinguished, as in the human tongue, by bemling the
surface. Nothing like this is known in the other species. IJere the
surlace of the tongue is marked with longitudinal plic;e, separated by
considerable intervals, which are tliemselves subdivided by smaller and
lower plica?, the general result being an appearance isomething liUe tripe.
The width between the external nares is half of that between the orbits
or the posterior nares.

The crypts of the skin of the superior surfaces are coarser than in
•the C. aUcghcnicnsis, especially on the posterior half of tl>e head. The
anterior half of the latter is smooth. No trace of t!ie (loable papilhe
is to be found on tlie superior surfaces, but they e\i^t in t!u'. arched
series round the lower jaw below the lip, as in the otiu r species, but
with this difference: the papilla? one above the other are imt round,
but short longitudinal keels, so as to be parallel to each other.

The fingers are entirely free, and the phalanges are, beginning on the
inner side, 2, 2, .'>, L'. The ala on thi' posterior edge of the upper arm is

THE 15ATRACHJA OF NORTH AAUiRiCA. 45

well developed, and terniinatcs just below the elbow, Tlie toes come
ill tbc order of lenstb as follows, beginning with the short inner, 1, 5,
2,3,45 and the phalanges, in the same order, are 2, 2, 3,3, 2. The
three external are ribbed from the tips ; the notch between the third
and fourth reaching the end of the first phalange, but between the
fourth and fifth extending from tip to tip, with a very slight notch
(easily enlarged by tearing) ; the legs are about as long as in C. alleghe-
nicnsis. When they are pressed to the side they are separated by a
distance equal to one and a quarter times the length of the hinder leg.
This measurement must be taken with some allowance, as the spccimeu
has been coiled in strong alcohol, and its true form is not easily restored.
It is impossible to distinguish the true lateral folds. An estimate
makes them equal those of the other species, fourteen. The tail has
the usual form. Its superior outline rises from the base, and is convex,
and consists partly of a thin dermal border. The extremity is thin, as
is also the distal fourth of the inferior edge.

Measurements.

M.

Tiital length 0.440

Length toenil of vent 2i)i>

Length to groin 215

Length to axilla 100

Length to lino of eanthus oris 015

Length of anterior leg 039

Length of anterior foot 015

Length of posterior leg 05;}

Length of posterior foot 0245

Widtli between external nares Oli

Width between orbits 025

Wi.lth of head 051

1)( l>tli of tail at middle 042

The color of this specimen is a rich chocolate brown; the inferior sur-
faces rather j)aler than the superior. No spots.

C;iliil(>;iiio number.

No. species.
1

Locality.

Donor.

rrofessor Mitchell.

AMBLYSTOMIDyE.

This family is of particular interest among the Urodela, as furnishing
connecting forms between the ordinary types of the order and those
larger species which we suppose to be more characteristic of former
periods of the earth's history. It also furnishes us with transitional
conditions of characters which have been regarded as indicating very
diverse origin and nature. The impedes are mostly of large size, and
are probably confined to North America; perhaps a species exists in
Farther India.

AG BULLETIN :{i, iJNrn:i> siArtis national mu.seum.

TIk! cliaractors which restrict the family arc as follows:

No ethmoid. I'aiatiue bones not prolonged over parasphenoids, bear-
ing teeth oil their posterior margins. Orbitosphenoid separated from
pioliriu by menibraiious walls. Internal wall of veslibnle osseous. Car-
pus and tarsus ossified. Vertebrie ami)hic(elons. Prefrontals an«l
[tterygoids present. Premaxillaries fully developed. i*arasphem)id
without dentigerous plates. An otoglossal cartilage; only one, the first
ei)il)ranchial ; second basibraTichial isolateil.

^Ve may here observe the signiticauee of the features defining this
family. Two of the characters assigned are what I have termed niori)hic;
lh;it is, one has not been assumed after possession of the other, nor is
it identical with the iiunuUure stage of the same. Such are the short-
eiu'd form of the ])alatinc bones, as compared with the posteriorly pro-
duced laminiie of the Salamandrida', and the absence of dentigerous
plates on the parasphenoid in the riethodontid;e is a character of the
same kind. Under such circumstances we infer that the families ex-
hibit an ontogeny modified by cduiogcny.

The bicoucave vertebra' constitute a persistence of a larval feature.

The presence of i)terygoids has the same significance with reference
to other families.

The ossification of the cari)us and tarsus are characters in which this
groui) develops beyond the larval condition which is permanent in the
family I'lethodontida'.

Thus of eight characters two are mori)hic and six developmental;
of the six, two are of advanced development and four of rei>resscd
(le\elopment, as com[)ared with other families.

The writer characterized this family nearly as above in the riouriial of
the riiiladelphia Academy, 18(j(), 105. J)r. IfaHowell proposed it in the
same work, 1S5S, 337, but on insufhcient characters. Many of the char-
acters of the i)rincipal genus AmMystoma had been already pointed
out by Trofessor Jiaird. The genera included by llallowell were Am-
blystoma, A'iiiJtoniira Tscli , and Onychothictylus Tschudi. Gray had
previously embraced the same genera with Ilctcrotriton Gray, in his
first section of the I'lethodontida', which corresi)onds with this family.
The writer in IS,")!) embraced Onychodactylus, Amblystoma, Camarataxifi
('oi)e, and iMegalobatrachus Tschudi. In the above cited essay of 180(5
the gem ra are limited to the two first mentioned with Easatlna Gray.

The ifiivestigation of the subject which I gave in my monograi)li of this
f.imily, published in 1S!;'.>, i\'suited in the following disposition of these
su[)i)oscd gener.i, Haird ha\ ing already shown the identity of Xiplio-
nnru with Amblystoma. '■^ Uctcrotrifou is identical with Amblystoma.
lMegalol)atrachus, the great salamander of Japan, I have determined
to pertain to the Cl•yptobl■auchida^ The genus Camarataxis, as will
appear fuitluT on, was established on a larval character, permanent
in some individuals it is true, but not permanent in any species. On
the other hand, there is some probability that ono or both of the species
of Dynobius Tschudi from Japan enter the family, but this I am not

THE BATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 47

able to establisli." The latter genus, together with IJauideiis, Oiiycho-
(hict.yliis and SalauiaiKlrclIa from Asia, have beeu since referred to the
Aniblystomida' by Boidanger, but I now lindtbe byoid apparatus to be
quite ditli ri nt in the two groups.

Three gel. era of this family are known to me. Another has bet n
distinguished on dental characters (I)icamptodon), but whether iden-
tical with or distinct from those 1 Lave seen 1 do not yet know.

I. VoiiicroiKihitinc teeth iu a transverse liuo. which is straight or iingiilati'd iiml not

much interrupted at the middle.
Otoglos.sal cartilage forming a ring, attached posteriorly to (ho tirst basibran

chial cartilage linhJijhloii'n.

Otoglossal cartilage forming a snbtriangnlar plate attached posteriorly tollic

fir.st basibranchial ClioiKiroluv.

II. VouuMopolatine teeth iu two series, separated by a wide interspace.
Otoglossal cartilage not auuular, free from the basibrancliial, on which it moves;

tail round LiiioiKiIapuns.

Tail compressed; dental series converging backward Dhawpiodon.

The species of these genera are all Xortli American cxeei>ting the

Aviblystoma pcrsimilis Gray of Siam.

AMBLYSTOMA, Tscbudi.

Tschudi, Batr., p. <J2 ; Baird, Journ. Ac. rhila.('2), i, 1H50, p. "281 ; Gray, Cat., ]>. 34 ;
Dum. & Bibr. I.\, p. 101 ; Cope, Proc. Ac. IMiila., 1"^G7, p. KiO; Strauch, iSalam, p.
CO; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. I5rit. Mns., vJd ed., 18S',', p. 'M.
Xiiihoinira, Tschudi, /. c, p. 1)5; Gray, /. c. ; Dum. Si. Bibr., p. IGl.
ii(il<uii<(ii(l)o'ulis, Fitzing., Syst. Kept., p. 15:5.
Jhldolritoii, Gray, l. c, p. \V.\.
l'a»un\it:u}s, Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., liSol), p. V22.
rvdoijlotim, Mivart, Proc. Zix'il. Soc, 1>()7, p. G98.

Lai \ al forms :
Siicdaii, Wagl., Syst. Anipli., 1>S;50, ji. '^O',) ; Dum. & Bibr., p. 170.
AxoIdUx, Owen, Ann. and Mag., X. H., \tv. p. 2'.i.
Dt'Siniustoma, JSagcr, Penins. Jour. Medic, ISo^, p. l'2t^.

Vomerine series of teeth in the same Hue, though olten interrupted.

tj)iiadrat(\jiigal bone wanting. Premaxillary bones distant from each
otliei', not embracing a fontanelle.

Tongue alt.iehed by its wliole base, but with a narrow free margin on
all but tin; [)osteri()r portion, capable of but a moderate protrusion.

The ()t!)glo.<sal cartilage forms a ring, which passes entirely round the
circuinfeieiu'e of The interior base of the tongue. It sends a proces.--^
on each sitle near its base, which terminates aboxe theceratohyal.s with-
ont articulating with them.

I lypohyal cartilages sleiuler, of moderate length. (LMate liO.)

Crratohyal articulating by its abrui)tly recurved superior extremity
witli the i)o.storior di.st il part of the (piadrate. (Plate 48, tigs. 8-10.)

Digits 1-."), fi(>e, not connected by natatory membrani'.

A .str.itiim of eryi)ts nu)re or less thickened on the parotoid region
ami along the superior lateral ri'gion of the tail.

A series of mucous pores round the orbit aiul for some dLstan(;e ante-
rior to it.

48 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tbc second basibrancliial elemeut is trausverse, generally aiigulatod
foisvards, and is well ossified. The other parts of theliyoid api)aratiis
that are ossified are the proximal portion of the ceratohyal, the ante-
rior part of the first basibranchial, and the free extremity of the first
cpibranchial.

The larvae are characterized by the long, slender processes of the
three branchial laminte, which bear the vascular fimbriie, rather than
the laminae themselves, as in Chondrotus. The internal nostrils are con-
fined between the maxillary series of teeth and the palatine arch, which
is concentric with the former and near to it, and is continued backwards
on each side in line with a similar scries on the i^terygoid bones. A
relation of nostrils to palatine teeth similar to the above is permanent
in Amphiuma, and one intermediate between it and the adult condition
of Amblystomai of groups in and iv characterizes Cryptobranchus.

The tail and back have a free dermal margin, but there is none on
the limbs or digits. The tail is short and deep.

The following are some of the most readily observed characters which
are assumed by the Amblystonne at the period of their transformation:
(1) The series of teeth on the splenial bone is shed ; (2) the carpus and
tarsus ossify ; {^) the tail narrows and lengthens; (4) the branchise dis-
appear; (5) the tongue enlarges and covers the floor of the mouth ; (G)
the pterygopalatine series of teeth becomes^ more nearly transverse;
(7) brightly colored pigment is deposited in the chromatophora) of the
derm. These changes are stated in the order of their occurrence. But
in some of the protean species this order is not exactly observed in all
individuals, and in consequence of the assumption of one or the other
character of maturity in advance of another the number of species has
been supposed to be greater than it is. The same irregularity in the
successional appearance of- structures is well known in the earlier pe-
riods of embryonic life, as stated by Von Baer in the scholia of his Ent-
wickelungs-^eschichite. In the chick, different portionsof the vertebral
axis and the abdominal plates may or may not appear in the usual
order of succession.

In Amblystoma the approximation of the period of reproduction to
that of transformation varies with the species, and it is evident that
the closer this approximation, under the above principle of variation,
the more protean will the species be. As we know from the experi-
ments of Hogg, Dumeril, and others that metamorphosis is greatly has-
tened or delayed by the conditions of temperature and light,what would
not be the effect on individuals of such a protean species of a change
of topographical situation, such as the elevation or depression of the
land ? And I have no hesitation in saying that if the peculiarities of
series of individuals of A. thjrimoit, in the respects above enumerated,
were permanent, they would characterize those series as species as
completely as any that zoologists are accustomed to recognize. For
the evidences on this head, see the discussion of this species below.

THE I5AT11AC1I1A OF NORTH AMERICA.

49

The ox[)eiiiucut.s of llo^ij;, above iilhulej.1 to, are as follows, as giveu
by biiu ill tlic Annals and Mugazinoof Natural History.

He placed a niiiiiberof i)ui)ie;;;nate(l ova of fro<;s iu vessels arranged at
regular distances from the light in a cave. The lessening degrees of
light were of course accompanied by a corresponding but much less
rapid decline in temperature. The resulting effects on the inetamori)ho-
sis may be tabulated as follows:

Mi'nn. I'';iliiriila'it.

i U P'gli

'M Liirvii free

:u

4 10 L:irv;i vmy laini! ....
' 212 Metiiinoipbo.ti.s com •
I plote.

8 11

28

10 31

%«

Lai'va l'r<M'

L;irvii l.ii-!;i:

MctaiiiurpLusi.s com-
plflc.

53'^

E-S

Larva I'loi; . .
Lai v;i largo.

r.i^

Laiva fioo.
Lai'va Miiiall.

Motaiiiurpliusia com
plcto.

Mptaiiiorphu^ia com
plete.

Other experiments, which will not be <iuoted now, are equally con-
clusive as to the effects of light and heat on their [)rocess. The dis-
tinction between maturity, or adult age, and complete development
must be borne in mind. The former condition is attained when the ova
are fitted for impregnation and the sperjnatozooids are capable of accom-
plishing that result. I)eveloi)ment may or may not advance much
beyond this porioij. As one or more i)L'ri<) Is in the life of every si)ecies
is characterized by a greater rapidity of dex'elopment (or metamorpho-
sis) than the remainder, soin proi)ortion to the ai)proximation of such
a period to the e[)och of maturity or rei)roduction is the offspring liable
to variation.

The great difference between the different species and between indi-
viduals of the same si»ecies in this res[)ect, may be illustrated by the
following coini)ariso:i between the si//j of the animals at the time of
losing tlie branchiae, so lar as known, and that to which they ulti-
mately attained :

Spocic-i.

Aiiil>lyHt(iiiia,ji'll'(MH()uiaiuim

Amlilystnma |iuii<'(atiiiii .

Aiiilili .itoiiia ciiiispii.sum

Aml>ly«ti'Mia opaiiim

eiionclrotiiH l(^\aml.s ,

t'lioiiilrotiis miiio«toinii« ...

i\ !iiblv.^toma talpoiduiMU

OUoiulrotus paioticim ,

Ainltlystoma tigiiiiuiii

Choiidrotus tent'lirosiis

Size at

loss of

liiaiicliiiu.

A vernal)
lull n'uv.

//(. Lin.

hi.

Lin .

1 5. 7'.

I)

1 It)

0

0

1 10. .')

2

7. .')

2 2

3

y. 5

2 1

(

2 3.0

4

3

'.». 5

3 7. T)

7

2.5

53 7t

H

} 8 !i. r.

!)

Sh (i

8

i:i u

11

■ili.ipM loo lar;;r

I Nut smallest.

1051— Bull 34

50 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

la tbis conuectioii it is desirable to ascertaia how far characters (lis-
tinguishing undoubted species fall into the liueof successional changes
common to all the species, as answer to this question would solve an
important part of the inquiry as to theo igin of species. Wecau not go
into it exhaustively at this time, but direct attention to these char-
acters in the synoptic table. The following are developiuental char-
acters which distinguish known species: (1) The direction of the pala-
tine series of teeth; (2) the length of the body and tail, as compared
with the width of the head, is greater in large and old individuals of
A. tigrinum ; (3) the widening of the muzzle and greater separation ot
the external uares ; (4) the spotted as distinguished from the uniform
coloration.

Characters to which no such relation can be assigned: (1) The number
of costal folds, whose interspaces correspond with the vertebne ; (2) the
number of phalanges.

Baird, in the first synopsis of this genus published, enumerates eight
si)ecies ; Gray in 1850 catalogues ten, after we exclude some species of
other genera erroneously included. Dum6ril, likewise including species
of other genera, gives five true Amblystoma'. Hallowell, 1858, increased
the number to sixteen. In my monograph of tbis genus, published in
18(J7, the species described numbered eighteen, six new ones being
added. Dr. Boulenger, in the Catalogue of the British Museum, second
edition, published in 1882, gave the number as seventeen, including a
Siamese species. In the present work thirteen si)ecies are admitted, one
of which is the Siamese species A. 2>crsimilis, after the subtraction of
niuB'ispecies placed in the genera Cliondrottis and Lingua-lapsus. For
the study of tbis genus the collection of the Smithsonian Institution is
unequaled. Probably the second best colbsction existing, that of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Pbiladeli)hia, has also furnished its
numerous types, and several species mostly described by the late Dr.
Edward Hallo well.

Synopsis of species.

I. Scries of teeth exteudiug alonjj the cxteruul lissu-o ot" tlio iuternal uarcs. I'licu'
of tongue radiatiug i'roiii its posterior portion. Parotoid glands not
forming an ovoid distinet mass. Four phalanges in fourtb toe.

A. Costal grooves, ten.

a. Vomerine series, three.

Head broad; width :3. 5 to groin ; muzzle co.itractid ; external nares niueli
closer thau internal ; palatine series convex, backwards; tail short,
compressed; blackish-brown, gray specked J. lulpoideuiu.

B. Costal grooves, eleven.

ci: Vomerine series three.

/y No, or one indistinct plantar tubercle.

Middle series transverse or concave to behind posterior margins of uares;
width of head in specimens of .3 inches, greater than one-fourth length
to groin; in adults, 4.7 times ; black above, with gray croMs-b;iiids.

A. o/iaciim.
* Vide au exct-plioii midci- A. tiijiinitm.

THE UATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 51

Tcotb UM ill tlic l;ist ; width of bead in siuull specirueDH, 3.5 to groin ; in
iidnlts, 4.5 tiiiK's; a strong dorsal groove and longer tail ; blackish
above, with a series of round yellow spots on each side of the back.

A. punvlatum.

Median series of teeth convex, advancing beyond posterior margin narea ;

width of head much less. than one-fonrth length to groin ; tail short,

no dorsal groove; lead-colored, with an inferior lateral and usnally

superior series of small irregular yellowish gray spots. . A. conspersum.

flji Two distinct plantar tubercles;

Median series of teeth straight, nearly divided; external nares much
cloiser together than internal; width of head more than one-fourtb
length to groin ; muzzle very short ; tail much compressed; black-
ish above, with large, irregular, yellow spots, conllneut on sides ; be-
low yellow A. hicolur.

^ta Vomerine stuies ft)ur.

Teeth in four series, which form an obtuse angle directed forwards; width

of head, ;}.(> times in length to groin; length from muzzle to axilla

equal length from axilla to groin ; tail nearly as long as head and

body ; dark brown, with a dark brown baud ou side .. .A. copcanum.

I ■. Costal grooves, twelve;

a Larger species, with two distinct plantar, tubercles aud mucous pores on the

side of the muzzle.
ji No\;anthus rostralis ; tail shorter than head and body ; chin not projecting.

Vomeropalatine tooth series with the median portion presenting a very
obtuse angle forwards, rarely straight, sometimes with the lateral
portions separated; brown, with largo yellow spots of larger or
smaller size A. tigrinjim.

Muzzle broad obtuse; dark brown, with vertical yellow spots ou sides;
teeth in four distinct series, in a nearly transverse line.

A. trisr upturn.
fl^S Canthus rostralis distinct ; chin projecting.

External nares nearer together than internal ; muzzleobtuse ; head small,
widths times. to groin ; front convex; tail longer than head and
body; vomerine teeth in one series, slightly convex forwards; yel-
low, with irregular brown bands above A. xipliiai,

aa Smaller species ; the mucous pores not extending beyond the orbits; teeth
in three s^iries ; no, or one iudistiuct plautdr tubercles.

External and internal nares equidistant; vomerine series nearly trans-
verse; width of head, 4.5 to G times in length to groin; length of
eye, 1.75 to 2.5 times in width between anterior canthus of same ;
lead colored to brown or black, with or without pale or distinct
lateral 8])ots A. jeffersonianuvi.

Nares equidistant; width of head, 5 times to groin; muzzle contracted;
length o" eye, entering 1.6G times in width between canthus of same,
once to nostril; median dental series angulated forwards; digits
long; brown or lead colored, usually a broad gray band ou vertebral
line of t lil aud body expanding on occiput : sides, dark reddish-browu.

A. macrodactijlum.

Muzzle wido ; width of head entering length to groin 4 times; tail long
as head and body to groin; digits short; black, upper surfaces bright
yellow A.epixanthum.

These species are (li.stribiittMl as follows : One, tbe A. pershnile Gray,
is said tobe an iubabitaiitof tlieniountaiiiregions of Siam. The others
are all North American. One si^ecies only, the A. tigrinum, extends

52 BULLETIN ;U, UNITED S'l'ATE.S NATIONAL MUSEUM.

southwards on tbe Mexican plateau as far as the City of Mexico. The
remaiuiu^^ species are distributed as follows :

Eastern Region. — A. opacum ; A. panctatum ; A. connpivsiim ; A. hicolur ; A. cope
aiium (f); A. tigrinuin ; A. xiphias ; A. jejfcrsonianam.
AusTROKH'AUiAN Kkgion. — A. ialpoUleiim.
Central Region. — A. tujrinum; A. trisraptum.
Pacific Region. — A. ligrbium ; A. maorodactyluia : A. cpixuiUhum.

As but one speciineu of the A. copeanaia is known, little can be said
of its distributiou.

AMBLYSTOMA TALPOIDEUM Holbiook.

Gray. Catal. Batr. (irad. Brit. Mas., 18.50, p. ;W ; Uiiincnl iV Bibroii, Erp.
Geu., Vlil, i>. lU'J; Cope, ProceodM. Acad. Pbtla., lb(J7, p. 17'-i; Straucli,
Salaiu.,G:5; Boiilonger, Catal. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ii ed.,lbd2, p. 40.
Salanuuidra lalpoidea Holbiook, N. Auier. Herp., v, 73, PI. 24.

Shortest, stoutest, and most clumsily formed of all the terrestrial
Amblystomata. Character of skin as to glands pits, etc., much as in
^1. punctatum and opacum. A row of large pores on the head, interior
to the eye and nostrils, extending anterior to the latter. This passes
behind and beneath the eye, reaching forward nearly to the nostril ; a
patch on the cheeks above the lateral groove and another below it,
probably extending forward along the lower jaw.

The head is very broad, and large, and is wider than the body anterior
to the constriction at the neck. Its width is about equal to the distance
from snout to gular fold (thus wider than long), and is contained about
S.^ times to the groin. The eyes are sui»erior and rather small, sei)arated
anteriorly by nearly three lengths of the orbit; about one orbit from
the nostrils, which are separated about 1.^ orbits. The muzzle is rather
angular. The upper jaw is visible beyond the lower when viewed from
below.

The body is short, squat, and depressed. There are 10 costal groo\'es
on the side.

The tail is contained about li times in the rest of the animal. It is
much as in A. opacuni, but higher, though without a crest.

The digits are rather long and slender, scarcely ditl'erent from those
of A. opacum.

The palatine teeth are in a transverse series of three sections. The
middle section is not interrupted along the median line. In the tyi)e
it is slightly concave anteriorly, scarcely reaching to the inner line of
the inner uares, and behind the range of tiie lateral sectioiis, which
begin a little interior to the outer line of the nostrils. The middle and
lateral sections are separated by the width of the inner nostril. In
another specimen the middle i)atch is nearly straight; in another, com
posed of two arcs concave anteriorly.

The tongue is thick, tleshy, and adherent, though the edges are free
at the sides; less so at the tii>. Its width is not mure than half that of
the head. The pa[)illose portion is se[>arated posteriorly by the exten-

THE BATRACIIIA OF NOllTII AMERICA

53

sion forward of the plain basal portion of tlic tongue, altliongli there is
no groove, and exhibiting two prominent cornua to the tongue proper.
The papillose ridges are longitudinal and nearly parallel.

In alcohol this species is a light brown above, paler beneath, irregu-
larly sprinkled, blotched, and marbled with silvery or plumbeous gray,
of a lichen-like character. Si)eci!nens when alive show the ground color
to be a dark brownish or liver black, more livid on the sides, and per-
li.ips lighter beneath ; everywhere sprinkled with the silvery-gray dots
of larger si/e on the back. The upper part of the tail is of a purer
brown than elsewhere, and is bordered by a series of obscure blackish
spots ; seen also near the lower margin. A few similar dusky s])Ots ap-
pear scattered on the back. The iris appears to be a dark brown with-
out metallic luster.

A series of specimens from Prairie Mer Rouge, Louisiana, is quite
similar. Some of them appear to have just completed the cliange from
the tadpole state, and the tail is higher, more compressed, and somewhat
crested ; the toes, shorter, tlatter ; the papillose folds of the tongue

more indistinct.

Measurements.

Inchos.

Length from snout to transverse line of month 30

Length from snout to pjnlar fold .'if*

Length from snout to fi;roin 1.90

Length from snout to behind arms y. 30

Length from snout to end of tail 3. 80

Length of tail l..^>0

Width of head .V2

Length of fore-arm 40

Length of hind leg from knee .^)(i

Extent of hind legs 1.70

Greatest length of tail 31

Greatest width at same place K>

I found this species abundant in the high valley in southwestern
North Carolina in which the French Broad River takes its origin from
mountain streams. Thenceit extends through the southern Atlantic and
Gulf States to and including Louisiana, west of which it has not yet been
found. It is not aquatic, but lives in damp places below logs and stones.

CI

< 4 5 ^"^ 7 3

Fig. l.—Awhlyntnma talpoiileum No. ^879. Prarie Mor Konco. La.

No. ol
lino.

("atalogno I No.' of
iiiiiiilior. I sjicc.

Locality.

1 raf>6 I '. LiboTty Conntv, G

2 .'IST!) I fi I'r.iiiir M.r lion-'.-, La

3 3!I72 1 Nc.-.rC.iiio, 111

Frojii wlioin rocoivoiL

Dr. .Tones.

I. Fiiirio.

II. Kcnnicott.

54 BULLETIN [U, UNITED STATE?; NATIONAL MUSEUM.

AMBLYSTOMA OPACl'M (Jnivculiorst.
(PlalfH lU-'Jl.)

Amhlj/iitonm opnca, Bairfl, Jonrn. Ac. Phila. (2) i, IS-'A p. 2^:? ; Gray, Cat. Batr. Ora<l.

Brit. Mils., oil. i, p. An, 18')0 ; Ilallowell, .iDiini., I'liila. Acail., IV, :5.')l.
Salamnndrn opnca, CJraveiih., Ucbor d. Zool. Sy.st., p. 4:U, .and Dclic, p. 7't, PI. 10; Dinii.

& Bihr., p.fili.
Salamandrn fasciata, (rroon, Jonrn. Ac. Pliila. i, 1818, p. :?.'•(); Tlolhr. N. A. ITorp., v,

p. 71, PI. xxiri ; Dokay, N. Y., Faun , Ri>,pfc., p. 77, PI. 17, ii^'. 40.
Amhli/slomiifaiciafum, Diiin. & BiUr., |>. lOiJ, PI. 101, \\<r. .'>.
Amhhjstoma opacum, C<)i)o, Proc. Ac. Phila. 1807, p. 173; Straucli, Salani., p. (>3; Boii-

lengor, Cat. Batr. Grail. Biit. Miis., od. ii, 1882, p. 40.

Body swollen, thick, cylindrical, depressed; skin perfectly sinootli,
altliougli under a lens every wJierc showing minute simple pores or i)its
connected with the glands, which are .seen every wliere on the body and
tail, except, perhaps, on the lower part of sides, belly, and beneath the
bead ; on the tail, however, they are most developed on the upj^er half.
There are no regular patches of more conspicuous pores on the head
and parotoids, as seen in yl. punctatum.

Head rather broad, depressed, its greatest width about ;] the length
from snout to gnlar fold, and about ^ the distance to insertion of hind
legs. Axial leiigth of mouth half that to gular fold, which is inter-
rupted on the nape; a constriction behind the angle of the mouth, with
a lateral groove (or ridge) counecting the two as in A.jmnctatum. I)is-
t.auce from snout to gular fold not quite 3] times in that to insertion of
hind leg. The eyes are moderate; the pupil circular. The general re-
lation much as in A. punctatum.

Body nearly cylindrical, but decidedly depressed. No indication of
a dorsal furrow. Eleven well marked costal furrows inclnding the in-
guinal. There are about four pelvic fnrrows ; those on the base of the
tail are distinct anteriorly, but gradually become fainter.

The tail is oval or subelliptical in cross section, though without any
indication of a keel. It is nearly cylindrical at base, though slightly
compressed, becoming more and more so to the pointed tip. It is
thicker above than below, and measured from behind the anus is con-
tained 1^ times in rest of the length. The lateral groove on the tail is
less distinct than in A. punctatum.

The digits are linear, depressed, but without any indication of web
or margin. The third or longest finger is one-third the distance from
its tip to the elbow (contained three times). The lateral ones are quite
short. The fourth toe is longest, and contained 2^- times in the distance
from its tip to the knee; the 3, 5, 2, 1 are successively shorter, or the
fifth and second are about equal. The distance between the outstretched
toes is contained about once and two-sevenths in the length liom snout
to behind anus.

The tongue is thick and lleshy, as in A. pimcfatum, though larger in
proportion, and filling the mouth more. Tiie teeth are in one transverse

THE HATRACITIA OF NOUTTT AMERICA.

55

line, ill ihved series, macli as in A. pnnctntum. T'le central is a diuiblo
arc. Tlie lateral series are uot so far forward, or i)ass more obliijuely
backwards, so that their extreme end is eveii behind tiie convexity of
the central series, not anterior to it. Tlie lateral series is about half the
lengtii of the central, with a decided interval.

In alcohol the general color is a livid black. There is a dorsal series
of transverse light slate-colored bauds, which widen at each end into a
V on the back, but are more linear on the tail. These vary in number;
about seven on the body and as many on the tail; sometimes more or
less; sometimes continent with those before and behind them; sonie-
times interrupted in the middle. They do not descend one third lh«i
depth on the sides, being confined abruptly and well defined to the
dorsal region. There is a similar patch on the snout.

Measurements.

Inr.hoa. Tndioii.

Total lonsth :i SO i LoiiMtli to tail 'J.:!.'.

Lcnj^tli of iMontli :!•> Leiifrtli oft:,il l.T.O

Loii),rtl» to miliar fold W.\ Width of liond '1.')

JjCn^Mli to foro le^ ()<» Loiij^th from (dhow 'If)

Lorifith to bind log 1. tHt Lciiji;th from knee T).^)

The principal difference in form and structure between tliis species
and A. punctatum are seen in the absence of any dcrsal furrow, and a less
prominence of that on the si<le of the tail. The limbs are more feeble,
the head narrower, the tail shorter, etc.

In specimens from IVairie Mer Kouge, 4033 '. the body is thicker and
more clumsy, the legs weaker, the toes shorter thiMi in Pennsylvania
specimens. The teeth, too, appear more traiiKversL', and there is litMe
or no interval between tlie middle and lateral combs.

This species is found in drier ground than is congenial to most sal-
amanders. I have taken it in tiie sandy regions of New Jersey and
Delaware.

\.

2 6 ^'=^' 4

Fin. R. Atiihh/xtdiDfi o/iiu-inii Or;ivi-iiliur<Jt (".lonccstof, V.I.

56 BULLETIN oi, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

RESERVE SERIES.

S 1-
B S

5208

3

4877

2

i)]9l

o

9-280

2

4100

3

40X7

8

10892

7

12051

10

4085

5

8979

2

3981

1

4920

1

:i051

2

12598

4

3911

1

1.1555

1

;i9:!:!

1

4018

1

:i9:t-^

13

39 1')

1

39f,4

1

3958

1

3953

1

73

Locality.

Rircltnroiinh, C,n

N.>if..lk, V;i

KiiiHtoii, N. (!

Moiiiton, Ala

Soiit!-.ern lllinnis

I'raiiio Mor Roiiiio, La.

WhcatliiiKl, ItuI

Mount (.'aiTQi^l, III

Lanraster, Oliio

Kinston, N. (J

Now York

Florida

Toxa.4

St. Joioino Crcok. Mtl .

AI>I)(will(\ S. (J .

Now r>(>(iroi<l, Ma.ss. . . .
Tyico Spiinijs, 'I'onn . .

New Oi-loaiis, La

(Jailislc, Ta ...

KoinpiM' (Iniiiit.y, Miss

Ra('iIl<^, Wis

Aiix Plains Riv<-r, 111. .
Salnni, N. U

Wlifii col-

l(!CtO(l.

Apr.—, 1881
Nov.-, 1881

-, 1873

From whom iccoivcd.

Dr. W. L. Jonoa
J.'w.Miino.''"

R. Konnicott

.Tamos Faiiio

Roliort Riilfiway •-

L. M. Tmnci'

I'lof. L. Lo.siincKMix
J. W. Milncr

T. Clover

Vvot'. K. ]\, An(lri'\\s .

K. N. Walker

.1. P.. r.aiiatt

W. Nyo,.jr- .

I'lolcssor Owe n

N. (). Aond.Nat.Sci

Prof. S. F. P.aiid

I). C. Lloyd

(0 :

R. Konnicott

J. T. Linolmcli

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
1)11.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Do.

GENERAL SERIES.

8347
3751
4087
3928
39:9
39 18
3927
4008
]448i
3943
3924
3902

Kinston, N. C

(iloiiccsfiM', Va

Prairio Mof Roiifro, La.

AndiM'.son, S. (>"

(roorfjia

Tavlxiio, N. (."

Gloucester, Va

(!olnnil)iis, Ga

do

Meadvillo, Pa

Gooifiia

Ripley, Ohio

,L TV. Milncr ...

('. Mann

(fas. Fairie

Daniel...

J. Lc (Joiilo

.L L. Hridgcr ...

(>)

Dr. Gosncr

do

J. F. Thick.ston.
Dr. J. Lo Contc.

Hay

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

AMBLYSTOMA PUNCTATUM Limi.
(Plates 14-18, 25, i\gs. 4, 5; IMatc. 4H, fio-. ]().)

Amhh/stnma pmictatuni, Cope., Proc. Ac. FhUa,., l.H(i7, j). 17'); Straiicli, Salani., p. 03;

IJoulfingor, Cat. 15atr. fJrad. Brit. Miia., ed. ii, Hrti, p. 41.
Laccrtapiinclala, Linn., S. N., i, p. .370.
Lacrria maciilnia, Sliaw, Zool., iii, p.. 304.
Salomandra vcnviiofin (Bart.), Danrt. Rcpt., Viii, p. 2'21t ; ITollir., N. A. ITorji., v, p. 07,

PL 22.
Laccrta suhviolncca, Barton, Amer. Pliil. Trans., vi., jt. IflH, PL 4 fig,. 0.
Salamaixini mibriohicca, Harlan, Joinn. Ac, Pliila. , v, p. :U7 ; Dckay, N. V. Fanii.,

Kept., p. 74, PI. 2, fig. :{(•).
Jmhlj/sloma fmhfiohiccum, Tsfiiudi, Bar., p. 1)2.
Amhh/sloma carolnio; dray. Cat, Bafr. Grad. 15iit, Mils., cd. i, p. ^.'i ; Gray, I'mc Zool.

Soc. 1853, p. 11.
Amhhjstoma pumtatn, Baird, .Journ. Ac. Pliila. (2), l, p. 283 ; Hailowcli I.e., iv, 18.5H,

p. 351.
AmhJystoma nrgns, Dnni. & Bibr., viii, p. 103.

No. 3050 (? . Body swollen, sloiit, cvliiulrical. rTefirt doprossod. Skin
entirely smooth, though pitto.d with poros, wliich nro most iinmcrons on

THE I5ATRACIIIA OV NORTH AMHIilCA. i)i

the t;iilo Of tliesc thcro is a patch of larger ones on the i>arotoia re;,Moii,
and another on the toi) of the head inside of tlie orbits and extendinj,^
anteriorly in a straight line towards the nostrils and passing backwards
semicircularly behind the eye. A donble row aronnd the edge of the
lower jaw ; a pair on each outer costal si)ace along the side of the body,
and a row on each side of the top of the tail ; the latter indicated gen-
erally by a whitish «lot.

I Fend broad ; dei>ressed ; width nearly equal to distance i'rom snout to
gnhir fold, and nearly one fourth the distance to insertion of hind legs.
Length of mouth along axis of body half distance from snout to gular
fold, which is nearly continuous across the nape. There is a constriction
behind the angle of the .jaws, interrupted above and below, and a fur-
row connecting the two along the parotoid region and exteiuled in a
lateral line to the orbit. Distance from snout to gulnr fold contained 3J
times in distance to insertion of hind legs (four times in another speci-
men).

Thceyes are moderately large; the length of the orbit contained ih times
in distance from snout to gular fold; about once in distance from the nos-
trils, and about once in the distance Detween the two nostrils; nearly
twice in distance between the anterior extremities of the orbits.

Body nearly cylindrical, perhaps slightly depressed, and swollen a
little in the middle ; on each side are eleven costal grooves, including in-
guinal and axillary ones ; all strongly marked and nearly continuous
above and below ; the axillary is, however, usually quite inconspicuous;
tour more of these furrows to behind the anus, where the last is conflu-
ent with the first caudal furrow; these become less and less distinct to
near the middle of the tail. There is a slight groove down the middle
of the back.

The tail is oval in sectiou, the larger end of the oval below ; becom-
ing more and more compressed to the tip, without indication of any
ridge. There is a lateral indentation along the whole .length, which is
about equal to the distance from the base to the snout. In alcoholic
specimens the tail is bent or curved, sometimes upwards, sometimes
down, sometimes laterally.

The digits are nearly cylindrical, or slightly depressed, without web
or margin. The third or longest linger is contained about 2i times in
the distance to the elbow. Tbe second tinger reaches to the last artic-
ulation ; the fourth to the penultimate.

The fourth toe is longest, contained 2^ times in the distance to the
knee; the third, second, fifth, and first successively shorter. The dis-
tance between the outstretched hind toes is rather more than 1^ the
length to behind anus.

The tongue is thick, fleshy, and attached, although free at the edges
except behind; it is about two-thirds the width of the upper Jaw, nearly
orbicular, though the outline of the papillose portion is a little emar-
ginate beliind. It almost seems as if the tongue were capable of closing
round an object in its center, as in the hollow of the hand.

58 BULLETIN :51, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tlie transverse, line of teeth is iu three i)arts or combs; a central about
two-fifths the width ol" the head, and separated from the hiteral by a
slight interval. The central patch is nearly straight in its middle, but
the ends curve a little forwards, and continuously with the lateral por-
tion of the line which f(^rms a curve concave backwards, bounding tlie
orbit. The inner edge of the posterior nares marks the extent of the
central row of teeth. The lateral comb of teeth is about half the length
of the central.

The color of the specimen described is, in alcohol, of a dark liver brown
above, abruptly light olivaceous beneath. On each side of the back is a
aeries of nearly circular rounded spots about the size of the orbit, about
three on each side of the head, eight or nine on the body, and as nuiny
on the tail, where they are sometimes confluent. These spots arc white
in alcohol, but yellow in life. Along the sides and more sparingly be-
neath are some scattered, quite small whitish sjiots, not very conspicuous.
The legs are of the color of the under parts, not of the upper; they show
some of the small light spots seen on the sides.

Measurenunts.

Inches.

Totallcnstli of :{9r)0 fi. r)0

Loiio'th of 111011 Ml 40

Lonjitli to sjalnr Md 82

Loii<;f til to groin 2.80

Length to beliiiul anus 3.40

Iriclios.

Lo.ngUi of t.iil boliind anus 3. l(»

Width of lio.ad (m

Arm from ci bow CA)

Hind Ics; from knco 80

In the preceding paragra{)h I have described a specimen from Abbe-
ville, S. C, as a locality nearest to that whence the original of Linnauis's
description was obtained. An examination of a large series of speci-
mens from different localities shows certain ditferences, wiiich, however,
are not of a character to indicate specific separation.

The external appearance of the skin varies considerably with the
strength of the alcohol used for preservation, and probably with the
season when cai)tured. The animal, when alive, is perfectly smooth and
lustrous, and readily exudes a large quantity of a white milky juic(! from
the upper half of head, body, and tail, or from the dark-colored portion.
This is due to the presence of glaiuls closely implanted in the skin, the
pores of which are sometimes quite inconspicuous ; sometimes very dis-
tinct. On the tail they are much largest and deepest, and the lateral
groove marks their inferior boundary, being there imi)lauted vertically.
When these pores are very full of their milky juice and the alcohol is
very strong the contractiou of the skin between the mouths of these
pores gives more or less the appearance of rounded, thick-set granules,
of rather large size. This also gives rise to an apparent depression of
the digits, the skin forming quite a margin.

The proportions of the body vary slightly. The tail is generally not
so long as the rest of the animal, the groin l)oing more usually nearer

THE BATRACIIIA OP NORTH AMERICA. 59

the middle point of tbc axis. Yoniiger specimens appear to havesliortcr
tails.

There is considenible diversity in the curve of the transverse series
of palatine teeth. In nearly all more northern specimens the central
row is fonncd of two arcs, concave anteriorly, more or less continnons
with the lateral, which are anterior and convex anteriorly. The two
central arcs are continnons at their inner ends, formin<? an inverted
angle on the axhil line. Sometimes, however, as in nmst of the
specimens from Prairie Mer Ronge, this central angle is wanting, and
there is only a single arc or cnrve, concave anteriorly. In the type
specimen described this central row of teeth is nearly or (piite straight
(which is quite apt to be the case in very large ones), winle in one
specimen of No. 4084 it is convex anteriorly. The transverse extent
of this middle line of teeth varies. Sometimes there is quite an interval
between it and the lateral, while in 3930, from New York, they are con-
tinuous without appreciable interruption.

There are no very great variations in the pattern of coloration. Gen-
erally the outer surface of the limbs is colored like the back, in which
case there are one or more large, rounded light spots. The under parts
are generally dark bluish ; the sprinkling of small white specks on the
sides and beneath varies considerably in prominence. The large dorsal
spots are always nearly circular, and vary in number, generally only one
series on each side.

In living specimens from Carlisle, Pa., the iris is dark brown, without
metallic color, scarcely distinguishable from the pupil. The color of
the animal above is a deep anthracite black; beneath, dull livid. On
each side the dorsal line is a series of large, nearly circular, gamboge-
yellow spots, somewhat symmetrically disposed. These vary from 10 to
20 from head to tail, and sometimes are larger than the eye ; usually
about its size. On the sides and beneath are sparingly scattered small
blnish-wdiite specks. The spots, both yellow and bluish- white, are some-
times found on the legs.

In younger individuals the yellow spots are brighter and the black
ground deeper. — S. F. B.

Professor Baird (Iconographic Encyclopaedia, 1851,) thus describes
the reproduction of this species :

Early in April, or towards the end of March, large masses of gelati-
nous matter may be observed in ditches, pools of water, <n- mountain
streamlets, which on closer inspection will be found to consist of a num-
ber of hollow spheres, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, embedded
in or combined together by a perfectly transparent jelly. Within each
sphere is a dark object, a spheroidal yolk, which in the course of some
days becomes considerably elongated and exhibits signs of animation.
Omitting, as unsnited to our pages at present, any account of the em-
bryonic develoi)ment of the animal, we re?.nme its history at the time
when its struggles have freed it from the shell of the sphere in which it

60

BULLETIN :51, UNITED STATES NATIONAL :,fTJSEUM.

was inclosed. At tliis time it is about half an inch in length, and con-
sists sini[)ly of head, body and tail, the hitter with a well-developed fin,
extendinj]^ from the head and anus to thcextremity of the body. Res-
jiiration. is performed by means of three gills inojecting from each side
of tlie neck, of very sim[>le const rni;tion, however, and with but few
branches. The absence of limbs is compensated by the existence of a
dub shape<l appendage on each side of the head, proceeding from the
angle of the mouth, and representing the cirri observed in some adult
salamanders. By means of these appendages the young salamanders
are enabled to anchor themselves securely to objects in the water. In
the course of a few days a tubercle is seen to form on each side, just
behind the head and under the gills, which elongates, and finally forks
at each end, first into two, then three, and at last into four branches,
thus exhibiting the anterior extremities, with the four fingers, which
latter, in the larva, are very long. Before the forelegs become com-
pletely formed those behind sprout out in a similar manner, with first
three, then four, and finally five toes. During this time the gills have
increased in the number of branches, and finally exhibit a beautiful
arborescent api)earance, in which the circulation of the blood can be
distinctly seen by means of a simple lens. (See i)late 10.)

Fig. st.—Ambli/xUnna pitnctntiim. Hampton, Va.

TllK liATKACIIIA OK NOlM'll AMKKICA.

61

HKSKKVK SKKIKS.

»|

cs a

y

47S0
5270
87(J9

43'JU

4012

yiuo
los'j:i

;!ll2li
li'.tJU

;ty.;7
:!<j;!o

4(I'J,S
4()«4
4U77

4UKG

Mil
■.t'MJ

:ti(SG

12(104
3!Kil
MM
4880

;i<j44
:t!Mi;j
:i9tii

144f5
144'.I4

4<;8i;

li'.ClU

:(!i2r.

:!!U2

;i!fj'.t

:!780

;iyo5

^*

1
4

Locality.

When
lollccUil.

WlatticlilCounlv, C.-.i

Uicrbindii^'li, (Ja.

HrlloviUr. III..

('Iii.:t;;<>, 111 •_-.

ISttwci'ii linlianiilii :iiiil Kl
l';iso, Ti'X.

S.'pt. — , 1H7I

Kioiu wlioui rccuivod.

A.Cci'liait

Dr. W. L. .loiKS

Di . A. Itcii.ss

Swociiy

Col. J.D. Giii'aaiu. U.S.
An:iy.

IlHlifax, Nova Scotia

WlnatlaiMl, lud A].

CarU.slr, J'a

Al)l)evilU', S. C ;

(ilimcL'.stcr, Va i

Allc^aiiv Coiiiitv, N. Y

Cook Couiitv, III

Craiiil Cotiaii, La

Fort Dawsou, Itctl liivor, ...
Ark.

Virginia

Kai'iric, WIh

("arli.sle, I'a

Praiiio Mcr 11oul;o, I.ia

Ckvclaiul, Oliio

Mount Caniiol. Ill

SiiiiiiinTvillo, N. Y

iy'arlisln, I'a

-, 1881

^louat Joy, l*ii

CiMitii^ <'ouiity, Pit -.

Mfa.lvillc, I'a

Carlisle, I'a

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Wcstiinrr, N. \"

Clivclaiid, Oliio

Quebec

Sain I Louis, Mil

Knoxville, Tcun

Wostport, N. Y

Cleveland, Ohio.

I'liiirio Mcr lCou;;ct. La

Dr. Gilbert,

Kobeit Itidjiway.
I'rof. S. K. liaird". .
Dr. J. 1). Bairalt

Dr. Stovons

Dr. li. Ivennieolt

J. Vard<-n

Dr. L. A. Edwards, U
S. Army.

No

Prof. S. F. 15aird...

do

James I'airio . .
Dr. J. P. Kirlland

L. M. Tniiicr

(')

Prof. S. V. IJaird...

I. SlanttVr

S iiruj;<;cr

(')

I'rof. S. F. r.aird ..

Dr. Gilpin

Mrs. F. L. Leu ....

Di'. Kirtland

K.Nettie.

Dr. (i. ICn;;leniaiiii
Pnde.'^siii- Mitcliell

<;. W. liiird

Or. Kallan.l

Jaiucs I'aiiie

Naluii' of siicci

lUCU.

Ah'olioli'-..
Du.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Yom.-.

Aieoholic.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do
Do.

AMBLY8TOMA CONSl'EKSUM Cope

Proceed. Aciid. Nat. Sci. I'liihi., IS.V.), li', ; lSli7, 177 ; Stiaiicli, Salaiii., p.
(■>:]; lioiilcugor, C:it. 15. G. Brit. Mus., cil. ii, IdSi, p. \>.

Tliis ill Diiuot'tUc SMDillest species of the <^eiius, iiiid tlioii^^li less stout
than the two precetliii,!;, is more so than the A. jeffersoniaaiun^ which
it icseinbk'S iu general features.

iSkin everywlierc smooth. In some si)ecimeiis only a series of pores
may be traced aloiii; the superciliary r('<;ioii and in a line to near the
nostrils; sexeral are on the parotoid iv;;ion. The skin of the body is
remarkably free from visible pores, while, as usual, the superior part ot
the tail is thickly studded with them.

The head is a broad oval, its width making the length to the groin
1.5 times or a little more, and is a little over three-fourths distance to
gular fold. Eye li.ssure eijiial length to nostril, and 1.75 times between
anterior angles, and a little more than distance between nostrils. The
last distance is a little less than that between inner iiares. Posterior
canthus of eye a litthi anterior to caiithiis oiris ; anterior cauthiis o|)[)o
site middle of iii>per li[) from anterior point. Muzzle longer than chin.

Furrows l>eiiiiid the orbit iiic<)aspi('Uinis, but present. Costal gri.>oves

62 IJIJLLETIN lil, UNITED STATES xNATlONAL MUSEUM.

eleveu. Tail short, everywhere coiui)ressed, lueasuriiij^ from its origin
(at eud veut) to axiUa or to gular fokl. No marked dorsal groove.

The limbs are short; the digits long aud slender. When appressed
the fingers reaeh to the heel, or beyond bases of toes. J3igits siibcy-
liudrical; anteriorly, third longest, then ii, 4, 1 ; posteriorly, 4, 3, U, 5, 1.
Two small tnbereles on edges of sole. Expanse of outer toes ecjiinl from
end muzzle to posterior canthus of eye.

Teeth in three patches, the median longest, eommeiicing oi)posite
inner margin of nares, and convex to between nares, or nearly so, in one
specimen. Tongue longer than broad, the laminar portion prolonged
in two lateral bands posteriorly.

McaNurcmoila. LiucH.

Leugth from snout to gular fold -1. (io

Loiigtli from saout to groin Kl, 'i.-)

Lcugtli from snout to cud army I'J. ;{

Lengtli froiu snout to etui tail 151. i>

Length of mouth ou median lino ;{

LiMigth of fore-arm and hand from elbow 3

Length of leg and foot from knee 5

Width of head 3.7

General color above leaden, below i)ale leaden, the latter usually
bounded by the line of the liml)s, but in one specimen rising as high as
the line of the eye. Lower parts of sides and sides of tail more or less
varied with small whitish spots, flie former often in a regular line. A
similar line on the uppi'r part of the sides is present in some specimens ;
in others wanting. The eud of the muzzle is sometimes pale marbled.

Eight specimens of this species before nic confirm its validity in every
respect. Specimens of the developed young of both A. opacam and A.
punctatum are of considerably smaller size, and maintain their peculiar
colorations and a grejiter width of the luiad, etc.

From the api)ended localities from which it has been sent the range
is iseeu to be extensive.

^a

r

6

Fig. 10.— Ambly stoma conspcrswit. No. 3934. Carlisle, Pa.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSliUM.

No.

3'J34
39 IH

No. spec.

3

1

Locality.

CarliHlc, I'li

do

IMIILADKLrillA ACADKMY MUSEUM.

(Jliailcisloi), S. (J

Li bcrty (-!inni ty , • 1 a*

ULicslei- County, I'at

* Spociuioii dosci'ibod. t Type.

Douor.

S. F. liaiid.
Do.

Dr. JIallowiai.
.loliu LoCoiito.
E. D. (Jopo.

THE HATKAClllA OF NOKTU AMKKICA.

63

AMBLYSTOMA (.'OrEANlIM Hay.
Proceedings U. S. National Musoiim, I8.sr>, p. -iUK, I'l. \iv.

The licad is hirgc, somewhat wulcr than tlic body, and llattened; the
body short, and the tail long and eonii)ressed. The skin is for tin; nnwt
part smooth, bnt everywhere, as seen nnder a lens, is i)itted with the
openings of the cutaneous follicles. Of these, there are a few enlarged
ones in a band surrounding the orbit and extending forward to the
nostril. Others are found above the angle of the Jaw, and a few still
larger ones on the posterior border of the parotoid region. The ])romi-
nent keel and the whole tip of the tail are so richly provided with
enlarged pores as to present a granulated appearance.

The width of the head is somewhat greater than that of the body. Ifc
is possible that the breadth and flatness of the head ha^e been exag-
gerated somewhat by the injuries that it has received; but this can be
true only to a very slight extent. The breadth is about the same at the
angle of the jaw and the corner of the njouth. From the fcrmer point
the head tapers backward, the outline being concave to its posterior
border, where it is suddenly constricted into the neck. From the cor-
ners of the mouth the head tapers forward to nearly opposite the nostrils,
beyond which it is rapidly rounded to form the snout. The width of
the head is a little less than the distance from the snout to the giilar
fold, and is contained in the distance from the snout to the grain 3,C
times. The distance to the gular fold is contained in the distance tathc^
groin 3.2 times. The depth of the head, on a line joining the angles;
of the jaws, is a little less than one half its width. The gular fold does
not overlap^ as it does in some s[)ecies. It may have done so in life,
but manipulation of the skin fails to restore an overlapping fold. The
upper jaw projects beyond the lower. Eyes of moderate size. External
nares snuill; their distance apart somewhat less than the width of the
interorbital sjiace.

The tongue is not notably ditierent from that of .1. th/rinnm. The*
teeth are arranged in four series, which together form an inverted V-/
the angle of which is very obtuse. The limbs of the V^ ^« seen with the;
unaided eye, appear nearly straight, and are seen to extend beyond the
internal nares along their external fissure. Examination with a lens
proves that the inner series are each slightly z-*-' shaped, and so disposed
as to make the angle of the V rounded off. The outer series on each side
is nearly as long as the corresponding inner series ; is plainly separated
from it, and nearly straight or slightly concave on the posterior side.
Inner nares more distant than the external. The body is somewhat
depressed, but has not the swollen a[)pearance presented by A. opaciim.
The distance from the snout to the axilla is just e(pial to that from the
axilla to the groin. There are eleven well-marked costal grooves. There
is a median furrow, not deep but distinct, beginning on the occiput
aiKl runningaloii ; Mie baeU, dee|H',niiig oi tiiesam-al region, and ending
over the middle of tlu' void, at llie uoiumcncemeut of the eaudal crest.

G4 jiULLirriN :u, united states national museum.

The cloiical leyiou is considerably swollen, and is broad and rounded,
or slightly eniarginato behind. The distance from the groin to the pos-
terior end of the vent in this species is greater proportionally than in
any other of the genus so far as I have been able to determine. It is
contained in the distance from the snout to the groin but 3^ times.

The tail is equal in length to the distance from the snout to the be-
ginning of the vent. It is much compressed and rather high. It has a
well-developed keel or crest, which begins immediately over the <jloaca
and extends to the tip of the tail. The keel is sharp above, and is
bounded below on each side by a shallow groove. Interiorly the tail
is broadly rounded for its anterior third or more, and is traversed by a
median longitudinal groove. The remainder of its lower border is
compressed to a sharp edge. A transverse section of the tail, taken just
behind the cloaca, would form approximately an isosceles triangle whose
base would be about one half its height. (Jne-third of the distance back
toward the tip the height of the tail is three times its thickness.

The limbs are well developed. The posterior are a little longer, some-
what stouter, and the foot broader than the same limbs of a specimen
of A. tigriiiiim that measures the same distance from the snout to the
end of the vent. They are also fully as long as the same limbs of a
si»ecimen of A. p uncial um that measures from snout to the end of the
vent three-fourths of an inch more than the specimen 1 am describing.
The toes are Ihit, much like those of .1. iigrinum, [lerhaps not so broad,
while they are not so slender as those of a b[)ecimen of ^1. punctatum
now before me. They are pn)vide<l with a narrow marginal and basal
-membrane. There are two distinct plantar tubercles.

Mtwitirmntnts.

Lciij^tli : luclios. LiucH.

I'^roiii 8iiotit to end of tail 7\ rt

From snout to gulur fold U d. 5

From snout to line Join in j; axill.i^ 1 1.5

From 81. out to j;roin 'J 3

From «uout to cud of viut 3 0

From cud of vont to tip of tail 2 8

From axilla to ^roin 1 1. r>

I'roni j;roin to cinl «)f vent 0 H. f)

Width of head at angle of jaw 0 7. fi

Distaueo between antt-rior eanlhi 0 4. (J

Interorbital .space 0 3. 25

Greatest height of the tail 0 .^)

Thickness of tail at highest point 0 2

Length of whido fore-leg 0 11

Low er arm ami hauil 0 7. f)

Leuglh of third fuiger (» "J. T)

Hinder limb, total length 1 (».(t.^.

Lower leg and foot 0 'J

Free portion fourth toe <• 3

l''x pause of outstretched hinder li in lis 2 '»

Distance bt;twei',n external nares <• 2. (i

Distance between iuner nares " 3. (>

THE BATKACHIA OF NOETH AMERICA. 65

Proportional dimeneiona.

Muzzle to gular fold: Times.

In distance from snout to groin 3. 2

In distance to end of vent (nearly) 4.2

Fore-arm and foot :

In distance to groin 3. 6

In distance to end of vent 4,7

Lower leg and foot:

In distance to groin 3

In distance to end of vent 4

Width of head:

In distance to groin 3.6

Fig. 11. Amblygtoma copeanum Hay, natural size; copied from Hay.

The color is dark brown, almost black, above, brownish yellow below
Between the fore and hind legs the light color of the btlly monnts up
on the sides to a level with the upper surfaces of the 1 mbs. The mid-
die of the belly is of a duskier hue than its sides. Pectoral, inguinal,
and pubic regions slightly brighter yellow than the sides of the belly.
Head above like the back, below like the other lower parts. Just
behind the symphysis of the lower jaw are indications of a bright yel-
low spot. The upper half of the tail is not so dark us the back, the lower
half duskier than the belly. The limbs below and in front yellowish, as
other lower parts. Feet, especially above, dark.

This species must be compared with A. hicolor and A. iigrhnnn. The
last belongs to the group which has twelve costal grooves. A. tigrinum
has the internl nares no more widely separated than are the outer; the
limbs of the vomerine V ^re decidedly concave, and the inner series of
teeth are about twice the length of the outer. It is also a rather long,
bodied species, the distance from the snout to the axilla being contained
in the distance from the snout to the groin nearly 2.4 times, while in A.
copeanum the latter distance is but twice the former. Indeed, this form
differs from all others, in the shortness of the body, or the equality of
the distances from snout to axilla and from axilla to groin. A. bicolor
approaches it most nearly, but this species differs further in having no
traces of the yellow spots so characteristic of that form. A. copeanum
has also a broader and more depressed head, a more compressed tail,
and longer limbs.

A. bicolor is described as having the palatine teeth in three entirely
transverse series; as having a very short muzzle, and as being more or
less spotted. A comparison of some of the dimensions of the two spe-
1951— Bull 34 5

6G

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cies is necessary. The type of A.bicolor now in the mnseiim of the
Academy of the Natural Sciences of Philadelphia furnishes the meas-
urements found in the first column.

MeasuremeDts.

A. bicolor.

Jn

\
Lin.

0

9.75

1

2.5

2

7.2

3

2.y

1

4,5

8.8

8. 7-.

Tunes. \

4.6

3. :i4

3*

4i

copean-

In.

Lin.

0

8.5

;

1.8

2

3

3

0

1

1.15

9

7.5

Times.

3.e

3

^4
3A

Length from snout to giilar fold

Ijf*ut;lli fioiu suout to axilla

Lt'Dfltli from snout to groin

Leuylh from huout tocnd of vent

lipugth from axilla to groin

Lengtli of lower leg and foot

Width of head...

Fore-arm and foot into distance from snout to groin. ..
Lower leg and foot into distance from snout to groin. ■
Whole anterior limb into distance from snout to groin
Whole anterior limb into distance from snout to yent.

The above table of eomparative measurements shows that A. bicolor
has, in comparison with A. copeaniim, a longer and still broader head;
in spite of this, a distance from the axilla to the groin greater than that
from the suout to the axilla, a much shorter pelvic region, and shorter
fore and hind limbs.

Found at Irvingtou, near Indianapolis, April 7, 1885, by Mr. George
II, Clarke.

The specimen on which the description is based was found dead and
somewhat mutilated. The injury that it has sufftred does not, how-
ever, in any way obscure the characters of the si)ecies, amounting, as
it does, only to a loss of the entire left fore-limb and slight fractures
of a few of the bones of the anterior part of the head.

J have not seen this species, and know it only from the description
and tigures of Professor Hay. 1 have copied the greater part of the
former in the preceding paragra])lis. It is evidently a distinct species,
characterized among other things by the shortness of its body. In
coloration it is about identical with the Amblystoma jeffersonianum
fuHCum,

AMBLYSTOMA BICOLOR Hallowell.

Proc. Ac. Phila., Id57, p. 215; Cope, eod. loc, 18G7, p. 178; Strauch, Salam., p. (3;
Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. il, 1882, p. 42.

In the type specimen of this species the usual superorbital and lat-
eral frontal seri< s of large pores are not discernible. In a second spec-
imen they are well marked. In the former the skin is quite smooth,
with eleven lateral grooves, and the folds of the throat and side of the
head not strongly marked. The head is broad aud obtuse, entering
the length of the groin 3.75 times. The front convex in profile, con-
taining the length of the fissure of the eye in its width between anterior
cauthus of same 2.75 times. The same measure is a trifle less than the

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 67

distance from same to nostril and one and a quarter the distance between
the latter. These are much closer together than the inner nares. Dis-
tance between outer margin of nares equal length from end muzzle to
niidiuterorbital space.

Dorsal line with a faint groove. Tail much compressed, equal from
end vent to canthus oris. Body stout and heavy. The limbs are stout
and the digits not elongate or depressed. The ai)pressed limbs over-
lap by the length of the toes. Two well-marked palmar tubercles.
Third and fourth toes nearly equal; fifth a little longer than first.

Tongue large, disciform, not emarginate behind. Palatine teeth in
three entirely transverse series, the interruption taking place considera-
bly inside the line of the nares. The teeth themselves are in numer-
ous rows on each of their bony crests, presenting a brush-like arrange-
ment. Median series notched behind.

Measurements.

Inches. Lines.

Length from end iiiuzzlo to giilar fold 0 9. 75

Length from end lunzzle to groin 2 7.2

Length from end muzzle to end vent 3 2. 3

Length from end muzzle to end tail 5 10.05

Length of moulh (straight) 0 6.1

Length of fore-arm and foot 0 6. 75

Length of lower leg and foot 0 8. 8

Width of head 0 8.75

Color above, olive brown ; below, yellowish, olive shaded in the mid-
dle. The inferior yellow rises on the sides as short blotches; above
them are several illdetined yellowish tspots. Parotoid region yellow,
with a distinct black vertical bar. Limbs brown, cross-banded ; tail
yellow, with brown si)ots.

The above description is taken from the tyi)e from Beeslej^'s Point,
N. J., in the Museum Academy Philadeli)hia. Another specimen
(40".>-5) from the same locality, in the National Museum, differs in two
imi)ortaut particulais: The palatine teeth are not brush-like, but are
confined to the crest of the ridge, and the tail is a little longer than the
head and body. The muzzle is rather longer and the mucous pores
more numerous. It may belong to another species, as the A. fif/rinum,
which it much resembles, but its eleven costal folds are a notable pecu-
liarity. Tiie A. hicolor, though nearest the A. tU/rinmn, appears dis-
tinct, after a careful scrutiny of several individuals.

RESERVE SERIES.

Catalnsne
number.

4092
133'.il

^rV L.'-.lity. i ..1!!!,", From whom received, ^"tore of spec

spec. , " • i- collected.

imeu.

4 Beesley'sPciiit, N.J... ] [ Prof. S. F. Baird i Alcoholic.

1 Montjioijieiy, Mil i T. S. Dorau I Do.

68

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM Green.

(Plate 25, fig. 7.)

Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 179; Straucli, Salam., p. 63; Boulenger, Cat.
Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1«82, od. ii, p. 43.

Salamandra tigrina, Green, Journ. Ac. Pbila., v., p. 116.

Salamandra iH^ens Green, /. c, vi, ]». 2.54.

Salamandra lurida, Sager, Amcr. Joiiiii. xxxvi, p. 322,1839.

Triton tigrinus, Holbr., N. A. Herp., V, p. 79, PI. 26; DeKay, N. Y. Faun., p. 83, PI. 15, fi. 32.

Triton ingens, Holbr., I. c, p. 85, PI. 29.

Ambystoma tigrina, Baird, Journ. Ac. Pbila. (2), i, p. 284; Duni. & Bibr., p. 108; Hal-
low., Journ. Ac. Pbila., (2), III, p. 350.

Ami y stoma lurida. Baird, I. c, Hallow., I. c, p. 353.

Ambybtoma 7navortia, Baird, I. c, i^p. 284, 292; Hallow., /. c, p. 352.

Ambystoma episcopiis, Baird, /. c, pp. 284, 293; Hallow., /. c. p. 354.

Ambystoma prosrrpine, Baird, 1. c, 284,239; Hallow., /. c, p. 354; U. S. Mex. Bound.
.Snrv., II ; Kept., PI. 35, fig. 7-14.

Heterotriton ingens, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad., Brit. Mus., ed. I, p. 33.

Xiphonurajeffersoniana, id., ibid., \). 34.

Ambystoma tigrinum, id., ibid., \). 35.

Ambystoma mavorlinm, id., ibid., p. 37.

Ambystoma caJiforniense, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1853, p. 11, PI. 7; Hallo.w., I, c, p.
355 ; Baird, Rep. U. S. Expl. Snrv., xiii, Part iv, PI. 30, fig. 1-3.

Ambystoma fasciat inn, var., Duin. & Bibr., p. 107, PI. 105, fig. 1.

Ambystoma ncbnlosiim, Hallow., 1. c, p. 352.

Ambystomaingi'ns,Uii\\o\\., I.e., p. 353; Cooper,U. S. Expl. Snrv., xil. Part ii, PI. 31, fig. 2.

Ambystoma macnlatum. Hallow., I. c, p. 355, and Proc. Ac. Pbila., 1857, p. 215.

Cainarnla.cis macuhita, Cope, Proc. Ac. Pbila., 1859, p. 122.

Ambtyxfoma marorliinn, Co])e, 1. c. : Strancb, /. c. ; Cope, in Yarrow's Report, Zool., p. 631.

Amblystoma obscnnnn (Baird), Cope, I. c, p. 192; Strancb, /. c.

Amblystoma weismaiini, VVeidersb., Zeitsclir. wiss. Zool., xxxii, p. 216, PI. 11,12.

Larval form.

Siredon lichenoides, Baird, Proceeds. Pbila. Acad., 18.52, p. 68; Staiisbnry's Report,
1852, p. 336, PI. I ; Rept. U. S. Pac. R. R., expl. x, PI. xliv.

Siredon gracilis, Baird, U. S. Pac. R. R.Rept., x, Williamson's Rept., p. 13, PI. XLIV, fig. 8.

Desmiostoma macuJatuni, Sager, Penins. Jonrn. Medic, 1858, p. 428, fig 1.

Siredon pi'^ciformis, Dnin(>ril, Journal de la Soc. Accliujatatiou, 1866, figs.

Siredon tigrinus, Velasco, Naturaleza, Mexico, iv, 1878, figs.

ff

\Q O

6 2 \ 7

Fig. li.—Ambb/ftovia tirinmiin, Grcou. Went NortLfield, 111, ISlo. 4691.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69

General form very tUicli and massive, although the hea<l is propor.
tionally small in mature speciuieus; not as broad as the body. The
skin appears quite smooth when fresh, especially when covered with
its epidermis. On rcnu)ving this, however, the skin is seen everywhere
closely covered with shallow pits, interspersed with graiuile-like pro-
jections of the glands. There is an indistinct line of pores on each side
of the head interior to the eye, but they can be scarcely traced else-
where.

The parotoul region is much swollen, wider than the skull, and about
equal to tlie distance from snout to gular fold. The width of the jaws
is contained about four and one-half times in the distance to the groin
a little more than five to the end of the anus. The gular fold is very
distinct, and even overlapping. The grooves behind the jaws and from
the eye, obliquely along the side of the head and neck, are also very
strongly marked.

The e.yes are moderate; not prominent; the pu])ils circular. They are
distant from the nostrils one orbit length and separated anteriorly 2J
orbits ; the nostrils are separated one orbit. There is a decided con-
striction at the neck.

The body is swollen and large, a little depressed; its circumference
at the widest is nine-tenths the distance from snout to groin. There
are twelve well-marked costal furrows from fore to hind leg, and live
pelvic; the fourth and fifth uniting just behind the anus.

The tail is about equal to the distance from snout to groin ; it is sub-
quadrate at base; 1^ as high as wide, but becomes immediately oval in
section, larger below, and more and more compressed to the tip. The
edges are, however, rounded to the terminal third, where they gradually
become sharp.

The legs are stout, thickened, and rather short in proportion. The
digits are much depressed; short, triangular in sha!)e, tapering from
the broad oase to the tips, which are hardened and somewhat horny in
appearance. The free portion of the longest is about one third the
total length of the limb from elbow or knee; sometimes even less. In
the individuals which live on land the digits ai)pear longer and more
cylindrical. The expanse of the outstretched toes is about four fifths
the distance from snout to groin.

The tongue is fleshy, broad, about half th^ width of the head, and
with the outline of the papillose portion slightly emarginate behind.
The [»alatine teeth of this species extend across the palate very
nearly from one side of the up])er jaw to the other. The series is
oniy interrupted along the median line; sometimes scarcely so. The
line is obtusely angularly rounded • anteriDi'ly, the concavity behind
reaching tbrwar<l to about opposite the middle of the internal nares.
The slightly convex anterior branches diverge backwards regularly
nearly to the line of the inner nares, where the angle of divergence be-
comes still greater, and the line becomes nearly straight or even con-
cave anteriorly.

70 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

There is some variatiou iu the speciiDeus, of the precise outline of
the curve of palatine teeth. Sometiiues this is less augular auteriorly
and does uot reach beyond the posterior border of the inner nares.

In life tbis species is of ? dark, livid blackish- brown above, oliva-
ceous on the sides, and from light olive to dirty white beneath. On the
upper surface, generally on the side of the tail and limbs, are nearly
circular yellow spots about the size of the eye, and generally shari)ly
defined. These are much like those of A. punctatum, though not quite
so distinct, and although a faint isidication of arrangement in ten dorsal
rows may be traced, yet these are less symmetrically disposed, and sin-
gle ones are scattered between the others along the back. Similar scat-
tered spots are seen along the belly, which again is bordered, as on the
lower part of the sides, with larger, more quadrate spots, which are
more or less confluent, giving rise to elongated blotches, overpowering
the ground color. This is also sometimes the case on the belly and
almost always on the chin or beneath the head and neck.

The rounded spots above sometimes vary considerably in size, and
occasionally are almost wanting. Sometimes they are more or less con-
fluent, in which case there is usually a predominance of yellow on the
belly. In a large series of specimens I have not observed any vertical
yellow bands on the side of the tail.

In the young, just i)erfected from the larva, the upper parts are dark
brown; the under parts of a uniform brownish-yellow. The yellow
si)Ots next make their ai)pearance, becoming more and more prominent
to a certain age. In very old specimens the dorsal spots become in-
distinct, but may generally be discovered when held under water or
alcohol.

Dimensions of 4691.

Inches.

From snout along axial line to end of mouth

From snout to gular fold 1.00

From snout to groin 3. 50

From snout to end of anus 4. 40

From snout to end of tail 8. GO

Width of head eO

Fore-arm from elbow . .80

Hind leg froai knee 1.10

The longest specimen before me measures 10 inches (4003 Racine). In
this the tail from behind anus is as long as the rest of the animal. De
Kay describes one of 11 inches in length.

Measurements of a typical specimen of the var. tigr>'ium (4692).

Inches.

Length from snout to eiut of mouth along median line 45

Length from snout to gular fohl 90

Length from snout to groin 3. 10

Length from snout to behind anus 3.75

Length from snout to tip of tail 7.55

Length of tail 3.80

THK HATliACIIIA OF NORTH ANtBRICA. 71

Inch 8.

Widtli of head ''^

Fore-arm from elbow ''^

Hind le«^fromkuee ^^

Greatest height of tail 65

Stretch of hind legs '^-^^

In this variety the appreciable difference in color consists in the tend-
ency to transverse or vertical bars of yellowish on the side of the tail
more or less continent.

I and no difference in form between the two series, the snpposed A.
episcopuin now at iiand (381M) and 3887) and young specimen ofA.luri-
dum (as 3971), from M.irietta, Ohio. The color above is a light reddish-
brown ; the sides a sharply defined dusky brown ; th<^ bell^v of a lighter
shade of the color of the back. There are some very obsolete indica-
tions of whitish si)ots in the belly and sides.

The following ex-imination of the nature of the variation to which
the Eastern form of this species is subject and their causes may be
added to the {(receding diagnosis from Baird's manuscript.

The color varieties are as follows:

a. Uniform brown above, yellow below, sides darker brown; 3887,
3899; three specimens.

/i. Blackish-brown, with small scattered yellow spots above and large
cues on the sides, in the majority of the individuals; Nos. 4003, 4097,
4G91, 3974, 3895, 39G0, 3983, 3970, 3950, 2971, 4G92, 470G, and eight in
in museum of the Philadeli)hia Academy.

y. Nearly equally and not coarsely marbled above, with blotches of
deep brown and bright yellow ; 4059.

6. Entirely yellow, with brown linear patches irregularly arranged;
type of A. ingens, from New Orleans; one specimen.

The above coloration varieties, it will be observed, coincide in part
with those of Western individuals.

The conditions of preservation of immature stages in the dentition
are as follows :

a. Palatine series nearly entirely transverse behind the internal nares;
eight specimens, all from New Jersey except two from Root River, Wis-
consin, (4093tt), and one from Louisiana, 470G. All arc fully developed
and many of the largest size; one of 4093 has the postnarial dental
series separated on one side. Of these thu largest example of the spe-
cies is from Root River. With the other mentioned, the width of the
head enters the length to the groin 4.5 times, and the tail is longer than
head and body. The same relations are seen in two Nesv Jersey speci-
mens. Two from the latter State have the long tail, but the width of
the head is only one fourth length to groin, while one of the same has
the longer body (4.5 times), but the tail shorter than head and body ; two
specimens have both the short body and tail. Tiie elongation of the
tail and body scarcely occurs in connection with any other type of den-

72 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tition, and it is mentloued here to «bow tbe greater geueral complete-
ness of developineut iu these Eastern individuals.

b. Series slightly arched, not passing between nares. Two specimens,
large. In No. 3993 both outer segments are well separated from the
median ; the tail is longer thau head and body, and width of jaws 4.33
to line of groin. This individual is aberrant.

c. Series angulated, not extending anterior to anterior margin of inner
uares. Nos. 3956, 2971, 3983, 3895, 3899, embracing five specimens,
three large ones, in Philadelphia Academy museum, and type of A.
ingens Green in same.

This latter specimen is peculiar in some respects, as already noted, in
coloration. The head is relatively a little wider thau in other specimens
of the same large size, the width entering the length to the groin four
times, as in individuals of the smaller average size of the species. The
length of the eye tissure enters 2.5 times the interoibital width, instead
of twice, though in one of equal size from Root Kiver it enters 2.z times.
The nares are not more than usually sei)arated; hence the muzzle is
more contracted than ntsual. It is also depressed in profile, but not more
than in some other si)ecimens. I believe it not to be a distinct species,
but a form dependent on causes similar to those i)roduciug others here
enumerated, and not more permanent than those, so long as those causes
are not universal. In other words, it is a large specimen, with teetli,
head, and tail of adult character, but body and muzzle more larval. The
fold on the hind leg and outer toe, mentioned by Green, is not marked,
or ditferent from that seen in the species generally.

\N"o. 4097, sixteen specimens from western Illinois; two have the series
divided into four; 4093, two specimens; No. 4G91, Cook County, III.,
thirty-four specimens; one has the three interruptions, and five, with
one of 4093, a median, making two series of teeth.

Of the above the tongue is of normal size and thebranchite absorbed,
except iu twelve specimens (No. 4691) of which five present stumps of
the branchia?; and two (4097) where both the tongue is very small and
the gill stumps remain. The width of the head is .25 to groin, and the
tail never longer than head and body.

d. Median series arched, extending anterior to anterior margin of
inner nares. One specimen (3966) is fully develoi)ed in all other points.

e. Palatine series angulated, extending anterior to inner nares' ante-
rior border. Nos. 4057, 3974, 3070, two of 4093, 3887, 38996, four of
4097, nine of 4691. All of these have the short head and tail given iu
the preliminary diagnosis. The small or larval tongue occurs in one of
4093, 3070, 3974, nine of 1691, two of 4097 ; branchial rudiments remain
iu two of 4097 and nine of 4691. No. 4057 is remarkable iu having a
very small tongue, and short deej) tail, no stnmi)s of branchiie, and
brilliant coloration, with large size and general lulult ai)pearp.uce. It
compares with certain specimens (4693, 3981) of the form mavortium
in this strong retention of some larval characters, and, like them, is
from northern Minnesota, a region noted for its cold and late seasons.

THE BAIKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73

Meaaurematts of No. 4057.

Inches.

Length from snout to end of ^ayie of mouth •'')5

Length from snout to gnlur fold 1.00

Length from snout to groin 3.50

Length from snout to behind anus 4,30

Length from snout to end of tail (about) 6.55

Length of tail (about") 4.25

Depth of tail (at end vent) 1.95

Width of head 1.00

Length of fore- arm from elbow 90

Length of hind leg from knee 1. 10

Stretch of hind leg :}.40

A specimen entirely similar, except in size and coloration, was fonntl
by J>r. Horn near Beesley's Point, N. J., a well-known locality for the.
species. The tail is remarkably thick and deep at the base, and only
equal from its basis to the canthns of month ; a groove in the dorsal
line behind ; tail not grooved. The color is a dark leaden brown, sprin-
kled everywhere with small yellow sjiots; spots larger on tail; belly
yellowish. Total length, 0 inches and 5 lines.

From the preceding investigation we gather that larval characters in
this si)ecies are in part only contem[)oraneous; that the branchiie are
lost first; the tongue develops next, and the teeth last; that the de-
velopment extends in older age to thu lengthening of the body and tail;
that the progress may be arrested at a time when any degree of com-
bination of these and other features exists. That reproduction may
take place at any of such different stages is evident from the condition
of develoj>ment of the ova of many of the various specimens, and it
is known to take place in other species at earlier stages than any re-
corded here as adult.

It is also to be noted that specimens from New Jersey are almo-^'t
always more fully develoi)ed than those from the Western regions; the
former is a warmer district than the latter. Of two specimens from
New Orleans, however, one only exhibits the <lentitional characters of
the New Jersey individuals. The characters common to the Western
individuals have occasioned the opinion that it was another species,
which was called A. niavorttum.

Of this torm I remarked in my monograph of the genus Amblystoma,
published in 18ij7, already referred to, that it " differs absolutely only
in the broader muzzle and wider separation of the outer nares. The A.
tigrinum retains in this case a feature characteristic of the larva of A.
mavortiutn'Skni\ of all otLer 8iredon species. The range of (;olor vari-
ation is only partly different in the two, but the majority of speci-
mens each belong to different color tyi)es. Each occui)ies a different
geographical area, both of which are well marked in the distribution of
many other reptiles. Nevertheless, ultimately I think it quite possible
that they will have to be viewed as devel<)i)iMental forms, like so many
Other supposed species which are not stifficieutly isolated from one

74

BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATl.s XAi'lONAL MUSEUM.

auotlier at lUe present time to warrant tluMn distinct i)laces and names
in tlie system." Dr. G. Boulenger, in the last edition of the catalogue
of tlic species of salamanders in the British IMusenm ISSU, has takeu
this view of the case, and has reduced the name maroython to the posi-
tion of a synonym of tUjrinum. In the i)resent work 1 take the same
view of the relations of the J'^astern and Western forms.

The following;' is a descri[)tion of a specimen of the Western animal:

Palatine teeth in a transverse series, more or less angular anteriorly,
reaching to the i)osterior border of the inner nares, or one diameter be-
yond; the angle sometimes flattened or rounded. The series searcel}'
or not at all interrupted on the median line; never (') on the limbs,
which are geiu'rally a little uiululating.

Inner nostrils separated by the same space as the outer; rarely a lit-
tle farther apart.

Tongue bioader than long; more than half the width of the head,
which is liesliy.

I>()dy hea\y, with twelve costal furrows. Head very broad, con-
taiiuMl about three and oiu'lialf times in distance from snout to groin.
Tail about eciual to the same distance, mucli compressed from the
bas(\ Males in breeiling season willi a distinct Mn from near the base
of the tail above, and from Iw-yoiid the uiiddh' bch)w ; tail moi'c o\aI
at other seasons. Cloaca! region of male nnu-h swollen, emarginate ;
angular behind.

Legs moderate; digits much depressed, \-ery broad at bas(\ tri-
angulai'. and adapted for swimming. free portion of digits about
one-third tiie distance from their tips to elbow oi' i^iu'C.

Flu. Vi.—Aiii>ihi.'<ttima ti^jriiimn (ii'eeu, No. 40.59. Natural size. Fort Tlipley, Minn.

(Jeneial color dail< thrown or blackish, in alcohol, varied with blotches
of yellow, 'i'hesc aie disposed along the median line of the back and

THE lUTKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7.')

tail, exteiulin<;- down on the sides as transverse ellipsoid bands of
large size, i)erliai».s cmjiuiI to the space between two costal grooves; the
blotches of oi)i)Osite sides sometimes alternate, sometimes are opposite,
and are ireqiiently (-ontliient iiere and there, which is generally the
case on tlie tail, where tliey form yellow encircling rings, interrupted
below. Along the sides of belly and lower part of the sides is a simi-
lar series of yellow ellipses, but usually larger; those of the same side
usually somewhat continent, sonu'times entirely so, leaving a dusky
central line of the belly. Tiie limbs are blotched hhuik and yellow.

The yellow sometimes predominates so as to almost form the ground
color, encroaching largely, too, on the yellow of the belly. In general,
however, there is little or no tendency to an anastomosis or reticula-
tion of the dark interspaces, as in an allied species. Sm:iller, rounded,
irregularly scattered spots of yellow are seldom, if ever, seeu as in
Eastern form.

The ground color is sometimes uniformly dusky above, although the
lighter transverse ellipses can be usually made out; perhaps they are
always appreciable in life.

Dumeril and Bibron have given a good colored figure of this form
under the name Amhystoine «' bandcs. The green is, however, too bril-
liant.

In the preceding general description I ha\'e endeavored to represent
the distinguishing features of what i believe to be a singles[)ecies vary,
ing very tiuich in shape of palatine teeth, proportions, color, etc. From
the synonymy it will be seen tliat 1 (•oml)ine undei' the oldest name of
niavortinm, proscrpine and nchidosnin also. Although the tyi)e si)eci-
mens of these supi)osed s[»ecics dilfer siiriii;ientl\- among eacli other, yet
there are suflicient connecting links in tlie large series Iiei'ore me, and it
would be no dillicult task to pick out a dozrii more specimens each as
distinct from the other and the at)ove as the latter are among them-
selves.

One great source of the diNcrsity of eliai aetei' in dil'l'ei'ent specimens
of this I'rotean spe(,-ies is to be (ound in llie Nciy (liffereiit si/es ot'speci-
mens in the same stage of growth, while in s(»mc the lull nietanior[)liosis
will ha\-e been arcoiiiplisJKMl with a length of tliice or four inches, in
others the Inaneliia' are still visihle at a niiieli gieater si/e. In one
female si)eeimeii of 8 inches in hii.uth ( I'.'TS). the l»iaiieliia' are still ap-
preciaWIe, the lissures in the iieek not heiiig closed up, alllioiigli the
ovaries and o\idiict would indicate that it was captured when in full
breeding condition. This enil)r.\ oiiic tendency isalmost al wa\ s indicateil
further by shorter gajic of the month, the tongue smaller. Mattel', more
adherent, not at all or very little free at the edges, and little or iu»t at
all papillose, but exhiliiling a cartilaginous surface. 'I'he palatine
teeth ill the embrsonic stat'- are more aiched aiiliaiorly, more oi- less
parallel with the ma\illar.\ series, less proiniiieiii above the soft palate,
and extending a less distance laterally. The digits are more depresed,

76 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

their outlines more oval than triangular, the third and fourth toes and
second and third fingers more nearly equal. The development ot the
different embryonic conditions may be carried on very unequally in
different specimens, so that one cannot see the true specific charac-
ters in small individuals, or even in large ones in which there is the
slightest indication of the branchial slits or their tufts.

The same adult individual differs, too, in different seasons. While
some species appear to reside almost entirely in water, others do so only
partially. Even the same species may pass a more aquatic life in one year
than in another. A more persistent residence in water is shown by the
broader and more depressed digits, higher and more compressed tail, and
more or less decided ridge (sometimes even membranous). I have no
doubt that an animal while possessing these features in marked degree
when in the water would lose them to a measurable extent after a
lengthened residence on land. This aquatic habit is generally greatest
during the breeding season.

The preceding paragraph is taken from Professor Baird's manuscript.
I will further extend and illustrate the same, and add that the names A.
californiense and A. maculatum have been applied by Gray and Hallo well
to forms of this species.

Various changes of form during the late metamorphosis of this ani-
mal have been already enumerated in the prefatory remarks on the
genus. A feature of difference mentioned above — the varying length
of the fourth digit — appears to be quite independent of other develop-
mental conditions. In a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia
Academy from Kansas, this digit has but three phalanges on both feet ;
in another locality three on one, four on the other foot, and the same
occurs in No. 3994, of the National Museum. In all the other specimens
at my disposal they are, as in this section of the genus, 4-4.

The varieties of this species which may be distinguished by their
coloration are as follows :

a (Californiense.) Blackish, with slightly paler belly ; a series of
large, oval, yellow spots on lower part of side and tail (in one specimen
a few on each side of dorsal line). System of mucous pores well devel-
oped, especially below ramus of the jaw on each side. From California
only; eight specimens ; No. 4081.

/? Brown, yellowish below; larger lateral and smaller dorsal yellow
spots, irregularly arranged. Fewer mucous pores on each side the
gular region. Fourteen specimens ; mostly from Kansas and Nebraska,
one from Missouri, one from latitude 38°^ two from New Mexico, and
two fiom Chihuahua; Nos. 4065, 4040, 3955a, 4063, 4084, 4908, 3984a.
The type of A. nebulosum belongs here. There is no material difference
between this and the coloration of A. tigrinum.

y Ground brown, crossed by transverse yellow bands, which inoscu-
late more or less on the dorsal region, so as to obscure, sometimes almost

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 77

entirely, the ground; mucous pores, as in the last; belly with a median
dark or black baud; sometimes the yellow is shaded with olive: Nos.
4G13, 4705, ;3I)90, 4703, 4(594 to 4(i90, 3955, 4078, 4079, 4066, 3982, 5359,
4082, 3994. No. 4020 might be assigned to either ft or y.

6 Ground olive, with numerous small brown spots; otherwise as
above; No. 4693, and the type oi A. maculatum.

e Brown above, yellowish below, otherwise as above; 3984&, 4702,
3992, 3955?>, from most diverse localities.

Q Color as in ;', the yellow leaving only inosculating lines of brown;
no frontal, nasal, or mandibular series of mucous pores; one specimen,
No. 4698.

So much as to the principle of ornamental variation. The following are
the forms resulting from unequal development of parts. The reader will
observe by the numbers how little they coincide with each other and
with the preceding.

Type A. — Palatine teeth in a gentle arch, convex forwards, not extend-
ing between nares; the teeth (but not the ridge) interrupted inside the
series behind the nares. Nos. 4908 and 5359 (2 specimens); in all re-
spects fully grown, the former not more than half the size of the usual
type. Approach distantly A. trisruptum Cope.

Type B. — Palatine teeth forming a straight series on each side, meet^
ing at a more or less open angle between the nares. Most of the speci-
mens; Nos. 4702, 3992, 4705, 4613, 4065, 4040, 4698, 3990, 4703, 4694,
to 4699, 4081, 3955, 4079. Of these, the angle of the tooth series
does not extend beyond the anterior margin of the nares in twenty-
six specimens, of which one exhibits a small, undeveloped tongue, and
none have the stumps of the branchiie remaining. In eleven specimens
the angle extends beyond this point (in 3990, and another approaching
an arch in form), and of these the tongue is small and larval in six,
and in one of these stumpsof the branchiae remain; this lastis of medium
size only, but Nos. 4693 and 3694 arc large, the firs' very large; they add
the larval character of a short, deci) tail. It is to be noted that these
specimens are from Minnesota and the borders of British America — re-
gions subject to great cold — to wliich cause we may with much proba-
bility assign their characters. Two individuals presenting the same
peculiarities are described under the head of A. tigrinum.

Of two si)ecimens from Chihuahua, fully developed, the teeth are of
the two types; of eight from California, one presents the second type
only; it is otherwise fully developed.

Type G. — The postnarial portion of the palatine series has nearly or
quite assumed its transverse position, while the median series remains
in its larval arch, extending more or less in advance of the nares.
Eiglit specimens, four of the largest size; 3955a, 4078, 4062, 4084; two
Museum of Philadelphia Academy, one type of 4- maculatum Hall. Of
these, two have the small tongue and traces of branchiae, while four are
fully developed in these resj)ects.

78 I'.Ul.LETIN -.U, UNITKl' SIATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

T!j2)e 1). — P.iliitiiic scries ibriiiiii,u- ;; imiabnlic, ardi tVoiii one cxtrciiiity
to tlic olluT, exrc'iidiii^ 111 advance ol the iiai'cs. Tliice spcciiiu'iis,
two of them of full but not lar-^e size; one of the former fiill.\ doubh;
the size of others from the same lo(;aliry (the Platte \'alle\ ), whieh are
referred to ty[)es C and 13, with larval ton,nue and branehial stumps.
The others (lOGO), with larval tongue, but the branehia' absorl)ed.

Here may be mentioned a remarkable speeimeu (iUISi'), which is in ail
other respects fully developed, where the larval arch of teeth remains,
but has become open and slightly transverse, extendiiii^- but little be-
yond the anterior margin of the nares. It is internu diate between
tyjies 1) and A, and is the result of a retardation in (U'velopment of the.
larval arch, while type 1> is produced by a retardation by the i)rese) Na-
tion of the <)bli(]ue lateral series of the larva at the ex[)eiise of the arch.

I add here a description of the var. obscui um {A)nbli/st()ma oh.scurHm
Baird, Proceeds. Acad. Phila., 1809, p. 192).

The head is very broad and the gape unusually large. The internal
nostrils are very large, their width half tin,' diameter of the eye; the
distance between their inner borders is the same as that between the
outer. The tongue is large, broader than long, its width about two-
thirds that of the upper jaw.

The palatine teeth are in f )ur series, colle(;tively foiining a broad in-
verted V; t''*^' iiiiii'es anteiicu', and would be ([uite sharp but that there
is an interruption along the median line. The branches reach as far
forward as the anterior border of the inner nostrils. They are decidedly
concave aiitero-externally. The ten inner anterior sections of the pal-
atine series are each about twice the length ol' the external ones; they
fall short of the inner bordiM' of the inner nares by nearly a diameter of
the latter, which spa(,'e se))arates them from the outer section, which,
immediately behind the inner nares, are about as long as the latter are
wide, and do not pass exterior to their outer border.

There are twelve costal furrows. The tail is compressed, but not
high.

The color appears to have been of a uniform brown above and on the
sides, brownish yellow beneath. On tiie sides darker vertical blotches
can be detected in the single s[)eciiiieii before me. Similarly indistinct
markings are visible on the tail.

The very convex frontal region amltlu' concave interrupted si lies of
teeth alone distiu^-uish this variety from the .1. ti(jrinHiu of the West.

It differs from A. f i f/r inn in ()\' tho Kast in much larger inner nares
and more widely se|)aratt'd nostrils, the inner borders of the two being
at about the same distance, instead of having the latter more api)roxi-
mated. The tongue is wider, as well as the hea I. The teeth are more
V-shaped and reach lartlier forward. The outline of the limbs of the V
is concave aiitero external!.\- and is interrupted by si)aces equal to the
wide nostrils, the outer section not extending beyond the nostrils.

The speciineii which lepieseiits this variety is from Port Des Moines,
Iowa (^'o. a991.)

THE 15ATRACIIIA OK NOlv'I'll AMIIMfA. 79

The cliarac^ters of the \ ariety califoniiciise [Ainhhjstoinn (•(tlifoiniensc
(rray) are as i'oHows:

The proportions and jj^eneral character of the j;hiii(ls, pits, etc., ai)pear
much like those of .4. /<>//•/» /n«; in some res[)ects of .1. ^>'?//f7^ff/(w. I
do not detect any patches of huge pores on tlie toi) of the head and
neck in one specimen, but in another a series of hirge whitish (h)ts be-
neath the epidermis seems to indicate tlieir i)resence. Of these one
patcli is i)laced on top of tlie head, within llie orbit; another on tlie
parotid region. Some i)ores, however, are distinctly visible behind the
angle of the month, sending forward a seiies along the margin of the
lower jaw nnder the chin.

The head is broad, bnt also long, tin; width l)eing ih'cidcdly lesstha;j^,
the distance from snont to gulur fold. The gape is veiy huge, the '*
length nearly two-thirds the width. The width in seven s[)ecimens is
contained Lh times in the distance from snont to gioin; in one specimen
4 times only. The eyes are se[)ai'ated only by 2A leiiutlis of the oil>it.

The tongne is very large, nearly hlling the whole lowei' jaw . It is
three fourths the width of the head.

There is cpiite a diffeicnce in the character of the palatine teelli of
the ten specimens before me. In both the central i)art of the series f(jrms
a decided V? the angle sharp, and reaching to the anterior niaigin ot
the inner nostrils. The limbs extend ba(;kwards, slightly in an S sha[)e,
a short distance behind the inner nostrils and in line with their inner
border, and then conne<'.t with the external segments of the ])alatine
seiies, which extend (nearly transversely, but a little obli<]nely back
wards) to a line with the outer margin of the innei- nostrils. In both
specimens the two sides of the palarint; seiies aie not symmetrical and
of unequal length. One specimen shows a distinct interval between
the central V 'i^'xl the lateral segment, as well as at the angle of the V;
in the other the four elements are continiions.

There a])i)ear to be twelve costal furrows. The tail is eomi)ressed, but
not high; in one s])ecimen it isas long as hea<l and body; in another
shorter. Shows a sharp ridge above from near the base and for the
terminal half below in one s[)ecimeii; not so much in another.

The limbs are well developed, the <ligits depressed and triangular,
but less so than in many a(jnatic AmhUi-stoinntn.

The color of the species is blackish in alcohol; rather ])aler below.
On each side of the belly or lower i)art of the sides of body and tail is
a series of bright sulphur-yellow spots, nu)stly nearly circular, some-
times oblong, and varying in size, though generally larger than the
orbit. The spots are few in number; live or six from head to tail and
four or live on the side of tail.

In one of the specimens are smne smaller rounde<l spots on each side
of the dorsal line, three or fonr in each series. These are wot sym-
metrically disposed, as in A. pnnctatinn.

As Dr. Gray remarks, this variety has a certain resemblance exter-

80 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

nally to A. imnctatum, which, however, never exhibits the series of
spots ou the side of belly aud lower part of sides of body and tail, the
spots being confined to the vicinity of the median line above. In A. t.
californiense when dorsal spots occur they are less regular, though of
much the same size. In typical A. tigrinum the yellow spots are much
smaller, more numerous, and more scattered; very prominent on the
belly. There are many essential differences in form from A. puncta-
tum — as the more widely separated external nostrils, the anterior an-
gle of the palatines, the depressed short digits, more compressed and
sharply ridged tail, etc.

A description of a specimen of var. y may also be useful for refer-
ence.

The form is very heavy and clumsy ; the head very broad ; the gape
twice as wide as long. The inner nares are about as far apart as the
outer. The gular fold is very distinct and overlapping ; the neck much
constricted. There is no dorsal groove distinctly evident.

The tail is much compressed and elevated. In the type selected
there is a sharp ridge above and below near the tip.

The limbs are rather short ; the digits very broad at the base, triangu-
lar, and much depressed. Tliere is little ai)preciable difference in the
length of the third and fourth toes.

The tongue is very broad, wider than long, filling the rami anteriorly
and considerably more than half the width of the head.

The palatine teeth form a nearly continuous series; nearly straight,
but slightly obtuse anteriorly where it reaches to the line of the poste-
rior border of the inner nares. Laterally tlie series extends one diameter
of the inner nares beyond their outer margin. The limbs of the Aery
obtuse V ^^^ "Ot straight, but slightly bow-shaped. There is a slight
interruption along the median line.

The ground color is purplish black, with transversely elongated
blotches of yellow. These appear to be arranged in one dorsal series
on each side the median line of the back (coming u[) to it and the oppo-
site ones sometimes continent), and another on the side of the belly, of
larger size and ascending high on' the sides. The latter are sometimes
more or less confluent on the same side. The central region of the
belly is generally of the dark ground color. There may be six or eight
of these blotches from head to base of tail, and as many ou the side of
the tail, where, indeed, they generally form yellow rings, interrupted
below. The limbs are blotched black and yellow in about equal pro-
portions.

Proportional dimensions.

(Spec. — 3955L .Imbi/stoma tigrinum, Fort Bliss, N. Mex.)
Head:

Length of gape of mouth to its width oue-half.

Width of gape of month to distance from snout to j^iilar ichl equal.

Width of gape of month to distance from snont to groiu contained 3| times.

Width of gape of mouth to distance from snout to behind anus 4^ times.

THE KATKACllIA OF NOUTII AMERICA.

81

Ilcail- ('t)iilii>ui5il.

Fmm HMimt to j^iiliir foltl roiitaiiicd in «lisliVii(;«i from snout to >;roiii . . . 3^ times.

From snout to gnlar foltl coiitiiinrd in distance from snout to behind
anus 'li times

Distance anteriorly Uc^rween eyes in lenj-tli of (trbit 3 times.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit 1+ time.

Distance between extt^rnal nostrils in l^-nj^tli of orbit nearly 2 times.

Distance between internal uostrils in len;;th of orbit 2i times.

Width of tongue to width of Lead rather more than i time.

Limbs :

Free jiortion of longest linger contained in distance from elbow to tip.. 3 times.

Free i)ortion of longest tot; contained in distance from knee to

tip nearly 4 times.

Distanci! Ixitween outstretched toes in IcMigth from snout to groin once.

T.ail: Length from behind anus to rest of auiinul nearly e(iiial.

Body : Nund)er of costal furrows (including axillary and inguinal) l!i{

Mewiurivniiti, in iitchen.

I^eiii;tli, Micasnretl along axis of body:

From snout to gapi' (JO

From snout to giihir fold L UU

From snout to groin 3. ;'()

From snimt to beliiiid anus 4. fiU

From snout to end of tail 4.00

Head

Width of head L Of)

Width of tongue 55

Length of tmigno 45

Length of orbit '22

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly 65

Distance between outer nostrils .40

Head — Continued :

Distance between inner nostrils 45

Tail:

lleigiitof tail where highest. .. .7,5
Breadth of tail whiue highest.. .45

Limbs:

Free portion of longest linger. . . 30
From elbow to tip of longest

(iuger .'J5

Free portion t)f longest too '.i2

From knee to tip of longest toe L 15
Distance between outstretcheil
toes. 3.5U

J'rujjurtioiial diinviisionti.

(Spec. 4ti'JG. (/inuirron River.)
Head :

Length of gape of mouth to its width. about one h.ilf.

Width to distance from snout to gular fold eijual.

Width to distance from snout to groin 4 times.

From snout to gular fold, contained in distance lr(»msmint to groin 4 times.

Fi'mn snout to gular fohl, contained in distauc(^ from snout to l)i'hind

anus nearly 5 times.

Distance antei'iorly between eyes in length of orbit 3 times.

Distance from eyes to nost ri Is in length of orbit 1 ', f inu's.

Distance betwiH'U extt'rnal nostrils in Icnglli <pf (uiiit ne.irly *J times.

Distance between intci'n;il nostrils in lingtli nl orbit 2 liuu's.

Widtli of tongue to width of lieini litt le over A time.

Limits:

Fi'ee pmfion of longest linger contained in distanec tVnin .JIhiw In tip ;i] tinu's.

Free portion of l"ng^•^t toe contained in disiuncr IV kmr fn li|i 'A^ tinu-s.

Distance lie I ween (HI tst ret el led toes in li'nutli from snout to groin ;ibont eipial.
Hody :

Width compared with that of head equal

Number of costal furrows (including axill.iry aiid inguinal ) 12

v.):>i — I'.iiii ;u — (1

82

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurement, in inches.

Leugtb, measured along axis of body:

From snout to gape 55

From snout to gular fold LOO

From suont to armpit LS.')

From snout to groin 15. SJO

From snout to behind anus 4. 75

From suout to end of tail 8. 75

Head :

•Width of head 1.00

Length of orbit 20

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly r>()

Distance between outer nostrils . 35
Distance between inner nostrils . 30

Body :

Circumference of belly 3.75

Body — Continued :

Distance between armpit and

groiu 2. 25

Tail:

Height of tail where highest ..
Breadth of tail where highest..
Limbs:

Free portion of longest finger..
From elbow to tip of longest

linger 95

Free portion of longest toe 32

From knee to tip of longest toe L25
Distance between outstretched
toes 3. 55

70
.40

27

Proportional dimensions.

(Spec. 4082. Type of A. proserpinc, Tamaulipas).
Head :

Length of gape of month to its width more than half.

Width of giipe of mouth to distance from snout to gular fold. .. not quite equal.

Width of gape of mouth to distance from suout to groin , nearly 4 times.

Width of gai)e of mouth to distance from snout to behind anus 4.J times.

From siK/Ut to gular fold contained in distance from snout to groin 3^ times.

From suout to gular fold contained in distance from snout to behind
anus 4 times.

Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit 3 times.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit 1 time.

Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit nearly 2 times.

Distance between internal nostrils in length of orbit nearly 2 times.

Width of tongue to width of head more than half.

Limbs:

Free portion of longest finger contained in distance from (ilbow to tip.. 3 times.

Free portion of longest toe contained in distance from knee to lip 3 times.

Tail; Length from behind anus to rest of animal less.

Body: Number of costal furrows (including axillary and inguinal) 12

Measurements, in inches.

Length, measured along axis of body :

From snout to gape 34

From snout to gular fold GO

From snout to armpit UO

From snout to groin 2. 00

From snout to behind anus 2. 40

From suout to eud of tail 4. 10

Head :

Width of head 52

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly 32

Distance between outer nostrils .23
Distance betweeu inner nostrils .24

Tail:

Height of tail where highest.. . .25
Breadthof tail where highest.. .12

Limbs :

Free portion of longest linger .. .20
From elbow to ti[i of longest

finger (iO

Free portion of longest toe I'J

Fiom knee to tip of longest toe. . Gl
Distance between outstretched
toes 1. 75

I'ilK r.AIKACIllA OF NORTH AMHKICA.

83

rioiiorttuiial (Uiiun/iioiis.
(Spec. 'JO-il. AinhiiKlomn trii/iintDi calijonncnic, I'ctalniiia, Hoft sp.)
Ik-ad: ^.

Widtli to (listaiico from snout to gular ibid 1} linica.

Width to distance from siioiit to groin 4i times.

From snout to gular fold contained in distance from snout to groin 3', times.

From snout to gular fold contained in distance from snout to l)(;hin<l

uuus 4i times.

Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit *<^i times.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit li times.

Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit 1?, times,

Distance between internal nostrils in length of orbit not 2 times.

Width of tougno to width of head two-thirds.

Limbs :

Free portion of longest linger contained in distance from elbow

iQ lip not (luite 3 times.

Free portion of longest toe contained in distance from knee to tii> '.J times.

Tail : Length from behind anus to rest of animal less.

Mcasuremevls, in inches.

.40

.85

L2.")

3.00

L75

I Body: Distance between armpit

I and groin

i Tail :

! Height of tail where highest. .. 30

Breadth of tail where highest.. . 18
Limbs :

Free portion of longest linger.. .28
From elbow to tip of longest

linger HO

Free portion of longest toe 30

From knee to tip of longest toe. . "JO
Distance between outstretched
toes 2. yy

Length, measured along axis of body

From snout to gape

From snout to gular fold

From snout to armpit

From snout to groin

From snout to behind anus :5. 75

I'^roin snout to end of tail G. 20

Head :

Width of head 70

Width of tongue 45

Length of orbit 18

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly 40

Distance between outer nostrils . 30

Distance between inner nostrils . 30

Jlabits, etc. — Tlie larvic of this species are exceedingly abundant in
all still water in the Eocky Mountain Region and the Plains. They are
rapacious, eating animal food, and taking the book readily. Late in
the summer they complete their metamorphosis and take to the laud,
where they hide in the holes of marmots, badgers, etc. From these they
emerge during and after rains. The larviu are much less frequently
seen in the East, where the species is less abundant, and the opportu-
uities of concealment are greater. Market Lake is a temporary body
of water covering many square miles in eastern Idaho. It is formed
hy the overliow of the Snake River in spring. On its shores I have
found this species. On the shore of an adjacent pond of more perma-
nent character 1 have observed this species occupying vertical holes,
which were kept tilled with water by occasional waves, but from which
their heads emerged into the air. In this ])osition their branohia'. were
gradually absorbed. An adult from New Jer.sey ()ccui)ied a burrow in
the .soil oriiiy fernery for several weeks. The burrow had two orifices,
in one or tiie other of which its head could be generally seen, observing
what was iroina on.

84

J51JLLETIN ^1, UNITKI^ S I'A IKS NATIONAL MUSF/'M.

Prot'essor Baird iirst reached the couclusiDii that the early staj^e of
this si)ecies is a Siiedou, and he sus})ected on that acconnt that the
Slrcdon mexlcanuH of the valley of Mexico is the larva of an unknown
species of Aniblystonia. Long after\\ards Prof. Augnste Dunieril
received some larv;e of the A. tigrinum from Mexico and observed their
metamorphoses in the reptile-house of the Jardin des Plantes of Paris,
lie supposed the species to be the Sirodon mexkanum, but 1 showed
that it was the Amblystonia tif/rinum {^^ marortiam^^), after an examina-
tion of si)ecimeus sent by him to me to Philadelphia.* Since then
Professor Marsh at New Haven, and Madame Chauvin in Switzerland,
have observed the metamorphosis of the same spe(;ies. Professor Du-
meril also showed that it can rei)rodu<;e while; still bran(;hiferous.

Sircdon mexlcannm Wagl. {AmhlyHtoma mexivanum Coi)e) inhabits
Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco, in the valley of Mexico. Its metamor-
phosis has never been observed, but it is asserted by I. M. Velasco to
take place. It is readily distinguished from the larva of the Atnhly-
stoina tigritium by its color. It is of a pinkish gray, and is covered
with numerous small round, dusky spots, rather closely placed. While
nearly related to the larva of the A, tigrinnm, it is clearly a ditferent
form. Should it prove to be the case that it does not undergo a meta-
morphosis, the genus Siredou, of which it is the type^ must be retained.
A second species, the aS. dumerili, has been described by Duges from'
Lake Patjccuaor in the State of Guanajuato. Its color is uniform.

AmbUintumu tiijrinHin (iicjeii.
KESERVK SKRIES.

(JatalofiiuilNo. of
iiiiiiilit;!'. ! .spec.

:i!l79
'J273

1U8H9
■J(I'J7
4UU1 [
U1K8

10082 1
•J'JJO
4059 ;

4U08 I
WMi
BiHKi I
40<J7 !
3H93
4040

4091
4(l0:i

:t'J74

:i9!»H
UIHf)

H4r)(i
«294

7«a9

9ISC

3955
4079
408-J

S(^l.t..

May

-, 1874
il, 1878

Scjit 7, 1877
Apr. — , 1879

^'-^y- \ cS:;.!.

Detroit, Midi

Virtrinia

Wclisitir City, low.i .
Nortlieiii Illinois .
West Noitbli>-l(l, 111.

Chieajro, 111

KdKcliold, S. C

Webster City, lowii .
Fort liiploy, Miuu...

New Yolk

IiidepeiKleiice, Mo. . .

Kiissellyillo, Ky

Mississippi

NoithiMii Illinois

Saint Louis, Mo

Lake Kneiuito. (Mii-

liiialiiia.
W<'st Noitliliol.l, 111.

Kaciiic, Wis

Coluniliiis, Ohio .....

Nc^w Mi^xico

Im)i t Union, N. Mox .
Nutrias, N. Mex ...
lionito (Janon, Aiiz. .

Arizona

Fort Reynolds

From whom rece.iviil.

A. Sa^ei

( 'has Aldiieli
R. Krnnicotl.

d..

Swcenv

S. II. Loud

rhas. Ahlri.h

1)1.. J. F. Head, U..^. A..

Ur..l.(i. Coujiir...
Dr. 'I'ho.s. H Weld.
Dr. 1!. F. Shumard .
R. Kennii'olt

J, I'otU.

I''(ii t r>liss, N. Mex
Foi t Kenton, Mo
'ramaiilipas. Mex

R. Keiinieott

I'rol'. S F. r.aird

l'r(d'. L. Lrsipu'ieiix

Dr .1 L. LeContc

Telcr Coniicll ...

Dr ('.(i X.'V hcrrv

(iencral W KM. Arny -.

.1. M. Rutter ■

A. CloML'll

JJeiir. W. L. ('ari)entei', IT.

•S. A .
Dr. S. W. Crawford, U. S A.

Dr. F V. Il.ivden

Dr. L. .\. Edwards, U.S. A

Nature of speei
men.

Aleoholie (vpe.
Aleoliolie.

Do.

Do.

Do

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do

Do.

Do.

Do.
Alcohol
Ah-oh.d

Do

Do

Do

Do,

Do

ie typo.

Do.
Do.
Do

' I'rucccdiiio-i I'hilndi'ljiJii;! .Vijiilciiiv. L-^'iri.

TIIK I'.ATIfACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

85

AmbUixtoina tifirinnm Gnuui— Con tinned.
IIESKRVE SEiaES-(;.mtiiiML<l.

iNo.of
spec.

hiicalitv.

When
toUoctctl.

Mouth of (Mni.irrnn.
Kort Kil.'V, K;in.s. .
Lo\v(U' J'luttc.
Fort Laramio. Wyo.

.1.)

... <lo

S.vdIl(^y, Nobr

Mexico

Dakota

I'oterson, Utah

Lac<iiii-i>aik\ Minn

Fort IN'joTi, Cal

Fort IJridjicr, Wyo. .
Ni'braska

Santa Fo Crock

Kock Creek

Mexico

North Itod River

Utali Lake

Now Mexico

Soiitli Park, Colo . . . .

Santa F.\ N. Mux

Fort Steele, Wyo

Northern Boiinilary

Survey.
Fort Kandall. Dak....

De.s Moines, Iowa

Arizona

Fort 'I'horn

Fort Steehs Wyo

Ottawa, Canada.

Kio Minihroa, N. Mcx .

San Klezario, Tex

Santa !•«■), N. Mex ....

Southern Illinois

Camp Supply, Ind. T.

Ari-her, Fla.

Y(>llo\vstone Lake

Auburn, Mo

Fort Wingate, N. Mcx

Granil 0)t(^au, La

Ann Arbor, Midi

Feb. 10,1870

Dec. 5, 1878

From \vl\om rncoivod.

.T.n.Clnrk

Ilr. \V. A. llnrnnioiid, U.S.A

Dr J.lI.(;eoper ,

Chas. Kuby

do...'.

do

Lieut. S. AV. Cnwlord, U.
S. A.

C. A.K

F. Hirst

S IMiiirps

l)i'. S. W. Woodhonse

Li(»utonajit Reynolds and
Dr. F. V. llayd.n.

U. J[. Kcarn .....

Lieut. F.T.IJryan, U.S. A.
Mum. Nat., Mexico

Nature of speci-
men.

— , lJ-82

Juno-, 1873

Jordan \: Oilbort. .

John l'(.tt.s

Dr. J.T. Rothrock

,1874

Clias. Rul)y .
Dr. E. Coue.s.

187.".

, Isk:!

-, 1883
-, 188.'5

U.S. A. Hospital

(')

I/icutenant Bcrghmd

(laptain I'ojie

(^iias. Ruby

Dr. Robert' Rcll

Dr. Webb

Major Emory

R. Kennicott

Dr. T.E.Wilcox, U.S. A...

Dr. Chas. C. Neal

Lieutenant TIayden

C. 1>. M.^rrill..;

Dr. R. W.Shufeldt, U.S. A

Saint Charh's College

I'rof. S. F. Raiid

Alcoliolic.
J)o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Alcoholic typo.
Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

GENERAL SERIES.

Kansas

Old Fort Cobb, Tex...
Rridrjer's I'a.ss, Wyo..

ClieyeTine Pass

Fort Laraniio, Wyo. . .
Platte Vall(^v, Nc'v ...
FortUli.ss, N. Mex...

(!)

Kansas

Detroit, Mich

Waukesan, 111

Nortliern Boundary
Survey.

(?)

New Mi'xico

(0

Srinta Fe, N. Mex ...

Rock Island, III ,

Indiana

Soutlierii Kan.sa.s

do

Marietta, Ohio

(?)

(?)

New Mexico

(?)

(?)

(?)

Dr. E. Palmer

Lieut. F. X. Brv.in, U. S. A .

Dr. E.Swilt, li.S. A

Lieut. S. Warren, IT. S. A . .

C. Drexler

Dr. S. W. Crawford, U. S. -V

E. In^'t-rsoll

Dr.E. Palmer

— , 1871

A. Saaer

J. W. Milner
Dr. E. (Joues.

' (')

{')

S. F. Baird

(')

J. H. Sargent

_ _ \n>i-, (). I'. Hay

do I Chas. Ruby

.do j do

I I'rofesaor Andrew.

-I (?)

I (?)

I A.S.McClellan....

(?)

(?)

Dr. F. V. Ilaydcn..

Alc.diolic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Alcoholic typo.
Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

8G BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Amblystoma t'ujrinum californictisi (Jray.

Catalogue
number.

4081
11794
1407.T

No. of
.spec.

Locality.

Vetalmna, Cal
Krcsiio, ('n,\. . .
El Paso, Tex...

When
collect('(l.

Froiii wliDiu iccf.ivcil

E. SamiiolH

— , 187!) I (lU.stav Kisoii

— , 1HH4 I Newton Siniiiion.s.

Xatiiic of sji
men.

.Alrolioli.
Do.
Do.

AMBLYSTOMA TRISRUPTUM Cope.
Proceeds. Acad., Phila., 18G7, p. 194.

Tbc species is stout and heavy in build ; tlie liead very broad iuid
much depressed. The skin is granulated by contraction of the alcohol,
but in respect to glands, pits, etc., ap[)ears much like other species.
There is, however, a decided feature in certain i)arti('les which crowd
the parotoid region, and are seen also on the top of tlie head .along the
inner margin of the orbit, and perhaps below the eye. I have not
noticed this character in any other species east of the Rocky JMoun tains.

The head is broad, ovate, rather pointed anteriorly. The inner and
outer nostrils are nearly the same distance apart. The tongue is broader
than long, more than half the width of the head, filling the intersp.ace
of the same anteriorly.

The teeth are in four very distinct patches, with decided intervals.
They form one transverse series, nearly straight centrally (where they
are in a line with the posterior border of the internal nares), but curving
slightly backwards laterally. The two central patches are wider than
the lateral, which vary a little in length and are separated by an inter-
val half the diameter of the inner nares. Their distance from the exte-
rior patches is about twice as great, the center of the interval falling
about opposite to the inner border of inner nares. The outer i^atches ex-
tend about half a diameter beyond the outer border of inner nares.

The remaining external characters of the specimen are not ditfercnt
from those of yl. t'ujrinum.

The colors of the specimen are much obscured by bad preservation.
It a])pears to have been of a uniform dark blackish or bluish brown, with
a single series of large transversely ellii)tical blotches of yellow from
head to tip of tail, half on body and half on tail ; the foremost one
rounded and placed behind the eyes. Those of opposite sides nearly
meet on the back, and arc confluent on the upper edge of tlie tail.

This is the only species I have seen of the group in which a strictly
transverse series of i)alatine teeth behind the eye is divided into four
groups.

The only known si)ecimen is the following:

No, loos ; 1 specimen ; Ocatci (Jroek, New Mexico. 9,

Ocate Creek is on the eastern side of tlie Sangre dc Cristo Mountains,
the southern i)art of the eastern range of the Uo(;ky Mountains in New
Mexico.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 8/

ProjMrlioiKil (luu<ii.'iio)ifi.

(Spec. 400:^. Oc.itc River, New Mexico. 9.)

Head :

Length of <^apo of month to its wiiltli little more tlinn half.

Willi li to dist.ance from Hnont to <;nliir fold not (piite eqnal.

Width to (ILstance from snont to groin 1 lime.s.

From .snont to gnlar fold contained in distanee from snont to i^ioin ii.| time.H.

Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orhit :{ timeH.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orhit H times.

Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit not qnite 2 times.

Distance between internal nostrils in length of orbit 2 times.

Width of tongue to width of head over one-half.

Limbs :

Free portion of longest finger contained in distance from dhow

to tip little over :" times.

Free ))ortion of longest toe contained in distance from knee to tii> :>.] times.

Distanee lietween ontstretchcd toes in length from SMoiit to groin., abont (Hpial.

Tail : Ijenglh from behind anns to rest of animal less.

Body: Nnmbcr of costal fnrrows (inclnding axillary and ingninal) !-(')•

Measurements, in inches.

Length, measured along axis of body :

From snont to gape 45

Fron\ snont to gnlar fold DO

From snout to armpit 1.4')

From snout to groin :i. L5

From snout to behind anns ;i. RO

From snout to end of tai 1 (i. 80

Head :

Widthof head 80

Width of tongue 4^)

Length of orbit 18

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly 50

Distance between outer nostrils .22
Distance between inner nostrils . 30

Body: Distance between armpit ami

groin 1.80

Tail :

Height of tail where highest. ..
Breadth of tail whore highest..
Limbs :

Free portion of longest finger..
From elbow to tip of longest

linger W

Free portion of longest toe 2'J

From knee to tip of longest toe . . IMi
Distance ])etween outstretched
toes - :J.00

.4ti
.24

20

AMBLYSTOMA XIPHIAS Cope.

Proceeds. Acad. Piiila., 18()7, p. 192; Stranch, Salain., p. 04; Bonlenger,
Catal. Batr. Grad., Brit. Mns., ed. 11, 1882, p. 4.5.

Tho spcciincn selected as the type of the descriptioa has the skin
somewhat altered by alcohol, so that an exact description can not be
made of the glands, pits, and pores. Ther^ doos not, however, appear
to bo any material difference from A. tigrlnum in the.se respects.

Tho head appears small in proportion to the size of the animal, and
the cheeks nnusnally swollen ; the width of the head is contained abont
fonr and one half times in the distance to groin. The eyes are rather
small, distant three lengths of the orbit; the inner nostrils are consider-
ably more distant than the outer. Tho tongue is large and fleshy, filling

88

BULLETIN :U, UNITEIJ STATES NA'l lONAL MlTSEr>f.

tlie rami anteriorly, aiul more than half the width of the head. The
inner nostrils arc (|uite lateral.

The [)alatine teeth form a very obtuse angle anteriorly^ reaching- to
about opposite the michlle of the inner nares and extending laterally
beyond them by about one diameter. Tiiere is a sliglit interrni)tion
along tlio median line, but no a])preciable one elsewhere. The limbs of
the V are not entirely straight, but form a double curve (scarcely appre-
ciable) on each side. There are twelve costal grooves. The pelvic
grooves are not appreciable, and only those at the base of the tail.

7 2

.//;./■.■ No. ii:'". C.h.MiHi.^. Oliio

Tiietail is xcry long, ('()nsiderai)ly exceeding the lest of tl-.e animal,
much c()mi»r('ss«Ml from the base, tliougli not elevated ; oval in cross-sec-
tion, and oidy becoming sharp near llie lip, without any crest. No
grooN'es are visibU^ along dorsal or ventral outline.

There do not appear to be any pe(;uliarities in the feet distinguisliing
it from other aquatic Amblystonuis.

The color of this sp<H',ies is a yellowish olive; brighter yellow be-
neath, with more or less anastomosing or reticulating bands of wellde-
liii.d b'-nwi> ')n tlM' back and sides, and a few lounded spots of the
same on the belly. Tliese bands in width average, i)erhaps, the diame-
ter of the eye, though variable in this respect. Compared with A. /i-
(jrimim, this species has a proi>ortionally smaller head, more prominent
low<u' Jaw, much longer tail, and dilTerent color; yellow predominating
in !he one. and brown in the other. 'J'lic lelationsliip, however, apiu'ars
to \h\ very clo.se. 'i'lie digits, iierliaps, are narrowei', though also trian-
gular and de])res<ed.

Tlu' oidy specimen of the .1. .riphias yet know)' is from Colundius, Ohio
(No. n. "..")).

TIIH HA'niACMlIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89

AMBLYSTOMA JEFFKRSONIANIIM Oiooti.

(Plate iir.Ji-i).)

Cope, Proceeds. Acad. Pliila., Idfi?,. p. P.)'), Straiich, Salain., p. (i4 ; Boii-

lenger. Cat Hatr., Grad. nrifc. Miis., ed. ir, lHA-2, p. IC, PI. il. (ijj. '-2.

Salnmnndra jiffcrsoiiiniin, Green, Coiitr. Maoliirean Lyeciiiii, p. 4; lfoll)r.,N A. IlBrp.,

V, p. 51, PI. 14.
Xiphnu lua jeff'crsoriimia, Tscliiidi, Hatr., p. 1):?; Diiin. & Pibr., ji. Kil.
Triton iii/jcr, Be Kay, N. Y. Faun., III., p. 8'), PI. If), fio;. ;?;').
Siilamandra f/rannlatn, De Kay, N. Y., I. c, p. 78, Pi. 2:5, (i<;. (if); Ilolbr., N. A. Herp.

V, ]). (VA.
AwhiiHioma jrjfvrsoniaua, Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (-i), I, p. 28:5.
Ainhlyxinma fnnrnin, Hallow., Journ. Ac. Pliila. (2), iii, p. \\W.\, 18(>r).
J mhlystoma jcffersonian urn, var. fitscain, Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 18(;7, p. 107 ; i^oulen-

ger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mns., ed. ii, 18.^2, p. 4r>.

Costal grooves twelve; mucous pores on each side of the inuzzle not
ovtonding beyoud the orbits. Teeth transverse, or nearly so, in thr«^e
series. jSo oi uuc '"distinct plantar tubercle. l'].N:t('rnal and int.'rnal
iiares equidistant ; lead colored to brown and black, witli or without
pale or distinct lateral spots.

This definition covers a considerable range of variations, whi^^h is ex,
pressed in the following diagnoses of iliree subspecies :

Width of head 4 to 4.5 times in length to groin ; length oC iiye J. 5 times in width of
head abovc^ ; uniform lead color to brown i. j. jcjfcrHoniahum.

With of head 5 times in length to groin; length of eye one half width of head be-
tween anterior canthus of eyes; black with white spots on sides and b(dly.

A.j. Intcrolc.

Widtii of head 5 times to groiu ; length of eye 1 .75 in width of head as above ; tooth
scries slightly convex ; slender; uniform leail color /. /. )iltilii)cinii.

Amblystoino jeffcrsonianum jeffcrsonianiim Green,

The synonymy given under the head of tiiis species in general is
applicable to this subspecies only.

J>ody decidedly more slender and elongated than in A. puncfatnm.
Skin everywhere smooth, and showing through the transpaient epi-
dermis the ends of the glands which thickly stud the entire surface.
Uiuler a lens are seen numerous small, roun«led, shallow pits between
the glands, not on tliem. The contraction of the skin in strong alcohol
between these glands would readily impart a graiuilated appearance.
The glandules are accumulated into a thin stratum above the i)arotoid
groove.

The head is elongated, with the muzzle obtuse or truncate, the great-
est width contained 1.5 times in the distance to the gular fold, and from
four and a half to five times to the groin ; the di.lp.ncc to t'.ie gular fold
is contained 3'rj times HI tnai, . > the groiu. Tiie eyes are rather large
and situated far bohiiul. They are distant oul.^ the length of the orbit
from the nostrils (which are separated l)y nearly twice this length ). The
anterior extremities of the orbit are distant more thai- twice their length.

90 nULLETIN 34, UNITED .STATES NATIONAL MUSETTM.

Tlio <;ular fold or furrow is distinct, not very prominent above; that
behind the angle of the Jaws is inconspicuons, as is tiie lateral parotoid
furrow.

There are twelve costal fnrrows, including the inguinal and axillary.

The tail is a little shorter than the body and head (measuring from
posterior extremity of vent). It is oval in cross section, widest below,
though without, any ridge or crest. It is little higher than broad at the
anus, but becomes more and more compressed to the tip, the ui>per and
under outlines remaining nearly parallel for a considerable distance.
The anal slit is prolonged into a groove, which extends beneath the tail
to its very tip.

The limbs are largely developed and the toes very long. The digits
are cylindrical, depressed, without any lateral or basal web. The third
finger is longest, then the second, fourth, and first. It is one-third the
length of arm from elbow. The fourth too is longest; then the thinl
(but little shorter), secoiul, filth, and lirst ; it is contained about two and
one-half times in the length of leg from knee. The ex[)anse of the out-
stretched toes is very nearly equal to the distance from snout to the groin.
The length of the limbs varjes a little; when extended on the sides they
may scarcely meet or considerably overlai).

The tongue is thick and fleshy, much as in A. puncfafum.

The teeth are in four patches; the two central in a nearly strnight
line, or forming in smaller individuals a very obtuse A» the angle ante-
rior but not passing the posterior border of the internal nares. The sides
of the V are perhaps slightly concave anteriorly. This patch or line
extends to the inner nares, and is there continuous with the lateral
patches, which are short, nearly straight, about one-fourth the cen-
tral patch, and form the posterior border of the inner nares. These
are large, far back, and widely separated.

In alcohol, after long immersion, the specimen is nearly uniform light
liver brown, paler beneat4i, without any spots.

Medsuremeiits.

luclios

Loii^th from snout to j^iilar fold . 7(t

L(',iij;tli from snout to <i;ioin '2. .'>.")

LoiimMi from snout to end of auMH 3. "JO

L(Mi>;tli from snout to remnant of tail 2.W

Width of head r)()

Lonjijth of month alonjj; median line? 3.S

Fore-arm from elbow fi~

Lejr from knee H'>

The specimen from which t iiii j)nMH'ding descaiption has Ix'cn taken
is, if not the original upon which Dr. Green's s[)ecles was f^iundcd, at
least one coUecti'.d in the saiiu; lo(;ality and named by him, having
formed part of his collection and presented many years ago by its
owner to the Smithsonian Institution. The "light-blue spots" so con-
spicuous in fresh specimens have disappeared.

Tin: I'.ATUACiiiA or Noinii America.

91

Dr. Ilolhrook, in (It'sciil)iii;,' this species, li;us mixed with it the ac-
coiiiit of the toiijjiic ;iii(l t<H'tli of PIcI/kmIoii (jIufinosHs, which it soiuc-
what reseinlilcs, hat wiiicii may readily be (listiiij;uish«Ml exteriuiHy by
the b.!;iiter silvery spots and iniicli shorter dij;its. Thisirxlnced Dr.
ITallowell eri'oiieously to make the species a synonym of /*. f/htfinosus.
The eiror liad its ori(,Mn, no doubt, in tiie nearer resemblance of the var.
A.j. lafcrale to the latter species.

Vl

rj

\'lr. If, ,1 inljll/xtdi.ia /■<■

aiiv»i Jftfrr-toninniim. No. riOfiS. — (i.xccpt f. .'">="' • 'W". Pennsylvania.

A (;omi)arison of the specimen described with the ty[)e of l)e Jvay's
Salamawh-a (jrannUUd exhibits no a[)[)reciable difference except in the
darker color, rather mon^ dei)ressed toes, and [)ei haps more massi\'e-
lookinji" jaws of the latter, the muzzle a little more pointed — all uncer-
tain characters in alcoholic specimens. The palatine teeth are in bet-
ter preservation than in the specimen here described. The central
pat(;h is interrupted along the median line, and does not extend quite
so far laterally. The lejj^s and dibits are much len>:ijthened, the figure
and description of IIoli)r.)ok (s(^o J)o Ivay) conveying a very erron(U)Us
impression in this r(;s[»ect. The granulation refernMl to is in part the
oiitical elfect of the glands of the skin showing through the trans[)arent
epidermis, partly the result of contraction of the skin by alcohol.

In the type specimen there are no symmetrically arranged patches of
pores on the head. Their absence may be owing to the long-continued
preservation of the specimens, or to some accidental deliciency. In the
tyi)e of S. (jrannlaia these are <piite visible. They are very distinctly
shown in N^o. 4(588, where there is seen a straight series interior to the
eye and nostril (not reaching to the latter), bending abruptly behind
the eye and passing beneath it. On the parotoid region above the lat-
eral groove is a slightly curved line of six or eight pores and a shorter
straight one above it. lielow the groove is a crowded patch, whicth is
continued in a simple series along the inner vi\i:^(^ of the lower jaw. One
jw two are s(mmi at the siih'of the base of the lower Jaw, and others along
the sides of Ito.ly.

It has been stated that in the type no indication of light spots was
visible. In others, however, of more recent preservation these are

92 BULLETIN 'M, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

quite evident. In the smallest spcMMinen of 3098 are visible iinmorous
rounded, irregularly disposed li<;iit spots on the lower i)art of the sides,
with some seattered over on the belly, averaging half the size of the eye,
but with faintly defined margins. Some scattered ones are seen on the
side of the tail. These may be i>lnnibeons or bluish in life. In the largest
specimen of 3970, Ilipley, Ohio, these bluish spots are quite evident
on the side of body nnd tail.

Generally the ground color of the alcoholic; specimen is lead-colored
to olive brown and bl;u;kish; light beneath. The color of the living
animal is similar to that seen in alcoholic specimens. Specimens have
been found at localities rather distai.t Aom each other of a dark brown
color, with a lateral shade of a still darker hue. Such specimens are
of the stouter tyi)e of the species as to proportions. Of two speci-
mens fro?n Clark County, Va., the width of the head enters the length
to the groin 4A limes in one specimen, and the other but little over four
times. Other specimens are from Saint Catherine's, Ontario, in the
National JMnseum, and from southern Indiana in the Philadelphia
Academy. They have been referred to as distinct species and described
as Amhlysiomn fuscum by ILallowell, but I cannot find any chaiacters
to distinguish them from the A. jeffersoniannm pro])er. They resem-
ble almost exactly the yl. copeaninn in color, but differ entirely in pro-
])ortions. In that species the body is not longer than the length ante-
rior to the axilla, while in this one the former dimension much exceeds
the latter,

Fin. 10. Amhlfiiitoma jrjfi mmiiaiuniK \ypo af \ai. fu.inim. Nd. ^"97. Ol.irko County, Va.

A specimen of A. jcH'crsoniiimim about 2 inches long is not mate-
rially different from the ailult, although the two inner ])aiatine patches
are more arched.

AmhJystoma jejfcrwnlanum latcralc Hallow.

Amihjstoma laterolc, Hallow., /. c, p. :5.V2.

Anibh/siiniia jcfftrsonianinn, var. latcrale Copo I. r.., I]onl(Mi<;cr; Cat. Fiatr. CJrad. I»rit.
MiiN., I'd. II, 1.S82, !>. 47.

This form is quite distinct from the typical A. jcffcrfioiiianvm^ and
would raidc as a species were it not that its character and those of tho
latter interblcnd. In typical specimens of the A. j, latcrnJethohoiul is
narrower and the body more slender. When the limbs are laid along
the sides they Irequently do not meet by a short interval, while those

THE nATKACIIIA OF NOKTII AMERICA. 93

of the A. j.jcfe r.-^' HI aiium tonah clilIi jther and even overlap a little.
Tlie uiediau portiou of tlie dental series usually exhibits a slij^lit angu-
lation anteriorly, while that of the typical subspecies is straight; but
this character is in some cases not retained. The color is generally
easily recognized: black with light lateral spots. It resembles in this
respect the Plethodon glutino,sus, and to a less degree the Amblystoma
microstomum as pointed out by Ilallowell, and the unwary observer
may easily confound it with one or the other of these si)ecies. But
lateral spots appear in some specimens of the typical variety, and the
ground color varies, as has been already described.

This form is altogether northern in its distribution, being especially
abumlant in Canada.

Amblystoma jefermmanum platincu m Coi)e.

Check-list, p. 2l> ; Bouleugcr, Cat. IJatr. Gi;ul. Brit. Miis., i-d. ii, 1^62, \i.
47.
Amhiyatoma platiiuum, Cope, I. c.,p. 198; Straiicb, Saliiiu., jt. (i5.

This is a very elongate form of the A. jeff'ersonianum.

The head is oval and the muzzle rounded. The length of the lissure
of the eye equals the distance of the nostril from the same ; is but little
less than the distance between nares, and half or a little more of the
distance between the anterior canthus of the same. Inner and outer
nares the same distance apart. Greatest width of head 5,5 to six times
in length from end muzzle to gioin, five seven <^hs l2J]gth from chin to
gular fold. Canthus of mouth behind canthus of eye. A series of
pores along the superciliary, which pass round the orbit behind and
below; a scattered longitudinal series on the parotoid region, and a
transverse aggregation of the same on each side below i)arotoid groove;
a single series of the same for a short distance inside tlie ramus of the
mandible. The parotoid region possesses a thin stratum of dermal
crypta'.

Costal folds twelve. The anterior is a little distance behind the axilla.
Toes subcylindric, similar to those of the A. jcffemoniamun •. in one
specimen (type) they are separated by nearly an intercostal space when
the limbs are j)ressed to the sides ; in another they meet. Tail rounded
above at base, finally much compressed, but not elevated; ecjual in one
specimen to body and head to middle of orbit, measured from posterior
extremity of vent. In the type, however, it is much shorter, extending
from its basis oidy to the eighth costal fold (from groin), but 1 suspect
that this is abnormal.

Color leaden ; in type paler below, with numerous indistinct whitish
blotches. Eyelids yellowish margined. Si)ecimen 4088 has the abdo
men darker and without spots.

The narrower head and more elongate body will distinguish this
species from the typical A. jefferfionUinum. It is readily distinguishable

94

BULLETIN ol, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSIUJM.

among- many individuals. Neveitbeless many of those of the subspe-
cies A.j. laterale ai)proacli it in tlie i)iop()i'tions of the parts of tlie head
to each other, including the closer ai)proximation of the eyes and of the
nostrils. The body is, however, always shorter. The size of the A. j.
la*erale is considerably less. Those of the, typical variety of the same
subspecies are invariably stouter, not only in body, but especially in
the head.

Amhlijsloma jcffdson'unnnn jeff'cri^oniauHm Green.
KKSEKVK SEIUES.

Catiilii^iie

No

...!

iiuiubi^r.

spec.

3908

1

:ti)7'J

4

3907

1

4U9U

1

4884

1

3888

2

1083(1

1

3877

1

39S1

2

:i!l!tS

2

13U'.'5

1

Locality.

AVheii
collected.

Weatciii Pt'iiii.svlvauia

llipl.n-, Ohio ..■ ,

liacinc, Wis

St. Catbcriuc'a, Cau
ail a.

Mount Joy, I'a

Bmliiifito'ii, Vt

Liickiiow, Ontario ..

Ohio

New Yolk ,

Cli'vclaiid, Ohio

West Vir"iiiia

July 15, 1881

From whoiu luccivtd.

Dr. J.GiiM-n

Dr. P. K. Hoy

do. . . ....

Ur. U. W. JJ.^adle

J. Stanllor

1-. Tll()lll])8<i)l

Dr. J. lI.Ganiicr .
Dr. J. S. Newberry

Ur.J.l*. Kirllaud

J<din W.M. AiMil.Uin

Naturt^ of spcci-
nieu.

Alc(diolic typo.
Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Amhlyslomu Jtffersoniauum fiisciint llullow.

Calalojiuo No. of
niinibcr. ! .spec.

3S97
14471

Locnlity.

St. Catherine's, C:ni-
adi.

ClaiUc. County, Va . . .

St. Catlierine'.s, Can-
ad, a.

When
ollectod.

P'roin wlioui receivctl.

Dr. D. W. Ikadle.

(n

Dr. D. W. Ueadlc..

Nature oC speci-
men.

Alcoholic.

Do.
Do.

Amblyntotiia jafftrsoniaiium platincnm Cojie.

Catalo;;m'
nniolK'r.

7145

■U]HH

N'o. of

S]1CC.

Locality.

AViieU
collected.

1 I Clevehnnl, Ohio

1 ! nnlcnown

1 ! Moo.se Uivcr, liriti.sh

i America.

Fron. whom receiv.d. Nature .d' apeci-

Piofessor J. 1*. Kirllaud

I'riili'ssor Ajjassiz

C.Dre.sler

Alcoholic.

.iiitblijaluhia jvff'crauniaiiiun laterale Hallow.

<;at;do;;Mc No. of
number, spec.

Locality.

] When
collected.

From whom received.

51)41, 3 Ni'ar Lake Abilib, I (J. Drexlc

{ Hudson's liav.

Nalum of speci-
ineu.

Alcoholic.

TllK HATKACIIIA OF NOKl'lI AMKlilCA. 95

AMI5LYST0MA MACKODACTYLUM liaird.

(Plato 25, fig. G.)

Hairtl, Ji>urii. Ac IMiila. (2) I, p. '21)"2, ^ud U. S. Expl. Expedition, xii, \y.nt 2,
I'l. :{l, li-;. :?; (^opn, l>r<)o. Ac. Tliila., IrtllT, ]). I'JH; Straiidi, Saiam.,
p. (■(."); IJouloiij^cr, Cat. Batr. Gra;l. Brit. Mils., cd. ii, IHSi, p. 4H.

This species is the slenderest of all our s[)ecies of Amhly stoma ; in
lliis respect, as well as leii^utli of digits, exceeding the ty[)ical A.jeffer-
sonianum, but resembling the A.j. platincum.

The bead is rather large, depressed, and elongated, with a moderate
constriction at the neck. The eyes are prominent, and distant less than
two lengths of the orbit. The outer and inner nostrils are each about
one orbit distant. The width of the head is about three-quarters the
distance to gular fold.

The tongue is oval and longitudinal. The palatine teeth are in three
or four patches, the central largest, occasionally separated by an in-
terval less than half the diameter of the inner nostrils. Together they
form a line slightly angular anteriorly where they reach to about op-
posite the center of the inner nostrils; laterally they pass a little the
outer margin of the inner nostrils.

The body is cylindrical, de[)ressed, with twelve costal furrows. The
tail is long and is compressed for its distal half. The digits are longer
than in any other species of the genus, the interior being well develoj)ed
on both extremities. On the fore foot it equals the external toe in length,
while on the hind limb it is a little shorter than the fifth. The pha-
langes are : In front, 2, 2, 3, 2; behind, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2.

The color in alcohol is leaden brown, with a well-defined broad dorsal
stripe of grayish-brown, which, involving the whole up[)er surface of
the head and neck, contracts on the nape, swelling again on the back,
with an average breadth of the outer orbital si)ace. This stripe extends
to the end of the tail. On each side of this dorsal stripe is a suffusion
of dark brown, which gradually i>ales through the color of the sides
onto the belly. There are also a few spots of the same in the dorsal
stripe. There are a few grayish-white dots scattered along the sides,
and perhaps on the limbs.

Two specimens (4054) from Paget Sound agree in form with the
preceding si)ecimen, the two central patches of j)alatine teeth perhaps
a little more angularly arranged. Instead of the grayish dorsal stripe,
however, there is a brownish-reil one, and the sides are of a darker and
more continuous brown. No. 4711 has a similar character of palatines,
but a coloration more like the type. The palatines, in fact, extend a
little in front of the anterior border of the innei' noslrils.

I'roport tonal (liincnuiuiis.

Spec. No. 4(I4'2, (typo).
Ilo.ad :

Lciij^tli of <fai)(>. of month to its widtli two-tliirds.

WidMi to di.stiinco from snout to ^iil.ar fold alxnil tliivc-cpi.-irtcrs.

Widtli to dist.-iiicf from siiuiit to Ljioin .'> linicN.

9(;

BULLEl'IN :M, united ^sTATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

IIcuil — Con tinned.

Fiuiii snout to guhir Told cputained in distance from snout to groin.... 3^ tiuicB

Distance antoriorly between eyes in longtli of orbit less than 2 tiuies.

Distanct;bet\veeu<ixteiual nostrils in length of orbit oue orbit.

Distance between internal nostrils in lei gtli of orbit oue orbit

Limbs:

Free portiou of longest iiuger contained in distance from elbow to

tip about 2^ titnes.

Free [tortioii of longest toe coutiincd in distance from knee to tip 2i times.

Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to groiu.. about equal.

Body: Number of costal furrows (iucludiug axillary and inguinal) 12

MeosimmeiHs, in iiirhei'.

Length, measured along axis of body :

.20
.41

From snout to gape

From snout togular fold. ..

From snout to armpit

From snout to groin

From snout to behind anus
From snout to end of tail., broken
Head:

Width of head 3(

Wi<lth of tongue V.

Length of orbit 1;

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly 2(

Distance between outer nostrils . 1:
Distance betw<!en inner nostrils. . 1;

l..^>0

1.H2

Body: Distance between armpit

and groiu liU

Tail : Height of tail where highest . IH
Limbs:

Free portiou of longest linger.. . 15
From elbow to ti^t of longest

linger 3'J

Free i)ortiou of longest toe 20

From knee to ti[i of longest toe .50
Distance between outstretched

toes 1.50

Total length of a larger speci-
men 4 in. 4 lin.

This species is foHud in suitable localities tiirotigboiit Oregon and
WasUiiigton, ranging as far east as Fort Walla Walla, and even as far
as Fort Custer, near the Big Horn River, Wyoming, tVorn wliich a
specimen was brought by Capt. Ciias. Bendire.

Numerous specimens from Fort Walla Walla and six from Fort

Fig. 17. Amhlystiima macrodactyluin. No. 4042. Astoria.O repou. Jl

Klamath differ from those from more western regions in the absence
of the dorsal color strii)o. In some of the form^^ the widtii of the
head enters the length to the groin 5.] times, showing a narrower
form than in the typical form. In others of them thci head has the
usual width. The single specimen from Fort Custer has the dorsal
band. A salamaTider from the Flathead Kiver, Montana, was described
by Professor Peters under the name of Amblystoma Irannsii.* There
is nothing in the description to show that this specimen does not belong

*Sit/uiigsberichte der Geaellschaft Natnrforsilieiulo Freiindc, IScrlin, lS<i, ]k 115.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

97

to the A.macrodactyliim. The width of the head, says Peters, enters
the length to the groin 4§ times. The dorsal band is ochraceous, while
in t.vpical A. macrodactyhim it is glancons or nianve color.

Aniblysioma mao'odactylnm Bui id.
RESERVE SERIES.

Cataloguo
iiiinibor.

No. or
.spec.

4054
4012
5982

2
1
C

687;^
8863
12.'J9l
114G8

3
2
2
I

5248
12587
10922

1
2
4

11591
1446G

6

2

14524
4711
4035

c ;

1
1 i

2

Locality.

Pufiet Sound, Ori'gou
Astoria, Ore>;on ... —
Chilowyuck Lake,
Ores.

FortKlaniatli, Oregon
Garrison Croek, Wash
Fort Walla Walla,

Wash.

do

Oregon

Fort Walla Walla,

Wa.sh.

do

do

Fort Klamath. Ore2;ou
Fort Custer. Mont ..

Semiahnioo, Wash

Washington Torritory

When col-
loctod.

Oct. 2, 1876
June— 7l881

■ — , 1881

■ -, l)-8l

— , 1881
— , 1881

From whom received.

Dr. Gi'o. Siickley, U. S. A.

A.X. S., Phila.'.

Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly

Willis Wittich

Capt. Chas. Bendire .
do

Lieutenant Mullen..
Capt. Chas. Bendire
do

-do.
.do

H. McElderry, M. D
Capt. Chas. Bendire.

A. Ciimpliell

l)r. J. G. Cooper

Nature of speci-
lueo.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Alcoholic larva.

AMBLYSTOMA EPIXANTHUM Cope.*

Proceed. Acad. Philad., 1883, p. 16.

Nearly related to Ambli/stoma macrodactyhim Baird, and to be placed
ne.xt to that species in any synopsis of the genus. Costal folds twelve.
No canthiis rostralis. Upper Jaw overlapi)ing lower. Tail strongly
compressed, as long as head and body to groin. Head wide-oval; its
greatest width one fourth in total length to thegroiu. Digits all rather
short ; four phalanges in fourth posterior digit. Internal uares as
widely separated as the external. Eye-tissure one-half width between
the anterior canthus. Median dental series presenting an angle for-
wards. Tongue large, deeply plicate. Lengthy m. .083; length to ax-
illa, .017; to groin, .040; length of auterior limb, .012; of anterior
foot> .004; of hind limb, .014; of posterior foot, .0005.

Sides of body and tail and superior surfaces of limbs, shining black.
Dorsal region to end of tail and muzzle, gamboge-yellow. The yellow
expands on the head and forms two cross bands on the upper surfaces
of each of the limbs. The black of the sides is occasionally inter-
rupted by the yellow spots irregularly placed. Below, dilute black,
dusted with minute white speckles.

The structural difieronces between this and the A. macrodactylum ara
not many, but are well marked. They are: (1) The greater width of
the head, which enters the length (without the tail) five times in the
latter, and four times in the ^. cpixanthum', and is also seen in the
greater interorhital width; (2) in the short toes, which are very much
longer in the A. macrodactylum. In color this species is tlie more bril-

1951 Bull. 34-

' Plate 25, liff. 8.

98 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

liant; the coast species being described as brown with a gray dorsal
stripe, instead of black with a yellow dorsal stripe. In it the limbs
are not banded, and the belly is uniformly pale, contrary to what holds
in the present species, which is the handsomest of the genus. I ob-
tained four specimens of this salamander, under logs, in a swamp near
the head of the South Boise lliver, ou the south side of the Sawtooth
Mountain range, Idaho.

^ ft

3 5 - ^ ,

Fig. 18. Ainbli/ntorna cpixanthnm, Atlanta, Idaho; J.

This species is in all respects more robust than the A. viacrodactylam^
and is more brilliantly colored. Its tints are those of the ICuropean
Salamandra indculom, and are brighter than those of any other species
of the genus. Its hyoid apparatus is represented on IMate "lo, lig. S.

CHONDliOTUS Cope.

American Naturalist, 1587, p. 8S (January)

Otoglossal cartilage triangular, attached by abase to each side of the
hypobranchial cartilage.

In other respects this genus agrees with Amblystoma. The larva of
the type species {C. tcnebrosus), the only one 1 have identilicd, differs
from those of AmblijHoma in the absence of basal branchial processes,
and of splenial teeth. (Plates 20-L>l.)

I have examined the hyoid ai>paratus of live species of this genus,
and I refer two others to it. One of these, C. oiiiguUifHs, very probably
belongs here; the position of the other, C. tcxannfi^ is altogether uncer-
tain as yet.

Considered with respect to the forms of their otoglossal cartilages
these species fall into three sections, as foHows (see Plates 25 and 2(J):

(1) The cartilage uninterrii[)ted in front. C. icncbrosuf>, (J. atcrriinus,
and C decor ticatus. (Figs. 1, 4-5, 8-U.)

(2) The cartilage divided in front, and without median processes. C.
paroticKs. (Figs. 0-7.)

(3) The cartilage divided, each half with an internal and external proc-
ess in front. (Figs. 1-2, PI. 2G.) 0. microstomns.

In addition to these characters, it may be observed that in the C.
tcnebrosus and C. atcrrinius there is a sheet of strong librous tissue
extending anteriorly from the otoglossal cartilage, and forming the
base of the tongue. A few similar fibers are found in the correspond-
ing position in the A. paroticiim.

Besi<les the characters of the otoglossal cartilage I have already
given, I may add that in the species with entire anterior border, the crest
of the superior surface of the basibrancliial appears to i)ass through a

IIIE IJATKAClllA OF NCMiTH AMERICA. 99

foiiiiiitMi ill the base ot tlic otoglossal cartilage. Wln'ie the latter is
fissured tlie crest appears to be cleciirved tbrouyh it, as in C. paroticus,,
PL 25, Fig. (>.

Tbo species of this geuus are distributed as follows:
AusTROKii'AUiAN llHGiON. — C. microfitomus and C. clngulatus.
Pacific Uegion. — C. paroticus, C. decorthcatu.s, C. <(terriiiius, and C.
tcncbrosus.

The C. microsfomuti is not coiiunon in the eastern part of the Aus-
tioriparian region, but is cliietly found in tbe Missi6sii)pi Valley and
Texas. The Paciiic species are all northern, none being yet known
from the middle and southern parts of California.

The s[)ecies of Chondrotus are characterized as follows:
1. Voiiicro[ialalhie tooth series extending exterior to the lino of (Iki intenial narus;
lingual plicii-, radiating from behind ; parotoids nut distinct.
a. Canthns rostralis distinct; tail shorter than head and body.

Miizzio elongate, flat, prodnced beyond nostrils; voineropalatinc teeth in
two rather short series, which present an open angle backwards; brown,

marbled with ^darker brown spots (', fcncbroniDi.

II. Series of teeth extending to external lissnre of inner nares; lingnal plica' radiat-
ing from behind; parotoid glands tbrming a distinct ovoid mass.
a. Teeth in three series (no canthns rostralis or plantar tnbercles) ; fonrtli toe
with three phalanges.
Mnz/.le not prodnced; median series of teeth forming an open angle forwards;
widthof head 4.5 to groin ; legs stont ; toes long ; tail longer than body ;
nnifonr. brown C. parvticits.

III. Series of teoth not extending beyond inner line of nares; lingnal plica' radiat-

ing from behind; no distinct parotoid mass (species large).
a. Twelve costal folds; no plantar tnbercles ; fourth toe with tliree phalaiMn-s.
Vomerine teeth in one transverse series behind posterior line of choaini' ; tail
nearly as long as head and body ; muzzle very obtuse; nostrils teriniiuil ;

light brown, with reticulations of dark brown C. (Iccoiliciiliii^.

Vomerine teeth in two sigmoids, which converge and join anterior to choana' ;
tail only as long as body; mn/.zle Mat, prodnced beyond nostrils; uniform

'^I'l^l^ C. utcrrhniis.

aa. Fourteen costal Iblds; fourth too with four phalanges.

Teelk arched between inner nares; head one-fourth to groin (in small s|ieci-
mens") ; eye one-half width betwticn canthns; muzzle broa'l ; outer nearer
together than inner nares; blown, with a series of Iiglit(!rsi»ots on npix-r
part of sides, below yellowish; muzzle and tail marbled with the same.

( '. t era mix.

IV. Series '»f teeth not extending beyond inner margin of nares ; lingual pii(';e j'adi-

ating from a median longitudinal furrow of the tongui' ; no distinet jiaro-
toid mass (sitecies small).
a. Two series of teeth; no eanthus rostralis (tbmtli toe witji four i)lialanges).
ji. Tail compnjssed, e<]nal to the body.

Ma.idible shorter than innzzle ; head elongate, widtli liclweeu eyes he.liiud
c<|ual from same to nares; width of head ().."> times In h'liglh to groin ;
1 i nibs longer, .sisparated wlieii ai>[»i-esse<l, liy two intercostal s|iaees ; lilack,
with niimerons narrow gr;iy iinnnli on lioiiy and tail ('. ciiKjiilalitn.

Mandible longer than muzzle: bead short, broad : width betwei-n eyes behind
eiiual from saim; to end muzzle: body stouter: width of head (i.f) to 7
times in length to groin ; limbssliort, separated bysi\ costal spaces; jead-
oolored, with a few gr.i_\ shades below. C. miiroslomm.

100 BULLETIN 3J, UNITE!) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CHONUKOTUS CINGULATUS Cope.-^

Amhlystoma cingulatttm Cope, Proc. Ac. Pbila., 1867, p. 205; Straucb, Salaii., p. 05;
Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Giad. Brir,. Mas., ed. ii, 188"2, p. 50.

This species approaches the G. microstomus in geueral, bat may be
readily knowu by its more elongate-ovoid head, with long muzzle, more
slender form of body, and peculiar coloration.

Mucous crypts and pores are not much developed in this animal; a
few only of the latter extend along the superciliary region. The costal
folds are fourteen, and are visible across the abdomen.

The head is elongate, convex both transversely and longitudinally;
the upper face of the muzzle is narrowed, and projects beyond the
mandible. The width at the jaws enters the length to the groin 0^
times, and 1% to the edge of the gular fold. The external nares are
quite close together, nearer than the long diameter of the eye, and
nearly 1.5 this diameter in advance of the eye. The anterior angles of
the latter are 2.33 diameters apart. The folds ou the side of the head
and neck are as in other species. The distance between the inner nares
is 1.66 times the distance between the external.

The tongue is oval, quite elongate, but not filling the space between
the rami of the mandible; its median groove strongly marked. The
palatine teeth are in a single row, slightly convex forwards, entirely
between the inner nares, their posterior margins of the ends of the
series and nares corresponding. The gape of the mouth is short, but
longer than in C. microstomus •, its external canthus falls anterior to
the posterior canthus of the eye, while the anterior canthus of the sauie
measures the posterior third of the gape, commencing at the middle of
the premaxillary region.

Costal grooves fourteen ; a median dorsal groove strongly marked.
An unusually strong fold across between angles of mandible, which
sends a branch to the orbit; gular fold continued on neck, sending
a parotoid groove forwards. Length to gular told 3.75 in length to
groin.

Length of tail nearly equal from basis of same to the mental cross-
fold. It is of rather uniform depth, much compressed, keeled above
and for its distal half below. General form of th^ body slender and
compressed, elevated at the scapular and pelvic regions.

Limbs stout; the fingers slender, but not very elongate. Appressed
to the sides they fail of meeting by the length of the sole and longest
toe ; length from tip to tip when outstretched, .60 length to groin.
Length of lower leg and foot, scarcely .8 from muzzle to gular fold. No
visible plantar tubercles. Fourth toe distinctly longer than third : then
2, 4, 1. Fingers 3, 2, 4, 1.

Color in alcohol black, the under surfaces thickly speckled with gray.
A vertical narrow gray line passes between every pair of costal folds
and meets its fellow on the dorsal line or bifurcates to meet a similar
bifurcation in like manner, embracing ar. u% These narrow annuli ex-

* Text, Hg. 117

THE BATRACniA OF NORTH AMERICA. 101

tcud nearly as far forwards as the orbits, and surrouud the tail to its
extremity. Muzzle black.

MeaHurements. In- Lin.

Total length 3 6.

Length to canthns oris (straight) 2. 2r)

Length to gniar fokl ..., (i.

Leng*^lt to groin IP. 7

Width of head 3.2

Width above femora 2. 25

The shades of coloration in this creature are those of the Amblijstoma
ojmcum, but are differently arranged.
No. .37S(); 1 spec; Grahainville, S. C. ; Bailey.

CHONDROTUS MICROSTOMUS Cope.*

American Naturalist, 1887, p. 83.

A mhUfstoma porphjiriticum, Hallow., Proc. Ac. Phila., 18r)6, p. 8 {nee Salamandra por-

phyrUka, Green).
Amhhjstoma micros to mum Cope Proc. Ac. Phila., li^67, p. 206; Strauch, Salam., p. 05;

Boiileugcr, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mas., cd. ii, 1882, p. 50, PI. ii, iig. 4.

This species is among the most slender of American Amblystomida),
and has other peculiarities by which it is readily recognizable. The skin
is very smooth and slippery, with the glands less evident in the skin
than in A. opacum, jeffersonianum, etc. The skin is everywhere covered
with small shallow pits, only visible when the mucus is removed, which
shows the tail to be sometimes conspicuously gri.nulated, the granules
probably corresponding to the ends of the glands. There are no evi-
pores or pits of hirgcr size than the others on the head and parotid, as
dent in some Amblystomata.

The head is very small, narrower than the body, with little or no
constriction at the neck. It is contained about six and one-half to seven
times in the distance to the groin. The muzzle is short and wide. The
head is much arched in every direction, the eyes far forward and lateral.
Tiie lower jaw projects a little beyond the border of the upper, concealing
the latter when viewed fioui above. The eyes are distant less than the
length of the orbit from the nostrils, their anterior extremities sepa-
rated by IJ times this unit. The nostrils are one orbit length apart.
The anterior edge of the orbit falls opposite the middle of the gape
instead of in its posterior third, as in AmJdijstoma jcffersonianum. The
gular fold is distant from the snout one-fifth the distance to the groin.

The body is slender for the genus. There are fourteen costal furrows,
including tlie inguinal and axillary. There is a slight indication of a
dorsal groove posterioil3\

The tail is about two-thirtls the head and body. It is nearly cylin-
tlrical at base, and then becomes slightly compressed, more and more so
to the tip, where it is quite flat, but without crest, althougli the edges
are sliarp. Viewed from the sides, there is a constriction at the l)ase of
the tail. It is one fourth higher in the middle than at the base.

'Plate 25, figs. 1,2.

102

BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

The limbs are weak. The digits are however very loug, cylindrical,
depressed, without meiiibriine. The proportions of the digits are as in
A. punctatum. The longest finger is but one- third the fore-arui; the long-
est toe is a little more than one third the leg from knee. The out-
stretched hind legs are about two thirds the head and body to groin.
AVhen the fore and hind legs are extended and appressed to the sides
they are separated by six of the intercostal spaces. This indicates
that the legs are shorter than in any other species of the genus. The
tongue is thick, fleshy, and attached, although slightly free at sides and
tip. There is a longitudinal gr()ove in the tongue, separating the two
papillose portions, of an oval shape, placed side by side, with the edge
of the tongue projecting beyond tiiem. The papilhe form parallel series
in each oval oblique to the central groove. This is not found in Ambhj-
stonui jeffersonianum .

There are oidy two patches or lines of palatine teeth. These occupy
the middle of the palate, forming an Ai the angle anterior and reaching
as far forward as the anterior border of the inner nares. The postero-
external ends do not pass the inner margin of those nares (in the soft
palate, the proportions being a little difl'erent in the skull).

Sometimes these two patches form nearly a straight line, or at least
the central portion is straight, the lateral bending slightly backwards.

Flo. 19, Chnn(!mtif.<i micrnstninus. No. 3000. Sniiit Louis, Mo. ; ].

The color in alcohol is a dark brownish-black, a very little paler be-
neath, and thickly and irregularly sprinkled on the sides with i»lum-
beous spots about the size of the eye, of no definite outline. These are
less numerous above and below, sometimes nearly wanting ; sometimes
they are larger than as describeLl,and look not unlike patches of a gray-
ish lichen growing on the sides.

Mcamrcments. I,,^,,^^

Length alouju; axis of body from snout to angle of month '20

Length from snont to gnlar fold 4r>

Lengtii from snont to groin 2.^0

I/ength from snout to hchind anus 2. f)!)

Length from snout to ti[) of tail 4.00

Length of tail 1. .^0

Width of head M

Length of fore-arm from el how 1:1

Length of leg from knee Ki

Expanse of liind legs 1. 1.">

THE 15ATRACniA OF NORTH AMERICA.

103

Tlio total length of largest specimen seen (39.i0, Saint Louis) is 6
inches, of which the tail forms 2 GO. The smallest adult is 2 inches
long.

In the just perfected young is seen a series of illy-defined light spots,
larger than elsewhere along each side of the back. The belly is quite
light colored.

This species bears a close resemblance to Plethodon glutinosus, from,
which the generic peculiarities, the longer digits, etc., readily distinguish
ir. The bluish spots, too, are much less sharply defined and duller, less
silvery, and do not occur on the back to anything like the same extent
as in P. glutinosus. I^rom A. jeffersonianum it will be known by the
projecting lower Jaw, much smaller and more arched head, greater
number of costal furrows, more evident spots on the sides, etc., besides
the important peculiarities of tongue and teeth.

This is one of the species whose metamorphosis is completed some-
time before it attains full size. A specimen in which minute stumps of
the branchiu' remain measures 2 iuciies in length; another without
traces of them, 2.15 inches. The width of the head enters the length to
the groin 4.2 times, and the tail falls short of the axilla from its base.
These measurements may be compared with those of the adult in illus-
tration of the general principle that the relative lengths of body and
tail increase with increased size.

The well developed lateral processes of the otoglossal cartilage ap-
proach the character of Amblystoma more than is seen in any other
species of Chondrotus. Its very long median processes are not found
in any other species of this genus. Although they lie closely appressed
in the long axis of the tongue, they are homologous, each with a half
of the circle of Amblystoma.

Chondrotus microstomua Cope.
KESERVE SEKIES.

(;;it!iloKilo

N^o. ol

iiiiiubur.

spec.

KS75

1

88:i7

1

:!!»99

1

5ys2

1

r(K«4

5

3002

4

An.i~

1

11 ()-.(!

1!

11878

!)

.T.)!tr>

1

;!!l4i)

(>

1 1051)

3

S'.K)(i

1

I-.'lt.'iH

3

K777

2

i:wi(i

1

iir>i;4

1

IH7-J

1

ni74

1

(IMIfi

.'10

IHDI

•J

ilWl

-

IxiCiiliti'.

>r.iiicli^villc, La

Mount Ciiiinel, 111 ...

Saiut Louis, Mo

{')

I'niirio Mcr Koiijie,
La.

New Madrid, Mo

Fort Si.iitli, Ark

Mount ('arrncl. III

Wlioatliiiid, Iiid

()olunil)Us, ( lliio

Ni'W M;idrid,Mo

Mount C:iruR'l, 111 . . .

Oakley, S.C

Mount Caruud, 111 ...

JJollovillc, 111

Hudson's Day

(') ■-

{'■)

Saint Louis, Mo

Southciii Ulinoi.s

Lanca.stcr, Oliio

(Jiand Cotoau, La

When
collected.

Nov. — 1876
June — , 1875

Nov. — , 1881
Aiir. —,1881

Xov.
Apr.

— , 1881
5, 1887

— , 1881

From whom received.

N. O. Academy

Samuel Turner

Dr. (ieo. Kni:lemann.

Jaa. Fairio

U. Kennicott

Dr. B. F. Shumard . ..

L. M. Turner

Uoliett Kidf^way

rrof. L. LeMi|Uereux .

U. Kennicott

L. M. Turner

F.W.l lay ward

L. M. Tuiner

Dr. A. Keuss

F. W. Uayden

(?) '

W. IT. Tel. Ex

l)r (ieo. Engelmann.

K. Kenni<'ott

L. Lc><(iui"r(Miic

St.ClKirlrsColl.Mic ..

Nature of .speci-
men.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Two larva'.
I'ulli.
Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

104 BlTLLF/riN 3i, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CHONDROTUS TEXANUS Mattbes.

(Plate 51, fig. 19)

Salamandra tcxana, Matthos, Allgom. dentscbo naturli. Zcitnng, i, 18.^)5, p. 266.
Amhhjstoma icxavum Baird, U. S. Mex. Boiiiul. Surv., ii, Rept., 20, PI. 35, fig. 15;

Cope, Proc. Ac. Pliila., 1807, p. 204; Strancb, Salam., p. 05 ; Boulciiger, Cat. Batr.

Grad. Brit. Mus., cd. ii, 1882, p. 50.

The description of this species is taken from specimeus which are
not fully grown. The proportions are, however, ninch those of the C.
microsfoimis at the same age. This, with the large number of costal
grooves, renders it almost certain that the full-grown individuals are
much like those of the latter species, and very probably of near the
same size.

Skin everywhere quite smooth ; no traces of pores on the head or paro-
toid region in many specimens. Costal folds fourteen, distinct ; head
folds slightly marked, the gular slight. A median dorsal groove.

Head oval, rather flattened and broad; cantlius rostralis somewhat
marked. Mouth large; canthus behiud eye, anterior canthus of latter
marking middle of margin. Nostril a little nearer eye-fissure than
length of latter, probably equal in older specimens. Width between
anterior canthus of eye double length of fissure; external separated
by one length of same, which is less than the distance between inner
nares.

Tongue small, as in other young, but not fissured or grooved, as in
those of the two preceding species. Palatine teeth forming an arched
series between nares, extending to their anterior border, and not beyond
their inner border in the lateral direction. From their resemlance to
those of A. microstomum of the same age I suspect they are similar
in old individuals.

Body rather slender ; width of head at jaws four times in total length
to groin, and .75 length to gular fold. Tail short, longer when older,
equal from its basis to axilln. Limbs moderately stout; digits elongate;
third and fourth toes nearly equal then fifth, second, first. Fingers
3,2,4,].

Fig. 20. ChonrJrotKS tcxanus,yonn^. No. 4044. S.in Antonio, Texa.i ; ?.

Above, light brown, with a series of light spots along upper part of
sides; these are small, and one is between each pair of costal folds.
Sides and belly yellow.

THE BATRACIIIA OK NORTH AMERICA, 105

MeasurerneHts.

In. Lin.

Length from end muzzle to canthus oris ^ 0 2.6

Length from end muzzle to axilla 0 6.5

Length from end nmzzlo to groin 0 14

Length from end muzzle to end tail 2 3. 75

Length from elbow to end finger 0 3. 1

Length from knee to end toe 0 3.7

No. 4044, eleveu specimens ; locality, San Antonio, Tex.; collector, J.
D. Graham.

The plane front and canthus nostralis of this species form a resem-
blance to the G. tenehrosus, between which and C. microstomus it is
naturally placed.

CHONDROTUS PAROTICUS Baird.*
Cope, American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88.

Amblifstoma paroticum Baird, Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 200 ; Strauch, Salam.,
p. 65; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. 48, PI. ii, fig. 3.

This salamander is of very peculiar character. It is one of the stout-
bodied species, in this respect about equal to A. punctatum, but with a
broader head.

In the type specimen (4708) the skin is remarkably free from pits,
]>ores, and milk glands. These are found on the parotoid region, both
above and below the horizontal farrow from eye to side of neck, which
is swollen in consequence. There is also a small patch on top of head
bordering the orbit, a patch on the spaces between the intercostal fur-
rows, on the upper part of the sides, extending, though faintly, nearly
to the belly. Along the ridge of the tail, bordered below by an in-
dented line, the glands are thickly crowded. A few scattered glands
are seen along the back ; elsewhere the skin is perfectly smooth and
glandless, with the muscle directly beneath it, although probably when
fresh the usual shallow pits of the group str.d the skin thickly every-
where, as usual. These are distinctly visible in a second specimen
(4700). In this also the glands are more numerous on the back and
extend farther down the side of the tail.

The head is broad and depressed, considerably constricted at the
neck. The eyes are unusually large and prominent for the genus, sepa-
rated anteriorly by about twice the length of their orbits, distant from
the nostrils less than this length. The outer and inner nostrils are
respectively about equidistant by little more than one length of the orbit.

The tongue is moderate, nearly circular, filling the rami only ante-
riorly and hardly more than half the width of the head.

The teeth are in four patches, forming a transverse series, slightly an-
gular anteriorly, where they extend to about opposite the centers of the
inner nostrils. The two central patches are rather the larger, with a
slight interval. They extend postero-laterally nearly to the inner
margin of inner nostrils; then are separated from the outer patches by
an interval nearly the width of the inner nostrils. The lateral patches
extend a short distance beyond the outer margin of the inner nostrils.

* PI ate 24. figa 6,7.

lOG

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The para sphenoidal portion of the roof of the mouth is much re-
stricted laterally and behind.

The body is full, rounded, and depressed. There are eleven costal fur-
rows, including inguinal and axillary.

Tbe tail is compressed, but oval in cross-section, with the lower edge
rather sharp towards the end. The upper outline is much rounded. It
is not high, and not as long as the rest of head and body, longer than
from snout to groin. In one specimen there is a distinct furrow along
the under side.

The limbs are large; the digits lengthened; more depressed than in
A. jyunctatum, but linear, not triangular in shape. The lateral ones are
more lengthened than usual, and those of each limb are more nearly of
a lengtlj. The free portion of longest finger is more than one-third
from tip to elbow; that of longest toe in the same proportion.

The gape of the head is wide; the length more than half the width.
The width of the head is contained four times in distance from snout to
groin.

6 1\ I 7

Fig. 21. Chnndrntiis paroticus. No. 7021. Puget's Sound, Orcjion. Natural size.

The color in one specimen is everywhere a dull reddish-olive or
brown, paler beneath, and without the trace of any spots. No. 4707 is
much darker, nearly black.

The Amhh/stoma trlsruptum Cope, from Ocate Creek, is similar to the
present species in the intervals between the four palatine patches and
the glands on the parotid region. The rest of the skin, however, as far
as can be ascertained, is glandular, as in A.ptmctatum, tlgrinum, etc. The
digits, too, are sliorter, flatter, more triangular, the lateral and central
more unequal. The eyes are much smaller and farther apart. There
are twelve costal furrows, not eleven, etc.

Chondrotus poroticus liainl.
resp:iive seriks.

(Jatiilojjuc
iiiiiiilx'.r.

470fi

Xo. of

.Sll(!('..

J

Locality.

7021
11445
47(19

1 I Chi lowy lick LaVco,

I Oregon.
1 Paget Sound, Oregon

1 Ne;ili I5ay, Oicgon ...

2 NeaiSoniialiinoo, On'-
I g"n.

1 , ("oal ininc.^ of Vaneou
I vur Island.

K.o.n wl.oin Tncoivd. | Naturo of spcci-

A. Cainiihcll Aleoliolic tyi)c.

Dr. C. v.. n. Keni;oilv,

.1.(1. Swan '. .

A. Caiiiiibell

•Mden ^V^ Ilew.son

.\lfol)olio.
Do.
Do.

Do.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107

I'ropoitioiial (lintciisionn.

4108. Cliilowyuck.
Head:

Length of gape of mouth to its width more than half.

Width to distance from snout to guhir fold contained li times.

Width to distance from snout to groin 4.J titnes.

Width todistanc*! from snout to behind anus +5 times.

From siTOut to gular fold contained in distance from snout to groin IH tiines.

From snout to gular fold contained in distance from snout to behind
anus +4 times.

Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit 2 times.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit little over 1 time.

Distance between external nostrils in longtii of orbit little over 1 time.

Distance between internal nostrils in length of orbit about 1 time.

Width of tongue to width of head little over i time.

Limbs:

Free portion of longest linger contained in distance from elbow to tip 2| times.

Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to groin e<iual.

Measurements, in inches.

Length (measured along axis of body) : j Head— Continued.

P'rom snout to gape 50 j Distance between inner nostrils .24

From snout to gular fold 95 Tail :

From snout to armpit L 50 j ircisht of tail where highest.. . .45

Breadth of tail where highest.. . 20
Limbs:

Free portion of longest finger.. .30
From elbow to tip of longest

finger B3

Free portion of longest toe 35

From knee to tip of longest toe 1. 00
Distance between outstretched
toes 3-05

From snout to groin 3. 10

From snout to behind anus 3. 80

From snout to end of tail 7. 20

Head:

Width of head 75

Width of tongue 40

Length of orbit 25

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly 45

Distance between outer nostrils .25

CnONDROTUS DECORTICATUS Cope. *

American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88 (February).
Anihlijsfoma dicorticati(m Cope, Proceeds. Amcr. riiilosoph. Soc, 1^86, p. 522.

This species bas a good deal of affinity in its character to the C.
jmroticfis Eaird, but it ditl'ers in important points of structure, as well
as in its external appearance.

Its general proportions are not slender; and the limbs, especially the
posterior ones, are very stout. The tail is long, and is compressed from
the base. It does not bear a fin at any part. Its length, in the single
specimen before me, is equal to that of the head and body (including the
vent), less the distance from the eye to the eiul of the muzzle. The
head is short and the muzzle is contracted, and is steeply rounded in
profile. The distance from the muzzle to the axilla enters Ihe length
from the axilla to the groin 1.] times. The width of the head enters

* Plate •>4, figs. 8,;».

108

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the total length to the groin 4 times. The limbs when pressed to the
side overlap by the length of the fingers.

There is no canthas rostralis, and the lower jaw does not extend be-
yond the upper. The external nares are almost terminal, and are as
far apart as the distance between the inner borders of the choanaj.
The latter are rather large, and are transverse. Tiie voraeropalatino
series of teeth form a short transverse line, which is entirely within the
internal borders of the inner nares and a considerable distance poste-
rior to them. The tongue is wider than long, but does not fill the wide
floor of the mouth laterally, A dermal groove extends posteriorly
from the eye to the side of the neck above the anterior border of the
humerus. A branch groove descends a short distance .posterior to the
eye and turns forwards to the canthus of the mouth. These grooves
divide masses of crypts, those on the inferior side of the groove being
most prominent. The tract above the groove resembles the parotoid
gland of the Chondrotus paroHcus, but is much less distinctly defined,
fading out upwards.

There are eleven well-defined lateral dermal folds, and space for a
twelfth, which will probably be found well defined in other specimens.
The back from the interscapular region posteriorly and the superior

2 8 7

Fig. 22. Chondrotus dccorticatm. Ko. 14493. Port Simpson, B. C Natural size.

part of the tail are thickly studded with crypts. There is a slightly
defined gular fold.

The fore limb is as long as from its anterior base to the anterior mar-
gin of the eye. The toes are quite short, and their lengths, beginning
with the shortest, are 5-2-3-4. The posterior foot is especially robust,
and the sole is wider than the length of the longest finger. There are
no distinct tubercles on the sole. The lengths of the toes are, beginning
with the shortest, 1-5-2-4-3.

Measuremevis of No. 14493.

M.

Total length. 174

Length to base of tail 090

Length to groin P"l

Length to axilla 031

Length to line of eyes 005

Length of fore-leg - 02(5

Length of fore-foot 010

Length of cnhitu.s 008

Lcugth of hind leg 026

THE BATKACniA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109

M.

Length ofliiud foot 0105

Width betwtHMi nostrils 005

Width between eyes OOG

Width of Iiead 010

Width of solo 008

Depth of tail at middle 008

The manner of describing the color pattern of this species depends
on what we regard as the ground. We can assume that the ground
color is represented by a dark chocolate-brown, and say that this is
closely studded with brownish-white spots of irregular forms and
sizes. On the back, limbs, and top and sides of the head the pale
spots are so close together as to reduce the browu to a net- work. On
the fore-legs the pale spots are larger than anywhere else. The spots
are few on the tail, and those chiefly near the base. The inferior sur-
faces are dirty light-brown.

The characters which separate this species from C. paroticus are :
The much shorter series of vomeropalatine teeth, the shorter fingers
and toes, the less distinct parotoid glands, the shorter and more ob-
tuse head, and the coloration.

No. 14493; one specimen j Port Simpsor Alaska, 1885; Dr. T. H.
Streets, U. S. Navy.

f CHONDROTUS ATERRIMUS Cope.*

American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88.

Jinbhjuloma aicrrimtim, Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., I8G7, p. 201; Strauch, Salain., p. 65;
Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., cd. ii, 1882, p. 49.

This is a stout species, having a form of head intermediate between
tluit of the C. tenchrosus and A. tigrinum. The dentition is quite pe-
culiar, and with the ensemble of its characters refers this species to the
immediate neighborhood of the C. tenchrosus.

Head a broad oval, its greatest width a little over three-quarters the
length from end of muzzle to gular fold, and 4.2 in same to groin. The
pupil marks three-sevenths the distance from canthus of mouth to ex-
ternal nostril. Fissure of orbit equal length from same to nostril and
enters l.GG times width between the latter; it is contained 2.25 times in
width between anterior canthi of eyes. Canthus rostralis marked at
orbit, terminating very obtusely at nostril. The profile descends steeply
from line of latter, not being prolonged, as in C. tenebrosus. Thus from
the line connecting middle of inner uarcs to lip is .75 external interna-
rial distance and .G between anterior canthus of eyes; in C. tenebrosus,
same eciuals internarial width and .75 the distance between eyes. The
ilistances between inner and outer uares are the same; the former are
round. The series of palatine teeth commence only opposite the middle
of the posterior margin of the internal nares, and describe a slight curve

» Plato 24, figs. 4, 5.

110

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

round their iuuer margins to a point just in advance of their anterior,
then turn abruptly inwards and slightly backwards, makiag a right
angle with their previous course. They converge, but do not unite.

Tongue large; as broad as long. Gular fold well marked ; parotoid
groove not visible, perhaps accidentally. It is difficult, as in the C tenc-
brosus, to distinguish the costal folds. There are not more than twelve.

The tail is short and stout; its upper edge is much compressed, as is
the posterior half; its glandular structures are much less developed
than in other specfes of Amblystoma, the crypts of the crest being
minute and globular. Length of tail equal from its origin (posterior
margin vent) to posterior outline of sternum.

The extremities are very stout, just meeting when laid along the side.
The palms and soles are very wide, and the toes short and flattened.
They stand, as regards length, behind, 3, 4, 2, 5, 1 ; before, 3, 2, 4, 1.

1 4 G 6

Fio. 23. Chondrotus atcrrimvn, No. 5242 ; Eatiiral size ; Ilocky Mouutaina.

The color is black above, lead colored below.

Measurements.

lu.

Length from snout to gapo (Hat projection) 0

Length from snout to gular tbkl 0

Length from snout to axilla 0

Length from snout to groin 0

Length from snout to end of vent 0

Length from snout to end of tail. (5

"Width of head 0

Width of tongue 0

Width between eyes anteriorly 0

Width between nostrils 0

Width between inner nostrils 0

Width from eye to uofitril 0

Circumference of belly 0

Greatest height of tail 0

Greatest width of tail 0

Free portion of longest finger 0

From elbow to tip of linger 0

Free part of longest toe 0

Knee to tip of longest toe ... 0

Extent of oiitstretched toes 0

No. 5242; one specimen; North Ilocky Mountains; Lieutenant Mullen.

Lin.

7.1

12. 75

11). 1

3'J

48

U

y.75

5.2

5

4

3

2.25

23. G

5.4

4.5

2.5

9.75

3

11

G.G

THE liATKACillA Ol' KOKTII AMERICA. Ill

CllONDUOrUS TENEliUOSUS i;<l. (Jinl.

(Plate 22- J3; 24, figs. 1-3.)

Cope, Auioricau Naturalist, lHd7, p. 88.

Amblyatoma tentbrosum, liainl ami Girard, Proc. Ac. Phil?.., BW, p. 174, ami U. S.

Expl. Siirv., XII., part il., PI. 31, fig. 1; Cope, Proc. Ac. PUila , 1807, p. 202;

Straucli, Salam.,p. (m; IJoiilouger, Cat. Batr. Grail. Brit. Miis., cd. ii, 1882, p. 4'J.
Xiphonura ivnchrosa, Gir., U. S. Expl. Exped., Herp., p. 14, PI. i, ligs. 9-17.

Tbis species is especially characterized by its massive frame and huge
size among true salamanders, as well as by other peculiarities, hereafter
to bo mentioned.

The skin is less glandular than in A. punctatum or tigrimim, although
scattered glands may be detected closely and evenly distributed on the
whole back and sides and on the chin. The remaining under parts and
snout before the eyes are smooth.

The head is v(;ry massively built, large, broadest behind the eyes and
triangular, the sides being nearly straight to the narrow and rounded
ti[). The eyes arc very large and prominent, separated by less than
two lengths of the orbit, and distant less than one length from the outer
nostrils, which are separated by 1^ orbits distance, and placed ,on the
side below the distinct canthus rostralis. The outer nostrils are much
more distant than the inner, which are very large, much excavated,
and have the external canal occupied by a soft, plaited membrane.

The tongue is thick and tieshy, nearly orbicular, but angular anteri-
orly. It tills up the lower jaw pretty well, and is more than half the
width of the head.

The palatine teeth are in two patches only; each very slightly convex
anteriorly, coming together at a slight angle, with the apex backward,
but separated along the median line. Laterally the patches of teeth
form the i)osterior margin of the inner nares, and do not extend beyond
their outer margin. The entire series is thus posteiior to the nostril.
In younger specimens the series are more transverse, the inner extrem-
ities slightly incurved.

The width of the head is contained li^ times in distance to gular fold
and 4 times to groin.

The body is rounded and depressed. As nearly as can be ascertained
there are about twelve costal furrows.

The tail in the two specimens before me is considerably loss than half
the total length. It is much compressed from near the base, and the
edges near the end are quite sharp. It is far short of being as deep at
the base as the body.

The limbs are stout. The digits, the fingers especially, are short, con.
siderably depressed, but linear and blunt at the tips. The under sur-
faces of these are somewhat swollen into a kind of bulb, which in alcohol
contracts into something the appearance of a disk. The third finger is

112

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

longest, but is very little more thaa the second, and this than the first
and fourth. The third finger is contained nearly four times in the dis-
tance from elbow to tip. The fourth toe is longer than third in three
specimens 5 in one the second exceeds the fourth a little, and the same
are nearly equal in case of the fingers.

The color of this species in alcohol is a kind of dark reddish-brown;
paler beneath, mottled and marbled above, and on the sides with darker
brownish; most distinct on the head, especially on the snout, where the
skin is perfectly smooth. The head shows a tinge of grayish in the
ground color.

(For fresh color see the figure in Girard's Herpetology of the United
States Exploring Expedition.)

There are two varietiesof this species: a. Where the loreal region is
flat and the muzzle narrower before the orbits, and the marblings con-
fined to the head ; the body being of a nearly uniform brown. Repre-
sented by specimens 4710 and 4053. /?. The loreal region swollen in
front of orbits, and hence the muzzle broader; the ground color gray-
ish, with coarse brown marbling, like large hollow spots, distributed
over the whole upper surfaces of the body and tail. Represented by
No. 5981 and a large specimen (length 8 inches 6 lines) in Mus. Phil-
adelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, from Body Bay, latitude 38° 18'
north, on the coast of California, procured by George Davidson, of the
U. S. Coast Survey.

Chondrotus tcnebrosus Bd. Gird.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue No. of
number, spec.

Locality.

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of speci-
men.

4710

1

Exjloriug expedition

Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge,

U. S. Army.
Dr. C. B. R. Keuncrly

do

Alcoholic type.

4053

1

5981

1

1
1
1

7

Chil 0 w y u c k Lake,

OreKoii.
Pugct Sound, Oregon .

Portland, Oregon

Shasta Couutj% Cal...
do

Do.

141S2

Do.

]4491

i885
1880
1885

Do

14559

L. W. Oreen

Do.

13781

Chas. Townsend

Proporlional dimensions.

Head:

Length of gape of mouth to ita width two-thirds.

Width contained in distance from snout to golar fold H times.

Width contained in distance from snout to groin 4 times.

From snont to gular fold contained in distance from snout to

groin little over 3 times.

Distance anteriorly hetween eyes in length of orhit not quite twice-

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit four- fifths.

Distance between e.xterual nostrils in length of orbit 1^ times-
Distance between internal nostrils in length of orbit four-fifths.

Width of tongue to width of head one-half.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

113

Liuibn:

Ereo portion of longest linger contained in dist.ance from elbow

to tip - nearly 4 times.

Free portion of longest toe contained in distance from knco

to tip nearly [i^ times.

Distance between outstretched toes iu length from snout to groin one- third.

Tail:

Length from behind anus to rest of animal contained 1^ times.

Length from behind anus to total length two-iiUha.

Measurements in inches.

Length, measured along axis of body :

From snout to gape 80

From snou t to gular fold 1 . 50

From snout to armpit 2. 10

From snout to groin 4.55

From snout to behind anus 5. C5

From snout to end of tail 9. 30

Head:

Width of head 1.15

Width of tongue 60

Width of orbit 34

Distance between eyes anteriorly . 58
Distance between outer nostrils . 40
Distance between inner nostrils . 30
Distance from eye to nostrils. . . .26

Body :

Circumference of belly 4. 00

Distance between armpit and.,
groin 2. 65

Tail :

Height of tail where highest. . . .65
Breadth of tail where highest.. .36

Limbs:

Free portion of longest finger.. .28
From elbow to tip of longest fin-
ger 1 . 05

Free portion of longest toe 30

From knee to tip of longest toe. 1. 35
Distance between outstretched
toes 3. 60

Fig. 24. Chondrotus tcnebrosus. 4053. Astoria. }.

The larva of this species frequently exceeda in dimensions that of
any other species, and quite equals the adult. It is a uniform lead color,
1951— Bull 34—8

114 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

or sometimes blackish, and the muzzle is rather abruptly shorteued.
The tail has a fin at its extremity, which extends also well anteriorly on
the superior edge. The digits are flattened, and their apices are pro-
tected in many specimensby a horny cap of a blackish color. This
larva, however, ditfers from that of other species of the genus in other
characters of more importance. First. There are no teeth on the splen-
nial bone. (I have not examined very small specimens.) Secoudl3\ The
branchia3 have a peculiar shape.* There are no processes such as exist
in all other Urodele larvie, but the fimbriiie arise from the edges of the
vertical laminne, which separate the pharyngeal fissures (Fig. 3, p. 3, No.
7). The superior part of the lamina is a little more produced than the
inferior, so as to form in some specimens, on the third lamina, a short
l)rocess. This type of external branchi;i3 does not resemble any of
those of the perennibranchiate types, where there are always proc-
esses which are frequently furnished with more or less numerous rami.
Thirdly. The teeth of the larva are stronger than in the adult. They
are compressed, double-edged, and acute, having thus a dagger shape.
They can inflict a severe bite.

As they approach maturity the marbled colors begin to api)ear.
They can probably reproduce without undergoing a metamorphosis,
since I have found eggs in the ovaries ready for deposit.

I observed these larva3 in some tributaries of the McCloud Eiver,
near Baird, Cal. They swam with great rapidity, darting about and
hiding themselves among the fallen leaves that covered the bottom. 1
took from the stomach of one of them a larva of its own species of one-
third its size. They are common in the mountain streams of northern
Call for nituand western Oregon. The skeleton of a large specimen from
Salem, Oregon, is figured on Plates 20-21.* The hyoid apparatus of a
younger larva is represented on PI. 22, figs. 2-3.

LINGUyELAPSUS Cope.

Amcricau Naturalist, 1887, p. 88.

Otoglossal cartilage free from the basibranchial, and capable of an-
teroposterior movement on it, and not forming a ring. Tail cyliudric.

In other respects this genus is identical with Amblystoma. The dif-
ference in the otoglossal cartilage is great, and is presented under mod-
ifications by two species. This cartilage is drawn backwaixls by two
pubohyal muscles, and forwards by two corresponding geuiohyals.
(Plate 22, figs. 10-13.)

Tiie species of Lingutelapsus resemble in the character of their tongue
and vomerine teeth the type of G. microstomiis and the genus Chondro-

* See page 31, an tea.

* The fourth ceratobrancliial was present iu tbis spccimeu, but was overlooked hy
tbe artist.

THE IJATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

115

tus. They are the only Ainblystoinidiu with cyliiuhic tail. They (litter

us follows :

I. folds of tlu) toiiguo radiating from a longitudinal furrow ; vonicrino tectli not ex-
tending cxtornal to internal nares; tail rounded in section.
a Cornua of otoglossal cartilage turned forwards; ninzzlo very nbort; jaws
ciiual; legs short, sei)arated from each other, when appressod, by four inter-
spaces; blackish, with light erossbandsonhead, body, and tail. L.aiiiinlatus.
aa-Cornua of otoglossal cartilage turned backwards; muzzle elongate, project-
ing beyond chin ; legs longer; separated, when appressed, by two intercostal
spaces; grayish-brown, with numerous pale transverse lines, which form a
reticulate pattern across the tail L. Icptuvm.

LINGU/ELAPSUS ANNUL ATUS Cope.*
American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88,
Amhhjstoma nnunhitiun Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1887, \^.r)2r>.

This species resembles the Ckondrotus nilcrostomu.s rather than the
0. cingnlatus or the L. Icpturus. Uowever, it approaches the last-named
species in the form and length of its tail, and exceeds that and all the
other species of the family in the length of that ])art of the body.

Tlie muzzle is very short, and the head is not distinguished from the
neck. The legs are short, and when ai)pressed to the sides are sepa-
rated by a space of three and parts of two other intercostal spaces,
ecpial to four spaces. The tail is in section cyliudric at base, and widely
oval to near the extremity, where it is more narrowly oval. It is not an-
gulate, aiul has no dermal margin on the middle line above or below. Its
length exceeds that of the head and body by the length of the anterior
foot, and it may have been longer, as the extremity is injured.

The head is short, and the width enters the length to the groin six
and a quarter times. The front is convex to the upper li[) or profile,
and transversely between the orbits. The parietal region is very con-
vex transversely. The width between the canthi oculorum behind ex-
ceeds the length from the same point to the end of the muzzle. The nos-
trils present anteriorly, and they are not quite so close together as in the

4 • 3 ' " " ' 5 ' " " 2 e 7

Fig. 25. Lingualapsue (innitlatnu. No. 115G4; natural si/.o, except Fii;. 5.

L. lepturus,, as the distance between them measures two thirds the width
between the eyelids. The vomerine teeth form two transverse fasciculi,
of several rows of teeth each, between the choame, convex forwards,
and separated on the middle line by a very short interval.

The skin is perfectly smooth. There is a postguhir fold, and the
sides are crossed by thirteen folds, with space enough at the axilla for

* Plato 24, figs. 10,11.

116 BULLETIN 34, irNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

a fourteentb. The tail is also very distinctly annulate grooved. 1
count thirty one grooves behind the femora, and the injured extremity
is not grooved. Indistiuct grooves are apparent on the tails of several
of the species of Amblystoma. There are no rows of mucous pores on
the head or body of this species, nor accumulations of crypts on the
head, body, or tail.

The palm is wide, and the fingers not long, though of unequal length.
The lengths of the fingers, beginning with the shortest, are, 2, 5, 3, 4,
and their phalanges, 2, 2, 3, 2. The toes of the hinder foot are, in order
of length, 1, 5, 2, 3, 4; and the phalanges, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2.

This species is larger than the L. leptiirus or the Chondrotus micro-

stomus.

Measurements.

M.

Total length 1B(5

Length to base of taU O'J-i

Length to groin 077

Length to axilla 02^

Length to canthus oris 00l>

Length of fore limb from axilla 0172

Length of fore-foot 007

Length of bind limb from groin 022

Length of hind foot 012

Width of head 012

Depth of tail at middle 009

The typical and only specimen is preserved in alcohol. The color above
everywhere is dark brown ; below, very light brown. The sides are
paler, perhaps pale yellow in life, and the color ascends at several
points, so as to form cross-bands of moderate width and very well de-
fined. One of these crosses at the occiput and one at the axilhe ; be-
tween the latter and the groin there are five, nearly equidistant.
There is an imperfect one at the sacrum, and there are seven on the
tail, one of them imperfect. The coloration of this species is quite
unique in the genus in its regularity.

The locality of the only specimen, No. lIoGt, is unknown.

LINGU^LAPSUS LEPTURUS Cope.*
American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88.
Amblystoma lepturum Cope, Proc. Amer. Pbilsoph. Soc , 1886, p. 524.

This species resembles the Chondrotus cingulatiis, but differs from it in
the entirely different form and proportions of the tail. This part is very
slender in the L. lepturxis, with round or vertical oval section, without
keel above, and lacking very little of being as long as the head and
body together. The legs are of the same proportions as in the C. cin-
gulatus; that is, when appressed they are separated by a space equal
to the length of the posterior foot, showing their greatly superior length
to those of the G. microstonius. The body is cylindric. The head is

* Plate 24, figs. 12, 13.

TOE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 117

an oval, with produced and rouuded muzzle, which projects beyond the
lower jaw. The animal resembles a I'lethodon rather than the species
of Amblystoma, but its vomerine teeth and tongue have all the char-
acters of the Chondrotus mivrostomus.

The vomerine teeth form a convex series, extending forwards to a
l)oint between the choana', where they are slightly interrupted on the
middle line. The tongue is large, tilling the tloor of the mouth, and is
extensively free at the sides only. The external nostrils are nearly
terminal and are rather near together, the space between them being
equal to just half that between the bases of the eyelids and about three-
fifths that between the choante. The width between the eyes behind
is equal to the axial length from the same to the end of the muzzle.
The width of the head enters the length to the groin seven times. The
length from the muzzle to the axilla enters the distance from the latter
to the groin 1| time.^.

The lateral digits are distinct and the median ones moderately elon-
gate. Their lengths, beginning with the shortest, are: Fore-foot, 2, 5,
3, 4; hind foot, 1, 5, 2, 3, 4. The phalanges are: Fore-foot, 2, 2, 3, 2;
hind foot, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2. No palmai or plantar tubercles,

The skin is i)erfectly smooth, and between the axilla and the groin it
is marked by fourteen grooves. There are no dermal margins to the
fingers or the tail. The cloacal orifice is a simple slit. There is a dis-
tinct postgular fold.

rv^

^'' ' ' //iiUirt

' 4 G 5 Q 7

Fig. 26. Lingncelapsus lepturus. Nat. size, except fig. 5.

Measurements.

M.

Total Icngtli. 11.')

Length from end of muzzle to base of tail 092

Lengtli from end of muzzl<! to groin 0r)15

Lcngtli from end of nuizzli' to axilla 020

Length from end of ninzzle to canthns oris 0005

Length of fore-leg 0\'3

Length of fore-foot 0055

Length of hind leg 010

Length of hind foot 0075

Width of head 0075

Depth of tail at middle 0025

The color of the typical specimen in alcohol is purplish-brown above
and paler below. There are numerous not well-defined whitish si>ots
on the sides and a few on the belly, and tiierc are some very faint and
delicate gray lines across the posterior part of the back. The tail is
densely speckled with gray on the sides, and delicate gray lines acros8

118 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the upper surface of the tail in a reticulate mauner. The limbs are
paler tliau the back, and the digits are cross-barred with whitish.

The habitat of this species is unknowu. The only specimen was
found in a jar with a specimen of Biemyctylus torosus and one of liana
temporaria; the former Californian, the latter Pahvarctic.

DICAMPTODON Strauch.

Strauch, Salam., p. CS; Bouleugcr, Cat. Batr. Grail. Brit. Mua., 2cl ed.,. 1882, p. 38.

Tongue nearly entirely adherent. Palatine teeth in two long trans-
verse arched series, convex forwards, converging backwards, situated
behind the line of the choanal, separated from each other by a wide in-
terspace. Toes five. Tail compressed.

This genus I have not seen. Its characters and those of its only
species are copied from Boulenger's work above quoted.

DICAMPTODON ENSATUS Escli.
Strauch, /. c, p. CO; Bonlenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus.,2cl cd., 1882, p. 38.
Triton ensatus, Escbsclioltz, Zool. Atlas, p. 6, PI. 22.

Head broad. Snout rounded, Bod^' stout. Limbs short. Toes free.
Tail sword-shaped, curved upwards, as long as head and body. Skin
nearly smooth ; parotoids and costal grooves apparently absent. Ked-
disli-brown; back marbled with brown. Total length about four decim-
eters.

I have not seen this species, and know it only from the figures and
descriptions above cited. It is said to come from California.

HYNOBIID^E.

HijnoMidae Cope, proc. Acad. Pbila., 18r)9, p. 125.

Otoglossal cartilage, nonej a second epibranchial. Second basi-
branchial not continuous with the first.

Vertebric amphicci^lous.

No parasphenoid teeth; vomerines on the posterior edge of the
vomeropalatine bone. Pterygoid bones distinct.

According to Wiedersheim* two genera of this famil3', Ilynobius
and Eanidens, possess a lachrymal bone in addition to the prefrontal.
Whether it is a characteristic of the other genera remains to be ascer-
tained. The same author shows (/. c.) that the hypohyal cartilages are
very elongate in the two genera named, and are not articulated with
the basibranchial, thus permitting of iiulependent motion. (See Plate
25, figs. 10-11.) lie also figures a cartilaginous connection between the
stapes and the quadrate, as occurs in the Trematodera, which is a char-
acter of much importance.

* Das Kopfskclet dcr Urodelcii, (.p. 00-71.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 119

The latest 'work on this subject, that of Boulengcr, throws much
light on it, owiug to the opportunities enjoyed by its author for the
study of the forms of sahimauders found in Asia, lie gives the follow-
ing table of the genera of the family, but refers them all to the Amblys-
tomidai :

I. Scries of palatine teeth converging backwards, forming a V-sliaped figure.

Toes five Ifijnohins.

Toes four SalamaiidreUa.

II. Scries of palatine teeth uninterrupted, doubly arched, forming a p/^-shaped
figure.

Fingers and toes with epidermic claws OnychodacUjUis.

III. Series of palatine teeth in two arches, convex forwards, separated by a -wide
interspace.

Palatine series short, between the choanu;. Toes five Eanidens.

Palatine series short, between the choana-. Toes four Batrachypcrus.

Of these genera all are Asiatic. The horny claws said to character-
ize Onychodactylus may not be confined to that genus or be constant
in it, as they develop by the hardening of the epidermis in Amblystoma
and some other genera on exposure to dry conditions.

There are twelve species of this family known, distributed as fol-
lows: Uynobius 5; Salamendrella 2; Onychodactylus 1; Ranidens 3;
Batrachyperus 1. The hyoids of three of these genera have not been
examined.

PLETHODONTID^.

Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, 31, exclusive of Amblystoma and Des-
mognathns.

riethodontidd Cope, Joinn. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 186(5,. 105.

Speleriunw Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, r23.

Plcthodontidiv BoIitogJossidw cind Hemidacfyliidfc llnUow., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

18.^)8, 338, 339.
riethodonthue Boulenger, Catal Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus. cd. ii, 18S2.

Vertebne amphicoelous, simple below. Ethmoid wanting; no ptery-
goid.

Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous.

Vomeropalatine bones not produced posteriorly over parasphenoid ;
dentigcrous plates on the parasphenoid.

C'eratohyal undivided, articulating directly with the quadrate bone
or cartilage; no otohyal. One only, the first epibranchial in adults;
second basibranchial not connected with the first.

Stapes not connected with the quadrate by cartilage, in adults.

Vestibule, inner wall osseous.

The above characters define a very distinct and natural group of
genera, which arc all but one (Geotriton) confined to America. j\Iaiiy
of the species are of small size, some of them indeed of very small
size. The largest species, t^pclerpes hcUli, reaches the dimensions of
the Ambh/stoma tigrinuni or Axolotl. Some of the species are hand-

120 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

soraely colored. All are distinguisbed for their power of projecting the
tougue. Some of the species of Spelerpes, where this organ is free all
round, can project it entirely from the mouth, while the Geotritonfuscus
has almost the power of the chameleon in this respect, projecting the
tongue for a distance equal to one-half the entire length of the ani-
mal.*

Appropriately to this habit, the basibranchial bone and its pair of
short hypohyal processes are free from the ceratohyals, thus admitting
of free movement, and the epibranchials are very long. In ail of the
genera the extremity of the ceratohyal is attached to the quadrate, as
in the Amblystomid;e, showing that it is not this element which is pro-
jected. But in Geotriton and Spelerpes sp. the epibranchial is greatly
elongate, extending to the side of the nape and interscapular region, a
structure necessary to projectility.

In the characters of the scapular and pelvic arches this family does
not differ from the AmblystomidiTi and Salamandrida3. The foramen
which se[)arates the procoracoid from the coracoitl is well marked and
intermarginal ; in the Amblystomidtc it is smaller, and in the Sala-
mandridii; marginal. The femur always presents a strong trochanter.
It is weak in Stereochila marginatum. In Triturus and Diemyctylns it is
(piite weak, but in Salamaudra strong.

In most of the genera of this family the enamel does not cover the
entire crown of the tooth. In Spelctycs ruber, longicaudus, and hellii^ and
Plethodon ghitinosus and clncreus the external part of the crown termi-
nates in a transverse cutting edge, while the inner extremity is more
prolonged, leaving a transverse depression between the two. In S}).
heUii the inner apex is transverse and prolonged a little beyond the ex-
ternal, while in the other Spelerpes and the Plethodon ghitinosus the
inner crown is more prolonged and is incurved conic. In P. cinereus
it is a little more obtuse. In Desmognathus and the Amblystomidte
the two apices are of equal height and are both transverse cutting edges,
the outer narrowed in tlie former. In the larvae of Plethodontidaj that
I have examined the crowns are simple. The teeth of Autodax are
more like those of Coicilia, or of Hylonomus of the Coal Measures, and
distinguish the genus from other PlethodontidiT^.t They are large,
compressed, and simple.

This family is more remote in its skeletal characters from the Sala-
mandrida' and rieurodelid;e than is the Amblystomidoj. Thus the
absence of i^arasphenoid brushes, the ossification of the tarsus and
carpus, and the persistence of the pterygoid bones are characters com-
mon to tlie two hitter and wanting in the present family. On the other
hand, the non-prolongation posteriorly of the vomers, the articulation
of the ceratoliyal with the quadrate, and the amphiccelous vertebra}
belong to this family and the Amblystomidic only. The position of the

*Kii(liiigcr in Sitzuntjsbcr. Akiul. Wiss., Munich, 1885, p. 109.
tScc Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 18r>9, 124.

IHE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 121

latter liimily is, therefore, between tbe Pletbodoutidie and the Sala-
inimdridic. The Amblystomidjii and Plethodoudidje may be thus com-
pared with reference to tlie developmental character of the features
which distinguish them.

AMBLYSTOMID.E.

Superior.

Carpus and tarsus osseous.
Premaxillary fontauelle closed.

Inferior.

O. pleryooidcum persistent.

PLETUODONTID.E.

Inferior.

Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous.
Premaxillary fontanelle open.

Superior.

O. pterygoideuin obliterated.

The iuferiority of some PIethodontid;e is seen in the non distinction
of the digits ((Edipus), the thinness of the ossification of the parietal
membrane bones (Batrachoseps), and in CEdipina tlie persistence of the
membranous cranium by the limitation of the parietal boines to two
small oval lateral scales and the wide divarication of the posterior ex-
tremities of the frontals.

The genera embraced in this family are as follows:

Section I. The tongue attached from tlie central or posterior pedicel to the anterior
margin in narrower or wider baud. (Plothodontic.)
A. Two premaxillary bones.

Digits 4,.^); maxillary bono regular, with numerous small teeth; parietals

fully ossified , ricthodon.

Digits 4, 4 ; maxillary as above, parietals fully ossified Hemidnctylium.

AA. One premaxillary.
(X. Digits 4, 4.

Maxillary regular, with small teeth ; parietals not ossified . . . Batrachoseps.
an . Digits 4, 5.

Maxillary normal; teeth small, very numerous; no premaxillary fonta-
nelle Sleieochihis.

Maxillary edentulous posteriorly, decurved, forming a cutting edge ; teeth

few, large, knife-shaped ; a premaxillary fontanelle Autodax.

Section II. The tongue free all round ; attached by its central pedicel only. (Spc-
lerpes.)
A. Two premaxillary bones (with fontanelle).

Digits 4, 5, closely united by a broad palmar membrane Geotriton.

Digits 4, 5, entirely free Gyrinophilux.

AA. One premaxillary bone (with fontauelle).
«. Digits 4, 4.

Digits free ; parietal and palatine bones well ossified Maiicnhi-t.

na. Digits 4, 5.

Digits all free ; cranial bones well ossified Spclcrpes.

Digits little distinct; parietal and palatiiie cartilages not ossified.

(IJdipina.

Digits entirely confounded as an undivided palm or sole ; cranial bones

well ossified (J-Alipus.

The generic relationships of the above-named groups are exceed-
ingly simple, and the ease with which the animals can be analyzed ren-
ders the case free from the doubts which constantly arise in discus-
sions of generic relationships as to the probable omission of characters

122 BULLETIN ?,i, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

from the arguiueiit. Here it ctm be safely asserted that, as far as the
skeletous are coucerued, there exist no other generic distinctions tlian
those given above. If, now, any principles can be derived from consid-
eration of the osseous system, that which of all others presents ns with
by far the greatest number of minute modifications of structure, the
same may be with considerable probability inferred for the other sys-
tems.

The primary groups are distinguished by the different degrees of at-
tachment of the tongue. That form which is most attached represents
and is identical with an immature stage of the species of section second,
where it is more extensively free, as any one may satisfy himself by the
examination of a larv-a of Spelerpes at a certain period. The tongue
will be found to be that of Plethodon.

The secondary groups are distinguished by the separation or con-
fluence of the premaxillary bones. Those presenting the latter type
exhibit separate premaxillaries at the beginning of larval life, though
the union often takes place very early. The number of digits dis-
tinguishes groups of genera of less value; in some the hind limb has
five digits, in others four. In an early larval stage all possess but four
digits, and in some of those with five the inner consists of one phalange
only even at maturity {Spelerpes chiropterus ct. aff.) Not having as com-
plete a series of larva) of Spelerpes and Plethodon as of AmbJy.stoma
punctatum, I describe the development of the digits in the latter as indi-
cating the meaning of variations in the same at maturity. At a length
of 1.2""" the fore limb only is projected, and bears two digits only, as in
the genus Proteus. At 1.5'"'" sometimes the posterior limbs are devel-
oped, sometimes not, and from this size to 2.5""" the number of digits
bears little relation to the size of the animal, an additional digit some-
times appearing earlier, sometimes later. Their numbers are then at
first 2-0; then always 3-0. With the hind foot divided, they are 3-2,
and then 3-4. Sometimes the anterior digits are complete in number
before the hind limb appears, and we have combinations of numbers
from 4-0 to 4-3, 4-4, and the full number, 4-5, which is found in all
specimens of 2.5""" and upwards. Genera which exhibit reduced digits
are in all other respects Spelerpes (/. e. Manculus) or Plethodon (Ilemi-
dactylum), or Ilemidactylium with unossified parietal bones and consoli-
dated premaxillaries (Batrachoseps). Applying the case of Ambly-
stoma to these, we could not assert that Hemidactylium, for instance,
is ideiitical with the undeveloped stage of Plethodon, since when Ambly-
stoma exhibits digits 4-4 it is branchiferous. But making the more
legitimate comparison with Plethodon itself, I find that the complete
number of posterior digits aj^pears much later in life than in Ambly-
stoma, while the branchiae are absorbed much earlier; that development
in the first regard is retarded, while in respect to the gills it is accel-
erated. Thus in Plethodon cincrcus the exterior digit is longer than
the interior; in specimens of 2.4""" the outer di^it is the shorter; in those

TITE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 123

of 1.8'""', which are without yills, it is a very niiuiite tubercle on the
outer metatarsus. lu a little earlier stage it can not but be wautiug,
though this I have uot seen, and I have little doubt that it is then a
Ilemidact^liuni, unless, indeed, the parietal bones be not ossified.

Another fcetal condition rendered permanent is seen in the generic
character of the genus (Edipus, which differs from Spelerpes solely in
the fo'tal non-separation of the digits which continues even after the
bones of the digits have been developed. In the larva of Sp. ruber the
digits are early entirely distinct, so that so far as this species is con-
cerned (JEdipus presents an inexact parallelism, but they are also
more distinct than in the mature Spelerpes bellii, where, as might be sup-
I)osed, the fietal union is delayed to maturity' in other respects, as in a
specimen from Orizaba, Mexico, of 1G.5 lines in length. There the union
is about as extensive as in Oedipus morio. In the young of Thorius
pennatuliis, the digits are not distinguished in specimens of .GG of the
full size, and otherwise entirely mature. In the adult they are distinct
for half their length. The digits in the young larva of GyrinopMlus
porphyriticus are as distinct as in those of Spelerpes rubra. In one exam-
l)le I find the simple foot of earlier stages retained, resembling exactly'
that of (Edipus, excepting that there are emarginations for but three
toes instead of five. Genera which have no premaxiilary fontanelle
at maturity have it in the larval stage. Finally, closely allied genera,
which only differ in the degrees of ossijflcation of the parietal and pala-
tine bones, represent simply the relation between undeveloped and
developed conditions of the same form.

The relations of the genera may be expressed as follows: Those of
the first or Plethodontine section are related to those of the second or
Spelerpine by an inexact paraUelism^ excepting Autodax, whose pecul-
iarities exclude it from the comparison. Those in each section dift'ering
in the union or separation of the premaxiilary bones are related in
the same way to each other. The nearly allied genera in the Plethodon-
tine group are Hemidactylium and Plethodon, and Batrachosei)s and
iStereochilus. In the first case we have only inexact parallelism, because
wl)ile Plethodon has the four digits of Hemidactylium, its parietal
bones are unossified, though an acceleration of development in these
respects would render the relations one of exact parallelism. This is
ai)parently the^ relation between Batrachoseps and Stereochilus, for
with the footal digits of the latter the former preserves also its f{jetal
cranium. It only remains to ascertain whether Stereochilus loses its
branchiic before or after acquiring the normal number of digits. From
the very small size of one at least of these the former case seems prob
able, but I have not yet been able to prove it by direct observation.
Should it be so, we would have a case of exact parallelism.

In the Si)elerpiue group the relation between Geotriton and Gyri-
nophilus is again one of inexact parallelism, since when the digits of
the latter are only separated at the extremities, as in the former, the

124

BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

auiiiial is still !)raiicbiferoiis and possesses tlie larval tougiie, etc. The
same ocurs in S[)eler[)es when certain of its species present but four
hind toes, as in Manculus ; therefore the relation of these two is also of
inexact parallelism. The relation of Thorius is also one of inexact par-
aUcl'Lsm, for though its characters are found in some young S])elerpesat
an immatjire age subsequeut to the absorption of the branchiae, it has
opisthoc(elus vertebra^. With Oedipus, if the condition be not that of
exact parallclisin with some species of Spelerpes, the ai>proach to It is
close, as above observed. It is chiefly prevented by the fact that the
ossification of the parietal bones in most species of the latter takes
place after the extremities are fully devefoped. It is to be observed in
this connection that, as has been above pointed out, the separation of
the digits takes place at very diflercnt periods in the history of the differ-
ent species of the same genus. Thus in the Spelerpes ruber they are en-
tirely distinct at a very early period of larval life, while iif S. cephalicus
and «S'. belUi, which much more nearly resemble Che species of Oedipus
in the disposition of the vomerine teeth and cylindric form of the tail,
this separation is much retarded.

These genera may be parallelized also in the following manner in
illustration of the law of heterology:*

Plethouont.ic.

Stereochihis.

Aiitodax.

Balrachoseps.

A. One premaxiilary.
No foutauelle.

A fontanclle.
Toes 4-5.
Teeth large.

Teeth small.
Toes 4-4.

Spelerpes.

Spehrpcs.

Manculus.

AA. Two preniaxillaries.

Toes free.

/{emidactijUam.

I'lethodon.

Toes united.

(liirinojihiluii.
Ccnfritov.

'he minor relations

may be more readily expressed

thus :

Pl.r.TnODONTyE.

Si'km:kpe,'..

Digits 4-5.

•

a. Digits clistiuct.

I'lethodon.

Two prcmaxi Maries.

flifriuophUiin.

Autodax.

One premaxiilary.
a. Digits united.

Spelerpes.

Two preniaxillaries.

Geotriton.

One premaxiilary. .

(Edipus.

Digits 4-4.

IfemidnclyHum,

Manculus.

Batrnehoseps.

See Origin of (icnera, ]>. ;>3.

THE 15ATUACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA, 125

Or thus:

Two PllKMAXILLAUIKS. ONK PREMAXILLARY.

Digits 4-5,
a. Distinct.
Tongue free.
(li/rinophilfiiii. Spelerpes.

Tongue attached. •

Plelhodon. Stcrcochilus.

aa. United.
Gcotriton. (Edipus.

Digits 4-4.
[IcnildactyUiim. an cuius.

Balrachosepa.

^oine other characters fouud iu this fanily are those of low.(levelop-
meiit aud approximations to the larval condition. Thus three of the spe-
cies exhibit at times a subuareal cirrhus, which occurs in some of the
Ccecilid.'e, and Xenopus among Salientia. It is the persistence of that
long subocular tentacle characteristic of the early larval s-tage of Uro-
dela generally (see Plate IG), and of a later larval stage of Xenopus
{vid. Wyman arid Gray), where they resemble the appendages of the ,
Siluridie. They have been called crochets by Rusconi, aud homologized
»with the cylindric cephalic processes of the larval Rana, with what cor-
rc'tness remains to be proven by observations on other typhis.

l]schsclioltz correctly represents Batracliosei)s attcnnatus as without
prefontals. An elongate process of the frontal occupies only part of its
place, forming no suture with the maxillary. This is quite ditfereiit from
Demognathns, where the orbit is com[)leted by the union of frontal and
maxillary. In Manculus quadridigitatus the prefrontal occupies this
depression as an elongate vertical scale.

In Spelerpes ruber the quadratum presents a small internal anterior
ala, which has a superficial resemblance to a pterygoid. In this species
there is apparently an azygus boue behind thepremaxillaries. This is,
however, only the exposed extremity of their united spines, which are
nearly or quite isolated by the approximation of the anterior parts of
the nasale. It does not occur in the Gyrlnophilus porphyriticm.

BATRACHOSEPS Bonap.

Fauna Italica ; Gray, Cat. Brit. Miis., 1850, 42*; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phi la.,
1869, p. 98; Strancli, Salam., p. 84; Boulenger, pt. Cat. Brit. Mus.,
ed. II, 1882, p. 52.

Tongue adherent anteriorly. Digits 4, 4 ; a large parietal fontauelle.
Prenuixillary single, pierced by a fontauelle.

This genus embraces the forms which may be consiaered the lowest
in the family. It diflers from Hemidactylium as Thorius does from
Spelerpes, L c., in the notiossitlcation of the parietal bones. This low
grade of devel()i)inent is here seen in the extremities also, which are

12C BULLETIN :M, UMl'lOl) STATES NATIONAL ML-SKTM.

much reduced, and the snake like form of one of the species. The species
are four, as follows :

I. Costal i>lic;c, eighteen; the toes well developed, paliiiatc.

Outer posterior too well developed ; liiud limb extending over 7.5 costal inter-
spaces, fore limb to orbit; tail ('(|nal body and iiead to orbit, nion- slender than

the body ; belly yellowish 7>. paciJkuH.

II. Costal pliCT', nineteen to twenty-one : toes very riidimental, little distinct.
a, Parasphouoid teeth in one patch.

Hind limb extending over six costal iatersjiaccs ; fore limb nearly to orbit; tail
as long as body and head to orbit; width of head seven times from inn/>le to

groin ; belly black.. />'. iii'jjurtiitiix^

Hind limb extending over four costal intcrs[>aces; lore limb not to angle of
mouth; tail thick as body, as long as body and head plus the length from
muzzle to axilla; width of head eight times from muzzle to groin; belly

brown J>. atteiiudtiDi.

aa. Parasphcnoid teeth in two patches.

Hind limb extending over four costal spaces; tail mon; than twice as long as
head and body ; sides dark . Ji. caudal un.

BATRACHOSEPS CAUDATl'-S Cope.
(Plate i.XNXi, lig. •-'.)

Head short, wide, nuizzle as long- as eye, the nostnl not (|iiite ter-
minal. Length from end of muzzle to humerus eiiteriug 3..'>3 times in
length from humerus to axilla. These proportions are those of the^
1>. attenuqtus. Tail excessively elongate, LMi the leugth of the head
and body. In the i>. ((ttenuntus the tail is l.G the length of the head
and body and less (measurements made from femur). Limbs about as
in B. attenuatus, the anterior reaching the first dermal groove behind
the mouth, and the posterior covering four intercostal spaces when ex-
tended forwards. The inner digits are rudimental, that of the anterior
foot possessing a metacarpus only. The costal grooves number twenty-
one; they extend across the iibdomeu, but are not visible on the back.
The tongue is a longitudinal oval. The vomerine teeth form two con-
vergent brands directed inwards and posteriorly from within the choanu'.
They are better developed than in B. aftenudtus. The parasplu'uoid
teeth are in two distinct patches, thus differing from those of the B.
attenuatus, where they form a single patch.

Aleasurcmtnts.

M.

Total length Kii'

Length to axilla -^ Oil.".

Length to groin O.^'l

Length to base of tail "•'>7

Width of head t-'OC.

Length of fore limb UitCf)

Length of hind limb .<«I7

The general color is brown. It is deeper on the sides to a line on
each sid(^ of the back and on the anterior half of tlu^ abdomen and on
the superior surfiice of the distal part of the tail, (lidar legion and
chin yellowish.

THE DATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

127

This is tbe most vermitorai North American siihimander, resembling
the (Edipina uniformifi KoCerst. of Central America in its proportions.
Its relations t j the Jiatrachoscps attenuatus are close, but its differences
may be summarized as follows: (1) The two i^atches of parasphenoid
teeth; (2) the absence of dorsal grooves; (."3) the very elongate tail;
(4) the longer patches of vomerine teeth. The habitat of the B. caud-
(ttKfi is nuich north of any from which the B. attenuatus has been ob-
tained.

t! tf

Fi>i. 27. lialrachose^iK caiulatris, No. 13561. ITaasler's Harbor, Alaska; ^ except Fig. 5={.

Catalonuc No. oC,
liuuibei'. I .spec.!

Locality.

135C1 1 1 Has.slor Harbor, Alaska

"When
collected.

From wlioiu received. I ^''^t"''« °*' ''?'"='•
I men.

Henry E. Nicbuls Alculiolic.

I5ATRACII0SEPS ATTENUATUS Each.

IJoii:)))., Faun. It:il.; Hallow., Jouni. Ac, Phila., iv, 1858, p. .148; Cope,
Prococd. Ac. Phila., 18()l), p. 98; Straucli, Salam., p. 85; Gray, Cat.
Bait. Grad. Brit. Miis., ed. i, p. 42; Boulcnger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit
Mu'-,, cd. n, 1882, p. 60.

Sdlamandrixa ntloiuaia, Escliscli., Zool. Atlas, p. 1, PI. .21, fig. 1-14.

This species is well characterized by its slender form and its very
woalc extremities. The costal folds are nineteen, more rarely twenty or
eighteen, and are well marked on the back and belly, and turned for-
wards toward the median line on the former, which is marked by a
delicate groove. There are four latera\ folds in front of the fore limb,
three of which are crossed by a longitudinal fold from the orbit. The
tail is longer than in any other North American salamander, except the
7>. caudatus, and is entirely cylindrical, and undistiiiguishable at the
origin from the body ; it is marked by forty-seven distinct annuli to the
end of the vent. The toes are very small and obtuse, and free for the
length of only one phalange; below this a web connects them. The
inner toe on both feet is a mere knob. The extended fore limb reaches
the transverse fold behind the canthus oris; and the extended hind
limb covers four intercostal spaces.

The head is short, broad, and flat, and the muzzle is as long as the
diameter of tlie orbit. The lip is more or less prominent below and be-
fore the orbits. The palatine teeth do not extend to behind the nares;
tbey form two very oblique short series, which nearly meet posteriorly

128 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ou the median line, and are well separated from the sphenoidal patches.
The latter are not separate, and form one wide oval brush.

Measurements of No. 1180L

M.

Total length Ill

Total length of head and body 047

Total length from muzzle to groin 044

Total length from muzzle to axilla Oil

Total length from muzzle to canthus oris 004

Length of fore limb 006

Length of biud limb 007

Length of biud foot 002

Width of head 005

Fir.. 28. Batiai-Iioncps attiniiafds. ISSO."., .J; fig. 5= J.

The color of the lower surface is brown, with a few whitish points on
the gular region and tail, and frequently over the whole abdomen, '^he
sides are darker, sometimes almost black. The upper surface is gener-
ally a paler brown, with a light shade extending on each side from the
nape to the base of the tail. These bands are composed of numerous
short longitudinal streaks, which become separated on the base of the
tail, and cover its surface to the end, or to the middle, as the case may
be. This light color has generally a reddish hue, and in many speci-
mens extend entirely across the dorsal region, forming a band, not un-
like that of Plethodon cinereus erythronotus.

Habitat. — This is an abundant species of the Pacific coast region of
the continent, but it has not been found to the eastward of the Coast
Eange of mountains. I have examined eight specimens from near San
Francisco, in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from William
M. Gabb, and one in the Museum of the Essex Institute from the same
locality, obtained by Mr. Samuels, and the following :

Batraehoseps attenuatus Esch.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalocue

No. of

number.

spec.

C890

1

ll>i01

10

4009

2

8C0]

G

4017

14

4043

2

i:!9«:}

4

14454

7

Locality.

CaliforDia

Fresno, Cal

California

Monterey, Cal

Petaluma, Cal

California

Sierra Kevada Mountains, Cnl
Ballenas Bay, Cal

When
collected.

1879

July, 1884

From whom
received.

Dr. Wni Stiiiipson
Gustave Eiscu

(Janfleld

E. Sanuii'la

<.". (J. ]?oylo

R. K. (;. Stearns. .
K. Heiuiibill

Nature of
specimen.

Al cob olio.
Do.
Uo.

1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

THE BATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 129

HATRAr-HOSErS NIGRIVENTRIS Cope.

Proceed. Ac. Pbila., 18(iL>, p. W; IJonlciifjcr, C.-U. Brit. Mus,, cd. ii, 1882,
p. 00.

This small species resembles the next iu general proportions, but is
nearer the last iu the ruilimental condition of the limbs.

Mnzzle shorter than orbit; npper lip slightly angulated ; a groove
from the orbit posteriorly 5 a gular fold. Costal grooves extending to
vertebral line, but not curved forwards there, as in Remidactylium
smtfatum ; extending across abdomen. Body .slightly compressed.
The tail as stout as the body at the base, subquadrate in section, be-
coming compressed at the tip; strongly annulate; not swollen. Inner
digits on both feet mimite. Vomerine series well developed; parasphe-
noidals as in the last.

Measurements, in inches.

Lines.

Totul Icugth 22

Total length exclusive of tail from vent 13.5

Muzzle to axilla 3. 5

Width of head , 1.7

Length of fore limb 1.8

Length of hind limb 2

Color above deep brown, separated abruptly from the black of the
lower surfaces ; tail black.

Two specimens of this species were brought to the Museum of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from Fort Tejon, Cal.
The only other specimen known to me is the following:

Batrachoseps 7iigriventris Cope.

Catalofiuo
uuiuber.

No. of

spec.

i

Ago. Locality.

When
collected.

From whom re-
ceived.

Nature of
specimen.

13063*

1

Young . . Sierra Nevada Mount-
ains, Cal.

K. E. C. Stearns . .

BATRACHOSEPS PACIFICUS Cope.

Batrachoseps pacificus Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 18G9, p. 98 ; Boulenger, Cat.
Batr. Grad. Brit. Mas., ed. 11, 1882, p. 50.

Hcniidacttjlium pacificum Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Fhila., 186."), p. 11).").

The general proportions of this salamander are not unlike those of
Hemidacfi/Uum scutatum Tsch, It differs from this in its uniform color
above and below, and in some more important points. Upper surfaces
dark brown, lower brownish-yellow. Vertebmc and costal folds between
axilla and groin eighteen, the latter not prolonged dorsally, as in the
II. scutatum. Head oval, elongate; lip rounded; eyes large, prominent
longitudinal diameter longer than length of muzzle. Mnzzle to hu-
merus half length from latter to groin. Tongue elongate, oval; jiara-
apheuoid teeth approaching near to the short oblique series of vomer-
lOol^BuU 34 9

130 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

incs. Fore limb to orbit, bind limb scarcely longer, reaching tbe eighth
fold from behind. The inner digit on both extremities is so short as to
render the members almost 3-3. Tail elongate, slender, subcylindrical.
Gular fold represented by a line.

Measurements, in inches.

Lioes.

Length of head to angle of mouth 2.5

Breadth of head behind eyes 2

From muzzle to humerus 5

From muzzle to groin 16. 5

Length of tail 17

Length of posterior limb 3.5

Batrachoseps pacificus Cope.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
number.

6733
4006

No of
spec.

Locality.

Santa Barbara, Cal.
San Francisco, Cal

Wben
collected.

From wbom received.

Dr. Hays —
R. D. Uutts .

Nature of
specimen.

Ale. type.
Alcobotic.

HEMIDACTYLIUM Tschudi.

Classlf. der Batrachier, Trans. Neuchatel, 183S, p. 54-94; Bonap., Fauna
Ital.,ii, 131,Nro. 10; Fitzinger, Syst. Rept.,33; Baird, Journ. Ac.Nat.
Sci. Phila., i, 284, 1849; Hallowoll, 1. c, 1858, 365; Gray, Cat. Brit.
Mu8., 1850, 41; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 18G9, p. 99.

Desmodaetylus, Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gen., ix, p. 117.

Tongue adherent anteriorly; digits 4-4; parietal bones fully ossified,
without fontanelle; two premaxillaries, with fontanelle; prefrontal
bone present.

This genus is only distinguished from Pletliodon by the deficiency of
its hind foot in digits. Those that remain are quite rudimental. It
differs from Batrachoseps in the presence of the prefrontal bone. There
is but one species known, and its habits are entirely terrestrial.

HEMIDACTYLIUM SCUTATUM Tschudi.

Batr., p. 94 ; Hallow., Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), in, p. 366; Stranch, Salam., p.
76; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. i, p. 41.

Salamandra scutata, Schleg., Faun. Japou., Amph., p. 119, and Abbild., PI. 40, figs. 4-G.

Salamandra melanoslicta, Gibbe.s, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., v, p. 89, PI. 10.

Dcsmodactylus seutalus, Dum. «fe Bibr., p. 118.

Desmodacti/lus melanostictus, Dum. & Bibr., p. 119.

Batrachoseps scutatus, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. 59.

Whole skin finely and beautifully granulated ; viewed vertically, the
sides of head are parallel, the eyes forming the anterior corners, and
not projecting beyond the line of head; muzzle not tapering, but sides
nearly parallel, almost entirely truncate, and overhanging lower jaw;
eyes nearer muzzle than Pletliodon erythronotus (viewed from above) ;
outline contracted behind the occiput, then expanding to middle of body

THE 15ATKACII1A OF NUKTII AMERICA.

131

smd taperin*? to aims; t'xpaiuliiij,^ ajjaiii towards middle of tail, thou
co'.itiactiiig" to ail eloiij;atcd [toiiit. Thus there is a decided contraction
at base of tail not seen in most other species. Tail oval in its section
throu<;jhout, ihongh only exhibiting a ridge on i)osterior half.

The back and sides curiously sculptured by furrows, disposed as fol-
lows: At origin of hind legs begins a dorsal furrow, which continues
to middle of vertex, when it bifurcates, sending a branch to each eye.
There are fourteen vertical furrows (costal) on sides, which are more
generally indicated across abdomen. A rather obsolete longitudinal
furrow on each side marks the upper boundary of these vertical furrows
and the outline of back. From the dorsal line proceed backwards, at
an acute angle, furrows corresponding in number, and uniting with lines
directed at a less acute angle from the superior ends of costal furrows.
The lateral longitudinal furrows mark the origin of the latter lines. The
sides of head also sculptured externally to the bifurcations and rough-
ened between eyes. One or two furrows or constrictions go entirely
around the tail behind the vent, marking the narrowed base of the tail,
which then swells abruptly in many specimens.

Feet very weak ; toes very little developed, only four on hind foot, of
which one is nearly obsolete. External and internal toes of forefeet
ver3' small. Eyes not very large nor prominent. Pupil large, black.
Iris above, golden bronze ; beneath darker. A general resemblance to
ricthodon cinercus in color. Back, dark chestnut, but above much
lighter, both sprinkled with black, the latter more especially along the
dorsal line. Snout above, eyes above, and in certain lights the furrows
above the lateral longitudinal lines, light chestnut, approaching to
golden bronze, fiiintly clouded in spots with darker; side of body finely
mottled brown and bluish-white. Head, body, and tail below chalk
white, with a tinge of blue, sparingly and irregularly marked with rather
large black spots ; si)ots disposed along si<les and the white of tail be-
neath. Central tract unspotted.

r\

2 4. 5

Fig. 2D. HcmidavtuUum ncutaluiii, No. 40D4. W. Noitlifield, 111.; ?.

W^

Measurements of No. 4091.

Lines.

Total length 40 2

Lcugtli to eud of veut 17. 8

Length to groin If). G

Length to axilla ;{. 3

Length to cantluis oris 2

Length of fore limb :j. 2

Length of hind limb 3.75

Length of hind foot 1. 1

Width of head 2.6

132

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Besides specimens from Chester County, Pa., from Huntingdon
County, Pa., and from CUicago, 111., in the Museum of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences, the followinj?: are in tbe National Museum.
Professor Verrill says it is abundant near New Haven, and the Essex
Institute possesses it from Gloucester and Beverly, Mass. Dr. J. E.
Gray, Catalogue of British Museum, gives Niagara. Dr. II. W. Gibbes
described it from Abbeville, S. C.

Hemidactylium scutainm Tsch.
IIESERVE SEKIES.

CataloRue
uumber,

4083

4088
4730
4093 '
4094

4089 ,

4090 i
3743 !

14459
4091
4724
£4^ [

Ko.of
spec.

Locality-

Carlisle, Pa

do

St. Catherine's, Canada.

Riplej', Ohio

Noitlifidd, 111

Meadvillo, Ta

RiceborouKh, Ga

A uderson, S. C

(?)

Washinf^ton, D. C

Gooi'sia

When

collected.

From whom received.

Prof.S. F.Baird..

do

Dr. D. W. Beadle

P.R. Hoy

R. Kennicott

Williams

(')

Mrs. Daniel

(?)

(?)

Ur. J. Jones

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

PLETHODON Tschudi.

System (1. Batrachier, Traus. Ncncbatel, 1838, .'")9-9'2; Bouap., Fauna
Ital., II, 131. Baird, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Pbila., i, 292; llallowell, ib.,
1858, 342; Cope, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci., Pliila., 18G9, 124; Boulenger,
Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Miis., ii cd., 1882, p. 53.

Heredia Gir aid, Proceed. Acad., Phila., 185G, p. 7.35.

Tongue attached by the median line below, from the glosshyal bone
to near the anterior margin ; vomerine and parasphenoid teeth present;
a large fontanelle between the spines of the separate premaxillary bones.
Toes 4-5, normal. Anterior teeth not enlarged. Cranium well ossified.
Prefrontal bone present.

This genus is highly characteristic of the Regio nearctica, where five
species represent it on the Pacific slope and three in the eastern dis-
trict. A species from Japan, named P. pershnilis by Gray, is shown by
Mivart not to belong to this genus. The species are all terrestrial in
their habits, and three which I have observed (P. orcgonensis, P. gluti-
nosus, P. cinereus) undergo their metamorphosis while quite small.
The last named, and probably P. glutinosns, never enter the water, but
are hatched in damp places on laud. The branchiie have therefore
no functional service. The si^ecies are as follows;

THE RATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 133

a. The parasphenoid patches in contact throughout ; vomerine series well separated
medially.
^. The tail cyliudric.

Costal plicii' IG to 19 ; form slender ; tail cylindric ; limhs weak ; inner toes ru-
dimental ; vomerine series not extending beyond narcs externally; belly
brown marbled ; above plumbeous, or with a red longitudinal band.

r. cinercus.

Costal pliciR 14; form stout; tail rounded; limbs short, stout; inner digits
distinct; vomerine scries extending outside of inner nares ; black, usually
wiih gray lateral blotches and smaller dorsal spots P. gUiiinosus.

Costal plica', 13; form as in P. (/Intinosns; tail longer than head and body;
digits truncate, the internal ones very rudimeutal; vomerine series very
oblique, not extending behind choana': black, with yellow spots, which
are largest on the head, large on the back, and minute on the sides.

P. (vneus.

"Costal plica' 13; form moderate, tail cylindric, shorter than head and body;
vomerine series very oblique, not extending externally to choana;; toes
more acute; black, with large yellowish spots; smaller on back, want-
ing on head" P. flavipunctatus.

^(i. The tail compressed.

Costal plica' lo; form slender; tail well compressed; limbs weak; inner toes
rndimental; vomerine series not extending outside of nares; belly brown-
marbled ; above, with a red dorsal band P. intermedins.

Costaljplica' 14; form stout ; head large; limbs robust; inner toes distinct;
tail compressed from the base, shorter than length of head and body ;

uniform dark bi'own above, and lighter brown below P. cra'ssulus.

aa. Parasphenoid patches well separated.
/3. Tail rounded.

Costal plicii' 13; form stout; head large, wide; lower jaw wider than upper;
muzzle broadly truncate; vomerine teeth approximated medially; tail
slender, subcyliudric ; black, limbs, belly, and spots of back, orange,
/*. croceater.

Costal plica; 10-11 ; form stout ; head wide ; maxillaries wider than m.andible ;
muzzle narrowly truncate ; vomerine teeth .approximated medially ; tail
slender, subcyliudrical ; light brown above; limbs and below yellow.
P. orcfjonensis.

PLETPIODON CINEREUS Green.*

Sahnnandra cinerea, Green, Journ. Acad., Phila., i,p. 356.

Plcthodoii ciiiereus, Tschudi, 13atr., p. 92; Cope, Check List N. Amer. Batr. Rept.,

1875, p. 27.
Snlainaiidra erijthronota, Green, Journ. Ac. Phila., I, p. 356; Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p.
43, PI. 11; De Kay, N. Y. Faun., Rept., p. 75, PI. 16, fig. 38; Wied., Nova Acta
Leop.— Carol., xxxii, p. 126.
Phthodoii erythrouotiis, Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2,), i, p. 285; Dum. & Bibr., ix, p.

86; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Salam.,p. 72; Boulenger,

Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii,;i882, p. .^.7.
Jmbli/stoma erylhronoinm, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., cd. r, p. 37.
SaJamandra arjUis, Sager, Peninsul.ar Journal of Medicine, 1858, p. 429.

TbLs .species is among the most elongated and slender of American
salamanders. It is almost perfectly cylindrical tliroiigliout ; a very
sliglit amonnt of compression only being visible towards the end of
the conical tail, which is longer than the head and body. It is much

* Plate 19. figs. 4-6.

134 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

slenderer and more vermiform, with much weaker legs than P.gluiinosiis.
Thus in specimens of the two, measuring 1.80 from snout to groin, the
head and body of P. glutinosus have the width onetbird greater.

Tbere are eighteen well-marked costal furrows between the limbs,
excluding any in the axilla. The posterior are situated in the groin,
bifurcating above. In a single specimen of var. Cinereus (No. 3805)
we reach a count of nineteen. This increase in the number of costal
furrows is coincident with the wide separation of the limbs, the distance
from head to axilla being contained about 3.^ times in that to the groin,
instead of 2J, as in P. glutinosus. The tail is longer than head and body ;
sometimes considerably more so.

This species, including all varieties, has an extensive range, being
found throughout the United States east of the Mississippi liivcr. It
appears to be more abundant in the Middle States; its northern range
is to the middle of Maine, Ontario, and Michigan.

Its habits are entirely terrestrial, as it is never, even in the larval
stage, found in the water. It is abundant under stones and logs in the
forests everywhere, and does not occur in open fields. The eggs are
laid in a little package beneath a stone in a damp place. When the
young emerge they are provided witli branchiix', but these soon vanish,
and they are often found in this young stage apparently quite devel
oped.

Pletliodon cinereus cincreuo Green.

The color of the upper half of body and tail is a dark liver-brown ;
beneath dirty whitish, finely vermiculated or mottled with brown in
about equal proportions, giving rise to a "pepper and salt" appear-
ance. There is sometimes a yellowish tinge towards the head, and a
plumbeous under the tail. On the sides the appearance is more that
of whitish specks in a dark ground. Sometimes the upper parts are
clear brown, at others more or less varied with very minute spots of
dull grayish-white. Sometimes the under parts are so much clouded with
brown as to appear principally of this color, only faintly mottled with
lighter (3805.)

This species is easily distinguished from P. glutinosus by much slen.
derer form, smaller limbs, more webbed digits, eighteen costal grooves
stead of fourteen, vermiculated under parts, which have not the black in-
ground, the absence of the appearance of pieces of lead foil on the
sides, etc. The limbs are very small and weak. The digits are distinct,
though short. The basal web extends rather farther forward than in
P. glutinosus, the two terminal joints of the longest toes only being free,
instead of two and a half.

I can detect nothing in the characters of head and tongue different
from P. glutinosus.

THE BATRACHIA OF NOKTII AMERICA.

135

Mcamircmcnis, in iiidtcs.

Len<jtb,mea8ured along axis of body:

From suout to gape 15

From suout to gular fold 35

From suout to armpit 55

Froms nout to groin 1. hO

From snout to behind anus 2.00

From snout to end of tail 4. 10

Tail 2.10

Head :

Width of bead 23

Width of orbit 09

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly . 12

Distance between outer nostrils . 08

Body :

Circumference of belly 75

Distance between armpit and

groin 1.24

Tail:

Height of tail where highest 12

Limbs:

Free portion of longest fiuger .. .05
From olbow to tip of longest

finger 21

Free portion of longest toe 07

From knee to tip of longest toe. .25
Distance between outstretched
toes 82

riethodon ciiicreus cinercus Green.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogae

No. of

number.

spec.

488.T

1

4888

1

50C3

4

4729

2

3790

10

12610

1

38.J5

2

8J73

1

11449

35

12015

4

3818

13

380j

1

3807

1

3788

3

47J0

4

13411

4

S'^-.'S

1

3787

1

3770

15

13316

9

3818

1

11708

18

3867

1

4720

4

3813

1

3824

2

4721

5

4731

2

4000

0

Loc.ility.

Moaut Joj-, P.^

Hiookville, Iiul

Hudson's Hay Terri-
tory.

St. (J a t li e r i n o's,
Canada.

Carlisle, I'a

Potomac River, D.C..

Carli.sle, Pa

Haiubiidgc, P.i

(i)

(0

Clark Coiinty, Va

Columbus. Oliio

Adirondack, N. T

Racino, Wis

Georgia

Boston, Mass

Ripley, Ohio

Coxsackie, N. Y

Detroit, Mich

Fairfax County. Va...

Clark County,' Va

(!)

Adirondack M o u n-
tains.

Pliiladclpliia

Hanip.'fliireCountj', Va

Tyrce Springs, Tenn..

Georgia

Detroit, Mich

Southern Illinois

When
collected.

Apr. — , 18.'^2
Dec. 8^1875

Eiom whom received.

J. Stanffer

C. Drexler.

Dr. D. W. Beadlo

Prof. S. F. Baird....

Edwin Prindle

S. F. Baird

J. F. Garrette

(h

J.H.Richard

C. B. KKenncrly...

(?)

R. Clarke

(?)

Dr. William Jones.

T. Roosoveldt

P. R. Hoy

Prof. S.F. Baird....

C. Sager

George Shoemaker .
C. B.R. Kennerly...

(0

R. Clarke

J. n. Richard....
M. McDonald ..
Major R. Owen.
Dr.' W. C. Jones
Dr. A.Sagcr...
R. Kcnnicott

Nature of speci-
men.

Alcoholio.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Pletliodon cinercus crythronotus Green.

(3766, Clark County, "Virginia.)

I have been unable to detect any difference in structure, proportions,
and general character between this supposed species and P. cinercus.
The only difference, if any there be, is to be found in the color of the
back, that of the side and belly being- very much the same. A broad,
light-reddish stripe commences at the nape of the width of the inter-
orbital space, and continues to the tip of the tail, on which it dimin-
ishes gradually in width. The central region of this stripe generally

136 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

exhibits a very tiue mottling of browiiiyh, scarcely obscuring the eilect
of the red ground. The mottling is sometimes equally distributed—
sometimes concentrated in some places more than others.- The sides of
the body are abruptly and continuously dark brown, but soon fades oil"
below into the pepper and salt of the lower sides and belly. There is
sometimes the ett'ect of a broad dark stripe on each side the red, but
this is usually very illy defined below.

The color of the red stripe varies considerably. Sometimes it has a
shade of pink— sometimes of orange or yellowish. The close resem-

4-3 Q

Fig. 30. Plcthodon cincreus erythronotus, 4828. St. Catharines, Canada; f.

blance in size aud character with the frequent association in the same
localities between the two species have given rise to the belief that they
were different sexes of the same species. That this supposition is in-
correct is proved by the fact that both males and females are found of
each kind, as was long ago noticed by Haldeman. As varieties they
are very permanent ones, as I have found all the young of the same
brood or set of eggs, whether in the eggs or just escaped from them,
uniformly with either dark backs or red ones. I ha.ve found adult rod-
backed specimens watching eggs with red-backed embryos, and brown
backed in charge of brown-backed embryos. There is also some differ-
ence in geographical distribution. Thus, on the west side of Lake
Champlain,in Essex County, New York, Professor Baird states that he
has found the red-backed salamander very common, and never saw there
the P. cinereiis. Among a very great number of specimens which I have
examined in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences, and Essex Institute I have observed but four
specimens of the red-banded variety and four of the gray which could
be regarded as intermediate in character. This appears in a rufons
cast in the dorsal color of the latter aud a slight obliteration of the
borders of the dorsal band in the former. Such coloration is, however,
very uncommon in the living animal, which is everywhere exceedingly
abundant. The statement made by J. A. Allen that such are abundant
in Massachusetts is not confirmed by the specimens in the museum of
the Essex Institute, Massachusetts.

An examination of the types of Dr. Sager's Salamandra ayilis (3770)
shows them to belong to this subspecies. Ills variety with livid back,
is the Plethodon cinereus cinereus.

THE RATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

137

Miasiiremeiil'i, in iiiclivx

Leugtb, uieiisured along axis of body :

From suout to gape 14

From snout to giilur fold 33

From snout to armpit 48

From snout to groin 1. CO

From snout to behind anus 1.82

From snout to eiul of tail 3. S'i

Tail 1.70

Head :

Width of head 20

Length of orbit 09

Distance between eyes anteri-
orly 12

Head — Continued

Distance between onter nos-
trils ?(.07)

Body :

Circumference of belly 05

Distance between armpit and

groin 1. 10

Limbs:

From elbow to tip of longest

iinger 20

From knee to tip of longest toe. . 25
Distance between outstretched
toes 7fi

Plcthodon citKreiis criiihronottis Green.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue No. of
uuuiber. spec. !

Localit}-.

4898

3

4891

1

5383

3

5415

2

5375

5

7148

7

7K23

10

9300

2

925S

1

37GC

7

37.-.8

18

4828

2

4839

1

4829

3

3788

4

4728

0

37C8

•>

L2G11

1

Washinston.D.C..-.

New York

Fort. William, Lake
Superior.

Lake Superior . . .'.

South of Highlauds. .

Rock Creek, D. C

Wasbiiigton, D. C

Norfolk, Conn

Wood'.s HoU, M;is.s. . .
Clark County, Va . ..

Wcstport, N. T I

St.Catbarine'»,Caniula'

IJrookvillo, lull I

St.Catliari no's, Canada I

Racine, AVis

West North field. 111 . . I

Allegany Count J', N. Y

I'otouiac River, 1). C: Apr. —,1882

When
collected.

From whom received.

Sent. 2G, 1877

1871

Dr. "William Stimpsou
R. Kennicott

.... do

C. Dre.xler

U.W.Elliott

Dr. E. Cones, U.S.A....

A F. Wooster

U. S. Fish Commission .
Dr. C. B. R. Kenuerly...

Prof. S. F. Baird

Dr. 1). W. Beadle

Dr. R. Havniond

Dr. D. W.Beadle

R. Kennicott

D. Stevens

E. Priudle...

Nature of speci-
men.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

GENERAL SERIES.

7823
3751
9994

13410
3783

1270J

13570
13314
J3:i8G
37G1
37G5
37G3
14J52
3772
37'8
3755
38IG
4727
4720
3770

Washington, D. C. . ..

Gloucester, Va

MiddU'town, Conn . . .

liostou, M.iss

Ripley, Ohio ..

Lookout Mountain.
Tenn.

Norfolk, Conn

Washington, I). C. . . .

Rawlcy. Va

Meadville, Pa

Lancaster, Ohio

Mississippi

(')

Orange, N. Y

Onenla County, N. Y

Carlisle, Pa

Upper Darby, Pa

Pbiladelpliiii, Pa

Georgia

Detroit, Mich

J. W. Dagins ..
Rev. C. Maun. .
W. U. Barnes. .
T. Rooseveldt

Prof. Hoy

W. F. Foe

(0

(ieorge Shoemaker.

Benjamin Mjller

Williams

L. Lcsquereux

Dr. Sburaard

(0

Dr. J. G. Cooper ....

H.Davis

S.F. Baird

Mr Smelt

J. n. Richard

Dr. W. L.Jones

Dr. Sagcr

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

138 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Plethodon cinereus dorsalis Baird.
Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 100 (name only).

This subspecies bas tbe size aud proportions of body and limbs as in
P. erylhronotus, but may be readily distiuguished by the smaller number
of costal furrows, shorter body, and diflferent character of the dorsal
stripe.

There are only sixteen costal furrows between the fore and hind legs,
instead of eighteen, as in P. eri/fhronotns. This indicates a shorter body,
and accordingly we find that the distance from snout to armpit is con-
tained only three times in that from snout to groin, instead of 3^ or 3^,
as in the other.

I am unable to detect any difiference in the mouth, tongue, teeth, or
limbs.

In alcohol there is a broad yellowish red dorsal stripe, which begins
at the nape and extends to the end of the tail. On the back it is on an
average as broad as the interoibital space of the head. The outlines,
instead of being parallel or nearly so, are very irregular on the back,
exhibiting four or five coarse dentations between shoulders aud rump,
which in some specimens are nearly opposite each other (causing the
dorsal stripe to be twice as wide at some places than in others), or more
or less alteruating. On the tail the outlines are straight, converging
slightly to the tip. The sides and beneath are dull brownish-yellow or
whitish, finely mottled, or vermiclated with dark reddish-brown, which
becomes more crowded to the dorsal stripe, and is sharply relieved
against it.

There is a distinct light line from the upper eyelid, passing iuternally
to the nostrils and meeting its fellow in an angle in the middle of the
muzzle, then sending down a single line to the edge of the lip.

Measurements, in inches.

Length, measured along axis of body :

From snout to gape 11

From snout to gular fold 34

From snout to armpit 46

From snout to groin 1. 36

From snout to behind anus 1. 62

From snout to end of tail 2. 94

Tail 1.32

Head :

Width of head 20

Width of tongue 12

Length of tongue 17

Length of orbit 09

Distance between eyes anteri-.
orly 13

Head — Continued.

Distance between outer nostrils .08

Body :

Circumference of belly 60

Distance between armpit aud
groin 86

Tail : Height of tail where highest. . 10

Limbs :

Free portion of longest finger.. . 05
From elbow to tip of longest fin-
ger 23

Free portion of longest toe 06

From knee to tip of longest toe .23
Distance between outstretched
toes 75

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

139

This subspecies is readily distiuguished from P. erythronotus by the
ditfereiit relative position of tlic limbs and number of costal furrows
already referred to. Tlie very jagged or irregular outlines of the dor-
sal stripe, the light Hue on the nose, and the lighter and more reddish
shade of the lateral and inferior mottling will at once distinguish it as
far as color is concerned. The dusky shade of the sides is not continuous
above, but shows distinctly minute mottling of lighter.

It is somewhat difficult to assign to this form a definite status. I
should be disposed to regard it as a good species, but for the fact that
out of a great number of specimens of the P. erythronotus var. cinereus
I find a single individual (Sm. No. 3825) from Ohio which presents the
proportions of the present species, and the same number (sixteen) of
costal plicic. For the present therefore I refer it as a subspecies. I have
Si^en five specimens, which agree in every particular; one in the Museum
of the Essex Institute in a bottle with the common varieties of the P.
erythronotus, the Spelerpes bilhieatus, and Uesmognathus, all from Es-
sex County, Mass., and four specimens in the Museum of the Smithson-
ian as follows :

Plethodon erythronotus dorsalis Baird.

CatiUoguc No. of
number, spec.

3776

Locality.

When
collected.

Louisville, Ky ,

From whom received.

Nature of speci-
men.

Habits. — The Plethodon cinereus is the most abundant salamander in
the northern and central eastern United States. It is of terrestrial
habits, and is easily found under logs and their bark, stones, etc. It
feeds, like other species, on insects and their larvii;, capturing them by
applying to their surface its fiat and projectile tongue and jerking
them quickly into its mouth. It frequently climbs to the summit of
low vegetation, from which it springs by a sudden straightening or
curvature of the body, as the case may be, in the manner of a cater-
pillar.

PLETHODON GLUTINOSUS Green.*

Tschiuli, Biitr., p. 92 ; Cope, Proc. Ac. Pliila., ISOa, p. 100 ; Strauch, Salam.,
p. 70; IJoiilcnger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Miis., cd. ii, 18S2, p. r>G.

Salamandra (jlutinosa, Green, Joiuu. Ac. Pbila., i, p. 'Xu ; Holbr., N. A. Herp., V, p.

:W, Pi. 10; De Kay, N. Y. Faun. Rept., p. 81, Pi. 17, p. 4->.
Salamandra varioluta, Gillianis, Jonrn. Ac. Pbila., i, j). 460.
Salamandra vylindracea, Harlan, Jonrn. Ac. Pbila., v, p. laG.
Plethodon (jliitinosum, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mas., cd. I, p. 39.
Triton porphjiriticus, De Kay, N. Y. Fann., Rept., p. 83, PI. !(!, lig. 37.
Cyliiidrosoma (jhtlhiosum, Dam. & Bibr., ix, p. SO.

This species is of a stout form, the body depressed, the head, body,
and tail continuous, with very slight constriction at the neck ; the tail

• Plates )H\; 31, lig. G; :'.;'.. fig. 2; 40, tig. 4 ; 45, lig. f.; 48, tig. 14.

140 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cyliudrical, very slightly compressed towards tbe pointed conical tip,
and longer tliaii the body.

The skin is everywhere closely lined with short perpendicular glands for
secreting a milky juice. These are largest on the upper surface of the
tail and more scattered on the belly. The skin is also closely covered
with shallow pits, visible only when the mucus is removed and through
a lens. I have not observed any large pores in patches on the head.

The head is broad, the sides parallel to the eyes, then converging and
distinctly truncated at the end. The eyes are large and prominent,
separated anteriorly by one and one-half diameters of orbit; the dis-
tance to the nostrils and between them rather less than this amount.
The nostrils are lateral near the end of the muzzle. The upper jaw
overlaps the underconsidcrably, especially anteriorly; where there is a
slight protuberance dowMiwards of the lip on each side, the muzzle giving
a concave outline when viewed both from before and laterally. There
is a slight groove down the side of the muzzle from the outer edge of
the nostrils to the swollen part of the lip.

The gular fold is entirely adp.ate, without any overlapping.

There are fourteen well-marked costal furrows, including tlie inguinal
and one close to the fore-legs. Tliey are distinct on the sides, but inter-
rupted on the back and belly; none are distinctly visible along the
pelvic region and the tail. There is a shallow furrow along the back,
but not the least sign of ridge or compression on the cylindro-quadrate
tail, although this is rather higher than wide towards the end.

The limbs are moderately developed. The digits are short, broad,
linear, cylindrical, depressed, and slightly swollen into knobs at the ends,
where they expand very little, but without any appearance of a disk.
There is a short, thickened membrane connecting the basal joints of the
digits, leaving three phalanges free of the longer toes and two and one-
half of the fingers. This membrane has the effect to cause tbo bases of
the digits to stand out very free ami separate from each other.

The second and third fingers are nearly equal, the latter rather longer;
the third toe longest; the fourth sometimes not shorter. The first
finger and toe are quite rudimentary, being a mere knob. The distance
from snout to axilla is contained less than three times in that to groin.

The tongue is very large, in alcoholic specimens frecjuently protrud-
ing beyond the jaws all round. It is oval, longer than broad, fleshy,
and highly papillose, thin towards the margins. It is very slightly
emarginate behind, the notch bordered by a ridge on each side. It is
])edicellate, free behind and on the sides, but affixed to it anteriorly;
the point of adhesion visible externally, as a circular or lozenge-shaped
whitish spot just behind the jaw-bone, and about as large as the orbit
of the eye. The attachment is complete anterior to the pedicel, which
again is free from its sheath only behind. The tongue is thus evertile
and capable of being thrown outwards. There is no free sjiace anterior
to the pedicel.

THE nATIJACHlA oK NOKfll AMERICA.

141

The palatine teeth ioriii a series on eac^li side in the sha[)e of a short
arc, the convexity aiitero-interior. These do not meet internally, but
are separated by a s'liort interval, as they are Iroiu the two plates of
l)arasphenoidal teeth, beginning a short distance behind them and ex-
tending backwards, meeting along- the median line. The inner nostrils
are rather small, i)laced anterior and interior to t\m commen(;ement of
the palatine teeth. IJesidesthe broad, shallow, shoitchannel proceeding
from the onter end of these nostrils past the external extremity of the
palatine teeth, there is a dee[)er and very narrow one passing along the
upper edge of the broad channel and along the margin of the upper
jaw to its posterior extremity.

6 7

Fig. 31. n-thodon nlutlnosus. No. 3782. Al.bevill.', S. C;

This species in alcohol is. of a livid bluish black. The upper parts
and sides are marked with well-defined specks of a grayish -silvery
color, looking like torn pieces of foil. These vary with the specimen,
but are generally more numerous and larger along the sides. The
under i)arts are sometimes finely dotted with whitish, but this is usually
the elfect of the whitish glands seen tlirough the integument. The
under part of the tail is of a pale bluish-gray. The light spot on the
chin, showing the attachment of the tongue, has already been referred
to. The soles of the feet are also whitisli.

Tiie back is sometimes destitute of spots, or they are very minute
and these when present are often duller than those on the sides. There
is occasionally a yellowish tinge in the lateral spots. A few si>ots of
the same kind are sometimes fouud under the chin.

Young si>ecimens are marked like the adult, except in being whitish
beneath, and in frequently having the white spots more puuctiform
and scattered.

A number of young of eighteen lines in length from caves in Mont-
gomery County, Va., have a series of small bright red spots on
each side ; some others from the same locality do not exhibit them.
The variation is thus remotely similar to that in Dcsmotjnafhus fusca.

I have not been able to discover any permanent difference between
the southern specimens of this species and the northern. I have
thought there was a greater tendency to expansion of the light spots ou
the side, so as even to fortn a continuous band, and to a reduction in
size or disappearance of those on the back. I have, however, found

142 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

specimeus of precisely similar character from nortliera localities. Some
southern specimeus appeared to have the digits less webbed than usual.
In certain specimens from South Carolina described by Ilallowell the
white spots fail to exhibit themselves on the sides, the color being
everywhere a deep black, the gular region, lips, palms, and soles being
of a clear yellowish-brown. This constitutes a well-marked color vari-
ety, but no differences of a higher value can be found. There are four
specimens of it in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy.

The range of this species is from Texas to Maine. It is recorded by
Packard as from Okok, Labrador (Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1SG8),
but I suspect that this animal will be found to be the Amblystoma
jeffersoniamim var. laterale, which has, with the A. j. platineum, the
highest northern range. It appears to be common in Massachusetts
and Maine.

This salamander is entirely terrestrial in its habits. It is found much
more abundantly iu the mountainous districts, and haunts rocky locali-
ties as well as forest mold and fallen logs. I have found it more
abundant in Pennsylvania and New York than in southwest Virginia.
I believe that it prefers a cool climate; in the flat and warmer tertiary
and cretaceous eastern coast region it is rare. In southern Pennsyl-
vania I have only found it on the northern exposure of the south Ches-
ter Valley hill, never on the southern exposure or other part of the
north hill. In southwest Virginia it is more common in caves than on
the surface.

Measurements, in inches.

Length, measured along axis of
body:

From suoiit to gape ». ,31

From suout to gular fold 6G

From suout to armpit 1)0

Froui snout to groin 2.50

From suout to behind anus 3. 00

From snout to end of tail 5. 90

Tail 2.90

Head :

Width of head 48

Width of tongue 40

Length'of orbit 17

Distance between'eyesanteriorly .27
Distance between outer nostrils .17
Distance between inner nostrils . 15

Body :

Circumference of belly „ 1.60

Distance between armpit and
groin 1.00

Tail:

Height of tail where highest. . . .32
Breadth of tail where highest.. . 32

Limbs :

Free portion of longest fiuger.. . 13
From elbow to tip of longest

finger 5U

Free portion of longest toe 16

From knee to tip of longest toe . . 55
Distance between outstretched
toes 1.85

THK J5ATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

143

I'lcthodou (jUitinosus Grceu,
KESERVE SEKIES.

Catalogue No. of
number. ' spec.

8&7C i
375C
5267 i
.37C0 '
3757
3 7 02
7005
3773
8024
9289
5018
9288
3700
3759
9552
378t :
3782 I
3781 I
3754 I
4725 I

3779
4891 I
3789
6889
3775 !
11960 i
13315 '
3767

Locality.

Mande villp, hx

Georgia

do

Tyreo Springs, Teiin . .

Davtoi), Ala

Dflawjiie (Jounty, I'a .

Carlisle, Pa

Natdic/, M i.is

SoutliL'iu IIliiioi3

Moult()ii,Ala

South (Jaioliiia

Tyioc Spiing.s, Tonn.
Mc.idvilk', Pa

ChavloHton, S. C

Abbeville, S. C

IticoOoroiigli, Ga . . .

Caili.nle, Pa

New liraunfels, Tex

Claiko County, Va .

New York

Kaciiic, Wis

Clmrk'ston {.')

West Northtield, 111

Milton, Fla

Washington, I). C...
Orange, N. J

When
collected.

Nov.—, 1879.

From whom received.

N. O. Academy

Dr. \V. L Jones..
A. I'l Edge worth

Prof. S. K. Baird ...
Col. R C. L. Wailea
11. Kennicott

Nature of speci-
men.

Prof. Pv. Owen.
Williams

Prof.S.F. Baird

Capt. S. VanVliet, U. S.

Army.
Dr. C. B. R. Kcuncrly ..
J.Staiitter

K. Kennicott

S.T.Walker

George Shoemaker.
Dr. Cooper

Alcoliolic.
Do.
Do.

1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

GENERAL SERIES.

4889
3785
.•!781
37.'i9
9481

10904
,"?761
4814
4832
3703

14453

144.58
4722
3774
5907

Norfolk, Va

Grahamville, S. U

Riceboiougli, (ia

Mead villi', Pa

West X..rtlilieUl, 111 ..

North Caidlin.T.

Union County. Mo ...

Brookville, Ind

lirookvillo, Ind

Mis-sissippi . .

( ioose Creek, S. C

Western !Mi.s.souri

(0

(Jeorgia

Kemper County, Miss

South Carolina

Uniontowu, Ala

Bailev .

Williams

R. Kennicott

Capt. William Ilolden

P. R. Hoy

Dr. Haymond

Dr. R. Hay/nond

Dr. Shumard

Dr. Shumard

{'■)

Dr. W. L. J ones

D.C. Lloyd

(0

E. R. Showalter

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

PLETHODON .ENEUS Cope.

American Natiualist, LS81, p. 878.

Proportions as in i*. fjIufinosK.s. Hoad oval, flat, its width entering
lengtli of bead ami body to tliiyh si.x: limes. Tail quite slender, cyliu-
dric from base, and lonjicr tlian length of head and body by the width
of the head. The limbs are well develoi)ed, and when appressed to the
sides they overlap by the lonyth of the distal phalanges.

The tongue does not (ill the floor of the mouth, especially anteriorly
The vomeropalatine teetli are in two straight series, which are directed
posteriorly from the internal borders of the choan;e at an angle of 45

144 BULLETIN :JI, IJNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

degrees. They arc separated froui each other on the inediau line by a
short interspace and from the paraspheuoids by a little longer one. This
form is quite different from that characteristic of the P. glutinosus.
There the series pass behind the choanu', sometimes even beyond their
external border, and from two arched scries, not directed backwards in
any such degree as seen in the P. (viicns. T'le paraspheuoid patches
are close together, but a notch anteriorly and posteriorly indicates the
extremities of the line of separation.

The internal digits on both feet are rudimental and terminate in a
single small phalange, which does not extend beyo:»d the extremity of
the second metapodial bone, and is connected with the latter directly
by the integument. Tlie terminal phalanges of the other toes are trun-
cate and slightly expanded at the tii)s, as in the P. glutinosus.

There are thirteen lateral dermal folds and a gular fold. The skin is
smooth everywhere.

Mcasuretnoits.

M.

Total length 118

Lcn jrtli of bead and body 0525

Length to groin 047

Length to axilla 0185

Length to rictnsoris 007

Length of fore-leg from axilla 0158

Length of cnbitu.s 0053

Length of fore-foot OOG

Length of hind log 0175

Length of tibia 0052

Length of hind foot 0085

Width of head 0083

Width between eyes . 0036

l^f #

2

3 5 ' ' "

P'iG. 32. Plcthodon an ens Cope. S.Tennessee; }.

The coloration is peculiar. Instead of the black color, with or with-
out pale bluish dots, of the P. glutinosus, the sides and back are thickly
spotted with large yellowish-green blotches of irregular form, produc-
ing an effect something like the coloration of the Mexican Spelcrpes Up-
rosus. The dorsal spots are much larger than the lateral, and are often
confluent. On the head they almost exclude the ground color. The
spots on the sides arc quite small, as are those on the feet. The lower
sides of the tail and belly are dusted with yellow, and the throat is also
dusted, and a little more coarsely than the belly.

The characters which distinguish these species from the P. glutinosus
are the different form of the vomeropidatine series of teeth, the absence
of a costal dermal fold, and the coloration. There is some resemblance

THE BATRACHIA OK NOKI'II AMKKIOA. 145

to the p. JlavipiinctatHs of Straucli, Jroin California, to judge by the tle-
scri[)tioii given by that author. He states that the tail is shorter than
the head and body, that the digits are more acute, and the spots are
wanting on tiie head and smaller on the back than on the sides. In all
these points it ditiers from the P. ci'iieus.

I have seen but one specimen of this species. I took it at the mouth
of the Nickajack Cave, which is in the mountains at the junction of
the boundaries of the States of Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee.

PLETIiODON FLAVIPUNCTATUS Straucb.
Salaiii., p. 71; lioiilcugcr, Cat. Uatr. Grad. Brit. Mii.'i., ed. ii, 1882, p. 55.

Palatine teetii in two very oblique series, converging backwards, sepa-
rated from each other by a slight interspace, uot extending outwards
beyond clioauie; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches in contact
throughout, wulely separated from the palatine teeth. Tongue very
large; posterior border free. Head rather long, with a median longi-
tudinal groove. Body cylindrical. Limbs as in P. glnfinosKs, but the
lingers more slender and more ])ointed. Tail cylindrical, a little shorter
thau head and body. Skin sMU)otli; thirteen costal grooves. Black,
with large, irregular yellowish spots, more numerous on the sides an<l
on the upper i»art of the tail, smaller on the throat and belly, absent
ou the upi)er surface of the head and the lower suiface of the ttiil. To-
tal length, 117""".

1 have not seen this species, which is said by Dr. Strauch to have
been obtained at New Albion, Cal. It must be rare or of local distri-
bution. 1 have coi)ied the above descri[)tioii from IJoulenger's Cata-
logue of the British Museum, page T).!.

rLETHODON INTERMEDIII.S Bainl.

Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18.')7, 20i>; Strauch, Salaui., p. 72; Bonleiiger,
Cat. Batr. (Jiad. Biit. Miis., iSSi, p. 57.

This species, in general appiNuance, i)ro[)ortions of body, etc., is very
similar to P. cincrcH.s crytkroHotii.s, although abiuulant ditiierences are
easily discoverable. Tlie body, as in that s[)ecies, is slender and de-
l)ressed, but the tail is slightly comjiressed at the middle, and more
strongly at the extremity-
There are no apparent [x'culiarities about the head. The tongue is
elongated, elliptical, without posterior emargiiiation. Then^ are fourteen
costal furrows, or perlia[»s iitteen, if we include one above the axilla.
The distance from snout to axilla is contained rather less than three
times in that to groin.

The digits are well developed; more as in P. (/liifiiionKs. There is
little, if any, indication of web at their bases, the three terminal pha-
langes of the third and fourth toes being free. The third and fourth
toes are about equal. The outer toe is not more than half the second;
1951— Bull 34 10

146 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU.SEUM.

the first tiQ^er and toe are almost rudiuieutary. The third fiuger is de-
cidedly longer than the second.

The dorsal surface of this species is traversed by a broad brownish-
red stripe, extending from the nape to tlie end of the tail, the sides
regular and nearly parallel, though more separated towards the middle
of the back, where it is 5is wide as the interorbital space. The strii)e is
sparsely dotted with dusky spots throughout its extent. Tbe sides are
abruptly blackish brown on each side the dorsal strii)e; at first con-
tinuous, but becoming more and more iiiterruptovl by mottling. The
belly is light brownish-yellow, thickly mottled with dark brown in
about equal proportions ; lightest under the chin. There is a dusky line
from the eye to the point of the muzzle.

1 4 3 5 6 7

Fig. 33. Plethodon iatcnnedius. No. 4732. Foit Tc.joii Cal.; }.

The general proportions and structure of this species are more those
of P ^hjjJnosus than of P. eincrcusj although slenderer of body. In
both' there are about fourteen costal grooves. The outer digit in P. in-
tennedius is nearly" rudimentary, instead of prominent, as in the other
species.

A distinguishing feature, when compared with P. clncrcus, is found
in the fourteen instead of eighteen costal grooves, the fore and hind
limbs being thus less widely separated proportionally. The legs are
slouter and the digits much less webbed (scarcely at all in fact). The
third and fourth toes especially are much longer.

Independently of the structural peculiarities 1 find nc thing in the
color to distinguish this species from P. ciiicreus crythronotus.

Measuremcntis, In hiilici.

Length, measured aloug axi.s of

Bo(

ly:

body :

Cirenniferenee of lielly

.H>.

From snout to gape

.14

Distautte bi'tween annpit and

From snout to gnlar fold

.4.')

groin

l.-,.5.

From Hiiout to armpit

. (if,

; Tai

1:

From snout to groin

1 . '^0

lleiiiiit of tail where lii^he.st..

17

From snout to behind anus

'J. 1.".

15readlh of tail where liighest. .

l(i.

From snout to end of tail

:?. (if)

Lii

lbs:

Tail

i.r)(»

Free portion of longest linger..
I'^'rom elbow to tii> of long<'.st

(•/"

Head:

Width of head

.2r. :

(iiiiriM- .

.M

Width of tongue

Free jiortion of longest toe

.11

Length of tongue

.2A •

From knee to tipof longest toe-
Distance, between outstretched
•toes

.157

Length of orbit

.O'J

Distance betweea eyes anteri-

i.m

orly

.If)

THE IJATKACIIIA OF NOKI'U AMERICA.

I'litliodon iiiicrniedius, B;iir»l.

147

CatHlo<;uel No. of

nuuibor.

4732
G635

SJU'C.

1
1

Locality.

Foi t Tc.jou, Cal

L'nil minus, V:mkuii\(I
Island.

•Whcu I
collected. |

FiOMi whoiu received. ^"^""^ "Capeci-

lUUU.

J. \;intU8

Aldcu W. llowson

Tj'pc ofdisciiii-
tiun.

I have also this species from near Salem, in the Wilhimette Valley,
Oreyoii, so that it i)robably occurs throii^^hout the entire Pacitic region.

I'LETIIODOX CKASSULUS Cope.

Phitc Lxxxi, tig. 1.

Piocci'd. Anitr. I'liilosopli. Soc, 1866, \>. 5'il.

Tiiis species has a sui>eilici,il resemblance to the P. orcgonensis, but
its manifoUl dillerences are easily i)erceiveci.

The form is «iuite robust, and the bead is large, its width going into
the length to the thighs only live times. The tail i.s very much com-
])ressed from the base, and is also shallow ; its length equals the dis-
tance fiom its base to the gular Ibid. The legs are robust, but uot^ittf^
long; when i\i>pressed to the side they fail to meet by the length of the
posterior foot.

TJje tongue is large, filling thelloor of the mouth. The vomeropala-
tine teeth are in two short series, which converge backwards, without
coming into contact, from behind the internal eyeof thechoanie. The
|),ii;is|»henoid teeth are in a single nndivided patch, winch commences
well behiml the vomeropalatines. The maxillary and mandibular teeth
iire minute.

rrtf'

3 5

Fig. Z-i.— I'lcthodoit cia^sitlns. No. 9447. California; }.

Tile head viewed from above is oval; in j)rotile the muzzle is thick
and truncate, and projects beyond the mouth. The edge of the lip is
sliglitly angulate below the nares. The eye is rather large, its length
e<]ualing that of llie ninzzle. The distance between the nostrils iscqua
lo that between the bases of the ejelidsat their middles. The toes
arc short and free, one phalange of the first digit on each foot project-
ing. The ends of the toes are obtuse and bnlbiform. A gular fold.
Lateral folds fourteen.

148 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurements of No. 1)447.

M.

Total length 0G'<>.^

Leugth of head and body 0;J4

Leugth to groin 0:514

Length to axilla 0O4.^>

Length to line of rictus oris 0065

Length to line of eye OO:?

Length of fore-leg 0095

Length of fore-foot 00;{2

Length of hind leg 00;t5

Length of hiud foot 004

Width of head 0077

Width between eyes 0025

Colorabove, uniform dark reddish-brown ; below, uniform light brown.
I have seen but one specimen of this species, as follows : No. 9447 ;
California; Dr. J. G. Cooper, collector.

PLETHODON OREGONENSIS Girard.

Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 100; Ijoiilenger, Cat. Batr. Giad. Brit.
Mu8., ed. II, 18(3'2, p. 54.

Ensatina eschschollzii, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grud. Brit. Miis., ed. i, p. 4S (nee Triton cnsatns,

Eschsch.).
Heridia orcfionensis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 185(), p. 235, and U. S. Expl. Exped.,

Herp., PI. I, fig. 18-25; Strauch, Salani., p. 7o; Hallow., Proc. Ac. Phila , 1856,

p. 235.
Plethodon eiisatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 167.

This species may be readily known by its relatively short and slendei-
tail, its long, well-developed limbs, and wide head, as well as by its
delicate coloration.

The form of the body is rather depressed, with distinct head and tail.
The width of the head enters the length to the groin in the largest in
dividuals 5.33 times; in those of medium size, 4.5 times; in the young
of 17.5 lines in length it enters 3.5 times. Costal folds 11, the an
terior indistinct or wanting, the posterior more than usually oblique, the
inguinal extending forwards and u])wards one space in advance of the
origin of the femur. The limbsappressed overlap, so that the fingers reach
the bases of the toes. There is no vertebral groove. The tail is sligbtly
comi)ressed, more distinctly so towards the extremity, and, what is excei>-
tional and characteristic of this species and the i'. croccater, most so in-
feriotly, leaving the ui)per outline Hat for the proximal two-thirds the
leugth. Tiic postorbital fold is well marked and continues into the
transverse fold of the throat. The head is oval, and without canthus
rostralis; the muzzle rather thick, and with a subinferior truncation,
which is not so marked as in F. croceater. The nostril is terminal and
nearer the orbit than the diameter of the eye tissure. The latter enters
the width between the anterior canthi of the same 1.33 times.

The inner uares are very small. The vomerine arcs curve backwards

THE HATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

149

medially, and nearly or quite in contact. The pterygoid patches com-
mence at some distan(;e behind these. They are of usual breadth, but
diverge more posteriorly than in the species of the first section of the
genus, resembling thus many species of Spelerpes. The teeth are very
minute, and are arranged in series directed backwards and inwards.
The tongue is a little more free than in P. glutinosus, as the lamina
connecting the anterior and median points of support is quite thin.

The inner toe in both pair of limbs is quite small, but free and better
developed than in P. glutinosus. In the anterior pair the third is the
longest; the second is a little shorter than the latter, and the fourth a
little longer than the first or inner one. The longest toe in the poste-
rior limbs is the third likewise, the fourth being nearly equal to it,
whilst the second is a little longer than the fourth, which itself is a
little more develoj)ed than the first or innermost. Phalanges 1-2-3-2;
l_2-3-3-2.

The skin is perfectly smooth externally, but on being examined under
the microscope it exhibits a mesh-w^ork of little stellated mucous pores,
similar to those of Antodax lugubris, but ])roportionally larger.

According to a sketch from life made by Mr. Drayton, of the United
States Exploring Expedition, the ground color is milky white, with
crowded dots of reddish brown. On the specimens preserved in alcohol,
however, the body, head, and limbs are of a uniform dark brown, lighter
beneath. Under a low magnifying power minute dots mny be observed
scattered all over the surface. The color would appear to vary some-
what. A drawing in the Smithsonian records, colored from life by
Samuels, represents the sides of head and body with lower surface of
tail and anterior faces of limbs of a bright orange. This is the color of
living specimens which I have taken myself.

1 2 3 4 ' * ' "^ 5 6 7

¥iG. Zb.—rietho(lon oreqonenids. No. 13940. Berkeley, Cal. ; }.,

Measurements, in inches.

Id. LId,

Length from snout to gape 5

Length iVoin 8nout to gular fold 9. 3

Length from snout to axilla 12

Length from snout to groin 2 4

Length from snout to end of vent 2 9. 2

Length from snout to end of tail 4 10. 2

Length of fore limb 10

Length of fore-foot 3. 5

Lengtli of hind limb 10. 5

Length of hind foot 4.5-

150 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

In. Liu.

Width oCsole of bind foot 2.8

Width of tail 2.3

Width of body 5.G

Width of head (greatest) 5,6

Width between external nares 2

Width between internal nares 1.0

This haudsoine species woukl appear to be not uncommon in Oregon.
I fount] it abumUiutly in the redwood forest at Russian River, Cali-
fornia. Its eyes are inominent and beautiful in life.

Girard referred this species to a genus which he called Heredia, and
as it appears to me without reason, as I can find no characters by which
to distinguish it from Plethodon. Dr. Mivart informed me that this
species was labeled as identical with the Triton ensalus Esch. in the
British Mnseum, and presuming on the accuracy of the determination
I called it P. ensatus. On examination of his figures I find that Eschs-
choltz's animal is very different, perhaps generically so, and i:>robably
wort/iy of reference to a genus Ensatina, in accordance with Dr. Gray's
catalogue of the liritish Museum, a coiirse followed by Dr. Boulenger.

Besides specimens in Museum of the Phihidelpliia Academy and Essex
Institute, and my own cabinet, the following have come under my ol)-
servation :

Plethodon oregoucnsis Gird.
RESERVE SERIES.

Cat:ilo>;ue

No. of

uiiiiibur.

spec.

snoo

1

4(iO!)

3

7UJJ

1

41101

.''i

i:!K.'4

4

l:i94G.',

2

HTS.i

2

Locality.

Monterey, Cal

I'liget Sound, Oregon .

... ..lo

Pctaliinia, Cal

California

Berkeley, Cal

Piijjct Sound

When
coUoclcd.

18M
188(

Vrom whom rocoived.

Cillifiel.l

Dr. (;. 15. Iveniirrly
C. 15. R.KeuIUIly'-
E. SaniiielH

J. S. Ariiheiiii

R. E.O.Stearns...
W. Drayton.

Nature of speci-
men.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

1)0.

Do.

TLETHODON CROCE.\TER Cope.

Procoed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18G7, p. 'JIO, /. c, IHGD, p. 100; Stranch,
Salani. p. 70 ; IJoiileiiger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mns., ed. ii, 1882, p. Gf).

The largest species of the genus, and one of the most ornamented of
the American salamanders.

In i)rimary features this species is near the 1\ orc<ionctms Girard
having the attachment of the tongue along the median line quite nar-
row, and a very narrow free margin in front. Tlic palatine teeth form
two long transverse separated arcs, which are directed more poste-
riorly at their median than exterior extremity, the latter extending far-
ther outside the outer margin of the inner nares than the transverse
diameter of the same. The tail is subcylindrical and slender; com*

THE BATRAClfIA OP NORTH AMERICA. 151

pressed and narrowed in section below. No i)roniinent glandular ag-
glomerations or pores. Only three phalanges in the fonrth toe.

Form of head peculiar. It is ver3' broad, with straight converging
maxillary outlines and truncate muzzle; upper surface much narrowed
on muzzle; loreal regions plane, very oblique; canthus rostralis not
marked. Maxillary outline obliquely spread at and behind orbits,
where it is exceeded by the projecting margin of the mandible. Ante-
riorly, and at the end of the inu/zle, it projects considerably beyond man-
dible. Muzzle truncate in prolile; a slight emargination at middle of
premaxillary border, and a groove on each side of it on inferior pro-
ie(!ting face of lip. Nares terminal, some distance above the angulation
of the lip, continued below in a groove, which bifurcates near lip mar-
gin ; the posterior line exteinling a short distance, the anterior to the
median emargination separating the anterior from the inferior plane of
the muzzle. Eye large, not very prominent; its anterior canthus well
in front of mi(l<lle of Jaw, and separated one diameter from nostril and
1.5 from the other eye.

No fold across from angle to angle of mandible, but the gular, paro-
toid, and postorbital grooves well marked. Costal grooves indistinct;
13. Skin everywhere very smootii.

Tail longer tiian head and body by the length of the mouth. Width
at curves of mandible 4.G times in length to groin. Extremities slen-
der and long; when pressed to the sides the fingers extend to the heel.
Length of whole fore litnb 2.7o times in length to groin. Inner firjger
very small, half the length of the fourth; third longer than second.
Sole narrow; longer than longest toes. Inner toe less than half the
fifth; third a tritlo longer than fourtii; second much longer than fifth.
Lower leg .7') thigh to groin,

Patches of parasphenoidal teeth, two in contact anteriorly'', well
se[)arated from i>alatines. All the teeth minute, numerous, acute
cylindro conic. Tongue with rather straight lateral and posterior out-
lines.

Color throughout pitchy black, fading into bright red orange below;
limbs orange, a blaolclsh cross baud below the knee. A large red-
orange spot on each parotoid region, and tour smaller, irregular, similar
spots on the body to base of tail on eacli side of and near the vertebral
line. A pair of orange spots at base of tail and a distant series on the
upper face of the tail.

Besides the type, a specimen of this species was obtained at Cape St.
Lucas, in Lower California, and [ have seen one from near San Diego, at
the northern end of that peninsula. As the typical specimen was
found at Fort Tejon, Cal., the range of the species is extensive.

15"2 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measnremeiitti, in inches.
lu. Liu.

Length:

Measured along axis of body. 5 11
From snout to gape (on

front) 5

From snout to gnlar fold 8

From snout to armpit 1 .75

From snout to groin 2 .5

From snout to center of anal

slit

Head :

Width ofhead

Width of tongue

Length of orhit

Distance between eyes an-
teriorly

Distance between outer nos-
trils

4.5

0. 75
:?. 75
2. 2

3. :]

Head — Continued.

Distance between inner nos-
trils

Tail :

Height of tail where highest

Bread I h

Limbs:

Free portion of longest fin-

ftf^r

From elbow to tip of longest
linger

Fiee portion of longest toe..

From knee to tip of longest
toe

Di.st;ince between outstretch-
ed toes

In. Lin.

3
2.5

•2.25

2.75

8.5
2 4.4

No. 470L; cue specimen ; Fort Tcjon, Cal.; Joliii Xantiis.
STP^REOCIULUS Cope.

Character. — Tonfjne attacliod aloii^i' tlio inodian line to tlie anterior
margin; toes 4-5; preniaxiUary bones eontiiient, with a sinij)]e spine,
without fontauelle.

This genus is represented by but one species of the austroriparian dis-
trict of the uearctic region. It is evidently of iiquatic Iiabits, and is oi
larva-like proportions and appearance, but lias the cranium fully de
veloped and in some respects more solidly than its allies. In the only
skeleton I have examined the ])retrontal is present on one side and
wanting on the other. The premaxillary bone is like tiiat oj Oesmogna-
thus, while the tongue is slightly freer than in Plethodon. The species
exhibits weak extremities. It is from southeast Georgia, and is (piite
rare.

Costal pliciP, 17; elongate, head narrow, width more thni. seven times to
groin, more than twice to axilla; no canthns rosrralis; tail compressed
from base, finned; siuall; palo yellow, brown lined S. marrjinatus.

STEREOCHILUS MARGINATUS Hallowell.

Pseudoiriton marginatus Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1«.5(). p. 130.
SpeUrpes marginatus Strauch, Salam., p. 83; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus.
ed. 11, 1882, p. G4.

This is a well-marked and peculiar species, and not nearliy allied to
any other. The head is more than usually elongate, with piojecting, Hat,
truncate muzzle. The general dimensions ot the faead are small ; the
interorbital space is narrow and nearly plane, its width between the an-
terior canthi of the orbits not quite 1.5 the lougitudiiml diameter of the

Tin: RATKA(JinA OF hiORTlI AVIHIilCA. 153

eye. Botli npper and lower palpebne are trausparent, a feature pecu.
liar to this specns.

Tbe i)oros of the skin are large and on all the upper surfaces closely
placed ; on the sides more distantly. The mucous pores on the head are
distinct and large. They form a double series along the canthus ros-
tralis, aii<l ii single one above the orbit, which turns round the latter be-
hind, and is cont'inued below it and along the side of the muzzle to the
nostril. A series of similar large pores extends along the middle of each
side, one a little in front of the median point of tlie intcrcosta? spiices.
The tail is compressed from the base, and not elevated ; it carries a strong
free dermal border along the median line above on the distal two thirds;
a narrower dermal margin exists on the inferior distal half. The limbs
are short ami weak, but the digits are well developed. The posterior
extended forwards measures 4.5 intercostal intervals; the anterior
measures backwards 4.J of the same, counting the axillar. The pha-
langes number on the posterior feet 1-2-3-3-2; on the anterior, 1-2-3-2;
the terminals are quite acuminate, especi.iUy behind, where in one indi-
vidual they have a slightly corneous sheath. There are 17 costal folds
and an axillar space. The tail is not annulate.

The rictus of the mouth measures nearly the diameter of the eye
behind it. The tongue is small and free all round, except at the anterior
margin and along the median line to the glossohyal pedicel. The
vomerine teeth extend behind the nares in two series, which are con-
vex posteriorly; they approach each other as though at an angle
directed anteriorly, and then suddenly curve backwards and form the
pterygoid series. These are more slender and more nearly approxi-
mated than in any other species, and consist each of but one row of
teelh to the point where they begin to diverge; ?'. e., near the posterior
part of tlie globe of the eye. They do not diverge widely and exhibit
but a few series of teeth.

4. 3

Fig. Za. Stereochilus marginatiis. No. 3907. Georgia; f.

The color is a delicate yellowish-brown, with numerous brown lines
intersperse<l, which form several dark bands along the side. A nar-
row dark line extends from the orbit to near the axilla. A narrow
yellow line, brown-bordered above and below, extends from axilla to
groin. The tail, belly, and gular region are closely brown-specked j
similar specks occur on the sides of the head behind. The ground color
of the belly is yellow.

154 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Jxial measurements.

M.

From imizzle to auterioi caiithiis eye 002

From muzzle to rictus oris 0044

From muzzle to axilla 012

From muzzle to groin 0412

From muzzle to posterior margin vent 0446

From muzzle to end of tail 0T95

Length fore limb 006

Length fore-foot 0025

Length hind limb 008

Length hind foot 004

Width between external narcs 001

Width between internal nares 001

Width between can thus oris 004

Width between humeri at axilla 0027

Width between femora at groin 00J5

This peculiar saliiniauder is piohahly aquatic in its habits. This is
iiulicated by the coinpiessed fin like, tail and the transi)aient i)ali)e-
br.iB. It is quite elejjant in its coloration. Nothing is known of its
habits, as it is as yet very rare in collections. liesides the type speci-
men of Ilallowell in the Museum of the Academy Natural Sciences, 1
have only seen the following:

No, 3!)07; two specimens ; Georgia; Dr. Joseph Joues.
GYRINOFIIILUS Cope,

Proceed. Acad. Phila., iS&J, p. 108.

Tongue supported only by the glossohyal pedicel, boletoid ; cranium
fully ossified, the premaxillary bones remaining distinct and embracing
a fontanelle. Digits entirely distinct, 4-5.

This genus is distinguished from Spelerpeson account of the marked
peculiarity of the premaxillary bone, in which it resembles Plethodon
rather than the first named. But one species is as yet known. It has
a superficial resemblance to the Spelerpcs ruber, but ditiers in several
osteological peculiarities. Its nnsal bones are well separated, and the
prootic-squamosal crests are peculiar. The anterior or proiitic crest is
short, distinct, and curved inwards and backwards; that on the proxi-
mal extremity of the squamosal curves towards it, but leaves a consid-
erable interspace. This is occupied by two osseous processes, like two
teeth of a comb. In S. ruber the aiiterior crest only is present, and
forms a rectangle, the anterior limb being transverse and the angle in-
wards. The nasal bones also are in contact across tlie premaxillary
spines.

The type of the genus remains for a more than usually long period in
the larval condition, and just before its metamorphosis is generally
identical in its osteological characters with the genus Necturus, except
in the absence of the intercalary bone, and tiie number of posterior
digits.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 155

Costal piicie 1(5. Head wide, width less th-iii seven times to groin, not over twice to
axilla; a strong eauthna rostralis; tail rounded at the base, not finned; large;
uniform purple-gray above G. porphjriticus.

GYRINOPHILUS PORPHYRITICUS Green*
Cope, Proceed., Ac. Phila., 1809, p. WS,

Salamandra porjihyritica, Green, Contr. Maclur. Lye, i, 1827, p. 3, PI. 1, fig. 2.
Salamandm salmoiiea (Storer), Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. :{;{, PI. 8; De Kay, N. Y.

Faun., Rept., p. 7(5, Pi. 10, fig. 3<>.
Triton porphyriticiis, Ilolltr., /. c, p. 83, PI. 28.

I'.seudonilon sahnoneus, Jonrn. Ac. Phila. (2), i, p. 2H7 ; UaUnw., I. <•., iv, p. 347.
Amblyitoina saJmoiirum, Dum. & Hibr., p. 110.
Spelrrpcn salmoncns, Strancli, Salam., p. 83.

Spflerpcs? sahnoiica, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. I, p. 40.
Spclopcs ? porphyritica, id., iliid.
Spvleipvs porphyntieu.i, Bonl(Ulg<^^, (.'at. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. G4.

Tlii.s fine species of salaniiuuler lias an elon<j^ate(l ainl .slender body,
nincli dei)ressed tln'onghout, with very little constriction at the neck,
and the tail taperinj.? very injperceptibly Irom the body, Tiie skin is
smooth and very slippery, everywhere under the lens showin;;' appproxi
mated sliallow pits, l)nt no indication of glands. As nearly as can be
ascertained the i)ores of the head are as in HpeJcr pes ruber.

The head is flat, depressed, and rather wedge shaped, the whole upper
part to the muzzle being nearly in one plane. The juiizzle is promi-
nently and broadly truncate, though a little rounded. The sides of the
head are abruptly oblitjue ami also quite plane, tlie canthus rostralis
being very strongly marked as an angular ridge extending forward
outside the nostrils to the edge of the jaw, where it forms a slight
and obtuse projection. This ridge is further indicated by a light line
(always im'sent) from the anterior angles of the eye along its summit
lo the margin of the jaw; the two nearly parallel. The nostrils send a
narrow furrow from their outer extremity down this ridge.

The lower edge of the upper jaw viewed from before is concave, being
bounded on eacb side by the ridges just mentioned. There is no well-
defined cirrus howev(>r. The side view of tlu^ lower edge of the u[)i)er
jaw is also concave. The uj)per jaw projects largely over the lower,
most so anteriorly.

The eyes are large and luominent, distant anteriorly about one and a
half lengths of the orbit ; the external nostrils one orbit length apart;
the iniuT less than this. The latter aie very minute. The tongue is
circular, entirely free, lu-dicellate, and greatly i)rotractile.

The teeth are much as m Spclcrpes ruher; the i)arasplier<oidal batids
perhaps rather narrow.

The body is rather \crmiform, l)eing of ecpuil size throughout, much
depressed, with a furrow fioin nape to above anus, where the tail ris* :
into a sharp ridge, uhicli continues to theti[). There are sixteen distinct

■ I'liil.' 311. (io. (,: :;:!; :U. li^s. l-4; 3.-., fig. C; 40, fig. 3; IS. lio. i:!.

156 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

costal furrows, excliidiag an axillary one, and five pelvic. Similar fur-
rows can be traced to the tip of the tail. The tail is quadrate at the
base, with rounded angles, broader than high, but becomes more and
more compressed to the tip. The limbs are feeble and widely separate*!.
The digits all distinct, but small ; the first rather rudimentary.

In alcoliol mature individuals of smaller size arc of a liglit brownish-
red on the back, the sides and beneath pale reddish salmon color. The
sides of body and tail, however, and to a less extent the back, are closely
covered by a coarse, indistinct reticulation or network of rather dark
brown, showing the lighter ground color in the areola?, and conveying
the impression of rather oblong light s[)ots. Tlie under parts are
generally immaculate, though large specimens are sometimes finely
sprinkled with dusky. Tliere is always a light line from the eye along
the canthus to the edge of the upper jaw; those of opposite sides parallel.

With increasing age the reticulation of the sides becomes obscured
by the extension of the ground color of the back over the si<les and the
fading out of the dark markings. There is, however, generally a dull
clouding of darker and a faint indication of the light spots, especially
ou the lower part of the sides.

This species differs from SpeUrpes ruber in many details of external
form — the more vermiform and depressed body ; more widely separated
fore and hind legs ; one more costal furrow ; the move depressed, more
truncate, and broader head; larger eyes; i)rominent ridge from eye con-
tinued to margin of upper jaw, etc., not to mention the difference in
coloration. To 8. r. jiavinHimns it is related by the protuberances on
the upper jaw on each side the muzzle, but these are less ])rominent. The
fifteen costal grooves and shari)ly defined black spots without reticulation
on the sides distinguish the former.

A specimen from Georgia {47K)) differs in a more slender shape, and
in having dark, horny tips to the digits, as in the aquatic Amldystonii^.,
as if having lived in a drier region than usual. There are only fifteen
costal grooves to be distinguished.

Flo. 37. Giirinophiliis porphyriticux No. 3374.

Miasiircmcittx of Ao. :iH71((. /;( inches.

Len^tb, measured aloiij; axi.s of
body .'

From snout to f^ape 10

From snout to •.•iilar fohl SO

I-'oom snout to armpit 1. If)

Liii>;Hi, clc. — (,'on tinned.

From snout to j^roin Ti. 40

From snout tobebindanus 4.10

From smmt to end of tail G. 50

Tail 2.40

THE BATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

157

Head :

Width of head .%

Widtli of tonffue '25

Lciif^th of orbit "20

Uistauco between eyes anteri-
orly :50

Distance lietween outer nostrilH. . 24
Distance between inner nostrils. . 15

Body

Circumference of belly 1.85

Distance between aruipit and
•rroiu '2. 2U

Tail :

Height of tail where highest.. . . 40
lireailth of tail where highest.. .35

Liuibs :

Free portion of longest linger.. . 14
From elbow to til) of longest

linger 45

Free portion of longest toe 16

From knee to tip of longest toe. .(iO
Distjince between outstretched

toes 1. 90

Heiglit of body 54

Widtli tiU

Thero can be little doubt that, as Baiid has suggested, this is the
Salamandra jjorphyrifica of Green, The aiigulatiou and pale color of
the canthus rostralis is described accurately as well as the color of the
body. The large larva, 4 inches long, is only referable to this species.
The Ckondrotus microsto7nus, which Holbrook and Hallowell have im-
agined to be Green's species, is not indicated by Green's description.
It is not so large, has not the canthus rostralis, the larva is very small,
and the coloration is quite different. Green's tigure represents it well,
though tlm AmbI i/stomajefcrsoniannni on the same plate is represented as
larger — a relation of size the reverse of what usually holds in naUire.

This is the only one of our Eastern salamanders which attempts t-elf-
defense. It sna[)s liercely, but harmlessly, and throws its body into con-
tortions ill tcrrorem. It prefers the coolest localities throughout tiie
Alleghany mountain region, from New York to Alabama. It is aquatic,
bun i)refers the still waters of s\vam[)s or springs to running streams.
It is common in the region whence Green procured it, while G. micro-
stotiius is rare, if existing at all.

Gyriiwpliiliis j'orphyiiticus Green.
KESEUVE SKUIES.

uuiiibor.

No. of

HPUC.

Locality.

S.'OG

3

387 1

4 1

.tftlO

1 1

HKJ-

2

y«52

G

■MU

1

KJGO

10

3841

lu

3«;«

1

3749

1

12705

1

3.S1-J

1

3171

3

8812

1

4710

3

1«68

1

1U73

1

38li<)

0

3Sl!8

I

4710

1

Carli8le, Pa

do

(^annonsburs'ii 1*"- • -

Foxbiirgh, Pa

MeadviU.!, Pa

Colmnbus, Ohio

Carlisle, Pa

Fox burgh, Pa

Upper James Uivcr

Kicetioroiijrh, (ia

Lookout Moil II tain, Toil II
AiliiouiiacU, X. Y

WIUMI

colloctfd.

From whom received.

Columbia, S. O

Abbevill.', S. C
Carlislo, Pa . ..

0)

Meadvillo, Pa. .

do

UpiKir Goor^'ia

Alar. — , 188:i

ProT. S. F. Baird

do

Dr. .1. (Jreeu

Prof. S. F. Haird

Prote.ssor Williams .
Piof. L. Lesiiiioreiix .

Prol. S. ¥. Baird

do

do

W. II. Foe

.S. F. Baird

K. Samuels

Dr. (Jcoif^o H. Moraii,
U. S. A.

Dr. Barrett

Prof. S. F. Baird

(?)

Profes.sor Williams.

do

Dr. W. L. Joues

Nature of spcc-
iraeu.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.

158 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

MANCULUS Cope.

Proceed. Ac. N:it. Sci. Phila., 18GD, y.'i-lOl; Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Giad.
Brit. Mas., cd. ii, IS-^'i, p. 75.

Tongue free all round, boletoid. Toes 4-4. Parietal bones ossified,
and without foistauelle. Preinaxillaries coossified.

This genus only ditters from Spelerpes in the absence of a digit from
the hind foot, standing thus in the same relation to it that Hemidacty-
lium does to Plethodou. Its tyi)ical species was formerly referred to Ba-
trachoscps, but, besides the great difference in the tongue, the latter
has a parietal fontanelle and lacks the prefrontal bone. The latter
point is indicated by Eschscholtz in his athis. In the present genus that
bone is present.

The two si)ecies as yet known have a limited distribution. They are
the smallest North American salamanders.

They are distinguished as follows:

Tail stout, compressed; body shorter by length of feuiur; bhick, sides light
speckled J^- remifer.

Tail slender, cyliudric; body longer; muzzle broader; yellowish, a dorso-lateral
brown baud - M qiiadridhjitatiia.

MANCULUS KEMIFER Cope.

Rept. Peabody Ac, Salem, ISu'J, p. 8-1 ; Boiilcnger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit.
Miis., ed. II, 1H82, p. 70.

In this small salamander the length to the fore limbs enters that be-
tween the limbs but little over twice, in<licating a less slender form than
in thciiS. quadrUllgitatus of equal size. The head is an elongate oval,
its width entering the length to the groin nearly seven times. There
are sixteen costal folds, including the axillar, and these are continued
upwards to near a median dorsal groove. The tail is deep and tint and
marked with the lateral intermuscular grooves, besides a strong median
groove above. The latter gives way to a low fin on the distal half of
the tail.

The limbs are short and weak. The posterior extends forward over
six grooves and half an interspace, the anterior over five and one-half,
including the axillar. The lingers are slender; the interior on both
limbs <;uite short, though distinct.

The vomerine teeth are in the two usual series, which are more pos-
teriorly directed tlian is usual. The i)arasi)henoid patches cease far be-
hind the first mentioned, and are in narrow, veiy convex brushes,
which are distinct from each other throughout their length. Tiie tongue
is elongate oval.

The color is black above and dark brown below; the black extends
downwards and nearly meets r<)uu(l the neck below. The lower part

THE BATliAC'UlA OF MOUl'll AMERICA. 159

of the sides of the head, body, and basal third of tail are dusted fiae
white dots.

Mcasuremcniii.

M.

Length, axial, from end of iniizzle to rictus oris 0(V^75

Length, axial, from end of niuzzlo to axilla 008G

Length, axial, from end of muzzle fo groin 027

Length, axial, from end of muzzle to end of vent 0^5

Length, axial, from end of muzzle to end of tail 058

Length of foro limb 00575

Length of fore-foot 002

Length of hind limb 007

Length of hind foot 0028

Width of head 00:58

Widtii of body 0032

Width of tail 002

Only one sj)eciinen of this species has come under my observation.
It was found by C. J. Maynard, of Salem, Mass., at Jacksonville,
Fla., in February, 1809. It is preserved in the museum of the Pea-
body Academy of Sciences, which institution lent it to me lor determi-
nation.

From the form of the tail it is ])robably a more a(iuatic animal than
its con^:ener M. qu(u(ri<ligitatus, and it the specimen be an average one
it is not (piite so <iiiiiiMuti\i'.

MANCULUS (^UADKIDIGITATirs HoJbr.*

Cope, Proceisl. Ac. I'liihi., l8t)'J, ji. KU ; Boulengcr, Cat. Batr Grad
Brit. Mu.s., ed. ii, 1SS2, p. ?.'«.

Sulatnaiuha qiKidritlh/itatii, llolbr., N. A. llerp., \, p. (W), I'l. 21.

Batravhofiips tinadr'i<Uijil(ttns, Baird, Jonin. Ac. Pliila. (2), i, |). 2-^7 ; Sdaiicli, SaJam.
p. 85; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. I, \k 42.

This interestin/4' species is among the least, if not tlie very smalicst, ot
American salamanders. It is much like Spchrpes blliiwatKs in ,i;('neial
appearance, but is still slenderer, and with longer digits.

I can see nothing distinctive in the head, exce]>t that the pedicel-
late tongue is very large, oval, elongated ellii)tical, nearly twice as
long as wide, and tilling the interspace of the lowei- j iw. The teeth
appear as in *S'. bilincatus. Tiie head is narrower than in tliis species.

The, body is cylindrical, depressed, with lifteen costal furrows; a six-
teenth would lie in the axilla, but can not be traced. The separation of
the limbs varies considerably ; in the largest si)ecimen the distance from
snout to axilla is contained nearly three and one-half times in that to
groin ; in others hardly 3 tin)es.

The tail is slender, subcpiadranguiar, and longer than the rest of the
animal.

The digits are iengthened and slender; the longest toe contained
about two and one half times in tiie distance from kuee to tip. The inner

•*l'late27, ligs. 5-7; :5.5, fig. 12.

160 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL ]S<USEUM.

toe is entirely wanting, without a trace of it being lelt. There are thus
but four digits to each limb.

t

VlA It //)] 2 G

14 3 5

Fig. 38. Manculits qxiailridiijitatus. No. 3904. Abbeville, S. C. ; f , 5.

The coloration resembles tiiat of ^S. bilineata. There is a broad red-
dish or brownish yellow dorsal stripe from head to end of tail, bounded
on each side by a narrow dark line extending from the eye, fading
gradually otf below. The sides are closely dotted or mottled with
brownish dots, the dark line referred to being merely a closer arnmge-
meut of the dots. The under parts are whitish in alcohol, finely mot-
tled or dotted like the sides, but less closely and more indistinguishably.
The median line of the belly is generally immaculate. There is almost
always a narrow light line on the side from the fore to hind legs.

The light dorsal stripe is generally more or less dotted with brownish,
sometimes with a tendency to a median stripe.

In one specimen the sides are distinctly dotted finely with white.

This species was referred to Batrachoseps of Bonaparte by Professor
Baird, without probably liaving seen the t^'pe of tbe latter, m) doubt
on the faith of Bonaparte's erroneous description of the tongue of the
same. It is evident that the two species ought not to be regarded as
congeneric, since the B. attenuatus turns out to be more nearly allied
to Hemidactylium than to Spelerpes.

The known range of tliis, one of the smallest of land vertebrates, is
from middle North Carolina to the border of Texjis, including Florida,

Measurements, in inches.

LeiigMi, iMciLsurcd uloiij^- uxis of Head— Coutiiiued :

body: l>istanc« butwocnoyesiuitcrioily . U9

From 8iioiit to gape 11 Hody : Circmnference of belly (if

From snout to j;nlar fold 2,") Tail:

From Kuoiit to uniipit 40 lleiirht of tail where lii<;lio,st. .. .15

From snout to <;roiii 1.17 Breadtli of tail wlieie hij^licst.. .11

From snout to behind anns 1.40 j Limbs:

From snout to end of tail 3.30 ! Free jiortion of lonj^cst fniyer .. .().'>

Tail l.DO : From elbow to tip of longest

Head: j finger 18

Widtli of head IG j Free portion <»f longest toe Ori

Width of tongue 10 [ Fntm knee to tip of longest t<»e. .23

Length of tongue 13 j Distance between outstretched

Length of orbit „.„ .0(3 ' toes 72

THE BATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Manculits qiiathidiuilatua Ilolbr.

161

Cataloguo
number.

No. of
spec.

9337
3804
88C7
.3904

3
7
2
1

Locality.

Mandovillo, La...
Kiceborough, (ia

Abbevillo, S. C .
Kiuston, N. C.

When
collected.

Nov, 2,1876

From wbom received.

G. Kobn

(?)

m

Prof. S. F. Baird
J.W.Milnor

Nature of spec-
imen.

Alcoliolic.
Do.

1)0.

Do.

SPELERPES Rafinesque.
Atlantic Joniual, i, p. 22, 183::^.

SpeJeiyes Gray, Cat. Brit. Mas. 1850, 43; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Pbila., 18G9, p. 104;

Bouleiiger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mas., ed. ii, 1882, p. GO.
Cylindiosoma Tschudi, Nat. Syst. Batrachier Neuchatcl, 1838.
Cylindrosoma ct Bolitoglossa para Dnm6ril, Erp. G6n., ix.
Spelerpes et Pseudotriton Baird, Jouru. Ac. Nat. Sci., i ; Hallowell, /. c, IV.

Tbe tongue free, except at the glossobyal support. Palatine and
parietal bones fnlly ossified; premaxillaries consolidated, and their
spines embracing a fontanelle. Teeth small. Toes 4-5.

This is a natural genus, and is abundantly represented by individ-
uals in the eastern district of the nearctic realm, and the Mexican of
the neotropical. Its digital characters only distinguish it from Man-
culus, and some of the Mexican species approach that genus in the
great reduction of the inner digit, which results from a diminution in
the number of phalanges. The consolidation of the premaxillaries — a
marked character — api)ears very early in the developmental history of
such of the species as I have been able to study {8. ruber ^ S. bilincatus).
The Mexican species pass their metamorphoses soonest ; then such as
S. hilineatvs, and the S. ruber remains longest a larva.

The characters of nine species of Spelerpes are given in the follow-
ing tJible. I know of none others, thinking that the genera Oedipus,
(Edipina, and Geotriton should be maintained as distinct. Of these
species four only inhabit the nearctic realm, and five are found in the
Tierra Templada of Mexico, on the eastern side of the plateau. The
nearctic species are all confined to the eastern region, the genus differ-
ing in its range from Plethodon in not extending to the Pacific region.

The largest species of the Spelerpes is the S. bcllii of Mexico, which
among salamanders is only exceeded in dimensions by the Chondrotns
tencbrosus. Tiie largest species of North America is the 6". ruber. The
species of this genus display more brilliant colors than any other of the
family, yellow and red being the usual ones.

I. Voineriue teeth uot contiuiied back to parasplicnoid patches, extended outwardly
beyond nares.
a. Costal folds 11-12; tail cylindric; inner toes rudimontal.

Plicro 12; extremities of inner toes free ; others short, thick, snbequal ; a
cauthus rostralis; innzzle truncate; vouicrino series in contact ; lead-col-
ored, usually with two dorsal series of red spots ; largest S. bellii.

1951— Bull. 34 11

162 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PlicjB 12 ; iuner toe and joint distinct, other toes well developed, cylindric;
width head 5 to 6 times, and length head to axilla, 2.5 to 3 limes, to groin ;
tail generally more elongate; black; sides, tail, and often back, gray

varied ; larger S. Uproaus.

PlicD 11 ; inner toe not distinct; other toes very short, margined ; width of
head 4y to axilla, 1.3 to groin ; tail short; black, nnspotted ; medium.

S. cephalicua.
II, Vomerine teeth not continued posteriorly to the parasphoiioid patches, nor exte-
riorly to beyoud the narcs.
a. Tail ronnd ; costal grooves 11-12 ; iuner toes rudiraental.

Plica) 11 (without inguinal) ; width of head 4.5; lengtU to axilla 2f times in
length to groin ; tail rather short ; toes very short ; upper lip more or lees

truncate aud angulato S. chirophrus.

aoc. Tail subrouud; costa' grooves 21 ; iuner toes minute.

Width of head near oue-scventh, Icugth to axilla .33 of length to groin ; limbs
short ; tail thick at base ; browu, with a dark lateral band on each side;

small S. multiplicatus,

aoax. Tail compressed ; costal grooves 13-14 ; inner toes distinct.

Plica> usually 14; width of head less than one-sixth to groin ; head to axilla
well over .33 of the same ; body longer, tail not keeled above proximally,
comparatively short; vomerine series turned obliquely backwards; yel-
low, with two latero-dorsal black bauds ; tail dark laterally ; belly yel-
low, immaculate ; small .S^. hilineatns.

Plica), 13; width of head equal one-sixth length to groin ; muzzle to axilla
more than one-third the same; tail long-keeled above; yellow, sides
many black-spotted, a median dorsal scries of spots; tail yellow, black-
barred ; belly innnaculate; larger S. longicaudiis.

Plicie 13; width of head greater than one-sixth length to groin; from
muzzle to axilla considerably more than .33 length to groin ; tail long-
keeled above ; yellow, with three black bands ; tail black, yellow-barred ;

belly mottled ; larger S. (jiitioHneatus.

III. Vomerine scries of teeth continuous posteriorly with the parasphenoid brushes,
aud originating behind nares.

Costal plicio 15-10; head wide, not more than seven times to groin, not
more than twice to axilla ; no canthns rostralis ; tail rounded at base,
not linned ; large ; vermilion red, black or browu spotted S. ruber.

SPELERPES MULTIPLICATUS Cope.

Proc. Ac. Phila., 18G9, p. lOG; Bonlenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed.

ir, 1^82, p. (57.

Tliis small species resembles in general proportions HemidactyUiim
scutatum. It is well characterized in this genus by its numerous costal
plicic and thickened, scarcely comj)ressed tail.

The width of the head enters the length to the groin G.75 times; the
length to axilla enters thrice. The hind limb, extended, passes six in-
tervals from the groin ; the foot is wide and the toes short, especially
the inner and outer; the inner has but one minute joint free. The
same may be said of the anterior digits. The tail is compressed a little
and considerably thickened; in the smallest si)ecimen the terminal .75
above and .33 below are keeled; in others the superior keel is more
distal.

THE IJArKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

163

Upper lip moderately truncate, with in trail areal angles, and in one,
rudimental cirri. The muzzle is rather thick and short, the head fiat;
in one smaller specimen the former is a little longer than in the others
and the width of the head relatively less. The vomerine teeth form
short series, each rather suddenly bent backwards; the pterygoid two
narrow patches not approaching the vomeriues, the relations in this
respect being as in S. hilineatus.

The color in four specimens is an unspotted brown, the inferior sur-
faces paler, especially the gular region. In the smaller specimen above
mentioned, which seems to constitute a variety, the brown color forms
a broad dorsal baud with dark points; the sides are of a pinkish gray,
and the under surfaces light yellow.

6 7

Fig. 39. Spckrpcs mnUipUcatus. No. 4038. Ked Eiver, Ark. ; f, f.

MeasurcmeniK of the largest spcciineit on the axis of the body.

Inches.

Length from muzzle to orbit Of)

Length from muzzle to rictus 1'2

L«ngth from muzzle to axilla 4"i5

Length from muzzle to groin L53

Length from muzzle to end of tail '3.24

Length of fore limb 233

Length of fore-foot 08

Length of hind limb 21)

Length of hind foot 133

Width of head at auterior angle orbits 1

Width of head at rictus 22

Width of body at sacrum 15

The form of this species would indicate it to be terrestrial in its hab-
its. Of its geographical range we have as yet little information, except
that it belongs to the southern central region of the continent. Profes-
sor Cragin sent me a specimen which was taken in southern Kansas,
and the types were found as below stated.

No. 4038; 5 specimens; Ked River, Arkansas; Dr. L. A. Edwards.

SPELERPES BILINEATUS Green.*

Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), i, p. 2H7; Cope, Proc. Ac. Plula., 18(i'.), p. 107;
Strauch, Salam., p. 82; Cope, Amcr. Nat. iv, p. 401 ; Gray, Cat. Batr.
Grad. Brit. Miis., cd. i, p. 44; Ilallowcll, Journ. Ac. Pliila. (2), iv,
p. 34(5; Bonlcugnr, C;it. IJatr. (Jrail. BriL Miis., cd. II, I-s-J, p. (iiJ.

^alaiuaiidra hilineata Green, Journ. Ac. Phila., I, p. 3.52; Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. 55,
IM. lO; Do Kay, N. Y. Faun, ll.pt., p. 7!), PI. 23, fig. 07.

* Plate 2^ (igs. 4-0,

164 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Salamandra flavissima Iliirlaii, Amcr. Jouru., 1826, p. 28G.

Salamandra cirr'ujcra Gieeii, Jouru. Ac. Pliila., iv, p. 253; Holbr., I. c, p. 53, PL 15.

Spelerpcs cirrigtnis Laird, /. v.; Straucli, L c. ; Gray, Cat. IJatr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed.

I, p. 44.
BolitOfjloHsa bilhicata Duui. & Bibr. , p. 9L

lu describing this species I bave selected specimens frofn New Jersey
as most lilie tbe type of Dr. Green from tbe same State. These aro
before me, but are in rather indifferent preservation.

The general characters of the group as described under S. longicauda
apply equally here. The chief differences of form appear to consist in
a rather narrower head, a more elongate body, and i)erhaps [)ropor-
tionally more slender digits. There are usually fourteen costal furrows
between the limbs ; a fifteenth falling over the insertion of the fore-legs,
and in some specimens possibly in the axilla. The distance from snout
to axilla is contained about 22 times in that to the groin.

There is only a slight obtuseness of the lip on each side of the muzzle
to represent the cirrous appendage of the larva, which is sometimes
l)ersistent, thus presenting the characters of the supposed species S.
cirrUjcra.

This species is of a clear yellow ; the back with a tinge of brown on
it, and this bordered on each side by a dark-brown line ; sometimes
very continuous, sometimes slightly broken here and there, beginning
at the eye ; sometimes at the muzzle and running through the eye.

The space between the lines is finely sprinkled with brown or black,
sometimes only appreciable under a lens, sometimes more distinct. In
most specimens the larger spots are aggregated into a uarrow median
or dorsal series extending to the tail; the spots on the line sometimes
partially or entirely confluent. The under parts are always entirely
immaculate citron yellow. The sides are very minutely dotted with
blackish below the lateral stripe; in nearly all the specimens from
Orange only distinguishable under the lens, and imparting a slight
dusky shade. The amount of dotting here on the side is scarcely
greater than that on the back.

In perhaps the greater number of specimens the mottling of the sides
is greater than as described, making a broad lateral band, sometimes
fading gradually out of the dorsal surface, and fading out along the
belly, sometimes leaving the lower edge of the dorsal stripe well
marked ; occasionally the whole sides are almost as dark as the lateral
stripe. There is a row of pores on the upper part of the sides, one to
each interspace between the costal furrows. These show in the dusky
sides as a line of whitish spots, as they do in /S'. guttoUneata. This may
be owing in both either to the transparency of the epidermis or to the
actual presence of si)ots of white around these pores.

This species bears a close resemblance to Besmognaihus ochrophcca iu
some of its conditions of coloration. The latter may be always dis-
tinguished independently of the generic characters, by the broad light,

THE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 165

generally dark bordered Hue which passes from the eye posteriorly
obliquely to behind the angle of the jaws; and by the absence of yellow
on the belly.

In the large series of specimens before mo are some specimens (4735)
from the vicinity of Lake Oquassa, which appear distinct from any^
others in the collection. They have more the general appearance of
Desmognathus, though truly Spelerpes. The muzzle is rather longer
and considerably higher at the end; the protuberance of the lip on the
side of muzzle larger. The side of the head anterior to the eyes is
much pitted with pores, scarcely appreciable in the others. The colors
are darker; .the dorsal stripe browner; and the mottling of the sides en-
croaches on the belly. The chin is quite conspicuously mottled. These
differences mark a variety which Baird records in his MS. under the
name of S. h. borealis.

A few specimens have but thirteen costal folds, and one from Georgia
(4737) has that number on one side and fourteen on the other. Those with
the fewer plicas have usually shorter bodies. This is particularly the
case with three specimens (3748) from Georgia, where the width of the
head enters the length to the groin but little over five times. The sides
are in this variety dusky, with a series of white puncta below the lat-
eral band. The dorsal region and top of the head are abundantly punc-
tate; sides of tail uniform black; belly immaculate. This variety con-
nects with the S. bilineata, the Salamandra cirrigera of Green. The fol-
lowing description is taken from Green's type in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution (No. 4743).

The head is depressed and anterior to the eyes. The sides, instead
of tapering to a truncated muzzle, are nearly parallel to the truncate but
rounded muzzle. This squareness is produced by the development of
the protuberances of the ui)per lips on each side the muzzle, which, al-
though partially indicated in other species, here attain their maximum
of growth, becoming cirri, which are cylindrical and a little knobbed
at the ends, extending downwards past the lower jaw. They are about
as long as the outer finger, or .05 of an inch in length. The appearance
presented is not unlike that of the muzzle of a walrus or morse. The
narrow groove extending from the outer edge of the external uares
passes all the way down the antero external surface of the cirri.

There arc but thirteen costal grooves, including an indistinct one in the
groin. A fourteenth, if present, would fall above the insertion of the
fore-leg. The distance from muzzle to axilla is contained only about
two and a half times in that to the groin.

The tail, as in other species, is slender and compressed, longer than
the rest of the animal.

The digits are unusually long and very slender, considerably longer
than in var. >V. h. hilineatus. The limbs are also well develoi^cd.

The color is much the same as in s. h. hilineatus — yellowish, with a well,
defined line of black on each side the back, the intermediate space

16G lUILLETIN :U, UNITEIJ STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

dotted with rather large and distinct spots of bhickish without dcfiuite
arrangement. The sides are obscurely marbled with dusky. The uu.
der parts appear to be immaculate, except some indistinct marbling ou
the chin.

Although the form which presents this singular character is uot typ-
ical of the species, I do not consider it to be referable to any other.

Besides the original two specimens of Green, I have seen three others
bearing cirri, which I took with two non-cirrigerous ones on the slope of
the Black Mountains of North Carolina. These specimens are otherwise
of typical character.

The cirrus is a larval character retained, which, were it permanent,
would be of generic value; but it is not so, and in this case an individ-
ual feature only. The same peculiarity I have observed in two speci-
mens of *S'. chiropterus sent by Sumichrast from Mexico, and in speci-
mens of S. loiigicaudus and S. guttolineatus from the United States.
The other characters of this variety, though marked, are modified in
various intermediate degrees in individuals from various, especially
southern, localities. The form of the tail is just as in the typical variety,
though Holbrook has stated them to differ.

This species is very abundant in Pennsylvania, and extends its range,
with decreasing numbers, to Maine. It differs in its habits from the
iS\ longicmidus in being to a great extent a water animal, and less fre-
quently found under bark and stones. It is only in shallow, stony
brooks that it occurs, however, and can not be called aquatic in the
sense in which the Tritons are. It is very active, and wriggles and
runs from the pursuer in the same manner as, and generally in company
with, the Desmognathus fusca. It is one of those species whose meta-
morphoses are prolonged and which remains in the larval state until
nearly grown.

This species appears to be the one to which must be referred the

f\ o

Fig. 40. /Spe^»'pf s ftiiuif (i<ii« Green. No. 4456. Gloucester, Md. Twice natural size.

specimens named by Holbrook, /S'atewrtn^^m/trtWewani, which came from
Pennsylvania. The yellow-belly and distributed dorsal spots resemble
varieties of this species rather than any other.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

167

Mmaurements of No. 3924, in inchea.

Leugth, measured along axisof bo<ly :

From snout to gape 12

From snout to gular fold ; 30

From snout to armpit 47

From snout to groin 1. 30

From snout to behind anus l.r>0

From snout to end of tail 3. 10

Tail 1.(30

Head-

Width of head 20

Length of orbi t 10

Distance between eyesauteriorly . 12
Distance between outer nostrils . 12

Body:

Circumference of belly 7.5

Body — Continued.

Distance between armpit and

groin 88

Tail:

Height of tail where highest. .. .15
Breadth of tail where highest.. . 12
Limbs :

Free portion of longest finger.. . 05
From elbow to tip of longest

finger 15

Free portion of longest toe 08

From knee to tip of longest toe. .26
Distance between outstretched
toes 79

Measurements of No. 4734, in inches.

Length, measured alongaxisof body:

From snout to gape 12

From snout to gular fold 29

From snout to armpit 45

From snout to groiu 1. 08

From snout to behiud anus 1.27

From snout to end of tail 2. 97

Tail 1.70

Head:

Width of head 20

Length of orbit 09

Distance between eyesauteriorly . 10

Body: Circumference of belly 60

Ttiil : Height of tail where highest. . 15
Limbs :

Free portion of longest finger.. .07
From elbow to tip of longest

f i uger J . .25

Free portion of longest toe 11

From knee to tip of longest too. . 27
Distance between outstretched
toes 87

Spelerpes bilineatus Green.

Catalogue
number.

No. of
.spec.

Locality.

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of epeci-
meu.

37:18

2
1
1
7
9
2
G
10

10
17

17

AVesternPenn.sylvauia. .

Cinciiiuati, Ohio

do

Meadvillo, I'a

Alcoholic type.
Alcoholic.
Do

884J
88:i:i

J. N. B. Scarborough . . .

3718

Do.

473G

Micauopy, Fla

Dr.T.H. Bean

J.n.Darrell

Prof. S. F. liaird

do

do

Do

4737
3745
37-10
3744

Boimiida

Weatpoit, N. Y

EsMPx County, N. Y

Ooluuilius, I'a

Iticcboioujili, Ga

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

374K

Do

3719

WiUinnis

Do.

47;!5

Micauopv, Fla

Dr.T. H. Beau

Kunilion &. Bi-au

Prof. S. F. Baird

. . do

Do.

94i;:t

3716
37:i7

IMillcil^M^ville, Ga

Gai lisle, Pa

(;i.\sa(kic, N. Y

June, 187G

Do.
Do.
Do.

13423
13714
]371t)

(Mncinuati, Oliio

Garri.>iOii's, N. Y

Auburn, Mc

do

1883

18K3
18s:!
]8L<t
1883

.J. N. B. Seal borough . ..

'1'. Koo.se veldt

G.P.Merrill

do

do

do

do

J.B.Barratt

George Shoemaker

0)

(?)

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

13711

do

Do.

137 rj

do

Do.

13713

(1(,

Do.

3798

Abbuvinc S. C

Do.

133L'9
37:!(;

uir.G

\\'ashiii;:toii, I). U

M;idricl, N. V

(iloUCCMtlT. Md

1883

Do.
Do.
Do.

14457

AhlMviUc, s. (;

\Viliiiiii;;t(iu, Di'l

(?)

Do.

37J9

Dr. Baclie

Do.

168 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

S2)c1cyj}(s hUineatus Greeu — Continued.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.

3752

1

3753

1

3751

6

3717

5

3741

1

372G

10

3721

60

3742

1

3725

2

4719

7

3728

2

3747

2

Locality.

Nichols, N.Y

Meredith Bridge, N. H..

Gloucester, V.i

Clarke County, Va

Columbus, Oliio

Salem, N.C

Upper Janips River, Va.

Anderson, S. C

Abbeville, S. C

Georgia

Cleveland, Ohio

Kacino, Wis

When
collected.

From whom received."

R.Howell

S. F.Baird

Rev. C. Mann

0. B. R. Kennerly

L. Lesquereux

J. T. Lineback...

S. F.Baird

Mrs. D.aniel

Dr. J. B. Barratt.
Dr. W. L. Jones .

Dr. Kirtland ,

K. Kennicott .

Nature of speci-
men.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Var. BoREALis. — No. 4735; nine specimens; Keiieba*?oLake,Oquassa,
Me., 1852; Dr. C. Girard; alcoholic

Form CiRRiaERA.— jSTo. 4734; twospeciraeDS; Southern States (La.?);
Dr. F. Bacbe; alcoholic

SPELERPES LONGICAUDUS Green.

(Plate 28, figs. 1-3; 35, fig. 11.)

Baird, Jouru. Ac. Pbila. (2) i, p. 287; Copo, Proc. Ac.Phila., 1869, p. 107;
Strauch, Salam., p. 82; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. i, p. 43;
Hallowell, Journ. Ac. Phila., iv, p. 345; Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Grad.
Brit. Mus., cd. ii, 1882, p. 64.

Salamandra longicauda Green, Jouru. Ac. Phila., i, p. 351; Ilolbr., N. A. Herp., v, p.

61, PI. 19; De Kay, N. Y. Faun., Kept., p. 78, PI. 17, fig. 41.
Spelerpes lucifuga Rafin., Atlaut. Journ. i. 1832, p. 22 (fide Raird).
Cylindrosoma longicauda Tscliudi, Batr., p. 93.
Cyl'mdrosoma longicaudatnm Duui. & Bibr., p. 78.

This species is slender and elongated; the head flattened and much
depressed; the body depressed; the tail compressed from the base, and
considerably longer than the rest of the animal.

The surface of the skin, though smooth, shows everywhere shallow
pits under the microscope, and closely agglomerated granules, the ends
of glands, which probably secrete a milky juice. 1 have not made out
any satisfactory indications of patches of pores on top of the head,
althongh there are some on the chin.

The head is flattened, though not wedge-shaped, quite plane above, and
twice as wide as deep. It is longer than wide, the upper jaw overlapping
the lower, especially anteriorly; the muzzle is triangular, broadly trun-
cated anteriorly. There is a slight swelling in the upper lip on each side
of the muzzle, imi)arting an emarginated or concave appearance to the
front view of the mouth, and a concavity to the lateral outline, which
posteriorly passes into a convex curve. There is a slight narrowing of
the lower jaw to fit into the einargination just referred to.

The tongue is elliptical, rather longer than wide, inserted on the up-
per part of the extremity of a protractile pcdecil ; it has no other attach-
ment whatever. The palatine teeth form a short arc which begins be-

TIIK 1$ATKACIIIA OF NOIMMl AMKUK^A. IGI)

bind and on U liuci with the inner border of inner nares, and eiii\ es in-
wards and backwards for a short distance. The parasphcnoid teeth
begin a short distance behind their terniinatioh (with adecided interval,
however), and form in patches, in contact along the median line.

The body is elongated, the distance from snout to axilla contained 2^
times in that to the groin. There are twelve lateral costal grooves; the
posterior bifiircated above and anterior to the groin. If the furrow here
be connted there would be thirteen grooves. The anterior is one inter-
space distant from the axilla.

The tail is very long, generally li times longer than the rest of the
animal. It is much compressed from the base to the much-attenuated
ti)), but IS nowhere as high as the body.

The limbs are much developed; the digits lengthened, narrow, linear,
cylindrical, depressed, and swollen slightly into bulbs at the ends.
There is no basal connecting membrane. The third and fourth toes aie
longest, the latter perhaps longer of the two; the second and fifth are
nearly equal. The first finger and toe are very short, though not rudi-
mentary.

^ rt iff (^

45 y

Pig. 41. Spelerpcs longicaiidus. No. 4085. Lnncastor, Oliio; }.

The ground color of this species is of a clear bright yellow, paler be-
neath, the back and sides irregularly sprinkled with black specks look-
ing like grains of rather coarse gunpowder. These are g' "rally (but
not always) more thickly crowded along the sides, some^ ,s almost
forming a distinct spotted band on the sides of the tail; these black
spots are generally aggregated into a series of vertical bands. In
younger specimens, and many older ones, the spots above are arranged
in three rather irregular lines, one median and two lateral larger ones.
The muzzle and entire under parts are immaculate.

In old individuals there is sometimes a snfiusion of reddish-brown
among the spots on the sides, obscuring their outlines. The shade of
yellow varies sometimes to a reddish tinge. Sometimes the black spots
on the sides are arranged in a somewhat reticulated manner.

This beautifid animal is not very active in its habits, and is almost
always found in rocky gronnd and in fissures and caves in cliffs. I
have never seen it in the water. It was described by Kahnesqne from
a specimen from a cavern in Kentucky. Its distribution is throughout
the middle latitudes, rather representing the S. (juttolincatus of the far
Southern States.

I have recorded a specimen of this species from Tennessee (American
Naturalist, 1871, p. 401), in which the balancers were persistent, as in
the cirrigera form of Spclerpes hilincatus.

170 • IJULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

MeasurcMiiiils of Xo. 371G, in iiichca.

Leu<rtlj,iiiea.surecl aloug axis of body :

From suont to yapc 22

From snout to jjular fold JJO

From snout to armpit 73

From snout to groin 2. 08

From snout to behind anus 2. :!;">

From snout to end of tail 5. U5

Tail 2.70

Head:

Width of head ;};{

Width of tongue 15

Length of tongue 22

Length of orbit ].')

Distance between eyes anteriorly . 20
Distance between outer nostrils . 15
Distance between inner nostrils . 10

Body :

Circumference of belly 1. 10

Distance between armpit and
groin 1.35

Tail:

Height of tail where highest.. . .25
Breadth of tail where highest . . .19

Limbs:

Free p(u-tion of longest linger .. .11
From elbow to ti[> of longest

ti nger 40

Free portion of longest toe L5

r'rom knee to tip of longest too .51
Distance between ontstretchcd

toes 1.G5

Spchrixs loii'jicaiKhiti (irccn.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.
2

8842

:i7;i5

1

;t7y2

3

8S40

1

8821

1

SKOli

1

882G

1

;i860

2

4085

3

ii4r)fi

i

14447

1

3710

5

3730

1

3731

3

3739

3

Locality,

11 J"i I'^roui wIiOMi ici cl\( (1.
collectKl.

Meadville I'a

Cinchiuali, Uliid

Union County, Tenn.

.' J. N. b. Scailiorousli--

<lo

William I'liillM.s

Franklin County, Tcnn .
Pitt.sbuifili, I'a.

I. X. 1>. Scai Ikuom^'Ii. . .

Lanca.ster, Oliio

IS)..'-, j Col. M. McDonald

184!) .S. I''. Mai I (I

(^arli.slc, I'a ... .

llishland Count v, Oliio .
West Nuitlifield', ill

1 Matthews

Southern Illinois

(li.

Wa.sliington, 1). C

Dr. K. K. Gait

Nature of .speci-
men.

AI

eolioliu.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

SFELERPES Gl'TTOLINEATUS ITolbrook.

Baird, Jonrn. Ac. Phila. (2), i, p, 287; Cojio, Froc. Ac. Phila., 1809, p.
107; Stranch, Salain., p. 82; Gray, Cat. Batr. (ira<l. Brit. Hits., ed. i,
p. 45; Hallow., Jonrn. Ac. Phila., iv, ;54G; Boiilenger, Cat. Batr.
Grad, Brit. Mua., cd. ii, 1882, p. 05.

Salamaiidra gittioHncuia Ilolbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. 29, PI. 7.
Ci/Undrosoma (/uttoluicatiim Dum. A Bibr., p. 79.

This species in its general proportions, slmjie, etc., is very similar to
8. longiatiiflus. It appears to l»e latlier stouter, and the head a little
broader. The eyes are larger, the toes shorter, etc. Tiie protuberances
of the upper lip are rather larger, which gives a more eitiarginated out-
line to the jaw when viewed from before.

There are thirteen well-marked costal grooves, a fourteenth falling
just above the insertion of the arm. The most posterior falls in the
groin.

This species is of a brownish-yellow above, beginning at the muzzle,
including the upper eyelids and extending to the tip of the tail. On
the back it occupies nearly one-third the circumference of the body. It

THE HATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMIiRICA.

171

is divided ccutrally by a loDgitiuliiial dark brown line, begiiiuiiig as a
few dots, on tlie top of tlie head, tbcn uniting into a continuous stripe,
wliicb extends to tlie rump, and is a little narrower tban, or about equal
to, the two light stripes into which it divides the color of the back.
The light dorsal stripe is bordered on each side by a continuous dark
stripe well defined on the upper edge. The under parts are yellowish
in alcohol, distinctly mottled or vermiculated with brown in about
equal proportions. In the present specimen there is no distinct light
line below the brown of the sides, which breaks up gradually below,
passing into the reticulation described. There is a single light spot in
the darkest part of the sides, one to each intercostal section. The sides
of the tail are dark brown, with vertical light bars analogous with the
white spots just described.

In otber specimens the dark brown which borders the yellowish of
the back is sharply defined on its lower margin, also forming a con-
tinuous line of variable diameter, with a series of white spots, one to
each space, between the costal furrows. Below this again is another
continuous, quite well-defined light stripe, after which succeeds the
mottling described. In this case there are three black stripes, one
median dorsal, and two lateral; and four light stripes, two median, of a
brownish-yellow color, and two lateral, whitish in alcohol.

Tlie comi)arison of form has already been made with *S'. lonf/icaudus.
Tlie color ditiers essentially in the vermiculation, with brown beneath,
instead of being perfectly immaculate. If the varieties of S. hnvjicavdns
having three series of dorsal dots had these united into continuous
stripes tiiere would be some resemblance to the present species. Such
is, however, n^ver tlie case. The tail, instead of being yellow, with
narrow vertical dark lines, is dark, with narrow vertical light ones.

I have found a cirrigerous form of this species in North Carolina.

Miu^nrcnii iitfi <>J Xo. Vu2'.^, in iiic/its.

Len<iftli, iiu'iisurcd almi;; ;i\iM of IJody :

bo<ly : (JiiciimCeiTiico of bollj'

From snout lo ^iipo '21 ])i«(,;iiice iK'twecn armpit aiul

I'rom snout li> ;L;Mliir lolil ".(i j^roiii

rrom snout to arm pit ?."> 'I'ail : I[i'ij:,lit of tail wliere lii^Iiest, .

From snont to;;r(iiii l.'.M) Limh^:

From snont to hcliiml anus '2.'27> Frco jiortion of lonj^ost fiu^icr..

From snont to cu'l of tail i'\:!'' From elbow to tip of lonj;'Ost.

Tail ;i. 00 tinj^rr

Heatl: I'rcc portion of lonjiest. too

Wiiltli of lu^ad ■'>-' Ficim kiM'O to tip of lon,i;i's, tof. .

Lcnjjt li of orliit 1'' Oistaiu't' lictwcon ouLstn t' in-d

]>is(anci'l)('t ween cvisautci icul V . 1'.' tucs

.00

1. li

."JO

.00

.19
1.3;',

172 BULLETIN 31, UNITEIJ STATES NOTIONAL MUSEUM.

Spclerpcs gatloUiiealus Holbr.

Cata-
logue
nura-
bor.

3723
3727
3749
4733
3734
5720
3733

No. of

Sox

spec.

and ago.

3

1

3

1

1

1

4

Larva.

Locality.

Eutaw, Ala

Salem, N. C

liiceborougli, Ga.
Abbeville, S.U...

Mississippi

Andorsou, S. C. ..
New Madrid. Mo

"When col-
lected.

From wbom received.

Professor Winebell

I. T. Lincback

Dr. Jones

Dr. Barratt

Colonel Wailes

Mrs. Daniels

R. Kennicott

Nature of
specimen.

This species was found abundantly by the writer iu llie upper valley
of the French Broad River, in North Carolina, at an elevation of 2,500
feet above the sea. Dr. A. K. Fisher, of the U. S. Agricultural bureau,
also found this species iu Virginia, only eight miles south of Washing,
ton, D. C, a most remarkable extension of its range.

The specimen recordetl in Dr. Yarrow's check-list as from Lan-
caster, Ohio, belongs to the S. longicaudus.

SPELERPES RUBER Daudin.

(Pliitfs20,30, figs. 1-5; 31, figs. 1-5; 32, figs. 1-3; 35, figs. 7-10; 40, figs. 1,2; 45, fig.

6; 48, fig. 10.)

Cope, Proceed. Ac, Phila , 18G9, p. 107; Strancb, Salani., p. 83 ; Bou-
leugcr, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Miis., ed. ii, 1882, p. C2.

Salamamlra rnhra Daud., Rept., viil, p. 227, PI. 92, fig. 2 ; Holbr., N. A. Herp., v,

p. 35, PI. 9; Ue Kay, N. Y. Fauu. Rept., p. 80, PI. 17, fig. 43.
Salamandra macitlala Gieeu, Jouiu. Ac. Plula.,i, p. 350.
Salumandra subfitsca Green, I. c, p. 351.
Suliuuandra rubrivoitris Grecu, /. c, p. 353 (nee. Daud.).
Pscitdotritoii suhfuscus Tscbudi, Batr., p. 95.

I'seudotnton ruber Baird, Jouru. Ac. Phila. (2), i, p. 28G ; Hallowell, I. c, iv., p. 347.
Spelcrpcs rubra Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mns., ed. i, p. 45.
noUfOfjlossa rubra Dum. & Bibr., p. 89, PI. 93, fig. 2.
rscudotriton flavissimuti Hallow., Proc. Ac. Phila., 185G, p. 130.

Larva :
Siren opcrcuJata Pal. do Beauv., Amer. Phil. Trans., iv, p. 279, PI. — , fig. 3.
I'roicus ucoca'sarcanus Grecu, I. c, p. 358.

The form of this species varies with its age, the very old ones being
nearly as stout as Amhy stoma imnctatum j more so than A, opacum. The
more immature, however, are rather slender.

The skin isperfectly smooth and lustrous. There are no indications of
glands secreting a milky juice, as in Amblystoma, but the skin is every-
where beset with shallow pits, closely set. The eye is encircled by a
series of pores. These extend anterior to those on the side of the head
to the nostrils, and are more crowded. The lower edge of the lower
jaw is encircled by a single series of pores, and there are two other
series, nearly straight, which start from the point of the chin and diverge
backwards.

THE liATRACHJA OF NORTH AMERICA. 173

The bead is depressed, triangular, almost wedge shaped viewed lat-
erally, and rather pointed ; more truncate in the yoiuig. The upper jaw
is projecting and overlaps the lower. The gai)c is about straight. The
end of the upper jaw is flattened obliquely a little, visible only from be-
low. The nostrils are very small, placed more laterally than su[)eriorly,
and a little below the anterior end of the rounded canthus lostralis.
The eyes are directed antero-laterally, so that the lines of the upper eye-
lids would intersect before reaching the tip of the nose.

There is only a slight constriction at the neck, the entire animal from
head to rump being nearly of the same diameter, and the body passes
insensibly into the tail. This is quadrate or nearly square at the base
(with rounded corners), but becomes more and more compressed to the
pointed tip. The dorsal surface of the tail rises iuto an acute ridge for
the posterior two thirds, the ventral for one-third. There are fifteen
costal grooves, including one in the groin. If continued to the axilla
there would be sixteen, but there is no distinct axillary one. The verti-
cal grooves of the tail are distinct at the base of the tail, but soon become
indistinct.

As stated, old specimens have a proportionally larger body than
younger.

The limbs are all very weak; the digits feeble. The third linger is
longest, then the second, fourth, and first. The third and fourth toes
are nearly equal, then the second. The first digits are quite rudiment-
ary, esp<'cially the first toe. The younger specimens appear to have
proportionally longer digits and more slender limbs.

The tongue is a nearly circular disk, entirely free, supported on a
slender pedicel like a mushroom, and capable of being extended beyond
the mouth. The palatine teeth are transverse, just behind the nostrils
(by one diameter), and form an abrupt rectangle with each of the series
on the parasphenoid bone, which widen behind and leave a free chan-
nel down the median line. This free space anteriorly is as wide as the
diameter of the inner nares, but like the patches of teeth widens a lit-
tle behind. The space is encroached uj^on by the plates of parasphe-
noid teeth with age.

The inner nostrils arc minute, about transversely elleptical and con-
tinuous, with a well-defined narrow groove running out to the margin
of the jaw. They are situated about opposite the center of the trans-
verse i)ortion of the teeth, the length of which may be about three tinies
as great as the major axis of the nostrils.

The colors of the younger specimens of this species in alcohol are a
pale salmon-yellow, lighter beneath ; the back and upper part of the
sides sprinkled irregularly and thickly with sharply-defined blackish
spots, looking like grains of coarse guni)ow(ler. These si)ots vary in
size with the specimen, and are generally larger towards the dorsal line.
With age, and sometimes in younger specimens, the borders of these
spots are less distinctly defined, and the ground color between them

174 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

becomes suifused with a kind of puiplisli-browii. The belly is gener-
ally immaculate until the animal is quite old, when it is finely sprinkled
with dots like grains of fine powder.

The color of a fresh specimen is as follows. It is fully grown, and was
takeu April 7, 1848

4 6 7

F]G. 43. SpderjKx riihci: No. 7903. Cailiale, r.i.; ;.

Pupil small, elliptical, major axis horizontal, brassy, with horizontal
dark line. General color dark salmon-red. Whole upper parts marked
with rounded spots, largest along back, about size of the eje and less,
of black or dark. Between these spots is a clouding of dark red-
dish-brown, as if the black of upper parts had run after being first
put on. Frequently, however, there is an obscure areola of thegrouiul
color around the spots; on sides of body and tail, external portion of
limbs, less of the interstitial dark reddish-brown. "Whole under surface
sprinkled with minute black dots, larger towards the chin. Extreme
edge of snout blackish, as also of lower jaw to a less degree.

Individuals vary somewhat in coloration; sometimes the dots on the
belly are more aggregated towards the center, sometimes the interstitial
color on back purer, so as to define spots better, while again, on the other
hand, the whole upper parts are so much shaded with the reddish-brown
as to nearly obscure the black spots.

The eye can be retracted or protruded as in the figures, and also con-
cealed by the approximation of the lids. The transparent lower lid
can be brought uj) and over lower half of the eyeball.

In young individuals the colors are much purer; the whole body
being of orange, of different shades in different individuals; darker
above, with spots of black on upper half of bodj-, larger along back,
irregularly distributed, beneath generally unspotted. The lower jaw
with a row of spots around its margin.

Ob.scrrations. — Tin's is an abundant species throughout the United
States east of the TNIississippi Kiver as far north as Maine, and corre-
sponding latitudes in Canada, and south into Texas and Florida. It
chiefly abounds in the hilly and mountainous sections. It is especially
aquatic in its habits, and is found on the ground only after rains. It is
not unfrequently found un<ler bark of fallen trees in damp situations,
but its chief haunts are cold springs. Here, beneath stones, it may
be always iound, occui)ying, if possible, the fissure from which the lim-
pid water rises, and displaying its beautiful hues through the trans-

THE BATKACHIA OV NOKTH AMEIUCW. 175

parent medium with the brilliiuicy of ;i straugc exotic, rather than the
pallor ot a dweller iu the chilly dei)tlis arul dark recesses of a cave.
They walk deliberately, and swim with some activity, moving, as do
other salamanders, with the limbs i)ressed to the sides and the body
and tail nndulatiug laterally. Their movements are not so active as
those of some other species. They are very harmless and, though I
have handled a great number of them, have never seen them attempt
to bite. Their food consists of insects.

Varieties. — Occasionally a specimen is Ibund which is of a uniform
grayish-brown. Dr. E. E. Gait sent nic such a one from Staten Island,
New York. Two forms have been distinguished by Professor Baird
which may rank as subspecies : the »V. ruber sticticcps and the IS. ruber
montanus. They are described below.

The manner in which the characters wliich distinguish these sub-
species are found singly in various individuals illustrates well the con-
dition of a protean species. Thus of the s[)ecimens with sixteen costal
plicie referabh". to S. r. montanus, where the width of the head may
be one-sixth the length to the groin, two s[)eciniens measure the same,
CJ and G| in the same, and anotlur Gi[, ami another (3848) 7 times. In
one the posterior part of the parasphenoidal patch is widened, as in the
usual form. In two specimens (.')870-70ol) the sixteenth i)lica falls over
the femur and does not descend before it; the vomerine series of both
are angulated. In 7031a, from the same locality as 7031, all the char-
acters are those typical of *S'. r. montanus.

In two specimens having the head and coloration of var. Ruber, from
Eutaw, Ala., one has fifteen plicie and angulate teeth, the other sixteen
plicie and curved series of teeth. In a number of /S'. r. ruber from Ab-
beville, S. C, one has sixteen plicai. In this variety the width of the
head enters the length to groin usually fne times, but varies to 5i, 5f,
and in 7023, 0.} times.

In the type of r.Jlarissimus, this relation is 1 to 6^, with but fifteen
plicae; the truncation of tlie muzzle is less than described, and there
are no cirri. In var. Sticticcps a trace of the same is visible. The
peculiar coarse and si»arse s[)otting in this var. and in *S'. r. viontanus
is seen in Ivuber No. 7073 (half grown).

The uniform color of aS'. r. sticticeps is nearly ecpialed by No. 7023, and
the white punctulation of the lips by 7073 (large), though none are simi-
lar in the punctulation of the front; in 1840, from Eutaw, Ala., the ab-
domen and gular region are similarly punctulate.

As regards the size of the eyes in P.fiavisslinus, their longitudinal
diameter measures 1.5 the width between their anterior canthi. These
specimens are both small. In several small var. Ruber the measurement
is the same, and in the smaller of the *S'. r. sticticeps ; in the larger of the
latter and of Ruber this measureiyent is as 1 : 2. Nevertheless, in a num-
ber of var. Ruber which have just completed their metamorphosis the
proportion of front to eye is also 2 : 1 (No. 3840).

176

BULl KTIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

These varieties are, however, uot difficult to recognize, especially as I
have observed, the S. r. montanus.

Proportional dimensions of No. 3837.
Head :

Length of gapo of mouth to its width about half.

Width (o distauce from snout to gular fold contaiued H times.

Width to distance from snout to groin about 6 times.

From snout to gular fold eoutaiued in distance from snout to groin 4| times.

Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit 2 orbits.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit 1 orbit.

Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit about 1 orbit.

Distance between internal nostrils in length of orbit less than 1 orbit.

Limbs:

Free portion of longest finger contained in distance from elbow to tip. 4 times.

Free portion of longest- toe contained in distance from knee to tip 3 times.

Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to groin one-half.

Tail:

Length from behind anus to rest of animal 1| times.

Length from behind anus to total length two-fifths.

Body :

Width compared with that of head rather broader.

Number of costal furrows (including inguinal) 15.

Measurements of No. 3837, in inches.

Length, measured along axis of body :

From snout to gape 28

From snout to gular fold 70

From snout to armpit 1.00

From snout to groin 3.00

From snout to behind anus 3.50

- From snout to end of tail 5. GO

Head:

Width of head 55

Width of tongue 22

Length of orbit 14

Distance between eyes ante-
riorly 20

Distance between ontei' nostrils. . 15
Distance between inner nostrils. . 12

Body :

Circumferer.ee of belly 2. 15

Distance between armpit and
groin 2.10

Tail:

Height of tail where highest.. . . 45
Breadth of tail where highest.. . 40

Limbs:

Free portion of longest finger.. . 10
From elbow to tip of longest

finger 40

Free portion of longest toe 15

From knee to tip of longest toe. . 51
Distance between outstretched
toes 1.50

Spelerpes ruber fiavissimus Hallow.

Pseudotriton flavissimiis Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18,"j0, 130.

The form and proportions, excepting about the head, are so simi-
lar to those of S. ruber, that it is unnecessary to repeat these charac-
ters. The digits are rather long, as usual in young S. ruber. The outer
ones, however, appear proportionally longer than in the latter. The
head, viewed from above, is narrower and more truncate. It is arched
but not wedge-shaped, depressed, the muzzle being much higher than
in »S'. ruber. Each side of the truncated snout is bordered by a vertical
ridge, which is a little exterior to the outer nostrils, and descends a

THE BATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 177

little below the level of tlie jaw, looking: like a fang when viewed later-
ally. Viewed from in front, tlio lower outline of the muzzle is strongly
concave, bordered on each side by the downward extension of this
ridge. There is a slight indentation of the side of the jaw behind this
ridge, and there is a fine linear channel leading down the back of this
ridge from the outer margin of the external nostrils. A similar chan-
nel, but no ridge, is seen in P. ruber. i

The outline of the upper jaw, as viewed from below, is decidedly an-
gular anteriorly instead of rounded.

The eyes are unusually large and prominent for this section of sala-
manders, and are separated anteriorly by little more than one orbit's
length. The two paraspheuoidal ranges of teeth are in contact ante-
riorly, as in 8. r. montanus, without the interval of S. r. ruber.

There are fifteen costal furrows, excluding an axillary one. The tail
is a little more than half the rest of the body.

In alcohol the color is light brownish-red, paler beneath; the upper
parts and sides thiidy but quite uniformly' sprinkled with small,
rounded, well defined, blackish dots; very few of them on the head.

As statetl, this variety is distinguished from «S. ruber, as well as
iS. r. montanus and sticticeps, by the shape of the head, the angulation
of the upper lip, the much larger and more approximated eyes. The
scantiness of the black specks is more as in *S'. r. montanus, from which
again it is distinguished by fifteen instead of sixteen costal grooves.

Proportional dimensions.
Head:

Width to distance from suout to groin about 6 times.

From suout to gular fold contained in distance from suout to

groin about 4i times.

Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit. .. scarcely more thau once.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit about once.

Distance between external nostrils iu length of orbit about one time.

Limbs: Distance between outstretched toes in length from

snout to groin rather more thau half.

Body: Numberof costal furrows (including inguiual) 15

Measurements, in inches.

Length, measured along axis of body :

From snout to gape 22

From suout to gular fold 45

From snout to armpit 65

From suout to groin 1. 85

From snout to behiud anus 2. 10

From snout to end of tail 3. 30

Tail 1.20

He.id:

Width of head 30

Length of orbit 11

Distance between ej'es anteri-
orly 13

Distance between outer nostrils .11
1951— Bull 34 12

Head — Continued :

Distance between inner nostrils . 08
Distance from eye to uostrils.. . 10
Body: Distauce between armpit

and groi n 1.17

Tail: Height of tail where highest .20
Limbs:

Free portion of longest finger.. .08
From elbow to tip of longest

finger 30

Fice portion of longest toe 10

From knee to tip of longest too .35
Dista""e between outstretched
toes 1.05

178 IJULLETIN 34, UNlTEb STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Spelerpcs ruber sticticeps Baird.
Proceed. Ac. Pbihi., 18G9, p. 108. (Name only.)

This variety in all its details of shape, proportions aiul general
structure resembles P. ruber. The limbs, liowever, are" considerably
smaller and weaker, and the external nostrils seem to be farther apart.
There are fifteen costal furrows, excluding the axillary.

The color in alcohol is a daik reddish-brown or brownish-red above;
lighter red beneath. The color of the upper parts is very uniform and
continuous, though a careful examination shows some very obsolete
rounded spots of darker on the sides. The sides and beneath are
everywhere sprinkled with minute blackish dots. The head is uni-
formly colored like the back, without dark spots, but its sides and an-
terior portion are closely sprinkled with whitish specks, which are very
distinct and characteristic.

This variety diflfers somewhat in form from 8. ruber, as stated. It
can be separated from the latter by the small whitish specks on the
muzzle in the uniform ground color, typical iS. ruber always having
larger black spots, without any white. The color above is deeper and
more continuous than in S. ruber without the distinct dorsal spots
always distinguishable in it. The ground color appears to be of a
much deeper red than in S. ruber.

I'loporlioual dhnoisiotia.
Head

Length of gape of nioiuli to its widtli three-fourths.

Width to distance tioin snout to groin nearly G times.

From snout to gular fold contained in di.>stanco from snout to groin.. .. 4^ times.

Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit twice.

Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit 1^ times.

Limbs :

Free portion of longest tiuger contained in distance from elbow to tip.. .5 times.

Free portion of longest toe contained in distance from knee to
tip nearly 4 ti'nes.

Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to groin, nearly twice.

Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to

behind anus more than twice.

Body : Number of costal furrows (including inguinal) 15

ilcasuniinrls, in iiuhcx.

Length, measured along axis of body : Hody :

From snout to gape 'M Circumference of belly 1.50

From snout to gular fold . • ''^''' j Distance between armpit and

From snout to armpit 85 groin 1.65

From snout to groin 12.50 Tail: Height of tail where highest

From snout to brhiud anus 2.85 est 40

From snout to end of tail 4.1)0 Limbs:

Tail 2.05 Fre(! portion of longest tiuger .07

Head: \ From elbow to tip of longest

Width of head 4:5' finger 35

Length of orbit 11 , Free portion of longest toe 12

Distancebetwecn eyes anteriorly . 22 I From knee to tip of longest toe .45
Distance between outer nostrils . 10 [ Distance between outstretched
Distance between inner nostrils . 10 I toes. 1.35

THl-: BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AxMEUICA. 179

Spelerpcs ruber montanus IJaird.

I'siudotriton monlaiius Baird, Journ. Philadclijhia Academy, i, '187-2'S.\; Gray. I. c, p. 4G.

Tlie cxtcriml cbiiracters of this subspecies are much as in /*. ruber as
to pits, sinootlinoss, etc.

The form of tbis animal is more liice tliatof (rijriiiopJiilus pi>rpl(t/riticus
iti being elongated, cylindrical, and with the tail nearly ecpial to tlie dis-
tance fronl the head to the groin.

The head is rather small and narrow. The pr()[)ortion of eyes, etc.,
much as in S. ruber. The snout is, however, more abruptly trujicated,
showing the nostrils on each side at the corner formed with the side of
the head, and with an indistinct ridge running down to the jaw as in
(r. porphijriticus, but less marked. The to[) of the head is more convex,
and not tlattened between the eyes. The tongue is a circular pedun
culated disk. The teeth curve gently from beliind the inner nares to
the i)aras[)henoid bone, not at an angle, and the two longitudin il series
are so close continuously as to exhibit no furrow of sei)aration, and very
little of one behind. The palatine portion does not extend outwards
beyond the outer border of the inner nostrils.

Professor Baird described this species in 1849 from a single adidt
si»ecimcn caught in the South Mountain, near Carlisle, Pa. Since
then several others fiom ditferent localities have been obtained, -.md
after the renewed examination of many specimens of iS. ruber 1 am
satisfied of its distinction as a subspecies. The coloration is always
ai)preciably different in the very dark iris without longitudinal bar of
Montanus, compared with the brassy-yellow iris with longitudinal dark
bar of liuber. The ground color above is uniformly and continuously
brownish-salmon, mucli as in G. porplnjrlfieus, with a few well detiued
circular simts. In Ruber where the ground color has become dark red-
dish brown, it is always mottled with lighter, and the larger and more
udmnous dark spots are more obsolete in their outline.

The headof ]\Iontanus isnarrower and much more arched tr.msversely.
Tlie snout is more truncate. The two series of teeth on each side the
paras|)henoid bone come closer, so as to be almost in contact, without
the interval of *S', ruber.

The body and tail are more slender and elongated; the latter propor-
.ioiiaily considerably longer. Theieare IG costal furrows, excluding an
axillar one, instead of 15, as in S. ruber.

There are 10 distinct cojstal grooves, excluding any in the axilla.
Tlu^ tail shows similar furrows at lirst, but they soon become indistinct.
It is (juadrate at the base, then gradually becomes more and morecom-
pressi'd, with a sharp ridge towards theeiul, as in S. ruber. Its length
is UL'arly etpial to the distance from the snout to the groin.

The limbs are not appreciably different from what has been described
in iS', ruber.

The color of the type specimens, as [u-eserved in alcohol, is a uniform

180 BULLKTIxNT 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

continuous brownishsalinou above, including the limbs; the under parts,
from the middle of the sides, rather abrui)tly i^ale salmon. The dark
portions are marked with circular, thinly scattered, well defined dark
brown or black spots. The belly is immaculate.

In life this same specimen had tlie ground color reddish-brown ; be-
neath, deep salmon. The iris dark reddish -brown, almost black, with
faint raottlings of bronze on the iriuer border, and without any hori-
zontal dark bar.

The difference of form and color are appreciable in young as well as
old specimens.

The distribution of this form is in the i\lleghpny Mountains from
Pennsylvania to South Carolina.

Proportional dimensions.
Head:

Length of gape of mouth to its width about three-fourths.

Width to distance froai snout to guhir fuUl about IJ times.

Width to distance from snout to groin about oj times.

From snout to gularfohl contained in distance from snout to groin, about 4^ times.

Distance anteriorly between (^yes in length of orbit If times.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit 1 time.

Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit 1 time.

Distance betweea internal nostrils in length of orbit less than 1 time.

Limbs:

Free portion of longest finger contained lu distance from elbow

to tip nearly 4 times.

Free portion of longest toe contained in distance from knee to tip., about :?| times.

Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to groin. . about 1| times.
Tail :

Length from behind anus to rest of animal IJ times.

Length from behind anus to total length three-sevenths.

Body :

Width compared with that of head rather less.

Number of costal furrows, including axillary and inguinal ItJ.

Measurements, in inches.

Length, measured along axis of body :

From snout to gape 30

From snout to gular fold 65

From snout to armpit 94

From snout to groin 2. 85

From snout to behind anus 3. 25

From snout to end of tail 5. 75

Of tail 2.50

Head :

Width of head 46

Length of orbi t 15

Body :

Circumference of belly 1. 90

Distance between armpit and

groin L 75

Tail:

Height of tail where highest.. . .42
Breadth of tail where highest.. .32
Limbs :

Free portion of longest finger.. .10
From elbow to tip of longest

finger 38

Distance between eyes anteri- Free portion of longest toe 15

orly 25 I From knee to tip of longest toe. .50

Distance between outcrnostrils. .17 Dist:ince between outstretched
Dlstancebetween inner nostrils. ,10 1 toeu 1.75

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Spelerpes ruber ruber Daudin.

181

RESEUVE SEltlES.

Catalogue

No. Of

number.

spec.

8811

1

5:192-

1

T.m

10

:f86j

2

782(1

3 i

8H11

C' 1

S818

1

83:!9

1

0:i29

1

. 9:)55

0

38:!7

8

95 i3

1

38 to

5

385 1

3

38)8

3

9120

2

9554
393i

2

4

3863

2

4024

1

1840

1

13313

1

3863

3

119GI

2

5918

1

11583

1 i

18J6

1

3637

4

3853

4

80

i

Locality.

Ciuciimati, Ohio

Points villa, N. J

Carlisle, P;i

Delaware County. Pa...

Washington, L). C

Cdlunibia, S. C

Hamilton County, Ohio.

(Joldsborough, N. U

Tienton, N.J

Aux Plains River, 111 ...
Carlisle, Pa

Foxburgh, Pa

MeadviUe, Pa

Abbeville, S. C ....
Morgantowu, N. 0.

Cai lisle. Pa

A uderson, S. C

Columbus, Ga

Fort Benton, Mo

Washington, D. C

Gloucester, Va.

Milton, Fla

Beaufort, N. C

Indian Key, Fla

Fort Towson, Ark

Prairie M^er Rouge, La.
Tyree Springs, Tenn . . .

When
collected.

Dec. 20, 1883

From whom receiveil.

J. N. U. Scarborough.

N. 11. Bishop

Prof. S. F. liaird

Dr. E. Coues, U. S. A
Dr. George N. Moran.
J. N. B. Scaiborougli .

H. W. Welsher

Dr. C. C. Abbolt

R. Kenuicott

Prof. S. F. Baird

Prof. S. F. Baird

Williams

Dr. J. B. Barratt

Dr. George N. Moran .

Prof. S. F. Baird . . .
Mrs. M. E. Daniel .

Dr. Gesnor ,

Dr.F.V.Hayden..;
Geo. Shoemaker...

Rev. C. Mann

S. T.Walker

Dr. Wm. Stimpson

(?)

Dr. Edwards

Jas. Fairie

Prof. R.Osven

Nature of spec-
imen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

GENERAL SERIES.

7039

1

38.i4

2

9328

2

9330

3

10.><98

1

2903

37

3835

141

13583

1

38t9

9

11705

2

38G6

2

8844

2

14120

1

7073

7

3859

7 ,

14455

1

14467

1

14476

1

14478

3844

2

3837

10 '

384:>

2

4714

1

387S

1

3873

5 1

3851

5 .

(?)

Meadville, Pa
Trenton, N. J
Virginia

(?)

Carlisle, Pa

...do

Rawley, Va

Foxburgh, Pa

...do

Clarke County, Va

Fauquier County, Va.

Wvtheville. Va

Abbeville, S.C

Carlisle, Pa

(?)

Feb. 20, 1877

Sept., 1883

(?) !

(.') i

(?) !

Summerville, S. C '

Carli.sle. Pa ..., 1818

(.Centre Count V, Pa L

Pittsburgh, Pa

Columbus, Ohio

Anderson. S. C . .

Salem. N.C

Williams

Dr. C. C. Abbott.
F. F. Talbot

Prof. S.F. Baird...

Dr. Stevens

Ben. Miller

S. I. Baird

...do

C. B. R. Kennerly .
C. W. Slieuriiiann .
Col. M. McDonald

(?)

Prof. S F. Baird..

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

J. W.Nair

S.F.Baird

S. B. Brugger

Mr. Falinestook ..
L. Les(iuereaux . ..
Mrs. M. K. Daniel .
J. T. Lineb.ick ....

Alcoholic.
D(..
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
I>o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Spelerpes ruber flarissimus Hallovr.

182 HULLETIN 34, UNITEU STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Si)iicri)cs ruber .sticttcrps. Band.
RESERVE SEPaES.

Catalogue' No. of
number, j spec.

Locality.

When
colk'cteil.

From whom received.

2 Georgia I , Dr. W.L.Jones

Sjyelerjjes rnhir montanus Baird.

3839

2

3848

o

47 1. "i

8870

1

.5948

7(i:ti

^834

^

Soiifli Mountain, Car-
lisle. I'a.

S^ileni, N. i)

Al)l)cvillt\ S. C

'ryreo Springs, Teun ..

Hiaiitbrt, IS C

Hillsborough, N. C ....
Uuion County, Tenu ..

1848

Prof. S. F. Baiiil

J. T. Lititback

Dr.. I. 15. P.anatt

Prot. U.Owen

Wni. Stiinpson

M. A. Curtis ,

J. N. B. Scarborough

Nature of spec-
iuieu

Alcoholic.

Alcoholic (typo).

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

AUTODvVX Boulciiger.

Auu. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 18d7, \}. G7.

Analdcs Baird, Iconogr. Encycl., ii, 1849, p. 2.'j(i ; Giiard, U. S. Expl. Expcd., Rop.,
p. 8: Cope, Proceed. Ac. TLila., IgCD, p. 109; Sliancb, Salani., p. 74;
Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. G2; i\oui. pra'occiipa-
tnm.

Tougne attachetl from glossohyal to anterior margiu oii tbe niediiin
line; considerably free. One premaxillary bone. Vomerine teeth on a
ridge, which is continuous between the interior narcs. Maxillnry teeth*
confined to the anterior part of the arch, compressed, knife-shaped, with
entire enamel ; mandibular teeth of similar form and large development,
few in number, and confined to theanteiior half ofthe ramus. Toes 4-5.

This curious genus is furnished with by far the most powerful den-
tition of any of existing salamanders, and resembles in this respect
the genera of the Coal ^Measures, Brachydectes, Ilylerpetoii, and Ilylono-
mus. In other points there is little difference between it and Plethodon.
One marked feature brings it nearer ])esmognatlius than any other
genus of riethodontida\ The exoccipito-proiitics are each furnished
with a high longitudinal crest, over which the temporal muscle passes
from its origin on the atlas. It has, however, the usual origin from the
median line of the parietals, which scarcely exists in Desmognathus.
This line is marked in ^. lugubris by an elevated crest. The end of the
muzzle in that species bears evidence to a habit siuiilar to tliat whi(th
accompanies the singular structures of Desmognathus, viz, that of bur-
rowing or rooting among stones or other resisting objects. The derm is
similarly adherent to the bone, and the latter is exostosed and rugous.
The prefrontal bones are well developed.

* Girard, 1. c, describes the teeth a.s not fixed to the Jaw, and capable "of a (hqires-
siou bac1v\\ard.s." Tiii.s is only true of snccessioiial tocth or teeth about to be shed;
the functional teelli arc firmly anchylosed.

THE BATRACIIIA OP NORl'Tt AMERICA. 183

No species has yet been fouinl east of the Pacific coast region.

a. Distal balt'of tail roiiiuled or oval.

Large, stout; thumb devclopoil; lingers slioit ; paraspiicuoid scrifH narrow, voin-
eriucs strongly curvcil backwards; width of bead 4-.") to groin ; light brown
above, with yellow spots A. liiyHhris.

Smaller, sleudcr; thumb notdistinct, fingers long, slender; parasphenoid .series
wider; vonicriue series scarcely recurved ; width of head ().:il{ times in lenglli

to groiu ; above black, sides gray i. fii-rcnn-

act. Distal half of tail strongly comiircssed.

Robust; mnz7Ae wide; i)arasphenoid tooth patch wid".; digitsshort, the inner
not free; width of head !'t~^> tiun^s in length to grom; l)laek, sprinkled
with small bluish spots above A. ii'rauus,

AUTODAX LUGUBRIS Hallow.
(Plate 27, tigs. 1-4 ; :i^), fig. :?; 4H, fig. 1.').)

Anaides liigubris Baird, Icouogr. Encycl., ii, lf^40, \k 25G ; Baird & Girard, Proc.
Ac. Phila., 1853, p. 30-i : Baird, U. S. Expl. Exped., Herp., PI. i, tigs. 2()-33, and
Kept. U. S. Expl. Snrv., xiii, p. IV, Pi. 30, tig. 4; Cope, Proe. Ac. Phila., HG1»,
!>. 109: Stranch, Salam., p. T.') : Bonlcnger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii,
lt82, p. .^)2.

Salamandra lugiiiris Hallow., Journ. Ac. Phila., 1848, p. 12G.

Tarichn .' liirjnhris Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. i, p. 26.

AmhlyfitonKt 2)i(>>ctatitm Gray, ibid., p. 37.

The iicad is elongated, very much depressed, flattened, and when
viewed from above is much swollen posteriorly. Tlte snout is very
prominent, protruding beyond the lower jaw. Tlie nostrils are ele
vated, lateral, subterminal, and far apart. The eyes very prominent ;
their diameter enters only once in the distance between their anterior
rim and the extremity of the snout. The cleft of the mouth is large
and undulating. The maxillary teeth are proportionally large, espe-
cially on the lower jaw. They are lanceolate in shape, very acute and
thin. The palatine teeth are inconsi)icuous, rather blunt, disi)0sed in
an open V-shaped figure, the summit of which is directed backward,
whilst its branches extend to the internal and posterior mnrgin of the in
nor nostrils. There are two elongated patches of minute teeth on the
parasphenoid, closely approximated anteriorly and diverging slightly
posteriorly, where they are rouiuler and broadest. The corditbrm or pel-
tate; tongue fills the whole space of the inferior floor of the mouth. It
is attached along its medial line, whilst its sides are perfectly free, as is
iilso slightly its tapering tip and its posterior bilobed expansion.

The neck is elongated and slightly contracted; a distinct and well-
marked gular fold may be observed. It no doubt exists duriug life,
though its presence has been contested by some writers.

The body is snbfnsiform, dim'inishing towards both extremities. The
sides of the abdonuMi are transversely folded thirteen times between
axilla and groin. The tail is almost as long as the head and body ti)-

184 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

getber. It is subcyliiulrical, somewhat compressed, and tapering at
the end. Its upper and lower edges are rounded.

The limbs are slender, the posterior ones a little longer and stouter
than the anterior. When the former are brought forward and the latter
backward alongside the body the toes of either slightly overlap the
other. The toes themselves are slender, entirely free, and terminated
by a callous, disk-like expansion, resembling in that respect some Anuni.
The anterior inner toe is quite small; the third is the longest; the sec-
ond nearly equal in size to the fourth ; the second and fourth are nearly
equal.

The skin appears quite smooth; when examined under the micro-
scope, however, it is found to contain a net-work of minute irregular
stelliform pores, each stella having a hollow or clear center or mouth.

The color, as preserved on specimens in alcohol, is of a uniform light
brown above and light yellow beneath. The sides, and frequently the
upper surfaces, are marked with small irregular yellow spots.

' ' (A n j\\ 7 '3

9
Fig. 44. Autodax hLguhris. No. 4047. Petaluraa, Cal. j \.

Aleasuremcnis, in inclics.

Incbos.

Length, axial, from snout to orbit 2

Lengthy axial, from anout to rictus oris 5

Lengtb, axial, from snout to axilla 1. 18

Length, axial, from snout to groin 2.G3

Length, axial, from snout to end of vent 3. 13

Length, axial, from suout to end of tail 2. G3

Length of fore-limb 85

Length of hind limb 1

Length of fore-foot 28

Lengtb of hind foot 4

Width of hind-foot sole 33

Width of head at rictus oris 7

Widtb of body at middle .'it)

Width of body at sacrum 41

The range of this species is limited, embracing only middle California.
It is, however, not rare in that regiou.

THE BATRACHIA OP NORTH AMERICA.

185

Autodax htguhr'is Hallow.
RESEJtVE SERIES.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.
10

4047

4U36

.5

11424

8

4030

1

403C

2

4021

3

11576

0

4004

G

8077

1

4010

1

13947

3

13943

1

G.-8(i

4

14475

G

Locality.

Petalnma, Cal .
Faralloues, Cal

California (?)

San Francisco, Cal

When
collected.

From whom received. ^**"™^^*' "P*""*"

do

Monterey, Cal

San Frauci.sco, Cal.

Petaluiua, Cal

Fort IVjon, Cal . .
San Francisco, Cal

Hcrlicloy, Cal

do' 1884 i do

Monterey, Cal | Dr. (^anipficld

California i (?)

Ang. _ 187.5

1H81

E. Samnels

Lieut W. P. Trow-
bridge, U. S. A.

Lieut. W. P. Trow-
bridge, U. S. A.

do

A.S.Taylor

E. Samuels

H.W. Uenahaw

Lieutenant Warren ..
U.E.C. Stearns

Alcoholic.
Uo.

1)0.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

This is one of the most marked species of North American salaman-
ders. The large temporal muscles give the head a s\volleii outline be-
hind, and separate the derma from the cranium. The latter adheres to
tiie top of the prominent muzzle. The fissure of the mouth is sinuate,
most strongly so in adult specimens. On the whole, the physiognomy
is not unlike that of the snapping tortoise. I have little doubt that it
i.s more capable of inflicting a bite than any otlier of the American
Urodela. Its food does not appear to differ much from that of other
salamanders; in tlie stomach of one I found ants, in another three or
four species of beetles, among them an entire Coccinella.

AUTODAX FERREUS Cope.

Annides ferrcns Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., Idu'.), p. lOD; Ronlonoer, Cat. Ratr. Grad.
Brit. Mils., c(l. V, 1882, p. 53.

This is a smaller and more slemler species tlian tlie last, not being
very difleront in proportions from PlctJtodon infennaUus, but with a
broader and more flattened head.

The head is an elongate oval, slightly truncate in front. Tlie nostrils
are antero lateral, and with a delicate groove connecting with tlie com-
missure of the month. Cantlius rostralis not marked. The mn//le is
as long as the tissure of the eye, while the lengtli of the commissure of
tlie mouth (diagonal line) is equal to the width of the head at the
rictus. The tongue is largely free, the iio.sterior ])orli()ii rather
narrowly. The inner nares are nearer together than the outer. The
vomerine teeth commence behind the nares, and form a single series of
eight on a ridge, which i.s gently arched backwards on the median line.
The parasphenoid patch does ilot extend (]uite foiward to the mid-
dle of the orbits; it is much Hatter and wider anteriorly than in
A. liKjtibris, and (contains opposite the posterior iiiargiii of the orbits ten
longitudinal series of teeth, those of adjacent rows alternating.

186 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Gular fold well marked; costal folds fourteen, not continued on back
or abdomen. The limbs, and especially the digit^=i, are slender; oppressed
to the side, they fail to meet by the length of the fingers. The form of
the body is slender and cylindric. and the width of the head enters the
total length to the groin seven times. The tail is, as in A. lugubris,
equal to the head and body in length, cylindrical, slender, and slightly
compressed at tip.

The thumb possesses a short phalange, but no part of it is free, as in
A. lugiihris; on the other hand, all the phalanges of the other toes of
both feet are more slender than the A. lugubris, and the distal ones
distinctly truncate and slightly eraarginate, with dermal thickening
below tip. All are quite free. Number of phalanges, 1-2-3-2, 1-2-3-3-2.

Coloration. — Sides and nape greenish-gray; top of head and dorsjii
region behind in the form of a serrate band, with the tail, black; below
yellowish-brown; limbs black above, brown below; inferior regions un-
spotted.

D,

n m if\i 2 6 7

^43 5

Fig. 45. Autodax ferreus. No. 6794. Fort TJmpqua; }, \.

Measurements, in inches.

Indies.

Length, axial, from snout to rictus ori.s 42

LcngtL, axial, from snout to axilla. 70

Lengtb, axial, from snout to groin 1.7.")

Length, axial, from snout to end of vent 2,

Length, axial, from snout to end of tail 3. G5

Length of fore-limb 5

Length of fore-foot 2

Length of hind li mb ■. T),^)

Lengtli of hind foot 20

Width of hind-foot sole 11

Width of head at rictus oris. 28

Width of body at middle 24

Width of body at sacrum 2

The maxillary bone displays the same sudden decurvature anterior ro
and below the orbit which the A. lugubris does, but it is less raarketl ;
in consequence, the commissure of the mouth is less sinuate. The long
mandibular and maxillary teeth, while of similar structure, are less de-
veloped. Perliaps larger si)ecimens of this species may be found where
they may be larger, as in small specimens of A. lugubris they are nearly
similar in proportions.

Though nearly allied to the A. lugubris, the present species will never
be confounded with it. It is a much weaker form, an;! does notdisphiy
the characters of the genus in so striking a degree. The form of the

THE iJATRACniA OF NORTH AMERICA. 187

tail is tbat of A. lugubris, and not lliat of A. iecanus. But one speci-
men has coiue under my observation, as follows:
No. G704j 1 specimen ; Fort Umpqua, Oregon ; Dr. Vollen.

AUTODAX IECANUS Cope.

Plethodon iecanus Copo, Proceed. Ac. Phila. 1883, p. 24.

AiKiideH iccanua Cope, Proceed. Amor. Philosoph. Soc, 1883, p. 526.

A fully f?ro\vn individual of this species presents the following cliar-
acters: Tlie form is rather robust, and the head is disiiiiguishe<l from
the neck by the swollen temporal muscles. The muzzle is short and
wide, wilh rounded border, and is not so contracted as in the A. Iiirfii-
hris-. The length from the cud of the muzzle to the axilla enters that
IVom the latter to the groin one ami a half times. The tail is of moderate
li-ngth, equaling that of the body (including vent) nearly to the thoracic
fold. The width of the head enters the length from end of muzzle to
groin five and one half times— a proportion intermediate between those
exhibited by the two other species of the genus. The limbs are rather
robust, and when appressed to the sides leave an interval of three
intercostal spaces.

The top of the head is flat, and the least iuterorbital width is equal
to the length from the eye to the end of the muzzle and to the space
inclosed between the external borders of the external nares. The
commissure of the mouth rises behind the line of the orbit as in the A.
hignhri-t. The muzzle does not project bejond the mouth, as it does in
A. hujubrls. The internal nares are very small. The tongue is large
and antero posteriorly oval, and is extensively free at the sides. The
vomcro palatine teeth are in two short rows of three or four teeth each,
which commence behind the internal nares, on a line with their inter-
nal borders, and converge, with slight posterior inclination, without
nieeting. The patch of parasphenoid teeth is wide and subtruncate in
front, and is undivided except towards the posterior portion. The
huge teeth of the jaws are not so well developed as in the A. lugubris^
are more slender in form, and not so numerous. They constitute the
entire armature of the dentary bone, occupying only the anterior half.
I count only four of them, and they are movable; that is, immature.
1 find no fixed ones of the larger size in the uj)per jaw. Three or four
of tlie posterior maxillary teeth are like those of the dentary bone, but
they graduate anteriorly into teeth of the usual ty[)e. An examina-
tion of other specimens will be necessary to ascertain whether these teeth
become permanent or not, or whether they are developments of the
lireeding season. The large temporal muscles, curved commissure of
the mouth, etc., so resemble the corresponding parts in the A. luijubris,
that I suppose their permanent dental characters to be alike. The max-
ilhiiy bone projects abraptly downwards behind the last maxillary
tootb, forming a smooth edge, as in A. Ingubris.

188

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The 8kiu of the A. iccamts is tiinooth. There arc tLirtcen hiteral
IbUls between axilhi aiul <»roiii, and a stroiif? pectoro -giilarfold. The hit-
ter rises on each side in front of the shonlder, and then turns upwards
and forwards. It is soon changed into a narrow dermal ridge or rib,
which is (irst convex upwards and then convex downwards, and then
terminates in line with the eye a diameter of the latter behind it.

The feet are short, and tlie digits are flattened and are obtuse at the
tips. The pollex is only free by a slight notch, and the hallux by a
rather deeper one. The i)lialanges are: Anterior, 1-2-3-2; posterior,
1-2-3-3-2. The third and fifth anterior digits are equal, while the
l)osteriors run 1-2-5-3-1, beginning with the shortest. The third and
fourth are nearly equal.

The tail is somewhat depressed at the base, and becomes round in sec-
tion to the end of the proximal two-fifths. It then becomes gradually
more compressed, until it is quite tlat for the distal third.

2 \ — ^ Nft^/ /// ^^ 11^ 6

3 4 5

Fio. 40. Autodax i'l'cantifi. No. 14596. Sbasta County, (California ; ].

The color is black, relieved by a yellowish-brow^n shade of the chin,
and of the palms and soles, and half the inferior side of the fore-aiiii-
A line of the same color passes from the nostril to the upi)er lij), and llie
lower eyelid has the same color. The superior surfaces and sides ol
the hea I, body, and tail are dusted rather thickly with small subeciunl
bluish-white spots, much as are seen in Plethodon (jlutinosns.

Measurements of No. 14,590.

.1/

I.,('n,<;tli from cud of muzzle to cud of tail 1"

Lciij^Mi from end of muzzle to cud of vent "/ 1

Lciij;!]! from end of muzzle to groiu ('•'>'.•

Ijciigtli from cud of nmzzle to axilla <•-:>

IjiMij^tli from end of muzzle to canthus oris "10

LcMiiili of fore limb 'nr>

LcMj^th of biud limb 017

Lcu^Ui of Iiind foot OdS

Widtli between orbits (least) 0():?i;

Widtb of bead (greatest) Oil

The typical adult specimen displays the anomaly of the sui)pression
of the fourth posterior digit of the left side.

This salamander resembles the Plethodon glutinosus in various re-
spects, especially in coloration. It has, however, a compressed tail, like
the P. intermedinfi, and short series of vomerine teeth. The recurved
commissure of the inoulh gives it the smiling <»xpression characteristic

TllH IJATKACllIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 189

of the other species of Aiitodox, which is (iiiitc dilfereiit from that seen
ill riethodon.

The Autoddx iccarius was oiiyiiially established on a half-grown speci-
men found by myself in Sliasta County, Cal. A second specimen of
the same size was sent to the National iMuseum by Mr. Charles Town-
send from the same locality. The youn^ specimens do not display the
pIiysioj;iiomy of the j^^enus, but have the usual want of character as
c<)aii)ared with the adult. The vomerine series of teeth are, liowcver,
rather better developed. The typical specimen has the following char-
acters:

The vomerine series are straight, and do not (juite meet on the mid-
dle line. They are entirely behind the uares, and do not extend exteri-)r
to them. The parasphenoid patches arc united into one, and are well
separated from the vomerines.

Form rather stout, and the tail short, equaling (from vent) the length
of the body (with vent) to the gular fold. Costal folds, 1'5. Head a
longitudinal oval, with rather narrowed and not truncate muzzle; its
length (to occiput) contained 85 times in length from muzzle to grcun.

Limbs short; when pressed along the side they aresei)arated by three;
intercostal spaces. The digits are short and the internal ones arerudi-
mental.

The color is black everywhere, and the superior surfaces are dusted
over with minute light specks.

Mcisiirciiiiiits.

M.

Total U'ii<,'tli OM

Loii^tli IVoiii imizzle to axilla 0W7>

Lciij^th from imiz/.lo to j^ioiii O'J?.')

Width of head at can thus oris Odli

Lciii^th of anterior limb UO;;

IjiMijith of anterior foot 002

Leti;;tli of i)osterior limb 007,'>

Lenjrtli of jiosterior foot 00:i-2

This species is to be compared with the Plcthedon intennedius of
western Oregon. It is shorter and more robust in form, having only
thirteen costal plic;e instead of fifteen. The color is very different.

Cut. Xo.

i:i7i)l
M5'JU

Xo. spec. I Locality. 1 Colluctor.

1 j Baud, Shasta County, Cal C. U. Tow ns.Mid.

1 do I,ivinj;.stini Stoiiu.

This s[)ecies is named from the aboriginal name leka, of the grand
peak of northern California, Mo:mt Shasta. From tiie same name the
town of Yreka derives its name. So I am informed l)y -Judge Rose-
borough, of that place, to whom I am iiiuler great obligations for many
facilities and much information.

190 BULLETIN 84, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

DESMOGNATHIDtE.

Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1866, 107.

Pterygoids wanting. Orbitospbenoid separated by membrane from
prootic. Vestibule, internal wall osseous. Bentigerous plates on the
paraspbeuoid. Ceratobyal articulating witb quadrate. Car])us and
tarsus cartilaginous. Vertebrae opistbocoelous. flyoid apparatus aa
in tbe Pletbodontidai.

Tbe peculiarity of tbe vertebrte distinguishes this family chiefly from
tbe last. In tbe only genus which represents it, there are numerous
peculiarities, wbicb are not found elsewhere. Should other genera be
found wbicb do not possess them, tbe above diagnosis would probably
be the proper test of their family affinities.

Tbe distribution is confined to the eastern district of tbe nearctic
roalm so far as yet known.

The Thoriida) only differ from the Desmognathidai in tbe osseous
carpus and tarsus. The single genus Thorius Cope is included by
Boulenger in the Di3smoguathidiB. Thorius has a boletoid tongue like
Spelerpes, and the parietal region mostly membranous. Toes, 4-5. One
species, T.pennatulus Gope, of small size, from E. JMexico.

DESMOGNATHUS Baird.

Jourii. Ac. Nat. Sci., i. 282,285; Gray, Cat. Brit. Mas., 1850, 40; Cope,
Proceed. Ac. Pbila., 1869 112 ; Straucb, Salam., p. 72 ; Boulenger,
Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mas. cd.ii, 1882, p. 77.

Prcmaxillaries united, embracing a foutanellej parietal bones ossi-
fied. Prefrontal bones wanting. Occipital condyles on cylindric ped-
estals. Temporal muscle arising only from the atlas, witb a tendinous
external margin and insertion, passing freely over the parietal and
prootic bones. Tongue attached, except by its lateral and posterior
margins. Vomerine and sphenoidal teetb present. Digits distinct, 4-5.

The absence of o. prefrontalc does not appear to be the result of its
confluence at any late period witb the nasale; its ordinary position is
traversed by tbe frontal suture. The frontal bone is decurved, and
closes tbe preorbital aspect of tbe superpalatal vacuity, usually open.

Tliis marked genus, so abundantly reiiresented by individuals in the
eastern district of Nortb America, is not admitted by either Dumeiil
orHallowell, probably because it do:iS not differ in external characters
from Plethodon. It is anexcellentillustration of the error of adhering to
external characters only, in the explanation of the relations and affinities
of organized beings, except for a limited range. The examination of
tbe skeleton of species of tins genus utterly cluinges the impressions
produced by a consideration of t'.ie esterniil cliaracters. It may be
stated ascbaracteristic of the Batrachia in general that their affinities
can not be determined without study of the skeleton.

THE liATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 191

There are no dermal appendages developed in Ibis genus at tbe
breeding seiison.

I. Males with posterior half of the luaiuliblo concave aud edentulous.

Inferior lateral series of pores iuiperfcct or wanting, superior none; no tubercle
in cautlius oculi ; tail mostly rounded ; fourteen costal plica;; a yellowish

dorsal band ; belly iiuinaculato ; size small D. ochrophwa.

II. Males with mandibular alveolar margin continuous and completely toothed.

Inferior lateral series of pores well developed, superior irregular or wanting; a
tubercle in cauthus oculi ; tail compressed, keeled, and finned ; fourteen costal
plicaj; above dark spotted, below marbled ; size medium D. ftisca.

r V. o well-developed lateral series of pores ; a marked tubercle in the canthus of
theoj'e; tail Hattened, liuued above, attenuate; twelve costal folds^ black
above aud below ; size large D. nigra.

DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHWA Cope.
Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185!), 122.

Tbis small species bears a strong resemblance to tbe Spclerpcs hi-
Hneatus Green, and, apart from generic cbaracters, may be known from
it by the rouniled tail, tbe paler-colored abdomen, aud tbe ligbt bur
tVou) tbe eye to tbe angle of tbe moutb. Its proportions are stouter
Ibau in Plethodo:i cinereKS erijihronotus, to wliicb it also bears some re-
semblance.

Tbe costal folds are thirteen, but fourteen if that which is immedi-
ately above the groin be counted. Tbe first falls immediately into tbe
axilla. Tbis is tbe characteristic arrangement in D.fmca also, while in
1). nigra tbe fold above the groin usually extends to it, and is the twelfth,
uhile that which corresponds to the first of the species before named
tails just in advance of tbe axilla. Thougb tbis is typical of I), nigra
occasioually another plica appears above tbe groin, and the twelfth is
.-lightly in front of it.

The pores in 1). ochrophwa are very <litlicult to observe. In a few
specimens I bavc seen a few of those of the lov/er series ; the ui)i)er I be-
lieve to be wanting. The gular fold is distinct, and another vertical fold
commences behind its extremity, and turning longitudinally, extends
more or less distinctly to the orbit. As in other species, the derm ad-
heres closely to the frontal bones and is more or less rugulose. The
head is oval, with rounded depressed muzzle; its greatest width en-
ters the length to tb.e groin 5^ times. The commissure of the mouth is
slightly fiexuose.

The appressed limbs fail to meet by four intercostal spaces. The
inner digits of both feet are short but free, longer than in Plethodon
species of similar size; the other digits are also longer and more dis-
tinct; proportions, 1-4-2-3,1-5-2-4-3; only three phalanges in longest
tjcs. The tail is quite slender, and only compressed at tip; in some
there is a keel above on tbe distal third, but never any dermal fin.

The vomerine teeth are very few and small when present; they are
often wanting. Their basal line is on a ridge, which is convex back-

\\)2

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL iMU.SKUM

wards, nearly coutiuuoiis medially. Tlie parasphenoid teeth stand on
two narrow plates, which are well separated, especially behind, and are
shortened ; anteriorly they only reach to near the middle of the orbits.
The numdibnlar teeth present pecularities in the male, by which it may
be readily distinguished from the female. In a large number of speci-
mens the oral commissure is but little undulate, and the mandibular
teeth though longer medially, are continued to near the basis of the
coronoid process. The males exhibit a strongly flexuous commi^•sure,
and the alveolar margin of the mandible is deei)ly concave below the
front of the orbit, and is edentulous. The distal portion is abruptly
convex and is armed with long teeth. The margin is slightly concave
anterior to this ])oint, and fiiuilly rises again at the symphysis, which is
prominent and protected externally by a pad of crypts as in D. fuscus.
The structure of the males is in the mandibular dentition quite that
of the genus Autodax ; the A. fcrrcns presenting the characters but
little more strongly. No such sexual ditferenco can be found in the
D./usca, though the commissure only may be sometimes more flexu-
ous in males. The jaws and dentition in the D. nigra do not ditler in
the tv/o sexes. I have observed that two of the many males of IJ. ochro-
pli(ca i)OSSCHS the female denition. The tongue in D. oclirophoca is an
elongate oval, considerably free behind.

The color of females is a bright brownish yellow, fading to dirty white
below, with a dark brown shade on each side from the eye to tlie end
of the tail, which is daikest above and gives the dorsal space the char-
acter of a band. There is an irregular series of brown dots along the
\ertebral line. Males are rather larger and usually darker in color ;
thus the dorsal band Is brownish, the lateral band blackish, and the
viorsal spots more distinct. In most specimens of both sexes there is a
light band from the eye to the rictus oiis, and the belly is always im-
maculate 5 the gular region nearly always. The testes and vis deferens
are covered with black i)igment ; no pigment on the peritonieum of the
female.

r/

14-3 5 6

Fig. 47. Dcsiiviijnathug oehruphcca. No. 0891. Moadvillo, Pa. ; |], j. Fiji. 2, cf ; 2a, ?.

This species attains scarcely half the size of the D.fusca, as indicated
by the numerous females with develoj)ed eggs in our colh ctions. As
the eggs are equal in size to those of />. fusca wlien ready to be dis-
charged, and as the species is only half the size of the same, the eggs
in the oviduct of a gravid female atone time are only lialf as nnmerous.
1 have only found from G to 10 in T>. orhropluva, in each oviduct, while
from 18 to 30 may be count; d on one side in D./usca.

THE BATRArniiA OF NORTH AMERICA 193

Mcasiircnicnts of Ko. 6891, in wchcs.

Indies
LengtL, axial, from suoiit to rictus oris -j

Lnigtli, axial, from snout to axilla 4(j

Lcnytli, axial, from snout to groiu j 29

Length, axial, from snout to end of vent 151

Lengtli, axial, from snout to end of tail ;} oi

Length of fore llml) 3

Length of fore foot q^

Length of hind limb 'j^j

Leiigth of hind foot 1~

Width of hind foot solo 3

Width of head at rictus oris o

Width of body at middle .22

Habitat, etc. This salamauder is chiefly abuiulaut in the chain of
the Alh^ghaiiies and their outlyiii^^ spurs. I have never seen it in tlio
hill country of Pennsylvania or the lower plains of New Jersey and
Maryland, nor have I observed it in the Alle^hanies of southwestern
Vir;,nnia. I have taken it abundantly in the Black Moutains of North
Carolina. The Philadelphia Academy possesses numerous specimens
from tlie liroad-Top Mountain, in southern Pennsylvania, from Dr.
Leidy. It has others from Warren County, Pa., from Dr. Ramlall. In
northern Pennsylvania and the Adirondacks it is very abundant.

The habits of this animal are terrestrial. It occnrs under the bark
of every fallen log of hemlock [Abies canadensis) and in the debris of
the dark damp forests of the Nortli. I never saw one in the water of
streams and river banks, the habitat of the other species of the genus.

Professor Baird was familiar with this species before I described it.
I published his suggestion, expressed in a letter, that it was the S.
haldemani of Holbrook. Holbrook's figure does not represent lliis
species in any degree, nor is his description more conclusive as to the
reference of this species to it rather than some others. He says it is
marked with spots on the upper surfaces, which are "disposed without
much regularity," but the largest are on the flanks. There are but few
spots above in this animal, and they are in a regular median series.
The sides are banded. He also describes and figures the belly as yel-
low, which it is not in Desmognathus ochropluva. The Salamandra hal-
demani appears to me to have been proposed on an unusually spotted
Spelerpes biiineatus.

Dvsmo(jnuthu8 ochrojihaa Cope.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

si)ec.

3917

10

4011

3

20

4J39

5

Locality.

Alk'gany County, N. Y . .

Bradford County, I'a

Meadvillo, Pa

Susquehanna Couuty, Pa.

1951— Bull 34-

-VS

Wlieneo and li:nT
obtained.

Dr. Stcvcn.s.
C. U. Martin.
Professor Williams.
Professor Cope.

194 BULLETIN 34, UNFTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Variely. A specimen witU the ilentition, coloration, and proportions
of body and tail of this species was sent to the Smithsonian Institution
from northern Georgia by Ur. Joncs. It approaches the D. fuscam
having a small tuberculum canthus oculi, and a well-develoi)ed inferior
series of mucous pores.

DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA Raf.

(Plates 34, figs. 5, 6 ; 36. tig. 1 ; 45, tig. 7.)
(var. fusca.)

Baird, Journ. Ac. Pbila. (2), i, p. 285; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Pliila., i, 1869,
p. 115; Strauch, Salaiii., p. 74; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus.,
ed. i,p.40; Bonleuger, Oat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mas.,ed. ii, 1882, p. 77.

Triturua fnsctis Ratiu., Auuals of Nature, 1820 (Jide Baird).

SaJamandra intm'mixta Gracn, Cont. Macl. Lye. i, p. 827.

Salamandrapida Harlan, Journ. Ac. Pliila., v, p. 138.

Salamandia quadrimaculala llolbr., N. A. Herp. v, p. 49, Pi. 12.

riclhodonfuscum Duni. & Bibr., p. 85, PI. 101, fig. 3.

riethodon niger Hallow., pt., Jouru. Ac. Pbila. (li), 1858. p. 344. et var. auricitlata.

SaJamandra auriculaia Holbr., N. A. Herp., v^ p. 47, PI. 12.

Desmognatliiis aiiriculatiia Baird, Journ. Ac. Pbila. (2), i, p. 286; Straucb, Salam., p.

74 ; Graj', Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. i, p. 41.
Cylindroaoma auriculatum Duiii. & Bibr., p. 81.
Desmognathus fusca vai-. auriculaia Cope Proc. Ac. Pbila., 1869 ,p. 116; Bouleuger,

Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. in, 1882, p. 78.

This, perhaps the most abundant salamander in North America, is
quite variable in coloration, but not in proportions and structural pe
culiarities. Those of tlie latter which characterize it are the presence of
fourteen costal plicae; one well, and one little developed lateral se-
ries of mucous pores; the equal and regular distribution of teeth on
the mandible of males ; the compressed tail keeled above and tiiuK'd
distally ; the presence of a tubercle in the anterior canthus of the eye ;
the marbled color of the bell^'. In many quarts of specimens 1 find
four specimens from southern localities ; two in the Philadelphia Acad-
emy from Charleston, two in the Smithsonian from Biioxi, Miss., which
have fifteen plicae, but one of the latter has fourteen on one side. In
specimens which have been preserved in too strong spirit the pores
are rendered invisible ; the same occurs when the spirit is impure or
weak. In soft specimens, the canthal tubercle sometimes disappears,
and in many young specimens and some adult females it does not .ap-
pear to exist.

The head is more depressed and the muzzle prolonged than in species
of other genera. The eyes are prominent; the pllcie behind them
strongly marked. These consist of one on each side the head and nape,
which converge posteriorly and then turn abruptly outward, to be
continued into the gular plica. A second plica extends from the man-
dible across the rictus oris to the upper plica. A second longitudinal

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

195

plica cxteuds from this to the gular, inclosing an ovate cnhirgcd area,
;iiul a short one to the orbit incloses a postorbital subround and smaller
area.

Thji commissure of the mouth is moreuudulate in males than in females,
but both present a slight elongation of the symphysis, produced exter-
nally by a pad of crypts. The width of the head enters the length
5.00 times. The vomerine teeth are often wanting, and when present
are minute and few. Their basis is a ridge, which extends from behind
the middle of the posterior nares across the palate with a posterior con-
vexity. The parasphenoid patches are small and not in contact; they
do not extend to opposite the middle of the orbits.

The median toes are elongate, and as in Z>. ochroplKva-, they fail to
meet by four interspaces when pressed to the side. The tail has a char-
acteristic form, which is invariable at all periods ; near the base the sec-
tion is trigonal ; the dorsal keel increases in elevation and becomes a
narrow fin posteriorly ; the extremity is attenuated. Its length is just
equal to that of the remainder of the animal.

fy

Fig. 48. Dcsmognathus fusea fusca. No. 40. Carlisle, Pa. ; f.

There are two color varieties, which blend together so as to indicate
that no higher value can be attached to them ; one of these is the Sala-
mandra anriculata of Holbrook.

Above brown, witli gray aud piuk shades ; sides and belly marbled, the pale prcdoin-
inatiug; uo red spots ou sides var. ///sea.

Above and sides black; the latter with a series of small red 8i)ots; a red spot from
eye to canthus of mouth, present or absent ; belly marbled, the dark predominat-
ing var. anriculata.

The latter variety occurs only in the Southern States ; the tubercle
of the angle of the eye and the upper lateral pores are often better
developed in it than in var. Fuscn, therefore approaching I), nigra. It
is, however, easily dislingnished from the latter. Sundry specimens

196

BULLETIN a4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lack tbo red spots, aiul others liavc paler bellies, resembling thus the
darker Fuscie, The size is the same.

Fig. 49. Dcsmngnotlnis fusca axtriculata. No. — . ; \.

Ill the young- of D.fusca tlieie is a series of pinkish inconiplettly
separated alternating- s[)ots, in two series, covering the whole dorsal
region; they are r.irely so well distinguished or so bright as in the
specimen of the same which furnished the type of flolbrook's S. quad-
rimaculata. The pink fades to orange brown or ochcr, and to pale brown,
with age, and at the fullest maturity all are lost in a uniform blackish

Measurements of No. G832, in inches,

Inclies.

Leuglli axial, from suout to rictus oris 3

Leiij^tli, axial, from suout to axilla 71

Lengtb, axial, from suout to groiu 1.93

Leugtli, axial, from suout to end of vent 2. :5

Length, axial, from suout to end of tail 4. G

Length of fore limb 42

Length of fore foot 15

Length of hind limb ()-2

Length of hind foot ^G

"Width of solo foot IG

-\Vidth of head at rictus oris. 375

Width of body at middle 55

Habitat, etc. — This species lives chiefly among the stones in the many
shallow rivulets and springs of the hilly and mountainous regions
of the country. It is not so partial to deeper and stiller waters as the
Spelerpcs ruber, but prefers the rapid and shallow streamlets; here it
may be found under every stone, or its delicate larva may be observed
darting rapidly from place to place, seeking concealment among mud
and leaves. The 7>. fusca is one of the most ac^tive and vigorous of our
species. The peculiar structure of the temijoral muscle and its ten-
dons, and of the occipital condyles, with the strength of the bones of
the front, enable it to burrow among stones and in earth more readily
than the species of otlier genera. When pursued, it runs and wriggles
out of sight with the greatest raindity, and is quickly concealed by as-
sistance of its dusky colors.

Professor Baird oiiginally noticed the cuiious (lisi)osition of the eggs
in this species, which I have verified on a few occasions. As in the

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

197

sumrous geuus Alytes, the eggs, on emission, are eonnccted by au albii-
niinons thready wliicli soon contracts ami hardens. One of the sexes
protects this rosary by wrapping it several times ronud the body and
reiniiining concealed in a com])arative]y dry spot. How long this
guard continues is not known.

The most Eastern specimen I have seen is from Essex County, Mass.
IJesides a great number of specimens in the jMuscum of the Phihidel-
l»liia Academy, the following form the Smitlisonian basis of the exami-

luition :

Desniognathiis fnsca fiisca Rafiuesque.

KESERVE SERIES.

C;itii1on:ue
iiiiiiibfi'.

7noi
8.- 74
s:i;i.'
:if8.
:i9i(>
:»» !)

1I8!I'.I

:i9ii4

>Hj!)

:-isKj
■.■■8 1:!
:t!ii4
:iitii8
:(8iu
:i7t;9

ll.-)t2
484:!

;mi2
y:!01
14477

:i'.t2.')

31101

o«:u

No. of
.spec.

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa

Mnndevillo, La ,

Kinston, N. C

Mcadville, Pa

Cailislc, Pa

Salcin.N.C

Nn.sliville, Ga

Abbeville, S.U

Wcslport, N. Y

'I'ollIK'SSOll

Claiboiiie Couuty, Tenu

Cohinibiis, Uliio '

Oraiit:.', N. .r

I'iHsbiMKli, I'a ,

Hiy;lilaii(l County, Ohio .

Ell taw, Ala

Mis.sis.sipjii

Pliil:i(lri|)liia. I'a

Hock U:cok. D. C

lirookvill.., lu.l ..

Ad lohtbK.k, N. Y

Noi to k, Conn

Gloucester, Md

Gloucester, Va

Kicelioroiiiili, Ga

Ijjloxi, Mi.ss

When
collected.

Nov. — , 1878

Ang. 5, 1880
1876

1877

From wlioiu received.

Prof. S. F. Baird

N. O. Academy

Welslier & Miiiier ... .
Piot'es.sor Williams ... .

Prof. S. F. Baird

J. T. Liiicback

\V. ,T. Taylor

Prof. S. F. Baird

.. do

J. N. B. Scarborough..

I'rof. L. Lcsquereux..
Dr. J. G.Coopi-r

Col. B L. (;. Wailes

J. Ki.h;ird

I'. L. Jouy

Dr. K. navmiiiid

K.Cliiike'

A . F. Wooster

(?)

(0

Dr W. L. Jones

C. Billman

Nature of
spuciiiun.

Icoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
I o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
I o.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Laiva.
I)...
Do.
D...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

GENERAL SERIES.

390!)

4

2

20

1

2

2

1

l(i

27

3

1

0

2

1
1
120
75
1
1
1

4
1
2
1
2

4

Salem, N.C

3914

nij^lilaiid County, Ohio ..

Do

;i8,si

Meadviile, I'a

Auj^usta, G.i

(?i

Do.

880 J

(iH8»

Wni. Philips

(?)

Do.
Do

i'<-2H

Franklin Coimtv, Ttun..

J. N. B. S.arboroujjh

(')

Do

l:i:il7

Wa.sliini,'to.i, U. C

Do

8800
7830

Colmiibia, S. C

Washiiifitoii, D C

Dr. Geo. A. Moran,U. S. A

Do.
Do

3892
3919
3880
(•,830

Clarke Coiuity, Va

Sali>m,N.C .'

Anderson, S. C

C. B. R. Kenuerly

J. T. Lincback

Miss Piiiue

(')

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do

8831
3784

Cincinnati, Ohio

J. N. B.Scaiboroujib

(?)

Do
Do

11441;

Wvtheville, Va

1885

Col. M. McDonald

Prof. S. F. Bai 1(1

do

Do

7901

Carlisle, Pa

Do.

3910

do

Da.

37(i3

Dr. Shuinnard

Do

3921

Dayton, Ala

Fauquier County, Va

Summerville, N.C

.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'..'.'..

Do.

881.')
387li

<;. \V. Sliciirmanu

J. McNair . . ..

Do.
Do.

3(178

do

(?) ..

Do.

3910

Knoxville, Tenn

Prof.J.B. Mitchell

Dr. n.iid.-r.son

Dr. W. L J.ne.s

. .. do

Do.

390.-P

Do

4718

Do.
Do.

5039

do

4717

do

do

Do

08.30

... do

do

Do.

0832

do

do

Do.

198 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Desmognathus fusca auriculata Holbrook.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue

No. of

Dumber.

spec.

890C

8

8819

10

3901

1

C8;t0

5

38G6

3

Localitj

Oakley, S.C

Cinciunati, Ohio. ,
Riceboiougli, Ga ,

0)

Knoxville, Teun..

When
collected.

Apri; 5, 1877

Fiom whom received.

Nature of
specimen.

F. W. n.ayward

J. N. B. Scarborough

Dr. \V. L.Jones

(?)

Prof. J. B. Mitchell .

Alroliolic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

DESMOGNATHUS NIGRA Green.*

Baird, Jouru. Acad. Phila. (2) i, p. 280 ; Cope, Proceed. Ac, Pbila., 1869,
p. 117; StraucL, Salani., p. 73; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus.,
ed. I, p. 40; Bouleiiger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. 79.

Salamamlra nigra Greeu, Journ. Ac. Pliila, i, p. 352.

Triton nigcr Holbr., N. A. Herp., and p. 81, PI. 27.

Avillystoma nigrum Dum. & Bibr., p. 105.

Flcthodon nigcr Hallow., Jour. Ac. Pbila. (2), ill, p. 344, partim.

This is the most robust sala mantler of the eastern regions of our
zoological realm; it is not so slender as the GyrinojjhilusporphjrUiciis,
and is a much stronger animal. As compared with theD./wsm it ismuch
larger, the tail is more compressed and extensively finned, and the color
is uniformly different. Besides the characters already pointed out in
the table, it differs from D. fusca as follows : The paraspheuoid patches
of teeth are prolonged more auteriorly, and approach very near the
vomerines in most instances ; they are always prolonged beyond the
middle of the orbits ; their prolongation is at the same time narrowed,
and in most the patches are not distinguished at this point. The vom-
erine series are better distinguished (though not always), being oblique,
separate, and not extending beyond nares. The tongue is in eight speci
mens examined nearly round, while it is always a long oval in the two
other Desmognathi; finally, the only male does not possess the black
pigment coat of the testes always present in the others, though, as in
them, the vas deferens is black. The body is stouter, and the width of
the head enters the length to the groin less than five times — in the
others always more; this is also expressed by the existence of only
twelve costal plicce, and the fact that the appressed limbs are only s"p-
arated by 2^ intercostal spaces.

The postorbital plicae are not strongly marked. The mucous pores
arc well developed, and the two lateral series are often distinct in alco-
holic specimens by their white color: when they become dry they are
(litlicnlt to observe. There are two rather distant gular series within
the mandibular rami on each side, and one on each side extending in
wards and forwards from the gular plica. The superior lateral series
extends from the orbit to near the end of the tail ; the inferior round
the humeri to each side the pectoral region.

* Plate 49, lig. 1.

TIIK I5ATKACI1IA OF NORTH AMERICA.

199

The proportions ofthe lingers are as in D.fasca; tbey are entirely free.
Tbc eyes are prominent, with tliiclv opaque palpebrae. A tubercle occu-
pies the anterior angle, which, after an examination of that in D.fusca,
is i)roven to be a dismemberment of the superior eyelid.

The coloration is uniform in about twenty specimens examined. It
is simple, viz: Uniform black above and below, except tbc muzzle from
between the eyes, the lower jaw, the end of the tail, and the soles of
the feet, which are brown.

14 3

Fig. 50. DcginognathuK nigra. No. 3923. Abbeville, S. C; J,?.

Measurements o/No. 3923, in inches,

Incbes.

Leiigtb, axial, from end of nmzzio to orbit 29

Length, axial, from end of ninzzlo to canthus oris 55

Length, axial, from end of muzzle to axilla 1.22

Length, axial, from end of muzzle to groin 3.23

L-ngth, axial, from end of muzzle to end of veut 3. 7G

Length, axial, from end of muzzle to end of tail 6. 9G

Length of fore limb (19

I.iengtli of foro foot 26

Length of hind limb 1.02

Lcnglh of hind foot 47

Width of hiud-foot.sole 27

Width between eyes in front.. 30

Width at can til UH oris 65

Width of body 75

Width of body at saorum 54

Rahif't, etc. — Tliis creature is aquatic ; but nftor the fashion of the D.
fusca it occurs only in shallow stony brooks. It is, so far as known,
confined to the Alleghany mountain ranges from Pennsylvania south-
wards. It is abundant in the streams of the rocky ravines ilud cold
K[)rings in the remotest depths of the forest, where its retreat is cool
and dark. It seeks concealment under loose stones and slabs of slate
with great activity, and is not easily caught. Its habitat does not seem
to be shared by any species but the D. fusca; the Gyrhiophilus porphy-
riticus, the other characteristic Alleghany species, haunting standing
springs and bogs, where stones are not so numerous. Green described
it from Pennsylvania, but Baird, who is familiar with the Alleghany
faunaof our State, says he has not observed it near Carlisle; nor have
I met with it north of Virginia, where it is common. Besides Green's

200

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

type aud specitneus from near the Kauawba River, in southwestern
Virginia, in the Philadelphia Academy Museum, the Smithsonian con-
tains the following:

Desmognathus nigra Green.

C;it .lo^iio Number
luiiiiber. 1 of .spec.

_ . _l

3880
382.3

Locality.

Georjiia

Abbeville, S. C

(lilcs County, Va .
Wytlio County, Va

Wlienco and liow
obtained.

Dr. W. L. Jones.
Dr.J. U. Uanalt.
K. D. Cope.
Col. M. McDonald.

SALAMANDEIDiE*

Gray Procood. Zool. Soc. Loudou, 1858, p. 142. Cope, Jonrn. Ac. Pliil.,
18G6, p. 107.

No ethmoid bone. Palatines with jiosterior separate processes ex-
tending over the paraspheuoid, bearing teeth on their inner niargiii.s.
Prefrontals and pterygoids present. Parietal entirely separated from
prefrontals by broad frontals. Orbitospheiioid confluent with i^rootie.
No dentigerous plates on the paraspheuoid. No postfronto squamosal
arch. The ceratohyal free, connected with the quadrate by ligament.
Carpus and tarsus osseous. Vertebrae opisthocoelous. No otoglossal
cartilage.

The hyoid apparatus in this family is like that of the Plethodontidje.
There is a hypohyal on each side of the anterior extremity of the basi
branchial wLich does not articulate with the ceratohyal. In Tritnrus,
Salamandra, and Ileinisalainaiulr.i, it is short (Plate 36, fig. 8): while
in Chioglossa it is recurved posteriorly, passing under the ceratohyal
of each side, and ahnost reaching the basibranchial again near the point
of origin of the ceratobranchial (Plate 36, fig. 9). It thus forms a nearly
complete circh', su])porting the circumference of the tongue. This
circle has the same function as that in Amblystoma, but is of diUcreiit
homological value. Appropriately to this functional resemblance (o
the American forms, the proximate extremity of the ceratohyal is at
tached to the distal extremity of the suspensoriuin, but by ligamiMif.
In Hemisalamandra, on the other hand, it is attached to the pro.ii nnl
part of the same by ligament, thus furnishing a condition intermediate
between the types of Chioglossa and of Diemyctylus.

This family is confined to the Old World, It embraces the following
genera :

I. Maxillary and pterygoid bones separate, the former not reacliinj;; quadrate.
a. No ligamentous postfronto-sqiiamosal arcli.

Tongue large, free, cxceiit on the anterior lialf of the median line; teeth in

two longitudinal eurved series Chioglossa.

Tongue large, scarcely free at edges; teeth in two longitudinal eurveil se-
ries...,. Sahmiaiidrn.

Tongue small, not free; teeth in two straight piralhd series.. ITciHisalamaiidra.

Plat.

THK BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 201

{xa. A lij;;uiKMit()us postfroiito-squamosal iircli.

Touguc small; voineropalatiuo teeth iir l()iij,Mtiurn)al Herics, which converge

and join anteriorly, forming a /V Tritunia.

II. Pterygoid niiitcd broadly with ma::illary bono.

Postfronto-s(iuaniosal arcli partly ligainentons ; tongue little free; teeth
forming a A PachyliUon

The species of this family recorded in Bonleiiger's Catalogue of tlio
British Museum are the following:

Chiofjloam luHitanica Bocage, Portugal, and northwest Spain ; Sala-
mandra maculosa L.,central and southern Europe, Algiers, Syria; S.atra,
Laur., the Alps, 2,500 to 12,000 feet; *S'. caucasica Waga, Caucasus; Hem-
imlamandra cristata Laur., Europe; Triturus hlasii De I'Isle, north-
west France; T. viarmoratiifi Latr., France, Si)ain, Portugal; T. alpcs-
tris Laur., central Europe; T. vulgaris Linn., Europe, except southern
France, Spain, and Portugal; temperate Asia; 7'. crocatus Cope, Syria;
T. montanus Savi, Corsica; Pachijtriton brevipos Sauvage, South Kiausi,
China.

PLEUPvODELID^E.

Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Phila., 18S(!, p. 108.
rieiirodeUdw and Sira)ioHd(r Gray, Proceed. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1858, p. 14-2.

No ethmoid bone. Vumeropalatine bones, with posterior separate
processes, extending over the [)arasphenoid, and having teeth on their
inner margins. Prefrontals and pterygoids present. Parietals not
embracing the broad frontals. No dentigerous plates on the parasphe-
uoid bone. An osseous postfronto-squamosal arch. Ceratohyal tree,
connected with quadrate bj' ligament. Carpus and tarsas osseous. Ver-
tebr;T) opisthoc<Blous. No otoglossal cartilage. (Plate 34, figs. 2-7).

This family differs from the SalamandridcXi only in its post fronto-
squamosal arch. Rudiments of it already appear in some members of
the latter.

The genera of this family are all found in the Old World. One of
them is represented by two species in North America. They are dis-
tinguished as follows :

I. Maxillary bone not reaching quadrate.
a. Ribs uot jjcrforatiug the skin.

Toes, 4 Salamaiiilr'nia.'

Toes, 5 Du'inijciijhis.

aa. Ribs perforating the skin; vomeropalatino teeth in a /\.

Toes f) Pleiirodelcs.

II. Maxillary bone rcacliiug quadrate.

Toes T) GlossolegaA

The species of the above genera are as follows : Salamandrinaper-
spiciUata Savi, Italy; Diemyctylus vittatus Gray, Asia Minor, Syria;
£>, palmaius Schneid., central aiul western Europe; I), montandonii
Bonl., Moldavia; D. bosccv Lataste, Spain; Portugal; D. pyrrhogasicr

" Scirnvola Parnos. t Ti/lotrltori Anders.

202 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Boie, Japau, Cbiiia; 7>. sinensis Gray, Chiua , J), torosus Escb., Cali-
fornia, Oregon ; D. viridescens llaf., North America, eastern and aus-
trorlparian regions ; I). >'«scoua (lene, Sardinia ; D. aspcr Dnges, Pyr-
enees, Spain ; Plciwodelcs icaltJi Mieliah., Spain and Portugal, Tan-
giers; Glossole[fa 2)oireti Gervais, Algiers; G. hagenmnelleri hataste, Al-
giers; O. ?;6rr?<cosa Anderson, Eastern Himalayas, Yunnan.

DIEMYOTYLUS Raf.

Annals of Nature, March, 1820, No. '22, p. 5; Hallowell Jouru. Ac. Phila.
(N. s.),iii,p. 333; Copo, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1859, p. 120.

Not02}hlhalinufiRaCinciiqnc,l. c, p. .".; Baird, Jonru. Ac. Phila., (x. s.) i,p.284.
i/o^j/e Merre:::, Teiitamcii, Syst. AmpLiiljiariim, 1830, p. 18.'); Boiilouger, Cat. Batr.

Grad. Brit. Mns., it, 0, 1882, pars.
Enprocins G^n<?, Syn. Reptil., Sardinia, p. 28 ; Bonap., Fauna Italica ; Cojic. /. c,

p. 127.
Cijvops Tschndi, Batr., 1838, p. 94.
Taricha Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 25.

The hyoid apparatus in this genus is much as in the Plethodontitlfe
and the Salamandridic. There is a small hypohyal, which does not
articulate with the ceratohyal. In Diemyctylus torosus there is a second
[jrocess on each side posterior to the hypohyal,* which may be homolo-
gous with the similar second lateral cartilage in Lingua'lapsvs annii-
Idtus, or even with the otoglossal cartilage. The ceratohyal is divided,
the proximal half osseous. The first ceratobranchial and epibrauchi.il
are osseous. The second ceratobranchiais originate from a high nic
median longitudinal crest of the basibranchial. The free extremity ol
tiie ceratohyal is elongate, and in D. viridescens it extends all the \\a.\
to the inferior surface of the exterior process of the exocciptal bone,t
with which it is in close contact. In the D. torosus it does not exten<l
so far. In both species the extremity carries with it the hyosuspensorial
ligament which connects it with the quadrate bone, which thus becomes
much longer than in other genera. (Plate 4G, figs. 3, 4.)

What name should be applied to this genus is uncertain, and may
perhai)S ever remain so. The circumstances are as follows : In ISIO, in
the Journal de Physique, J lxxxviii, p. 418, Rafinesque proposed to
replace the name Triton of Laurenti by his own name, Triturus. In
1820, in the Annals of Nature § for March, j). 4, he says: "My genus
Triturus is the same as the Triton of Dumeril, there being already
another genus of animals called Triton. It differs from the Salaman<lra

* First indicated by Wicdershcini in Dcr Kopfskelet der Urodelen, PI. vi, i\\^. 91.

triiis was first shown me by Dr. E. E. G.alt in one of her dissections.

t Prodrome do soixante-dix nouveaux jijenrcs d'animanx ddcouvcrts dans I'int^rieiir
des fitats Unis d'Amdriquo, durant l'ann(5e 1818.

'^SAimals of Nature or Annual Synopsis of new Genera of Animals, Plants, etc., Di.s-
covered in Nortli America, by C. S. Rafinesque, Transylvania Universily, Lexington,
Ky., 1820.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 203

in having a compressed tail." Under this genus be included five species :
T. hypojcantJn(s, T fuse us, T. vhidcsccns, T. nebulosus, and T. miniatus.
The T./kscus is the Dcamognathus fiisca of Baird ; tbe T. viridcscens and
T. miniatus are included under the present genus, while the application
of the other two names is unlcnown. Under the head of the T. viri-
dcscens (p. 5), he remarks : " It must form a peculiar subgenus Diemyc-
tylus, distinguished by the fore-feet semipalmate, with four equal toes,
the posterior wilh only three toes and two lateral knobs; jaws nearly
equal, eyes elliptic," etc. Immediately following on the same page the
author proposes the subgeneric name Notophthalmus for the T. miniatus,
in the following language: "It has almost the characters of the sub-
genus Diemyctylus, but differs yet from it by having the toes of the
fore-feet free and unequal, the lateral ones much shorter, whence it may
form another subgenus Notophthalmus."'

The first publication of the name Triturus makes it synonymous
■with the Triton of Laurenti, and all subsequent uses of the name, even
by the same author, must yield to this one. Now Laurenti does not in-
clude a single species of Diemyctylus in his Triton, so that the name
is not applicable to the present genus. It mu?;t be api)lied to a genus
of Salamandridai whose species are placed by Boulenger in the section
of his genus Molge, which is without postfrontosquamosal arch.

One year later than Eafinesque, Mcrrem (1820) proposed the name
Molge for a series of species which enibraced, with those of Triturus,
one species of Diemyctylus, B.pahnatus {Molge p alma t a Schneid.). The
Trituri being abstracted by the prior name, INIolge should remain for
the last-named si)ecies. But it was in the same year that Batinesque
l)roposed Diemyctylus for the same genus, and it now becomes a ques-
tion as to the day of the year on which the works of these two authors
were respectively issued. As Bafinesque's bears the early date of
March, I retain it until it is shown that Merrem's Tentamen was pub-
lished previously. On this point I have not as yet obtained definite
information.

The two North American species of this genus differ as follows:

Head wider, flat, without keels; uiiddlo liiigLTs and toes shorter ; colors uniform, un-
spotted ; larger /). ioro-ma.

Head narrow, more elevated, and with two longitutlinal keels; middle lingers and
toes longer ; spotted more or less thickly : smaller D. viridtscciis.

Both of these species are aquatic in their habits, and they arc the
only species found in North America which arc truly so; that is, they
do not live on the bottom or under stones, but swim or suspend them-
selves in comparatively dee^) water.

201 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

DIEMYCTYLUS TOROSUS EscU.

(Plates 36, fig. 2 ; 38, tigs. 1-4 ; 45, fig. 8 ; 49, fig. 3.)

Cope, Check-List Batr., Rcpt. N. Amer., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, p.
28, 1875.
Trilon iorosus Each., Zool. Atlas, p. 12, PI. 21, fig. 15 ; Strauch, Salam., p. 30.
SaJamandra heecheyi Gray, in Griff. A. K., i., p. 107, and Zool. Bcechey'sVoy., PI. 31,

fig. 3.
Triton erma7ii Wiegm., in Erman's Reise um die Erde, p. 24.
SaJamandra (Triton) granulosa Skilton, Ainer. Jonrn. (2), vii, p. 202.
Notopthalnms torosiis IJaird, Jonrn. Ac. Phila. (2), i, p. 284.

Tariclia torosa Gray, Cat., p. 25 ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Expcd., llcrp., p. 5, PI. 1, fi. 1-8.
Tnricha hin-is Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1853, p. 302.
Trilon Iwvis Strauch, I.e.
Mohje torosa Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., second ed., 1882, p. 20.

This fine species is of rather robust proportions. The liead is wide
and distinct from the neck, through the protuberance of a posterior
superior angle on each side. It is also perfectly Hat and smooth above,
excepting a gentle slope from a line connecting the orbits to the end
of the muzzle. The body is slightly compressed, and its length from
axilla to groin is just equal to the length from the axilla to the end of
the muzzle. The tail is long, exceeding the length of the head and
body by the depth of the latter. It is very much conipressed, and has
a wide dermal border both on the inferior and the superior edges.

Viewed from above, the head is contracted towards tiie muzzle with
curved lateral outlines, and the end of the muzzle is truncate. It also
l)rojects considerably beyond the lower Jaw. The nostrils appear to be
terminal, but directed laterally, and the space between them equals
two thirds that between the bases of the eyelids, and exceeds by one-
quarter the space between the internal nares. It also equals the length
from the eye to the nostril, and exceeds by a very little the length of
the eye-tissure.

The upper lip begins to descend posteriorly at a point half-way be-
tween the nostril and the eye, and does not rise again, but conceals the
lower jaw. The rictus is just behind the posterior angle of the eye.
Anterior to this point it is joined on its internal side by a short lamiim,
which represents the lower lii> of the perenui branchiate species of
Batrachia, This lip is entirely concealed, and there is no fold in front
of it, on the lower jaw.

The tongue is oval, and very small. It is only free at the sides, and
that but slightly. The vomeropalatiue teeth are in two straight series,
which converge forwards and join directly between the choanie.

The limbs are robust, the posterior ones the more so. Applied to the
side, they overlap by the length of the posterior foot with tarsus. The
digits diftVr much from each other in length, but not so much so as in
the D. viridcsccns. The second (first) finger is very short, and the fifth
is a little longer, while the third and fourth are of usual length, the
third the .shorter. '1 he phalanges are l-2-.'5--'. Tiie toes are arranged
much as the fingers, the longer ones of medium length, and the first

THE BA'IKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

205

very sbort. The leiij,'tbs are, begiuuing witli ibe shortest, l-ij-2-4-3.
The iimuber of phalaiige.s taken in order is: 1-2-3-3-L*, Tlie e[»i<ler-
mis on the extremities of all the digits is horny. There are no distiuet
palmar or plantar tubercles. I have not discovered any horny plates
on the inner sides of the posterior legs, such as occur in the 1). virUlcs-
ccns during the breeding season.

Tlie character of the surface of the skin varies according to the sea-
son and locality. In a majority of specimens the up[)er surfaces are
smooth, but wrinkled more or less closely. In specimens which have
been exposed to drought, the surface becomes rough, with small hard
projections. The lower surfaces are always studded with minute horny
points so as to be hispid. These become more numerous and prominent
in specimens where the dorsal integument is roughened. Lateral folds
are very obscure in this species, and can only be traced on the superior
part of the sides. Twelve such grooves maybe counted, the first and last
being opposite the humerus and femur respectively. There is a dis-
tinct transverse postgular fold. The digits have thin dermal margins
towards the base. The genitalia are very prominent during the breed-
ing season, and the orifice is longitudinal, and its edges are marked
with transverse wrinkles. Internally there is a large prominent papilla,
simulating an intromittent organ, which rests in a fossa, whose poste-
rior wall is composed of a series of columnar papillae, which radiate
backwards and downwards. The free membrane of the edges of the
tail is much reduced, oris even wanting, in the specimens with rough-
ened skin.

2

Fig. 51. Diemyctijlus torosus. No. 11407. San Francisco; },
Measurements of Xo. 11577.

M.

Total Iciigtli 170

Lcngtli of head aud body 078

Lcuj^th to groin OGl

Lengtli to axilla 02G

Lcugtli to cautbns oris 012

Length to anterior can thus ociili 005

Length of lore-leg 027

Length of cubitus Oil

Length of manus 0115

Length of hind leg 030

Length of tibia 0085

Length of pes 0136

Interorbital width 075

Greatest width of head 0175

Depth of tail at niiddle, with fin 014

206

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tbe imicous pores of this species have tlie followiug distribution:
They form a baud on each side of the uiuzzle, which passes within the
eyelid to just behind the eye, where it divides. One line extends back-
wards and turn? towards the middle line without joining its fellow of
Ihe opposite side. The other branch passes behind and below the eye,
and forms a patch on the loreal region. On the body the system con-
sists of a series of pores along the lower part of each side.

The coloration of this species is simple. The sides and superior sur-
faces of the head, body, and limbs are brown, and the inferior surfaces
are yellow. In rough specimens the brown becomes almost black, and
the yellow is correspondingly deep. In smooth specimens the brown is
pale, and has an olive tinge. The upper membrane of the tail is yel-
lowish-brown; the lower yellow.

This species has the widest range of any Pacific salamander, since it
extends from San Diego on the south to southern Alaska on the north.
It is very abundant in some parts of California, and may be seen swim-
ming in the streams and ponds in numbers.

Diemyctijlus ioiosus Escli.
EESERVE SERIES.

Citalojiiie
iiuiiibur.

OOJG
47
4070
4028
404G
9214
U215
11407
U577
ll7Ct
4052

05.:c
(i.")8r>

13500
14107
13040
13040
13052
13381
14479
14480
1449a
13928
11550
11704
4014

No. of

spec. I

Locality.

Pugot Soiiml, Oregon . .

Ciiuforniii

Fort Steilacooni, AVasli ..

Eiijiene City, Oicfiiiii

Fort Vaucouver, U'asli..
Fort Steilacooru, Wash..

San Francisco, Cal

, do

Fresno, Cal

Astoria, Oregon —

California .

AVlien col-
lected.

From whom received.

U. S E.Npl. Expcd .

Dr. (Jco. Suckley.U. S. A

Di'. C.<;. Newberry

L)r. J. G. Cooptr

Nature of
specimen.

I U.S.Expl. Expcd

1879 , (;ust.av Eisen (?)

1879 I (iu.stav Eisen

j Lieut. "W. 1*. Trowbridge,

I U.S.A.
Dr. Wni. Stinip.son

Monterc V, Cal ! Dr. CanQeld

Haaslor's Harbor, Alaska

L!il<e County, Cal

i;crl<elcy, Cat

do.'

Howell Mouutaius, Cal..

S.iu Dit'U'o, Cal

l'(irt Clicster, Alaslia

Nisqiially, Orcsioii

lii'villa jiucdi) llai'., Alas.

Hainl, Cal

I lliinibuldt (bounty, Cal ..

I Fresno, Cal ...

j Sau Francisco, C.il

1885
1884
18S4
1884
1883
1883

1885
1885

\ H.E. Nichols

I 11. W. Turner

1 11. E. C. Stearns

do ,

do

Cha.s. K. Oiciitt

i Lt. H. E. Nicliols, U. S. N
i ICxpl. Exped ,

Dr. T. H. Street.s, U. S. N..

Chas. H. Townsend

...do

Giistav Eisen

L)r. J. L. Leconte*

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Dj.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

(JENERAL SERIES.

4027 !

4015 •

4014 :
11852
117G4 i
■j751 1
.2153 :

4051 I
11471
12010 !

4095 !
14450 i
14461 I
144U5 !
14 409 I

[ El Dorado County, Cal
; ban Francisco, ('A

...do

i San (^iiontin, (Jdl

Fresno, Cal ,

j Ballinas Hav, ('al

I t)alsland, C/il

I Fetaluiiia, Cal ....

J'liget Sound, Oregon ..

Fort LTiiip<ina, Oregon.

(0

Oregon

Kelseyville, Cal

Oregon

April

-,1871
1870

Dr.C.C.r.oyle

R. D. Cutta

Dr. J. L. Leconte ..
Capt. Wm. H(ddeu .

(iustav Eisen

Hemphill

1'. L. .fouy

E. Samuels

{'■}

Lieutenant Michler.

(?)

(?)

L. Stone

Expl. Expcd

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Vo.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Typo of T. lavis.

TllK IJA'IKACIIIA OK Nolilll AMKUICA. 207

DIK.MYCTVI.l'S V1UII)1:sC1:N.S l^if.

(lM;iU's :{<;, ligs. :}-.J ; \id; m, ligs. 5-'J ; »1, ti.^s. :5-4 ; 4-J, lig. .1 ; 4:>, lig. 'J ; VJ, lig. 4.)

Hallow., Joiini. Ac. Pliihi. (.n.s.)iii, j). IM:?; Cope, TroKi'd Ac. Pliilu.,
IH^i'J, p. 1-J(i.

'JrilnrKs {IHciniictnIiDi) ririilcsceii.s lialiii., Aninils of Nature, IdiO, No. *22.

friliinis {Xotojihthaliniis) miiiiithis Kaliii., I.e., No. 24.

SdliiiiKotdra ■•itclllu Say, Aiticr, Joiirii., i, p. 2GI.

SithniKUHlra dorsalifi Harlan, Joi'.rii. Ac. Phila., v, p. 121; Wiud., Nova Acta Lcop.,

carol , xxxii, p. 131.
Sdlamiindra sijmmclrlca Harlan, I.e., p. 157; Holbr., N. A. Hcrp., v, p. 7>7, I'l. xvii;

])c Kay, N. Y. Faun , Koptii., p. 7:?, Pi. xv, lig. 3;5 ; Wied., /. c, p. 125.
Salaininuira miUrpinictala Storcr Bo.st. Joiirn. N. H., ii, p. 60.
SalamniKlra urtciiii (Jray, Grill". A. K., ix, Byii., p. 107.
'/'*//(*;( dorsalifi Holbr., /. c, p. 77, PI. XXV ; I'uin. »S: Bibr., p. 155.
Tr'iloii inillepxnclatiis Dc Kay, I.e., p. HI, Pi. xv, tig. M.
yoloiihlhalmii.^ miiiiatiis Baird, Jonrn. Ac. Pbila. (2), I, p. 284; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad.

Brit. Mas., cd. i, p. 22.
Xotoplifhahniis viridcsceus Baird, /. c. ; Gray, /. c. p. 23.
'J'ritoii 2)Hiictati8simus Dam. & Bibr., p. 154.
Triton symmeiricns Dam. &, Bibr., p. 154 ; PI. 107, Sg. 2.
DlemycfyJus miniatKs Hallow., /. c.
Triloii I'iridcscens Strancli, Salam., p. 50.
Moh/e viridesceiis Bonlenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mn.s., cd. ii, 1882, p. 21.

Tills variable species is the aquatic salamaiuler of tbe eastern region
at North America. Its distinctive characters have been already re-
ft ricd to (pa ge 203), and will be more fully detailed under its appropriate
siil>.s[)ecies. Tliese arc two, as follows:

Exti-riial linger lialf as long as fourth or shorter ; back with small black-edged red
spot.s D. V. viridescens.

External linger more than half as long as fourth ; no red spots on back, but largo
black ones, whicli are present also on the tail D. r. mcridionalis.

Diemyctijlus viridcsccns viridescens Raf.

There are two forms of this subspecies, which have received the
names of viridescens and miniatus respectively. These having been
shown to be stages of one and the same animal, they are not distin-
gnisiicd otherwise than as seasonal forms, which may be by reason of
Jill' ;'nvironment rendered permanent for a longer or shorter time. I
givo, however, the ciiaracters that distinguish them.

Cranial cariuic more prominent, and longer; tongue freer laterally; skin rough;

cheek-pits more frequently wanting; color red form iitiniaiios.

Cranial carinai less prominent, especially at the ends; tongue less free ; skin smooth;

check i)its rarely wanting ; ground color olivaceous form vii idcucenn-

The form Miniatus never has a caudal fin-membrane, while it is geu-
rv.'.Uy i)re.scnt in the form Viridescens; but this is a seasonal character.
'J'lic chair.cters above mentioned are not always combined as described,
and one or anothor may be wanting whi!'} the others are present.

203 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUISEUM.

Tlicy will be referred to later in this article. JMcanwhile 1 describe ;.,
typical specimen of the form Viridescens.

1 / 4 '- - ■ '

3 5

Fig. 52. Dicmyctylus viridescens viridescens . No. 14163. Aiken, S. C; } f.

The outline of the bead seen from above is an oval, which contracts
anteriorly and posteriorly, and is not distinguished from the neck by
tlie abrupt contraction of the latter. The back is roof-shaped, and ihc
section of the body a vertical oval. The length from the axilla to the
end of the muzzle is just a little less than the distance between the ax-
il'a and the groin. The t.iil is much compressed throughout, and is as
long as the head and body (vent included).

The muzzle, viewed from above, is truncate rounded, and it projects
a little beyond the mouth. The two ridges of the top of the head in-
close a long lenticular open groove which is closed in front on the muz-
zle, bu: open behind on the occiput. On their external sides is a
shallow groove. There is a distinct but obtuse cant'ius rostralis, and
the lorea' region is slightly concave. The profile is slightly dec rved
at the muzzle. The eye is rather large; i's length exceeds a little the
length from its anterior canthus to the end of tlio muzzle, and is a
little less than the interorbit 1 width. The nostrils are close together,
and look upwards as well as outwards. The distance between them
enters the interorbital space two and a half times. The eyes do not
project upwards, so that the eyelids are nearly plane with the front.
The lower jaw is only partly overlapped by the posterior pait of the
upper lip, and there is no distinct lower lip or groove. On the side of
the head posterior to the eye is a straight row of four pits, the lir.^t of
which is near the eye and the last is in the position of the first branchial
fissure. These pits are shortly linear and curved, as though made by
the pressure of an instrument with a short curved edge. The distances
between them are equal to each other and to half the diameter of the
eye. At the position of the posterior pit arc traces of three branchial
iissures in three vertical short row.s of minute pits; but these are not
always present. The cheek-pits, moreover, are frequently wanting. I
give the results of the examination of seventy individuals of the forms
Viridescens and INIiniatus:

VUidckccns.

Fossiu prosou t 28

Fossil) wan t i 11 IT 5

MMatus.

Fossit; present 10

Fossic wanting; *25

The i)its ;ne generally symmetrical, but in a Miniatus there is but one
pore on one side, and in a Viridescens there are no pores on one sidt^
and three on the other.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 209

The toDffue occupies but little space ou the floor of the inoutli. It is
slightly free at the sides, but not at the anterior or posterior ends, which
pass insensibly into the adjacent tissue. Its form is oval anteroposte-
riorly. The vouieroi)alatine teeth are in two longitudinal series, which
converge anteriorly, and join after running: close together between the
internal nares. The latter are about as far ajtart as the external nares.

When apolied to the side the fore limb overlaps the hind limb by the
length of the hind foot. While of nearly the same length, the fore
limbs are not more that half as thick as the hind limbs. Their length
is just equal to the distance from the axilla to the end of the muzzle.
The second (tirst) linger is very small, with but a rudiment free. The
third tiiiger is long, and the fourth still longer, while the tifth is longer
than the second (first), but generally less than half as long as the fourth.
The i)lialanges are 1-2-8-2.

The first and fifth toes are mere obtuse rudiuients and of etjual length.
The other toes are not relatively so long as the fingers, standing 2-4-3
in order of length, beginning with the shortest. The phalanges are
l-2-:3-;j-l. In males in the breeding-season the hindlegsare thickened,
espe<',ially the integument of the inner side. It is then divided by trans-
verse folds, and the portions between them become corneous or cliit-
inons. There are thus from ten to twelve transverse plates on the in-
side of the thighs, and an irregular number ou the inside of the tibia
and tarsus. The rudimental external and internal toes have a cap of
the same substance. These bodies aid the male in maintaining his hold
on the female during copulation.

The skin in the form Viridescens is smooth on all the surfaces, but
rather closely wrinkled. The tail has a free dermal nnirgin or fin (of
about etjual width and length) on both the superior and the inferior
eilges. The genitalia are very prominent at the breeding season, and
in the male the orifice is oval. It is very papillose, ('S[)c'ciully within
the anterior border. (See Plates oU and II, fig, ;i) There is no tr.ms-
verse postgular fold, and there arc no transverse lateral grooves.

McasKniiwiils of Xo. 'M'Xk

.1/
Total length yiio

Length of head .uid hotly oji;

Length ti) groin . (),',( ;

Length to axil! II ok;

Length to cant ii us oris ooti")

Length of Coielcg 01,5

Length of eiibitn.s , oy-,

Length of fore-foot lltKi.")

Length of iiind leg yj7-,

Length of tibia Od.-,;;

Length of hind foot OOs^

Width of bead OOsj

Width between orbits dOli;

Depth of tail at middle 0075

I!)."")! r.iiii ;;4 u

210

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The color of the form Viridesceiis is a light brownisli-olive above,
which is or is uot marked off distinctly from the paler color of the lower
surfaces along the side. The inferior surfaces are straw color or dirty
white. On each side of the v'ertebral line is a row of from three to six
smad round red spots, each with a black bordei-. The rest of the sur-
face is marked with small black points, which are smaller but more dis-
tinct on the lower surfaces. On the legs they are larger and more dis-
tinct, and on the tail tiiey ai)pear to have run like ink spots on paper
placed in water. In specimens without fins they sometimes form two
rows on each side of the tail and a line along the side from the axilla to
the groin. There is a faint dark line from the eye to the last cheek-pit.
Chin and throat generally unsimtted.

In the form Miniatus the tail is narrow, being without dermal borders.
The color of the superior surfaces is vermdion red and the lower sur-
faces citron-yellow. The red spots are present as in the other form, but
the small black spots are rarely present on the back. They are present
on the sides, belly, limbs, and tail, and never run together into lines.
In this form the skin of all the ui)per surfaces is rough, with numerous
minute, seraitransparent horny points of the skin. These are uot devel-
oped on the inferior surfaces.

Tiiese characters would be likely to follow the exposure of an aquatic

Fir.. 5:!. DiiinycliiUix ininialim niiniatitK \l\\'. J8U2. Twice uatmal si/.o. Knot River, Wis.

animal with soft skin to the comparative drought of the atmosphere.
The greater acnteness and prominence of the cranial crests displayed
by the Miniatus form is i)robably caused by the closer adherence of the
thinner integuments under these circumstances. Direct observations
as to these points, however, exist. Dr. Ilallowell was the first to express
his belief that the so-called distinct species were the same. I afterwards
remarked, " the nominal />. miniatus is a state of J>. riridcsceiis,^'' and that
1 have had it change to the latter in confinement. Dr. Howard A. Kelly,
in an article in the American Naturalist, states, he " brought home a
number of />. miniatus (Uaf.), or little red lizard, or red eft, and after
keeping them in a dark box tilled with saturated moss, they changed
their color from a bright vermilion to the olive state characteristic of the
/>. riritlescens,^^ and he kept them all winter. Col. Nicholas Pike says in
the same journal (January, 1S8G) : " I have gradually come to the conclu-
sion that the two are identical. Some years ago I captured (|uite a num-
ber of red ones in theCatskill Mountair.s, brought them home, and kept
them in a box with other salamanders, where they could resort to water

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 211

if they cliose. For some days they reinaiued Lidiug under the wet
uioss and stones, but finally crei)t out at night and went into the water.
I gave them some insects and worms, which they readily devoured. In
about three mouths they lost their bright red, and iu less than a year
they were of the usual olive of the Virideseens. Another fact, still more
decidedfy bearing on the case, is, that some two-year-old Virideseens
taken from the pouds and put iu earth and dead wet leaves in a tub in
my garden, without water, iu a month or so began to lose their green
tint and assume a dingy, brownish hue."

Professor Baird thus describes the breeding habits of this sala-
mauder :*

"In the spring of the year a broad tin becomes developed along the
tail and back of the male, and the feet enlarge, with the- addition of a
black cartilaginous mass on the toes and inside of the thighs, for the
puri)ose of enabling it to hold on to the female. This it does by clasp-
ing her around the throat with the hind legs and retaining the hold for
some hours or longer, jerking her around in the water most unmerci-
fully during the whole time. A quantity of seminal matter is finally
discharged, which becomes diUnsed in the water, and fecundates the ova
w hile still in the lower part of the oviduct. The eggs are laid singly,
of an ellii)soidal shape, and invested by a very glutinous coat, by which
it is attached to the middle of an immersed leaf, which is then doubled
over it l)y the exertions of the female. The eggs, after remaining for
some time in this way, linally giv^e birth to small larvue, the general
character of whose; metamorphosis is much the same as that of the
s[)ecies already described." 1 have found the habits of specimens of
this si)ecies in confinement quite as described by Baird. I found the
axils of the leaves of Utrkidaria to be used as places for the deposit
of eggs by the female. (See Journal Philadelphia Academy, 18G0, p. 08.)

Diemycti/lus virideseens mcridioncdis ('ope.

Biilletiu U. S. Nut .Miis., No. 20, 18d0, p. :?0. Molije mcridionnlis Cope;
Ijoulcnger, Ann. Magaz. Nat. Hist., 1888, January.

This subspecies has the longer digits of the form Miniatus, and low
crauial crests of the Virideseens, with which it also agrees in color.
Prom both forms it diti'ers in the absence of red spots from the dorsal
region, which is instead covered with rather large black spots, which
continue on the tail. The ground above is olive ; below it is yellow,
which is marked with numerous suuiU black spots. A character which
appears to be of importance is s6eu in the fore foot. The outer toe is
more than half as long as the penultimate, while in the varieties Viri-
deseens and Miniatus it is less than half as long.

The first specimen of this form which 1 met with was sent to the
Smithsonian Institution from Matamoros, Mexico. G. W. Marnock

*Icouo<;r. Eneycl., vol. II, p. 254, 1851.

212 JJULLETIN ol, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tiiids it ill the tributaries of the Medina Itiver ami .soiitli\vard,.and Will-
iam Taylor has obtained a good many specimens from San Diego, in
southwestern Texas. It has not been found east of that region. I did
not see it in the plateau country.

Dr. Boulenger thinks that this foiin should be regarded as a distinct
species. IJesides the characters I have cited he tsays tlie head is more
depressed and the lores less vertical and the gular fohl more distinct,
than in the D. viridescens.

Flu. 51. Dicini/ctTjlua oiildcsccnn iiiciidio>iaUk-. S:m Uicgo, Tex.; }.
Dion yet i/l IIS riruh'sccns miiiiatiis lial'.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue No. of
niinjber. ' spec.

Locality.

:i8()2

".i

y8i9

0

3f^Gl

(J

8058

1

8824

1

78-'9

2

IIJOI)

1

•il'Xi

5

iiltOJ

3

'J:t05

1

4U2(i

1

9189

G

927!)

I

114(i5

:i

9.555

G

i:i.581

1

59ia)

1

KiaSS

2

Root River, Wis ...
Coolc ('oiiutv, 111 . ..

MciKtvill.', I'a

Kiiistoii, N. C

('inciniiiiti, (_)liio . ..
Wasliiii'Tto'i, I). C...
Norfolk, Uomi. . . .
Wost I'oiiit, N. Y...
Upper Mi.ss. Valley.

AVIieii col-
lected.

Fioiu wlioin received.

Si'iit. 'JG, 1877

R. Keiiiiic.ott

Piol«<sor VVilliiiiii.s. ..

J. W.M liner

.r. N. I!. Seal lioiouj;li..
Dr. E. Coius. U. S. A.

A. V. NVoo.stei-

I'rof. S. I'". 15ainl

liiazos River, Tex Dr. B. h'. Sliimiaid

(!) (0

(?) ('■)

('.)

Aii.v I'laiiiH River, 111

Wasliiiijitoii, 1» C jOct., 1881 i E. H. Il:iwl.y

Iliidsoii I'.ay j C. I>rexler ..

Rawley, Va I I iJcii. Miller .,

1 (0

C. I!. R. Kcnnieott

Nanno of
specimen.

I'loC. S. I''. Baird Alcoliolic

D'umijvlijluH riridesveiis riyidcsciiiH llaf.
RESERVE SERIES.

1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

(Jatalo<;ue
iiiiiul» T.

3492
3Sl)8
3795
7902
5042
54IG
3817
382G
8849
9290
12053
3803
9557
705G

No. ol'
.spec.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Eioiii wlioiii received.

Aiix Plaiii.s River, 111 1 R Kiiiiiicott

Tioga County, N.Y E. E. llowrll ....

(;urlisle. Pa '. \ I'roC. S. F. Maird.

... do I .--- <1«

(iporiria I ' Dr. W. L. loiics.

Dr. .1. I!, liarratt
Prof. S. F. Baird
Kred. Matliei' ...

rgia

lUiiioi.s (0 I I R. Keiiiiieolt.

Al.l)eville, S. C " '

New York

Lexington, Va

Moiilton. A la

Mount Caiiiiel, III

Jei'sey City, N. J

St. Ciitliarine's, Canada.
<iraud Coteau, La

Nov. — , 1881 L. M. Turner

Dr. D. W. lieadle ...
St. Charles College.

iS'ature of
.spi'ciinen.

dcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

THE BATRACHIA. OF NORTH AMERICA

213

Dkmijclijlus rhidescens chidincviis Raf.
(GENERAL SERIES.

Oatalo<;ue

No. of

numbei'.

spec.

7002

77

avjr,

C7

•J118

1

9:!31

1 1

:i8ii

9 :

37!)J

1

H02I

1

i:U24

3

:imi

4 i

]ur,n

l(i

U46:!

1

Localit}'.

Cailislo, I'a

.1(1

Sniilli (bounty, Va

Virginia —

.Fanie.s RiviM-, Viiffiiiia.

Wi.scoiisin

Noifolk, (JoiiM

< iari isoii's, N. Y

(Jooli County, 111

(0

Aiken, S. C

When col-
lected.

From wboiu received.

May 28, 187(i
I'Vb. 20, 1877

Prof. S. 1'. Baird.

do

A. L. Kiiinlicn ..
i^'t.'il. K Tallml..
S. K. I'.ainl

lo

July, J8'i:;
Nov. 1KH4
1870 i

l>r. Will. II. Jones.

T. Roo.seveldt

R. Konnicott

(0

■ ! (0

/)iciii))<'fiihts riri<l(xc('ii>i mrrtilioiiaJiii.

Catalogue
iiiiinlier.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

2 Mat.amoras, Tninaulii>a8
It San Dicso, Tex

AViirii col-
lected.

From wlinin received.

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
IJo.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Natiin^ of
.speciiuen.

Lieutenant ('ouch i Alcoholic.

W.Taylor Do.

AMrnnjMiD.E.

Ethmoid bone present; vestibule osseous internally. No malar or
qnadratojugal bones. Vertebra' ampliicceloiis, with two anteriorly di-
rected hyi)ai)oi»hyses at the anterior extremity. Scai)ular and pelvic
arches and limbs present. Vomerine teeth on anterior or external
border of vomer, which does not bound the choana; posteriorly. No
l)arasphen<)id teeth. Li\(n- not tinely divided. Cloaca without pro-
jectile muscles. Tail developed. No external j;ills. There is but one
ceratobranchial bone, and but one basibranchial. There are three
epibranchials. Besides liypohyals there aie basihyals. No otoglossal.
The stapes is directly connected with tlu^ (piadrate by cartila^^e.

J{y all authors the neinis Amphiuma had been included in the same
family division with l*i'otono])sis and Mejialobatrachus until 1800, At
that time the writer i)r()p()st'(l to separate it from the latter genera as
the ty[)e of a family Amphiumida', w Iiile the other genera were placed
in another family with tln^ name Pi()ton()!)si(he. This <',onrse has not
been followed by later writers; in the catidogue of the lU-itish Museum
by Dr. Uoulenger (18S2), for instance, the three genera are included in
one family, the Ami)hiumida'.

The reasons for keeping the Ampliiiiiiiida' distinct from the Protonop-
8ida^ were stated to be the following:*

Amimiiumid.i: : "An axial cranial bone (? vomer) in front of orbito-
spbiMioids, and one forming palatal surfa(;e in front of i»arasphenoid.
* * * Parietals ])rolonged laterally, not reaching ])refront:ds. Vesti-

Mourn. Ac, I'liihi., ISCC, p. KU.

214 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bule, wall osseous iiiterually. Preinaxillaries consolidated. Occipital
condyles on cylindrical pedestals."

Protonopsid^: "No anterior axial cranial bone. * * * Parietals
and prefontals prolonged, meeting and embracing froutals. Wall of
vestibule membranous internally. Premaxillaries separated. Occipital
condyles sessile."

The following observations were made on the Amphiumidae : " The
occipital condyles and temporocervical tendon are quite as in Desmogna-
thus; they have not been previously described.* In Amphiuma means
there is a minute non-articulated bone on the suture between the o. o.
frontalia and prefontalia in the situation of the lachrymal. There are
some approximations to Ciiicilia in Amphiumidae. It does not appear
to have been noticed that the * * ♦ free margin of the frontal seems
to foreshadow the overroofing of the orbit and temporal fossa seen in
Caecilia. There is also a very large foramen or canal passing through
the o. maxillare from near its middle to the orbit, foreshadowing the
canalis tentacuUferus of CiPcilia : a narrow one occurs in the same situa-
tion in Protonopsis. Further, the prominent horizontal anterior infe-
rior processes of the vertebral centra are the same in Amphiuma and
Caecilia."

The characters assigned as above to the two families Amphiumidae
and Cryptobranchidoe are abundantly sufficient for retaining them as dis-
tinct, t The form of the occipital condyles might be excepted from this
estimate, and the axial bone in front of the parasphenoid proves to be
abnormally cut off in the specimen then examined. The Protonopsidiii
agree with other Urodela in all of the characters given, except in the
exclusion of the frontals from the supraorbital border, and in the mem-
branous characteristic of the internal wall of the vestibule. The Am-
phiumidte difter from other Urodela in the presence of a large ethmoid
bone (the one referred to as % vomer in the diagnosis above quoted), in
thepresenpe of temporal ridges, and of two anteriorly directed hypapo-
physes of the precaudal vertebr.T.

It is interesting to notice tliat three of the four characters just cited
are shared by the Ca'ciliidic. The presence of the ethmoid is of especial
importance, as it is an element constantly wanting in the Urodela. I
liave not found it in Desmognathus, Anaides, Spelerpes, Amblystoma,
Salamandra, nor Cryptobranclius, nor is it present in Necturus or in
Siren. It is, on the contrary, always present in Cieciliida}| (see Plate
IX, 3), The double anterior hypapophyses are otherwise confined to the
same family.

Thecliaracters of the hyoid arches also distinguish this family from
the Cryptobranchida?, and they differ from those of the Pseudosauria

* Tbey wero clcscril>e(l by Dr. J. Ci. I'isclifv, Au.itoniiscli. Abhaiull. iib. Pereuni-
branch, ii. Derotreiii., Erstos lloft, p. (U, lrt<i4.
t Proceed. Aincr. Philosoph. Soc, 1880, p. 44'2.
tWiedersheim, Anatomic dcr (ilyirniopbioiHi), .Tona, 1S79.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 216

as well. They are unique in the presence of only one ceratobranchial,
Necturus only approaching it ia this respect. In the absence of the
second basibranchial it agrees with Cryptobrauchus, anil approaches
the Pseudosauria, when; a part of it only remains. It also agrees with
Cryptobrauchus iji the absence or confluence of the first epibranchial
and in the presence of the three succeeding epibrauchials.

This family is only known from North America.

There is but one genus of this family, which is defined as follows:

A pLaryngcal slit on tbo side of tbe neck ; vomerine teeth in antero-posterior series ;
no scales; limbs nuich reduced ; digits, two or three ou each foot ; prefrontal and
nasal bones present ; a temporal crest ; palatine bone not inclosing cboana; pos-
teriorly ; preraasiUary bones coossified Amphuima.

AMPHIUMA Garden.

Smith's Correspoudeuce,ofIjiiiii;piis, I, p. 599 ; Wagler, Systema Am-
phib., 1830, p. 2:i9; Tschudi, Batr., 1829. p. 07 ; Gray, Cat. Batr.
Grad. Brit. Mus., 5;"); Dnm., Bibr., ix, p 201 ; Bonlenger, Cat.
Batr. Grad. Brit. Miis., ed. ii, p. 82; Ryder, Proceeds. Acad.
Phila., 1879, p. 14 ; Cope, Proceeds. Amer. Pbilosoph. See.
188<i, p. 442.

Chrysodonia Mitchill, Medical Recorder, 1882, p. 529.
Sirenoidcs Fitz , Syst. Reptil. 182(), p. M.
Murano})8is Fitz., I. c; Gray, /. c.

The only portion of the shoulder girdle of this genus which is ossified
is the scapula. The coracoid cartilages of opposite sides are distinct
from each other, and there is a production of the precoracoid region
The humerus is truncate at both extremities, making its articulations
with cartilage only. The carpus is cartilaginous. The osseus ilium
is quite short and slender; it has a long superior cartilaginous portion,
which is attached to an equally long cartilaginous sacral rib. The
inferior element is an undivided plate, which is wider than long, and
presents an obtuse angle anteriorly. The posterior portion of each
is occupied by a round discoid ossiticntion, which forms the posterior
border, but does not reach either the acetabulum or its fellow. The
femur is rather long and has a distinct trochanter, but no head or con-
dyles. The articulations arc cartilaginous, as is the tarsus, which is
also undivided. The tibia and fibula are about one-sixth the length of
the femur, and the fibula is a little shorter and more slender than the
tibia. The phalanges in both feet are wtII ossified.

The general character of these parts arc described in Stanuius'IIand-
buch der Zoologie, but only as included in the definitions of the order
to which Ami)hiuma is referied.

Professor ]lyder ilemonstrated the identity of this genus and Murcvn-
ops is.

The range of this genus is the Aiistroriparian region. It has not been
found west of Louisiana, nor in the Mississippi valley north of Ar-
kansas. It occurs in the Floridau district.

216

];i:lli:iin ;;i, unitku state.s national museum.

AMPHIUMA xMEANS Ganlon.

(Pl.at".sO, fig. 7; 10; 11, figs. l-!t; 12; 13, t\g. .'3.)

II()lb.,N.A. ircii).,v, p. 89, ri.,:iO; DiHii. & Bil.r., p. 20:5; Gray, Cat. Batr.
Gvafl. Biit. Mils., ed. i, p. Tm ; IJonleiigor, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mns.^
0(1. II, 1882, p. 8:5; Cope, Check List Batr. Kept. N. Am., 1875, p. 25;
l*rocoi'(ls. Aiiier. Philos. Soc, 188(), p. 520.

ChrysofhiiiNi hii rofnrwis Mitch., /. c.

^tmphhniKt iitiaiia s. dUlnvtijla Cuv., Mdiii. Miis., xiv, p; 4, PI. 1, fiy. 1-3.

Atiiphtiiina did(ict\iln W;ii;l., Syst. Amph., p. 2();>.

SireuoidcK <JiiJii- li/him I'itz., /. c

Amphliiitia iiUlacliihi Ciiv., Mem. Miis., xiv, p. 7, PI. 1, fis. 4-(); Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p.
IKJ, PI.:U; Tf.chu("li,Batr., p.<J7; Diim. & Bibr., p.20;?; Ryder Proc. Ac. Pbila.,
187U. p. 11; Boiileiiirer, Cat. I'.atr. Grail. Brit. Mns.,ed. ii, 1832, p. 82.

Miirinioj)>iin IriiJacfi/la Fitz., Sy.st. l?ei)til. p. M ; Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. Brit. Mns., ed.
I, p..'').") ; Cope, Check-List I'.atr. Keptik Nearctic llealm, 1875, p. 2.'!.

i\

Fiu. r>r). Amjihhima hifans. No. 10865. Columbus, Miss ■; \.

In tliis si)Ocio.s tlio goiicrnl form is elongate, and much like that of
an e(l. Of this loiifitli the tail occupies a proportion which varies from
a little less than one-fourth to a little less than oue-fiftli. This propor-
tion (le])(Mi(l,s on nge, the larj!:e adults liaving shorter tails than the
small niid youno- ones. The body is depressed cylindric in form. The
form ol'tlK'tiiil diifers in different individuals from a vertical oval iu
section, to a tiian<i,l(' in section, with the angle upwards. Its extremity'
is always strongly compressed, and is slender, and the sniierior surface
may be rounded or angalate. Tiiere is no distinct contraction repre-
senting a neck. The head is an oval, and is narrowed very grad-

THE KATRACHIA OF NOKTH AMERICA. 217

ually to the extremity of the romuled imizzle. It is much depressed
also, so that the ranjje of vision is vertical. The end of the muzzle pro-
jects beyond the mouth, but the sides do not project. The number of
lateral derm.al grooves is about sixty.

The eyes are quite small, and are separated by an interspace of five
times their transverse diameter. They have no lids, so thattlie corne.a
is continuous with the cephalic epidermis. The external nostrils are
minute, and are separated by an interval a little less than half the in-
terorbital space. The lips are large and full, those of the upper jaw
overhanging, and concealing those of the lower except at the end of the
muzzle. The lower lips commence on each side of the symphysis, and
are decurved over the integument of the ramus, from which they are
separated by a deep longitudinal groove.

In the premaxillo-raaxillary series there are thirty-one teeth. The
series terminates below a point posterior to the eye, and a little in front
of the rictus oris. The vomerine series form a /\ with the apex forwards.
Their posterior end is nearly but not quite so far posterior as the ex-
tremity of the maxillary row. All the teeth are compressed, and their
anterior edge is abruptly recurved towards the apex, so that the apex
looks partly posteriorly. The posterior nares have a valvular oi)ening,
which looks backwards and outwards a little in advance of the ex-
tremity of the vomerine series, and nearer to them than to the maxil-
laries. The tongue is represented by a muscular mass, which occupies
the floor of the mouth. It is only free laterally, being separated by a
deep groove from the mandibular ramus. Tiiis groove is vertically
divided by a membranous lamina for its entire length.

The skin is everywhere smooth. The segmental grooves are only dis-
tinct on the sides; on the belly they are iiulistinct, and on the dorsal
region they are entirely wanting. There arc numerous mucous jiores
on the head. There are three rows on the maxillary region, the superior
of which ceases below the eye, in front of a line falling perpendicularly
from it. The median row terminates in one or two large pores a little
behind below the eye. The inferior row extends farther and then be-
comes transverse, and joins the superior branch of the sui)erciliary row
three diameters of the eye behind and within it. There is a row on each
side of the muzzle, which terminates in front of a line connecting the
fronts of the eyes. Its place is taken by asu[)erciliary row, which forks
behind the eye. The inferior half ceases behind the eye two diameters,
while thftsuperior one joins the transverse continuation from the interior
maxillary, and is continued a short distance over each tem{)oral muscle.
Tliere are no distinct rows of pores on the body. The head pores may
differ somewhat from those described above from a large specimen
(No. G3()0). Thus there may be only two maxillary series, and the
superciliary row may not be distinctly divided. There are two rows
along the superior part and two rows along the inferior inirt of the
lower jaw.

218 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The branchial fissure is situated nearly as far posterior to the can-
thus oris as the latter is posterior to the end of the lower jaw. It is iu
the anterior part of a fossa, and is bordered anteriorly and posteriorly
by a narrow free membranous lamina. A short distance beliind and be-
low this is situated the anterior limb. The length of the limb is equal
to the interocular space ; ia some specimens a little less. The humerus
makes an angle with the rest of the limb, but the foot is continuous
with the cubitus; it is divided into either two or three toes. The pos-
terior limb is larger than the anterior, measuring nearly half as long
again. Its posterior border originates a very short distance in front of
the anterior extremity of the vent. It is compressed, and gently curved
inwards at tbe knee joint. It is directed posteriorly, not quite reach-
ing the posterior extremity of the vent. It is divided into two or three
digits. The vent is a longitudinal slit, with a prominent margin. Its
internal face is densely pappillose within the marginal border.

Measurements of JS'o. 6300.

Total length 8f^0

L(Migtli of tail I>i2

Leugth to canthusoris 047

Leugth to branchial fissnre 077

Leugth to fore limb 081)

Length of fore limb 0175

Length of hind limb -- .024

Width between nostrils 00m

Width between eyes 018

Width of head at can thus oris 015

In specimens in alcohol the color is a dark slaty brown above and
slate colored below. Its colors in life are said by Dr. Uolbrook to be
tiie same.

I have united into a single species the Amphiuma means and A. tridac-
ti/la in the above account. The description was made from a s])ecimen
(No. G3(H)) in wliich there are two toes on the anterior and three toes
on the po-terior limb. In two s[)ecimens of the National collection on
the toes are 3-1 and 2-1 in front. In the numerous specimens (No.
7013) from Mississippi the toes are variable also. Mr. Ilyder* has
pointed out that one spe(;imen displays the digits 'j J; a second | :] ; a
third I in front ; others have the characters of the JMeans tyi)e, j f, and
others the Tridactyle character, § 3- All are young and from the same
locality. Mr. Kyder concltules from these facts that the two supposed
genera must be united. In this 1 agree with him ; and after a study of
the specimens in th(^ National Museum and iu my own collection, I be-
lieve that the two species on which these supposed genera rest are not
distinguishable. I find no characters peculiar to any set of individuals.

Development. — Prof. O. P. Ilay has observed the habit of this spe-

* Proceed. Phihi. Ac., 1879, p. 14.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 219

cies at the period of development of the young and describes tbem iu
the following language :*

" At the close of August, 1887, 1 spent a few days in Little Rock,
Ark., in the employ of Dr. Branner, of the Arkansas geological survey.
On September 1 I visited a cypress swamp in the vicinity of the city
for the puroose of collecting some reptiles. During the severe summer
drought this swamp had been almost completely dried up, and there
was little chance to get anything except by turning over pieces of fallen
timber. Beneath a log of considerable size I found to my surprise a
large animal coiled up, which by its smooth glistening skin I immetli-
ately saw could not be a snake; but, having never before seen a living
Ainphiuma, it took me some time to realize that I had before me one of
these animals. After making due preparation to prevent its escape I
gave the animal a push with a stout stick, and then, no attempt at re-
treat being made, 1 lifted it out of the slight depression in which it wns
lying and let it straighten itself out. Meanwhile I had observed, lying
in the midst of the coils, a mass of moist-looking matter, nearly as large
as one's fist. Picking this up, I discovered it to be a mass of eggs.
This was put into a jar of alcohol, and immediately the young within
tiie egg could be seen writhing about, thus showing that they were in
an advanced stage of development. The mother offered no resistance
on being handled, and was put into a small sciiool satchel and car-
ried to the State geologist's ottice, a mile away, with two empty fruit-
jars lying on her. That night she was kept in an emi)ty boat-box.
This was some eighteen iriclies in height, and from it she made efforts to
escape. She would erect herself in one corner until her head was on a
level with tlie edge of the box, bat she could get no farther. Once in
falling down slie uttered a shrill sound somewhat like a whistle or the
l>eeping ot a joung chicken. A cry like that of a young duck has been
attributed by some observer to the Siren, but Barton in some of his
writings denies the statement tliat such a sound is made.

"The limbs of these animals are very small. For instance, of this
one, having a length of 31 inches, the hinder limbs are only three-fourths
of an inch long, the anterior only one half an inch. Yet, when it was
moving over the ground or tlie tloor, it was amusing to observe that its
feet were put forward and <lrawn back, as if they really could be of some

US(\

"On irritating this Ami)hiume by pushing her with a stick she would
snap at it viciously, and on furtlier irritation would seize it in her jaws
and, springing from the tloor in the form of a si)iral, would turn rapidly
round and round, thus twisting the stick in one's hand. Any enemy
thus attacked wouhl certainly find his interest in the affair fidly
aroused.

"There are two points in the structure of the adult to which I wish
to call attention ; altlicMigli no doubt they have already been observed

'Aiin-iicrin N.itiinilist, April, 1868.

220 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

by anatomists. The first is that there is a little lobe of skin forming
tlie anterior boundary of the gill opening and another forming the pos-
terior border. These can be very closely applied to each other, and seem
to form a very efficient valvular apparatus, by means of which this use-
less relic of its larval life may be closed ui). The other structure is con-
nected with the mouth. The lower lip is formed of a fold of skin that
is separated from the skin of the throat by a deep groove that runs
from the corner of the mouth to near the symphysis. This fold has a
thin sharp edge, and is directed downward and outward. The upper
lip also has a sharp edge, which, when the mouth is (closed, widely and
closely overlaps the lower lip. This arrangement of the lips and that
of the gill opening seems to me to have relation to the burrowing habits
of these animals, and are designated to prevent the mouth and pharynx
from being filled with mud.

The eggs of the Amphiume are the most remarkable that 1 know of
as occurring a-mong the Amphibians. The young, which now constitute
the whole contents of the eggs, are surrounded by a transparent cn|)sule
about as thick as writing paper, aiul these capsules are connected by a
slender cord of similar substance. It is as if the gelatinous mass sur-
rounding the eggs of the toad should become condensed into a solid
covering and a connecting cord. How many strings there are of these
eggs I can not determine with certainty, on account of their being in-
extricably intertwined ; but, since there are four ends visible, there are
probably two strings, one for each oviduct. For the same reason I have
not been able to count the eggs. A cjtrefiil estimate makes at fewest
150 of them.

"The eggs in their present state are nearly globular, and average
about 9""" in diameter. Their distance apart on the string varies from
5 to 12""" ; fourteen of them were counted on a piece of the string 9
inches long. At this rate the whole mass would form a string about 8
feet long. The connecting cord varies from 1.5"'"' to one-half that di-
ameter. The eggs greatly resemble a string of large beads.

"The young are coiled within the capsules in a spiral forns. On re-
moving them and straightening tliem they measure about 45""" in length.
The color is dusky above, with indications of a darker dorsal stri[)e, and
on each side a similar darker band. Bolow the color is pale. The body
is proportionally stouter than in the adult and the head broader. The
fore and the hind feet have each three toes.

"Tlie young possess conspicuous gills ; and, since they are evidently
near the period of hatching, it is but fair to suppose that they would
contiiuie to retain these gills for some time after exclusion. The gills
are three in numbtT on each side, and are simi)ly pinnate in form. The
median gill is longest, measuring some 0""" in length. From its main
axis there arise about ten delicate twigs. The other gills are .somewhat
shorter, and give origin to about eight lateral twigs each. In all these
filaments may be seen the blood- vessels filled with the large blood-cor-

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTIf AMERICA.

221

pnscles for which Ampliiiiiua is noted. Three jifill slits are open, of
which the two posterior become closed in the adnlt. The eyes appear
to better advantage than later in life.

"The finding of these young nearly ready for active life in such an
unexpected situation suggests some interesting problems. At what
period of their development are these eggs deposited? If at an early
l)eriod, the mother must incubate them for a considerable time. If at
a late period, why should they be placed in such a situation ? In either
case it ai)i)ears to be quite i)robable that they are fertilized before they
are deposited. Again, how are the eggs in such a dry situation saved
from being thoroughly desiccated? They are, I think, kept moist by
the body of the mother as she lies coiled around them. My remem-
brance of her as she lay when first exposed is that she was much
plumper than she now appears in alcohol; and when she was laid down
on the office floor every spot she touched was made wet. The source of
this water I do not know; but it appears probable that it came from the
numerous glands that fill the skin, and that the mother makes nocturnal
visits to the water to lay in supplies."

Flc. 50. Aitiphiuma means. Tlirco cj;j;.s, witb ciubryos iu dilToieut poaitious. From Hay, Aiuericau
Naturalist, 1888.

The Amphiuma presents towards the salamanders the nearest affinity
to the Desmognathidie. The pedunculate occipital condyle and atlan-
tal insertion of the temi)oral muscle are the same in both, and are re-
lated to a similar form and probably similar use of the muzzle. I>y
this arrangement the temporal muscle lifts the entire head by its inser-
tion in the lower jaw, thus taking the place of cervical muscles. It can
thus use the muzzle as a lever to burrow in mud and stones. Amphiuma
means also resembles the species of Desmognathus in the possession of
a chirrup or whistle. I do not know of another American salamander
which possesses a voice. The eggs in both genera are laid in a losary.
I suspect that Ampbiuma is a type which has degenerated from a sala-
mander like Desmognathus, but which possessed an ethmoid bone.

222 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Amphiuma mians Gard.

Calalogtio

No. of

number.

spec.

9707

I

lOOU

1

10891

1

10899

1

6300

1

45;t:{

1

7013

10

7005

2

7062

1

7048

2

11592

1

14501

1

4534

%

10865

r

14448

4

7064

1

Locality.

Arlington, Fla.

Fort Ji^SMtip, Ark
Tiirboroiis;!), N. C.

Biloxi, Miss

Kicel)orouj;b, Ga. .
Cbarlostou, S. C . ..

Nashville, G a

Prairie Mer Kouge, La ,

Colurubiis, Miss

New Orleaus, La

Charleston, S. C

When
collected.

July— 1880
i883

From whom received.

G. Brown Goodo.
H.L. Barker

J. L. Bridger

C. Belluian

Dr. VV.L. Joues

Dr. S. B. Barker

C. B. Adams

Dr. Webb

W. J. Taylor

James Fairie

Spillman

Dr. K. \V. Shufeldt,

S. A

Dv. Shumard

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Ko.
Bo.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

Apoda Oppel ; Pseudophidia De Bl.

Vertebne aiiipbiccelous, with anterior double hypopopbyses. Vesti-
bule with interiuil wall o seous. Ethmoid well developed. Squamo-
sal aud parietal more or less extended over temi)oral fossa. Scapular
and pelvic arches wautiug. Orbit surrounded by the max llary bone.
Liver much subdivided. Testes, several o i each side. Two protractile
muscles of the male rectum, which project a port on of it as an introinit-
tent organ.

This family has been usually regarded as representing a distinct order
of Batrachia. 1 have discussed this question under the head of the or-
der Urodela, within which I have placed it as a suborder, which should
bear De Blainville's name rseudophidia. IJesides the structural pecu-
liarities already pointed out, Peters and Sarasin have shown the
branchial apparatus of the larva to be peculiar. Iiisti ad of forming
loops ill fibrilhe of pn cesses of the branchial arches, the branchial vein
and artery ramify on the surface of membranous bladder like expan-
sions of the arches.

The numerous species of this family are distributed throughout all
tropical regions except those of the Australian realm. They are most
abundant in tropical America. Their habits are subterranean, their
lives being mostly spent in the nests of ants, which they eat. Ai the
proper season they repair to the water and deposit their eggs. The
larvic pass through their metamorphosis early in life. All of the spe-
cies are nearly blind.

This family appears to me to have been derived from the leg-bearing
Urodela through the Amphumid;e, by a process of degeneration. Addi-
tional evidence in favor of this view is found in the discovery by Stras-
ser, of small cartilages in the position of the inferior elements by the
scapular arch. This degeneration may be regarded as the result of the

THE BATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 223

inactive lile coiisccjuoiit on piirasitic babits. The same result has be-
fallen the Laceitiliau family Amphisbienidie and the Ophidian family
of Typhlopidie. Both of these are, like the C;euiliid;e, parasitic in ants'
nests, and both ha\e bccoine nearly blind and have lost their organs of
l)r()gression, whether limbs or abdominal scales. To aid thenj in their
dark habitat a pecnliar tentacle has been developed in this family,
which issues from a canal of the maxillary bone. This canal passes
from (he orbit, and the tentacle which occupies it is furnished with a
muscle and nerve (Weidersheim). It is probably homologous with the
"balancer" of the urodelous larva, which sometinies persists as a non-
retractile tentacle in several of the species of the salamaudrine genus
Spelerjjes.

The Cieciliidic have been divided into a number of genera by Peters.
Tile presence or absence of minute scales detines some of these, and
the form and position of the tentacular opening others. Some of the
latter do not appear to the w^riter to be well founded.

No species of the Cieciliida? enters the geographical boundaries of the
nearctic realm.

Plate 11 represents the skull and some vertebrte of the Chthonerpeton
indistinctum, K. «S: L., a representative of the family from Brazil.

TKACIIYSTOMATA.

Vomeropalatine bones wanting. vSupraoccipitals, intercalaria, and
basioccipitals wanting. IMaxillary bones wanting. Propodial bones not
coiissified; caudal vertebra' distinct.

This order, which was proposed by Miiller, has but few living repre-
sentatives, nor has paleontology disclosed with certainty any extinct
ones. The range of its variation being thus unknown, I con tine my-
self chiefly to a discussion of the characters of the only family which
it contains, the Sirenidu'. The order is distinguished, as above indi-
cated, by the absence of many bones of the skull usual in vertebrata
and Batrachia— a result which is ai)parently due to a long process of
degeneracy.

SIRENID.E.

Vertebra; am phicoelous; pterygoidea wanting; premaxillary and den-
tary bones toothless: patches on the parasphenoid; two pairs of cera-
tobranchials; a second basibranchial continuous with the lirst ; several
ei»ibranchials; no otoglossal ; the stapes not directly connected with
the quadrate; mandibular articulation by a ball and-socket joint, the
ball on the mandible, the cotylus in the quadrate.

In the known genera of the family the nasal bones are embraced by
the spines of the premaxillary bone; the vomeropalato-pterygoid arch^

224 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

is present as a cartilaginous band ; the prefrontal bones are wanting*,
tlieorbitosplieuoids are large and expanded laterally in front, so as to
form part of the palatal surface. The carpus is cartilaginous, and there
are no hind legs or pelvic arch. There are external branchiai, which
consist of branching processes of the integument of the epibranchial
elements. The latter are separated by branchial fissures of the walls
of the pharynx.

In the genus Siren the cranialextremity of theceratohyalisfreefrom
the cranium, but is connected with the stapes by a strong ligament. In
this respect this genus resembles the adults of the true salamanders, or
Pseudosauria, rather th an the other peremiibranchiate forms, or the Tre
motodera and Amphiumoidea. In its four epibranchial cartilages, how-
ever, it resembles the larvjc of the Pseudosauria, as also in the presence
of a second basibranchial, connected with the first anteriorly, and ex-
l)anding posteriorly. This mixture of characters of the adults ami of
the larva3 of pseudosaurian urodela has a significance which I will fur-
ther illustrate.

I have already pointed out (American Naturalist, 1885, p. 245) that
paheontology shows that the order of Trachystomata is a degenerate
type, if the structure of its skull, limb-arches, and limbs be considered.
I have also reason to believe that there are indications of a retrograde
metamori)hosis to be found in the history of its branchial apparatus. I
was for a long time at a loss to account for the curious condition which
I had observed in the branchiae, of the sirens. The fringes are frequently
in a state of apparent partial atrophy and inclosed in a common dermal
investment of the branchial ramus, or all the rami are covered by a
common investment, so as to be absolutely functionless and immovable
Tliis character observed in the Pseudobranchiis striatus, gave origin to
its separation from the genus Siren. The character is, however, common
to tlie Siren laccrtina at a certain age, and the real difference between
the genera depends on the different number of the digits and pharyn-
geal fissures in the two.

I have also observed that the functionless condition of the branchite
is universal in young individuals of the Siren lacertina of five and six
inches in length, and that in a specimen of a little over three inches
they are entirely rudimentary and subepidermal. 1 have, in fact, no-
ticed that it is only in large adult specimens that the branchite are fully
developed in structure and function. The inference from the specimens
certainly is that the branchije are in the sirens not a larval character,
as in other perennibranchiate Batrachia, but a character of maturity.
Of course only direct observation can show whether sirens have
branchia' on exclusion from the Ggg ; but it is not probable that they
differ so much from other members of their class as to be without them.
Nevertheless, it is evident that the branchiicsoon become functionless,
so that the animal is almost if not exclusively an air breather, and that
functional activity is not resumed till a more advanced age. That Sirens

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTit AMERICA. 225

may be excliiiiively air bre.athers I have shown by observations on a
specimen in an aquarium which, for two monhs, probably from the at^
tacks of fishes, had no branchiiB at all. (See Jouru. Ac, Phila., 1866,
p. 98).

In explanation of this fact, it may be remarked that this atrophy can
not bo accounted for on the supposition that it is seasonal and due to
the drying u[) o( the aquatic habitat of the sirens. The countries they
inhabit arehuinid, receiving the heaviest rainfall of our Eastern States,
and there is no drought. The only explanation appears to me to be that
the present Sirens are the descendants of a terrestrial type of Batrachia,
which passed through a metamorphosis like other members of their
class, but that more recently they have adopted a permanently aquatic
life, and have resumed their branchire by reversion.

This hypothesis is confirmed by the relations of the stapes to the
suspensor of the lower jaw. It is not connected with the quadrate
cartilage, as is the case with the Protiida?, Cryptobranchida^-, Amphiu-
midoi, and the larv;e of salamanders, but is distinct and is connected
posteriorly v/ith a stapedius muscle as in adult salamanders.* (See
PI. 4G, fig"! 5.)

There are but two known genera of this family, which ditfer as fol-
lows :

Digits four ; branchial fissures normally three Sire)i.

Digits three ; branchial fissures one Pscndobranchus.

SIREN Linnaeus.

Amopuitates Acadeniicie, vii, 1TG5, p. 311 (teste Holbrook); Systema
Natnrop 12, ed. i, p. 371, 1766 ; Op. cit. 13, ed. i. Addenda, 1767; ibid.,
Turtou's ed., 1802, i, p. 671 ; Tschudi, Batrachia, p. 98; Gray Cat.
Brit. Mus., p. 68; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen., ix, p. 191; Boulenger,
Cat. Grad. Brit. Mus., cd. Il, p. 86, 1882.

Phaucrohranchus, pt. Leuckart Isis von Okeu, 1621, p. 260.

Digits four; jaws with horny sheath; tongue large, free in front;
eyes distinct ; external branchia>, three. A i)atc]i of teeth on each side
of the palate standing on three plates, which are attached to the para-
sphenoid bone. Three branchhil fissures on each side in the adult.

In this genus there are narrow cartilages on the approximated ex-
tremities of the first basibrauchial and the ceratohyals, in the position
of abasihyal and hypohyals respectively.

The transverse processes of the vertebrae are very much expanded
horizontally at the base, but they terminate in a pointed apex.

* American Naturalist, 1888, p. 464.
1951— Bull 34 15

220

nULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SIKEN LACEIiTlNA Linn.*

AnKBiiitatoB Acadcinica!, vii.p. lUl, 17()5 ; Systenia Natuia% ed. 13,i Ad-
denda ; Cnv. in Humb. Obs. Zool., i, p. '28, PI. 11-14 ; Dand., Kcptil.,
VIII, p. ?72, PI. 49, fig. 2; Holb., N. A. Horp., v, p. 101, PI. 34 ; Tschndi,
/. c. ; Dnni. & Bibr., p. 103 (part) ; Bonh^nger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit.
Mns., ed. li, 1882, p. 87.
riiancrohranvhus dipns Lcnckaitr h c.

Siren intermedia Lcconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1828, p. 133, Pi. 1; Holbr. 7. c, p. 107, PI.
35; id., ibid, j). C9.

Fin..';?. Sirni lacrrtinn V" I'^'.'l? AVilnihi.rtnn >? C. i A'-n 7 t-,..-.,i<t ^-itl, nlv>rti,-o l.rnnrliin^.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 227

lu geueral form this animal is quite elongate, and the tail is consid-
erably shorter than the body, measuring one half of the length of the
head and body together. The head is a longer or shorter oval in out-
line, and the end of the muzzle is rounded, truncate, and projects be-
yond the lower jaw to a moderate degree. In profile it is depressed, and
the line of the front gradually descends from behind. The fore limb is
short, measuring just half the distance between its anterior base and
the end of the muzzle.

The eyes are very small, and are covered by a thin epidermis or
cornea. They are situated just one-third the distance between the end
of the muzzle and the base of the anterior external branchia. The
upper lip is pendulous at the sides of the mouth, overlapping the lower
lip. The latter is free and pendulous at the sides, and is bounded be-
low at the base by a deep groove, which mfiy or may not be continuous
round the entire chin. Thus it is complete in seven specimens and in-
complete in eighteen. Both conditions are seen in specimens from the
same locality, as, for instance, those from Riceborough, Ga., and Mata-
moros, in Tamaulipas. The external nares are well separated from
each other, and are short transverse slits.

The superior horny sheath is quite short, covering only the premax-
illarybone. It has a sharp edge, and is black in color. The lower
sheath is much longer, covering the entire edge of the dentary bone.
It is also sharp-edged and black. The tooth patches vary in pi-opor-
tions in different individuals. They are distinct from each other, but
are in contact anteriorly and diverge posteriorly. The teeth are small
and acute, and are arranged in numerous transverse rows in each patch.
In adult individuals the patches have an oval outline, but their width
varies, and in some others and in immature examples they are more or
less linear. Thus in one specimen from Matamoros the vomerine teeth
are reduced to a line on each side, the two forming a A. In one from
Oeorgia the same arrangement occurs, but in a second from the same
locality, and in every other respect similar to it, the teeth are in a wide
patch. In two others the patch is intermediate in characters. The
surface of the tongue is smooth, not displaying plica? or large pappilhr.
It occupies nearly the entire floor of the mouth. The internal nostrils
are each a hole at the exterior side of the parasphenoid patches of teeth,
at the point marking the posterior third of their length.

The fingers are moderately elongate, and are perfectly free from
dermal web or border. Their lengths are in order, commencing with
the shortest, 5-2-4-3. The third and fourth are sometimes of equal
length.

The branchiae, when fully developed, form a bipinnate frame-work,
to which the ultimate fibrilhe are attached : that is, the primary stem
sends a row of secondary branches downwards on each side, and these
again ternary branches on each side. To the under side of these the
fibrillar arc attached. They are quite short. The entire branchia is
sliort and not ])roduced at the extremity, as is the case with Necturus

228 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

punctatus autl larvie of Amblystonui. In Proteus the secoudary
branches are also present. The fibrilhe in Siren present different con-
ditions, perhaps dependent ou the character of their environment as to
the abundance of water, etc.^ and indicating different degrees of func-
tional efficiency. I have discussed this question under the head of the
family Sirenidoe.

The body is rounded, subquadrate in section, and displays an indis-
tinct median dorsal groove. The transverse grooves are distinct on the
sides and nearly meet on the belly, but are not distin-ct on the bact.
They vary from thirty-one to thirty-seven in number. The larger speci-
mens generally have thirty-six and thirty-seven grooves, while smaller
ones frequently have only thirty-one and thirty-two. The specimens
with thirty-three, thirty-four, and thirty-five are of medium size ; but a
fidl sized one from Georgia (No. 4535) has thirty-two, and a small one from
South Carolina (No. 10514) has thirty-four. It was on specimens present-
ing the characters of the smaller individuals above mentioned that thews'.
intermedia of Leconte was proposed. I can not distinguish it from the
ordinary form. The skin is everywhere perfectly smooth. The tail is
compressed from the base to the extremity, and for its distal half is
quite thin. It has a strong dermal fin above and below. It commences
above opposite to the anterior extremity of the vent, and below about
one-fourth the length of the tail posterior to the vent.

The branchial fissures, as remarked in the discussion of the supposed
retrograde metamorphosis of Siren, may be one, two, or three, on one or
both sides. In a series of small specimens from South Carolina (No.
14111) the fissures are as follows: 2-1, 3-2, 2-2, 2-2. In a similar
series from Georgia (No. 4535) they are 2-2, 3-3, 2-2 larger than last;
2-3 same size as last, and 3-3 fully grown.

Measurements of No. 8349.

M.

Total length 714

Length of head and body 470

Length to axilla 082

Length to fust branchia 055

Length to lino of can thus of mouth 019

licngth to lino of eye 014

Length of fore-leg from axilla 0365

Length of humerus from axilla 019

Length of cubitus 010

Width between nostrils 01G5

Width between eyes 023

Widtliof head 045

Expanse of fore limbs extended 114

Depth of tail at middle - 0G5

The general color is a dark lead-color, usually darker above than be-
low. There is in some specimens a yellow band, with irregular or badly
defined outline, extending around the muzzle and upper lip to the base
of the anterior branchia. In some specimens this band includes the chin ;

THE liATRAClIlA OF NORTH AMERICA.

221)

in others it is preseut on the cheeks only. In a fully grown specimen
from Matamoros, Tainaulipas, this band is continued along the side for
ouehalf the length, beyond which point it is represented by scattered
yellow dots. A second similar badly defined band originates at the
lower edge of the axilla, and extends along the inferior part of the side
for two-thirds the length of the superior band. These bauds have the
position of those seen in the Fseudobranchus striatus. In a second
equally large specimen from Matamoros these bands are wanting.

The geographical range of the Siren lacertina is the best measure of
the extent of the austroriparian region of North America. It appears
in the middle of eastern Korth Carolina, and extends thence throughout
the southern Atlantic and Gulf States through Texas to the west side
of the Rio Grande, where it ceases. Northwards it ascends the Missis-
sippi Valley proper as high as Alton, 111., and eastward in the Wabash
basin, in Indiana, to Lafayette (Coulter), and the White River (Jordan).

siren laccrtuiu Liim.
IIESERVE SEKIES.

('italo>;ue

No. of

iiuiuber.

sp

ec.

8349

8537

!)102

0317

9193

105U

10852

10853

70t!7

5040

4535

5201

4048

10313

5960

12593

7018

2

Locality.

Neuse River, N. C .

Columbia, S. C

Mount Carinel, III.

Oakley, S. C

Columbia, S. C

Upson, Texas

do

Charleston, S. C

Georgia

Kiceboroiigli, Ga...
Grand Coteaii, La...
Matamoros, Mexico

Oakley, S.C

Matamoros, Mexico
Wilmington, N. U...

Gulf State ,

San Diego, Tex

When
collected.

Mar. — , 187C
July 22, 1877

May 1, 1877
1878
1880
1880

From wbom received.

IT.W.Welshct...

E. E.Jackson

Robert Ridgway.

Feb. l,18(il
Feb.' ' i, isbi
May iLlsVa

June— ,1888

F. W. Hayward

E. E.Jackson

Albert Turpo

do

Cbarleston Academy ...

Dr. W.L.Jones ...'

do

St. Charles College

Lieut. 15. Couch, U.S.A.

F. W. Hayward

Lieutenant Couch

Donald McRae

C. B. Adams

W. Taylor

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

GENERAL SERIES.

700 1

1
2

(?)

Alcoholic.
Do

4.^35

Ricoborough, Ga

Dr W. L Jones

4018

Matamoros, Mex

Lieut. B. Couch, U S. A ..

Do

7018

(?)

Do

7009

Georgetown, S.C

Do

7142

Praiiie Mer Rouge, La ..

Do

10875

Oakley.S. C

(?)

Do

10855

Do

10858

(?)

Do

10859

(?)

Do

inSGC

Oakloy.S.C

Mar. 13, 1878

F. W Hayward

Do

10^57

(.')

Do

1086U

(?)

Do

10801

(?)

Do

10854

(?)

Do

1U85U

(?) .•

Do

10862

(?)

Do

10874

Oakley.S.C

Do

10S71

do

Do

108C9

do

Do

10872

do

Do

10«73

do

Do

10S(i7

do

Mar 13 1878

V wr iTif ■.•0...1

10313
10870

do

do

May — J8i"!i ......<lo .! .V/."....[

Do.
Do

10428
95(i0

"do

do

May — , 1 h80 F. W. Hayward

Mar 1878 ■!"

Do.
Do

108G8

do

Mar. 13, 1878

do

Do

230 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PSEUDOBEANCHUS Gray.

Aun. Philos., 1825, p. 216; Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus.,69 ; Bouleuger,
Cat. Batr. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. 87.

Digits three. Jaws with liorny sheath. Tougue free iu frout; eyes
distinct. External brauchiaj three. Parasphenoid teeth in two rows,
united in front, forming a longitudinal /y. One branchial fissure on
each side.

The reduced number of digits and of branchial fissures are the char-
acters which separate this genus from Siren. The peculiarities found
in the brauchiic are shared by the latter genus. But one species of
Pseudobranchus is known.

PSEUDOBEANCHUS STRIATUS Leconte.

Gray, Aim. Philos., 1825, p. 21G ; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. i, p.
69 ; Bouleuger, Cat. Biitr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. 87.

Siren striata Leconte Auu. Lye, N. Y., 1824, p. .52, PI, 4; Tschudi, Batr., p. 98.
Holbr., N. A. Herp., V. p. 109, PI. 3G; Dum. & Bibr., PI. 96, fig. 1.

This species is much smaller than the Siren lacertina, and differs from
it in a good many characters. The body is cylindric, and the tail meas-
ures two-thirds the length of tlie head and body and a little more. The
head viewed from above has a rather narrow oval outline, and its ex-
tremity is rounded without truncation, or sometimes acuminate. In
profile the front descends regularly to the cud of tlie muzzle, which
overhangs the mouth by a little. The eyes are quite distinct, though
small, and are on the border of the head when viewed from above, but
have more upward than lateral direction. The mouth is very small and
does not extend so far posteriorly as the anterior border of the eye.
The upper lip is pendulous, overlapping the lower, so as to reduce the
mouth when closed to a small aperture on the middle line in front.
The lip of the lower jaw is not recurved, and there is no groove pass-
ing around the chin. The external nostrils are in the upper lip, not
very near its edge, but they are not visible from above. The distance
between them is three-quarters the length of that between the eyes.

The parasphenoid series of teeth are but little in contact in front, and
each one consists of two or three rows. They extend anteriorly near
to the premaxillary and posteriorly to opposite the rictus oris. The
choanal are round, and are at the external side of the parasphenoid
series, one-fifth the distance anterior to their posterior extremity. The
tongue is narrowed and acuminate in front, and its free portion is rela-
tively longer than in the Siren laccrtina.

The branchia) have not the same character as those of the Siren laccr-
tina, being tripinnate on the external side only. The first is much
shorter than the second, which is shorter than the third. The single
fissure is below the base of the second. I have not found a second
fissure in this species, nor have I found this one closed in individuals with

Tin: IJATKA'JUhV UF iNOUTH AMERICA.

231

aborted braBcbia?, iis occurs in the case of tbe otber two in Siren lacer-
tina. Tbe limbs are sbort and weak, and tbeir lengtb enters tbat from
tbcir base to tbe end of tbe muzzle two and a balf titues. Tbe lateral
toes are j^enerally of e(iual lengtb, and tbe median one is a little longer.
All are acute at tbe extremity.

Tbe skin is entirely smootb, and tbere are tbirty -four transverse grooves
between tbe axilhe and tbe vent. Tbe cross-grooves are continued oa
tbe tail, so as to be distinct for two-tbirds of its leugtb. Tbe tail is but
little compressed for tbe proximal tbree fourtbs of its lengtb, tbe ver-
tical section being vertically oval or lenticular posteriorly. A narrow
dermal free border commences at tbe end of tbe proximal flftb of its
lengtb and increases in widtb to tbe tip, but is never as wide as in tbe
Siren lacertiiia and in tlie Necturus and Cryptobrancbus. Tbe inferior
dermal border is less extensive, existing only on tbe terminal flftb of
tlie tail. Tbe tail is rehitively longer tban in tbe Si-ren lacertina. Tbe
follicles of tbe skin are large, and so close togetlier as to giv^e tbe sur-
face a reticulated a|)i)earance. Tbere are no distinct mucous pores of
a deeper cbar.icter.

_ ' ' '^

1 I ' 3 ,

a ^--^^ 0 / 6

Fig. 58 r-cmhihranclnn: i-triatus : No 7010; twice natiirijl size; iig. 5, xix.

AJ(af)iircii:tii!t! of 5051.

M.

Total IcDjrtli 152

Leiigtli to ciul of veut 087

Lcngtli to axilla 013

Lctif^tli to first braiiclii.T, 010

Lciijitli to eye 0025

Leii<;tli to rictus oris 002

Len<;t h of fore-leg 004

Lengt h of forefoot 0015

WiiUli of head (greatest) 006

Width between e.ye.s 003

Widtb of extended fore limbs 015

Tbe general color is cbocolate brown, mon; or less tinged witb lead-
color, especially wbeii the ei)idermi.s is I'resli. A ratlier wide yellow
band commences at the last brancliia and extends along tbe side to
near tbe end of tbe tail. It is continued, but less distinctly, from the
brancbi;e forwards to the end of tbe muzzle. A narrower band com-

232 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

inences just below tbe braucbiae and extends along the side of the ab-
domen parallel with the superior band, to nearly opposite the vent. In
some specimens a similar band extends from the vent along the me-
dian line below to the end of the tail, but this is frequently wanting-
More frequently the dermal keel and border on the superior edge of the
tail is .yellow, and this color is sometimes prolonged on the median line
of the back for the posterior half or more of its length. The belly lias
rather large, more or less longitudinal yellow spots ; and the ground
color between the lateral bands is similarly but less coarsely spotted,
except on the tail, where the spots are dense. The fore limbs are yel-
low, with a brown tinge.

The brancliifB of this species display partial or entire abortion in a
larger proportion of individuals than in the Siren lacertina. An epi-
dermal sheath may inclose the fibrilhe on the external side only, or on
the external and internal sides. In ten specimens five have the epi-
dermal covering on both sides, three have the fibrillte free at the lower
edge of thebranchia, and in two the fimbriae are free on the entire pos
lerior face. Sometimes the first brauchia is inclosed in a distinct sheath
from the other two, and sometimes all are distinct. The insheathing
membrane may be continuous at the inferior edge of the branchia with
the epidermis of the throat. In this case a small fissure remains, cor-
responding with the one on the pharyngeal wall.

This species is so far only known from Georgia and Florida. From
the latter State I have received it from Volusia.

Pseudohranchus striatus Lecontc.
KESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
number.

^'o.of Tnpalitv AVhen
spec. i.ocaiii> . collecti^il.

From whom received.

Nafurc of
Hpecimeu.

7010

5 .. ..

1855
Feb. 1, 1851

5051

Dr. W. L. Jones

Do.

70^0

Do.

1
10

Amira Dum^ril, 1804.

SALIENTIA.

Laurent i, 17G8.
OSTEOLOGY.

Supraoccipital, basioccipital, intercalary, supratemporal, and post-
frontal bones wanting. Frontals and jiarietals connate; prefrontals
present; nasals wanting or rudimeutal. Vomers and palatines pres-
ent, distinct from each other, the latter inclosing the internal nares and
joining the pterygoids. Maxillaries, premaxillaries, and ethmoid pres-
ent.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 233

Vertebral bodies undivided, separate proatlas wanting. VertebrtB
very few, on account of tlie anterior attachment of the pelvis and the
disappearance of some and fusion into a single styloid bone (the uro-
style) of others of the vertebrii! posterior to the point of attachment.
Ribs very short or wanting.

Coracoid, clavicle, and scapula osseous, well developed ; procoracoid,
epicoracoid, and suprascapula cartilaginous. Sternuui present, entirely
posterior to the coracoids. No priesternuni nor interclavicle, but fre-
quently a median element anterior to the clavicles called the omoster
num.

Pelvis consisting of the usual three elements, the inferior pairs closely
united, forming a compressed body without obturator foramina. Ilium
subcylindric, very elongate.

Humerus without distinct head proximally, but with an epiphysis.
Distally a globular condyle. Other lung bones with epiphyses at both
extremities. Astragalus and calcaneum elongate, forming a limb seg-
ment. Carpal bones well developed, some of them, especially of the
distal series, confluent. Tarsals of the distal series much reduced in
size and numbers, (Plates 47, 50, etc.)

The auditory appendages differ from those of the Urodela, Proteida,
and Trachystomata in their greater complexity. There is a cavum
tympani or external ear and a series of ossicles and cartilages extend-
ing through it, structures all wanting to the orders mentioned. The
stapes is, like that of those orders, an oval disk, which has no continu
ous process, but gives origin at its middle to the stapedius muscle.
Immediately in front of it there arises an osseous rod, the interstapedial
bone. Its base is cartilaginous, and is expanded with concave surface
fitting the convex surface of the skull. This rod terminates at the su-
perior interruption of a flat annular cartilage {Annulus tympanicus),
which lies on the quadrate cartilage and over the concavity formed by
its forwards flexure. The mosostapedial cartilage is attached by a point
on its interior face to the apex of the interstapedial, somewhat as an
anther of a flower is attached to its filament. Its superior portion is
shorter, and is connected with the quadrate above by the mesostapedial
ligament. Its inferior portion is more or less expanded distally. Its
external face is flat, and is applied to the inner side of the disciform
epistapedial. The latter is applied like a lid to the annular cartilage
already mentioned. The mesostapedial then occupies a place between
the annular and the epistapedial cartilages. The membranum tympani
fits closely over the latter. (Plates 49-50,)

The hyoid apparatus differs materially from that of the orders men-
tioned. It can only be understood by reference to its development
from the larval stages. There are present in the larva a ceratohyal
on each side and a first basibninchial, as in Urodela. The hypohyal is
connate with the former. Posterior to the basibranchial, two lateral
cartilaginous plates, the " hyobranchials," meet on the middle line.

234 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

From tlie external edjje of each of these four cartilages the cerate-
braiichials radiate. The fourth or posterior is frequently confluent
with its byobranchial. (Plate 51, flg\ 1.) With the completion of the
metamorphosis the basi- antl hyobranchials fuse into a single piece,
and the ceratobranchials unite with the same plate, excepting the
fourth, which, becoming ossified, forms the only true bone of the re-
gion. In some types the ossification becomes more extensive, as in
Cyclorhamphus ; (Plate 70, tig. 10.) Sometimes the third ceratobran-
chial is ossified, as in Alytes {I. c, fig. 2) and Hemisus {I. c, fig. 18).

The digits of the Salientia are apparently four anteriorly and five pos-
teriorly ; there is generally a rudimental digit, in addition, on the inner
side of each foot. The thumb is especially well developed in the Ilylid
genus, Hypsiboas Wagl.; (Plate 72, fig. 20.) The inner digit of the pos-
terior foot, or the internal hallux, as it is called, has three elements in
some of the Ranas (see Plate 05, Eaiia catehesiana), while in other forms
the digit is principally represented by a large flat phalange. This is
called the spur or metatarsal tubercle in works on the subject, and it is
sometimes incorrectly referred to the tarsus.

The carpus of the Salientia has but two proximal elements, the inter-
medium not being distinct. There is a large ceutrale, which forms part
of the inner border of the palm. The order is further characterized (ex-
cept in the Discoglossidie and the Aglossa, g, v.) by the fusion of the
fourth and fifth carpalia into a single element, the unciforme. The
other three carpalia are distinct, and the first is frequently displaced
to form the base for the metacarpus of the thumb. The large size of the
astragalus and calcaneum have been already referred to. The tarsus is
further peculiar in the absence of intermedium and ceutrale and the
absence of tarsalia, except a rudiment or two near the inner part of
their usual position. (Plate 73.)*

INTEGUMENT.

The slight attachment of the integument to the muscles is a well-
knowr; feature of the Batrachia Salientia. The manner of their attach-
ment presents many varieties in the different groups. It is as follows :
A transverse partition of connective tissue holds the integument along
the acromials and another along the coracoids; a longitudinal band on
each side of the back (frequently marked externally by a glandular fold)
jiud one below it on each side of the abdomen ; a band or line along the
hinder inferior face of the thighs, extending nearly to the popliteal re-
gion, and a delicate one along the upper hinder face of the same, from
the groove between the superior and posterior muscles.

* Tliese results were sent in to the Secretary of the Siuithsonian Institution February,
18H7. Through the clelaj'^ iu publication they liave been auticipatcd by au admirable
paper on the carpus and tarsus of Salientia by Mr. G. B. Howes, Proceeda. Zool. Soc.
Loudon, 1388, p. 141 ^March).

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 235

The attachments are similar to the last in the Dendrobatida?, in Eu-
pemphix, and in Brachycephalus. In Engystoma ovale the lateroveiitral
line is broad, or composed of several series of fibers and huninoe, and in
E. carolinense it is composed of two septii. In Pseadoj)hryne the dor-
solateral septum, as well as the last mentioned, is widened ; I'hryuis-
cus is similar, except that the dorsolateral is narrower posteriorly, but,
rapidly widening, meets its mate on the nape, forming a broad transverse
attachment. In Atelopus Uvois the integument between the dorso- and
ventrolateral septa is attached, forming a broad lateral adherent band.
In Rhinophrynus dorsalis this lateral attachment is carried so far as to
leave only narrow free dorsal and ventral regions, while it is further
peculiar in wanting the coracoid septum, as in Discoglossus and Xeno-
l)us. Epidalea, Bulb, and Peltaphryne, in their numerous species, add
to the raniform structure the attachment of the whole dorsal integu-
ment. The following table exhibits the other attachments.

Belly broadly free, very narrow laterovcutral attachment: Bufo hcrmaliticm, Icsche-

vaultii.
Belly broadly free, broad lateroveutral attachment: B. amcricanus, kntif/iiiosas, co(j-

natus, diilensis, colunihiciisis, vulgaris, naricxs, vaUicvps.
Belly broadly free, posterior fourth or fifth abdomen attached: gracilis, compacUlis

panihcriiius.
Lateroventral attachment very broad, leaving but narrow free abdominal space: B.

conifcrus, qticrcicus, intermedins, 2>unctatus, alvarius, diptyclnts.
Ventral integument atttached: B. coccifer, insidior, viridis, kcluarlii (posterior half
attached).

A considerable variety is exhibited by the families of the Arcifera.
In the genera of Discoglossidie examined (Discoglossus and Bombina-
tor) the attachments are as in llanidse, except the absence of the cora-
coid septum, as in Xenopus. On the contrary, in the Scaphiopodid;e,
the integument is more or less entirely adherent above and below.
Thu greater number, including the typical forms of Ilylidte, add to
the rauid arrangement a close areolar attachment of the abdominal
skin, while it is characteristic of many species of Cystignjithidic to
possess one or two transverse simple posterior abdominal septa. For
the many variations and exceptions, see under the respective families.

Of the Aglossa, Xenopus lacks the coracoid and inferior femoral
attachments; there is a double or treble, but not wide, lateral adhesion
low down, which may be a combined dorsolateral and dorsoventral, or
broad dorsoventral only. In Pjpa all the attachments are wanting, ex-
cept two closely approximated lateral lines and a superior posterior
and anterior inferior femoral.

VISCERA.

With regard to the differences in the arrangement and structure of
the interna! organs a great deal remains to bi' observed, rienle (Ana-
tomic des lvchlk'0|)fes) i)oint.s out some inconsiderable dilierences in

230 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the form of the cartihiges of the larynx. The size and number of the
pulmonary cells vary considerably. Aoiong Hylidse, especially those
species with a loud voice, they are fewer and larger than in Discoglossi-
dse and Scaphiopidie. The forms of the sinus, auricles, veutricle, and
bulbus arteriosus, the tbree aorta bows, of which the median form the
aorta roots, etc., appear quite identical externally in the Discoglossus,
Scaphiopus, and Phyllomedusa. Internally the two former present the
known characters of the Auura, i. e., the union of the distinct ducts of
the first (pulmonary) and second (aortic) aorta bows throughout much
of their length, the se[)arate union of the two former and continuance
on the left side of a high' free septum of the bulbus, till they are finally
turned over the right division toward the right, and have a common
issue from the ventricle. A conic pocket valve is at the origin of the
bifurcation of the ductus communis of the second and third aorta bows,
but none in any part of the course of the pulmonary.

The general characters of the venous system have been described on
page 10. The researches of Hochstetter * and Howes t have shown that
the cardinal veins do not disappear in all of the Salientia. Hochstet-
ter in fact believes "that the vena cava inferior, instead of being
throughout its whole extent a primarily independent vessel, is a com-
pound structure, the product of a fusion between a late-formed hepatic
vessel and one or both of the posterior cardinal veins" (Howes). In
Batrachia the postrenal portions only of the cardinals go to form the
vena cava posterior, and the prerenal portions disappear or reiHaiu as
azygos or hemiazygos veins. Their persistence is shown to be fre-
quent in the Discoglossidte, in Bombinator (Hochstetter Howes), Alytes
(Howes), and Discoglossus (Howes). It is wanting in other Salientia,
including the Aglo.ssa, Pelodytidie, and Pelobatidte (Howes).

The general character of the brain in the Salientia may be gathered
from Plate 56. As I omitted, by an oversight, to refer to the charac-
ters of this region in my anatomical introduction (pi>. 1-12), I introduce
here some remarks on its peculiarities in the Proteida, Urodela, etc., as
well. In the Proteida (Necturus, fig. 1) the thalamencephalon is ex-
posed by the non-production posteriorly of the prosencephalon. In
Urodela generally (Plate 10) and in Salientia it is moderately exposed ;
in CiEciliidoB (Plate 50, fig. 3) it is generally concealed. In all the tailed
forms there is a large vascular " supraplexus" protruding from between
the hemispheres. Posterior to this the epiphysis appears; it is small
in all tiie orders. The hypophysis is on the other hand large. The cere-
bellum (epencephalon) is a mere commissure in the entire class. The
diaccelia, mesocoelia, and metaccelia are onl}^ separated by slight con-
strictions of their walls. The metacfelia is covered in the Salientia by
a triangular choroid plexus (Plate 56 p. c). In Proteida, Urodela, and
Trachystomata the olfactory lobes (rhinenfiephala) are distinct; but

*Morpholo!Tisches Jalirbiicb, 18S7, p. Ill); Auatomischer Auzeigcr, 1887,517.
tProccel. Zool. Soc. Loadon, 188S, p. ViZ.

THE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 237

ill the Saiieutia they are conHiicnt with each other. In Xenopus (Plate
54, tig. 18) tlie thalanieiicephalon is more eiitensively exposed than in
other Salientia.*

The form of the liver does not differ from the usual type in any
of the various species examined, except in the Firmisternia. While
most Salientia have this organ divided i!ito three lobes, there are but
two in the Brevicipitidie, EngystomidiP, and some of the Phryniscidse.
In the alimentary canal there appears to be little variety in important
points. The stomach has generally a more longitudinal position than
among Bufoniforniin, except among ScaphiopidiE and in Ceratophrys,
where it is equally transverse. No intestinal valves were observed in
Pelobates, llyla, Phyllomedusa, Ceratophrys, but a strong pyloric mus-
cular constriction in Pleurodema, and one at the extremity of the small
intestine in Cifstignathtts jiachypm. (Plates 53-55.)

The testes are single in examples of all ths types examined, and not
strictly symmetrical ; they are variously situated with reference to the
kidneys. Thus in Ranoidea anren, and Trachycephnliis liclicnatus they
are elongate and at the middle of the length of the kidiK\vs, while in
Hypisboas Loans and Scytojns renulosus they are oval, and one or both at
the anterior extremity of the latter. In Phyllomedusa scleroderma they
are more than half the length of the broad kidneys, the right originating
at the anterior extremity of the latter, the left but little behind it. Both
have their posterior apices in close contact at the posterior fourth of
the length of tlic kidneys, which are in close connection for their poste-
rior third. In Discoglossus the testes are oviform, well separated, and
anterior, and during the breeding season attain a remarkably large
size. During the same in Cystignathus pachypus they are not materially
enlarged, are elongate, and onl^^ in contact with the kidneys for a
small posterior part of their length.

The ovaries and oviducts do not essentially vary among the Salientia
When the latter are fully occupied by eggs in an advanced stage they
are folded, but differently in the same species. The oviducts arc re-
markably slender in Hyla nasuta (Litoria Giinther), and in Scyfopis the
fontanelle is on each side behind the partial diaphragm, at the superior
anterior outer angles of the liver. In several young female specimens
of Ranoidea aurca of the size of Rana silvatica, in which the frontop-
arietal fontanelle is not closed, the oviducts do not extend farther an-
terior than the ovaries; in adults, with the cranium complete, they
have the usual extent. In Cystif/natlms ocellatus the "uterine" sacs at
the exit of the oviducts are of great size, and at certain seasons dis
tended with an albuminous gelatiue, when they present several convo-
lutions. In spirits they occasion the presence of a large convoluted
mass of coagulum.

* For descriptions and fij^mcs of brains of Urodcla, Proteida, and Tracliystomata,
SCO Osbovii ; (Ampliinnia), I'rocccds. Pliila. Acad., 188:5, p. 177; (Cryptobranclins and
Rana), I. c, 1?^81, p. yOt}; Corpiia callosnni, Morpliologisclies Jabrbncli, 18"^(), pp. 2"-23,
r>;}0: als') WiediT.shrini. Auntowiio dcr ( JsuDinuIiioiicn. .Tcd.t. 187J).

238 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

REPRODUCTION.

The Salientia have, in temperate climates at least, an annual period of
reproduction, which occurs in the spring. The male is without intro-
mittent organ, and fertilization is accomplished by the discharge of the
spermatic fluid of the male on the eggs as they leave the body of the
female. In order to accomplish this effectually the male attaches him-
self to the female by seizing her with his anterior limbs. In the
greater number of the Salientia the embrace is round the axilLT, but in
the Discoglossidffi, which approach nearest the salamanders in their
anatomy, the embrace is, as in those animals, round the loins. In the
salamanders it is, however, the hinder feet that seize the female, and
not the arms. Among other families the genera Cultripes, Pelobates,
and Pelodytes also seize the female around the waist. It is probable
that this will be found to be the case in some other genera not yet
observed.*

The species of Arcifera exhibit peculiar structures during the breed-
ing season ; either an extension of the natatory membrane, or the
development of corneous plates or spurs, as aids to prehension. There
is much variety and efficiency displayed in this point (except in Bufo-
nidfe), in especial contrast to the apparent absence of all but the weakest
modifications among the Kanidrp. This is in compensation for the
structure of the sternum, whose lateral halves, being movable on each
other, offer a slighter basis of resistance for the flexor and extensor
muscles of the fore limbs.

In the Discoglossid.i', Bombinator extends the natatory membrane
in the male, but does not develop horny plates. In Discoglossus two
file-like oval plates cover the superior surface of the short second digit
and the tubercle-like first or thumb, which is here developed ar in no
other anurous batracUian. Dermal rugosities on the upper and under
surfaces, including the gular region, are armed with corneous tips, as in
Telinatobius. No peculiarity has been noticed in Alytes. The Aste-
ro[)hrydida' are unknown as to this point.

In Pelodytes file-like plates are developed one on the second and one
on the third digit, one much larger on the forearm, one slightly smaller
on tlie inside of the humerus, and a small one on each side of the breast.

Among Scaphiopida', the American species develop elongate laminre
on the superior inner face of the inner (second), third, and even fourth
digits. No peculiarities are recorded as appearing in the European
species. Many Ilylida^ — Agalychnis, Trachycephalus — develop a cor-
neous shield oh the inner superior aspect of the inner metacarpal, which
is i)ro]onged on the digit.

While no appendages of the season have been observed in some
Cystignathida', in several genera two acute spurs appear on the superior

"On arcouiit of tliis dilleienco MM. Thointis aud Dclislc have proposed to divide
tlio Aunra into two groups, naniinjr tlicni the Alainpleses and Inguinamplcxcs. See
Journal doZoologio, vi, 1877, p. 47'2.

Tin: BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 239

asi)ect of tlio tliuinb ami moic rarely spiir-liUo tubercles on tlio breast;
tbobody is sometimes Hhieldetl with hardened points on the rugosities, or
the lip surrounded by an arched series of corneous ruga;. In the Lep-
todactijluH pcntadactijluH Laur. a huge acute process of the nntacarpal
of the thumb, Plate 73 (tig. 32), projects inwards. Its apex is cov-
ered by a horny cap, and it is a formidable grappling-hook to aid the
male in retaining his hold. There is added to this in the same s[)ecies
a horny i)late on each side of the thorax of the male, from which project
three acute points. With these fixed in her back and the thumb spikes
in her breast the females can not escape. Structures like this do not
appear in the Firmisternia. Ilere the inferior elements of the scapular
arch abut against each other, so that the thoracic cavity does not con-
tract on pressure, and the possibility of the male retaining a firm grip
on the female is thereby greatly increased. In the Cysfignathns jxa-liy
pus the males exhibit a permanent enlargement of the brachinm, depiMid-
ent on largely developed anterior and i)osterior ahe of the humerus.
( VifJv Giinther, Ann. Mag. K n., 1S5'J.)

The various ways in which the eggs are deposited by the female are
expressed in the following table Irom Boulengor. I add the pcculliar
habit of the genus Dendrubates, as observed by 11. II. Smith in IJra/.ii.

I. The ovnm is small ;iih1 tlio larva loaves it in .i coinparativoly early cnibryouic con-

(litioi).
A. The ova arc laid in tlic water.

rroltal)ly the majority of I3atracliiaii8 ; all European forms oxcej)t AJijtcx.
\\. The ova are deposited out of the water.

n. In holes on the hanks of pools, which become filled with water after
heavy rain, thns liberating tlui larva'.
Lcplothtctyliis ociUaln>i L. ; /.. myslachins Biirm.; I'aliidicohi
(jravUiii Dlgr.*
h. On leaves above the water, the larvie dropping down when leaving the

Chiromaniis rnftscciis Gtlir. ;t VhijUomvdnsa ihciiiigii Blgr.

II. The yolk-sac is very large, and the young undergoes the whole or part of the

metamori)hosis within the egg; at any rate the larva does
not assume an independent existence until after the loss of
the external gills.

A. The ova are deposited in damp situations or on leaves, and the embryo leaves

the egg ii\ the perfect ;iir-breathing form.
Rnu(t opixthodon Blgr. ; \ Ihilodcs iiuirlhiiccnsis Duni. vV Hibr.^S

B. The ova are carried by the parent.

fi. By the male.

(I. Round the legs ; the young leaves the egg in the tadpole state.
Atytes.W

* Honsel, Arch. f. Naturg. 18(17, pj). 1'24, 12'J. 1:!H.
t Biichhol/, Mon. Herl. Ac. IHTo, p. 'JO-1, and l^TO,]). 71 1, PI. ii.
} Bonlenger, Trans, /ool. Soc, xii, 1>V(!. p. .'')1.

^ Bello y Kspinosa, /iool. (Jart., 1H71, p. W^X : Bavay, Ann. Sc. Nal. (.'>), xvii, 1S7:?, art.
ir. ; Peters iV Clumllarh, Mon. Berl. Ac. ISTO, p. TOil.
II IVmours, M(5m. Ac. Sc. Paris, 17 Jl, p. i:] ; De I'Isle du Drencuf, Ann. Sc. Nat.(G).

III. IS/C. art.7.

240 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

/5. Ill a gular (tbo vocal) sac ; the young is expelled iu the perfect
state.
Ehinodirma."
b. By tlie female,
a. Attached to the belly.

llhacophorus reticulalus Gthr.t
(i. Attached to the back ; the young completes its metamorpliosis within
the egg.
Pipa.t
y. Iu a dorsal pouch.

aa. The youug leaves the pouch iu the tadpole state.

Nototrema marsiipiaium Dum. & Bibr.^S
hb. The youug leave the pouch iu the jierfect state. Nototrema
tcstndineum Esp. ;|| OpisthodeJplnjs ovifera \Veinl.||

The species of Deudrobates liave tbe peculiar babit of carrying tbe
youug from place to place iu searcb of water. Tbe tadpoles reseuible
those of Kaua or Bufo, and attach themselves by the uioutb to the back
of the pareut. Whether the eggs are canied iu this position is not
kuown.^l

The larvje of Salientiahave beeu divided into two groups by Latasto,
the Mediogyriui and the Laevogyriui.** Iu the former the exterual
branchial orifico is ou the median line of the inferior surface; iu the
other it is on the left side. To the former division belong the Disco-
glossida>.; to the latter all remaining Salieutia, except Aglossa, where
there are two spiracula, one ou each side (Amphigyrini Deron-Royer).

In the stage which immediately follows the separation from the egg
the tad])oles of Sallentia possess one or two peculiar sucking disks ou
the under side of the head behind the position of the mouth. Their
form differs (Plate 78) widely in different genera of Anura, and will
afford a valuable meaus of identifying the lar\a'. In Discofflossus jyictus,
the adhesive organ behind the mouth, is hemispherical, with a V-shaped
groove ou its surface, the V opening forward. Iu Felobatcs fuscus the
adhesive organ is V-shaped, with a V-shaped groove on its surface, and
the limbs of the whole orgau extending forward to embrace the angles
of the mouth. In Bufo vulgaris the organ is V-shaped, with a V-shaped
groove, and the limbs of the V come into contact with the angles of the
mouth. Iu Bufo viridis the organ is crescent-shaped, not iu contact with
the mouth, but a little behiiul it, as iu Discoglossus, and with a widely
open V-shaped groove. In Bombiuator, Rana, and Ilyla there are two dis-

* Jimenez do la Espada, Aun. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., i, 1872, p. 1:51) : Spengel, Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool. XXIX, 1877, p. 49.5; Howes rroccods. Zool. Soe. London, 1888, p. 231.

t Giiuther, Aun. »fe Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xvii, 1870, p. :?79; Ferguson, up. cil., xviii,
1870, p. r..57.

t Ferinin, Developpemcut parfait du niysteie do la g6u(5iatiou du fameux Crapaud
doSuvinain ; Macstricht, 17G5.

^ Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Ecaud., Ifc82, p. 417.

II Weinland, Arch. f. Anat. Physiol., 1854, p. 441).

H Kapplcr, Das Ausland, 1885, p. 858; Smith, American Naturalist, 1888, p. 182.

** The family terminations "idai" given to those divisions by Lataste are inap-
propriate, as they do not represent familios.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 241

tinct oval adhesive organs on either side of the median line, with traces
of a V-shaped groove connecting them, and both are behind the month.
In Rana agilis there are two separate adhesive organs, one on each side,
behind the mouth, and each has a slight depression on its posterior bor-
der. In Jlyin arhorva there are two circular adhesive organs close to
the angles of the mouth at either side. In Bomhinator igneus there are
two oval adhesive organs behind the mouth, which are in close contact,
and later on fuse into a single organ, both having an oval depression in
the center. The following observations have been made on them b^'
Professor Ryder (American Naturalist, 1888, p. 203). (See Plate 70.)

These organs are clearly for the purpose of enabling the young larvae
to attach themselves to various fixed bodies in the water, such as
weeds, the gelatinous egg-strings and masses from which they have
been hatched, etc. They are thus afforded support and prevented from
sinking into the ooze to smother, and their enemies thus also doubtless
find them a less ready prey. These disks are also shown by Thiele not
to be of the nature of suctorial organs, but are glandular, being formed
wholly of thickened e[tidermis, wliicii is elevated, its cells becoming
lengthened or columnar. There is no muscular suctorial apparatus de-
velo[»t'(l in connection with them, and they are secretory, secreting a
stic^ky mucus or slime, which serves to fasten the young tadpole to its
resting-i)lace. That an actual secretion is formed is proved by the fact
that a slimy thread of secreted nuitter is drawn out from the disk if the
young tadpole be forcibly withdrawn from its support. They are spe-
cifically larval organs, and i)ersist only for one to two weeks after hatch-
ing. They may be compared to the " balancers" found behind the
mouth in the larva of Amblystoma. In Tritons stalked suckers are said
to be present, which IJalfour compares to the sessile" suckers" of larval
toads and frogs. Kyder observes that he caunot see how it it> possible
to homologize the su(;king disk of larval gar-pikes with the adhesive
organs in larval Batrachians, because in the former the disk is in front
of the mouth and in the latter it is usually quite behind the mouth ;
only in one case (ilyla) are the suckers found near the angle of the^
mouth. The larva of Xenoi)us has two long barbels at the side of the
head from the sides of the upper lip. Put in this last case even it is
(loul>tful if there is any homology with the "suckers" of otlier larval
Anura. There certainly can not be any homology between the organ
of the gar pike's larva and that of young toads and frogs, though it is
probable that these organs in the latter are truly homologous with the
'•balancers" of the l;irv;e of salamanders of the type of Amblystoma
and Triturus.

Thiele further shows that, inasmuch as these structures are glandu-
lar, with no muscular ap]:)aratus, the terms "sucker" or "sucking-
disk" are misnomers as applied to these organs. A better term might
be proposed for these structures in young tadpoles, and Ryder suggests
that tlity be called epidermal adhesive oryans.
1951 - Bull ;U 10

242 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lu later stages the structure of the parts about the mouth of the tad-
poles of the Salieutia furui«hes other characteristic [)eculiarities. Dut
little has been done towards the descrii)tion of these parts, the North
Aujerican* and European t species being thus far the only ones studied.
These studies have shown that the Ilylida', JUifonidie, and Kanida' have
certain characters in the regions mentioned, lielow the horny jaws
there is a detlexed lower lip, which disi)lays a wide surface anterioily.
This surface is traversed by transverse series of sliort more or less iiooU-
like bristles. Similar series may or may not extend across above the
uj)per jaw, or on the droo[)ing u[»i)er li[) at each side of the jaw. The
lower lip and part of the upper lip is surrounded by short obtuse i)a[ti!lie
iu one or more series.

Now in the Hylida*, in the regions mentioned, no series of bristles
extend across above the ui'i)er jaw except a very short one which
hangs over the jaw itself; and the upper lip fold on each side of it
bears a row of papilhe. The papilla' Ibriu a comi»lete bolder round
the lips, except the interrui)tion at the middle above. In the Bufonidje
there is a row of bristles entirely across the uj)per jaw, and another
below the first, intermitted at the middle region by tlie horny jaw.
The papilhe do not extend on the upper lip-border, and are uninter-
rupted at the middle of the margin of the lower lip. Tiie i»;i|)illary
border presents an angle inwards at the line of junction of the upper
and lower lips. The Ixanida' resemble the Uufouida', with one excei)-
tion in the arrangement of the papillary border. The latter is (jontiiiu
ous all around below. Theu])i>er jaw is narrower than in the Jiufonida'.
Boulenger describes the larva of the Eana alficula of northeast India
as possessing three itarotoid glands, two on the scapular an<l one on the
coccygeal region, which are not retained in the adult. Also a hirva of
a tree frog from Java, probably a Ilhacophorus, which possesses a Neu-
tral suctonial disk in tiie position of tiiat of a tish of the (Jobiesocida'.

The external gills aresu[)pressed on the riglit side before tiiey are on
the left. In the liiuia clainata tbis sui»pression tai^es i>]ace on the third
day after leaving the egg, while the left gill remiiins until the eighth
•day. When the internal gills are in functional use tlu' water of res[)i-
ration issues, in most of the families, from a single rounded orifice on
the left side, the subcutaneous branchial chamber of tln^ right side
communicating with that of the left side by way of the gular region, be-
neath the sublingual and genioiiyoid muscles and the integument. (See
Plate 51,Iigs. 2-3-7-S.) The forelegs develo[> within these subcutane-
ous spaces behind the internal gills, and remain concealed n[) to a consid-
erable relative si/,e, and after the hind U'gs ha\e aecpiired si/e enough
for some fun<;tionalefliciency. The left fore-leg then issues through the
branchial orifice, and the right leg forces a passagi; through the integ-
ument at a C()rres])onding position on the right side. For a time altei'

* See Miss M. Hinckley, PiocimmI. Boston Soc. N;it. Hist., i^&2, p. :{07.
t lloroii Koyer v.t Van lianibDlio, Bull. Sac, Zoul. Frjuico, April, ISdl.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 243

the fore-legs are thus external the braucliial chambers remain in free
comumuicatiou with the external medium by the slit around the base
of each fore-leg. These soon close, liowever, and the skin of the fore-
leg is cut off from that of the body adjacent by a distinct seam, which
disappears later. This part of the development of the Salientiais one
of the most remarkable histories in the zoology of the vertebrata.

The skin which covers the fore limb of the advanced tadpole is not
a part of the true skin which invests the body, since the branchial cav-
ity is inclosed long before the leg appears; but it arises beneath the
mucous membrane m hich lines the branchial chambers. This anomaly
is perhaps a case of reversion. The forelegs of ])rimitive Batrachia
were no doubt external, as in salamanders, and they became inclosed
by tlie growth of the operculum-like integument in the larval Salientia.
A prolongation of the tadpole stage would result in a retardation of the
growth of the fore-leg and an acceleration of that of the operculum.
The growth of the true skin of the inclosed region would be thus letarded
in theleg andatro[)hied inthe wall of the chamber. (Plate 51, tigs. 4-0.)

The shoulder girdle appears separated from other parts of the skele-
ton, between the muscles. The coracoid and procuracoid form a looj),
directed downwards and inwards, far removed from that of the opposite
side, and present at this time an arciferous type in all forms of the order
Salientia, (See lig. 51).)

The characcers of the cartilaginous skull of the larva* of the Salien-
tia are peculiar and very different from those of the adult. The sus-
pensorium of the lower Jaw is exceedingly elongated forwards, so that
for the i)urpose of secuiing a tixed point for the lower jaw^ (represented
now by ."Meckel's cartilage) it sends upwards a process near its anterior
cxtrcniity to the external angles of the cartilaginous ethmoid, forming an
aitieulation. It then descends again, and Meckel's cartilage aniculates
freely with its extremity. There is a curved cartilage attached to the
extremity of each Meckel's cartilage (the two foiininga half circle, open-
ing forwards), which form the support of the func-tional lower lip in the
larva. These are the lower labial or syniphyseal cai tilages, and are rep-
resented in the adult by a i)air of short bones of the same name (men-
tomeckelians of Parker). The preinaxillary bones are in like manner
represented l)y two cartilages, which are loosely attached above to the
two corresponding processes or cornua of the trabecular cartilage, which
form the roof of the muzzle in front of the ethmoid. (Plate 50, tig. 2.)
The ceratohyal is a robust bone, which articulates with the (juadrate
cartilage below the orbit, contracting in diameter as it extends down-
wards and forwards. In the process of growth its articulation with the
quadrate becouu^s more and more posterior, until it leaves that element
entirely, and comes in contact, and in some cases fuses, with the carti-
lage of the base of the skull in front of the stai)es and near the inter-
stapedial. (Plate 50, tig. 3.)

Besides the structures of the larval hyoid apparatus already de-

244 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

scribed {anlea) there are four cartilaginous arches below the cerato-
brauchials, which beloug to the dermal system, and which are called ex-
trabranchials. Proximally the tirst of these is articulated with the an-
terior exterior angle of the hyobrauchial phite. Distally the four are
united together. These arches support a system of branchial fringes,
which are internal in position, and are contradistinguished from the ex-
ternal branchiic which the Salientia exhibit when lirst hatched, and
which are the only bran(;hia' of the Urodele and other tailed types. They
are thought by Huxley and Parker to be homologous with the branchial
structures of the IMarsipobranchii or lami)reys. (Plate 51, fig. ].)

The develoi)ment of the auditory ossicles and cartilag(is exhibits the
folloM ing facts. The epi.sta})edial disk appears in its normal position,
covering the Hexure of the <]uadrate cartilage. The inteistapedial ap-
l)ears as a bud in fiont of and distinct from the stapes, and the meso-
stapedial api)ears as a small mend)rane on its a[)ex. At a i)eriod of its
growth the interstapedial cartilage connects the stapes with the (juad-
rate cartilage, as in Trematodera and larval rseudosaurian Urodela. At
the same time the ceratohyal articulates with the quadrate more dis-
tally, so that at this stage a liana presents the characters of a transi-
tiomil stage seen in the salamandrine genera iSpelerpes andlMethodon.
The interstapedial then elongates until it reaches theannulus tympaui-
cus. These facts go to show that tin; inteistapedial and mesostapedial
are not segmefited from the ceratohyal ( r meckelian arches, and are
therefore not homologous with the ossicida (tudltus of mammalia, unless,
indeed, the end)ryonic record has been greatly falsilied by cienogeny.
(Plates 49, 50.)

OlMCilN AM) EVOLUTION OE THE SALIENTIA.

The oldest Salientia of which we have any knowledge were obtained
from the Jurassic \n'*\s of tlu' liocky iMountaius by Pi ofessor Marsh.*
They occur in lower lM)cenc beds in jSortli America ((ireen Uiver
shales)t and in Middle Miocene of Switzerland (l']pi)elsheim)]: and (Jer-
numy (IJraunkohle of the Khine).§ They are not rare in the LTiiper Mio-
cene of North AnuM'ica (Loup l"\»rk',of Kansas). || Forms which by their
structure would (connect this or<ler directly with the extinct orders
are unknown. It is, however, entirely probable that, as already j)ointed
out (p. 14), the Salientia were derived from the IMiachitomi, but whether
the Stegocephali enter the hue or not is uncertain. The comi)acted in-
ferior ])el\ic elements without obturator foramen of the Salientia is much
like the same condition in the lihachitomi, and to produce an almost

* IMocoed. ISriti.'ili Ac. Sti., Id-iT, AIxtiIhcii ; oil tlio cvidciico riiniished l>y L)r. Otto
Meyer.

tCopo, Kept. U. S. GeoL Sin-v. Tens., in, lSt<:>, p. 100.

{Tseliiidi, tMa.^^sif. d. JJatracliier, ls;!8.

^ Von Meyer, Palieoiitogniphica, 18()0, p. 12'A.

I| Cope, American Natnralist, 1880, p. 141.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 245

identity between the two types it would ouly be necessary to elongate
the ilia of the latter. The developed sternal apparatus and shoulder
girdle of the Salientia is only found among Batrachian orders in the
Khachitomi and Stegocephali. Thus in l^^ryops of the former there are
clavicles, coracoids, and episternum (the last reduced as in Urodela),
and in Actinodon there is also an epiclavicle (Gandry). The posterior
direction of the snspensorinm of the lower jaw of the Salientia is also
only found in the extinct orders named, jjointing again to this origin.
In other recent orders these bones are directed forwards.

Tbe modifications effected in the Rhachitomous skeleton to produce
the Salientian, have been partly the same as those which have produced
the other existing orders. Thus the true vertebral centra have been re-
placed by comi)lete intercentra, and several posterior cranial bones have
been lost. The ilia have been greatly elongated, and in so doing have
embraced vertebr;e successively more and more anteriorly, so that the
number between tli<^ ilia and the cranium has been greatly reduced, aud
the vertebra3 posterior to the point of attachment become atroj)hied in
part and condrescent in part. This i»rocess has been carried to the
greatest degree in the extinct family of the I'alicobatrachidie. Here
the ilia extend to two vertebra' in advance of tlie Jiinth or usual sacral,
thus inclosing threci vertebra' in the sacrum, and leaving only .s'/a? for
the remainder of tlie column. The corac-oid is i)robably that of the
Stegocephalons ordei', as it is better dc^veloped than in the Khachitomi.
The second row of the tarsus has also become reduced from these primi-
tive tyiH's by atrojihy, while tlic^ first row has been reduced to two bones,
as in the IMammikJia, wliich have been greatly elongated. A parallel
case occurs in the iNIammalia in somu lemurs, ]»articularly in tiie Tar-
siidie.

1 liave discovered that the (ianocephala (Tiimerorhachis), and the
lihacliitoiiii (Tatra(-hys) |)ossessed an elongate columella auris, which
is directed outwards, backwards, and u|)wards to a. ])0ssible inein-
hyunum tijuqxaii, wliicli may have occui)ied the notch external to the
OS inlercalnrc* ( Plate "jO, figs. 4~7.)

Tiie sub(li\isioM of this rod may have given (rrigiu to three of the
four distuu't elements e.xliihited l>y the S;ilienlia. (IMates lU, oO.) The
homologies of these with tlie tliree prineip;il ossiciila and it iis \fi ])os»i-
ble. Tlie ii!slor>' of tlie;-;<> parts shows that tlie hick of auditory ossicles
displayed by some Salientia and by all (Jrodela (i*lates -AS, -1!)) is the
result of degeiieiacy.

The cause of some of the modificiitions of the skeleton can be traced
to use. Thus the (M)nstant muscuhir stress on the ilia in humping the
back ]>revious to leaping must have had a tendency to draw it for-
wards not only on itself, but on its vertebral attachments, which are

cartilaginous and yielding. The elongation of the lirst low of tarsal

, __ •

"Aiiiciicaii N.itiiriilist, l-^HH, p. 4t;r) ; Auirricmi Jonnial of Mnv\>]u)]o>x,y, Vol. ii, Pt.

II, IHSS.

246 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bones may be traced to a similar cause, especially the stress upon them
at the moment of starting a leap and alighting from it. The survival
of the elongate coracoid bone may be traced to use by pressure along
its longitudinal axis in the act of seizing the female, and possibly by
stress in the opposite direction when engaged in pushing objects out-
wards with the fore-feet, producing the efi'ect of elongation. It is not
easy to assign a cause for the loss of the pra'sternum and of various
cranial bones. It has been, perhaps, in these comparatively unused
parts that one eft'ect of the general reduction in size and vigor which
has occurred during geological time since the Carboniferous and Trias-
sic periods, is to be seen. The loss of auditory organs is probably due
to disuse, the result of subterranean life.*

The larval life of the Salientia has probably undergone imi)ortant
modiflcations during the course of geologic time. The characters as-
sumed by tadpoles at difierent stages of their growth arc not parallels
with kuow^ or probably to be discovered lower forms of life, but indi-
cate that the larva, like that of the Insecta, and like the mammalian
fa'tus, has had a developmental history of its own. In »upi)ort of this
view I cite the anterior produ:^tion of the quadrate cartilage, which
carries with it the ceratohyal arch from its piimitive attachment, and
the ultimate shortening of the same, and the return of the (ceratohyal
to nearly its primitive connection with the skull. Further, the grad-
ual inclosure ot the fore-leg in the external branchial chamber is to be
cited, the original position of the limb having been external. To these
maybe added the development of the epidermal stickers, of the labial
dermal comb, and of peculiar dermal glands in some tadpoles. None
of these peculiarities of larval life are found in the Urodela, and they
have been gradually assumed by the hirva-of the Salientia in the course
of their existence, as though they were adult animals, and probaldy
in obedience to the same kind of laws. These are the interaction of
the animal and its environment.

CLASSIFICATION.

The natural divisions of the Salientia are the following :
I. No tongue; one pharyngeal opcninjj of tlio iMistacliian tiilio.

I'ter.Vf^'oid bonea inclosing Eiistacliiun tulx's bolow ; coraooids and procoracoids
ilivergcnt, connected by a (^aitilnge wliicli does not overlap that of the oji-

]iosite side /^//o.swf.

II. T(nigne present ; two ostia jtharyngea.

Clavicle and coracoid of each side connected by a longitudinal archcil carti-
lage, which overlap.s that of tlu! oi)poHite side ; scapula free, from the skull.

Arcifcni.

Clavicles an(J coracoids of both sides conned ed by a single narrow median car-
tilage ; scapula articnlat(\d with a H])eci;il condvleof exoccii>it!il.<';«.s/jT(7(«i/ff.
Clavicles and coracoids of both sides eoiniecfed by a single median cartilage;
scapula distinct from «kull Finuislmiia.

•See Facts and Opinions r.dating to thi> D'-af, l)y A!"\. (i. Bi'll, London. Irtf^s, i>. «».

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

247

The presence or absence of maxillary teetli was formerly regarded by
the author, after Dnmeril and Bibron, as of primary value in the defini-
tion of the suborders. On account of the absence of teeth, a division
Bnfoniformia was distin<;iiished from the Aniifera; and the tooth-bear-
ing Fermisternia were called Raniformia. J, however, now follow Bou-
lenger in dropping these divisions, since the absence of teeth is some
times of little systematic significamie.

In the arciterous tyi)e of scapular arch the oi)i)osite halves are capable
of movements which contract or expand the capacity of the thorax; in
the Firmisternia the oi>posite halves abut against each other so as to be
incapable ot movement, thus preserving the size of the thoracic cavity.
This arrangement has an important bearing on the comfort, and perhaps
health, of the female while in connection with the male. The embrace of
the fore-legs of the latter beliind the axilJie of tlie former is very energetic,
and is maintained by various stiuctural aids. Thus in many species the
males develo[> rough and even spinous horny plates on the inin^r supe-
rior side of tiie thumb, which })resses against the thorax of the female.

The firmisternial structure is a modification of the arciferous, which
comes later in the history of growth, and ))robabiy in geological time.
During the early stages the Firmisternia have the movable shoulder
girdle which characterizes those of the arciferous division, the consoli-
dation constituting a modification superadded in attaining maturity.
Furthermore, young Salientia aie toothless, and one se(!tion of the spe-
(;ies of Arcifera never acquire teeth. Jn these (the Bufonidie) we have
a group which is imperfect in two points instead of one.

Sliould«;r (.'iriUcs of Aniir.i. Fig. o of the iircilcroiis type (Scaphinpiis holbroKki). Fig. b. Itana tern,
poraria, tadpole with Imildiiig Imibw. Fig. c, do., adult, liviiiistfinial type Fig.-*. '' and c from Parker.

As primitive Hatrachia are toothed, it is evident thar the toothless
condition of the Bufunida' and sonic other families is due to retar-
dation or degeneracy. The arciferous sternum is, ou the other hand, a
primitive condition, since it i)revails in the Frodela, and also in the
8tegocephali and Kachitomi of the (Jarbonifoious Age, in the latter
associated with median sternal elements. The roofing in of the
Eustachian tubes seen in the Aglossa is also a character superadded to
the primitive condition, as the loss of tongue is a case of subtraction.

248 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The Discoglossidfe must be regarded as the most primitive family of the
Anura, as it shows none of these peculiar moditications, and presents
the greatest resemblance to the salamanders in its ribs and opisthoccel
vertebrae, and to other primitive types in its split sternum. In the
accompanying diagram these affinities are expressed, and a possible
phylogeny is indicated. That the latter will prove largely correct is
shown by the presence of Discoglossidsv in the Miocene beds of Prussia,
particularly near Bonn. The paleontology of the Salientia is, however,
very imperfectly known.

Ran id IE.

Cystignatbidie. Scapbiopidie.

Eugystoruid.TB. \ Ceratobatracbid;i'.

Hvlidaj

Pelodytida;.

Asteropbrydidae.
Discoglossidie.-'

BnfouidiB.

XeuopidtB. Pipid*.

The Arcifera and Firinisternia each exhibit parallel modifications of
structure, which may be represented as follows in tabular form:

Ahcikkua. Fikmistkhnia.

I. Witliout teetb.

a. Witb sacral diapopbjses dilated. :

SBrevicipitidiB.
Engystomidie.
Pbry nisei dai.
aa. Sacral diapo[>by.sis cyiiiidric.

Deiulro|)bryiiisci(l;i' Deudrobatidie.

II. Witli preiiiaxillary and maxillary teetb only.
a. Witli sacral diapopbyses dilated.
Pelodytidai \

PelobatidieA j Dyscopbidie.

Hylida.... > <Copbylida>.

aa. AVitb sacral diapopbyses cylindric.

Cystignathida. j Colostetbida..

( Rauida-.
III. Teetb ill botb jaws.

a. Sacral diapopbyses not dilated.

Ampbignatbodontidaj ) r^ j. ^ . ■, •-,

-,, . ? , , > CeratobatracLidiB.

Hemipbractidic )

THE BATliACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 249

The families of Arcifera with opisthoccelous vertebrae are omitted
from the table as having no counterpart among the Firmisternia,

These two series are what I have called " homologous groups," and
the corresponding genera "heterologous terms. 1 have also supposed
that one such series may have been derived from the other, in evolu-
tion, by a change in the one character which distinguishes the two
series. In the case of some homologous series it is not unlikely that
this may have taken place, but it is necessary, in order to be sure that
such has been the process of evolution, to distinguish between two dif-
ferent kinds of homologous groups. In one kind the parallel charac-
ters of the one group may have been derived from those of the other by
descent, according to the principle called by Lankester " homogeny."
In the other case, like modifications of structure have arisen in differ-
ent series of animals as a result of the operation of similar energies, as
that of the animal and its environment. This is the principle of " homo-
plassy." To the latter kind belong the imitations found to exist be-
tween the placental and didelphian mammalia. The relation between
the arciferous and firmisternial Anura may be one of homogeny. We
may then parallelize the families which may exhibit true cases of de-
scent as follows :

Firmisternia. Arcifera.

Phryniscida}. Bufonidae.

Dendrobatidae. Dendrophryuiscidse.

DyscophidsB. Pelodytid*.

Raiiiciie. Cystignathidse.

Ceratobatracbidse. Hemipbiactidie.

It is, ho\ve\'er, probable that the Pelodytida' is the generalized form
from which most of the arciferous families have been derived ; and it was
itself probably a descendant of the families with opisthocoelous verte-
brae, as already indicated.

The Ranidiii embraces many genera which imitate in details many
genera of Arcifera. The metropolis of the former, as of the Lacertilia
acrodonta, is the regio Palrvotropica, while the latter have but few-
representatives out of the R. R. Neotropica and Australis^ where but one
or two species of the former occur. In both we can trace a series in
which the outer metatarsal is gradually liberated from the penultimate,
to afford greater extension for the web in the most aquatic types, and
among those where these bones are bound, from webless to webbed
types. In both we have burrowing and arboreal genera.

250 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ill strict refereuce to the extension of the webs the following parallels
may be drawn :

RANIDiK.

Arciferi.

RaDa.
Hoplobatracliiis.

Pyxiceplialus.
Leptopelis.
Ilyperolins.
Heteroglossa.

Cassina.
Ilemiuiantis.

Pseudis.
Myxopliyes.

Ceratoplirys.
Hyla.
Hylella.
Acris.

Cystignathus.
Paliulicola.

External metatarsal free :

Aquatic.

Subfossoiial.
External metatarsal attached :
Feet webbed —

Burrowing.

Arboreal (voni. teeth).

Arboreal (no vom. teeth)

Acjuatic.
Feet not webbed —

Terrestrial.

Terrestrial, spurred.

It is, however, remarkable that tlie raniforra tree-frogs nearly always
have the external metatarsal bone free; the arciferous always bound.
The terminal phalanges of the latter are constructed on a ball-and claw
type. In the former they are y shaped or bifurcate, except in the single
West African genus Leptopelis. where the South American type is re-
l)eated.

I have also discovered another series of parallels which the genera
of most of the families of the Salientia present, in the degree of ossifi-
cation of the superior cranial walls.* In the least-ossified crania we
tind tlie superior part of the ethiiioid still cartilaginous, the superior
wail of the brain-case membranous, and the prefrontals represented by
narrow lateral splints of bone. In genera of slightly advanced type
the roof of the ethmoid is ossified, and the prefrontals are wider. In
better-develo])ed genera the frontoparietal bones ossify and close the
fontanelle. The higher ossiiicatioii shows itself in an exostosis of tiie
suiierior cranial walls, which, in further stages, involves the skin, so
that it is no-longer free from the cranium. The next stage roofs over
the temporal muscle with bone, and the highest stage, known only in
a genus of Bufonidu' (Otaspis Cope), incloses the membranum tymjiani
behind. The following table exi)resses these facts.

These series give an excellent illustration of the development of a
single character independently of other cliaracters, and show how the
generic characters originate quite independently of all others.

*See Nat. Hist. Rov., 1«C)5 ; Proceed. Ac. Pliiha., 18(58 (on the Origin of Genera);
Origin of the Fittest, 1887, p. 218, Plates iv and v.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

251

Cli'ssifluation.

A. Ellimoid not ossifiod ...

A A. Etlininirt ossified above:
1. A t"i<>iitni)iiriotal fon-
tRiielle —
a. Pnfroiitala narrow.

aa. Prcfrontal.s wido

11. No fontaiielln; skin

fiee; no exostosis—

a. Prefrontals nan ow..

aa. Prefrontals ■wide

111. No fontanelle ; akin
free ; exostosis —
o. Pi efrontals narrow..

aa. Prefrontals wide

1111. No fontaiU'lle; intcffu-
Mieiit involved in
exostosis.

mil. SUull cxostoscd, in-
volving iutejiu-
inint; tenii)oial
fossa roofed

11 nil. As last, but niembra-
niini tyinpani in-
<;lo.sed l)eliind

Bufonidio,

Myobatra-
cbu3.

Epidalea

Biifo so

Dufo s))

iPellapbrynt
>U ran o pb-
S ryue.

Otaspis .

ScapbiopidiB.

Didocus ...
Spea

Scapbiopus i
Pelobates..>

Ciiltripes

Cystignatbi-
diu.

Eusopbiia

Borliorocre-

tes.
,Cyelorbam-)

'phxs- (
'Hy])erolia .)

Elosia, etc . -
Hylodes, etc.

Pbractops .

Calyptocepb
alns.

Hylidae.
Tboropa . . .

Uypsiboaa .
Hyla (sp.) .

Scy topis . . .

Osteocepba-
Ilia.

Tracbycepb-
alus.

Ranidffi.

Kanula.

Raiia (oxy-
rbyncba).

Rana (bexa-
dactyla).

Polypedates.

Figures of tlioso and intermediate types of crauia will be found ia
riates G8 to 75.

The adaptive result attained by these changes in the cranial ossifica-
tion are two. Uotli in burrowing in the earth and in jtresenting a de-
fense against enemies, the top of the head is i)resented to the resisting
object. On being atacked, a Salientian Batrachian always depresses
the muzzle and presents the top of the head to the enemy. The types
with well ossified crania have a great advantage over those in which
the front is membranous or cartilaginous, especially in the case of at-
tack from venomous snakes, stinging insects, etc. There is, however,
no definite distribution for the resi)ective types, either in time or s[)ace,
except that the genera with unossitied ethmoid all belong to the South-
ern Hemisphere. Also, types with nnossified frontoparietal bones pre-
dominate in the Anstralian and Neotropical realms, are unknown in
the Ethioi)ian, and rare in the Paleotropical. Types with exostosed
frontoparietals (chiefly abound in tluj Neotropical realm, and occur
in the Nearctic and Pahearetic. raleoutologically, both exostosed
(Latonia) and membranous fronto[»arietals (Alytes) appear together in
the Miocene brown-coal of Bonn, in lUiine-Prussia.

As regards the distribution of Salieutia in North America, the follow-
ing general remarks may be made. The eastern district, with its com-
paratively liiiinid climate and abundant-water courses, is the home of
the genus Rami. For similar climatic reasons the middle and northern
parts of the Pacific region have several species of Eana. The eastern
region, the land of fon^sts, i)ossesses nearly all the species of Ilyla. The
Pacific coast has but one, a fact due, perhaps, to its long dry season

252

miLLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The arid regions of the Southwest furnish the greater variety of species
of Bufo, but one species inhabiting tLe eastern region. The Austrori-
pariau region is the home of several small forms of Hylidae and Bu
fonidfe. The distribution of the Scaphiopidfc is chiefly in the dryer
regions of the West; three species are found in the Sonorau, while but
one occurs in the Pacific, and one in the eastern and Austroriparian
regions. The distribution may be tabulated as follows :

Genera.

Bufo

Scaphiopus.
Choiopbilus

Hyla

Aciis

flylodea

Synlioplius
liana

Totals

A usti'o-
ripai'ian R.

Eastern. Central. Sonoran.

?aciflc.

AGLOSSA.

The few members of this suborder have the vertebrre opisthocoelous
and deprived of ribs ; the diapophyses of the third and fourth vertebrie
are extremely elongate, and those of the sacral are strongly dilated and
confluent with the urost;yle. The third ceratobranchials are greatly
elongated.

I»i Pipa there are only seven presacral vertebra.

The frontoparietals are entirely ossified, and there arc true ossa
nasalia.

The sternal apparatus belongs to the arciferous type, though the
epicoracoid cartilages do not overlap.

The larviB are provided with two spiracula, one on each side of the
body. (Boulenger).

There are two recent and one extinct families of this suborder, which
are defined as follows:

PIPID^.

No ribs; vertebrte opisthocoilous; urostyle simple, attached to a
single condyle. Coracoid and epicoracoid divergent, their connecting
arches not overlapping. No manubrium. Teeth none; sacral dia-
pophyses dilated.

The neotropical genus Pipa has the atlas confluent with the second
vertebra, so that there are but seven anterior to the sacrum. There are
distinct nasal bones, and the median septum of the ethmoid is partially
ossified. The prefrontals are completely in contact with each other and
with the frontoparietal. Frontoparietal completely ossified. Terminal
phalanges acute, simple. External metatarsals separated by a web.
(Plate 69, figs. 1-2.)

IIU; liATliACIllA OF NOR'I'II AMERICA. 253

XENOPID^E.

No ribs; vertebrie opistliocoelous ; os iliutn attached to the ninth
vertebra only. Coracoids and epicoracoids well separated from those of
the opposite side. Teeth present; sacral diapophyses dihited.

One genus, Xeuopiis, with three species iu the regio ^^Ithiopica. In
this the interorbital ethmoid plate, though long, is not produced ante-
riorly, and is entirely concealed by the frontoparietal. Fronto])arietal
strongly ossiHed, o^nhauging the condneut prefrontals. The prefrontal
does not always extend to it. The first two vertebric are separate, but
the sacral and coccyx continent. There are ossa nasalia above the
nares. Terminal phalanges acute, simple. External metatarsals sep-
arated by a web. (Plates 49, fig. 10 and GO, fig. 2.)

rAL^OBATRACHID.E.

No ribs ; os ilium attached to the diapophyses of the confluent ninth,
eighth, and seventh vertebra', which form a disk; urostyle attached by
a double glenoid cavity. Frontoparietal strongly ossified, not produced
farther than the separate prefrontals. External metatarsals probably
separated by a web.

The genus Pakvobatrachus, Tsch., represented by several species iu
the Miocene of Germany. The superior plate of the ethmoid was con-
cealed, and the atlas continent with the first vertebra, leaving but six
between the occiput and sacrum.*

Von Meyer describes the vertebra; of P. gigaiitcus as proccelous, while
some of them are figured as opisthoccelous. Woltersdorfit states that
they are procuilous. A 8])ecimen in the British Museum which I
examined has opistliocoelous vertebrii?. It remains,therefoYe, a question
of interest whether this family belongs iu the Aglossa. Woltersdorff,
who has studied It very carefully, refers it to the Arcifera, and to the
neighborhood of the Pelodytida', altliongh admitting various points of
resemblance to Xenopus. He describes nine species from various parts
of central Euiope.

ARCIFERA.

In this tribe the extremes of the series are more diverse than iu the
others, and depend on the following features :

(I) In that nearest the Aglossa the vertebne are, like those of the
latter and of the Salamanders, concave posteriorly and convex ante-
riorly ; in the other extreme the reverse. These features are not as ir-
reconcilable as might at first sight appear, as the intervertebral spheres
do not become firmly attached to either centrum at maturity in some
individuals of Borhorocretes peronii^ Felohates fuscus (Stanuius), and
Cultripes prorincialis (Duges). (2) Those with opisthocoelous vertebrae

"Palceontographica, iii, p. 147.

tUeber fossile Frosche msbes. das g. Pulieobatiacbus, Magdeburg, 1886.

254 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

agree with the bulk of tbe tribe in possessing dihited sacral diapophy-
ses, whilst those at the other extreme exhibit them cylindrical. (3) A
lew of the former possess smaU ribs, and (4) the urostyle apj)roaches
the uormal condition of vertebne in possessing one pair of trans-
verse processes; (5) most of these, with the adjoining less extreme
forms, have a vertical or cat-like i)apil. (G) Many of the same group
exhibit a degraded or obliterated auditory apparatus; but this feature
is not uniformly coincident with the preceding ones. (7) The xii)hi-
steruum is formed of divergent limbs ; in the bulk of the tribe it is an
emargiuate cartilaginous plate, and in the opposite extreme an osseous
style, as in the Ranidjc.

Of these features the first, third, fourth, and sixth are agreements
with or approximations to the structures of the same elements of the
Salamanders; the resemblances are borne out in the physiologj' of the
same types.

In the observed examples of the above types that is, of the Disco-
glossidie, Pelodytidie, and Scaphiopodidie, the eggs are dei)Osited in
small clusters (Pelodytes), a short thick loop (Pelobates), or in a series
with a slender, tough, threadlike attachment (Alvtes). In the family
following that of the I'elobates, that is the New World tree-toads, the
eggs are, in the Old World species {Hijhi arborea) deposited in globu-
lar masses, as among the Ranidie, but inuch smaller, while in our
Hyla picleriiufli the masses include but from four to ten eggs. In the
tirst-mentioned forms the male seizes the female in front of the thighs,
while in the remaining and major number of species, as well as in the
observed Firmisternia, she is seized around the axill.e.

Additional peculiarities in the development of Alytes, Pelodytes,
Cultripes, and Pelobates are, that they spawn at two seasons insiead
of one, and that their larv;e attain a larger size than those of other
Anura before completing their metamorphosis. This latter leature is,
however, repeated near the other end of the series — among those with
cylindrical pelvic supports, in the genus I'seudis.

The occurrence of a xiphisternal style similarto that of theKauidie may
be regarded as an indication of superiority not only in consideration
of this atlinity, but as a greater degree of specialization and ossifica-
tion of the part. It appears, however, not merely among the most
raniform Arcifera, and among some with proccelous veitebra?, which
have the salamander-like mode of reproduction, but also among some
of the opisthoccelous species.

The only family features as above given which seem to have a func-
tional significance, are the structure of the terminal phalanges as an
adaptation to arboreal life in the Hylidai and the increase of raptorial
power by the addition of another set of teeth in the Ilemiphractidie.
Yet for the first-mentioned function other arrangements are employe«l
in other families.

riii; HATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

255

I'lie tiuiiilit's of this suborder diflV'i' us lollows :

I. Jxilis pieseiil. (Discoiilossoidoa (lill).

Vcitobrai opistliocd'l ; huciul »li;iiu)i)liyse.s clilatcil ; steriimii Itil'iircuti'.

Discoi/lonxido'.

II. liiUw absent (.sttiiimii in>t deeply liiruieiite). (Biitbuoidoa Gill).
A. No teetli ( vtMtelnie .prociid).

Diap«>pliy.s«is of sjKaiim dilated Jlii/oiiidn .

DiapopliysL'8 of (sacrum not tlilated Jtiiidroiiliryiiintida:

AA. Maxillary teetli only.

\'ortel)r;e ojiistlioeo'! ; Hacral diapophysea dilated; iiiostyle distinct.

Aiiti rophtjididw.

N'eitelir.e proeiel ; saeial diajiopbyses dilated ; iirostyle distinct; nnijual

idnilan^es conic rilodjitidii:

Vertebra' procM'i ; .sacral diai)opby.ses ililated ; urostyle continent witli

Kacrnm ; iinj;'nal plialanj;es conic Sctiphlopidiv.

V'ertebra' proctel ; sacral diai)opliyses dilated ; urostyle distinct ; nn.<;nal

plialanj^es a cnrved claw with ^^lobnlar base UyUda .

Vertebra' procu'l ; sacral diapophyses not dilated; urostyle free ; ungual

pbalaui'cs conic, ,»*onietiuies trans^'crse at ai)ex Cijatitjuathldiv.

AAA. Maxillary and mandibular teeth present.

Sacral diapophyses dilated AmphUjnathoduiitUiiv.

Sacral diai)0physes not dilated Hemiphrnftid(v.

Of tUc jibove faiQilies, four are found witbiu the boundaries of tlie
Nearctic Kealm. These are the Bufonidte, Scaphiopida^ Ilylidie, aud
ill a very few rei)resentatives, the C'.ystiguathi(he, Three of the families
are coiitiued to tlie Neotropi(;al Itealm — the ]Jeiidrophryuiscidib,,the
Amphiguathodontidje, and the Hemiphractida'. The Hylidie beloug
to this fauna and the Australian, with a large representation in the
Neartic aud ti very small one in the Paliearctic Jiealms. It is totally
wanting' from the Ethioi)iau. The Discoglossidje is European, with one
genus in New Zealand. It is the only family well represented by ter-
tiary forms. The small family of the Asterophrydiihe are Paheotropical
and Australian, and the few Pelodytid.e, l*aheotropical and Pahearc-
tic. The large family of the Cystiguatlnd;e are Neotropical and Aus-
tralian only. The lUifonidie are cosmopolitan, and the !Scaphio[)id;e
Nearctic and Pahearctic. But the greater number of the Arcifera are
Neotropical.

We are at present acquainted with 501 si)ecies of this sul)order,
which represent 84 generic types. They represent the families in the
following proportions and regions:

l)i.sc(>;iloHsiil;i'

A8U'r<)|fliiydid;e

lVloil>tiilie

Sc.l)>hi(>))i(l:u

Hyli.la-

Ampliignatliodoutidie.

Jteiniplir.ictida'

('.vstigiiathidii'

JJufouidii:

Genora.

1
Spi'de-s.

5

8

4

r,

:t

4

4

7

Iti

IK9

I

I

35

174

14

102

Di.stributioii.

It. Palii'aicti(:i ( Aiisln-li.s).

It. Pal:iutloi>H'ii, AiistiMli.-i.

It. I'ala^olropicii. I'iiiieariitica.

K. I'lihuarctic.i, Ni'iiictiia

(It. I'aliiioiropicii) it. I'alieaictica, Ncaictica, Neo-

tiopicn, Aii!<tr;iiis.
It. Ni'i)tr<>pi<a.
It. Ncotropiea.
It. Nfi)tioi>ica, AiiNtrali.s.
Cii.^imopolite.

256 BULLETIN U, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The generic forms are all peculiar to their zoological regions, except
Hyla, found wherever its family occurs, and Borboroccetes, common to
Australia and the southern portion of South America.

The number of species so far known to inhabit these regions is as
follows :

Regio Australia 55

R, Neotropica 363

R. Nearctica 28

Total 446

In two regious 1

446

R. Palieartica 12

R. ^tliiopica . 9

R. PalsBotropica 50

Total 517

In two regions 2

The small proportion of species occurring in the Old World, exclu-
sive of Australia, is evident, though they represent six families, while
those of the New World represent but six also.

The tribe Arcifera was first defined and its extent and distribution
indicated by the author in the Natural History Review, 1805, though
explained a year previously at a. meeting of the Zoological Society of
LiMidun. The sternal feature characterizing it was noticed by Steet-
zeii, (Juvier, and others in isolated cases, but its general significance
not perceived. Duges (Kecherches, 64) attributes it to the tree-toads,
the toads, and the Bombiuator, Alytes, and Pelobates. In Staunius's
Zootomie der Amphibien (73) it is assigned to the Aglossa and Bufo,
as distinguished from Rana and Cystignatlius. The characters of the
last genus must have been taken from the Old World Cassiua (formerly
called Cystignathus), as the structure in Cystignathus and its allies is
that of the true Arcifera.

DlSCOrxLOSSID^.*

Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865 ( Jan.) ; Journ. Pliila. Ac, 1866, p. 74 ; Lataste,
Actes de la Soc. Linn, de Bordeaux, 1879, p. 277; Boulenger, Cat. Batr.
Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882,444.

Vertebrae opisthocoel.t Diapophyses of sacrum dilated. Urostyle
with a basal diapophj^sis. Ribs preseut.| Bones of distal carpal series
all distinct. Sternum of two slender postero-exteriorly diverging fibro-
cartilaginous or cartilaginous styles.

Jn the known genera tongue is round, entire, and little or not at all
free behind. Males without vocal vesicle.

A marked peculiarity characterizes the larvte of this family. The
spiracle or branchial opening is situated on the median line below,
while in all other tongued Anura it is situated on the left side.

If we commence the series of the Arcifera with the great family of
the Cystignathidte, we will end it with the families Asteroj>hrydi(l{e
and Discoglossida), which are perhaps equally connected with that
which precedes them — the Scaphiopodidai. The former leads to Xvu-
opus through Palfcobatrachus; the latter, as far as our present knowl-

* Plate 78.

t Observed by Duges and Gervais in Alytes.

t Observed by Duges iu Alytes and Bomb'nator, and by Duni^ril in Discoglossus.

THE IJATKACllIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 257

etlge indicates, linds its complctest development in tbe extinct genus
Latonin, establislied by Von Meyer on the L. scyfriedi |"rom the Miocene
of Oenin^cn. A species also occurs in the fresh-water deposits of San-
san (/>. rufjosa), whose salaniauder-like vertebra) have been noticed
by Gervais.* These animals. were nearly related to Discoglossus, and
had, like it, short posteriorly directed processes on the ribs, as in the
genus Salainandra. They were, however, much larger, had the fronto-
piirietal bones completely ossified, ami the whole of the cranium
roughened externally by a dermo-ossification. On this account the
genus has been compared with Ceratophrys, which belongs to the
family of Cystignathidaj.

In the remaining and recent genera the structure of the sternum is
worthy of note. In old individuals of Discoglossus it is sometimes fibro-
cartiliiginous, as in Pipn. The sternum, homologous with the sternum of
the Laccrtilia, resembles the united hiiemapophysial cartilages of rhe an-
terior ribs. In the genera in question t this part is divided nearly up
to the i)oint of attachment to that preceding, each moiety being directed
outwards and backwards, and tapering into a lateral linea semilunaris.
IJetween these and the pubes there are in Discoglossus the usual three
l)airs of linea' semilunares, connected on the median line by a strong
I'.nea alba

In Discoglossus the prefrontalia are strongly developed, being in
contact for most of their length, sometimes touching the fronto-
parietalia. In Alytes they are also in contact throughout, but are
transverse and do not reach" the fronto-parietals; the foutanelle is
larger, and the ribs without processes; the whole animal is weaker.
In this genus, as well as the preceding, the pupil is a vertical slit;
elsewhere found in Ilylorhina, Platy plectrum,. Limuomedusa, Pelody-
tida* and tlie Scaphiopida\ A species {A. troscli€lu)X has left its re-
mains in the Miocene Brauukohle along with Pal.neobatrachus. IJom-
binatoi- is similar to Alytes in its osseous structure, except that the
])refioiitalia are in contact anteriorly onl}', and that the sacrum pre-
sents but one condyle for the articulation of the coccyx, as is typical
of the Asterophrydida' and Aglossa. Along with Alytes and Xen-
opus it has true ossa nasalia, which bound the external nares exte-
riorly, thus explaining their anomalous position in Brevicops, where
they are inferior. In Bombinator there is no cavum tympani or auricu-
lar ossicles, and the tubai Eustachii are rudimentary or wanting. This
character is said by Tschudi and Bruch not to be exce):>tionless in
adults, and that the tubiB and tympanum are always present in the
young of both this genus and Pelobates. All European, except Lio-

* Palicoutologio Fnuiyaise, p. 494.

\ Da};os has {^ivcii a fijjjnrc of it in Bomh'umtor, PI. 3, fig. '24.

{ Copo, .Toiini. Acad. Phllii., 18(51), p. 7.j. liana IrunchcUi (Von Meyer, Pahcoutograph-
ica, III, p. l:!S).

1051— 15 nil. ;M 17

258 IJULLETiN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

pclraa, which is from New Zealand. The toes are webbed iu all the
genera, and the external metatarsals are separated.

Cei)balic iutegumeut iuvolved in crauiiil ossi licatiou, which completes the o. o. frouto-
parietalia; two coccygeal cotyli and diapophyses; ribs with posterior proc-
ess Latonia Vou Meyer.

Cephalic integument free; a small frontoparietal fontauelle (sometimes apparentlij
closed by the ethmoid); prefrontralia largely iu contact; two coccygeal co-
tyli ; ribs with posterior process ; pupil round ; cavum tympani present. No
parotoid glands Discoglossus Otth.

Cephalic integument free; a frontoparietal fontanelle; vomerine teeth present; two
coccygeal cotyli ; pupil triangular ; no tympanum or Eustachian tubes (Bou-
lenger) Liopelma Steindachner.

Cephalic integument free; a frontoparietal fontanelle. Prefontalia in contact
throughout ; two coccygeal cotyli ; no rudimental digit ; typanum and cavum
tympani distinct ; pupil erect; parotoid glands present AlytcsWagl.

Cephalic integument free from cranium; a frontoparietal fontauelle; prefontalia in
contact anteriorly ; one coccygeal cotylus ; no inner digit developed; no tym-
panum or cavum tympani; Eustachian tube rudimental or wanting; paro-
toid glands none Bovihinator Merrem.

All the characters of this family go to show that it is the nearest of
the Salieutia to the original and now extinct type which formerly con-
nected that order with the Salamanders. These are, the presence of
ribs, the opisthoccel vertebra;, the distinctness of tbe carpal bones of
the distal row ; tbe inguinal grasp of the male in copula, and the fre-
quent presence of the cardinal veins.

BUFONID^.*

This is the only cosmopolitan family of Anura. It is chiefly repre-
sented by the genus Bufo, which exists in all the zoological realms ex-
cepting the Australian. The variations iu structure are not so great
as in some other families. They are thus summarily reviewed by
Bouleuger:

"The omosternum is generally absent; if present, it is reduced to a
narrow cartilage. The sternum is usually a cartilaginous plate, whicli
in a few cases is ossified along its center; iu Engystomops there is a
well-defined bony style supporting a cartilaginous disk.

"TLie vertebra' are proca'lous and without ribs. The diapophyses of
the sacral vertebrie are more or less dilated, but never to such a degree
as in the Pelobatidai. The urostyle is attached to two condyles.

"A frouto})arietal fontanalle is present in Myobatrachus Engystomops
Pseudophryne and Epidalea; f and in a few species of Bufo the derm is
completely involved in the cranial ossification.

" In two genera the pupil is erect.

"The distal phalanges are simply obtuse or T-shaped.

"The Bufonidiie include terrestrial, burrowing, thoroughly aquatic

(Nectes) and apparently arboreal (Nectophryne) types. Rbinophrynus

is a true ant-eater, as are several forms of Engystomidiie."!
^ ^^^^^^^ ^^

I 'I'his gf;iiu8 is not admitted by Houlengor.

1 (';it.iluguc IJatr. Sal. IJiit. Mus., Ii, <.(1. ]iiS>. \>. ','7*.

THE BATRACIHA OF NORTH AMERICA. 259

Other cbanicters are: superior plate of the ethmoid completely ossi-
tieil; very rarely i)roloiiged anteriorly; usually covered by the com-
pletely ossified frontoparietals, or by these and the prefoutals together.
No pterygoideum. Tongue free, not retractile posteriorly.

in Otilophns and Phrynoidis* there are but eight vertebriT?, the atlas
and second beingcoufluent. In Nectes there are resemblances to the As-
terophrydidii3. The prefoutals are narrow, divergent, in contact only
anteriorly ; the superior plate of the ethmoid is small, tranverse, not
entirely covered by the frontoparietals, which are but weakly ossified
medially, although embracing no fontanelle. In the other genera the
prefoutals are in contact with each other and with the frouto-parietals
throughout.

lu none of the genani known to belong to the family is there a manu-
brium sterui. Thexiphisteruum is a slender weak cartilage in Pseudo-
pliryne and Phryniscus and Bufo Tceladrfii. In the other species the style
supporting the terminal disk is stronger, sometimes tibrocartilnginous:
m Bu/o vulgaris and B. melanostictus it is broader and nearly bony, and
in Xcctcs subasper strongest and broadest.

In Bu/o Jielaartii the terminal phalanges have a slight terminal trans-
verse extension.

Myobatrachus, Notaden, and Pseudophryne the weakest and least
developed forms, are Australian; Eupemphix, Phrynoidis, Bufo, Pelta-
phryne, Otaspis, Ollotis, Crepidophryue, Cranophryneand lihiuophryne
are Neotropical; Bufo and Necto[)hryne, Ethiopian; Bufo, iTearctic;
Bufo and Epidalea, Pala^arctic; and Scutiger, Bufo, Nectes, and Necto-
phryue, Palt\?otropical.

The characters are the following:

I. Terminal pbalauges'siiuple.

A. Two coudylos for the urostyle.

B. Tongue boiuul in front, free behind.

*A Iroutoparietal fontanelle.

Ethmoid bone incomplete above; stcrnnm ossified on the middle
line ; ear perfectly developed ; pupil erect.

Myobatrachus Schl.
Ethmoid bone com[tIete ,• fingers and toes free ; sternum a weak

cartilage I'sii((]ui)]irifiie Fitz.

Ethmoid bone complete; toes webbed, sternum distinct.

Ei}'idaha Cope.
**No frontoparietal fontanelle.
ix. No vomerine teeth.
(i. Tympanic chamber present.

Toes free; tympanic drum not inclosed; sternum jin osseous
style Eupemphix Steind.

*Tho raised orbital ridges of this genus do not constitute its essential character, as
formerly supposed, but rather the division of the neural spines and the wide separa-
tion of the lateral portions (they stand above the zygapophyses) throughout the ver-
tebral column. Perhaps the fusion of tlie atlas with the second vertebra is important
in the same eounoction. Tiiorc is but one species at present known, /*. aspcr.

260 BULLETIN 33, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Toes webbed ; tympanic drum not inclosed by boue ; sternum a

plato B nfo Laur.

Toes webbed; tympanic drum inclosed with ossification.

Otasph Cope.

Toes webbed ; nostrils directed upwards Nectes Bleeker.

/?/?. Tympanic chamber wanting.

Cranial derm free ; digits webbed OlloCts Cope.

Cranial derm free ; digits not distinct, inclosed in a common in-
tegument Crcpidoiihrync *Cope.

Cranial derm ossified ; toes webbed Cranophrynv tCope.

aa. Vomerine teeth present.

Sternum rudimentary ; toes webbed Notudcn tGuulli.

BB. Tongue b;)uud or retractile posteriorly ; slightly free anteriorly.

Sternum rudimentary; pupil erect .. Iliruioyhrijiui'i Diun. & Bibr.
AA. One condyle for the urostyle.

Pupil vertical ; no vomerine teeth ; toes free ; a sternal style.

ScHtiger Theob.
II. Terminal phalang(>s T-shaped.

Fingers and toes rrore or less webbed ; the tipsdilated into disks ;
sternum cartilagiuous NLctophrtjue Buch. »fc Peters.

The distrihutioii of these genera is as follows :

1

to

9
<

'A

6

(-1
"A

d

CS

1

6

'a
Ph

a.
2 .

is"
(5

1

4

4

1

4

Bufo

33

1

10

9

25

1

Ollotis

1

1
1

1

1

1

1

3

Total

G

41

10

10

5

30

BUFO Laureuti.

Syn. Rept., p. 25 ; Wagl., Syst. Amph., p. 200 ; Tschudi, Batr., p. 88 ; Dum.
& Bibr., VIII, p. G62 ; Giiuth., Cat., p. 55 ; Nat. Hist. Rev., 1805, p. 102.

Oxi/rhi/iichus Spix, Spec. Nov. Test. Ran., p. 49 ; Espada, Viaj. Pacif., Vert., p. 170.

OtihphusCnv., R. A. ; Tschiuli, Batr., p. 89; Giinth., Cat., p. 09; Cope, I.e.

Hylaphsia sp. Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 294.

Chaunus sp. Wagl., Isis., 1828, p. 744.

Phrync (Oken) Fitz. Syst. Reptil., i, p. 32.

Chilophripie Fitz. I.e. ; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1802, p. 357.

FhrytioidLs Fitz. 1. c; Cope, I. c, and Nat. Hist. Rev., 1805, p. 102, pars.

Anaxtjnis Tschudi, Faun. Per., Ilerp., p. 78.

Schhmaderma Smith, HI. S. Afr., Rept., App., p. 2S; Giinth., /. <:, p. 13^; Cope, J. c.

*Crcpidius Cope preoccupied. iCrmioihsi.s Cope preoccupied.

tThis genus m.ay have a cranial i'ontanrllc. Tiio skull has not been oxaminod.

THE BATRACIIIA OP NORTH AMERICA. 2f)l

AdiiioiiiK^ Cope, Proc. Ac. I'bila., 1800, p. ;{71.

Jiliirho Cope. cod. he, 16&2, p. 3r>7, luid Nat. Hist. Rev., 18G5, p. 102.

Jiixoiiia Stoliczka, Proc. Aa. Soc, 1870, p. 152.

DromopIcdruH Cainorauo, Atti. Ace. Tor., xiv, 1879, p. 882.

Vupil horizontal. Tongue elliptic or pj'riform, entire and free behind.
Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free;
toes more or less webbed, the tips simple or dilated into small disks.
Outer metatarsals united. Omosternum generally missing; if present,
cartilaginous; sternum, a cartilaginous plate, sometimes more or less
ossified along the median line. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra more
or less dilated. Terminal phalanges obtuse or triangular.

In the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1854 Dr. Charles
Girard gave a synopsis of the I^^orth American species of this genus,
which embraces tbirteen specific names. Eight of these are recognized
in the present work, and two others as subspecies. In 1886 the writer
gave a synopsis of the species in the Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society, the result of the study of which has been incor-
porated into the present volume.

1. Head without bouy crests above.

a. Interorbital space wider than eyelid.

Parotoid glauds small, as wide as long, not wider than head ; legs longer,
end of tarsus reaching to from front of orbit to end of n'luzzle; meta-
tarsal tubercles insignificant B. punntatus.

Parotoid glands large, long, spreading posteriorly, much wider than head ;
legs short, end of tarsus to tympanum; metatarsal tubercles insig-
nificant B. debilis.

acL Interorbital space narrower than eyelid.

Parotoid gland oval ; metatarsal tubercles insignificant; a large gland

on tibia; size larger B. columbienais.

Parotoid gland oval ; both metatarsal tubercles with cutting edges, the
internal very large; muzzle very short; no large gland on tibia;

size smaller ._ B. compacHHs.

II. Head with bony crests above.

1. Interorbital space wider than eyelid.

A strong postfron tal crest ; superciliaries divergent backwards; parotoid
gland narrow and elongate, descending towards axilla; large glands
on thigh and on tibia ; head four times in the length ; metatarsal tub-
ercles small B. alvarius.

2. Interorbital space narrower than eyelid.
a. No postorbital ridges.

Superciliary crests parallel ; tympanum distinct ; two cutting metatarsal

tubercles; femur largely free B. hendophrys.

na. Postorbital ridges present.

Two largo cutting metatarsal processes; superciliary crests very diver-
gent and distinct posteriorly, confounded in a nasal boss anteriorly;
spots very large B. cognatiis.

One smaller metatarsal crest ; superciliary crests not incurved and trans-
verse posteriorly; parotoid glands narrow, not descending behind
tympanum ; large B. lentii/hiosiiit.

One smaller metatarsal tubercle; superciliary crests incurved posteriorly
so as to be transverse; a supratympanic crest; parotoid gland de-
scending on sides to inferior part of tympanum B. quercicus

202 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Of the species above (lefincd. the 7>. colunihiensis and tlie />'. hniUji-
nosus are tbe ouly ones wliicli (lis])lay any great variability, the hitter
having" four well-defined subspecies. They are also naturally tlie
species wliich present affinities to other sj^ccies. Thus the 7>. Icntigi-
nosns sometimes approximates, without becoming confused with, the B.
cognatus, and the latter iu turn varies towards the B. compactilis.

BUFO PUNCTATUS B. cV G.

Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 1852, p. 173; Bairrl, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv., vol. n,
Kept. p. 25, Plate xxxix ; figs. 5-7 (not good), 1859.

Bufo heldinf/ii Yarrow, Proceed. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 441.

The head is wide and flat, and enters the total length three and a third
times. The width at the jiosterior borders of the tympana exceeds the
length by the diameter of the eyelid. The latter is about four-fifths
the very flat interorbital region. The only cranial ridge is the vertical
one which extends from between the eyelid and the parotoid gland
along the front of the tympanic membrane. The latter is very distinct
and is nearly round, and is just half the long diameter o^ the eye. The
prefrontal bones are rather prominent at the can thus rostralis, and arc
roughened with raised points. The end of the muzzle is strongly convex
in profile,' its extremity overlapping the premaxillary border. The
nostril is nearer the extremity than it is to the orbit. The granular
roughening is present on the extremity of the nose, on the posterior
l)art of the vertex, on the eyelid, the pretympanic ridge, and on the par-
otoid gland. The tongue is narrow and subcylindrical, and the clioana?
are large and anterior.

The parotoid glands are subtriangular to round in outline, and are as
wide as or wider than long. The warts of the dorsal integument are
quite small, and stand nearer together on the sides than on the median
region. The derm of the inferior surfaces is not roughened nor granu-
lar, except for a short space on the gular region, but is more or less dis-
tinctly areolate. The external surface of the arm and of the tarsus and
hind foot and of the entire sole is spinulose; on the superior surface
of the tibia the spinulose tubercles are mingled with larger tubercles.
When the posterior limb is extended the end of the tarsus reaches the
anterior border of the orbit, and from that point in a few instances to
the end of the muzzle. The first finger is longer than the second. The
posterior foot is rather small, and the web is deeply emarginate to
opposite the middle of the first (fourtli) plalange of the fourth toe. All
the toes have a narrow dermal margin to their extremities. Subdigital
tubercles not large, single. The two metatarsal tubercles are distinct,
the internal quite narrow, and with prominent obtuse extremity ; the
external rounded, and not presenting a free edge.

In large specimens horn Lower California the tubercles ar.; coarser,
and the granular rugosities of tlie head smoothed off. There is a trace

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

2G3

of raised border to as far as above aiid beliiiid tlie tyiii[)anic inembraue,
tbus imitatiug faiutly the B. lentigiuosus iCmcricanus.

Tig. GO. liiifo punctatus. No. 5305. Capo Saint Lucas ; J.
Measurements of No. 2618.

M.

Length of head and body - 052

Length of head to posterior edge of tympana OIL'S

Width of head at posterior edge of tympana Ol'J

Length of fore limb 027

Lengtli of posterior limb OfiO

Length of tibia Oil)

Length of tarsus Oil

Length of remainder of foot -- • 018

This species is of rather variable coloration. The type (No. 2G18) is
a uniform light brown above and yellowish-white below, in two otlier
specimens from the same locality tbe dorsal tubercles are p.ile, with a
dark ring at the base. The latter is the prevalent coloration, for while
there are six specimens which show it, there is only one other of the
uniform brown tint. Specimens from Cape St. Lucas have red warts,
with a black ring at the base, and have the ground color of the sides
black besides. The hinder extremities have large blackish blotches, in-
closing tubercles which are pink. There is also a black spot on the
eyelid, one below the canthus rostralis running longitudinally, and one
which extends below and sometimes behind the tympanum.

This is one of our best marked species. Its distribution extends fiom
western Texas from as far north as Fort Concho, and along both sides of
the boundary line between the United States and Mexico, to the Pacitic
ocean. It is found as far south as San Antonio, in Texas (Marnock),
and in Lower California to the extremity of the peninsula (Xantus), and
• in Mexico to Guanajnato (Duges).

The i)aired gland-like ridges on the back, represented in the figure of
this species in the Eeport of the United States and Mexican Boundary-
Survey, are merely the projections caused by the dorsal and sacral dia-
pophyses, somewhat exaggerated

264 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bufo piinctatus liiurd.
KESEKVE SERIES.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.

2618

3

2617

1

2315

2

2634

1

2613

1

8168

1

2614

7

4103

2

12661

11

12669

3

12670

5

10196

1

12660

3

5305

5

Locality.

San Pedro, Tex

Castanuelas, Mexico

Ringgold Barracks, Tex.

Sonora

Rio San Pedro, N. Mox . .

Arizona

New Mexico

Upper California Region

La Paz, L. Cal

do

do

White River Canon, Ariz

La Paz, L. Cal

Cape Saint Lucas, L.Cal

When
collected.

1871

1882
1882
1882
1879
1882

From whom received.

Lieut. B. Couch, U. S. A. .

A. Schott

...do

Dr. S. W. Woodhouse . . . .

F.Bischofif

A. Schott....

H. B. Mollbausen

L. Beldiug

do

do

Dr.R.T.Burr

L.Belding

John Xantus

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

BUFO DEBILIS Girard.

Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, 87; Baird, U, S. Mex. Bound. Snrv., ii, Reptil., p.
27 ; Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus , 2 ed., 1832, p. 269.

Bnfo ineidio)- GiTavd, Proced. Ac. Phila., 1854,88; Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii,
Reptil., p. 26, PI. XLi, figs. 13-18.

7 e

Fig. 01. Bu/o dehilis. No. 2620. Chihuahua, Mex.; ?.

This species of toad is nearly related to the B. punctatus and agrees
■with it in most respects. The form of the head and the characters of
the skin are quite the same; so is the form of the posterior foot. The
differences are well marked, and are as follows : The length of the head
is contained in the total more than four times. The first finger is shorter
than the second. The hind leg is shorter, the end of the tarsus only
reaching the posterior border of the tympanum when the leg is extended.
The form and dimensions of the parotoid gland are very different. The
gland is very large, extending posteriorly to an acuminate extremity
which is a little beyond above the axilla. The superior borders of the
glands are divergent, so that the total width at their apices is one and
one-half times the width of the head at the tympana. The inferior out-
line presents the apex of a very obtuse angle downwards at a point
posterior to the tympanic drum and on a level with its inferior border.
The inferior surfaces are more distinctly granular than in the D. punc-
tatus. Metatarsal tubercles insignificant; the internal, subconic.

THE RATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

265

Mcasitniuiiilfi of No. 2G2I5.

M.

Length of head iiud body 040

Lon f^tli of head to posterior edges of tympaua 008

Width of head at posterior edges of tympana 01:5

Jjeiigth of foro limb from axilla 020

Length of posterior from groin 040

Lcngtii of tibia 012

Length of tarsns 009

Lengtli of remainder of foot 014

The average size is less than that of the B. punctatus.

The color of the Bufo debilis is a light ash. The small tubercles are
generally black, aud are without the red or yellow centers seen in the
y>. punctatus. The limbs have narrow black cross-bands, or rather
wide incomplete black bands, with the pale center so large as to leave
only the black borders. The eyelids and parotoids are crossed by simi-
lar black lines. Below and concealed surfaces unspotted.

The range of this species is much like that of the B. punctatus, but
it extends further east. Mr. Isaac found it on the upper Wichita in
Texas, and Mr. W. Taylor at San Diego in southwest Texas. It occurs
westward through northern Mexico and the southwest territories to
Guaymas, on the Gulf of California. It has not yet* been found in
Lower California. It was originally brought from the valley of Mexico,
and the Smithsonian Institution subsequently received it from Mazat-
lan. Baird reports it from the lower Rio Grande. It is probably diag-
nostic of the Sonoran region.

Jiit/o debilis Girard.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catiiloffue

No. Of

iiiunbur.

spec.

2C24

1

2020

2

20.' I

6

2027

1

5:i8l

]

2019

7

Locality.

Delaware Ci-eck

Chihuahua, Mexico .
Matamoios, Mexico .
Matanioios, Alexico .

(.')

I5razos River, Texas

W^hen
collected.

1^60

F'-om waom received.

Dr. Thomas Webb

Lieut. B. {.'oucli, U. 3. A . ..
Lieut. B. Coucli, U. S. A .

K. Kennicott

Dr. B. F. Shumai'd

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

BUFO ALVAKIUS Girard.
Baird'sReptilia U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26, PI. xvi, figs. 1-6.

This very distinct species is as yet known from a single specimen,
which is preserved in the National Museum. It has a general relation-
ship to the B. pmictatus, and also to the Cuban Peltaphryne pcltacephala
of Cuba. In its large size it equals the B. marinus.

Head short and wide ; muzzle obtuse and vertical in profile, not pro-
jecting beyond upper lip; nares terminal lateral, the canthus rostralis
forming a convex line from nares to the orbit. Front wide, superciliary
ridges obsolete at anterior third of orbit, moderately elevated behind

266

BULLETIN 33, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tbis point, and forming a regular curve with tlie i)os(oibital ridj^c. No
branch crests. A very short robust supratynipanic crest, a short narrow
precrbital crest. Tympanic disk large, round, its diameter three-fourths
the length of the eye-fissure. Tongue elongate-obovate ; truncate poste-
riorly. Border of eyelids thickened, presenting an angle at each ex-
tremity, anterior and posterior.

Fig. 62. Bv/o alvarius. No. 2572. Fort Yuma, Cal. ; J.

Measuremenis.

M.

Length of head and body IGf)

Length of head including tympana OIJG

Width of head, inchiding tympana 0(10

Length of fore limb from axilla 078

Length of fore-foot 034

Lcngtli of hind leg Or>l

Length of tibia OW.I

Length of tarsus 033

Leugtli of rest of foot 053

Parotoid gland a long oval, with parallel sides, descending from the
usual commencement above the tympanum to a position above the pos-
terior edge of the humerus, and nearly on a level with the posterior
border of the mcmhranum tympani. Dorsal integument with rather
sparse small tubercles. A huge oval gland on the superior face of the

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, 2G7

tlii,i;li,!ui(l another larg'ei' one extending almost tUe entire length of the
siiix.'rior edge of the tibia. A proiniueiit round wart directly posterior
to the rictus oris, preceded by two or three smaller ones. Inferior sur-
faces arcolate, most closely posteriorly.

Fingers short, first and third equal, fourth shortest. Second (first)
fingi-r with a very large tubercle at the base of ihe proximal end of the
second phalange ; a smaller one in the. same position on the second.
Tlie usual two laigc palmar tubercles; distal to which the entire palm
is covered with closely placed tubercles. Toes webbed to the extremi-
ties, but the web scalloped, so that the edge between the third and
fourth toes is opposite the extremity of the first phalange (from meta-
tarsal). Sole with a pavement of rather small warts, a single rather
larger one below the proximal extremity of each phalange excepting
the distal ones. External metatarsal tubercle large, little defined ; the
internal small, oval, and with free conical extremity. Its inner edge is
close to a free dermal margin, which extends from the edge of the first
toe and turns forwards on the tarsus and is lost distad to its middle.
When the hind leg is extended the heel reaches the middle of the tym-
panum and the end of the tarsus reaches the extremity of the muzzle.

The length of the head is considerably less than its width, and enters
the total length nearly four times ; or, measuring from the supraoccip-
ital line, four and a half times.

Tlie color of the spQcimen is probably somewhat paler than normal
from the effect of the alcohol. Girard states the fresh color to have
l)een " uniformly dark green." At present it is light brown, and below
whitish, with a few pale spots on the thoracic and gular regions.
Thighs uniform light brown behind.

The figure of this species given by Baird, as above cited, is good,
except that the jiarotoid gland is represented as too wide. This gland
in this species is quite peculiar in its form and position.

No. 2572; one spec; Fort Yuma, Cal. ; A. Schott.

BUFO COLUMBIENSIS Bd. & Gird.

finfo colnnihicus'nt Baird &. Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1853, p. 378; Girard, /. c, p. 77,

PI. 5, i\<r. 4-0; Cope, Check List Batr. Rept. N. Amor., 187.5, p. 29.
Hiij'o horcax Baird A: Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 18o'2, p. 174 ; Gir.ard, U. S. Expl. Exped.,

Hi;rp., p. 74, PL 6, fig. 4-9; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Miis., p. 296, lij;.
liiij'o lutlophihi. Baird &. Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1853, p. 301; Girard, Proc. Ac.

Phila., 18.54, p. 87, and IJ. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv., Ii, p. 2'3, PI. 41, fig. 7-12 ; Bonlen-

gcr. Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 295, fig.
Hiifo chihiixi!^, part, Giinth., Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1868, p. 57.
/.')(/() iiiicroscajyhitH Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1866, p. 301 ; Report U. S. G. G. Expl. W.

(if moth Mer., G. M. Wheeler, V. p. 522.
r.iifo pirhi.'^ Cope, Report U. S. G. G. Expl. W. of 100th Mer., v., p. 522, PI. xxv fig. 4-5.

This is a variable species, so much so as to present the appearance of
including a number of subspecies. But these intergrade in so many
specimens that I can not maintain them as distinct, and I shall use
the term variety as more applicable to their case.

208

15ULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tlic licad is short tiiitl wide, and its length varies so as to cuter from
(our to tour aud a half times iu the total leugtb. Tlic extended bind
leg- brings the heel to the posterior lower or middle of the orbit. The
muzzle viewed from above is rounded, aud in profile is truncate, and
not projecting beyond the premaxillary border. It is shorter than the
length of the orbit, and the nostrils are terminal. The tongue is flat
and thin, aud is a long oval iu outline. The memhranum tympani is
quite distinct, aud is subround. Its diameter is a little less than half
the length of the eye slit. The parotoid gland varies iu form from
nearly round to a moderately elongate-oval; in either case it has an
anterior prolongation to the border of the orbit. The glands of the in-
tegument of the upper surfaces vary from moderate to large size.
Tiiey are smaller on the sides and on the limbs, excepting a large
oval one on the superior face of the tibia. The inferior surfaces are
coarsely areolated, with a few more distinct tubercles posteriorly.
There is an infolded ridge on the inner edge of the tarsns. The pos-
terior foot varies in relative width in different individuals aud locali-
ties. In northern specimens the sole is wider, and the palmation
extends to the ends of the toes. It is emarginated, so that the edge is

Fig. Gi.—Bn/o coin mbicnsig columbicnf!i.i. No. nr)lC. Kowakin Valley, "W. T. ; J.

Mcnaiinmoii!^ of Xo. 3"28.

M.

Lcnglli of head and body 1'24

Lcuglli of liead to xiosteiior edge of meinbranum tyinpaui 021

Widtli of lioad at posterior edge of membrauum tynipaui 0.34

Length of fore limb OGl

Length of posterior limb 110

Lengtli of tibia 039

Length of tarsns 0*24

Length of remainder of foot 04r)

THE 15ATKACII1A OF NORTH AMERICA.

269

opposite the middle of the third phalange of the fourih toe, counting:
from the end. In the extreme southern form the web does not extend
to the extremities of the digits, but leaves tlirce phalanges of the fourth
toe absolutely free. It is notched to a point a little i)roxini:d to the
distal end of the fourth (first) phalange. Between tl:ese extremes of
palmation (represented by specimens 328 and 2581) all the intermediate
conditions may be found. The internal metatarsal tubercle i« small
and narrow, with subconical extremity; the external is a low but rather
wide tuberosity. The first finger is longer than the second.

The northern forms are sometimes of a uniform olive-brown above,
with a pale vertebral line, and with the abdomen indistinctly si)otted.
Sometimes the uniform brown extends for a short distance on each side
of the pale vertebral line, exterior to which the surface lias large brown
spots on a light olive ground. In the southern forms the ground color
is light brown or olive, or even clay color, with an irregular brown band
on each side of the light vertebral line. On each side are large dark
browMi spots with a reddish wart for a center. Spots on the [)osterior
legs like those on the back. Below unspotted.

4 -7

Fig. 64.— B«/o colwfribicnsis halophilus (from Baird, TJ. S. and Mexican Bound Survey) ; 1.

The northern and southern varieties may be thus defined in extreme
forms :

Head 4.5 times in length; web extending to tips of toes, but deeply euiargiuato;

parotoid glaud more elongate ; colors dark ; size large B.c, columbiensis.

Head 4 times in length ; webs more deeply notched, and leaving three phalanges of

fourth toe free ; parotoid shorter ; colors light; size smaller B.c. halophilus.

There are, however, as many specimens which are intermediate between
these extremes as there are specimens of the latter. These represent
the Bi(fo microscaphus Cope. The specimens of the middle and south-
ern Ivocky IMountain region are referable to it, as well as many from

270 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Oregon and California. 1 tbiuk B. pictus is the young of this form. To
the typical B. columbiensis belong Nos. 328, 2577, 2579, 4975, 9950, 10920,
and 11510. To the intermediate type belong 9G3G, 8093, 11500, 11922,
and 11923. To the halophilus type may be referred Nos. 2581, 9405,
11535, 11921, and 11922. No. 11505 is intermediate in the form of the
parotoids, and the web is deeply excavated, but the free portion of the
toes are widely margined. A complete series of the forms of the paro-
toid may be traced, beginning with the short type of halophilus, No.
2581, through 13G08, 11505, 11535, to 11923 of the elongate form.

In Nos. 4975 and 9950 there are distinct traces of superciliary cranial
ridges. They are perfectly straight, and there is no indication of post-
orbital ri Iges. There are four specimens under 4975, and they are from
Chilowyuck, Wash. Ter. The locality of the other specimen is unfortu-
nately unknown, The same character is seen in the type of B. micro-
scaphus, according to my description, which is given below. The speci-
men is unfortunately inaccessible to me at present.

" U[)per surface of head nearly plane upon its middle region; orbits
bordered by a low and rounded off ridge; its skin being thin and ad-
hering to the skull. Parotoids well developed and subreniform. Eyes
and tympanum rather large. Tongue elongated, broadest posteriorly.
Upper jaw emarginated. Two large carpal callosities. A membra-
nous fold at the inner lower edge of the tarsus. Toes palmated; two
metatarsal tubercles. Palms and soles coarsely granular. Upper sur-
face of body exhibiting numerous glandular tubercles; large pustular
swelling upon the thighs. Color uniformly dark green."

I also add a copy of my description of the young, under the name of
B. jnctus, as it embraces some peculiar characters, probably due to im-
maturity :

" Palmar aud solar tubercles well developed, the larger or inuer one
of the latter not bearing a cutting edge. Cranium plane above; the
muzzle produced, rather narrowed, and vertically truncate. Membratmm
tympani very small, externally invisible ; ostia pharyngea exceedingly
minute. Tongue large, oval, extensively free. Parotoids superior,
broadly oval in form. Upper surfaces covered with large tubercles;
inferior surfaces areolate. Limbs stout, especially the tarsus, which
bears a longitudinal fold. The heel reaches to the middle of the par-
otoid gland, aud the toes are only webbed at the base." The palmar
and solar tubercles are yellow, aud the warts of the body tipped with
red; size small.

There is a direct relation between the climatic conditions of the regions
and the forms of this species which inhabit them. It is well known that
the degree of humidity of the Pacific region increases rapidly as we pass
from south to north. The southern part of the region inhabited by
this toad is quite arid, and the oi)portunity for aquatic life must be
limited. Accordingly the natatory web of the hinder foot is reduced.
In the si)ecimens from the rainy north the web is much larger and the
colors arc darker. This increase of pigment is confirmatory of J. A.

I HE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

271

Allen's liy[>otbesis, based on observations made on mammalia and birds,
that dark [»igment increases with increase of humidity.

In its eastern distribution this species is not known to pass the limits
of the Rocky Mountains. Capt. Charles Bendire, U. S. Army, has sent
it from Fort Walla Walla, Wash. Ter., and I took it at Atlanta, Idaho,
the most eastern locality known. It is abundant throughout the entire
lake region of Oregon.

It is especially numerous at Klamath Lake, where it covers the ba
saltic blocks which lie partially in the water, concealed by the Typhis,
which grow from the bottom. They accumulate there in large piles,
sometimes as large as a bushel measure, and afford abundant food for the
Eut;\3ni;e, which arc scarcely less abundant. I saw one specimen of this
toad as large as the average Bufo marinus of Brazil, and a specimen
seen at Warner's Lake, Oregon, was but little smaller.

Bufo columbiensis Baird.
KESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue

No. of

uutubor.

spec.

2570

1

4104

6

4075

5

2(i28

1

4792

1

2577

1

2574

10

2590

1

2581

1

258G

2

2589

2

2585

1

2581

1

9465

C

8691

1

8678

10

8696

1

8695

1

8681

10

11941

1

lyoos

2

9941

1

11535

1

11921

1

11922

5

11942

8

7016

1

11953

12

11505

1

9636

2

11923

1

9950

1

11516

1

10920

9

8655

1

11500

2

11742

1

8506

6

2573

1

11519

1

6278

5

7144

o

11946

7

2578

1

4568

12

4194

■>

13793

1

13794

1

Locality.

Medicine Bow Creek

Culiinibia River, Oreg. ..
Chilowyucli Lake, Oreg

Fort Uiupqua, Ores .

Simaliuioo Hay, Wash . . .
Shoalwater Bay, Oreg . . .
Gape Flattery, Wash....

Monterey, Cal ,

Sau Diego, Cal

<lo

Benicia, Cal

San Uiego, Cal

Presidio, Cal

Fort TeJ oil, Cal

Santa Barbara, Cal

do

Lake Talioe, Cal

Viigiuia City, Nov

Lake Tahoe,' Cal

Des Cliutes River, Oreg

Sau Diego, Cal

Shoslionc Lake

Monterey, <'dl

Northern boundary

Oregon

Simalimoo Bay, Wash ...

Fort Tc^on, (i.il

Fort Walla Walla, Wash.

South Park, Ctdo

Northern boundary

Iowa

Kewakin Vallev.

Fort Walla Walla, Wash

Utah

Camp Bidwell, Cal

Upper Humboldt Valley.

Ciittenden, Ariz.

Shoalwater Bay, Wa;8h . .
{>■)■

Clark's Forks, Kootenay

River.

Fort Crook. Cal

Bidwell. Cal

Upper Pit River, Cal

Fort Tojon, Cal

Fort Bridgcr, Utah

Baird, Shasta Countv,

Cal.
do

When
collected.

July— ,1875

July— 1875

1876

1875

Aug.— ,1876

1878

From whom received.

Dr. W. A . Hammond . . .

H. B. Mollhansen

Dr. C. B. K. Kouuerly ..
Dr. E.Vollum, U.S.A..
Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly .
Dr. J. G. Cooper

1874

1878

1881
'i874

1878
1881

1878
1867

1884

A. S. Taylor

Dr. J. L. Lo Con to

Dr. Thomas Wt-bb

Dr. J. L. Lb Otnte

Dr. Thomas Woi)b

Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge,
U. S. A.

J. Xantus

H. W. Henshaw

....do

-..- do

Wil'.i.am Seckcls

U. W. H.nshaw

do

C.R.Orcutt

Dr. Curtis

(0

Jordan

Dr. E. Coues

H. W^ ritMishaw

C. B. R. Kennerly

John Xantus

Capt. Charles Bendire ...

J. r. Rothrock

Dr. E. Coues

R. Kennicott

H. W. Henshaw

(/'apt. Chailes Bendire . . .

Dr. H.C. Yarrow

H.W. Henshaw

Robert Ridgwav

J. M. Rutter ...'

Dr. J. G. Cooper

(?)

C. B. R. Kennerly

D. F. Parkinson
H W. Her.shaw .
J. S. Newberry..

J. De Vesey

('. Drexler

('. H. Towusend.

do

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Bo.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

272 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BUFO COMPACTILIS Wiegru.

Isis, 1833, l^. GGl ; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 18B3, p. ti'J, iiiid 1873, p. (;->4 ;
Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Biit. Mm., p. 302.

BkJ'o KpcciositK Girartl, Proceed. Ac. Pbila., 1854, p. 8(j, uiulU. S. Mex. Buiiiul. Siirv. ii,

p. 2C>, PL 40, lig. 5-10.
Jiitfo aiiDiiKilus Guiitli., Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Miis., 18(!8, p. 57.
JiiiJ'u hvifrons Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom, (7), i, p. 187.
DromopJi'ctni^ anomaJiis Canierano, Atti. Ace. Tor., xiv, p. 882.

Head moderate ; its upper siirfUce smooth and even, else showing-
slight traces of superciliary ridges. Snout much shorter than length of
orbit, subtruncated and rounded ; nostrils subterminal. Mouth large;
upper Jaw slightly emarginated. Tongue more widely oval than usual
iu the genus : flat ; free posteriorly for the fourth of its length. A sub-
gular vocal bladder in the male sex. Tympanum distinct, of medium
size. Parotoids one-half length of eye-fissure, rather small, oval, not
reaching orbit. Limbs of moderate development, end of tarsus reach-
ing tympanum. First finger much longer than the second, which is
equal to the fourth. A large subcircular carpal disk. Toes semipal-
mated, leaving two and a half phalanges of the fourth toe free. Two
metatarsal spade-shaped i^rocesses, the innermost being much the
largest, both furnished with a black cutting edge. Inner lower edge of
the tarsus acute, not incurved. Skin above covered with numerous and
closely placed papillae of moderate development, and indistinctly are-
olated beneath ; no large gland on tibia. Color above greenish-brown,
with or without a few brown spots ; no dorsal lighter vitta or streak.
Beneath greenish or yellowish-white, unicolor.

Fig. 65. Bufo compactiUs. No. 2608. Einggolil Barracks, Tex. ; \.

Measuremcntti of No. 2627.

M.

Leugth of head aud body ^'''^

Leugtli of head to posterior edges of membrauum ty inpani 010

Width of head at posterior edges of membranuni tympani 024

Leugth of anterior limb from axilla - • 038

Length of posterior limb from groin "GO

Length of tibia 0^5

Length of tarsus "lo

Length of rest of foot ^'^

THE lUTRACHIA CF NORTH AMERICA.

273

The above measurements of the posterior leg show tliat the greater
part of the femur is embraced ia the iutegument of the body.

TJiis toad has very much the appearance of one of the Scaphiopidre,
and it is not unlikely that its habits are, like theirs, subterranean.

The specimen figured as Btifo specios\is by Baird in the Report of the
Mexican Boundary Survey (No, 2G11), from Pesquiera, in Nuevo Leon
is not typical of the B. compactilis. It has feeble traces of the crania
crests of the Bufo cognatus, and some large brown dorsal spots not found
in other specimens. Three specimens from Kansas (31)94:) possess similar
rudimeutal crests, and a fifth specimen of the same character was sent
me from the Wichita Eiver, in central northern Texas, by Jacob Boll.
These specimens foreshadow the characters of the Bufo cognatus, while
not approaching it in the development of the cranial crests. In the
Dallas specimen the dorsal spots are of medium size, while in those
from Kansas they are very small or wanting. I suspect that the cranial
characters belong to a race which ranges i'arther north than the true
Bitfo compactilis, which may at some time be regarded as a subspecies,
under the name of B. comimctUis speciosus. The true B. compactilis
occurs in southwestern Texas, and ranges as far south in Mexico as
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Bttfo conqxictilis Wiegm.
inOSKliVE SERIES.

CatiilciRuc

N.

.of

uuiiibcr.

SI

ec.

2C52
2054
2fil2

2
5
1

2C09
21)27

3

1

2011

1

2010

1

2008
lU'.a
2027

41)04

1
1
1

2

Locality.

AVheii
collected.

Indianola.Tcx

Kiiciuella

liotweou Salado River
audCainaii;o.

I'oiiit Isabel

Fort IMiss, N. Mex

I'osciiiieria Giaudo, N.

Leou.
Brownsville, Tex

Rin^yolil IJairacks, Tex.
Te.\as

Alataiiioro.s, Mexico

Kansas ,

l'eeo3 River, Texaa .

From wLoiu received.

Nature of
speclmeu.

Capt. Jolui Pope, U.S.A.. Alcoholic.

Dr. Tlioiiias Webb | Do.

.A.Schott Uo.

G. Wurdoniaiin

Dr. S.W. Crawford, U. S.

A.
Lieut. B. Couch, U.S.A...

Capt. Stewart Van Vliet,
U. S. A .

A.Scbott

Gcor'^o B. Senuett

Liout. B. Couch, U. S. A . . .

R. Kennicott

Capt. J.Poi)o

Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

BUFO HEMTOPHRYS Cope.
Proceed. Auier. Pbilo.soph. Soc. 1887, p. 515.

Superciliary crests not distinct on the muzzle, parallel, nearly straight,
terminating abruptly posteriorly in a transverse elevation. The latter
nieeton amiddleline, form iiig a transverse ridge, with an abrupt descent
to the nape. Externally tliey extend but a short distance, leaving no
representations of the postorbital ridges except a few tubercles in one
or two of the specimens. A small supratympanic tuberosity. No pre-
orbital ridge. JNInz/le vertical at end; nostrils terminal. JMembranum
tympani a vertical oval, two-thirds the diameter of the eye, Parotoid
1931— Bull 31 18

274 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

gland a narrow oval. Dermal tubercles distinguished by their smill
size and prominence. They form several rows on the back and exter-
nal face of the tibia. At all other points the skin is closely areolated,
the areolae frequently acutely prominent, especially on the superior
face of the tibia and on the sides. The heel of the extended hind leg
reaches to the posterior border of the orbit. The posterior foot is wider
than in the B. lentiginosus, though not relatively shorter. The web is
excavated to the line of the middle of the fourth (first) phalange. The
metatarsal tubercles are especially large. The internal is very wide and
j)romineut, and has an extensive acute edge; the external is much
smaller, but it also has a free cutting edge transverse to the length of
the tarsus. The length of the head to the position of the postorbital
crests enters the total (to the vent) four and a half times.

The color is brown, marked on the back with a median j'ellowish
line, and two or three rows of brown spots of median size on each side
of it. These spots have one or two tubercles for their center pieces,
which arc more reddish than the rest of the spot. There are two brown
spots on the upper lip and one below the tympanum. A large spot ex-
tends from below the parotoid gland to near the front of the humerus.
Posterior to this, with a light interval, there extends a longitudinal
deep brown band, which extends, with interruptions, to the groin. Be-
low this on the sides are other dark browu bands, which forma more or
less reticulate pattern. The limbs and posterior feet have dark brown
cross-bands, and there is a very coarse dark brown reticulation of
brown or brownish-yellow on the posterior face of the femur. The belly
is more or less black spotted; throat immaculate.

Fig. 66. Bu/o hemiophrys. No. 11927. Northern Montana ; \.

Measurements of No. ll'J'27.

M.

Length of head and body 0r»9

Length of head to iiosterior edge of niembranum tyiupaui 015

Width of head at posterior edges of membranuiu tympaui 023

Length of anterior limb 034

Length of anterior foot 014

Length of posterior limb 0(i8

Length of tibia - 020

Length of tarsus 010

Length of rest of foot 025

THE BATRACIUA OF NORTH AMERICA. 275

lic'sides the peculiarities of the head crests and metatarsal shovels,
tills species ditlers from most of the other North American species in
having- the belly spotted.

No. 111)27; 7 specimens; northern boundary United States, Mon-
tana; 1S7-1 ; Dr. E. Cones.

Of the above specimens four are adult or nearly so, and three are
half grown.

IJUFO COGNATUS Saj'.

Long's Expedition to the Kocky Mountains, ii, l&2^, p. 11)0; Ilolbr,
N, A. Ilcrp., V. 184-i, p. 21, PI. v. ; Ikl., & Gird., Marcy'n Report,
1853, p. 242, PI. II; Repoit U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv., x, Whipple's
Report, p. 44, PI. xxvi.

Bitfo (?/j*/(7«i(.s' Coi)o, American Natnralist, xiii, p. 437; l{onlen<^er. Cat. lirit.
Mas., 1662, p. 308.

Head short, one-fifth the total, measured over the dorsal convexity ;
wide, and with muzzle descending steeply. The descent commences
between the anterior part of the orbits, sloping to opposite the nares,
below which it retreats a little within the per[»endicnlar to the upper
lil). The entire prefrontal region to a point which measures the ante-
rior third of the orbit projects as a tlat boss or protuberance. The
superciliary ridges of the frontoparietal bones originate from the poste-
rior side of this, and diverge rapidlj', passing by a regular curve or a
very open angle into the postfrontal ridge. At the point of junction
there is on the inner side an angular tuberosity, which represents the
continuation of the superciliary ridge. There is no disposition to the
connection of these angles acros.s the middle line or the filling up of the
included groove, as is seen in />. hcmiopkrys, B. IcntujhwHus icoodhousi,
etc. The prefontal boss forms an elevation along the front of the orbit,
but not a distinct crest. Supratym[)anic crest rei)reseiited by an angle
only. Membranum tym[)ani a vertical oval, (]uite distinct, its long
diameter one-half that of the orbit, sometimes one third. Owing to the
elevated form of the mu/zle, the nostril marks a jjoiuthalf way between
its summit and the edge of the upi)er lip, and the eye-fissure runs ob-
liquely downwards and forwards.

The parotoid glands are short and wide, generally a short oval in
form, at other times subtriangular. The dorsal integument is covered
with very numerous closely i)laced small tubercles, which continue, with
diminished dimensions, on the sides and lower surfaces everywhere.
No large glands intermixed. First finger a little longer than second.
Toes webbed, the web reaching the middle of the fourth (first) pha-
lange. Sole wide, width at second toe inclusive, one-half of length
from between metatarsal tubercles. The latter are large, the internal
extensively free and ])resenting a wide cutting edge. The external is
larger than usual and wide, with a free cutting edge. The subarticnlar
tubercles are small. On the fourth toe they are sometimes double.

276 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measuremints of No. 11578.

M.

Leugtli of head and body 084

Leugtli of bead to posterior edges of tympana 012

Width of Jiead to posterior edges of tympaua 038

Length of fore-leg 044

Length of fore-foot 021

Length of hind foot from groin 091

Length of tibia 030

Length of tarsus 020

Length of rest of foot 031

The above ineasuremeDts of the hind foot leave only 10"'". for the
femur, measured from the groin. This is due to the fact that that seg-
ment is almost entirely included in the integument of the body, and
much more extensively than in any other North American species. The
tarsometatarsal joint reaches to the orbit when the hind leg is extended.

Fig. 07. Bufo cognahis. From Baird, TJ S. Mex. Boundary Sarvej.

The body is dusky brown above, and is covered with small black
warts, which are most numerous and prominent near the sides. A
yellowish-brown vertebral line extends from the head to the rump, from
which proceed oblique lateral lines of the same color. The first oblique
lateral line begins at the head and runs to the side behind the shoulder;
the second begins near the middle of the back by two branches, which
soon unite and run to the groin ; a third line begins still farther back,
and extends to the hips.

The abdomen is dingy yellowish-white. The anterior extremities are

THE BATRACIIIA OF NOIiTH AMERICA.

277

dusky brown above aiul dingy wliite below. The posterior exlreniities
are colored, like the back above, witU bars of yellowish brown, and arc
dingy white below.

After a study of the numerous specimens in the collection of the Na-
tional Museum, I am convinced that this species is entitled to full recog-
nition. The differences from the B. Icntiginosiis, its nearest ally, arc
numerous. These include the form of the cranial crests, the shape of the
parotoid glands, and the development of the metatarsal spurs. It is also
easily recognizable by the coloration.

Wiiat I believe to be a large young specimen of this species served
as the type of my Bufo dipternus. Although an inch and a half long,
this individual had not developed a trace of the cranial crests. The
dorsal spots also are smaller than in any specimen I have Seen. I ob-
tained two other specimens of about the size of the tj'pe and three
smaller ones near the Judith liiver, Montana.

This is chiefly a species of the plains; but it extends into the Rocky
Mountains also.

Bufo cognatus Say.
RESERVE SERIES.

CataloKiie

No. of

number.

spec.

4183

2

4300

8

2-)03

1

2r.(i2

1

25GI

")

2(!3.-i

10

2507

1

5234

1

2.564

2

2560

e

8507

2

4026

1

9429

1

9428

1

2565

3

9170

1

4180

2

ll.'-|78

8

9450

1

Locality.

Colorado Rivci-

Wlion
collected.

Pole Creek, Ark July 9, 1857

Red River, Ark

Fort Pierre, Nebr i

Salt Plains j

Fort Riley, Kans

Kansas

Coaliuila, Mexico ..

Sand Hills

Fort Garland, Colo .
Nebraska

Fort Garland, Colo ,

Little Blue River, Kans

Kalston, Ariz, ,

Near Colorado River. ..
Fort Kearny, Nebr . ...
California. !

1853

July 23, 1873

1877

From whom received.

Mollhauscn

Dr. Webb

W.S.Wood

Capt. R. B. Marcy

Dr. Evans

J.H.Clark

Dr. W. A. Hammond, TJ.

S.A.

R. Kennicott

Lieut. B. Couch, D. S. A. .

Dr.F.V.Hayden

H. AV.Hensliaw

Capt. J. H. Simpson, U. S.

A.

Dr.J.G. Cooper. ...
Dr. C. G. Newberry

do :.

W.S.Wood

Dr. J. G. Cooper ...

Nature of
specimen.

Alcobolic.

Young.

Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

BUFO LENTIGINOSUS Sbaw.

Zoology, 1803, hi, i, p. 173, tab. Liii ; Giiiitli. Cat. Ratr. Sal. Brit. Miis.,
1808, p. 03; Cope Check Li.st Batr. Kept. N. Am. 1875, p. 29, p.arto
mnj. ; Boiilen<>er, 2a cd., Catal. Batr. Sal. Brit. Miis.,1882, p. 308.

Cranium with distinct osseous crests, which form straight lines, one
over each orbit, which is continued posterior to it for a short distance.
A postorbital crest extends at right angles to the supraorbital, and pre-
sents an obtuse angle or a short ridge posteriorly at the superior border
of the tympanic disk. No considerable crest directed inwara.s from the

278 BULLETIN 31, TTNITI-D STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

oxtrcinicy of tlie supraorbital. Tyinpanic disk distinct ; vertically oval
in form; its long- diameter two-thirds that oi' tlie orbit, i'arotoid j^hind
elongate, with oval eiitremities; not angnlate nor descending on the
sides of the body. Dorsal derm studded with rather small round warts.
Surfaces of limbs and lower parts everywhere strongly granular. First
finger a little longer than second. Toes webbed, the membrane emargi-
nate to opposite the middle of the fourth (lirst) phalange, leaving the
distal phalanges with a dermal margin only. Metatarsal tubercles two;
the internal large, narrowed, and with a short free cutting edge; the
external small and without cutting edge. The length of the head to the
posterior extremity of the longitudinal crests enters the total length
from three and a half to five times^ , differing in the subspecies.

The color of the species is brown above, with darker brown subround
dorsal spots with pale edges and of moderate size, arranged in from
two to four rows on each side of the middle line. The latter is generally
marked by a more or less distinct pale streak. There is frequently, but
not always, a dark brown lateral shade, which commences below the
posterior end of the parotoid gland, and has a pale superior, but no dis-
tinct inferior border. It may be broken in to spots. The limbs are brown,
cross-banded, and the inferior surfaces are pale yellow, w^hich is very
rarely dark spotted, and then only on the thorax.

The size varies from three to five inches in length of head aiul body.

In its distribution this species is one of the inost widely ditfused of
the cold-blooded vertebrates of North America, and as such i)rosonts
several strongly marked geographical subspecies which have been re-
garded as species. That the latter view can not be maintained is evi-
dent from the existence of a small minority of individuals in which the
features of the respective types are found to be wanting or mingled.
The persistence of these forms is, however, so evident, that they should
take distinct rank in our system. Their definitions are as follows :

Frontoparietal crests ai)pi'oxiiiKite<l, parallel, not produced ; postorbital crests lonj?;
no supratympanic crest ; head 4 to 4.5 times in length 11. I. Joirlcri.

Frontoparietal crests parallel, not well distinguished posteriorly on account (if the
abrupt elevation of the occiput; postorbitals long; no supratyini»ntiic; head 4.5
to 5 times /;. /. woodlionsci.

Frontoparietal crests divergent, not much produced, and well distingui.shcd behind;
postorbitals short; supratympanic wanting oi' .short; head 4 to 4.") times in
length /;. /. (im(rica)i'its.

Frontoparietal crests divergent, produced into a knob behiinl tlie shorl postcu'bitals;
supratympanic well developed; head 3.5 to 4 times in length.. ./.'. /. loiHi/hiDsiis.

The B. I. americanus is the central form from which the otliers radiate.
The B. I. lentigmosus, as the characteristic type of the Austroriparian
region, has characters most divergent troni the otlier.-^. The peculiar
form B. l.fowleri of the Northeast is connected with the otiier tyi)es by
the B. L tvoodhousei of the Rocky Mountains. The latter is the most
difticult to separate fiom tlic east<'rn B. L americanus, though its typ-
ical representatives ar(^ (piite distinct.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTFI AMERICA. 279

Bufo lenliglnoKm Joivleri rutiiain.
MSS., Cope, Check List N. Aiii(>r. Batr. and Kcplil. 1875, p. 29. (name only).

This animal, like the B. 1. tcoodhousci, is distinguished by the gradnal
and steep elevation of its cranial crests and lack of snpratynipanic
ridge. It differs from it in the approximation and posterior continence
of these ridges, the greater breadth of the parotoids, and in coloration.
Sni)raorbital ridges elevated, rising posteriorly close together, parallel
or convergent behind, inclosing a frontoparietal gutter ; postorbital
ridges curved backward; no parietal tubercle, but a cross ridge or me-
dian elevation; no supratympanic ridge. Caiithus rostralis very ob-
tuse, a central groove on toi) of muzzle ; premaxillary mnrgin retreating.
A i)reorbital ridge; supraorbitals high, thin, sometimes divergent a
little in the middle; then convergent again, prolonged a little beyond
])ostorbital, and connected by a lower transverse ridge. Postorbital
curved backwards to meet the parotoid ; latter elongate-oval, as long
as vertical groove to nares. Nostrils equidistant from eye slit and la-
bial nuirgin ; latter nowhere produced. Tympanum distinct, half orbit.
Muzzle to middle of extended fore-arm; heel beyond rauzzle; meta-
tarsal shovel strong, narrow; outer tubercle minute. Toes half webbed,
width of sole at second toe one-third length from outer tubercle. Choana3
and ostiapharyngea equal. Color grayish olive, sometimes quite bright,
with a yellowish vertebral line from the end of the muzzle. Six spots of
six pairs on each side of this ; two pairs superciliary, one nuchal and three
dorsal, all elongate, deep brown, yellow margined. Three from orbit;
one below, two behind, the superior above tympanum, deep brown, yel-
low edged. Below, dirty white; throat of male in spring black; sides
behind and femora marbled with yellow on blackish ground. Length
of head to postorbital crest 4§ in total length ; latter equal 2 inches G
lines. Elevation of cranium C.7 lines. Fore limb 1 inch 8 lines; hind
limb 3 inches 5 lines, femur half included.

This subspecies is so far known only as a native of a few ponds in
northeastern Massachusetts near the town of Danvers. Such a limited
distribution for a land vertebrate is remarkable, as is also the fact of
its having so long remained without introduction to science. It has
been known and noticed by scieutitic men of the neighborhood, it seems,
for twenty years. I append a letter of its only historian, S. P. Fowler,
to my friend F. W. Putnam, whose name the latter has conferred on it.

Among eighteen specimens of this subspecies forwarded to me by
the Essex Institute of Salem, one female exhibits widely separated su-
perciliary ridges; in a nineteenth, from New Harmony, Ind., the ridges
are a little more divergent and less ascending, with scarce a trace of
the median supraparietal elevation. A speoimen of the var. America-
nus from Nebraska approximates sufficiently closely to the last speci-
men to indicate that the Fowled can not be regarded as under all cir-
cumstances separate or be accorded full speciQc rank.

280 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bufo lentiginosus fowleri Putnam.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
nurabcr.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature ol
specimen.

10fi85

1
1
1

Danvers, Mass

Prof. F. W. Putnam

do

10886

do

Do.

10887

do

do

Bo.

Fig. 68. linfo lentiginosus fowleri, Putn. 10888. Danvers, Mass.; \.

Mr. S. P. Fowler, of Danvers, Mass.,after whom this iDterestiiig toad
was named, makes the following statem-ent in regard to the habits of
B. lentiginosus fowleri^ in a letter to Prof. F. W. Putnam, who has kindly
allowed me to make the following extract from it:

"In regard to its habits I would say I have never been able as yet to
discover it except in warm summer evenings when the thermometer is
not below 00°. In cool evenings they are not to be seen at all and are
perfectly silent. When first observed in the early part of the evening
they may be seen making their way through the grass and over the
grounds adjacent to the pond, and when it is reached, which is usually
about dark, they commence their singular note, which the late Dr.
Nichols thought was amatory, and which he described as a shrill mon-
otone, continued a second or more in a high falsetto voice, thrice as
long and more trilling than the voice of Pickering's Hyla, I agree
with Dr. Nichols in regard to the croak of this toad, excepting the trill,
there being no trill to this reptile's note, such as we notice in the common
toad, frequently long continued, and which seems to mark this species.
I would here say I have heard the note of one toad in the grass some
distance from the pond. To my ear this croak is a sharp, disagreeable,
unearthly screetch, difficult to describe, as it is unlike any sound I have
ever heard uttered. I have heard people who live near this pond (Judge
Putnam's) say that they thoughtit resembled in a warm summer's night
(when they are most active and numerous) the whoop of a party of
Indians, and that they have heard their screeching during the whole
night. That their note is amatory I have at present some doubt, as it
is continued through the warm season of the year. I first noticed these
toads the present season at Judge Putnam's pond, in the evening of
20th of May, when I took several of them. I have not as yet been able

THE BATRACHI/. OF NORTH AMERICA. 281

to fliid what I cousieler their spawn, uor have I seeu any copulation
umong these toads, so often noticed among the common species. I have
seeu them in this pond as late in the season as the last of August.
There are several ponds in the vicinity of the judge's pond, but they
are not visited by these toads, but I have seen them in small numbers
in clay pits. I have a pond in my grounds that swarms in May with
the common toad, but is never visited by the one under consideration.
I have not noticed the common toad around this pond, butl now intend
to make a search for it. In answer to your question, ' What length of
time have these toads been observed in this pond?' I would say I have
noticed them in this pond thirty-five years. In regard to their food, I
think it is different from that of the common toad, as they will not eat
earth-worms, but feed readily upon flies. This habit I have noticed, as
well as my brother Augustus, he having kept them for some months for
the purpose of painting them, and who has furnished me with several
figures of this reptile in different attitudes. I have noticed when these
toads are held in the hand they make a chirping noise, and when a
dozen or more are confined together they make considerable noise.
Perhaps the same may be noticed in the common toad during the breed-
ing season. It is very singular that those I sent you were all males ;
they were all croakers, that is certain, for by their note I was led to
know where to take them in the dark. I have always been puzzled to
know why tiiese toads visit this pond during the whole warm season.
So far as I have been able to judge it is for the sole purpose of croak-
ing, for they do nothing else, or to wet tlieir skins. The common
toad is found everywhere, and breeds in all the still and quiet waters
in the country, whereas this supposed new species is discovered in a
very few ])oiuls, and is comparatively scarce. I have thought that
this toad was of a more spare habit, if I may so speak — not so heavy or
corpulent as the common toad, more active, as much so as the frog, and
full as difficult to catch. I think there is more uniformity of size and
color than we see in the common toads. 1 do not recollect in the great
numbers I have examined to have seeu a small one or one differing in
color from another. The difference in size and color is very great
amongst our common toads. I have said in the vicinity of this pond I
have IVeipiently heard their note some distance from the water at the
same time otiiers were croaking in the pond. I have never observed
this anywhere else in my walks in the evening."

Biifo lentiginosus woodhousci B. & G.

Bnfo woodlioiixcl G'wiixA, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, 8G; B.aird, U. S. Piic. R. R. Repts.

I). 44, PI. XXV, lig. 1.
Jiiifofronlo.Hx Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 18GG, p. ^501 ; Ropt. Expl. U. S. Siirv. W. of
100 Mi-i-., G. M. Wheeler, 1877, v, p. MO, 627.
Tiiis subspecies ma^^ be readily distinguished by its short head with
thickened crests elevated posteriorly. It roaches a larger size than
cither of the other subspecies of the Bufo leniiginosus.

282 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The cautbus rostralis uot marked, the muzzle descciKling very steeply
from the anterior augles of the orbits, shorter than the elevated perpen-
dicular extremity. Frontal ridges thickened, frequently partially tilling
the median groove, higher than eyelids, and rising steeply backwards,
where they terminate in two short convergent tuberosities, with inte-
rior crenations. Occiput generally raised above the nape ; postocular
ridge equally developed, sending a small angle to the anterior acumi-
nate extremity of the jiarotoids. Elevation of cranium at parietal tuber-
cle equal to length of same from the same point. Eyes large ; tympa-
num distinct; half eye; parotoid narrow, long, acuminate at both ends.
Elbow to anterior margin of orbit ; heel to end of muzzle. Skin every-
where with numerous small tubercles ; soles rough; toes half webbed,
as in the other subspecies. The internal metatarsal tubercle is dis-
tinctly larger, i. e., wider, than in the other subspecies, almost equaling
tliat of the B. cognatus. The external tubercle is also larger than in
the other forms, but it never possesses a free cutting edge as it does in
the B. cognatus. T!ie relative shortness of the head is expressed by the
measurement, one-tifth the length of the head and body. This charac-
ter is, however, not constant. Thus in the typical specimens of the spe-
cies (No. 2G32, Canadian Eiver)the head enters 4.66 times into the length.
The same is true of Nos. 14526 and 10195. In Nos. 41S5 and 2646 the
head enters the length 4.5 times. In young specimens, as is usual, the
specific characters are not well marked, and the head is one-fourth the
length. This peculiarity is retained in a specimen, (No. 14,538) from
Saint Thomas, Nev., which is 3 inches in length. An exceptional state
of alfiiirs is seen in two large specimens (No. 2651) from the head of the
Loup Fork River, Nebraska. The head is one fifth the total length,
and the supraorbital crests are parallel, as in typical specimens; but
the crests are well separated by a deep gutter behind, whose bottom is
not raised above the nape in the usual manner.

Brown above, Avith pale vertebral line and three pairs of deep-brown
medium-sized spots, with paler centers. Sides and li[)s with small
brown spots. Femur and tibia with one indistinct brown cross-bar
each. Below uniform yellow. The thoracic region is sometimes black
speckled.

This is the Rocky Mountain species, as B. cognatus is the species of
the plains. Its range does not appear to extend beyond the boundaries
of the United States. Its transition to the B. I. americanus is easily
perceived in seven specimens collected at Pike's Peak by John Yarrow.
One of these is a true B. I. icoodhousei, while the other six can not be
separated from the B. I. americanus. Dr. Hallowell described a toad
under the name of ^. dorsalis in Sitgreaves' report on the expedition to
Zuni and the Colorado River, p. 142, PI. 19. There is nothing in the de-
scription nor in the figure to enable us to ascertain what species or sub-
species is represented. Ther evidence is as much in favor of the speci-
men having been a B. I, americanus as a B. I. woodhousei, and no lo-

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

283

cality is given to assist in reacliing a conclusion. The type specimen
can not bo found. Tlie name B./rontosus Cope applies to this species ; a
duplication which resulted from the fact that the original specimen is
half grown and not typical of the species, and that the original descrip-
tion does not allude to its true characters.

Fig. 69. Bufu Icnttginosus ivoodhousei. From Baiid, D. S. Mex. Bound. Survey; \.
Measurements of No. 5243.

Length of head and body

Width of liead at posterior edges of niembranum tympani
Length of lic.id to [lostcrior edges of nieuibraniini tynipaui.

Length of fore limb

Length of fore-foot

Length of hiiul limb to groin ,

Ler^gth of tibia,

Length of tar.sns

Length of remainder of foot

M.

.098

. 0:^5

.020
.054
.023
.103
.037
.023
.040

284

BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lUiJ'o lenrKjiiiositN wooilliou.sci Bd. Sl, Gird.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.

8504

1

80K.i

3

8161

2

8505

2

85-18

1

818G

3

50(i8

1

9278

2

9713

1

10195

1

2535

2

4185

1

5243

3

4195

1

2.531

1

2G4G

1

2632

1

8547

1

14526

1

14538

1

2631

2

7012

1

4184

2

2552

2

Locality.

Colorado Spring.s, Colo ..

Eastern Utah

Fairfield, Utah

Camp Apache, Ariz

do

Utah

Kansas

Yellowstone River

New Mexico

White River C a n o u ,

Ariz.

Yellowstone River

Fort Detianco, N. Mcx. . .
Cantonment Biirgwyn,

N. Mex.

Pl.atto Valley

Calif. Mountains, Mexico

Near Antelope Hills

Canadian River

New Mexico

Fort Custer, Mont

Saint Thomas, Nev

Swamps on Loup Fork,
Nohr.

Athabasca River

Upper Colorado region .
Fort Laramie, Nebr

When
collected.

July — . 1874

1872

1871

Aug. — , 1873

Aug. — , 1S74

1872

Sept. 10, 1873
1875

— , 1885

From whom received.

John Yario w

Dr. H. C. Yarrow

...do

II. AY. Henshaw

J. M. Ruttcr

Exped. W. of 100th Mer.

H. "W. Honshaw
Dr. Burr

Dr. Hayden

II. 3. Mollhausen . .
Captain Anderson.

Dr. C. Drexler

Dr. S. W. AVoodhouse

H. B. Mollhausen

do

Dr. O. Loew

Capt. Charles Bcudire, U.
S.A.

Dr.E. Palmer

Dr. Hayden

R. Kennicott

H. B. Mollhausen ,
F.W.Haydon ....

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Ale. type.
Alcoliolic.

Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Bi(fo lentiginosus americanus Lee. *

Cope, Check-List N. Anier. Batr. and Reptil., 1875, p. 29 ; Bonlcnger,
Catal. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mns., 188->, p. 309, fig.

Hiifo americavHS (Leconte) Holbr., N. A. Ilerp. v, v. PI. 4: Dam. & Bibr., p. G95 ;

Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 1856, p. 251 ; Girard, U. S. Me.x;. Bound. Surv., n, p.

25 ; Wied., Nova Acta, xxxii, p. 121.
r,iifo copei Yarrow &Hensbaw, Rep. Reptil. Batr., Expl. W. 100th Mer., 1878, p. 4.

Length of bead to posterior end of cranial crests entering length to
vent four and a half times ; cranial ridges narrow, well marked, not unit-
ing in a prefrontal callosity, uniting with the postorbitals at a right
angle and projecting but little behind them.

Supratympanic ridge wanting or rarely very short. Preorbital not
strong. Parotoids quite elongate, varying a little in breadth. Proflle
a gradual descent from behind, depressed behind prefrontal bones;
muzzle slightly decurved, not projecting; nostril a little nearer orbit
than labial margin. Skin everywhere pustular ; a few larger warts on
each side the vertebral line. Tympnnum distinct, half orbit. Middle of
fore-arm to muzzle ; heel to front of orbit. Metatarsal tubercle promi-
nent, usually narrow; its horny sheath largely blackened; outer tubercle
small. No tarsal fold.

Yellowish or darker brown above, with three or four pairs of deeper,
small, yellow-edged spots on the dorsal region, separated by a light ver-
tebral line which extends from the end of the muzzle; one or two yel-
lowish streaks extend from the parotoid posteriorly on the sides. The
latter and femora behind are finely yellowish marbled on blaclvish
ground. Below dirty yellow; breast frequently black spotted. Length

* Plates 58,59.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

28 3

of an average specimen from Sontli Carolina, 2 inclies 10 lines; end of
mnzzlc to postorbital ridge, 9.2 lines ; of iiarotoid, 7 lines; fore limb, 1
iucli 9.5 lines; bind limb, 3 inches 5 lines; femur one-half included.

Fig. 70. Bttfo Icntigiiwsus amcricanus From Dil. Giiil., TJ. S. Pac. R. It. Siirv., vol. x; }.

In this, as in other Bnfones, the females are larger than the males;
and the latter are usually less variegated in colors.

The B. J. americanus has been regarded b^- some authors as a species
distinct from the B. I lentiginosus; but the examination of a large number
of specimens of both shows that all of the distinctive characters are
evanescent in some individuals. Thus the superciliary crests rise pos-
teriorly in No. 2197 from Minnesota, so as to approximate the typical
Lentiginosus. In some of the specimens of No. 2;'>21, from Charleston,
S. C, the extremities of the crests are not more developed than in No.
2534, from the Platte Eiver, Nebraska. The supratympanic crest is
represented by an angle of the postorbital in the great majority of spec-
imens, but in seventeen specimens the former is quite as distinct as in
numerous specimens of the B. I. lentirjinosm. These belong to Nos. 24S1.
2493, 2472, 2474, 2497, 2557, 5372, and 1006G. Nevertheless, it is true
that the subspecies B. I. amcricanus maintains its characters entirely
witliin the range of the />. I. leritigiiiosm, as is evidenced by specimens
from Prairie Mer Rouge, La. (2557), Milledgeville, Ga. (9430), Monti-
cello, Miss., and elsewhere.

As already described, the parotoid glands of this species are long and
rather narrow. A vaiietal form has them wider and reniform in out-
line. The live individuals which display this character are from north-

286 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

eru localities, viz : No. 2505 from Racine, Wis., and 2507 from Essex
Coanty, N. Y. They are also characterized by the presence of a supra-
tympanic crest and by the coarseness of their tuberculation. They
have no distinct dorsal spots, a dark line round the bases of some of
the tubercles representing them in some individuals.

There are also several color varieties of this subspecies. They are not
unfrequently met with entirely black (var. A), as, for example, from Penn-
sylvania and Michigan. In two or three from the latter region the foot
is as short as in short-footed var. woodhousei ; in one the superciliary
ridges are confluent in a curved transverse ridge. A singular abnor-
mality (No. 2514) (var. B), from Moose River, British America, is distin-
guished by its yellow, orange, or pinkish ground color, with the dorsal
aiid lateral spots conflucjit into longitudinal bands more or less broken ;
warts pink tipped; average size below typical; skin smoother. On
this variety was proposed the Bu/o copei of Yarrow and Henshaw.

Var. C. — A yellow ground with broad brown bands, having only yel-
low lines running outwardly and posteriorly ; on top of these the usual
brown spots are well distinguished. The cranial ridges are higher,
thicker, and more nearly parallel than usual. Specimens are of large
size; they are from South Fork of the Yellowstone, Nebraska. Total
length, 4 inches 1 line ; length from end of muzzle to postorbital ridge,
11.5 lines.

Habitat. — Southeastern Labrador, Packard, Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., 18GG ; Moose River, British America, Brcxier; South Fork Yel-
lowstone, Hayden-, Kansas, Hallowell, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
185G, 251, and the Eastern and Austroriparian regions of North Amer-
ica generally.

Dwellers in the country are familiar with the voice of this species
in the early spring, which is the season of the deposit of eggs. These
are laid inclosed in a long, thick- walled tube of transparent albumen,
secreted by tlie walls of the oviducts. These tubes lie in long spiral
strings on the bottoms of the jionds where they are deposited. The
young hatch out early, and are of a darker color than those of others of
our Salientia. They retain the dark color till near the time of the com-
pletion of the metamorphosis. This takes place at an earlier date than
that of the Rana3, and the completed young are scarcely as large as
those of the Hyla? or of the Scaphiopus. The voice of this species
may be heard well into the summer. It is a sonorous ur-r-r-r-r r, which
may be readily imitated by whistling while one utters a deep-toned
vocal sound expressed in the above letters. Individuals differ in the
pitch of their notes, but a chorus of them has a weird sound well befit-
ting the generally remote spots where they congregate, and the dark-
ness of the hour. When not thus engaged, they often take up their
abode beneath the doorstep of the former's house, and issue in the even-
ing to secure their insect food. They progress by hops, and only walk
on very rare occasions.

THE liATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

287

linfo kntiginoHus americanus Le C.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
number.

2482
2505
257
2480
8312
2479
7H43
2J15
8307
2492
2470
2487
2518
2557
25^)4
24 CG
2493
2483
2521
2470
2474
2:i0:i
2C30
2527
2510
2555
2558
2495
2403
2408
2504
2485
2498
2512
25:)C
2053
2507
2194
4782
2481

2490
2497
5372
85(13
2533
2510
2534

9i:o

24X0
25.'. J
0425
2472
491G
4801 ,
9473
8971 I
9280 i
0298 I
8055 '■

Ko. of
spec.

Locality.

Root River, "^Vis

llacinn, Wis

Koi-t Laramie, Wyo. ..

Saloni, N. U .....'

Kinston.N. C

JacltHoii Coiiiitv, NO. . .

Wnsliingtou, 1). C

do

do

tlo

Abbovillo, S. C

Auilci'soii, S. U

Cli.ailc.ston, S. C

I'lairio Met Rouge, La..

Now Orloan.s, La

Framinj^ham, Mass

Union County, Mo

Missouri ...

Saint Louis, Mo

Mai ietta, Ohio

Columbus, Obio

llijlbland County, Ohio.

Monlicollo, Miss

Mis.sissippi

Mount Holly, N.J

Maryland .

Fort Smith, Ark

Tyrco Springs, Teun

Fiixbur V, Pa

Philadelphia, Pa

do

Carlisle, Pa

Moadville, Pa

Carli.sln, Pa

Bradfoid Countv, Pa

South Platte ..■-

Essex County, N. Y

Oneida County, N. T

Elizabellitown, N. Y

Aux Plains, 111

Southern Illinois

Western Mis-sissippi. . . .

jilinnosot.a

South of ]Iii;hlands

Plaza del Alraldo, N. M
Liltlc Blue Itis'or, Knns .

Eutaw, Ala

South I'lattc Uiver, Nebr

Mill.-d'Teville, Ga

Carlisle, Pa

Fort Laramie, Nobr

Eastport, Me

lins.scllvillr, Ky

Pearl Kivei', Miss

Nobra.ska ,

do

Wood's Holl, Mas.s

Havre do Grace, Md

Norfolk, Conn

Utah

When col-
lected.

Aprils, 1875

1853

July 14, 1856
June 4, 1870

1872

Juno 14, 1870

Sept.26,1877

1872

From whom received.

Prof.S.F. Baird
Ur. P. K. Hoy ...
Dr. .1. G. CooiXT
J. T. Lineback..

Fitzaor.alil ,

Dr. E. Coues, U. S. A

J. Palmer

Dr. J. B. Barratt . .
Mrs. M. E. Daniels .

Jas. F.airio

N. O. Academy..
Prof.S. F. Baiid.
Dr. P. R. Hoy ...

Dr. George Englemann .

Prof. E. B. Andrews

Prof. L. Lcsquoroux

Miss Helen T unison .

Prof. S.F. Baird...

Stags

Dr.B. F.Shumard.
Prof. R. Owen

J. H. Richard

Prof. S. F. Baird
J. F. Thicksfon .

C. C. Martin

Prof. S.F. Baird.
n. Davis

R. Kennicolt
do

A. L.Riggs

C. Drexler

Dr. n. C. Yarrow .

AV. S. Wood

Prof A. Winchell

W. S. Wood

Knmlien tc Bean..
Prof. S.F. Baird...

U.S.F.C

George Bibb

Mis.s 11. Tn unison

Dr.GeorgoSuckloy.D.S.A

Dr. T. 11. Mean . . .
A. L. Kumlieu ...
A. F. Woo.stcr ...
Dr. H. C. Yarrow.

N a t u r e of
specimen.

Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Larva.
Alcoliolic,

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Larvji.
Alcoliolic.
Larva.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Alcoholic.

Do.
Typo.

GENERAL SERIES.

2519

U
2

S(mth Platte

Dr.W.A.Hamniot.d,D.S.A
CoLB.L.C.Wailes

2.-.02
9174

Washington Co., Miss . . .
(?)

9)37

(?>

91.54

Fort Mohave, Ariz

(?)

April 15, 1862

Dr. J. G. Cooper

9433

9+34

(?)

9135

Camak, Ga

Central Park

1870.

9130

9500

(?)

2.538

July 1,1857.

W.S.Wood

Dr.W.A.Hanimond,U.S.A

2549

South Platte River

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do

288

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bufo leutUjinosus amerivanii-s Le C. — Continued.
GENERAL SERIES— Continued.

Cataloffue

No. of

UUUlbt-T.

spec.

2537

51

2477

2

3700

1

4101

5

4543

4

4370

7

8955

1

8340

1

9314

7

8341

G

25U7

8

13847

1

11485

8

11948

1

lOOUG

1

14519

1

14520

1

5307

7

2489

2

11952

2

8504

7

14175

1

13327

1

11530

1

2515

1

11077

G

4541

1

11500

1

250G

2

2527

1

2504

2

4842

1

1148

1

Locality.

Missi-ssippi River

Uau vera, Mass

( lonter County, Pa

Yellowstone

Fort Riley, Kans

Now Oilean.s, La

Kinston, N. C

Goldsboroiijrli, N. C

Platte Valley

Kinston, N.G

Essex County, N. Y

Hudson's Bay

Wa.slanjiton, D. (J

Wboatlaud, lud

Saint James Pai'isb, La

Gain(vsville, Tox

. ...do

Mooso River, Brit. Am.

Southern Illinois

SouthaiuptouCounty, Va
Colorado .Springs, Col..

01ney,Ill

District of Columbia ..

Chula, Va

Wasbington, D. C

Grand Coteau, La .

Calil'ornia

Saint Louis, Mo ..

Mississippi

Philadelphia, Pa . .

Brooliville, Ga

Pensacola, Ela

Wheij col-
lected.

1884.

1881.
1879

1885,
1885

1874
1874
1885

1879

From whom received.

Col. J. H. Vinighan.
Prof. S. F. Baird ...

Bruy;ser

A. Schott

H. Brandt

J.W.Milncr

H. W. Welstbcr

Dr.W.A.nammond.U.S.A

J.W.Milncr

Prof. S. W. Baird

F. W.alton Hay don

Dr. T. 11. Beaii

Robert Kidg way

O. dela Peicliardiero

G. H. Rafcsdalc

...do

C.Drexler

R. Kennicott

L. Kumlien

John Yarrow

John and Chailes Walker

George Shoemaker

F. n. Gushing

S. F. Baird

(?)

(?)

L. Kumlien

George Engelmaun

D.C.Lloyd

J. Richard

R. Haymond

Jeffries

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

A well-marked variety of this subspecies, or perhaps a distiuct sub-
species, is represented by two specimens from Micanopy, Fla., whicli
were obtained by Dr. Bean. The distinguishing peculiarity consists
in the conversion of the superciliary ridges into flattened thickenings
of the cranium, which meet or nearly meet on the middle line of the
fronto-parietal region. They unite, leaving a faint line to mark the
junction in the larger female, while in the smaller male they form two
beveled surfaces, which unite on the middle lino at an obtuse angle.
Posteriorly they, with the postorbital ridges, have a straight trans-
verse boundary. The metatarsal internal digital spur is as well de-
veloped as in many of the typical specimens, but the plantar tu-
bercle is small. The web of the foot is well developed, reaching the
end of the first (proximal) phalange. It only reaches to the middle of
the proximal phalange in the B. I. americanns. The color is somewhat
peculiar, having a general clouded appearance above, without the well-
defined spots of the typical subspecies Americanus. There is a pale
band from one palpebral border to the other across the front. The me-
dian dorsal line is indistinct. Size that of fully grown B. I. americanus.
This form may be called Bufo lentiginosus pachycephahis.

THE BATKACIIIA Ol" MOUTH AMERICA. 289

Bufo lentiginosus Icntiginosiis Shaw.

Cope, Chock-List N. Aiiier. 13a(r. Reptil., 1875, p. 29.
llufo hntiginosus .Shaw, Zoiil., ill, p. 173, lriO:>; Girard, Proceed. Ac, Pbila., 1854, p. 8G.
Chilopln-ytie lentiginosa Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1803, p. 357.
I'mfo 7niiskiis hair, Kept., il, p. 127; Dand., Raiu., p. 9, PI. 33, tig. 3, aud Reptil., viii,

p. 190; Merr. Teut.,p. 185; Graveuh., Dolic, p. 59, Holbrook, N. Amer. }Ierp6'.

V, PI. 1 ; Dam. Bibr. Erp. Gen. VIII, p. 089; Leconte, Proceeds. Acad., Pbilada.,

1863, p. 357.

Head large ; snout obtuse ; superciliary ridges greatly elevated and
teniiinating posteriorly iu a knob; upper jaw emargiuate, lower fur-
nished with a hook in front; parotoid large, reniform, and reaching from
below the tympanum to near the shoulder; tympanum large; V(»cal
vesicle internal; body above warty, beneath granulated.

The head is large, and without warts, except a few small ones on the
eyelids, and the mouth is large. The snout is obtuse, and from its tip
runs an elevated bony crest, subdividing at the nostrils, and forming the
superciliary ridges. These diverge and increase in elevation as they
reach the posterior part of the orbit, where they terminate in a rounded
knob or tubercle. Their greatest height gives to the upper surface of
the head a canaliculated appearance ; a second or postorbital ridge de-
scends from each of these and completes the posterior border of the
orbit. In consequence of the divergence of the superciliary ridges- the
postorbitals are short. There is always present a short but distinct
ridge above the tympanum at right angles to the postorbital — the supra-
tympanic. The upper jaw is deeply emarginate in front ; the lower is
furnished at its anterior part with a distinct hook, which is received in
the notch of the upper jaw.

The nostrils are small and round, placed near the point of the snout.
The eyes are large, prominent, and very beautiful; the pupil is black,
the iris reticulated with gold and black, and has an inner margin of
yellow. The tympanum is large and dusky, with a minute spot of
a lighter shade in the center. The parotoid glands are large and
reniform.

The back and sides are dusky, and covered with warts of different
sizes; a pale vertebral line extends from the head to the vent, on each
side of which are found the largest warts; an irregular row of spots of
yellowish-white exists on the flank, having somewhat the appearance
of an indistinct band, extending from the inferior and posterior i)art of
the parotoid gland to within a short distance of the thighs. The whole
inferior surface of the animal is dirty white, with a strong tinge of
yellow.

The anterior extremities have the upper surface dusky, with blotches
and bars of dark brown; the lower surface dirty white, tinged with yel-
low. The i)osterior extremities are dusky brown above, marked with
blotches and tr.msverse bars of darker brown, and dingy white beneath.

This si)ecios attains to the same size as the typical form of B. 1. anier-
icaniis. A specimen (tlOl) from Florida exhibits remarkably elevated
1951 Bull ;;4 19

290

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STAl Ey NATIUNAL MUSEUM.

crests aud broad parotoid glauds; the coloration is imiform cinnamon-
brown^ apparently a slight variety.

6 ~ 4 7

Fig. 71. — Bvfo lentiyiiionus Icntignosus ; J. (From Baird & Girard.)

Besides the presence of tuberosities of the frontoi)arietal crests and
of a supratympauic crest, this subspecies is well marked by the rela-
tively elongated head. It enters the length to the vent three and a half
times in typical examples. In some specimens it enters the length 3.75
times, and in others four times, quite as in B. 1. americanus.

The B. I. lentiginosus is confined to the austroriparian region east of
Texas, and all statements to the contrary are based on error. It does
not ascend the Mississippi Valley, so far as is known.

Bufo lentiginosus lintiginosus Shaw.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue No. of
number, spec.

2525
5902
2520

2526
2519
8902
3383
2521
2522
2553
9126
9952
9705
2528
2527
9472
745
9438
3383
11.502
11397
11915

Locality.

Riceborough, Ga ..
Shelby County, Ga
Pensacola, Fla

ludian River, Florida.. .

Georgetown, S. C

Lake Monroe, Florida ..

Charleston, S. C

do

Alabama

Liberty County, Ga. —

Beaufort, S. C

Little Sarasotii Bay, Fla.

Arlington, Fla ,

Anderson, S. C

Mississippi

(?)

Micanopy, Fla

(?

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of spec-
imen.

Apr. —,1877

1853

Prof. S. F. Baird

Maj. .J. Le Coute

Dr. W. A. Hammond,
U. S. A.

G. Wurdemann

Weston

Prof. S.F. Baird

Dr. C. Girard

Prof. A. Winchell
Dr. W. L. Jones ..

1875
1878

(Jharleston

Nashville, Ga
Milton, FJa...
Nashvillt", Ga.

July — , 1875

Prof. F. B. Meek
G. Brown Goodo.
Jliss C. Paine ...

D. C. Lloyd

P. L. Jouy

Dr. J. H. "Bean . .

1880
1881
1830

William J. Taylor

S. T. Walker

William J. Taylor

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
l>o.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 291

I3UF0 QUERCTCUS Holbrook.

North Amer. Hcrp., v, 13, 184G, Tab. hi, Cope,- Proceeds. Anicr. Pbilosopb. Soc.
1880, p. 51'3.

Chilophii/iie dialoyha Cope, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1862, 341 (errouoous locality).
liufo dialophii8 Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. II, 1832, p. 319.

Head broad ; muzzle prominent, conic. Cranium stronjfly rid}?ed.
Preocular and postocular, sui)ratym panic, and superciliary ridges well
developed, tlie last making a very open angle with that of the canthus
rostralis, and sending off posteriorly a parietal, which first converges
toward that opposite, and then runs transversely on the occiput to
meet it, failing in this by a very slight interval. A small nuchal pit.
Tympanum in contact with postorbital ridge, only one-fourth the size
of the orbit. Tongue small, narrow, half free; a strong symphyseal
tubercle fitting a premaxillary pit. Parotoids large, short, descending
on sides to oi)posite lower edge of tympanum. Skin everywhere rigidly
rugose, subspinous on the tarsus. The joints of the extremities are
])ale and appear swollen. Fingers slender; first shorter than second,
which equals the third. One metacarpal tubercle only. Toes short,
one third webbed ; two acute metatarsal tubercles, the internal large,
incurved, like a flattened spur, yellow, brown tipped. Length of head
and body, 10 lines; of hinder extremity, 12 lines.

The head above is dusky, with a yellowish central longitudinal line;
the superciliary ridges are gray, with a white mark in the center. On
each side of this longitudinal line is an oblong black si)Ot, extending
from it to include most of the posterior part of the orbit of the eye; a
small part only of the orbit in front of this is light colored ; the upper
jaw is light brown.

Flo. 72. Bufo qiicrciciis Holbr.. 11394, natural sizo; Millon, Fla.

The back of the animal is dusky brown, with a vertebral line of palo
yellow, marked with a few scattered small warts of reddish-brown co'or.
On each side of this line are irregular black blotches, with h.ere and
there a slight tinge of reddish brown. The back is covered with in-
numerable warts and granulations of variable size and color, generally
black-, but the smaller ones of dusky red. On each flank, and extend-
ing Irom the axilla downwards toward the posterior extremity^ is an
oblong black blotch bounded with white both above and below.

The throat is dusky ; the abdomen silvery-gray, yellowish at the
groin, and with a pale tinge of yellow around the vent. The anterior
extremities, as well as the posterior, are dusky brown above, marked
with black transverse bars or spots. Tiieir inferior surface is colore 1
like the abdomen, except the fingers and toes, which are reddish-browu.

292 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NAITONAL MUSEUM.

This is tbo SQiallest known species-of the genus Bufo. Tbe Dieasure-
ments of an adult are as follows-.

M.

Leugtli of head and body 027

Length of head to posterior edges of tympana .007

Width of head at posterior edges of tympana 0086

Length of anterior leg 0146

Length of anterior foot 006

Length of posterior leg from groin 0237

Length of tibia 0086

Length of tarsus 005

Length of rest of foot 0085

In some specimens the transverse posterior part^of the frontoparietal
crest is broken up. It then resembles the young of the Bufs^lcntigino-
sus, with which it has been supposed to be identical by various authors.
It, however, differs from tbis species in the differently shaped [tarotoul
glands, the thickened posterior parts of the mandibles, and from all
the subspecies, except the B. I. woodhousei, iii the shorter head. Tlierc
is no doubt but that Dr. Holbrook was correct in regarding tliis as a
distinct species of very small size. The redescrii)tion of the si)ecii's by
myself was due to the omission of its characteristic peculiarities from
extant writings. Tbe erroneous locality (Sandwich Islands) is one of
several such errors, based on the incorrect-labeliug of the collections of
J. n. Townsend, to which thCiSpecimen belonged.

Tbe geographical distribution of this species is restricted to tbe
region extending from Kinston, N. C, to Middle Georgia and Florida,
inclusive.

Bufo quercicus Holbrook.
KESERVE SERIES.

Catalojrue

No.ot

nuruber.

epec.

5911

5

834.3

1

0095

1

9945

4

2626

3

2625

3

11394

2

Localitv.

Georgia

Kinston, N. C

Arlinfrton, Fla

Little Sarasota Bay, Fla.

Georgia

Cliarleston, S. C

Milton, Fla

Wlien
collected.

Mav

1, 1878
1875
1855

1881

From -whom received.

Mai. J. Le Coiite ,

.J. W. Milner

G. Brown Gondo .
Piof. F. B. Meek
Maj. J. Lo Conte
Dr. S. B, Barker..
S. T. Walker

Nature of spec-
imen.

Alcoliolic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

BUFO VALLICEPS Wiegm.

Bufo valUceps'Vf \egm., Isi-s, 1833, p. 657; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1863, p. 81; Bou-

leuger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus.,*Cd ed., p. 31<J.
Bufo {irauiilosiis Baird & Girard, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1852, p. 173.
Biifo ni'buUfer Girard, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, p. 87; Hallow., Ibid, 1856, p. 308;

Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25, PI. 40, fig. 1-4 ; Giiuth., Cat. Brit. Mns.,

p. 60.
Chilophryne vehuliftra Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 18G2, p. 357.

Postorbital ridge forming an open angle with the supraorbital ; pre-
orbital distinct j supraorbital strong, nearly plane, If the strong supra-

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 293

tyiupaiiic. Kitlges of cantbiis concave, parallel on end of muzzle; latter
truncate in profile. Strong maxillary ridge fiom inferior margin of
orbit to posterior extremity of the bone. Loreal region concave, nos-
trils subvertical; tympanum half orbit. Two strong convergent parie-
tal ridges from supraorbital, each longer than supratympauic of its
side. Length of head from end muzzle to posterior border tympanum
equals breadth below at canthus oris in specimens 1.5 inches long; rel-
atively less ii: larger specimens, till in one 3.75 inches long it is scarcely
over two thirds the breadth. Eyelids nearly horizontal ; tongue ordi-
nary obpyriform; choaua3 larger than ostia phnryngca. Length of
head, as above, three to three and a quarter times from end of muzzle to
end of urostyle. Parotoid glands measured longitudinally equal supra-
orbital ridge, longer obliquely; acuminate posteriorly and continuous
with a lateral series of acute tubercles (sometimes on a plica), which ex-
teiul downwards to groin. Skin above with scattered rounded, on sides
with close acuminate, tubercles; below with close small rounded tu-
bercles.

Second .finger short— ,less than fourth; a keeled palmar and elongate
l)ollicary tubercle; palms and soles rough with tubercles. A small
acuminate and insignificant external metatarsal tubercle. No inner tar-
sal fold. Toes half webbed and margined. The carpus of the extended
arm reaches beyond the muzzle; the heel attains from the hinder to
the front margin of the orbit.

Dimensions of an adult (San Antonio) : From end muzzle to end
urostyle, 3 inches 9 lines; from same to posterior margin tympanum
(oblique), 2 inches 25 lines; anterior extremity, 1 inch 4.5 lines to carpus
+ 8 lines to end longest linger; femur, 1 inch G lines; tibia, 1 inch 3
lines; foot from heel, 2 inches; tarsus, 10 lines.

Coloration: Above a chestnut brown, with a dark cross-band be-
tween orbits. A dark lateral band from behind orbit along the side to
groin, following below the lateral fold, which is light-bordered above;
a more or less distinct light vertebral line; upper lip yellow-bordered.
Breast and gular regions more or less slate-shaded. Limbs brown,
cross-barred.

Varieties: Of these I am acquainted with three, which aroquite* is-
tinguishable. First. The typical has a strong parietal ridge, is scarcely
varied with darker below, and is light brown above; sides very tuber-
culous; specimens from Texas, Tamaulipas, and Vera Cruz — Emory
andSartorius. Second. Sides with smaller granulations; colors black-
ish, spotting and varying the whole inferior regions. Three specimens
from Yucatan (Nos. 720, 778, 779)— Schott. Third. Ilidges weaker,
especially the parietal; cinnamon-brown, below brown varied and
spotted ; sides grauular. Two specimens from Belize — Dr. Parsons.

294 BULLETIN 31, TNTTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Specimens iu National Museum from tbe United States:

Fig. 73. liufo valliccps "Wieg. (From Baird, U. S. Mex. BoiiDd. Surv.)

Bufo valliceps Wiegraann.

"KESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue No. of
number, spec.

Locality.

"When
collected.

From -whom received.

Nature of ppcc-
imen.

2cr>3

10

2605

7

2595

1

2598

1

2594

I

2602

2

2399

2

2r>92

1

2)91

2

2600

2

2601

1

1150

3

Calcasieu Pas.s, La

G. Wurdemann.

Texas

Biownsville, Tex

Fortlnpe, Tex

Now Bi-aunfels, Tex —
Santa Caterina, Nucvo

Leon.

San Pedro, Tex

Matamoros, Mex

Between Laredo and Ca-

margo.

San Antonio, Tex

(?)

New Orleans, La

J. H. Clark

Prof. S.F. Baird

Ur. C. B. R. Kennerly..
Prof. S. F. Baird .. .'...
Lieut. B. Coucli, U. S. A

Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly..
Lieut. B. Coucli, U.S.A.
A. Scliott

C.B.R. Kennerly

(?)

Dr. R.W. Schufeldt ....

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

This species is also common in Louisiana, numerous specimens hav-
ing been sent from New Orleans by Dr. Shufeldt, and by Prof. Pen.
King from Baton Kouge. Its southern range extends as far as Nica-
ragna, inclusive.

THE BATRACHIA OK NORTH AMKUICA. 295

DENDKOPH RYNISCl D.^.

This family is said by Bouleuger to differ from tbo Cystignatbidae,
only in tbe absence of tbe premaxillary and maxillary teeth.
There are but two genera, as follows:

No vomerine teeth. Tongue entirely adherent; no tyinpaunm no.r Enstachiai) tnbcs;

toes webbed, external metatarsals united ; omosterniim and sternum cartilaginous;

terminal phalanges simple , lialrachophrijtnts Peters.

No vomerine teeth ; tongue free posteriorly; fingers and toes .slightly \vcl)bcd ; tho

lips dilated ; no omostcrnum ; sternum with osseous style.

DendrophryniacHS Espada.

There are but two species of Batrachophrynus, which are from Peru.
The single species of Dendrophrytiiscus was found near Rio de Janeiro.

ASTEROPHRYDID^.*

Vertebrae opisthocoelous. Diapophysis of sacrum dilated, of urostyle
wanting; the latter attached by but one cotyloid cavity (except in one
genus). Ribs none. Sternum undivided.

In the known genera the external metatarsi not separated for a web ;
terminal phalanges continuous, simple. O. froutoparietalia not strongly
ossified medially, but without foutanelle. Superior plate of the ethmoid
well developed anteriorl3\ Ear perfectly developed.

Genera: Cryptotis, Gthr. ; Asterophrys, Tsch. ; Megalophrys, Kuhl.

The Palfeobatrachidai differ from this family in the conversion of
their seventh, eighth, and ninth vertebral centra and diapophyscs into
a«sacrum, instead of the ninth only. The supposed osseous covering ot
the cavum tympani and tuba Eustachii, is not confirmed by the re-
searches of Walterstorff".

Cryptotis, the only Australian genus of the family, possesses two
sacral condyles for the aiticiilation of the coccyx ; it has a long tooth,
like process on the os den tale, similar to that seen in Rana macrodoii
and R. IniMH.

The other genera belong to the Malayan Islands. There are no arbo-
real or aquatic forms embraced in this family. The whole number of
species known is five.

a. Toes free.

Two postsacral coudyics; o. deutalc with a dentiform process; vomerine teeth;

no parotoids ; sternum a cartilaginous plate t Cryptotis.

One postsacral condyle. No dentiform process. Hfnd largo, angular; upper
palpebral border with cutancousappcndagcs. Vomeiinc teeth. Tongue en-
tirely adherent. Tympanum hidden, perfect Asterophrys,

aa. Toes partially webbrd.

One postsacral condyle; vomerine teeth little developed ; sternnin with a bony
style; tongue broiid, free behind (tyuipanuniconcealed) Mojulophrys,

* Plate fiS. t Teste Boulencer.

296 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL AlUStUM.

PELODYTID^.*

"Vertebrae procoelous ; uo ribs or tliapophyses of coccyx. Sacrum
united with tbe coccyx by condyle, its diapopbyses dilated. .

The species of this family are of weak organization; the fronto
parietal bones are undeveloped in one of the four genera embraced by
it, and thej'^ are very weak in the others. Their aflQuities are altogeth^T
between the Asterophrydidoe and Scapliiopodidte. Their vertebrteonly
distinguish them from the former and their distinct bicondyloid coccyx
from the latter. In the known genera the auditory- apparatus is devel
oped, and the cephalic integument is free; in none is there a metatar-
sal shovel.

OL sternum with an osseous style.

No dentary apophysis; no vomerine teeth; tongne broad, bnt little free; tym-
panum distinct ; one postsacral condyle Xeiiophrys.

Frontoparietal bones complete; no vomerine teeth; one bacral condyle for uro-

style ; tongue partially free LejHohi'achium,

Frontoparietal bones embracing a large fontanellc ; vomerine teeth ; two sacral
condyles for the coccyx ; a weak parotoid gland ; pupil elliptic, erect ; tongue

partially free; atlas and axis coufiiieut Pelodijl's.

aa. Sternum without osseous style.

Frontoparietal bones complete; vomerine teeth; two postsacral Londyles.

Balrachoitsls.

In the species of Leptobrachium and Pelodytes the external meta
tarsi are bound together ; in the only known species of Hatrachopsis
they are, according to Boulenger, slightly separated.

This family has a peculiar distribution. Pelodytes is European,
Xenophrys and Leptobrachium are Palaeotropical, and Batrachopsis,
Australian (New Guinea).

SCAPHIOPID^.*

Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila., 1866, p. 69 ; Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 11, pars.

Pelohatidce Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn., Bordeaux, xxx, 339, pars; Boulenger Catal.
Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus. Ed. ii, 1882, p. 4.32, pars.

Vertebrae procoelian ; no costal elements or coccygeal diapophyses ;
diapophyses of ninth vertebra much dilated, thin, and triangular; nro
style without condyloid articulation, its axial portion restricting that
of the sacrum and connate with it: external metatarsi bound ; distal
phalanges continuous, simple. Manubrium cartilaginous. Tongue
rounded, nearly entire.

The small number of species embraced in this family are of stout
toad-like habit, and furnished with a shovel-like development of the
cuneiform bone and a coriaceous posterior digital palmation, to aid
them in removing earth while making their subterranean abodes.
Many of them very seldom come to the surface of the earth, and then
only in darkness; for this habit the vertical catlike pupil is an adapta-
tion, a peculiarity not exhibited by the toads, which are crepuscular.

* Plate 68.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 297

I. Cavum tynipani auil tympauum wanting. Xipbisteruiiui with an ossified proxi-
mal stylo. Cuncifonii bone ami sheath well developed. Pnpil erect. Toes
webbed.
Derm involved in cranial ossification. Temporal fossa with a strong roof.

Vomerine teeth: no parotoid glands (J it I tripes.

Derm involved in cranial ossification. No roof over the temporal fossa, or par-
otoid glands. Vomerine teeth I'elohates.

Derm distinct from cranium, which is undeveloped above, two lateral fronto-
parietal bars inclosing a median fontanello. Vomerine teeth, No paro-

toids Didociis.

Cuneiform bone and sheath well developed. Toes more or less webbed.
II. Cavum tympani and tympauum present. Xiphisternum entirely cartilaginous.
Pupil elliptic erect.
Derm involved in the ceplialic ossification, which is complete. Parotoid- glands

and vomerine teeth Scaph iojyiis.

Derm distinct from cranium, which is usually only ossified superior! j' in two
superciliary bars. Parotoid glands and vomerine teeth Spea.

The extreme of divergence of tbe scries of this family is, then, that
representing its type in a i)re eminent degree. This is seen in the genus
CuUripes where the ossification of the superior cranial walls is espe-
cially thickened, obliterates the sagittal suture, and is extended in an
arch over the temporal fossa. The anterior ossification of the coccyx is
applied by its axial portion beneath the axis or centrum of .the sacral
vertebra, and becomes consolidated with it shortly after its comment-e-
ment, furnishing a structure not rare among burrowing Anurn. This
character is maintained in the descending scale by Pelobates, Didocu.'^,
Scaphiopus, and Spea, though none of these have tlie temporal fossa
overarched. Cultripes, with Pelobates and Didocus, exhibit an ossified
basal xiphisternal piece, while iu all below it is cartilaginous, as in most
Arcifera; the extreme position of the former is also maintained by the
obliteration of many portions of theauditor^^ apparatus. The succeed-
ing forms — Scaphiopus and Spea — resemble the first group in the toad-
like form and in the strong cuneiform shovel and webbed feet.

The distribution of the species of the family is as follows:

R. Neotrop.

R. Ncarctica.

R. Paloearct.

C ultripes

0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
2
2

(?)1

Didocus

]

Scaphiopus

0

Spea

0

0

4

3

The inferior dermal attachments of seven species of this family are as
follows :

Didocus calcaratas. Belly more than half attached.

Pelobates fuscus. From half to two-thirds attached ; same iu larva, with long tail ; fe-
mur one line below.

Scaphiopus holbrookii. Free only opposite sternum; thigh attached only below on
basal half.

Scaphiopus couchii. Triangular free area to middle abdomen.

298 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sjjca hammondii. Very wide lateral i;il ■;:);• attacbmeuts, which do uot meet till
femora.

Spea iomUfrons. Belly with a free mediau band; femoral lines below and above be-
hind.

Spca muliiplicata. A free dorsal line, very narrow in front, but wide as ilia behind;
abdominal area with a broader free space.

SCAPHIOPUS Holbrook.

N. Amer. Herp., ii, p. 85; Tschudi, Batr., p. 83; Dam. &. Bibr, viii, p.
471 ; Guuth., Cat., p. 38 ; Cope., Nat. Hist. Rev., 1803, p. 108, and
Jouru. Ac. Phila. (2^ vi, p. 81 ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit.
Mu8., 2ded., 1882, p. 433.

Cavum tyinpani and tympanic membrane present; sternum a carti-
laginous plate; pupil erect; toes webbed; internal cuneiform bone ol"
tarsus well developed.

This genus embraces species of robust form and of burrowing habits.
The greater part of their lives is spent beneath the surface of the
ground, but in spring they emerge and proceed to deposit their egga in
the nearest body of water. This is usually of a temporary character,
and in adaptation to this circumstance the metamorphosis is corro
spoudingly rapid. They are very irregular as to the period of its com-
pletion, in dry regions losing their larval appendages while very small,
while in other and well-watered regions they retain them wntil fully
grown. During the season of reproduction they are very noisy, but
after that time disappear, and are neither seen nor heard. They are of
plain colors. Their general forms are like those of their allies of the
Old World, the species of Pelobates, or somewhat like that of toads.

There are two well-marked species of this genus, which differ as fol-
lows:

a. Collections of glandular crypts on the post-tympanic and pectoral regions.

Front wide; interorbital width entering length of tibia 2.5 times; vomer-
ine teeth a little behind choana^; color dark, with or without two pale

longitudinal stri pes S. holhrookii.

aa. No glandular enlargementn on post-tympanic or pectoral regions.

Front wide ; interorbital width entering length of tibia three times; vomer-
ine teeth a little behind nares; color light, with a net-work of brown
bands S. couchii.

SCAPHIOPUS HOLBROOKII Harlan.

(Plates 57, fig. 2; 68, fig. 3; 73, fig. 30.)
Baird, Report U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., iv, Roptil., 1859, PI. xxvii, fig. I.
1; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1863, p. 54.

Raim holhrooldi Harlan, Med. Phys. Researches, 1835, p. 105.

Scaphiopus solilariiis Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., 1836, Vol. i, p. 85, PI. xii, ibid. (edit, alt.),

1842, IV, 100, Pi. xxvii; Tschudi, Mdm. Neuchatel, i, 183S, j.. y.l ; Dum. «fe Bibr.,

Erp. G6n., 1811, viii, 473; Lo Conte, Proceed. Ac, Kaf. Su. Phila., 1855, 429;

Gunth., Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mns., 1858, p. 38; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit.

Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 434.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 299

Head iarge; maxillary outline rounded. Profile of front a rather steep
descent from the swollen occiput, where the skin is thin, closely adhe-
rent, and penetrated by osseous granules. Eyes prominent. Tympa-
uura distinct, half its extent larger than ostia pharyngea. Vomerine
teeth in two fasiculi between and behind the posterior borders of the
latter. Parotoids small, rounded, prominent. No gland on the tibin ;
ono on each side of the thorax near the axilla. Skin of back minutely
tuberculous, of sides more coarsely; below nearly smooth. Cuneiform
])i()cess longer than in any other species of the genus, but not more
prominent. Heel of extended hind leg reaching posterior edge of tym-
]>anum.

The inner nostrils are large, open, rather elongated transversely, and
wider apart than are the external nares. The vomerine teeth are in
two patches, situated within the inner nares, and on a line with their
posterior borders. The teeth in the margin of the jaw are continuous,
though not much developed. The tongue is longitudinally oval, not
emargiuate behind in the specimen examined, where it is free for nearly
half its length.

The skin above and on the sides is covered pretty uniformly with
tubercles or pustules, with smaller hard black ones interspersed. Tlie
first mentioned are wanting on the head and outer surfaces of the limbs,
where the others, however, may bo observed. A few pustules about
the anus on the buttocks which show little signs of granulation. Tlicre
is a short parotid gland just above and behind the tympanum.

The arm is well developed ; the hand much shorter than theforearin.
The outer finger is very short; then the second; the fourth is a little
shorter than the third, or longest. All are subtruncate, or thickened
at the tips. A thickened web may be traced between the bases of the
fingers, although such palmation is not very evident. On the inner
and upper faces of the two inner fingers is a black, callous thickening
of the epidermis. The tibia is much shorter than the femur, and not
one-third the total length of body; the foot and femur about equal.
The metatarsal bones are firmly united nearly to the end by inter-
mediate muscle, and a web extends between the tips of the short toes.
The outer toe is very short, but little exceeding the third, and the web
between it and the fourth toe is proportionally reduced.

All the toes are much depressed, and invested by the thickened skin.
At the base of the inner toe is an elongated, compressed, and well-de-
veloped spade like process, with a sharp horny edge, of a black color;
a trace of the same is seen on the inner edge of the tip of tbe inner
toe. The sole is perfectly smooth, and there is no tubercle of auy kind
except the spade-like process.

Color above, in spirits, either earth-brown, fulvous-brown, or ashy-
brown, with a pale ashy band from each orbit; these converge again
on the coccyx. Tiicsc bands arc rarely unbroken, and arc sometimes
exceedingly indistinct ; they sometimes inclose a pale an'a Sides

300 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

sometimes marbled with pale ash, sometimes uniform. Sometimes a
pale interorbital cross-band, sometimes two longitudinal bands on muz-
zle. A vertical light line on end of muzzle.

Fig. 74. Scaphiofxis holbrooHi. No. 10004. Florida Keys ; \.

Measurements of No. 11894.

Jlf.

Length of be.ad and body 0G8

Length of head, including tympana 02o

Width of head, iucludiug tympaua 0275

Length of fore-leg from axilla 035

Length of hiud leg from groin 070

Length of tibia 0217

Length of tarsus 012

Length of rest of foot 027

The wide front and peculiar glands of this species readily distinguish
them from all others members of the genus. Its range, like that of so
many other North American Batrachia and reptiles, is confined to the
eastern region. It is found in every part of this, including the Flori-
dan and Texan districts.

Scaphiopus hoJbrookii Harlan.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalo<;iie

No. of

u umber.

spec.

9390

2

970'J

8

3710

1

3030

2

45.59

1

3700

I

3712

1

4503

1

Locality.

Liberty Connty, Ga ...

MilleilKevilIe, Ga

Cauibiidge, Mas8

do

Pearl River, Miss

Indian River, Fla

do

Sciint Simon's Isle, Ga

When
collected.

1876

From whom received.

Maj. J. Le Conte
Kuuilien &. Beau

J. H. Richard

Mi.sa Helen Tuiiison

G. Wurdenianii

Prof. L. Agassiz ....
J. B. Postell

Nature of spec-
imen.

Alcoholic.
Uo.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Specimens from Cambridge, Mass., are nearly unicolor, while Flori-
dan forms are lightest and most variegated 5 the head seems to be a
little broader and more obtuse. These forms graduate into the inter-
mediate and most common type. Mr. C. W. Hargitt (see American
Naturalist, June, 1888) has found it on the Island of Martha' Vine-
yard, a fact which indicates the comparatively late separation of lli;it
island from the main land of Massachusetts.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

301

Habits. — This species, though so widely distributed, is sehloin seen.
After rains in spring- and summer its cries may bo beard at night, pro-
ceeding always, so far as my experience goes, from temporary pools.
1 have observed it twice in Pennsylvania, twice in New Jersey, find
once in Massachusetts on the main land opposite Martha's Vineyard.
Specimens from the latter locality which I kept in a vivarium buried
themselves in the earth by day, but issued at nightfall and indus-
triously ex[)lorcd their surroundings. Their burrows were concealed
by the loose earth which fell into and tilled them, but below this the
bony top of the head could be always found. Frequently one eye pro
jccted from the debris, presenting with its brassy-colored iris a most
singular ap[)eaiance. On being irritated with a hard object they utter
a clattering note entirely unlike that of the breeding season.

SCAPHIOPUS COUCHII Buird.

(Plate 68, fig. 2.)

Procuecl. Ac. Phila., vil, 1855, p.G-^, ami U. S. Mex. Boniul. Surv., ii, 185'J,
Kept., p. 'JS, PI. 35, lig.s. 1-6; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1863, p. 52;
Biocclii, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr., p. 26 ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit.
Mils., 2d cd., 1882, p. 454.

Scaphiopns vnriio: Cope, I. c, p. 52; Brocclii, I. c, p. 27.

Hvaphiojiioi rcctifreiiis Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1863, p. .53; Brocclii, Miss. Sc. Mex.,
Batr., p. 27; Boulenger, Cat. Brit. Mns.,2ded., 1882, 435.

Form stout; head more elongate, acuminate oval; width of frontal
region greater than from lip to nares, one-thiid the length of the tibia.
Profile gradually descending; front plane, muzzle projecting, rounded.
Anterior border of tympanum scarcely distinguishable. Eyes very
[irominent. Vomerine teeth opposite middle of choana\ which equal
ostia pharyngea. Tongue round, slightly emarginate. Parotoid gland
Hat, descending on the side. Skin tuberculous, especially on the sides;
sometimes a slightcrj'ptiferous thickening of integument of tibia ; none
on the sides of the pectoral region. A posttympanic and an ante-
pectoral fold. Abdomen slightly rugose; gular region smooth. Cunei-
form process elongate. Toes fully palmate.

1 ~ ^<:z^ 4 6

Fig. 75. Scaphtnpiis concliii varius, Copp. 5893; nat. -lizo. Cai)o St. Lucas, Cal.

Color above yellowish, with irregular brown bands, which converge
between and behind tiie orbits ; others diverge on the flanks, beginning
at the orbits; one from same point to hi|) and one on cantlius ro-?tralis.
There is a continence of dorsal liands near the sa'-ruin. A Ught band
on outer face of tarsus and toe ; hand yellowish.

302 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mcasureinenis of No. 13629.

M.'

Length of head aud body ('61

Length of head, including tympana 020

Width of head at borders of tympana 027

Length of fore limb 0315

Length of hind limb OGOG

Lengtli of tibia 021

Length of tarsus Oil

Length of rest of posterior foot 024

This species is iutermediate in its cbaracteis betwecu the /S\ holbrooJcU
aud the other species of the genus. The frontoparietal interoibital
space is wider than in the latter, but not so wide as in the former. The
tibia is very short, giving the animal a more squat ap])earance than the
S. hammondii.

In the tyi)ical specimen the labial border projected beyond the line
of the muzzle, so that the profile sloped to it downwards and forwards.
1 have seen no second specimen like it, but specimens which agree with
it in every other respect occur in the same zoological district. I am in-
clined to think that this peculiarity of the type specimen (which is not
rei)resented in Baird's jdate, I. c.) is only an individual one. The other
forms pass directly into each other.

The range of this species is the southern part of the Sonoran district
and the corresponding part of the Lower Californian. Within the
limits of the United States it has been found only in southwest Texas.

Scaphi02)us couchii Bd.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
number.

No. of
spec. 1

1

5893
rJC57
13C29

3 '
13
2

3

1

Locality.

Mataiuoro.s, Mcx.

Capo Saint Lucas, Cal . .

La Paz, Cal

Helotes, licsar County,

Tox.
{'■)

Wlien
collected.

From whom rccoived.

.' Lieutenant Couch ( Del'

landier collection).
. I John Xantus

' L. Belding

.1 G. W. Maruock

I

■' (?)

Nature of spec-
imen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.

Do.

SPEA Cope.

Journal Academy Philadelphia (2), vi, 188G, p. 81.

Cranial derm free from cranium ; the latter generally with a fronto-
parietal fontanelle ; vomerine teeth present; toes webbed ; cuneiform
process large.

In this genus we have permanently preserved characters which de-
fine an immature stage of Scaphiopus. In one of the subspecies of
the S. hammondii the ossification of the cra-iium has. progressed so far
as to close the frontoparietal fontanelle, but not so as to penetrate the

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 80S

cranial iutegument. The species belong to the western and south-
western parts of the nearctic realm. They are distinguished as follows:

a. Tyinpauic disk distinct ; no gland on tibia.

Interorbital width narrow, entering length of tibia four times; vomerine
teeth between choanai ; color generally dark, with or without pale stripes,

S. hammovdii.
aa. Tympanic disk concealed ; a large gland on the upper side of the tibia,

Interorbital width narrow, entering tibia three times; vomerine teeth a little
posterior to uarcs; colors pale S. muUipUcata.

SPEA HAMMONDII Baird.
Cope, Jouru. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, 1866, p. 81,

Svaphio2>us hammondii Baird, Ropt. Expl. Surv., iv, Roptil., 1859, PI. 28, fig. 2; Cope,

Proceed. Ac. Phila., 186:5, p. r)3; Boulonger, Cat. Batr. Sal, Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 435.
Scaphiopus bombi/rons Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1863, p. 53; Boulenger, Cat. Batr.

Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882. p. 435.
Spea bombi/rons Cope, .Journ. Ac. Phila. (2) vi, 1866, p. 81.
Spca stagnalia Cope, U. S. G. G. Surv. W. of 100th Mcrid., v, Zool., p. 525, PI. 25,

figs. 6-8.
Sciphiopus stagnalh Bauleuger, Cat. Batr., Sal. Brit, Mus., 1882, p. 436.
Scaphiopus diigesii Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), iii, 1879, p. 23, and Miss. Sci.

Mex,, Batr., p. 94, PI. 9, fig. 4 ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 18 2, p. 436.

This is a widely distributed and variable species, presenting sucli
diversity in some respects as to be interesting as an example of the
appearance of important characters in the course of descent. It is in-
teresting also from its habits, adapted as they are to the exigencies of
a <lry climate, in which the opportunity for aquatic life is precarious,
and the metamorphosis correspondingly liable to modification.

1 include three subspecies under thecommon head, which are defined
as follows :

Generally no frontoparietal fontauello ; head plane above; a longitudinal pale band
on each side of back ; larger; skin tubercular S. h. iiitermontauu.

A frontoparietal fontauello; head plane or convex above; no longitudinal light
bauds; skin smoother ; smaller S. h. hammondii.

A frontoparietal foutancUc ; head very convex at the iulerorbital region ; skin nearly
smooth ; colors pale ; size least S. h. bombi/rons.

I had first idaced the ^. h. iatcrmontana in the genus Scaphioi)us,
while the two other subspecies were placed with the S. multipUcata
\\\ a distinct genus, Spea, which was cliaracterized by the presence of
a frontoparietal fontanelle. This character is generally constant, al-
though its inconstancy as a specific character is to be expected some
where. The genus Spea is the seat of the failure of this generic char
acter to coincide with the other definitions of a species. In one of the
four specimens of the subspecies Intermoutanus I find the fontanelle
present, while in three it is absent. In a fifth specimen it is rei)re-
sented by a fissure between the frontoparietal bones.

The S. h. bombi/rons appears to be, at first examination, a well de-
fined species. The interorbital protuberance is a striking character.

304 BULLETIN 54, UNITED STATES NATIONAL ilUSEUM.

Tlie tibia is also shorter in typical examples, m-easuriiij? only tbree
times the interorbital width. Tbis measurement is partly due to the
iiiterorbital enlargement. The skin is less tubercular and tbe colors are
])aler. The form has an especial geographical range. But 1 fiiul speci-
mens from difiterent parts of tbe West which connect this form with the
true S. hainmondii. Such are specimens collected by Dr. Ilayden in tbe
valley of the Great Colorado, in eastern Utah, and others obtained by
myself at Sante Fe, N. Mex. In some of the former the interorbital
width enters the length of the tibia three and a half times.

The Spea stagnalis is known as yet from young specimens only, which
have but recently passed their metamorphosis. The principal peculi-
aiiry which characterizes them is the minute size of the ostia phar^n-
gea of the Eustachian tubes. I suspect tbis to be a character of imma-
turity, as I find a similar state of affairs in some of the young speci-
mens of Scaphiopus couchii in the collection.

Spca hammondii intermontana Cope.

Proceed. Ac. TLila., 1H83, p. 14.

1 took a specimen of this species within the limits of Salt Lake City,
and subsequently obtained three or four specimens from Pyramid Lake,
Nevada. The sides and much of thedorsal region are covered with rather
largo tubercles closely placed. The frontoparietal bones, though ossi-
fied, are not roughened, as in the species of Scaphiopus. It is nearest
the !S. couchii (from near San Antonio, Tex.). In that species the vo-
merine teeth are entirely posterior to the internal nares; in this one
they are between the posterior borders of the same. The lips are not
cross barred, as in the ^'. couchii; and the superior region has two
pale lines on each side. In S. couchii these lines are replaced by a
coarse marbling. As compared with the Spca hammondii, this frog
differs in its larger size, lighter colors, and the presence of the superior
pair of light lines.

Fig. 70. Spea hammnndli intermontana. No. 1092(5. Ft. Walla Walla ; \.

It represents the 8. hammondi in more northern regions, and tlie com-
plete cranial ossification and larger size mark it as a more fully devel-
oped form.

I found it associated with Bufo cohimbiensis in a pond near tlie shore
of Pyramid Lake. Like other allied species, it was very noi.sy, almost
obscuring the voice of the less vociferous Bulo.

THE UATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMEUICA. 305

Mcasiiranenta.

M.

Length of head aiul body 0G2

Length of head, including tympana OIG

Width of head, including tyiupatia Q-iH

lA'Ugth of fore limb from axilla 0:!0

JAMigtb of hind limb from groin 070

Length of tibia Oi:i

Length of tarsus Ol'-i

Length of remainder of foot 02b

Spea hammondii intcrmontana Cope.

(.'at.ilogiie
nuiubur.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

coEted. r,on.who>u,.coivca. ^^^''^l^"-

8100
luUL'C

1

1

ProYO, Ftali ,

F.;rt Walla Walla, Wash .

Dr. H. C. YujTow

' Capt. C. Ociidire

S2)ca hammondii hammondii Bairtl.
(Plate XLvi, fig. 8; xux, fig. 18; lxvi, lig. \.)

Cope, Jouru. Ac. rhila. (2), VI, ISG'J, \^.§l ; Proceed. Ac.Phila., 1863, p. 14.

I

Scaphiopus haininoinlii Baird, Kept. Expl. Sui-V., iv., Rcptil, \8o9, PI. '2S, fig. 2; Cope,
Proc. Ac. Phila., 18G3, p. 53; Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 2d eil., 1382,
p. 435.

Spea stagnalis Cope, Yarrow's Rept., v, Zool., p. 525, Pi. 25, fig. C-8.

Scaphiopns stajiialis Boulongcr, I. c, p. 430.

:Scap]nopiis dufjcsi Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), in, 1879, p. 23, and Miss. Sc. Mex.,
Batr., p. 1)4, PI. 9, fig. 4 ; Bouleuger, I. c, p. 43G.

Fir,. 77. Sjica hammo7idii hammondii. No. 14553. E. Utah; \.

Maxillary outline actiuiinate oval; muzzle soinewliat truncate, per-
pentlicular iit profile. Ivegioii of caiitluis rostralis concave; front plane
or a little concave, Mitb a weak ridge on each side, which is most dis-
tinct p(xstoriorly ; tbe width one-fourth length of tibia, and less from
nostril to lip. I']yes prominent; tympanum distinct, one fourth the ex-
tent of the former. A fold behind angle of montb. Parotoids flat,
small; no gland on tibia or pectus. Tongue very large, entire. Cbo-
ana^ large; vomerine teeth in transverse series between them. Skin
roughly tuberculous, especially on tbe sides; thick on tbe occiput; be-
low nearly smooth. Cuneiform process produced.

Color above stone-brown in alcohol, with traces of two paler dorsal
bauds. Tubercles fulvous tipped; extremities shaded with the same.
.Below whitish, immaculate.
1951— Bull 34 20

30G BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurements of No. 3G95.

M.

Length of head and body 051

Length of head, including tympana 0154

Width of head, including tympana 02:5

Length of forc-leg from axilla 0205

Length of hind leg from groin 055

Length of tibia 019

Length of tarsus OO'J

Length of rest of foot 022

The range of tbis species is extensive. It was originally obtained
near Eedding in northern California. My friend, James S. Lippincott,
has sent it to me from the extreme south of California, San Diego. The
Smithsonian Institution has a slightly differentiated variety fiora Chi-
huahua, and specimens from my friend. Dr. Dug6s, from Guanajuato,
Mexico, are the same. I suspect that the Scaphiopus diigesi Brocchi
from that locality is the same species.

Abundant in July and August, when it deposits its eggs in the pools
of rain-water. It is very noisy at such times, and the open lots in the
city of Santa Fe resound with its cries. These are much like those of
the Scaphiojnis holhrooJcii.

Spea Uammondii liammondii Baird.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.

9453

1

8559

3

8G53

1

9r>28

1

3695

1

Locality.

When
collected.

California

Alto dos Utas, N.Mex.

Utah

Calil'ornia

Foit Ivt'ddiDK, Cal

Sept. — , 1874

1872

Aug. — , 1875

From '(vbom received.

Dr. J. G. Cooper ,

I'lof. E. D. Cope

Dr. H. C. Yarrow

do

Dr. J. F. Hammond
U. S. A.

Nature of spec-
imeu.

Alcoholic.
Ale. t.vi)o.
Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

Spea hammondii homhifrons Cope.

(Plates 51, tag. 17; G8, fig. la.)
Cope, Jouru. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, I88u, p. 81.

Scajyiiiopiis homhifrons Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1863, p. 53; Bouleng^r, Cat. Batr. Sal.
Brit. Mns., 2d od., 1882, p. 435.

Outline of maxilhTe acuminate oval ; muzzle truncate, elevated, thick-
ened tiansvcr.sely ; profile or vertex arched, of front concave; canthus
roslralis replaced by a concavity. Tympanum concealed or scarcely
visible; parotoid flat, small. No gland on tibia or pectus. Tongue en-
tire. Vomerine teeth in oblique fasiculi or short series between choanai ;
these equal ostia pharyngea. Skin nearly smooth, roughest on the sides.
Cuneiform process produced. Talmation of toes deeply repand.

Color in spirits, pale ashen or brown, with numerous plumbeous ver-
miculations, which are aggregated into a blotch on the scapular region,
which has a pale space below it. Limbs verraiculated ; outer border
uf tarsus and foot light. A dark spot ou canthus rostralis.

THE BATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 307

TLis species has the oiost uortheru rauge of those found west of the
Mississii)i)i, and is especiall3'^ characteristic of the elevated pUiius. It
ranges from northern Texas to Montana. It resembles very closely
half grown specimens of Bufo cognatus of the same region, so as to con-
stitute it a mimetic analogue.

2 ^^^^^^ 6 ^ 1^

1

Fig. 78. Spea hammondii bomhifrons Cope. 9943, nat. size. Camp Thorne, Yellowstone R.

Measurements of No. 3520.

M.

Length of head and body 043

Length of head, iucluc'ing tympana 012

Width of head, including tympana 016

Length of fore-le£j from axilla 020

Length of hind leg from groin 0445

Length of tarsus 007

Length of tibia 014

Length of rest of foot 017

The specimen 9943, from the Yellowstone Kiver, is an excellent illus-
tration of the mode of origin of corneous epidermis. The end of the
muzzle and the frontal convexity are covered with a layer of black
horn, each forming an oval shield, which meets the other on the top of
the snout. This is probably a result of the constant pressure and fric-
tion of the earth when the animal is burrowing in it. Although the
animal burrows with the hinder limbs, the muzzle is naturally used in
keeping the passage-way open to the surface. The character is not con-
stant.

This species is characteristic of the northern parts of the plains and
Great Basin. I found it especially common in the region north of the
Missouri River and eastward of Fort Benton. Before my arrival there
rain had fallen, and the ruts of the wagon-trails were filled with water.
These ditches contained numerous examples of this species, together
with Chorophilus triscriatus, Bufo cognatus, and Ambhjstoma tigrimnn.
Their metamorphosis was completed by that time (August 20), although
some of the specimens were small.

In Idaho, near latitude 43° 30', is situated a body of water known as
Market Lake. Its extent is variable, for it is said to be dependent for
its water supply on the overflows of the Snake Kiver, which is a few
miles distant to the eastward. An old channel leads from the river to
the lake, giving probability to the statement. At the time of my pas-
sage through the region the water was unusually high, for a portion of
the stage road, with parts of numerous telegraph poles, was submerged.
The lake appeared to be about ten miles long by six in width. The
country surrounding it is arid, and the sand, which represents soil, rests

308

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

on a basis of lava. The stage halted for a short time to enable me to
examine the shore of the lake. I found it to be lined with a windrow
of grasshoppers {Caloptenus spretus) which had fallen into the water
and been washed up, some living, others dead. Among them I found
numerous large fat larvoe of Spea hombifrons occupying small spaces
which they had cleared, quite out of the reach of the water. Their
limbs were nearly fully grown, while their tails hadsuflered no absorp-
tion, and their jaws were toothless and cartilaginous ; some quite larval
in form, others with wider gape. They were engaged in eating the
grasshoppers, and I detected several specimens with the entire insects
in their monihs. In some instances the grasshoppers' bodies were too
large and projected from their mouths. These precocious larvcne wore
evidently air-breathers, and hopped about, presenting a curious ap-
pearance as they dragged their large tails after them. 1 found some
adult specimens of Amhli/stoma mavortium also along the water's edge.
These observations were made on the 11th of August, 1870.

Spca hammondiibomhifrons Cope.

Catalogue
uuuiber.

No. of
spec.

3704
3520

3703
■9943

1

Locality.

IJlackfoot Fork, Mont ..
Fort Uiiiou, Dak

Platte River, 200 miles
west of Fort Kearney.

Llano E.stacado

Camp Thome, Yellow-
stone.

Fort Benton, Mont

When
collected.

From whom received.

F. V. Hayden
E.J. Uen'ui.s .
W.S.Wood .

Capt. J. Pi>po
(?)

E. D. Copo ..

Nature of spec-
imen.

SPEA MULTIPLICATA Cope.

Spea uiultiplicata Cope, Joiirii. Ac. Pliila. (2), vi, ISGG, p. 81.

Scaphioptts mHltipUcatiis Cope, Proceed. Ac. Pliilu., 18G3, p. W; Broccbi, Mis. Sci.
Mex. I3atr., p. 25; Boulcuger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Miis., 2clctl., 188^ p. 43G.

Spca multiplicata. No. 3G94. Valley of Mexico ; ^.

Form broad, squat. Head very short; profile rapidly descending;
maxillary outlines acuminate, oval; nauzzle thick, rounded. An open
frontoparietal fontauelle. Vomerine fascicles just posterior to the line

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 309

couuectiug the posterior nares. Eyes very prominent. From these a
strong fold passes the posterior to the angle of tbe month and across
the gular region ; tympanum covered by a portion of the parotoid
gland anterior to this. Parotoid proper very large, extending beyond
scapula, bent upon the side; bounded inferiorly by a istrong fold, which
I'xtends from the one above mentioned to the groin. Below tbis, on
the sides, are two or more other folds. Skin of upper surfaces coarsely
tuberculous ; tiiat of the crown thick, of the extremities nearly smooth.
A large gland occupies most of length of tibia. Abdomen minutely,
jMibic region coarsely, rugose. Cuneiform [)rocess rather short, very
prominent. Choan;e smaller than ostia pharyngea. Tongue entire,
with a narrow free anterior border, one-third free posteriorly. Ex
tended heel reaching front of huuierus; tibia three times as long as in-
terorbital width. Three phalanges of fourth toe free from web. Color
in spirits; above ashy brown, below yellowish ash.

Measurements of Xo. 3694.

M.

Length of head and body 055

Length of head io parotoid fold 015

Widiii of head at canthns oris , 023

Li'ngtli of fore limb from axilla 023

Lmigth of hind limb from grjiu 052

Lenglh of tibia 0175

Length of tarsns OOL'2

Length of rest of hind foot 0204

The characters which distinguish this species are numerous. In its
general appearance it has a great rpsemblance to the Biifo compact'dls
of the same country. But one S[)ecimeu is known.

JSTo. 3094:; one specimen ; Valley of Mexico ; J. Potts : alcoholic.

CYSTIGNATHID^E.*

liaiiida', part., Cysligiiailildiv, part., DiscoglossUlce, part., Alytidw, part., UperoWuhe,
Bomhiiiatoridd', part., Hj/Iodido', part., Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal.

Ci/slujiialhidw CoytQ, Nat. Hist. R(!v., 18G5, it]n>i Scaphiopodidu', part.

Cyslignalhida' Cope; Jonrn. Ac. Phila. (2), \i, 18GC; Bonlengcr, Cat. Batr. Sal., Biit.
Mils., ii ed. 1882.

Bomhiiialorid(t,\>d,vt., PleclromantUhr, Ali/tido^pavt., rohjpedatldoe, part,, T^aHfrfff, part.,
Discojlosskhe, part., Mivart, Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1869.

Vertebr.ne procoelous; no ribs ; sacr;il diapophyses cylindrical, obtri-
hedral or slightly depressed distally, inclined upwards. Urostyle sepa-
rate, attached to two condyles, without diapophyses. Terminal phalan-
ges conti aous, either uniformly conic, or with divergent teimiiial jiroc-
e.sscs or their rudiments. Sternum distinct. No teeth on the mandible.

Tills, after the Hylidie the most extensive family of the Arcifcra, eui-
braces one hundred and tift^'-six species, which represent thiity-seveu
geiuM'ic types.

Til ; most completely developed genus exhibits a cranium without

* Plates 70, 71.

310 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fontanelle and with complete ethmoid arcti, and a styloid osseous xiphi-
sternum, with terminal cartilaginous disk ; the auditory organs perfectly
developed ; the lowest, undeveloped ethmoid arch and frontoparietal
roof, and disciform cartilaginous xiphisternum without style, with
Eustachian tubes and membranum tympani wanting. Accompanying
this succession, we hnve four modifications of the family structure to
adapt to as many modes of life: the aquatic, the terrestrial, the arbo-
real, and the subterranean. As the earth's surface is the common
medium between the above extremes, so the species of terrestrial habits
furnish us with none of the adaptive extremes of structure, but remain
an intermediate group, from which the succession of structures, inter
rupted, it is true, passes towards the divergent types. Developmental
structures accompany and confirm the adaptive, but by no means al-
ways coincide.

The aquatic habit is attained when the digits behind arc not only
webbed, but when the external metatarsi are separated by membrane
also; the arboreal, when the terminal phalanges are furnished with a
terminal transverse limb, which supports an adhesive disk. The sub-
terranean is shortened, and furnished with a great development of the
first digit or prepollex of the tarsus, which is covered by a corneous
sheath, and serves as a spade. The first type may be combined with
the third, as in Mixophyes and Chiroleptes, or either may be furnished
with a bony overroofing of the temporal muscles, and penetration of its
integuments by the hyperossification of the cranium.

The fossorial spur is weak in Helioporus and Paludicola, weaker in
Mitrolysis, and just represented in Ceratophrys. The palmate foot is
diminished in Calyptocephalus, reduced in Mixophyes and Chiroleptes,
and represented by a trace in Hylorhina and Lininomedusa. The un-
developed ear is seen in Telmatobius and in Alsodes.

The variations in tiie development of the thumb are not so striking
as in the Hylidte. In Gnathophysa, Cystignathus, and Ceratophrys
the trapezium supports an osseous metacarpal and obtuse phalange,
which are concealed in a large tubercle. In Mixophyes, on the other
hand, the metacarpal is slender, entirely cartilaginous, and does not
support a phalange. There is nowhere a spur, as in Hypslboas.

With regard to the dermal attachments, the following important
varieties occur; in the family generally, but especially among Hylodes
and Cystignatlii, the dorsolateral septum is placed especially high up:
Pseudes. — Septa in Pseudis as in Eaua; in Lysapus the lateroventral
line is a little widened. In Mixophyes fasciolatus the lateroventrals
are very wide, and leave the ventral free space very narrow behind the
middle.

Ceratophrydcs.— In Ceratophrys the lateral septa are narrow, and
there are two posterior abdominal transverse septa, similar to those
attached to the sternum. In Ceratophrys ornata these are wanting, but
the dorsolateral linje is very broad.

THE RATRACllIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 311

Crmicv. — Among tliese auiinals I bave examined species of Heliopo.
rus, PIatyi)lectnHn, Ciiuia, Boiboroctetes, Eusophiis, and Hypcrolia,
and iu none can I tind m jro tlian lateral traces of the epicoracoid and
coracoid septa, except iu the Hyperolia marmorata, where they are com-
plete. The posterior abdominal is well developed in Eusophus ncbil-
losus.

Pleurodemce. — Ventrolateral low down, and posterior abdominal well
developed in Pleurodema bihronii.

//y^odes.— Dorsolateral and ventrolateral far apart; the transverse
posterior abdominal septum in the species of Lithodytes, in Ephirexis
longipes, iu Enhydrobius vomerinus (Elosia Girard) and Uypodictijon ri-
dens. I h? ve not found it in Lithodytes conspicillatus Gthr., Enhydrobius
parvus, and Limnocharis fuscus Bell {Elosia iiasus Girard).

Vystignathi. — In all the species the structure is similar to tiiat of
Eana, except in the approximation of the dorsolateral lines, and the
presence of the postabdominal septum, which is continuous with the
laterovcntrals, and is indicated externally in several of the species by
a fold iu its line of attachment.

The accompanying table exhibits the affinities of the genera and the
groups into which they naturally fall.

This fiimily was first characterized by the author in Proceedings Acad-
emy Natural Sciences, 1863, 40; excluding, however, the genera Cera-
tophrys and Tomopterna; and subsequently more exactly in the Nat-
ural History Review, 1805. Several changes, approximations to nature,
were proposed by me in 1800. Boulenger adopted this family as I de-
definod it (Cat. Brit. Mus., 1882), but modified the extent and definitions
of the genera materially.

Group I. PsKtJDES. — Frontoparietal bones fully developed; toes webbed, external
metatarsi free; terniiual plialauges acute; sternum a cartilaginous plate; ear
perfectly developed; tongue broad, entire, adherent.

Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; no cuneiform shovel or
lumbar gland ; prefrontals closely united; pupil horizontal ; no
digital dilatations Pseudia Wagler.

Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; no cuneiform shovel or
lumbar gland ; prefrontals widely separated from each other and
frontoparietals; ends of digits dilated Lysaj)siis Cope.

Cephalic derm distinct ; vomerine teeth; fingers and toes webbed;
terminal phalanges bifurcate; supporting disks.. Centrolcnc Esj).

Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; a cuneiform shovel; no
lumbar gland; prefrontals not closely united; pupil vertical
„ Mixophyrs G 1 1 1 r.

Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; no cuneiform shovel; a
lumbar gland; prefrontals well united, transverse.
Cydorhamph us Tsch.

Cephalic derm involved in a rugose cranial ossification, temporal
fossa overarched, completing postorbital arch ; vomerine teeth ;
no cuneiform shovel or lumbar gland ; prefrontals extensively
unitedaud prolonged posteriorly Calyptocephalue D. & B.

312 BULLETLN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Giuiip II. Ceratoi'IIHYdks. — Frontoparietal boucs fully developed; toes free or
.slightly webbed; the external metatarsi bound; terminal phalanj^es simple;
.sternum a cartilaginous plate (so far known, emargiuate); ear perfectly devel-
oped ; tongue entire, little free.
a. Cextlialic derm distinct ; no postorbital arch.

Pupil vertical ; prefrontals well separated ; vomerine teeth ; toea

webbed ; inner finger opposable Mitrolijsis* Copo

Pupil horizontal; prefrontals more or less united; vomerine teeth :
toes webbed; inner finger not opposable ; abdonunal derm areo-

late ; a strong cnneiform shovel Odontoplirynus R. &, L.

Prefrontals widely separated; eyelids with dermal prolongation;
vomerine teeth; toes nearly free; cranium elevated ; form toad-
like; inner finger not opposable Stomhua\ Boie.

Prefrontals in close contact; eyelids not prolonged; vomerine teeth
on palatine arch; toes free; cranium broad; pupil horizontal;

form squat; abdomen smooth Zachwnvs Cope.

aa. Cranial derm involved in ossification; no postorbital arch.

Pupil vertical; thumb opposed ; toes webbed ; vomerine teeth ; pre-

fontals separated ; no dorsal shield ChirolepUa \ Gthr.

aaa. Cephalic derm involved in cranial ossification; a postorbital bony arch.

Similar to Ceratophrys as below, but without dorsal dermal osseous

shield Phrynocerus Tsch.

Prefrontals wholly or in part separated ; eyelids with a dermal pro-
longation ; vomerine teeth; toes more or less palmate ; cranium
elevated; form toad-like; inner finger not opposable; pupil

transverse ; a dorsal dermal osseous shield Ceratophryu Boie.

Group III. Criki.e.— Frontoparietal bones embracing a large foutanelle; cephalic
derm free; external metatarsi bound; terminal phalanges simple; prefrontals
never closely united, rarely in contact ; sternum not distinguishable into style and
diek, broad, emarginate, cartilaginous.
a. Ethmoid bone with superior arch complete ; toes webbed.

Pupil erect; vomerine teeth Helioporus Gray.

Auditory apparatus minute; vomerine teeth ; pn])il horizontal; ster-
num with a proxim?.! semiossified portion Copluvus ^ Cope.

aa. Ethmoid arch complete, or nearly so; digits free; no cuneiform shovel.
Largo parotoid glands; no vomerine teeth; pupil horizontal.

Hyperolia G ray.

No parotoid. glands ; vomerine teeth in transverse series; xiphister-

num broad ; pupil horizontal Borborocwies || Bell.

No parotoid glands ; pupil erect; sternum a plate Pcrialia Gray.

No parotoid glands; pupil horizontal; vomerine teeth wanting or in
minute fasciculi ; sternum slender, without bony deposit ; abdo-
minal integument usually areolate Crinia Tsch.

aaa. Ethmoid arch cartilaginous above ; digits free ; no shovel.

No parotoids ; vomerine teeth; pupil round; auditory organs rudi-

mental Ettsophus Cope.

aaaa. Ethmoid arch? No metatarsal shovel; "auditory organs wanting;" toes
slightly webbed.

Vomerine teeth : no parotoids Alsodes Bell.

* Type Chiroleptcs alboguttatus Gthr.
t Type Ceratophrys boiei Wied.

I Phractops Peters.

^ Telmatobius Bonlcnger, not of Wiegmanu.

II Includes Limnodyuasics Fitz., GUnther.

THE BATEACHIA. OP NORTH AMERICA. 313

Group IV. Pleuuodem.e.— Frontoparietal boiicH einbraciug a foutanellc ; amlitory

apparatus, clevclopod; digits free, or slightly webbed; external metatarsals

bound; tenuiual phalanges simple; sternum an osseous style, with one or more

distinct terminal cartilage dislis; tongue entire; cephalic derm fi'ee.

a. Inguiual glands; pupil horizontal; sternal cartilage cmarginate or bifurcate.

Vomerine teeth; prefrontals well separated; metatarsal tubercles

minute; terminal phalanges short Pleurodcma Tsch.

aa. No inguinal glands; pupil horizontal.

No vomerine teeth; prefrontals entirely separated; terminal pha-
langes short Liuperus D. & B.

aaa. No inguinal glands; sternal cartilage entire ; pupil erect.

Vomerine teeth; prefrontals widely separated by theosseons ethmoid;

terminal phalanges elongate; limbs elongate.. ../f///o>7iiHrt Bell.

Group V. Hylodes. — Digits free, or nearly so; external metatarsi bound; Icrminal

phalanf/es with a transrerse Jimh, which supports dermal disks; sternum without

style, scutiform, emarginatc or bilobed, osseous or cartilaginous.

1. A frontoparietal fontauelle.

No vomerine teeth or tarsal spurs; prefrontal bones wide, uniting on
the middle line Malachylodes Cope.

2. No frontoparietal fontauelle.

a. Prefrontals well separated, rarely the convexities of the inner borders in
contact.
b. Manubrium cartilajrjnous.

Muzzle and canthus rostralis angulated, projecting ; vomerine teeth;

digital dilatation ssmall Enkydrobius Wagl.

Muzzle and canthus rostralis contracted, little marked ; vomerine

teeth ; digital dilatations large Epirhexis Cope.

bb. Manubrium osseous, styloid.

Muzzle and canthus rostralis angulated ; no vomerine teeth

Limnocharls Bell.

aa. Prefrontals united throughout by close suture, and usually iu contact w'
frontoparietals.

No vomerine teeth Si/rrhopihus Cope.

Vomerine teeth; abdomen smooth Lithodijtes Cope.

No vomerine teeth ; belly areolate Uypodictijon Cope.

Vomerine teeth ; abdomen areolate Hylodes Fitz.

Group VI. Cystignatiii.— Frontoparietals and auditory apparatus fully developed;
cephalic derm free; external metatarsi bound, digits free, terminal phalanges
simple; sternum a distinctly defined slender osseous style, with distal cartilagi-
nous disk ; toes free.

a. Xiphisternal style emarginatc, and with two distal cartilaginous disks.
Vomerine teeth wanting; no tarsal spurs ; inguinal glands

Biibonias Cope.

Vomerine teeth present; no tarsal spurs; inguinal glands

Edaloihina Esp.

No parotoid or vomerine teeth ; isolated inguinal glands ; two acute

metatarsal spurs; pupil horizontal Pahidicola Wagl.

aa. Xiphisternal style and distal disk undivided.

No inguinal glands ; pupil horizontal Leptodaclyhis Fitz.

Glandular aggregations on the loins ; pupil h.orizontal

Cystiijnathiis Wagl.

No glands; pupil erect Limnomcdusa Cope.

No glands; pupil horizontal ; auditory apparatus atrophied.
Tclmalohius Wiegm.

314 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Cysfignatlii . ..

H.v lodes

• "cratophrydea

Prtcudcs

I'lcurodemaj ..
Criuiaj

Regio
Australia.

Regio Keotropica.

Chili and S.
of La I'lata.

Central.

Mexican.

29

5

24

26

6

0

3

0

3

1

2

0

West
Indian.

There are tbcii kuowii twentj' one Australian species, of which ;ill
but two possess an incomplete cranium and none a bony xiphisternal
style. lu the Patagonian subregion twenty-four species, of which ten
exhibit an incomplete cranium, and five a complete bony xiphisternal
style; in the Brazilian subregion sixty'seven species, of which only six
have an incomi)lete brain case, and twenty-four the osseous xiphister-
nal style; Mexico, thirty-two species with complete cranium, and one of
these with style; the West Indies with twelve, none having the fonta-
nelle, and three the style.

R.

Auntralis.

S. R.Pata-
1 chonica.

S.R.
Brazil.

S.R.
Moxic.

S.R
Ind.Occ.

Tola!

25

13

53

i

11

Prefrontals fully developed

0
1
.5

8
7

i 3

1 4

1 1

2

3

*22

0

15

6

2

27
0
7
0
0

10

Ear iiupeifect.

0

No voniorine teotli

u

Toes wel)bi>d

0

l'"08Sorial shovel ., . ..

0

* Approximate.

In roijard to the cranial development, the Wtst Indian region is pre-
eminent in this family, as in the Hylidse; the Brazilian inferior, and the
Australian vastly below all; the degradation appearing in a certain
degree regular. In the lack of vomerine teeth (a feature of immatur-
ity) South Brazilian and Argentine forms predominate. In possession
of the raniform xiphisternum the West Indian and Mexican subregions
show fewer representatives than the Brazilian. There are none in the
Australian.

One species — Lithodytes ricordii — wanders from the E. Neotropica
into the southern projection — Florida— of North America, and two
others, Lithodytes latrans and Syrrhophus marnockii, have a distribu-
tion in Southwest Texas; no others are known to occur beyond the
borders already stated. No species is common to the R. R. Australis
and Neotropica, and but one genus — Borborocietcs. Two Brazilian
species occur in the Southern West Indies and two in Southern Mex-
ico ; probably three of the same country must be included in the Buenos
Ayrean list.

As yet we are acquainted with the fossil remains of but one species
of Cystignathidne— a Ceratophrys, from a Brazilian cave. It has been

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

315

regarded as idintical with the C dorsata by Giiuther TAuu. Mag. Nat.
Hist, 1851), PI. xv).

Cystignatbi,
39 »p.

Psendes,
7 sp.

Ceratopbrycles, )
17 sp. ^_

FiODtopariotal bouos developed.

An osseous xipbiaterual style.
fTelniatobius

/ Cystisnathus Bubonias

I Leptodactylii.s Edalorbiua
I I'aliidicola

Xipbistcrnum a cartilaginous disk.

Psendis
Lysapsus
Mixophyes
Cycloibamphus

Plonrodcm.T,
9 8p.

CrinisB,
25 sp.

Frontoparietal bones undeveloped, embraci
a t'ontanctle.
Xipbisternura wilb an osseous style.
^ Pieuroderaa Hylorhi

i Liuperus \

Xipbisternum a cartilaginous plate. \

Llmnocbaria
Hylodes
Litbodytoa
Enbydrobius
Epirbexis
Syrrhopbu.s
Malachylodes

Ceratopbrys

Stombus

CliiroleptKs

Zacba'uus

Odontopbrynus''

Copbneus
Alsodes

Ilelioporus
Mitrolysis
Borborocaites
Crinia
Hyperolia

Frontoparietals and etbmoid arcb undeveloped.
Eusopbus

LITHODYTES Cope.

Proceed. Ac. Phila., 18G2, p. 153; Journ. Ac. Phila.- (2), vi, p., 97.
Hylodes pars, auctorum.

Termiual phalanges Tshaped ; fiugers and toes liee; no enli'.rged
metatarsal tubercle. Omosteruuin cartilaginous. Sternum a cartilagi-
nous plate. Prefrontal bones uniting on the median line of tlie muzzle.
Belly smooth.

This genus differs from Hylodes only in the smooth, as distinguished
from the granular, or areolated, belly of the latter. Us species are nu-
merous and inhabit principally the equatorial and northern parts of
the Neotropical realm. But two are found in tlie United States: the
L. latrans at the southwestern border, and the L.ricordii at the extreme
southeast. The latter is a West Indian species; the former probably
occurs in Mexico, but its existence there has not yet been ascertained
positively.

a. Vomerine in two short patches between the uare.s.

Form robust; miizzlo short, wide ; upper surfaces with brown spots.. . -L. latrans.
aa. Voraorino teeth in two long transverse curved series posterior to the internal
uares. ^

Form elongate ; muzzle acute ; .spotted above L. ricordii.

316 BULLETIN M, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LITHODYTES LATRANS Cope.

(Plates 51, fig. 15; 71, fig. 22.)
Ainer. Nat., 1878, p. 186; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 17, 1880, p. 25.

Size rather large ; frontoparietal region flat, its width equal to the
vertical diameter of the membraniim tympani. Skin smooth, that of the
abdomen thrown into a disk by a circular fold. Digital dilitatious small
on all the. feet. The toes have no dermal free margins; those of <he
hand are long, while those of the foot are rather short. The fourtli
finger is as large as the forearm and exceeds the thumb, which in turn
is considerably lou-ger than the second finger. Tiiere are two strong
palmar tubercles, of which the external is divided into two by a longi-
tudinal groove. There are two solar tubercles, and the entocuneiform
is prominent and obtuse. The muzzle marks a point beyond the mid-
dle of the tarsus of the extended hind limb. Tiie tarsus to the e ito-
cuneiform is just half as long as the remainder of the foot. There are
prominent tubercles on the inferior side of the digits of both extrem-
ities. The head is wide and flat and the loreal region oblique. The
nasal region is flat and gently dccurvedand the lip projects a little beyond
the muzzle. The long diameter of the eye equals the length from its
border to the external nostril, which is very near the end of the muzzle,
and exceeds the long or vertical diameter of the membranum tympani by
one-half of the latter. The width of the tympanic membrane is live-
sixths of its height. The tongue is subround. The ostia pharyngea are
large, but smaller than the choanje. The vomerine teeth are in two
short, nearly transverse patches, on elevated bases, their apices nearly
in line with the posterior border of the choanie. In younger individ-
uals the choame are obliquely longitudinal.

Length of head and body, .070'" j length of head to line of posterior
borders of tympanum, axially .024"' ; width at latter point, .031™ ; length
of posterior leg, .107'".

Color of superior surfaces brownish-gray, marked with a few large
brown spots with jiale centers. The largest of these is on each scapular
region ; a smaller pair is one over the extremity of each sacral trans-
verse process. There are several on the pelvic region and above the
groin, one on each eyelid, and one or two on the middle of the nasal
region. Ajiother covers the tympanum, and a brown band connects
the orbits around the end of the muzzle. There are two large brown
spots on the lip, one below the eye and one in front of it. The seg-
ments of the limbs have broad cross-bands, excepting the humerus.
IJelow pale, immaculate.

This species is one of the larger forms of the genus. The nasal bones
are in contact for most of their length, but diverge a little posteriorly,
displaying a small portion of the ethmoid. This is not tyi)ical in
Litlif)dytes, but approaches the state of things in Epirhexis.

This frog inhabits the cliffs of the cretaceous limestone which are

THE IJATRACIllA OF NOIMII AMERICA.

317

found iu every direction ;ilon<,' tlie borders and river valleys of the first
plateau region of Texas. INIr, G. \V. Marnock, who discovered it, in-
forms inc that after rains it is very noisy, uiakiug the rocks resound
with its cry, which is somewhat like a dog's bark. It hides in fissures,
and is so ditiicult to tiud as to be generally unknown to the country
jjoi)le, who suppose that the voice proceeds from. a lizard. According
to Mr. Marnock the eggs are hatched in winter, aiul the tadpoles pass
their existence in temporary pools of rain-water which collect!^ iu holes
iu the rocks aud at a distance from the creeks.

4 -^-^ 6

Fig. 80. Lithudyteslatrans. No. 1059. Helotes, Texas; }.

Additional specimens of this species received from Mr. Marnock show
that it reaches a larger size than the above specimens indicate. I give
the following

Measurements.

M.

Length of head aud bod j- 094

Length of head, including tyinpaua 025

Width of head at posterior edge of tympana 039

Length of fore limb 055

Length of hind limb 115

Length of tibia 039

Length of tarsus 020

Length of rest of foot 035

In the large and old specimens a mineral deposit takes place in the
skin, iis in the Fliijllomedusa scleroderma Cope and IStcreocydops incrass
saiiis Cope. It is especially abundant iu the cranial derm, but which is
not, as in cases where the ossification appears on the surface of the
cranial bones, adherent to the latter.

The Eijlodcs augmti (Duges MS.), Brocchi Misiou Scientifique de
Mexiipie, 188 1, from Guanajuato, Mexico, is related to the present ani-
mal. I do not know what the spezitic difference is, unless it be in the
form of the vomerine patches, which I can not clearly make out from
Brocchi's description.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.

10751

1

\Qlf,l

1

10753

1

10058

2

10529

2

13633

1

Locality.

Bexar County, Tex .

do ■.

do

do

do

do

AVhen
collected.

I'cb. 10,1880

.. do

...do

From ■whom receivod.

Nature of spec-
imen.

G. W. Marnock.
, do

.do
.do
.do
.do

AlcoUolic.
Do.
I>o.
Do.
Do.
Do.

318 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LITHODYTES RICORDII Duni. & Bibr.

Cope, Chock-List N. Amer. Batr. Reptil., 1875, p. 31.

Bylodts rkordii Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gen., viii, p. 023 ; Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit.
MuB., 1882, p. 213.

Head as wide as or wider than tlie body, longer than broad ; the
lateral outlines curved ; the end of the muzzle abruptly truncated.
Ostia plTaryugea oval. Vomerine teeth in two long curved series,
which commence behind and opposite to the external border of inner
uares; they are separated by a cousiderable space medially. Tongue
elongate oval, slightly nicked. A subgular vocal sack. Tympanum
half the size of the eye. Skin smooth above and below; sides rugose.
Heel reaching the orbit. Digital palettes small. Two metacarpal, two
metatarsal tubercles. Brachinm longer than or equal to antebrachiura.

General color reddish-brown. The loreal region, a band between the
eyes, one above the tympanum, and some dorsal spots, darker. Beneath
light brownish.

A single specimen from Key West, Florida, is in the National Mu-
seum. Its proper habitat is Cuba.

SYRRHOPHUS Cope.

Amor. Nat., 1578, p. 253; Proceed. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 1876, p. 268.

Sternum a cartilaginous plate, notched; digits free; vomerine teeth
none; ear well developed; nasal bones in contact, forming a solid roof
over the ethmoid cartilage. Pupil horizontal.

This genus is simply Lithodytes without vomerine teeth. In the
former genus the nasals and ethmoid have the structure seen in Elosia.
Four species are known, three of which are Mexican in distribution.
They differ as follows from each other:

Posterior limbs short, heel to tympanum; head wide; tympanum half orbit; rufous,
brown spotted S. marnochii.

Posterior limbs longer, heel to front of orbit; head wide, a canthus rostralis; tym-
panum one-third orbit; brown, pale spotted S. leprus.

Posterior limbs longer, heel to front of orbit; head narrow, no canthus rostralis;
tympanum one-third orbit; brown, dark spotted S. cystignathoides.

Heel to front of orbit; head rather wide, flat; tympanum two-thirds eye-slit; sub-
digital tubercles large ; gray, with black spots S. verrucipes.

SYRRHOPHUS MARNOCHII Cope.

(Plate 71, fig. 34.)

Amer. Nat., 1878, p. 253; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 20.

The typical specimen is as large as Ryla versicolor, and has a long
flat head and remarkably short hind legs. The muzzle is flat and
slightly depressed above, and projects a little beyond the edge of the

THE I3ATRAC1IIA OF NOllllI AMERICA.

319

lip. TLe nostril is a little beliiucl the apex, aud as far iu front of tbc
orbit as the long diameter of the latter. Tympanic membrane round)
its diameter about half that of eye. Choana) lateral, equal in size to the
ostia pharyngea. Tongue longer than wide, full, entire. Integuments
everywhere smooth; on the abdomen a faint discoidal fold. Digits
short, moderately expanded and truncate at the extremi'y. Prom-
inent tubercles at the proximal ends of the phalanges below. First and
second anterior toes equal and shorter than fourth. The heel of the
appressed hind limb reaches the middle of the tympanum, and the ex-
tremity of the tarsus a little anterior to the orbit. The fore limb is rela-
tively longer, the wrist extending beyond the extremity of the muzzle.
The tarsus is two fifths the entire length of the posterior foot. The in-
terorbital space is tlat and wide, and is but a tritle narrower than the
ex[)anse of the sacral diapophyscs.

The color of the upper surfaces is a light pnrplish-brown, closely
spotted with rather small closely placed and broadly defined dark
brown si)ots. The spots are less distinct on the head. Inferior sur-
faces light yellowish, immaculate, this tint commencing as small spots
on the pale ground of the sides. Limbs above brown, broadly cross-
banded with yellowish* femora behind j light brown with a few light
points.

Catalojiuo
u umber.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

When
collected.

rrom whom received.

Nature of sppc-
iinen.

lUlCl

2

1

Hrlotes, Boxar Countj-,
Tex.
-do

G. W.Marnock

do

Alcoholic.

13fi35

Do.

1 ^467

Fig. 81. Syrrhojihus marnockii. No. 13C35. Ilelotea, Texas; }.

Measure men in

M.

Length of licad and body 038

lA'ii!;th (pf head, iiiclnding tympana 0123

Widili i)C head, iueliiding tympana 013

l^eiigth ul' lore limb from a.xiUa 022

l^ength of hind limb from groin 045

Length of tibia , 015

Length of tarsus 0093

Length of rest of foot 015

Nothing is yet known of the life history of this species. It is prob-
able that, like other species of the genus, it inhabits rocky places. I
found the S. verrucipes in the bottom of a rocky ravine in the State of
Hidalgo, Mexico, under a stone on the borders of a small stream.

320 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

HYLID^.*

VcrtebrsD procoelous. Sacral diapopbj^ses dilated, tbe simple urostyle
articulated to two condjies. External metaearpi bound togetber. Ter-
minal pbalanges articulated iuferiorly onto tbe extremity of tbe penulti-
mate, globular or swollen proximally, and giving rise, usually from a cen-
tral emargination, to tbe curved, acute distal portion, wbicb is of a more
compact tissue. Superior plate of etbmoid never covered by fronto-
parietals, usually produced anteriorly between frontonasals. Ear per-
fectly developed. Abdominal integument generally areolate.

Tbis family embraces tbe tree toads of Australia and America. It
presents comparatively little structural variety, not containing as un-
developed types as tbe Cystignatbidie, nor as bigb ones; it j)ossesses
ueitber earless nor fossorial, nor really aquatic genera.

Tbe adaptive modifications are: First, tbose wbicb accompany a ter-
restrial babitat, i. e., tbe diminution of tbe digital dilatations and palma-
tion. Tbese occur in regularly increasing degree in a small number of
tbe species of tbe typical genus llyla, and are general in and distinctive
of two otber genera. Second, tbose wbicb adapt tbe extremities to
grasping a limb by opposition of digits, instead of adbering to a sur-
face by expansion of tbem in one jilane. Tbis tirst appears possible in
Agalycbnis, and is structural in Pbyllonicilusa. Tbird, tbose wbicb re-
strict tbe ligbt admitted to tbe retina, first, by tbe lateral contractility of
tbe pupil; second, by tbe rendering opaque of tbe inferior palpe\)ra. Tbe
first cbaracterizes tbe two genera just mentioned, tbe last occurs in tbe
first two, but is inconstant in tbe second, and cbaracterizes two otber
genera. Fourtb, tbatwbicb adapts tbe female duiing tbe breeding sea-
son to localities witbout water, or wbere perbaps tbe water contains
enemies, by tbe inversion of tbe dorsal integument so as to form a sack,
in wbicb tlie eggs are carried. Tbis occurs in and is accepted as cbar-
acteristic of two genera.

Anotber feature, wbicb bas a functional value, is tbe union of tbe
abdominal integuments witli tbe superficial fascia of tbe muscles by
HM areolar or fibrous network, continuous witb tbat of tbe usual latero-
ventral band. Tbe skin of tbe inferior surfaces of tbese creatures, as in
tbe raniforin tree frogs, bas a tbfckeniiig in numerous close areobe, tbe
nature and function of wbicb is like tbat of tbe digital dilatations, and
tbe derm of tbe tuber on tbe tbnmb of tbe male IJana, i. c, to secrete an
adbesive fluiil as aid in maintaining tbe peculiar positions assumed.
In proportion to tbe development of tbese is tlic extent of tbe abdomi-
nal attacbment, and bence may besu])posed to be adapted for relies ing
tbe otber arcolarconncctions from tbe strain of tbe animal's weiglit wben
in an appressed or vertical position. Its uniformity in tbe burrowing
genera of tbe Bnfonida3 and Scapbiopodidte, and espceially on tbeir dor-
sal surface, ratber confirms tbis view.

Tbis connection is, bowever, evidently not necessary to tbe use of tbe

* Plates 72, 73.

THE BATRACHIA OP NORTH AMERICA. 321

abdominal integument as an adhesive support, as this faculty is no-
where better seen than in the Acris, where derm is free. This creat-
ure will adhere for days to a vertical glass i)late, not only by the abdo-
men and digits, but by the interdigital menibraiies, and will light se-
curely from a long leap on such a surface. Daudin and Dumeril have
related the same adhesive faculty in Pelodytes punctaius, v^hichis not
known in regard to the dermal attachments, but has not the abdominal
areoliB present in Acris. The extent of the attachment is least where
the dilatations are smallest, as follows :

Abdomen entirely attached ; 18 sp.

Phylloniediisa four sp. Agalycbuis three sp. Trachycephalus two 8p. Noto-
trema one sp. Scytopis two sp. Srailisca bandinii.

Hypsiboas albomarginata, boans. Hyla agrestis, krefftii, phyllochroa.
Posterior half or tliird of abdomen attached; lateroventral band wide.

Tripriou petasatns.

Hyla fusca, areuicolor, gratiosa, versicolor, femoralis, squirella, audersonii, ccb-
rnlea.

Ranoidea aurea.

Chorophilus tnseriatus.
Less than posterior third abdomen attached; the lateroventrals wide.

Hyla arborea, reglMa, lateralis, miotympanum, pickeringii.

Chorophilus nigritns.
Abdomen entirely free.

Hyla leseurei, curta, gracilipos. Acris gryllus.

Of distinguishing features, which are seen in the degree of develop-
ment of the elements of the skull, there are, first, the development of
the o. o. frontoparietalia ; second, of the prefrontalia ; third, of the su-
perficial cranial rugosities; fourth, of vomerine teeth; fifth, of a post-
frontal arch; sixth, of the ethmoid arch.

Whole number of species 183

Frontoparietals fully developed 22

Frontoparietals with rugosities penetrating derm y

Prefrontals developed 17

No vomerine teeth 6

A postfrontal process 1

Ethmoid incomplete above 1

Of the above characters the lack of vomerine teeth is inconstant in
Phyllomedusa, being present in some and wanting in other s|)ecies.

There is a ten<len(;y to the Pseudis and liana liberation of the outer
metatarsus in Hyla amcrlcana, hyposticta, and dimolops, and H. C Ranoidea)
aurea. ,

Parotoid glands occur in some species of llylida; as an extensive stra-
tum of cryi)ts, but never exhibit the definition seen in Bufoniform and
some Cystignathid genera. It even occurs in Scytopis venulosiis irreg-
ularly, being sometimes present and sometimes wanting in the female,
at least.

The xiphisternum exhibits the form which exists in the greater num-
ber of Cystignathi<l;e, excepting in eight species, where it only lacks
the posterior emargination.
1051— Bull 34 1*1

322 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The natural genera are as follows :

I. No teeth oa the parasphenoicl boue.

1. Pupil horizontal.

a. A frontoparietal fontauelle ; ethmoid not ossified above.

Toes free Tlioropa Cope.

aa. A frontoparietal fontanelle ; ethmoid completed.

Toes free, or nearly so; digital dilatations very small; sacrum little
dilated CUorophUas Buird.

Toes fully webbed; digital dilatations minute; sacrum little dilated.

Acrin D. & B.

Toes webbed; digital disks and sacral diapophyses more dilated; poUex
consisting of one or more short concealed phalanges ; palpcbra trans-
parent Htjla Laur.

Like Hyla, but the dorsal derm introverted forwards, forming a sac.

Notoivcma D. »fc 15.

Like Hyla, but pollex consisting of phalanges fused into a curved solid
exsertible spine ; palpcbra transparent IJi/psilioax Wiigl.

Like Hypsiboas, but palpcbra reticulate with libers Ciucloiscopiifi (Jt>i»e.

Like Hyla, but vomerine teeth wanting Hijldla U. & L.

aa. No frontoparietal fontanelle.

Derm of the head free ; no postfrontal process Scyiopin Cope.

Derm of the head free ; a postfrontal process SinUhca Cope.

Derm of front free; bones exostosed Osteoceplndus Fitz.

Derm of the head involved in the ossitication ; uo dermal sac.

Trarhijcephahis Tsch.

Derm of head involved in the ossification ; a dorsal sac of the introverted
skin OpisthodeJphys G ihr.

2. Pupil vertical.

ft. No frontoparietal fontauelle.

Tongue scarcely free behind; no digits opposable; cranial ossification

involving derm Nyctimantis Boul.

/?/?. Frontoparietal fontauelle present.

Tongue extensively free behind ; sternum deeply emargiuate; digits not

opposed when at rest; cranial skin free AgaJychnis Cope,

Tongue extensively free; internal digits opposable, more or less free;

sternum entire ; cranial skin free Phyllomedusa Wagl

II. Teeth on the parasphenoid bone.

Pupil horizontal; vomerine teeth; cranial derm involved in ossification

of skull; iabial bordei's produced Diaylena Co\)e.

Vomerine teeth; toes webbed; derm of head involved in ossificatiou ;
labial border produced ; pupil vertical Triprion Cope.,

In the series 1-2 to Phylloinedusa a liual diiuiuution of paliuatioii
accompanies continued size of the digital palettes and increase in the
length and breadth of the ethmoid and diminution of the frontoparie-
tals, which features, however, are as marked in Hyla palmata as in
these succeeding types; they carry to its fullest development the cra-
nial peculiarities of the family, and add other features before men-
tioned; they inhabit the continental subregion of the Neotropical.
The other main series (I-l) leads, tirst, to a fuller development of tbe
frontoparietals, then to an extension of the prefrontals, and finally to
covering of the cranium with " dermoossification," on the one hand with
the superaddition of a dorsal dermal sac, on the other without it. This
extreme finds its greatest expansion in the West Indian subregion. ^V.

TIIK BATliACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

323

singular iiicoinploteiiess of the cranial box seenis to mark Thoropa,
which has the strong nasal roofing of tliis second series.

Chorophilus exhibits an afilnity to the CystignathiiUu, as does also
Thoropa, which represents in inferiority Eusoiihns in tiie same family.

The following isthe geographical distribution of thegeneraandspecies:

It.
Aiistralis.

II.

N'eotiopica.

1
1

5
3
4
'J
1

r.i

3

1

3
16
60

4

Nearctica.

It. 1 R.
I'aluiaictiiii. | /Ktliiopiua.

K.

P:ila'otii)pic:i.

1

Oitistliodclpliys

Jlvlil

29
2

10

3

0

3

iiyuihi

1
5

1

1
1

1

Total

31

128

16

3

0

3

The only genus in the above series which is not confined to a zoological
realm is Ilyla, and the species of this genus are all restricted to their
respective regions, i^milisea bandinii extends from the Neotropical into
the borders of the Nearctic region, and it is possible that Ryla avrulca
extends Irom the Australian Islands into those of the Pala30tropical
archipelago, thougli the identification of the species may not be strictly
correct. According to Bleeker it is found in Java and as far west as
Padang, on the west coast of Sumatra.*

The following is a distribution of these generic forms among the dis-
tricts of the Neotropical region :

West
Indian.

Me.xican.

Colombian. Chilian.

Eastern.

1
1
1

()|)i«tlio(lflpllVS

1

4

1

3

4

(1>

2

8

Nvctiiiiaiiti.^

1

Pliylloiiicdiisa

2
3

1

11

Ajjalycliuis

("iiiclo.scopiis

1

llvpsiboas

2
17

1

1

7

15

Uyla

2

1

36

Uvlella

3

?1

Tlioropa

1

Total

7

31

13

1

80

Our present knowledge, as above, indicates considerable localization
in the distribution of genera, and a marked predominance of the eastern

*Over tie Rcptilioii Fauna vair Sumatra, P. Bleeker, Batavia, 1860, p. 8.

324 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

district. But three of tlie genera fouud in tbe latter are known to
exist in any other. The poverty of tbe Chilian district is marked,
vvliiie West Indian species are nearly all of one genus, the Scytopis
noted being the S. ruber of Surinam, which occurs in Trinidad. None
of the species ever pass these bounds, with the last-mentioned exception,
and those of Scytopis renulosus, Hypsihoas albonmrginatus and xcrophyl-
luni, which occur in the eastern and adjoining portion of the Mexican
region. Our knowledge of this subject is, however, very incomplete.

In the species of Hylidae coloration may be distributed into two
regions; the first including that which is exposed to the light when the
animal is crouched, with the limbs all flexed and close pressed to the
sides, the hands and feet concealed more or less under the body ; and
the second embraces what is thus hidden from the light, especially the
portions in actual contact in flexure. Any marked difterence in color
of the different surfaces will usually be found to have reference to this
division into regions, generally very dissimilar in appearance. This
is well seen in Hyla andersonii, carolliiensis, and in Phyllomedusa and
Agalychnis. For convenience of reference, I here, as in other genera
of Batrachia Salientia, term the portions of the body and limbs which
are exposed to the light external ; those concealed in the flexure, in-
ternal.

AORIS Dumeril and Bibron.

Erp. G^ii., VIII, 506; Gunther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., i cil., 185G, p.
71 ; Cope, Nat. Hist. Eev., Id65, p. 110; Cope, Jouni. Ac. Pliila. {2),
VI, 186G, 86 ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., lS-i2, ii ed., p. 336.

But one species of this genus is known, and it is found throughout
the greater part of the North American realm. It is quite possible that
it may become necessary at some future time to unite this genus with
Hyla.

ACRIS GRYLLUS Le Coute. *

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. G6u., viii, ."iO? ; Le Coute, Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 1855,
28; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Miis., 1882, 336.
Rana gryllus Le Coute, Auu. Lyceum New York, i 1825, p. 282; Harlau, Med. Pbys.

Res., p. 104.
Eana dorsalis Harlau, i. c, p. 105.
Ill/lodes fjryllus Holbr., N. Auier. Ilcrp., PI. 33.

Head moderate, length to canthus oris equal breadth at same point.
Muzzle narrowed, produced ; piolile projecting or nearly [)eri)endiciilar.
Canthus rostralis v e.ik, approximate ; external no.stril little nearer eilge
of lip than to orbit. Vertex plane; diameter of orbit greater than in-
terorbital breadth, three times in length from end of muzzle to ])Osterior
border of tympanic membrane. Latter indistinct; partially obscured
by a fold one-fifth the size of the orbit. Skin of head and body above
with rather distant tubercles, of which some on the scjapular regions are
more or less ])licifurm. No areolation on tlunMcic and gular region.
A series of small tubercles on the outer border of the tar.sn.s; two small
metatarsal tubercles. Articular tubercles of tlie phalanges very small.

'Plate 73, fig. 29.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 325

Tongue broiid, obovate, sometimes nearly ovate, distinctly to not emar-
ginate posteriorly. Vomerine teeth in two ovate patches between the
interior nares, as near them as to each other.

The end of the forearm extended reaches the external nares. The
heel of the extended hind leg reaches to or beyond the end of the muz-
zle. Two large metacarpal tubercles. Length of head to tympanum,
one-third that of head and body.

Average size: Length of body, 12 lines; from vent to outer end of
femur, <J lines; tibia, 7 lines; tarsus and foot, 9 lines.

Typical coloration: Above, brown or gray, with a blackish triangu-
lar patch between the eyes, the apex directed backwards; the bor-
ders of this are of a light color, which is light green in life, and is con-
tinued as a band to the end of the body. Three dark bars on the lip,
one from the eye to the anterior upper arm across the angle of the
mouth, pale bordered above. A dark bar from the orbit across the
tympanum, and one from scapular region to beyond middle of side. A
dark bar from behind the scapular region restricts the/lorsal line near
the sacrum, and is usually continued with an interruption to the groin.
Color of upper surfaces continued on a less part of surface of femur,
which is cross-barred; behind this pale, with a longitudinal band or
series of spots posteriorly. Throat in si)ring yellow.

This species possesses the power of metachrosis or color-change in a
high degree. The dorsal stripe and border of the interocular si)ot may
be bright green, dirty white, or bright rusty; and the dorsal tubercles
vary in color in the same way. The general tint varies from bright
green to dull slate color.

In its habits the Acris gryllus is a lover of the muddy borders of the
water, into which it leaps when alarmed. As it does not conceal itself
among vegetation, like the Hyla picleringii, it is much more easily
caught than that species, and is more common in museums, though not
less abundant. As the structure of the feet indicate, it is a good swim-
mer, and its })owers of leaping are remarkable.

Tliis species is distributed from Florida to Texas, through Kansas
and the Northwest to the Atlantic, and as far northeastwardly as New
York.

The northern and southern sections of this area produce forms which
oft'er considerable differences, but which must be termed subspecies, on
account of the existence in some localities of intermediate individuals.
I have seen such from Illinois, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and elsewhere.

These subspecies are as follows:

Hinder foot less tarsus less than half the length of the head and hody ; dermal tnher-
cles larger; posterior femoral stripe less distinct 4 g. crcpifans.

Hinder foot less tarsus longer than half head and body; dermal tnbercles smaller;
femoral stripe very distinct A. fj. <jrijUu8.

These subspecies are respectively of northern and southern distribu-
tion; the A. g. gryllus ranging from North Carolina to Florida and
Louisiaua.

326 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Acris gryllus crepitans Baird.

Acris griillns Diim. & BLbr., Erp. Gdu., viii, 1841, p. 506, parlim ; Giiutlier Cat. Batr.

Sal. Brit. Mas., 1858, p. 7, partim.
Hylodes gryllm De Ka.y, N. Y. Zool., Reptil., in, 1842, p. 70, V\. xxii, fi;j;. 01.
Acris crepitans Baird, Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 1855, p. .59; Li' Oontc?, I. c. p. 4"iG; Baird,

U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept., p. 28, PI. xxxvii, lii;-. 14-17.

Fig. 82. Acris gryllus crepitans. No. 13924. Dea Moines, Iowa, \: 6 and 7. J.

Brownish above. The median region of Lead and bodj above bright
green; a dark triangle between the eyes. Three oblique blotches on
the sides, nearly equidistant: the first behind the eye, the hist on the
flanks and running up on the back; all usually margined with lighter,
a narrow white line from the eye to arm. Beneath yellowish- white.
Inferior face of thigh plain. Tibia a little more than half the length of
the body. Foot rather smaller. Head rather obtuse, scarcely longer
than broad. Web of hind foot extending to the penultimate articula-
tion of the fourth toe.

This subspecies is characterized by a rather long, narrow head, with
the eyes farther back than usual. There is no constriction for the neck,
the outline taperiug towards the snout from about the middle of the
body. The limbs are very muscular, and considerably developed.

The eyes are large and prominent ; their anterior edges decidedly be-
hind the middle of the commissure, and their i)osterior barely anterior
to the angle of the mouth; hence the snout is considerably produced.
The nostrils are minute, situated on the canthus rostralis, rather nearer
the tip of the snout than the eye, and separated by a distance less than
one-third the width of the rami. The tympanum is small, not very dis-
tinct, about half the diameter of the eye, and placed just above the ric-
tus. The head is almost as long as wide, especially in large specimens.

The tongue is broad, oval, subtruncate, and but slightly emarginate
behind; the anterior extremity rounded; it is free behind and on the
sides. The inner nares are large, open, placed a little in front of a
point opposite the anterior canthus orbitalis.

The vomerine teeth are situated in two oval patches about the size
of the nares, the slightly longer axes inclined a little to each other,
backward. They are placed between the nares, their anterior edges
nearly in the same transverse line with those of the nares, and extend-
ing a little beyond the nares posteriorly, and thus more anterior than in
any other of the small Hyloids of North America. They are about as

The BAfflACHIA OP NORTH AMERICA. 327

far apart posteriorly as their anterior extremities are from the nares.
The Eustachian apertures very miuute, less than the inner nares.

Tlie lower parts are covered by a depressed pavement or granulation,
extending half-way up the side and on the inferior face of the thighs
In many specimens this appears to be wanting between and anterior to
the arms. The upper parts generally are provided with rather scat-
tered pustulations or warty elevations, with numerous pores opening
between and on them; these pustules are most numerous on the sides
and anteriorly. Some are considerably larger and longitudinal, and
appear most distinct near the edges of the vertebral vitta.

The hands are large and well developed; rather longer than the fore-
arm. The tips of the fingers and toes are provided with very slightly
enlarged, depressed pallets or disks, convex beneath and with a nail-
like groove.

The outer finger is rather longer than the second, and all appear to
be connected by a very slight thickened membrane. The inner finger
is set at a right-angle with the third and posterior to the rest. There
is a soft large tubercle at its base, and a still larger opposite to it on
the other side of the palm, the two with only a narrow interval. All the
articulations of the fingers and toes have well-developed tubercles be-
tween them.

Tlie femur is shorter than the tibia, rather longer than the foot; the
tibia is more than half the length of the body. The two outer meta-
tarsi are firmly united, the others cleft to the base; the intervals of the
latter, however, filled up by a well-developed membrane, which extends
as far as the bases of the disks, and filling up most of the space between
the toes, except on each side of the longest, where the membrane forms
a narrow margin on the penultimate Joint. The third toe is a little
longer than the fifth or outer. The cuneiform process makes a consid-
eralde prominence, while on the o[)posite or outer side of the tarsus
and foot are three or four small tubercles, at about equal distances,
the distill one opi)osite the cuneiform process and largest. The tuber-
cles beneath the articulations are very distinct. There is a rudimentary
membrane along the exterior edge of the foot.

In alcohol the general color above is of a dull brown. During life,
however, an area bounded by lines extending from the nostrils and
diverging to the middle of the edge of the upi)er eyeliil, then converg-
ing to the sacral vertebra, then again widening to the buttocks, is of a
bright grass green. This is interrupted between the eyes by a well-
defined triangle of brown, nearly equilateral, with rather concave sides,
and its base connecting the edges of the upper eyelids. A dusky line
extends along the canthus rostralis. The sides of the face and edges
of the ui)per Jaw exhibit three or four indistinct square blotches, sepa-
rated by narrower intervals ; one or more sometimes better defined than
the rest. A dark broad line extends from the sides of the lower jaw to
the lower part of the insertion of the arm, and another from the posterior

328 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

portion of the orbit to the upper edge of the same insertiou ; the two
are oblique aud parallel. They are separated by a narrow light (even
white) line, extending from the orbit a little behind the lowest part and
running to the middle of the insertion of the arm. Behind the arm and
on the side of the body is a still larger blotch, similar and parallel to
the last mentioned, and behind this and higher up on the back still
another, anteriorly covering the loins on each side, and running ob-
liquely backwards so as to be parallel to the others. Tbe blotches of
this posterior pair are separated by the narrowest part of the green
stripe, which is bounded to a considerable distance by these blotches.
All the blotches just described, as well as that on the top of the head,
are dark brown, margined by a lighter areola, wliich on the sides and
back is sometimes yellowish in life. The under parts are yellowish-
white or pure white; the throat sometimes bright yellow; sometimes
closely or sparsely crowded with dark spots. There are no well-de-
fined darker blotches on tlie arm ; but the tliigh, leg, tarsus, and foot
each exhibit two or three transverse ones. Tiie buttocks are yellow-
ish, with the arms brown, and the posterior and anterior faces, with
small blotches, some of which are occasionally continent into an irreg-
ular dark line along the anterior and posterior faces of the thigli. The
granulation about the buttocks is usually white.

A specimen from Russellville, Ky., has the blotches much smaller
than usual.

In a specimen from Carlisle the last vertebra has the transverse
apophyses very little dilated, though somewhat enlarged at the ends.

Inches. Iiulies.

Totallengtb LOS 1.00 Tarsus 'iH .%

Arm and haud 40 . :{7 j Foot 4'J .45

Handaloue 27 . 'if) j Total oflcg stretched L TO 1. G.3

Thigh 5:5 .47 I Width of head :W .Xi

Leg 58 . r)4 I Cliord of upper jaw M .35

The iris of this subspecies is golden and cai)able of excessive contrac-
tion. A broad blackish spot occupies it at each end of th(^ pupil, and
a narrow black line above and below the latter. When the iris is con-
tracted the pupil is shortly transverse, not linear as in many Hyhe, and
the brown spots are triangles, their apices inwards.

Specimens from the lower Mississippi are frequently of ol)scnre colors,
of rather larger size, and with large tnbercles. 1 have not been able to
distinguish them as forming a constant subspecies. ]Mr. Boulenger,
(Catal. Batr. Sal., Brit. Mas., 1882, p. 337) refers such a specimen to a
"var. bufonia."

In connection with metachrosis in this species I observed in a speci-
men lately dead that on the end of the muzzle, palpebral, canthus ros-
tralis, outer line of humerus, ends of sacral diapophyses, where the
derm was in a state of tension, that it assumed a bright green hue.

The note of this species may be exactly imitated by striking two
marbles together first slowly, then faster and faster, for a succession of

THE IJATRACIIIA UF NOlM'll AMERICA. 329

about twenty or thirty beats. The noise can not be heard at a very
great distance. J Ake Ey la picker ingii, this species in contineraent can
readily be made to produce its note by imitating it, either with the
voice or the clattering of two pebbles. It keeps on the high grass in
and around marshy places, seldom if ever ascending trees or bushes.
When pursued it leaps with prodigious agility aud bides under water.

Acris gryllus gryllus Le C.

liana griiUns Le Coiito, Ann. N. Y. Lye. i (1825), 2H2 ; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci.

V, (1827), :U7, ahdMcMl. and I'liys. Res. (18;{.5), 104 (copied).
liana dormtls Ilarl., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila. v (1»27), 317, and Med. and Pbys.

Kes. (Im:^)), 105 (Fip. on p. 72), (Florida.)
Hylodrs gryllus Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., Ist cd., ii (1838), 75, xiii, and 2d ed., iv

(1842), 131, xxxiii, 2)artim.
Jc7-is grylhia Diini. & Bibr., Erp. G6n., viii (1841), 50(') ; Aug. Duni., Ann. Des. Sc.

Nat., 3""= serie, xix (1853), 153; Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 71, paitim;

Boulenger, Cat. Brit. Mus., ii ed., 1882, p. 336.
Acris acheta Baird, Proceed. Ac. Phiia., 1855, p. 5l».

Body slender ; head pointed. Limbs much elongated. Head longer
than wide. Web of hind foot extending only to the third articulation
(from til)) of longest toe. Tibia two-thirds length of body. Foot juore
than half length of body. Colors much as in A. crepitans, but brighter.
Inferior surface of thigh plain, or very slightly freckled with darker.
A narrow white line from eye to arm and a light line above the urostyle.

Having presented a Ininute description of yl. crepitans, it wMll only be
necessary here to give the principal points of difterence as compared
with that species. The entire form is much more slender, and the limbs
longer in proportion. The head is much more acute, and the outline of
the lower jaw elliptical, instead of being nearly semicircular. The chord
of the rami is longer than their greatest width, not equal to it, and the
cleft extends further back. The tympanum in both is scarcely distin-
guishable. The tongue is large, triangular, and fleshy. The teeth are
in two small circular patches, between the inner nares, and separated by
quite an interval. The pallets at the tips of the more elongated fingers
and toes are very moderate, less prominent than in A. crepitans. The
fourth or longest toe projects beyond the rest much more than in A.
crepitons and the web scarcely extends on either side beyond its ante-
penultimate articulation, while in A. crepitans this web reaches to the
penultimate one and even as a very narrow margin to the very tip; nor
between any of the phalanges does the membrane extend to the disks as
in the other.

The general distribution of color is the same, although the pattern is
brighter and clearer. All the blotches have a narrow border of white.
The posterior large one seems to extend higher up on the back. The up-
per jaw has four narrow white lines peri)endicular to its edge on each
side, as in the other species, inclosing nearly equal spaces. There is a
light streak down the posterior part of the back above the urostyle whicth
we have not noticed in the other. The dark longitudinal line on the

330

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

posterior face of the tbigh is more distinct. Tlie limbs nre more finely
barred above, three or four fusci* on each joint; the upper and outer
surface of the hands and feet also finely barred.

The skin above seems rather smoother than in the other, while the
throat is more granulated.

As regards the transition between this subspecies and the A. g. crepi
tans, a number of specimens display intermediate proportions. Thus
in some the posterior foot, minus the tarsus, is exactly half the length
of the head and body. In some lots from a single locality some speci-
mens have the hind foot one-half the length, while others fall a little
below, and still others fall a little above this proi)ortion. Such a lot is
that from Cooper County, Mo., No. 3557.

The distinctness of the posterior femoral brown stripe is subject to
variation. In typical A. g. grylhis it is sharp, and is bordered above
and below by pale bands, of which the latter is again bordered below
by a darker shade. In other specimen^ the lower i)ale baiul is shaded,
and its inferior brown edge is indistinct. The inferior edge of the
brown band becomes irregular, and in the A. g. crepi fans it is a good
deal iuterru[»ted by i)aler.

Acris grijUiiH crej}itanH Bainl.
JtESKRVE SERIES.

Cat:ilo;:uei

\n.of

nunilicr. !

S1>LC.

•^■^:^■^

4

y.'iriii

2

•xi-\

1

■.vr,A :

1

■:,n\:>

1
1

3

1

4S!)!)

H

:i.Vii

1

:i-j(i(i

•>

3'.'04

fi

:rj7:f

9

■A2i:<

(i

:i2G9

3

3-280

1

357;-)

(')

35(i.'>

3

:!:,{i8

4

4'J(I'.)

2

HS7I

I

<s::44

S

KITS

.'.0

li!i:;o

•J

im.'.o

ir>

:i:>(io

iii

fH15

2

7H'J7

9

IHWt

3

llOi)

2

Liic:ilitv.

When
collecU'tl.

From whom receivo.l. ^'^^»}^ of spcc-

OcoiioiiiowDC Ui vet, Wis.

til.

Fort I iigr, Tex

do

New liniiiiit'cls, Tex

IndiaiKila, T(!x

UiiHsell\illii, Ivy

I'lairie Alcr Koiiirc, lin,..

Fort Siiiitli, Aik

A/,talaii, Win

Wasliiii^iton, 1). C

Carli;*!.', I'a

Viiiii;;! is llivcr

NoMli riatte, N.br

South Fork

105 riiil.s ucs(, <ir Fort

Kiliy, Kaiis.
Ko]iiililiiiiii Uivcr, Mo - -

Kntk Maicy

Saint Liiuis, Mo

Mason (Jouuty, 111 |

S(M it lid rand liiv( r, Miss
Ivansas

Tick law, l.a

(iDldsOoron^'h, N. U...

Union 0)iiuty, III

Swainjison Lini]) Fork

Cavlislc, I'a

Nrvv Ma.lrid, Mo

Wank.'j;an, 111

Washington, J). V.

('■)

Dec. 20, 1,><7<>

I'eiisacola, Fla

Prof. S. V. Haird

A. C. Harry

Dr. C. B. li. Ktnuerly . .

do ..

F. Lindheiinor

.J.H.Clark

IJil.l.....

Jatnes Fairie

Dr. K. F. Shnniurd

Piof.S. F. liaiid

Dr. Win. Stini|isiiii . . . .

Trof. S. F. Kaird

J.il. (Jlark

W. S. Wood

Di. F. V. liaydon

W.S. Wood"

Dr. W. A.lIaiuiiKind, V
S. .V.

II. 15. Mollhaiiscn

Dr. (J. I'^nuclinaiin

K. KcnnicDtl

Dr.r.l;. Hov

Dr. J. (i.C(.o|>cr

Di. T. II. r.oaii

J. W. Miln.r

It. Kt'imicott

Dr. F. V. Ilavden

Frof. S. F. I'.'iird

U. Kciinicott

J. W. Mill!.-.'

Dr. E. ('ones

(.')

Dr. .1 . iraninioiid

Alcoh(dic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D<..

Do

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
J)o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

CrENEUAL SElllFS.

;27i

1

l,oii,

Fork

\um

1

S:iin

l,oiiis, M,.

(277 ,

3

Foil

Uilev. Kan

Linil.C.Wa.K'ii.r.S.A.
Dr. i;. Fn-.hiiaiiii

Lieiil.F.'l'.i;r\:in.F.S..\

Alcoholi
Ho.

THE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 331

SjieclinciiN htlcniiediale bctuTcu A. {/. {jrylliis and A. g. crepitans.

('iitalogufj No. of
niiiubui-. spue

3.">G2

12073

12707
i2.-.7tl
:!.57it

n.s:jr.

('atalojiiic' No. of
iiiimln'r. : spfc.

.■tr.fio

0

:!:")(; 1

7

:f:.G4

,■>

5il0!l

7

•.i.'.tH

0

yi(i4

1

!lt'i!l('i

•'•

:{.'is,'>

4

llHidi

■J

4 suit

:i

12ti7ti

1

11!H2

rt

Locality.

(rraiid Detour, La

(;oii])nr Comitv. Mo

Wiisliiiititon, D.O

Moiiiil Cariiiol, 111

NiisUvillo.Oa

Lookout Mo 11 II tain, Ten II
Willoii'Tlili.v Point, Va

Mobile, Ala

Old KoitCol.b.Cal

When
collccttil.

From whom receive.l. Nature of spec
imen.

P. L. riov ,.1 Alcoholic.

Gi>oiy:c Slioeniakcr. ..

L. M. rurniT

W. J. Tavlor

W. F. Foe

Kaill iui.l .Mcl)on;il.l

PUichndv

Di. K. PaliiHT

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Air'is {/riillu.s firjilliis Lc ('oiite.
UKSERVK skuip:.s.

Locality.

J'cii.snc.ola, Fla

Now Ma.liiil. Hfo
Charleston, S. C

When
collected.

Saliiii. N.<J

Soiitliciii Illinois

Ailinutoii. I'Ma

D.iytnn. .\la

I'laiiif Mir Koiiire, La.

Milton, Fla ....

Wasliiiiiilon. l^t. ('

Ml. nut Caiiiirl, IP

Nashville, (ia

From whom i ecci vid. ^'"'".''^ "^ ''P««'-
iiiieu.

Dr. J. P. naniiiioiid, V.
S. A.

It. Kennieolt

Dr. ('. (iiiaril

l>r. J.L. I.e Coiite

.T. T. Linihack

I U Kellllil'ott

I O. Browii(!oode

Kduewoilh

.Tames I'airie

S.T. Walker

WilliaiMStimit.soii, M. D

r,. M. Tiirner

W.. I. Taylor

Aleoliulir
Do.

Ho.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

I>o.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

CriOUOPPirLUS liainl.

I'roo(^o(l. Ac. I'liil.i., ls.')l, ]). ;")'.»: {'()])(>, .I(iiiiii;il Acid. T'liilii., \i^S6, y>. HCi.

iniurrhs l!;iinl, I'ldccod. Arud. riiil,!., ls.-,l, p. .V.t

I'sciidiiciis I'it/., System;!, licptilimn, 1^41!, :'>! (no ( liaraftcr) ; Ciiintlier, Cat. Hatr.
Sal. I'.iit. Mils., IS.-.S, !)7; Copo, Nat. H'ist. Mrv., l-C..'), 110.

Craiiiiiiii llattened; a lar<jc rrontoiiaiiotal i'ontaiielle. Prefrontals
cloii^uatc, di\er<i('iit, not in contact anteriorly, e.xtendinu bevinid tlie
extremity of tlie well-developed ])rolon,<;e<l superior ethmoid ]>late.
Tonuiie ronndt'd or elonuate, slightly emarginate behind, where it is
free for about half its length. Inferior eyelid transparent. Males with
snbmilar vocal vesicle. Xiphisteiniiin fd)rocartila<;inoiis ; sometimes
cartilii.uinons, tlattened, eloii.iiate. Dibits free except in some a sli<iht
web conne(;tin.i;- free ])ortion of nielatarsals; <lil;itations small or want-
ing, the phahmin'e with the claw str(»n,u, an<l the ball not emarginate.
l)ilat;itions of .siu'ial diapoph.\ se.-; neiirly equilateral.

In the known species the \onieiiye teeth are i)resent in two small
a|)pro\iinated patches behind the point exactly between tiie nares,
and the tympaniun is distinct.

Tins <;-enns is ne;irl\ rehited to that uronp (*f the s])ecies of Ilyhi
named Litoria in the lOrpetoloiiie (lenerale. From ty[»ical IbrnLS of

332 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the former, the ethmoid plate without supraorbital augles, the elongate
terminal phalanges with small basal globe, supporting minute dila-
tations, and the nearly webless digits distinguish it. Species of Hyla
less representative are similar in cranial structure, and have a dimin-
ished amount of palmation, but the series appears with our present
knowledge distinct in the structure of the feet. Like the Litorias, its
life is passed on the ground, and chietiy in the neighborhood of small
pools in oijen and barren situations, where the voices of the species
may be heard with the Acris in the summer, long after the Hylas have
sought their leafy retreats in the wood or fence row. They differ from
the first-mentioned genus in being poor swimmers; though they leap
into the water when alarmed, they do not swim far from the shore,
and soon return to it. They do not seem to be possessed of the power
of marking such enormous leaps as the Litorias of Australia, or even
as our Acris. In typical Litoria the brain case is more elongate and
cylindrical and the frontoparietal fontanelle much narrower, but iu
L. americana the form and proportions are the same.

The general form and habits of the Australian genus Crinia are not
very different from the present; the terminal, not inferior, attachment
of the ultimate phalanx will separate it from all Hylida\

Chorophilus is distributed from the llio Grande, Salt Lake Valley,
and Rocky Mountains on the west, to the Atlantic, and from the Gulf
to the northern limits of the United States west of the AHeghanies;
east of this range I am not aware of its occurring north of middle
Pennsylvania. Of its six species four are confined to the Gulf States
and South Carolina, while the fifth is fonnd under several forms
throughout the whole of the north and southwest, the northern and
middle parts of the central, and tlie middle of the eastern region to
Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

The species differ as follows:

I. Muzzle rouuded in prolile, projecting.
a. Skin of upper surfaces smooth.

Stout, width of head lit tympana entering total lengtli 2.5 to 2.00 times;
nostril half-way between muzzle and orbit; posterior foot shorter, slightly
webbed, and with sabarticular tubercles ; heel reaching tympanum
C. onintiii.

More slender ; width of head cnttring length :? to IJ.f) times; nostril nearer
end of muzzle than orbit ; posterior foot longer, not webbed, and without

subarticnlar tubercles; heel reaching middle of orbit C. occidoitalis.

aa. Skin warty above.

Head acuminate, tlio width entering the total three times; heel reaching
anterior to orbit ; size larger C. ii'i'iritHH

Head short, wider; the width entering the length :{.2.'> times; the hv.vX
reaches to the front of the orbit ; small C. feriarinn.

Head acuminate ; the width entT!ring tlio total 3..') to 3.06 times; hind legs
short; heel reaching posterior border of membrannm tympani
C. iriseriafus.

II. Muzzle truncate in prolile.

Vertex and front plane ; canthus ros'tralis sharp ; bind legs long. . C. ocularis.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 333

CHOROPHILUS ORNATUS Holbrook.*

Cystignathus ornaius Holbr., N. Amer. Herp., iv, p. 105, PI. 25.

Chorophilus ornatHx Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 'M ed., 1882, p. 333.

Vhorophilus ocularis Damlin, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, p. 27.

Muzzle and cauthus rostralis rounded; the former projecting, but
short, not longer than diameter of eye ; external nares nearer the orbit
than the end of the muzzle; skiu not areolated or roughened above;
toes without terminal knobs, distinctly webbed at the base, and with
well-developed subarticular tubercles; hind legs short, heel only reach-
ing posterior edge of tympanum when extended.

The head is rather short, and the anterior outline is a narrow oval.
The extremity of the muzzle projects beyond the mouth, and the lores
are slightly oblique and a little concave. The nostril is but little nearer
the extremity of the muzzle than the orbit. The vertical diameter of
the tympanum a little exceeds the transverse, which is one-half the long
diameter of the eye-slit. The pupil, as in the other species of this
genus, is horizontal. The tongue is wide, discoid, and entire behind.
The ostia pharyugea are smaller than the small choanro. The vomerine
patches are short and transverse; they are entirely withiu the lines of
the inner borders of the choante and behind the line of the posterior
borders of the same.

The tubercles of the superior surfjices are small and rather closely
placed ; they are largest on the sides of the back. There is a faint areo-
lation of the gular region. The limbs are short and stout. The humerus
is half or more inclosed in the skin. The palm reaches nearly to the end
of the muzzle. The fingers are short and stout, and have neither dilata-
tions nor borders. The first is shorter than the second, which equals
the fourth. The palmar tubercles are not distmct. The heel of the ap-
pressed hind foot in thin specimens marks the middle of the tympanic
disk or posterior border of orbit, and the end of the muzzle the extremity
of the tarsus. The hind foot beyond the tarsus is oidy as long as the
tibia. The toes have no dilatations, but possess dermal margins, and a
short but distinct basal web. There is but one solar tubercle, a small
cuneiform prominence. Total length, .035'" ; of head, to line of posterior
borders of membranum tymi>ani, .Oil"'; width of head at the latter,
.014"' ; length of hind leg, .045'"; of femur, .013'"; of hind foot, .022"' ; of
tarsus, .009'".

The color above is oliv^e-gray, and below uniform straw-color. A
black band passes from the end of the muzzle on each side, through the
eye, and, expanding over the ear-drum, terminates in front of the hu-
merus. One or two dark spots above and behind the axilla may unite
to form part of a lateral band. There may or may not be blackish si)Ots
above the groin and on the pelvic region and anterior ])art of the back.
" * Plate 72, tig. 2.

334 BULLETIN :5J, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The limbs Liive a few daik-browu cross-bauds; the femur is yellowisli
aud uuspotted beliiud.

4 e

Flc. 83. Cliorophiliis oiHatuti. No. 1301(4. llclotts, Texas ; }.

Dr. [Jolbrook describes the colors of this species in life as follows:

Dove-color above, with oblong- spots of dark-browu, nuir<^iued with
yellow.

The head has a broad, iiidistiuct, triangular spot between the orbits,
the apex of which is directed backwards. A black line extends Irom
the snout to the orbit of the eye, includiug the nostrils ; below tliis
black line is a yellow isli blotcJi, covering most of the upper jaw. Tiie
lower jaw is cinereous above and white below. The i)upil is Aery dark,
the iris of a golden color. The tympanum is very dark colored, and
placed in a dark vitta, or blotch, which extends from behind the orbit
to withiu a short distance of the shoulder. The body is of a delicate
dove-color above, witli two or more oblong spots of dark brown, mar-
gined with yellow, on eaeli side of tlie vertebral line; below these, and
on each Hank, are three smallei' si>ots, likewise margined with bright
yellow, the anterior one being the laigest ; these, with a smaller one
above the vent, form a triangle on each tiaidv ; several bright yellow
spots, also disposed in a triangular form, with tlie apices directed for
wards, are concealed by the thighs. The inferior surface of this ani-
mal is silver-white, and e.xcH^pt on the throat, everywhere granulated;
about the throat are a few indistinct points of black; the anterior and
middle parts of the abdomen are wiiite with a slight tinge; the [)Oste-
rior third ai)i)roaches to liesh-coloi'.

The anterior extremities are do\e-colored above, with a few distinct,
dark bands placed transversely ou the fore-arm, and a black spot at the
elbow; a black line runs from the inferior and upper part of the shoul-
der towards the lower jaw ; dove-colored above, with transverse bands
of dark brown; on the anterior part of the tliigh are several small
yellow spots; on the posterior surface tiiese spots are numerous and so
closely approxiuuited as to resemble at first view a yellow waving line.
The whole under surface of the thighs is llesh-colored ; the inferior
surface of the legs is also llesh-colored, with a few yellow dots.

No. 13634; one specimen; Helotes; Bexar County, Texas; G. W.
Marnock.

Other specimens of this species are in my private collection from the
same locality, aud from Dallas, Texas.

Till': BATRACHIA OF N(»KTH AMKUICA. 335

CliOKOrillLlI.S OCCIDKNIALIS lid. A (iinl.

Litoria occiihnltdis lid. vV (iinl.. I'rnciuil. Ac. I'liil;!.. !."<.");{, ]>. liOI.

Ci;sliiiii(illu(.'ii>ni(ilii--< " llollir.", (Jiimliur, CM. l>;itr. S.il. Iliit. Mii.s.,ed., 18,^)8, l».'iS.>; vvc

liiilliruokii.
Cliorojiliiliis ociiliiiis Copf. CliccK-Li.sl IS', Aiiht. I!, it., loptil., 1^7."), |>. ;i() ; mc Ujjla

ori(l<ni!< l>aiidiii.
ChotiijiliUiis ciipii M(Milciii;cr, Cat. ISiilr., S;il. Hiit. Mils. cd. II, \>^2, \>.'.V.l\.

Head ratlisr aciito. Tibia ivaciiiii<;' half-way from tin- anus to the
nostrils. Above, cliestiiiit with obsolete blotches of darker. A daik
chestnut stripe from snout through eye and tym[)anum, with several
J.arge obli<]ue blotches of the same on the sides. Ueucath, reddish-
white; imnuieulate.

Proportions rather slender and <;raeeful. Mead rather acute; no
pcreeittible contraction at the neck; legs long and much de\ eloped.

The nostrils are situated very near the tip of the snout (the sides of
which are rather abrupt); they are separated from each other by less
than one-third the width of the head. The eyes are moderate, the tym-
])auum small, about half the diametei' of the orbit. A groove j»a.sses
from the posterior portio'i of orbit above and around the t.\iiip;iiium ia
the insertion of the arm in front. Anterior miirgin of the eyes alioul
opposite the middle ol' the commissure. Tongue xarialde in different
specimens; in one (a male) large, and tilling u\) the inter.space of lower
jaw; the edges thin and free behind and laterally; broadly oi' orbicu-
larly cordiform. In two others the tongut^ is contracti'd into smaller
space, thus thickening the edges, although still retaining much (he same
shape. The inner nostrils are large, opjjosite to the anteiior canthiis of
the orbit. The vomerine protuberances are in lwoelli])tical i>atches, their
longer axes in the same trans\erse line; their anterioi- edges just behind
the posterior border of the nostrils; the two separated by a narrow in-
terval. One six'cimen has the patches more elongated, and narrower
than the two others.

The head is slightly shorter than broad. The ibrearm is longer than
the hand; the tibia, about half the length of the body, is longei- than
the thigh, and about the length of the foot.

The lingers and toes are all slender, cyliinlrical, and tai»ering slightly
to the delicate tii)s, which present no indications of pallets. The lingers
are entirely free; the outer longer than the second, the third longest.
The two external metatarsals are united to the end, with no web between
them. The other metatarsals are divided to tlu' tarsus, but connected
by a web of considerable develo[)ment, which scarcely i)assi's beyiuid
the ends of the metatarsus. The outer toe is longer than the third.
Transverse apophyses of sacral vertebra dilated, with triangular pallet.

The under parts, anterior to the slight pectoral fold, are entirely
smooth. lieliind this is a i)avenu'nt of depressed granules, \\ Inch ex-
tends to the inferior ami posterior surface of the thighs, becoming tiner

336 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

posteriorly; they also pass up the sides, becoming less and less distinct.
The upper parts appear entirely smooth, except an occasional and iso-
lated pustule on the side of the back.

The general color above is of a light chestnut, with blotches of dark
chestnut; beneath, reddish-white. A dark chestnut line extends from
the snout through the nostril to the anterior can thus, and re-appears be-
hind the eye in an oval patch, involving the whole tympanum, and ex-
tending above the shoulder. A second similar patch appears on the
side, separated from the first by about the thickness of the arm. Be-
hind this again, and a little more on the back, is a smaller blotch, be-
hind which is one still smaller, and the region of the anus is tinged
with the same color; there thus appears to be a chain of these blotches,
extending, at about equal distances, from the anus to the eye, the two
last-mentioned lateral ones fully visible from above. There are indis-
tinct indications of darker blotches on the back, and suffusions of the
same round the scattered pustules referred to. The extreme edge of the
upper jaw is dark, but between this and the upper stripe, involving
nearly the whole side of the face below the eye, is an area of light chest-
nut, becoming clearer and brighter under the eye. A chestnut stripe
extends from the lower jaw up the arm, which has, besides, two or three
transverse blotches ; the femur, tibia and tarsus have each two or three
transverse fasci.T. The anterior face of the thighs is light chestnut;
the buttocks the same, with indistinct blotches of lighter. In some
specimens the ground color is greenish lead color.

2 ^=*=^ 4 6

YiG. Si. Chorophiltisoccidcntalis. No. 5905. Eiceboro, Ga.; J.

Measurements, in inches.

Total length 1.04 1.00

Femur 48 . 4H

Tibia 51 .41)

Hind foot 48 .46

Tarsus , 34 .'.i.i

Total hind leg, stretched 1.80 1.73

Fore-arm to tip 52 .50

Width of head 40 .'38

Chord of ramus 40 .38

From the C. ornatus the G. occidentalis differs in color entirely ; the
head is more acute, and the cleft of mouth deeper; the legs are longer
urn I the granulation finer.

This species is (]uite distinct from the G. ornatus, and does not appear
to have been named by any European author prior to Boulnnger. My
identification of it with the Hyla ocularis of Dautliu was based on a
plate representing it, or a species very similar to it, in one of the older
authors, but for which I have lost the reference. As pointed out by
Boulenger, it is clearly not the species so called by Daudiu.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

337

The Chorophilus occidentaUs ranges from Georgia to the Wicliita
Eiver, in north central Texas. Specimens were sent me from the hitter
locality by that excellent naturalist, Jacob Boll, of Dallas. Dr. A. K.
Fisher has found it near Jacksonville, Florida. It does not occur in
California as supposed when first described.

RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
number.

3590
6905
5906
3584

No. of
epeo.

Locality.

Georgia

Riceborougb, Ga ...

do

Liberty County, Ga.
Allapaha, Ga

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of spec-
imen.

Maj. J. Le Conte Alcoholic.

do Do.

do Do.

do Do.

W.J.Taylor Do.

CHOROPHILUS NIGRITITS Le Conte.

Rana nigriia Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., i, p. 282 ; Harlan, Med. &, Phys. Res., p. 105;

and Jonru. Ac. Pbila., v, p. 341.
Acris niyrita Dum. &l Bibr., p. 509.

Cystignathus nigritus Holli., N. Anier. Herp., iv, p. 107, Pi. 26.
Psendacris nigriia, pars, Giinth. Cat., ]>. 97.
Choro2)]iiltts nigritus Baird, Proc. Ac. Pbila., vii, p. GO ; Le Conte, co(?. loc, p. 4ti7 ;

Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal., p. 333.

The length of the head to the posterior margin of the membranum
tj^mpani enters the total length to the vent tliree and one-sixth times.
The head itself is narrow and acuminate, the muzzle projecting acutely
beyond the labial margin. The external nares mark two-fifths the dis-
tance from the end of the muzzle to the orbital border. The mem-
branum tympani is only one fourth the diameter of the orbit. The
canthus rostralis is distinct, but obtusely rounded. The vomerine fascic-
uli are approximated, and near the line of the posterior border of the
nares, which are larger than the minute ostia pharyngea. The tongue
is large and wide behind, and faintly emarginate.

The heel of the extended hind leg extends to between the orbit and
nostril ; the fenuir is short, while the tarsus is long, a little exceeding
half the length of the tibia, and equaling the length of the remainder
of the foot, minus the longest toe. The skin of the gular aiul sternal
region is smooth, of the abdomen areolate. That of the dorsal region
is tubercular, smooth warts of large and small size being irregularly
crowded over its entire surface, and uot at all resembling the areolate
surface of the belly.

Color above leaden, with three longitudinal rows of darker, light-
edged spots, extending one on each side, and one on the median line.
These spots may be united into a band on one or on both sides or on the
middle line. Thigh with three cross bands, unicolor behind ; tibia with
from three to five cross-bars. Upper lip dark plumbeous, with a narrow
white line above a darker border, which extends a little beyond below
1951— Bull 34 22

338 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the tympanum. The dark band from the end of the muzzle extends to
the middle of the side, or beyond. Inferior surfaces yellowish.

Fig. 85. Ohorophilus nigritut. No. 5935. Liberty County, Ga.; 1-4, }; 6-7, f.

Measurements of No. 5935.

M.

Length of head and body 030

Length of head, including tympana 0105

Width of head, including tympana 0095

Length of fore-leg 0165

Length of fore-foot 006

Length of hind leg 0475

Length of tibia 0145

Length of tarsus 0094

Length of remainder of foot 0145

This species is rare in collections and has not been well identified,
owing to the imperfection of Dr. Holbrook's description. It can be best
recognized from Le Conte's description above quoted. It is an evident
ally of C. triseriatns.

A small form is found in Florida, which I have described under the
name of Ghorophilus verrucosus. It differs somewhat from the typical
Nigricans, and I suspect that it will turn out to be a subspecies. It
differs, besides its very small size, iu the somewhat longer tarsus, which
exceeds the foot minus the fourth toe, iu length. The yellow stripe on
the upper lip is broken up into a series of spots. The measurements
are as follows :

M.

Length of head and body 019

Length of head OOG

Length of hind limb 026

Length of femur 007

M.

Length of tibia 008

Length of tarsus 005

Width of head at tympana 0055

From Volusia, Fla.; Mrs. A. D. Lungren.

This Ghorophilus is siujilar in proportions to the G feriarum, but is
well distinguished by the characters of the longer hind leg, the skin,
and the coloration. The tubercular upper surface is quite peculiar, and
the smooth gular region is equally wanting in the Northern frog.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ChoropMliis nigritua Le Conte.

RESERVE SERIES.

339

Catalogue
Dumber.

9702
5935
3593

No. of

spec.

Locality.

Arlington, Fla

Liberty County, €ra.
Charleston, S. C

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of spec-
imen.

G. BroTvn Goodo I Alcoholic.

Dr. J. L. Lii Conte I Do.

Dr. S. B. Barker Do.

CHOROPHILUS FERIARUM Baird.

Helcecetea fcriarmn Baird, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854 (5), 59.

This species is not unlike a young Hyla versicolor in the short and
rather squat form. The head is more pointed, however, the curve of the
mouth being parabolic rather than circular. The outline of the head
above exhibits an acute angle, with but a very slight curve to near the
nostrils. The sides of the head are quite oblique, and the direct distance
between the two anterior canthi, as measured with the dividers, is just
half that between the two extremities of the lower jaw, measured in a
similar manner. The upper jaw projects considerably over the under;
po much so that the nostrils are about directly over the end of the lat-
ter. The extreme distance between the rami of the lower jaw is the
same with that from the ends of these rami to the tip of the snout, thus
forming of the three lines an equilateral triangle. The tympanum is
quite diminutive, scarcely more than half the diameter of the eye; cer-
tainly not over half the straight edge of the eyelids. In the females
it is still smaller. Its center is situated directly over the angle of
the mouth or the rictus.

The tongue is large, thin at the edges ; about one fifth longer than
broad, and cordiform behind, with the sides but slightly curved ; free
behind for about one-third its length. The posterior nares are nearly
circular and opposite a point half-way between the anterior canthus of
the eye and the outer nostril. The vomerine teeth are in two oval
patches, their a.xes inclined backwards at less than a right angle, the
anterior extremities commencing just inside the posterior nares and on
a line with their centers.

The males are provided with a very prominent gular pouch, capable
of considerable inflation.

The eyes are of moderate size, being a little more than one-third the
distance from the angle of the mouth to the tip of the tsnont.

The limbs are of moderate development ; the fore-arm being less than
the hand. The arm from the elbow is exactly the length of the hind
foot, measured from the end of the tarsus. The femur and tibia are
equal and just half the length of the body. Closely pressed along the
sides, the tips of the hind toes extend nearly to the tympanum. The

340 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

toes are all depressed, rather sharp along the edges, slender, with par-
allel sides, and not fringed. All are terminated by slight knobs, not
liallets, bnt little if any wider than the fingers, and very faint traces
of the marginal nail like groove. The hands are not webbed, except a
very slight basal web between the three onter fingers. The toes have
their bases very slightly webbed, the membrane filling up the spaces
between the metatarsals of the two outer toes. The tubercle at the
base of the inner toe rather large; the one opposite at base of outer
toe, small. Prominent tubercles beneath all the articulations. Verte-
brse nine, in addition to the coccyx.

The entire body is strongly and coarsely granulated, conspicuously
below, where it extends over the chin, between the arms, and on the
arm nearly to the elbow joint; in fact, no part is free from the granula-
tion, except perhaps tlie sides of the head. The upper and under faces
of the thighs are also similarly granulated.

In the males the upi)er parts are purplish-brown (greenish-brown
in life) with dark slate brown markings; beneath cream color. There
is a triangular patch between the eyes, the base extending directly
across, the apex pointing down the back, the sides concave. In front of
this, in the axis of the head and between the nostrils, is a small longi-
tudinal streak. A dark patch commences on the side of the snout and
extends backwards on the side of the head, including the tympanum,
and, widening on the sides, fades out near the groin ; the upper margin
of this is uiost distinctly defined. The extreme margin of the upper
jaw is dark mottled, but just above it and below the lateral vitta is a
narrow line of yellowish-white, w-iicli ^videns after passing below the
tympanum and, crossing above the shoulder, runs into the light color
of the under parts, completely isolating the fore-leg. In the male the
chin is mottled black ; and in all there is a narrow, indistinct streak of
brown exteiuling from the lower jaw to the outer surface of the arm, con-
tinuous with the ground color there. On each side of the back extends
a distinct stripe, from near the tympanum to about opposite the ter-
mination of the lateral strijies. An a<Iditional stripe is seen down the
middle of the back, scarcely commencing so far forward ; the three
stripes nearly parallel, though with a tendency in the outer ones to
diverge posteriorly. These stripes are sometimes irregular in outline,
the central one sometimes broken up into blotches, the exterior ones
less frequently. Sometimes scattered blotches are seen between tlie
stripes. The upper surfaces of the limbs are indistinctly banded trans-
versely, sometimes only blotched confusedly; the posterior faces of the
buttocks are brown, with circular whitish spots on the apices of the
granulation. The inner faces of the limbs are uncolored.

In somespecinjens, which appear to be princii)ally females, the ground
color above is fawn, sometimes ligiit bluish-gray ; and, as already re-
marked, the longitudinal stripes are occasionally broken up into coarse

THE BATRACniA OF NORTH AMERICA

341

or fine blotches. A geueral triserial arrangement is, however, almost
always perceptible.

Fig. 86, Ohorophilus/eriarum. Movuit Carmel, HI,; 1^, {; 6-7, f.
Measurements, lit inches.

Total length 1.06 1.00

Femur 50 .47

Tibia 54 .51

Tarsus 34 .32

Hind foot 50 .47

Hindleg 1,77 1.G7

Width of head 40 .37

Length from joiut of jaw 40 .37

A specimen taken by me iu Trough Creek Valley, Ilinitiugdon
County, Pa., has broad uuinterrupted bands, as in the C. triseriatns
but has not its median muzzle band. The voice of this animal was sim-
ilar to that of the latter species.

A specimen of nearly the size and form of Hyla femoralis was taken
in west Pennsylvania, near the Kiskiminitas Kiver. In proportions it
does not differ from the Feriarum, but the toes are fringed, the dilata-
tions larger, and the coloration different. Above blackish-ash, abruptly
deQued on the sides. Lateral band not extending beyond tympanum.
No median dorsal band, but two black dorsolaterals of double ordi-
nary width converge from each tympanum and extend to end of urostyle
inclosing with the interorbital triangle a narrow, anteriorly bifurcate
dorsal baud of the ground color. The note of this species is quite dif-
ferent from that of the ('. triseriatus, not being continuous, but iu sets of
crepitations repeated in time and at intervals.

This variety may not be more allied to the Feriarum than to the others,
and may be called C. feriarum hrachyphonus.

Choropldlus feriarum Baird.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.

3592

12077

12708

13373

9067

3

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa

Mouur Carmel, 111

Lookout Monntain,Tenn

Wheatl.Tnd, Ind

Priuce George'sj County,
Md,

Wheu
collected.

From whom received.

S.F. Baird....
L. W. Turner .

1878 , Ur. T. H. 13eau .

Nature of spec-
imen.

342 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CHOEOPHILUS TRISERIATUS, Wied.

Hyla triseriata Prince Maximilian Reise in das iuuere Nord-Amerika, i (1839), 249.
Helocoetcs triseriatus Baird, Proceed. Ac. Phila., vii, 1854, p. 60.

clarkii Baird, I. c, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept., p. 28, PI. 37, fig. 4-9.

Chorophilus triseriatua Cope, Check-List N. Anier. Reptil., p. 30.

septentrioualis Bouleu<;er, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mas., p. 33.^1, 1882.

Hylodea maculatita Agassiz, Lake Superior, 1S50, p. 378, vi, figs. 1, 2, 3.

In general shape this species is more elongated and less squat than
H. feriarum, and the hind legs are materially shorter. The head is cou-
siderably more pointed. The nostrils, being a little more in advance
than in Feriarum, are still over the end of the lower jaw, although the
projection of the upper jaw is greater than in the latter. The distance
between the anterior cauthi of the orbits is more than half that between
the rami, and this latter distance less than the chord of either ramus.
The tympanum is small, less than half the diameter of the eye ; its an-
terior border on a line with the angle of the mouth.

The granulation of this species is very distinct, extending over the
whole body, except on the interior faces of the hind legs. It is most
conspicuous and distinct beneath, and is seen on the under face of the
arms, especially evident in the palms of the hands.

The tongue is rather thinner than usual in Feriarum and free for a
greater distance behind, less emarginated posteriorly. The inner nares
are circular and nearer the anterior canthus orbitalis than the external
nostril. The vomerine teeth are considerably within and behind the
centers of the posterior nares. The eyes about as in Feriarum.

The lore-arm is a little longer than the hand. The arm from the
elbow is not so long as the hind foot. In general, while the thigh, leg,
and tarsus are shorter in ])roportion, the foot is as long as or even longer
than in Feriarum. The leg and thigh are nearly of thesame length, and
about two-fifths the length of the body. When the hind leg is flexed and
applied along the sides, the tips of the toes reach only to the axilUe.
The fingers and toes are much as in H. feriarum, though with all the
limbs, more slender.

The ground color above and on the sides is of a light ash, in most
specimens striped with brown; beneath yellowish-white, with a few
scattered brownish dots on the sides and sometimes extending across
the breast behind the arms. There is no transverse band between the
eyes, but, instead, an oval spot above each orbit, and between these a
distinct stripe starting between the nostrils and extending backwards
to about the middle of the back, where it bifurcates at a very acute
angle and continues, margining the urostyle, as it were, to near the anus.
On each side of this dorsal mark is a stripe of similar width, starting
in a line with the orbital blotches, but behind them and extending
nearly to the groin, having a slight curve outwards to retain parallelism
with the dorsal fork. A well-defined stri[)e starts at the snout and
passes backwards turough the eyes and tympanum over the shoulder

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

343

and down the sides to a point opposite tbe end of the stripe just de-
scribed and parallel to it; in fact, we may distinguish anteriorly five
distinct dark stripes, and posteriorly six, all about the same size, at
the same distance apart, and parallel to each other. The extreme margin
of the upper jaw is brown, but between it and the facial stripe is a
narrow, well-defined line of white extending under the tympanum across
the shoulder to be lost on the side. The marginal dark marking on the
upper jaw is continued across the angle of the mouth (with a slight in-
terruption over the canthus) up the arm, in a narrow line. The legs
are all irregularly marked with rounded dark blotches, not fasciated ;
the buttocks brown, with whitish spots on the granulations.

Some specimens are much darker than the one just described, and
occasionally there is a tendency to irregularity in the outlines of the
stripes, almost breaking them up into spots, in which, however, the
serial arrangement is always evident. Sometimes, too, the edges of the
stripes are deeper colored than the middle.

Fig. 87. Ohorophilits triseriaius. No. 8553. Fairplay, Colorado; 1-4, \; 6-7, f.

Inches.

Lengthofbody 1.08 1.00

Arm 55 .51

Femur 40 .37

Tibia 45 .42

Tarsus 28 .27

IncLes.

Hind foot 50 .46

Hiud leg 1.52 1.41

Chord of head :?2 .29

Width 30 .28

RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue No. of
number. [ spec.

3621
3307
53S2
5146
3307
3316
3311
3306
3317

3859 I 7
3588 I 1
3308 ,

5918 ; \

5934 S"'

3314

3619

Locality.

Racine, Wis

Cook County, 111

Fort Uuion, Dak

Fort Resolution

Laramie River

South Grand River, Mis-
souri.

Saint Louis, Mo

Blue IMver, Kansas

Selkirk Settlement

Red River ot the North

Salt Lake Vnlley

Fort Union, Dak

Upper Missouri

Fort Pierre

do

When
collected.

From whom received.

Dr. P. R. Hoy . . . .
R. W. JCeuuicott .
Dr. J. Suckley . .,

Dr. Kenncrly

W.S.Wood

(0

Dr. G. Engelmaun

(0

R. Kennicott

do

J. S. I'.ownian . . . .
Dr. I<\ V. Haydon .

do ...;

do

Gov. 1. 1. Stevens .

Nature of sj ec-
imeu.

In some specimens from the Missouri River the liead appears to be
narrower and more elongate, the tongue more orbicular and less notched.

344 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The granulation on the lower parts seems finer. The ground color is
darker, tboiigb the i)atteru is much the same. The dorsal stripe does
not bifurcate so soon, however ; there is a tendency to spots between
the stripes, and there are no spots on the breast.

MeasurevienU, in inches.
Total length 76 1. 000 I Hind leg LOS 1.368

Tibia 29 .381

Femur. 2C .360

Hind leg from heel 54 .710

Hind foot 36 .473

Width of head 20 .263

Length of chord 26 .340

Fore-arm from elbow 30 . 396

The Cliorophilus triseriatus abounds throughout the northwest, east
of the Rocky Mountains.

1 obtained it at Franklin, on the Utah-Idaho boundary, and sub-
sequently found it very common in the ruts of the wagon trails on the
plains east of Fort Benton, Mont. In the latter locality it was gener-
ally of a bright green color.

Specimens from Gloucester County, New Jersey, present the following
characters :

Body longer; head contained three and two-thirds times in total
length, the width three to three and one-half in saiue; tibia measuring
half the distance from vent to middle and anterior border of orbit;
smaller tympanum; teeth nearer each other than to nares; five longi-
tudinal bands.

In this form the limbs are rather stout, with their upper surfaces
granulated or rugulose. Toes fringed or margined. The heel extends
to the orbit; tympanum one-third of latter. One, an inner tarsal tuber-
cle. The median dorsal band is broad, unites with the interocnlar tri-
angle, and is continued part way to the end of the muzzle, giving a cru-
ciform figure. Dorsolateral bauds nearly straight, commencing some
distance above and within the tympanum. Lateral stripe complete froiu
end of muzzle nearly to groin. Ground color fawn; below pale, immac-
ulate. Posterior limbs with half cross-bands.

Measurtment8.

Lines.

Total length 12. 6G

Fore limb 7

Femur from vent 5

Lines.

Tibia 5.66

Foot 9.5

This species I have found abundant on the sides of pools and ponds in
the neighborhood of Gloucester, N. J. iu thespring and early part of sum-
mer. It delights iu those small and often temporary pieces of water
wliich are inclosed in the densest thickets of si)iny Sinilax and Rubus,
with scrub oaks, and surrounded by the water loving Cephalanthus,
where no shade interrupts the full glow of sunlight. Here they may be
heard in the hottest part of the day, accompanied with a few scattering
Acres, or rarely a Hyla pidceringii. Their retreats are not sought by

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 345

Rauff!. As tbey scarcely swim, when surprised they seek refuge in the
edge of the water, with so little movement as to render their capture
no easy matter.

This species commences its season early. I have heard the swamps
of the barrens and thickets of southwestern New Jersey resound with
them as early as the twentieth of March, when a skim of ice cov-
ered part of the water. I have also heard it in other level paris of the
same State later in the season, and in the lower i)artof Chester County,
Pa. Its note resembles that of the Acris in being crepitant, and differs
from the toned cry or whistle of the Hylte. It is not so loud as the former
and Is deeper pitched; it may be imitated by drawing a point strongly
across a coarse comb, commencing at the bottom of a jar and bringing
it rapidly to the mouth; or, better, by restraining the voice to the separ-
ate vibrations of the vocal cords, and uttering a bar of a dozen or twenty
vibrations, beginning with the mouth closed and ending with it well
opened.

The spotted form, called by Professor Agassiz Hylodes macuJatus, pre-
sents the following characters. The description is made from Professor
Agassiz's typical specimen.

This variety is of much the same delicate form as Triseriatus. The
head is small and narrow. The limbs are short ; the tibia two-fifths the
length of the body.

The tongue is ov al, nearly as wide as long ; rather thicker than usual;
free behind, and scarcely, if at all, emarginated. The teeth are in two
very small circular patches, each situated within and but little behind
the internal nares- separated by a wider interval than usual. The
tympanum is small and inconspicuous, not half the <liaineter of the or-
bit ; the distance between the anterior cauthi of the orbits is barely
more than half that between the rami of the lower jaw, which is a little
less than the chord of the ramus.

The lingers and toes are cylindrical, truncate, and rounded at the tips;
not dilated, but somewhat knobbed. The outer finger is longer than
the third; the first is directed nearly at right angles with the third,
and considerably removed from the others. The outer toe is longer
than the third ; the web is confined to the intervals between the meta-
tarsals, except a slight development between the bases of the fourth
and fifth. A roundeil tubercle at the base of foot on each side. Body
everywhere granulated except on the interior surfaces.

The ground color is of a brownish-ash above, with crowded and
elongated blotches of darker arranged irregularly, or not serially, as in
most other varieties; a dark stripe on the side of the head through the
tympanum and extending to the shoulder, and in one specimen an
elongated blotch on the side of the body may almost be considered a
prolongation of the same. There is the usual light line along the edge
of the jaw, extending to the arm. The limbs are blotched above, but

346 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIOXAL MUSEUM.

not fasciated. Beneath yello wish white, with scattered brownish spots
across the breast.

Measurements, in inches.

Totallength 1.02 1. 00

Fore-arm from elbow 42 .41

Hand 26 .25

Femur 39 .38'

Tibia 43 .42

Tarsus 29 .28

Foot 50 .49

Total of hind leg 1.56 1.53

Width of head 32 .31

No. 3594; three specimens; Lake Superior, north shore; Prof. L.
Agassiz.

The Texan form described by Baird and Girard as Relcecetes clarTcii
has the following characters. It forms the transition between those
with longitudinal stripes as Triseriatus and the irregular spotted Macu-
latus from Lake Superior, It presents the usual features in the acute
head, entirely granulated body, except on the concealed surfaces (the
granulation is quite coarse), nearly free toes, etc. The head is acute
and elongated; the snout projecting more than in Maculatus.

The tympanum is large, about two-thirds the diameter of the orbit.
The external nares are very near the tip of the snout, or at about one-
third of the distance from snout to orbit ; they are separated by less
than one-third the width of the rami. The internal nares are decidedly
more separated than the external, and distant about one-third the in-
terval of the rami. The vomerine teeth are in two very small rounded,
depressed patches, having a considerable interval, and in a line with the
posterior edge of the inner nares. The tongue is broad, ovate, slightly
emarginate behind; thin on the edges.

The fingers and toes are cylindrical, slender, antl dilated or thick-
ened at the tips into rounded, depressed knobs. In the hand the outer
finger is longer than the second; the cleft between the second and
third is deeper than that of third and fourth, and there is the appear-
ance of a very slight basal membrane between them, entirely want-
ing between first and second. The outer toe is rather larger than the
third ; all the toes are connected by a slight basal web, which, however,
scarcely extends beyond the metatarus; two tubercles at base of foot.
The tibia is less than half the length of the body ; about half the dis-
tance from anus to the eyes.

Color above brownish ash, with the back covered by ten to twenty
large circular dark blotclies, arranged in some specimens in two
longitudinal series, with a few smaller intermediate ones ; in another
distributed uniformly over the back, separated by considerable inter-
vals; a narrow dark line from snout through nostril to the eyes, thence
through the tympanum, fading out on the sides of the body posteriorly.
A narrow light line along the edge of the jaw to the arm. A few large
subquadrate blotches on the upper surface of the limbs. Beneath,
yellowish- white, with the gular sac tinged with brown.

THE BATRACniA OF NORTH AMERICA.

347

Differs from Maculatiis in smaller uumber of spots, which are less con
fluent and more clustered, more slender form and longer tibia, with
shorter feet ; from the other varieties in being without dorsal stripes.

Measurements, in inches.

Total length 78" 1.00

Arm from elbow 34 .45

Femur 30 . 3<J

Tibia 38 .49

Tarsus 23 .30

Foot

Totiil liiiul leg 1.

Maximum width of head

Chord of rami

34

.45

16

1.51

27

.35

28

.36

No. 3317; one specimen; Indianola; J. H. Clark, United States and
Mexican Boundary Survey.

In one specimen the colors are much brighter. There is a distinct
dark broad band from the snout through the eye, fading out about half-
way down the side. A narrow white line along the edge of upper jaw
to posterior insertion of arm. The blotches above are much darker;
there is a triangular one between the eyes, extending backward, and
those on one side are conHuent into a longitudinal band with irregular
outline. The blotches on the opposite side to this are elongated and
rather oblique. The dark stripe from the jaw along the arm is here
wanting. Other characters similar.

No. 3315; one specimen ; between Indianola and San Antonio, Tex.;
J. H. Clark. I have also this form from Helotes, Fort Concho, and
Dallas, Texas, so that it is generally distributed throughout the State,
to the exclusion of the ordinary form.

Chorophilns triseriatiis Wied.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
number.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

When
collected.

Frjm whom received.

Nature of spec-
imen.

8553

3588
5934
3309

5
3
3
2
4
1
2
1
1
2

6

1
1
9
2

1

Faiiplay, Colo

West Not thfiekl, 111 ....

?'ort Resolution

Fort Union, N. Mex

July 11, 1873

Dr.J. T. Rothrock

R. Kennicott

do

Lieutenant Gro.ss, U.S. A

Governor Stevens

Dr. J. G. Cooper

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.

330G

Do.

4573

Do.

5146

Red River of the North.
Pagosa, Colo

Do.

8552

Dr. H.C. Yarrow

do

Dr P R. Hnv

Do.

8551

do

Sept. — , 1874

Do.

3619

South Grand River,

Western Mi.ssonri.
Selkirk Settlement

Do.

5382

R. TCfiimicntt

Do.

9633
3313

Fort Garland, Gal.Ctj-..'..
Galve.stou, Tex

June — , 1872

H. W. Henshaw

Do.
Do.

Fort Pieire, Dak

Do.

Between Kort TTnion and
Pike Lake, Dak.

Between Fort Union and
Fort Benton, Dak.

Lieutenant Grover

Dr. G. Suckley

Do.
Do.

348 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

CHOROPHILUS OCULARIS Holbrook.

Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 333.

Bylodes ocularis Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp. 1st ed., ii, 79, PI. xiv, 1838; and 2d ed.,

IV, 1842.
Byla ocularis Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, p. 429.
Chorophilus angulatus Cope, Check-List Batr., Reptil., N. Amer., 1875, p. 30.

Eyes large; head acute; lower jaw narrow; tibia rather more than
half length of body, decidedly longer than hind foot; terminal knobs
well developed. Above chestnut, with an obscure darker dorsal band
from snout to eye, bifurcating behind, and another on each side. These
usually more or less obsolete; a much deeper dark chestnut vitta from
snoutthrough eyeand tympanum, along the sides; below this is a distinct
white line; a light line along the outer edge of the tibia.

This species, which aj^pears to be the smallest of the genus, and in-
deed the smallest of all the North American ecaudate Batrachia, has a
close generic relationship to the other species. Its most striking features
will be found in the large size of the eyes, the acuteness of the head,
the small tongue, etc. The tibia is longer than in any of the genus.

The head is more pointed than usual, a character best seen in the
lower jaw; which, instead of being regularly rounded, has the rami
nearly straight for two-thirds, then acutely rounded, almost V-sl^aped.
The tongue is small, ovate, entire behind, and free for half its length.
The vomerine teeth are not distinguishable. The tympanum is very
small, scarcely perceptible, and less than half the diameter of the eye.
The limbs are well developed, compared to the other species. The
tibia is rather more than half the length of the body.

General color above dark chestnut, with an obscure dorsal stripe of
darker from the snout to the posjberior portion of the back, bifurcating
behind. On each side of this is a similarly obscure stripe, while a much
deeper and more distinct stripe extends along the side of the head,
through the eyes, and along the flanks. Below this, on the edge of the
upper jaw, is a white line, extending beyond the shoulder. Beneath
yellowish-white, with obscure dark spots across the breast and chin.
Faint indications of transverse bands across the thighs and legs, more
decided than in the other species. The outer edge of the tibia is occu-
pied by a distinct light line, on the inside of which is a darker mottling.
In general it is distinguishable from all the allied species by its acute
lower jaw, chestnut color, and light line down the outer edge of tibia.

Measurements, in inches.

Totallength 64 1.00

Tibia 33 .51

Femur 30 .47

Hind leg from heel 46 .72

Hindfoot 26 .40

Hiudleg 1.09 1.70

Width of lower jaw 18 .28

Chord 21 .33

2So. 3585; 3 specimens; Charleston, S. C; C. Girard.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 349

The specimens of tbis species are for the present inaccessible to me.
I therefore have given above a MS. description of Professor Baird's.

nYLA — Laurenti.

Specimen Synopsis Reptiliiim, 17G8, p. 32; Diirn. & Bibr., p. 542; Giinth.,
Cat., p. 98; Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., Iddf), p. 110, and Jonru. Ac.
Phila. (2), VI, 1«66, p. 8t), and 18(57, p. 200 ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr.
Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, 2d ed., p. 337.

CaUtmites Fitziug., N. Class. Reptil., p. 38 ; Wagl., Syst. Aniph. p. 200 ; Techudi, Class.

Batr., p. 72 ; Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, 1867, p. 200.
Aulefris Wagl., /. c, p. 201.
Hyas Wagl., I.e., p. 201.
Sci/vnx Wagl., I. c, p. 201.
Spltccnorhynchiis Tschudi, I. c, p. 71.
Lophopns Tschndi, /. c, p. 73.
DendrohijaH Tschndi, I. c, p. 74.

liavoklea Tschudi, 1. c, p. 70; Cope, Joiirn. Ac. Phila. (2), vi,1866, p. 85.
Litoria Tschndi, I. c, p. 77 ; Dnni. & Bibr., p. 503 ; Giiutb, Cat., p. 96.
Bylomcdmn Bnrnieister, Erliinter. Faun. Bras., p. 102.
ChirodryaH Keferat., Gutting. Naclir., 1867, p. 358.
Copho ma litis 'Paters, Mou. Berl. Ac, 1870, p. 651.

Frontoparietal bones not developed, consisting of two narrow, sepa-
rated snpraorbital plates. Ethmoid hirgel.v developed anteriorly, dilated
over the anterior part of the orbits, widely separating the oblique pre-
frontals. Urostyle attached to two condyles. Belly areolated. No
parotoid gland. Pupil round or transverse. Vomerine teeth present.
Tongue attached to one-third free, posteriorly. Digital dilatations large
or small ; a more or less extensive web between the i)osterior toes.
Corium not involved in hyperostosis of the cranial bones.

This genus, embracing more than half the family of Hylid.ne, l"ur-
nishesa type of structure interuiediate between the extremes offered by
other genera, of which that represented by Hypsiboas may be said to
be the most typical. This genus is in some degree an epitome of the
family in its distribution. The Hylid.ne have been created to iidiabit
the vast world of foliage that shades tlie tropics of the New World, and
restrict the insect life that peoples it, and in proportion to this profusion
of vegetable life is the abundance of species. The arboreal Anura as-
signed to the same department of the Old World is of a widely different
type, and, as has been shown, a branch of the higher stock of aquatic
frogs that abound in the Northern Hemis))here.

350 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Of the one hundred and eight species of Hyla, forty-three occur in
regions other than the Neotropical, viz, tweuty-nine Australian, nine
i^earctic, three Palsearctic, and two Palajotropical, as follows:

Australian.

H. nasata.

H. freycineti.

H. dimolops,

H. latopalmata.

H. affinis,

H. nigrofrenata.

H. leseuerii.

H. obtusirostris.

H. arfakiana.

H. vagabuuda.

H. impura.

H. thesauriensia.

H. parvideu8.

H. verreauxii.

H. congenita.

H. andersonii.
H. carolinensis.
H. squirella.
H. regilla.
H. pickeringii.

H. arborea.
H. chinensis.

Nearctic.

Palcearctie.

H. dentata.
H. citropns.
H. ewingii.
H. phyllocbroa.
H. gracilenta.
H. rubella.
H. kreftii.
H. adelaidensis.
H. jervisiensis.
H. peronii.
H. montaua.
H. infrafrenata.
H. citirnlea.
H. dolichopsis.
H. lutea.

H. femoralis.
H. areuicolor.
H. versicolor.
H. gratiosa.

H. stephani.

Palccotrojncal.
H. annectens. |

Between species of Australia and South and North America there
exist close relations. Those of smallest size occur in North America,
where several spend but little of their time iu trees, bat like the African
Hyperolii prefer low lands and swamps. Larger species of similar habit
occur in Australia.

The distribution of the North American species is as follows:

Austror'tjiarian District.

H. versicolor.
H. gratiosa.
H. femoralis.
H. squirella.
H. carolinensis.

Eastern District.
H. versicolor.

H. pickeringii.

H. andersonii.

Sonoraii District.
H. areuicolor.

H. resrilla.

Pacific District.

H. regilla.

Of the eastern species, H. versicolor, H. picl-eriuf/ii, and H. andersonii,
are the only ones which extend their range north of southern North
Carolina. H. andersonii has been found so far, east of the Ai)palachian
range, from New Jersey to Georgia. 11. versicolor and H. pickeringii

THE BATRACHTA OF NORTH AMERICA.

351

are characteristic of the whole region, occurring east of the Central
Plains to the Atlantic, and from British America to Floriila and Texas.

H, regilla of the Pacific district extends its range from British
Columbia to Cape San Lucas and into New Mexico and Northern
Mexico, presenting considerable variation in characters.

With regard to the distribution of this genus in the Kegio Neotropica,
a synopsis had already been given under the head of the family. But
two species occur in the West Indian district, and these are both in
Santo Domingo only. The species of the outlying districts are:

Mexican.

H. uranochroa.

H. puma.

H. ebraccata.

H. quinquevittata

H. bistincta.

H. microcephala.

H. nigropunctata.

H. punctariola.

H. eliEochroa.

H. gracilipes.

H. salvini.

H. miotyinpanum.

H. gabbii.

H. spilomma.

H. nigripes,

H. curta.

H. staufferi.

H. pulverata.

H. eximia.

Colonibian,

H. sordida.

H. labialis.

H. ph.TBota.

H. punctariola.

H. molitrix.

H. rbodopepla.

H. splendens.

H. licbeuosa.

West Indian.

H. vasta.

1
Chilian.

H. pulchrilineata.

H. z

ebra.

In all but two of the species which I have examined the vocal sacs
are present; they communicate with eacli other posteriorly in II. fiisca
and Smilisca baudinii. The adhesion of tlie integument is opposite the
middle of the tongue in these species; in i/. c«ro//>*eH6W, opposite tlie
posterior end. In H. lescureii and H. curta the vesicles are wanting in
the males.

I. Fingers entirely free ; fascicles of vomerine situated posterior to a lino connect-
ing the interior nares.
Three phalanges of fourth toe free ; upper lip not spotted ; thigh with a few

brown specks behind ; no distinct lateral stripe H. pickerinijii,

II. Fingers entirely free; vonieiinc fascicles between the internal nares.*
a. Three phalanges of fourth toe free from web.

Upper lip with a dark border; a dark lateral band on body : thigh uuicolor
behind ; a voc.il vesicle J^- rcyilla-

• In M. squirella the vomerine jiatches sometimes project posterior to the line
connecting the nares.

352 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUbET^M.

Upper lip and side with a narrow, poorly defined yellow line; thigh iinicolor

behind; small; head rounded U- sqtiirella.

Larger; head short, rounded; upper lip unicolor ; a plum-colored lateral
band not defined below ; sides and thigh behind spotted with yellow

H, andersonii.

ace Two phalanges of fourth toe free.

Slender ; head acuminate ; a yellow band on upper lip and on side well de-

fined above and below ; thigh unspotted behind H. carolinensia.

Robust ; head rounded ; no baud on upper lips, nor spots on thigh behind

3, arenicolor.

III. External fingers shortly palmate; vomerine fascicles between nares.
a. Dorsal integument not closely areolate.

Three phalanges of fourth to^ free ; skin above smooth ; upper lip unicolor ;

thigh behind dark brown with yellow spots H. femoralis.

Two phalanges of fourth toe free; dorsal integument with small tubercles;
upper lip spotted ; thigh yellow, with coarse netting of darker color

posteriorly S. versicolor.

aa. Dorsal integument with a close areolation like tliat of the belly.

Two phalanges of fourth toe free ; dorsal areola' more minute than those of
^r belly ; upper lip with yellow edge; thigh behind unspotted. £r. gratiosa.

The Korth American species of this geuus are easy to distiiignish,
since they are well defined. The only one which presents much varia-
tion in characters is the H. regiUa. A species was named and fij^iired
by Professor Holbrook as the H. delitescens. Other authors have not
recognized this tree frog, and it remains uncertain whether it was not
founded on immature si)ecimens of the H. versicolor.

The damp southeastern part of the continent naturally possesses the
greater number of species of this genus.

HYLA PICKERINGII Storer.
(Plate 78.)

Hylodes pickeringii Storer, Mass. Kept. (1839), 240; Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., 2d

ed., IV (1842), 135, xxxiv ; De Kay, N. Y. Zool., iii, Reptil. (1842), 61) xx, 5i;

Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 121.
Hyla femoralis Nichols, Jouru. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc, I (June, 1839), 96 (Dau-

vers, Mass.).
Eyla crucifer Max. Von Wied., Reise in das inn. Nord-Amerika, i (1839), 249.
Acris de Pickering Aug. Dum6ril, Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3"'^' s^rie, xix (1853), 153.
Acris pickeringii Giintber, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1868, p. 71.
Eyla pickeringii Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Phila, 1854, p. vii, p. 429; Cope, Check-List

Batr., Reptil., N. Amer., p. 31, 1875; Bouleuger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882,

p. 399.

Body sparsely pustular above; closely granulated on whole lower
parts. Tibia not half the length of body, longer than hind foot, longer
than arm from elbow. Above, ash-gray to wood-brown, with a well-de-
fined narrow-bned X or Saint Andrew's cross on the back; a /\-slia])ed
mark behind the cross and a short line on each side, with their direction
parallel to the posterior of the X angle; another similar mark between

THE liATRAClIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 35.'>

tbe eyes nearly -parallel to the anterior branches of the dorsal X. A dark
vitta from the snout through the eye down the sides, and a narrow
mottled light line along the jaw.

Feet not webbed beyond penultimate articulation of third and fifth
toes and antepenultimate of the fourth toe.

In its general features this species agrees with the other American
Ilylie, except that the membrane between the toes is somewhat less de-
veloped, and the transverse apophyses of the sacral vertebrae are not
quite so much enlarged towards the tip. It forms an approach to
Chorophilus, but has, however, large pallets to the extremities. It is
still more removed from Acris.

The head is acuminate-ovate anteriorly, with the muzzle projecting
well beyond the upjier lii), and is contained a little over three times in
the total length. The tynjpanum is about half the diameter of the
eye and distinct. The tongue is very thin, subcordiform, rounded and
emarginate behind, where also it is free. It varies in size in difierent
individuals. The posterior nares are large, with the two groups of vom-
erine teeth approximated and arranged with their longer axis oblique,
anteriorly behind the center of the nares, and posteriorly entirely behind
their posterior borders.

The fingers and toes are well developed. The hand is longer than
the fore-arm, and the two about equal or little longer than the hind
foot, but not quite as long as the tibia, which is contained about two
and a half times, or less, in the length of the body.

The disks are large and conspicuous. There is no membrane at the
bases of the fingers, of which the third is longest, the fourth or outer
longer than the second. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches to
the middle of the eye. There are distinct tubercles beneath all the
joints of the hind feet, and the two at the base of the foot are well de-
veloped.

The last three phalanges of the longest toe and the two last of the
rest are free from membrane, which is also nearly absent along the
inner edge of the antepenultimate phalange of the tiiird toe.

The skin above is smooth, with occasional low pustules. The abdo-
men and lower part of the thigh are very distinctly granulated, as is the
pectoral region and the chin to a less degree. Pectoral fold not promi-
nent.

General color above, a pale grayish yellow with a dorsal X-shaped
cross of narrow lines; beneath yellowish- white. The dorsal cross consists
of a short longitudinal median dark line, whose middle is a little anterior
to the middle of the back. Anteriorly this bifurcates acutely, sending
oft' branches which reach nearly to the eyes ; i)Osteriorly, similar bifur-
cations, parallel in direction (sometimes nearly continuous) with the
first, extend on to the sides of the body. Half way between the poste-
rior fork and the anus there are two other lines meeting at an acute
angle and parallel to the branches of theposterior fork just mentioned.
1951— Bull 31 23

354 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Od eacli side of the back, and iu the center of the space between the au.
terior and posterior bifurcations, is a very short line, generally parallel
in direction with the branches of the posterior fork. There is also a
V-shaped line connecting the eyes (the apex behind), and a short longi-
tudinal one above the snout. There is a narrow dark line from the snout
to the eye, and another dusky tympanal vitta from the eye over the arm
along the sides ; this line is deepest on its upper edge, and more or less
obsolete on its lower; sometimes it is not distinct beyond the arm. The
edge of the jaws is mottled, leaving the ridge lighter above; scarcely
distinct as a line. Sometimes a broad vitta may be said to pass from the
snout through eye and tympanum ; indistinct below. The legs above are
barred transversely in narrow lines, and the whole upper parts finely
sprinkled with dark points. The posterior faces of the thighs are mar-
morated or blotched with yellowish, on a brown ground ; the anterior
faces are plain. The outer edge of the soles and heel is mottled brown.
The ^lar sac of the male is purplish-brown iu the spring.

The species varies considerably at times in the tint of the body, being
of all shades to reddish-brown. The marks on the back are sometimes
quite broad and coarse, instead of being narrow and more linear than in
other specimens. The gular sac is quite extensible and in spring is
brown. Sometimes the throat and breast are spotted with brown.

H.picTceringii has more resemblance to ILfemoraUs than to any other
species. This has the dorsal blotches, however, much coarser and never
arranged as above described ; nor are the peculiar circular light spots
on a brown ground on the posterior face of the thighs ever seen in H.
pickeringii. From young specimens of H. versicolor it may be distin-
guished by the narrow lines of the distinct dorsal cross and the slighter
web of the hind feet, with the absence of the light spot on the jaw, as
well as by the position of the vomerine teeth and the form of the muzzle.

i 2 4 Q ^1 7

Fia.SS. IIylapiekenn(/ii. No. 3008. Boatou, Masa. ; \.

Measurements of No. 3G09.

M.

Length of head and body 0*28

Length of head to posterior edge of tympana 001)

Width of head at posterior edge of tympana 010

Length of anterior limb from axilla OIG

Length of posterior limb from groin 045

Length of tibia 015

Length of tarsus 0085

Length of rest of foot 013

Habits. — This, our most abundant eastern species, is much more gen-
erally known by its voice than appearance. After the rattling of the
Acris gryllus in the marshes and river banks in the lowlands is fairly

TilE BATKACIIIA OF NOKTII AMERICA.

355

under way, during the first bright days of spring, the shrill cry or
whistle of this little creatuue begins to enliven the colder swamps and
meadows of the hill country. Diflerent individuals answer each other
with differently toned voices of a single note. This is exceedingly shrill
and loud; the muscular force employed in expelling the air from the
lungs seems to collapse the animal's sides till they nearly meet, while
the gular sac is distended with each expulsion to half the size of the
head and body together. They are chiefly noisy in the end of the
afternoon, but in shady situations or on dark days may be heard through
the morning and noon. When the breeding season is over they may
be still found, but with difficulty, among fallen leaves in low places,
where their color admirably adapts them for concealment, or in cellars,
or on the ground in the woods. Not till the near approach of autumn
do we have evidence of their ascent into the trees. Then, when the
wind is casting the first frosted leaves to the ground, a whistle, weaker
than the spring cry, is heard, repeated at intervals during the day,
from one part of the forest to another, bearing considerable resem-
blance to the note of the purple finch {Carpodacus purpureus), uttered
as it is while flying. These voices are heard during the same season,
that of the Ilyla being distinguishable as slightly coarser, or more like a
squeak. Both are associated with the weak chirp of the late Den-
drceca coronata as it gleans its insect food on its southern flight. These
are the latest sounds of autumn, and soon disappear before the steady
advance of the ice king.

Ujjla inckerinyii Holbrook.
IIESERVE SERIES.

Catalojjiiu

No. of

uuiubor.

spoc.

:{GOi:

1

3009

1

yoo2

1

:((io:!

1

yG08

2

;t5u3

1

MIO

1

U0U9

1

53c0

2

2

1

1

7

13320

10

Locality.

Aux riaines River, 111.

Marietta, Ohio

Carliale, Pa

Abbeville, S. C

BoMton, Mass

Elizabcthtown, K. Y . . .

Carlisle, Pa

Prince Goorgo'sCounty,
Md.

Selkirk Settlement

Carabridce, Mass

do.:..

Grosse Island, Mich . . .

Ann Arbor, Midi

Cook County, 111

WasliinKton, D. C

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of speo-
imen.

R. Kennicott

Prcf. E. B. Andrews

Prof. S. F. Baird

Dr. ,T. B. Barratt

Prot. L. Agassiz

Prof. S. F. Baird ....

do

Dr. T. II. Beau

R. Kennicott

Prof. L. Agassiz ...

C. Girard

Rev. Charles Fox ..

Dr. A. Sag(!r

R. Kennicott

George Shoemaker

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

HYLA REGILLA liaird and Girard.

Proccediugs Academy Philada., vi, 185^, p. 174; Girard U. S. Expl.
Expcd., Wilkes, 1858-18G0, in, figs. 13-18.

Proportions somewhat as in H. versicolor. Canthus rostralis distinct,
rather elevated ; muzzle obtuse. Digital dilatations rather small ;
fingers free; toes half webbed or less. Nares and choanjc small j vom-
erine teeth in fascicles between former. Tongue large, nearly half free,
emargiuate. Tympanum less than half eye. Skin above usually

35G BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NxVTIONAL MUSEUM.

sparsely pustulated. Form of cranium variable; width at jaws from
three and one-fourth to two and two-thirds times in length of head and
body; from posterior margin of orbit to muzzle three and one-half to
nearly four times in same. Olive or ash green above, iilaiu or marked
on each side, with blotches in two longitudinal series or stripes of darker
and scattered smaller ones on each side of these. Frequently a trian-
gular blotch between the eyes. A narrow dark line from snout to eye^
a broad postocular vitta to the arm, beneath which is a bar of grayish-
white about half the width. Tibia half to two-fifths the length of the
body; hind foot and arm from elbow scarcely shorter.

This species, like the H. lyicl^cringii andiZ. curta^ is annectant to Cho-
rophilus, whoso species it represents, as well as its own genus, on the
Pacific slope of North America. The diminished web and digital pal-
ettes constitute the resemblance ; but they fall, nevertheless, within the
range of the Hyla type. The II. regiUa is distributed throughout its
subregion and into the adjoining one of Arizona and Lower California
under a slightly different form. Southern California possesses another
variety aloug with the typical one. These varieties differ, as do those
of the Chorojyhilns triseriatus in the proportions of the head and body;
the first a long-headed and longer-bodied type; the most common, a
shorter headed and longer bodied ; aud the most southern form, a still
shorter headed and short bodied, with more varied coloration.

Head elongate ; width enters lengtli of head and body cousidcrably over throe times;

canthus rostralis straight ; a triangular patch between eyes scapularis.

Head short ; width one-third of length rvf/illa.

Head short, broad; breadth contained in total length two aud two-thirds times;

form squat luticeps,

I can not regard these forms as subspecies.

Var. scapularis.

Hyla sca^xilaris Hallow, sp. from South California, U. S. Pac. R. R., Rept., X, 350,
p. 2L

Three specimens, said to be from San Francisco, are all that the Museum
Smithsonian possesses of this variety, which is proportioned somewhat
as the true var. Triseriatus in the Cborophilus of that name. The me-
tatarsal bones are more closely bound and the web is less than in other
forms. The skin is nearly smooth. Besides the interocular triangle
there is a dark dorsolateral baud and in one a median dorsal. In one
specimen the tibia measures half the distance from the vent to the an-
terior angle of orbit, another half-way to end of muzzle.

This variety has every appearance of a terrestrial animal. It will no
doubt be found to be connected with the ordinary type by annectant
forms.

Vak. regiUa.

HylaregiUa B. & G., Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Pliila., vi, 1802, 174, 1853, 301; Girard,
Herp., U. S. Expl. Expcd., 1S5S, CO, Vol. in, Figs. 1.3-18; U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv.
Rept., Williamson Abbot, 12, PI. xxviii, Fig. 3 (bad).

Hyla scajjular is UaWowoW partiiu. Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 183, aud var.
liypochondrialis, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., x., 35 lat., p. 21.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 357

Tbcrc arc three styles of coloration prevalent among individuals of
this variety, viz: That which prevails among more northern specimens,
but which occur as far south as San Diego, where longitudinal bands
fire wanting or broken into irregular small spots, and where the inter-
ocular triangle is often wanting. Second, where the general color is
darker, with three broad dorsal bands or the spots into which they are
resolved. The largest specimens are of this type ; numbers having
been brought from Fort Tejon and a few from northward. Third, rep-
resented by 1 large female specimen from Monterey, Cal., is without
markings above, but the borders of the exterior color of tibia?, the sides,
and the pectoral region are closely brown spotted ; in all the others the
under surface are immaculate. The tints of this style seem to be more
delicate, and it has a more byline aspect than some of the others.

Ilead small, rather pointed, but broader than long. Tympanum
small, nearly half the diameter of the eye. Eyes not very prominent;
a slight fold of skin above the tympanum. A very prominent one
across the breast. Skin above finely pustulated with larger scattered
tubercles, not so close as in H. versicolor. Tibia about half the length
of the body. The gular sac is largely developed.

Disks on extremities large; the largest equaling the tympanum.
The hand considerably longer than the fore-arm; outer finger longer
than the second; a slight web at base. Tibia half the length of body.
Outer toe a little longer than the third. Membrane extending from
disk of outer toe to middle of the third joint (from the tip) of the fourth
or longest; from the third articulation (from tip) of the fourth toe
obliquely to the disk of the third toe ; from the third articulation of
the third toe to the disk of the second ; from the second articulation of
the second toe to iienultimate articulation of the first. Thus the mem-
brane is nearly wanting along the inner side of three terminal joints of
the third and fourth toes and the two terminals of the second, while on
the outside it extends nearly or quite to the disks of the second and third
and to the penultimate articulation of the first and fourth. A promi-
nent tubercle at base of inner toe and a smaller one opposite on the
sole. Expansion of sacral apophyses not very great. The heel of the
hind leg extended reaches to the anterior border of the orbit.

In a very large specimen the general color above is a greenish-ash
(in some a dark olive) and blotched with darker. There is a conspic-
uous subequilaterally triangular i)atch between the eyes, extended
acutely backwards for a short distance. The back is variously blotched ;
the most conspicuous of the blotches are considerably elongated, and
arranged one or two in a line on each side of the back in a line with
the eyes and parallel ; the middle of the back and the extreme sides
of the body are sparsely provided with smaller, usually subcircular,
sometimes elongated blotches. There is a distinct and rather broad
dark line from the snout through the nostrils to the eye and a wider
vitta from the eye, involving the whole tympanum, to a little past the

358 BULLETIN ?A, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

insertion of tbc forearm. The extreme edge of the upper jaw is dark,
and tlie space between tbis and the preocular line rather lighter than
the ground color. In the extension of this light space backwards
it becomes lighter, until from beneath the eye it passes below the
postocular baud to the base of the forearm as a grayish-white vitta,
usually about half as broad as the one above it. Sometimes a series
of scattered rounded spots may be traced along the side in continuance
of the dark postocular vitta. The extremities above are transversely
aud narrowly but indistinctly barred with darker. The rest of the
legs is uniformly flesh color (thighs posteriorly dusky) except a few
aggregated pustules below aud about the anus, wliich are white (no
marking on the inner faces of limbs); this is seen in other species, but
is very distinct here. The immediate border of the anas is brown;
beneath, white ; edge of gular sac, black.

In some specimens, especially those from Fort Tejon, the prevalent
color above is ash-gray, with an elongated blotch along each side of
the back for its whole length, and one or two others on each sitle of
those dorsal blotches are nearly wanting. Sometimes the exterior edges
of the tibia and feet (when flexed), are blotched witli brown.

This variety resembles //. s(jiiireUa, but the head is less depressed ;
the colors are darker; the dorsal blotches are larger, and elongated
longitudinally in two or three series; the white margin to the much
darker postocular vitta is broader; the body is stouter, and usually
more or less granulated. The toes are less deeply webbed.

The figure of this species in volume ten of the Tacific Eailroad Sur-
veys represents an interdigital membrane anteriorly, which does not ex-
ist, and that of the posterior limb is too extensive.

B

12 4 6

FlO. SO. If ylarecfilla. No. 137%. Slnsta Co.. California; {.

Measurements of ]!\o. 8GS8.

J!f.

Length of head and body 039

Length of head to posterior line of tympana Oil

Width of lioad at posterior lino of tympana 014

Length of fore limb 022

Length of hind limb 053

Length of tibia 017

Length of tarsus 010

Length of rest of foot 015

The specimen measured is of medium size ; anotlier from the same
locality has the length of the head and body equal to 45'"'".

This, the only species of the Pacific region, is quite abundant there.
I have caught them along the western edge of the Great Basin in Ne-
vada and Oregon, where they inhabit the marshes which surround the

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 359

lakes of 'that region. lu such localities they cau not have arboreal
habits, owiug- to the absence of trees; and it is probable that their
habits are like those of the Ilyla pickeringii of the east.

I append a description of the t3q)e specimen of the Hyla nebulosa
riallowell (U. S. Pac. K. K. Survey Kept, 35th parallel, Keptiles p. 21),
which I afterwards called II. cadaverina, owing to the preoccupation of
Hallowell's name. The single specimen known is now in bad condition,
and I am not sure that it should not be referred to the H. refjilla. The
description now given was taken from the specimen when nearly fresh.

Size medium ; form stout; legs elongate ; head short, broad, breadth
less than three times in the total length ; muzzle rounded, little promi-
nent; cauthus rostralis straight, elevated ; fingers free; toes two thirds
webbed; the digits short, stout; the pallettes large ; a strong tarsal
wing or fold; eyes small ; skin smooth.

Femora unicolor behind ; no dark labial border or dark or light lat-
eral stripes ; color pale, with indistinct blackish dorsal spots.

The heel of the extended hind limb extends to between the orbit and
the end of the muzzle; the largest digital dilatations equal the tym-
panum, which is indistinct and one-fourth the size of the eye. The eye
is smaller and less prominent than usual, its long diameter measuring
the width between cauthus rostralis at orbits, one and one-third times,
and two-thirds length of the brachium. Foot one and three-fourths and
one and five-sixths breadth of head at cauthus oris; vomerine* teeth
entirely between the nares, which appear larger than the ostia of the
Eustachian tubes.

Sacral diapophyses elongate ; triangles very narrow proximally ;
upper surface slightly convex, thus differing from the eximia, where they
are broader, flatter, and not so produced. Skin nearly smooth above;
abdominal areolations not extending on the sides ; a pectoral fold. Toes
stout, margined ; the dilatations large (not proportionally to the digits),
except on the thumb.

Above gray, with an interocular and numerous dorsal irregular black-
ish spots. Cauthus rostralis and band behind eye dark shaded ; lip and
prebrachial region light, dark punctulate. Limbs indistinctly cross-
barred; below yellowish, immaculate.

Linc.<).

From end of inuzzlo to cantbus oris '>-^

From ciul of muzzle to vcut l'^^

Length of femur i^-^

Lougtli of tibia 10.6

Length of hind foot 13. 1

Breadth between sacral processes 4.2

Two specimens in Museum Academy Philadelphia, from Tejou Pass,
southern California, 3,388 feet above the sea. From Dr. A. L. Ileermanu.

Var. laticeps Cope.

Color much like that of var. Regillafrom Fort Tejon ; that is, a dark
intcroculiir triangle and numerous well-defined dorsal spots. The broad

360 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Lead renders the proportions of form similar to those in H. curta
from which there is some difficulty ia distinguishiug it. The latter
may be known by the small size and lack of gular vesicle among the
males. The muzzle is more obtuse than in the type of H. cadaverina,
but one specimen of Laticeps is similar in this point; there is no labial
brown border, but we have it much obscured in a Laticeps ; the diam-
eter of the eye is less, measuring less on the humerus; the digits much
broader and shorter, with the largest pallets equaling the tympanum,
while they are more elongate and slightly proportioned in Laticeps and
Eegilla vera. There is a thin tarsal ala, extending to the cuneiform
bone, which is scarcely marked in the Laticeps. There are more lateral
dorsal spots. These characters can not now be proven evanescent, so
that this allied subspecies may be accepted.

Linos.

Length from eud of muzzle to vent 17. 2

Leugth from end of muzzle to canthus ovis 5

Length of whole fore limb 10. 4

Length of whole hind limb 25. G

Diameter of eye 2.2

Ko. 5308; Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; eight specimens; John
Xantus.

JJi/la regilla Baird.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

.spec.

3216

3

3232

3

9181

4

9182

1

8512

1

3229

2

3253

1

4552

3

3236

1

3250

1

3240

5

3252

5

9424

1

9449

1

0500

2

8704

1

8680

5

8701

7

8080

20

8702

1

SG97

1

9499

5

8(182

0 )

8703

4

4895

9

5293

10

.3245

3

9341

1

8977

0

3235

8

11574

8

3242

6

5932

3

11970

1

11969

1

13796

1

Locality.

Fort Vancouver, Wash.

do

I'uget Sound, Alaska . . .

do

Cortos Island, Lower Cal

Tuba, Cal

Astoria, Oregon

Fort Unipqua, Oregon ..
Slioahvatcr Bay, Wash. .

Fort Dalles, Oregon

do

Puget Sound, Oregon . ..
Chilowyuck Lake, Orog.

{Jalil'oniia

Southern Calilorniii

Los Angeles, Cal

Santa Barbara, Cal

do

Santa Cruz, Island, Cal..
Mount Whitney, Cal ...
Mountains near Fort

Tejon, Cal.

Lake Tahoe, Nevada

do

Fort Tejon, Cal

do

do

Monterey, Ual

(Jalifoniia

Puget Sound, Oregon . . .

California

San Diego, Gal

Fort Dalles, Oregon

Fort Crook, CaP

La Pnz, Cal

do

Baird, Sliasta County,

Cal.

When
collected.

1875
July — , 1875
July — , 1875
June — , 1875
June — , 1875
Sept.— ,1875
Aug. — , 1875

Oct. 4, 1870
Aug.— ,1870
July — , 1875

1877
Aug. 11, 1872

1882
1882
1881

From whom received.

Dr. J. G.Cooper.
do

C. P. Expl. Esped

Dr. J. H. Streets, U.S.N

Dr. C. G. Newberry .

Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge,
U. S. A.

Dr.E.VoUum, U.S. A..

Dr. J. G. Cooper

Dr. G. Suckley, U. S. A.

do

do

Dr. C. B. R. Kennorly . .

Dr. J. G. Cooper

n. \V. Henshaw

William Somers

U. W. llcnshaw

do

do

do

do

do

John Xantus

do

Dr. G. Suckley, U.S. A.

L.Stone

Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly . .

A. L. Ileermann

Dr. John L. Lo Con to . . .
Dr. G. Suckley, U. S. A .

John Fielnor

L. Bclding

do

C. H. Townsoiid

Nature of spec-
imen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

•Elcv.ation.2.9.'57fcct.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

361

lltjla rcgiUa Barid — Coutinucd.
GENERAL SERIES.

Cat.aloKue

No. of

iiiimlx'i'.

H1>PC.

21

4ric.s

0440

1

5251

1

8(;kg

46

(i929

4

:{2:!8

4

11940

3

11481

1

9480

1

9496

1

9491

1

11529

1

8814

1

11522

4

11944

1

11123

12

8f;88

15

11947

2

Locality.

FortToJon, C.il

<JalifovMiii

Fort Wall.a Walla, Wash.

Santa Cruz, Cal

Santa Barbara, Cal

Fort Re.adin}:, Cal

Camp liirt well, Cal

Osden, Utali

Monti^roy, Cal

<lo

Cottonwood ("anon

KinsKol'l Barracks, Tex.
S'auqiiier County, Va . . .

Chewaukau Valley

I>es Chutes Klvcr, Oreg.

(0

Santa Barbara, Cal

Plumas County, Cal

When col-
lected.

From whom received.

Juno— ,1875

1878

1878
1878

J. Xanlus

Dr. J. Ci. ('oopor

Lieutenant Aliillon

H. W. Henaliaw

Dr. Webb

Dr. Hammond

H. W. Henshaw

Expl. W. lOUtli meridian,

W.H.Dall

do

(?)

Dr. Webb

C. W. Sheurmann

H.W. Henshaw

do

(?)

H. W. Henshaw

G. Thompson

Jf.atui'o of Ri>i'c-
imeii.

roholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do-
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

HYLA EXIMIA Baird.

Proceed. Ac. Phia., 1854, p. 60; U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv., ii, Reptil., p. 20,
PI. XXXVIII, figs. 8-10; Peters Monatsber. Berl. Akad., IdCl), p. 880;
Broccbi, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris (7), i, p. 128; Boulciigcr, Cat.
Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. il, 1882, 378.
Hyla cuphorhiacea Gilntber, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. i, 185G, p. 109, PI. x, f. c. ;
Steiudacliuer, Novara Ampbib., p. 59.

Ilead small, width three and one-third times in total length ; loreal re-
gion straight; canthus rostralis strong. Sacral diapophyses small, well
dilated. Tympanum halforbit or a little less. Skin smooth above. Tibia
not half the total length. Hind foot longer than arm from elbow, two
and one-quarter to two aad one-half times width of head behind. In
spirits, bluish above, with or without two dark longitudinal stripes; be-
neath white. A dark band from the eye along tlie sides, margined above
and below by a white line, the lower one reaching only to the arm, be-
hind which the outline of the dark baud is indistinct. Legs not banded.

The proportions of this species are much those of H. sijuircUa, but
stouter; the head short and broad, the body stout, and the limbs short.
The skin above appears smooth, as in II. carolinensis ; beneath granu-
lated. The tongue is large, apparently broader than long; shape slightly
emargiuate behind ; one-third free. Teeth are in two rather elongated
patches, inclined from each other backwards between the internal nares,
and terminating about opposite the centers of the latter ; then more pos-
terior than in H. carolinensis. Tympanum moderate. A single vesicle,
supported between the rami of the lower jaw.

The fingers are provided with distinct pallettes and are very slightly
webbed at base ; the toes also with well-developed pallettes and webbed
to their penultimate articulation (the antepenultimate is the longest toe).
The tibia is longer than the thigh, but not half the length of the body.

Above of a nearly uniform clear bluish lead color in alcohol ; no doubt
green in life; beneath white or unicolored. A brown line extends

362 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

from tlic nostril to the e} e, back of vvbicli it vvideus, iuvolviug the tyni-
pauuiu, aud extends al)ove the arm and along the side, fading out to-
wards the groin ; it is bordered above by a white margin, following it
all the way from the eye ; the upper edge not very clearly defined, espe-
cially behind, where it graduates into the blue of the back. The lower
edge of the lateral vitta is margined by a distinct narrow white lino
(fading anterior to the eye into the blue), which margins the dark border
of the upper jaw and extends to the insertion of the arm. The edge of
the jaw is brown. Posterior to the fore legs the dark lateral stripe has
its lower edge indistinct and fading through bluish white into the white
of the belly. On each side of the back there is a narrow dark band,
commencing opposite the fore-arm and extending to the inguinal region,
the two parallel, and about as wide apart as are the orbits; they are
margined by an indistinct border of lighter. Above the anus and bound-
ing the back posteriorly is a series of six or eight white spots in contact
with each other. There are no bands or blotches across the limbs, al-
though on the outer edges (when the animal has all the limbs Hexed)
there is an indistinct brown line separated from the dorsal blue by blu-
ish white.

Measurements of No. i{257 ( 9 )•

Linos.

Muzzle to vent 10.5

Muzzle to luiildlo of tympanum 4.2

Breadth bctweon orbits 2

Antebracliiuni and head 7. 7

Feraur from groin 5. 2

Tibia. 8.2

12.4

1.00
. 31>
.4:5
.40
.20
.42

J. 47

Foot

Total lon^ftli

Measurements of No. 3248.

81

Forc-arni and hand

3a

Femur

35

Tibia

37

Tarsus

21

Foot

34

Total of hind leer

1.19

C.italoguo
miiiil>Hr.

No. of
spec.

3257 4

3248 2

11

Locality.

Valley ol' Mexico
City of Mexico ...
I'ucbla Mexico . . .

AVlien
collected.

From whom received.

.Toliu Totts —
Ma.j. W. Rich.
F. Suniichi'iist

! Nature of spoc-
iiuun.

According to Sumichrast this species is found during the winter sea-
son in the vicinity of water, and has the habits of Lithodytes. I have
found it near the water, in March, near the City of Mexico. It thus re-
sembles its allies of North America proper, Ilyla ref/illa and 77. pielc-
erinqii.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 363

HYLA SQUIREI.LA Bosc.

Hyla nquirclla (Bosc.) in Soauiue »&, Laireille, Hist. Nat. Reptil., ii (1802), 181
(Charleston, S. C); (Bosc.) Daud., Hist. Nat. Reptil., viii (1803), 34, xcni, 2;
Lo Conte, Ann. N. Y. Lye, i (1825), 279; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. PLila., v
( 1827), 342, and Med. & Tliys. Res. (1835), 107 ; Holbrook, N. Ainer. Herp., Ist ed.,
1 (183(;), 105, XVIII, and 2d ed., iv (1842), 123, xxx; Storer, Rept. Mass. (1839),
242 (copied from Holbrook); Dura. & Bibr., Erp. G6u., viii (1841), 587 ; f Do Kay,
N. Y. Zool., HI, Reptil. (1842), 72, xxi, 53; ? Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842),
122; Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 429; Gunther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit.
Mas., 1868, p. 11 ; Boulenger, 2d ed. Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1832, p. 398.

La Jinine squireUe Bosc, Nouv. Diet, d'hist. nat., xxviii (1817), 543.

Ilyla squirella Giavcnhorst, DelicceMus. Vratislav. (1829), 28; vi, 1, does not belong
to this species.

Calamitn sqitirrella Merrem, Tentaraen, p. 171.

Aaletris sqiUrcUa Wagler, Syst. Amph., p. 201.

Above smooth. Ilind foot less than arm from elbow. Tibia about
half the length of the body. Light brown above (green in life?), with
small, rather snbcircular blotches of darker. Legs rather indistinctly
barred. Anterior and posterior faces of thighs without light spots of
dark vermiculatious. A dark line from snout to eye; a dark vitta from
eye to arm through tympanum; edge of upper jaw mottled white, gen-
erally showing distinctly as a light line, which frequently extends to
the middle of the side.

Body more slender than in H. versicolor. Limbs moderately devel-
oped. Eyes prominent. Snout rather acute. Tympanum small, half
the diameter of the eye. Tongue rather small, nearly orbic^dar, hardly
notched behind. Vomerine teeth in two small patches between the
inner nares and nearly in line with their centers. Tibia not quite half
the length of the body. No web at the base of the fingers.

Length of head a, little more than three timesp in length. Heel of
extended hind limb marking a point between orbit and end of muzzle.

The body above is smooth, beneath granidated on the abdomen and
thighs. The toes are not webbed beyond the penultimate articulation
of the third and fifth and the antepenultimate of the fourth toes.

Above green, sometimes with irregularly arranged darker small
blotches. Beneath white. There is a V-'^^^k connecting the eyes
above, although this is not very distinct. A small number of subcir-
cular blotches about the size of the tympanum, or larger, are sometimes
scattered over the back, and may be of elongate form. Then^ is a
dark line from the nostril to the eye and a vitta from the eye through
the tympanum to a point above the insertion of the arm. A narrow
white line, rather indistinct, passes along the head very near to the
edge of the upper jaw and below the tympanic vitta; this line rarely
passes the arm; sometimes extends on the side, where it is generally
very much confused. The upper faces of the leg are barred transversely,
though generally not very distinctl}'^, except across the tibia, where the
bars are usually decided. The exterior edges of the feet are mottled
finely with brown and gray. The anterior and posterior faces of the

364

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tbigbs are dull flesb color, very faintly clouded with brown ; no indica-
tions, bowever, of ligbt spots or dark vermiculations.

Specimens differ hi less amount of wbite on tbe jaw, and in tint of
ground color, wbicb is described as green in life. Witb a considerable
resemblance to H. femoralis, it may be always distinguisbed by tbe
■wbite line along tbe edge of tbe moutb and by tbe absence of distinct
circular wbite (yellow in life) spots on the posterior faces of tbe thighs.

Fig. 90. Hyla squirella. No. 11911. Nashville, Ga. ; {.

Measurements of No. 12008.

Length of head and body 0:50

Length of head to posterior edges of tympana 010

Width of head at posterior edges of tympana OlOf)

Length of fore limbs from axilla. 017

Length of hind limbs from groin 045.^)

Length of tibia 010

Length of tarsus 001)

Length of rest of foot 012

The specimen measured is of full size. They are rarely larger, and
frequently a little smaller.

This species approaches nearly some forms of H. rcgilla, of wbicb it
may be considered tbe soutlieastern*rcpresentative, though tbe regions
inhabited by both approach in Texas. It may be always distinguished
by the more dejiressed head and weaker canthus rostralis ; it is rarely
so robust and usually of more delicate and less striped coloration.
IL miotympanum Cope replaces it in Mexico; the resemblance between
them is offset by the greater palmation and smaller tympanum of tbe
latter. In its distribution this speeies extends well up tbe Mississippi
valley. A specimen of larger than usual dimensions was sent me from
near Brookville, Ind., by my friend Amos W. Butler.

IJyla squirella Bosc.
IIESEKVE SERIES.

Catalo<ruo

No. of

imiiibcr.

spec.

.3050

5

.3044

1

3045

2

:!047

3

9055

20

4.551

8

5000

1

11911

1

13479

7

12008

0

11510

1

10881

1

1131

1

Loc.alit3-.

Pcns.icola, Fla.

I>il)crty County, G.a

(Jraliamville, S. C

I/ittlo Sarasota l!aj', Fla

Now Oik-aus, La

Miciiiio[)y, Fla

Nasliville, Oa

AUapalia, Ga

(Ji'Oifiiana, l'"la

(0

O.aUlcy, S. C

Sonora

When
collected.

1880
1883

From wlioni received.

Dr. W. A.Uamniond, U.
S. A.

Prof. L. Agassi/,

Miij. .1. Le Coute

Bailey

Prof. F. 15. Met'k

New Orleans Aciideinv .

Ur. T. 11. Hean '...

W. J. TaYh)r

do .".

William Wittlicl.l

(0

T. W. Ilaywaid

A.Sehott

Nadiro

of SJlCt

nil

11.

Alcoli..

ie.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 365

HYLA ANDERSONII Baird.

(Plate Lxxiv; fig. 1.)

Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 1854,p. 16; Cope, I. c, 18G2, p. 154; Bouleugcr, Cat.
Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 378.

lu proportions and general appearance similar to the Hyla arborea of
Europe. The skin of the upper surface of the body and extremities is
smooth, minutely corrugated ; that of the throat, belly, and under sur-
faces of the femora is areolated. A cutaneous fold across the breast
and one across the throat. Tympanum about one-third the size of the
eye. Tongue broad, slightly emarginate. Vomerine teeth in two oblique
series between the internal nares, each directed inward and backward.
The head is short and wide, and enters the length three and a quarter
times. It is nearly a third wider than long. The muzzle is rounded
when viewed from above, and in profile does not project, but rather
slopes slightly forwards to the labial margin. The fingers are free, and
the web of the toes leaves two phalanges free, except on the fourth toe,
where it leaves three phalanges free. The four limbs are rather long;
the hind limbs are moderate, the heel, when extended, reaching the
middle of the orbit. The digital pallettes are small, not half the diameter
of the typanuni. A tubercle on the under side near the proximal end
of each phalange. Internal metatarsal tubercle distinct, oval ; external,
none.

Coloration in life. The whole upper a rather deep pea-green, paler
upon the sides and the margin of the upper lip. A narrow band of pur-
plish-brown commences at the external nares, passes through the eye,
and, including the tympanum, loses its inferior border a little beyond the
insertion of the humerus. The color becomes paler upon the sides, where
it is of an ashy mulberry tint, and extends as far as the origin of the
femur. Anterior to this point it is margined below by large irregular
spots of a beautiful saffron, which are continued upon the anterior and
posterior surfaces of the femur, and the whole inferior surface of the
tibia, upon a ground of a paler shade of the same color. The supero-
auterior surface of the tarsus, the three inner toes, and the webs of the
external, also a small area behind the humerus, the posterior surface of
the Litter, the inferoanterior face of the fore-arm, and the inner finger,
are tinted and spotted in the same manner. The superior surfaces of the
femur, tibia, humerus, and fore-arm are of the same color as the back ;
that of the humerus separated from the green of the jaws by an isthmus
of the purplish shade, and that of the tibia separated anteriorly from
the saffron of its lower surface by a band of mulberry. The green of
the back and extremities is everywhere margined with pure white, ex-
cept posteriorly on the femur and tibia, and anteriorly on the former,
where saffron takes its place. The green crosses the rictus and forms
an oval spot upon each side of the throat. The borders of the latter
and of the chin arc tinged with mulberry. Beneath whitish flesh color.

366 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The exposed surfaces of the anterior and posterior extremities, where
not green, are of a shade intermediate between mulberry and chocolate.

i 2 ^

6 II I7

Fig. 91. Hyla andersonii. Anderson, S.U.; \.

Measurements of No. 3600.

M.

Totallength bead and body 0366

Lengtb of bead to posterior line of tympana Oil

Widtb of bead at posterior line of tympana 015

Lengtb of fore limb from axilla •• 0224

Lengtb of bind limb from groin 0525

Lengtb of tibia 018

Lengtb of tarsus 010

Lengtb of rest of foot 0155

This beautiful species is of much rarity, but two specimens having
thus far come under the eyes of naturalists. The longest known is the
type from Anderson, S. 0., which is represeutod in Plate lxxxiv;
the second specimen was found by Professor Leidy, of Philadelphia, at
Jackson, N. J., and was the subject of the description of coloration in
life given above.

HYLA CAROLINENSIS Pennant.
(Plates 51, lig. 14 ; 72, fig. 19 ; 73, fig. 28.)

Calamiia carolinensis Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii (17), 331.

Calamita cinerea Scbneider, Hist. Ampb. Fasc, i (1799), 174.

Bana hilineata Sbaw, Gen. Zool. Ampb., in (1802), 136.

Hyla lateralis Daud. in Sonn. & Lat., Hist. Nat., Roptil., ii (1802), 180; Daud., Hist.

Nat., Reptil., viii (1803), 27, aud in Hist. Nat. Rain. Greu. Crap. (1803), 16, ii ;

J. Lo Conte, Ann. N. Y. Lye, i (1825), 279 ; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Soi. Pbila., v

(1827), 341, aud Med. & Pbys. Res. (1835), 107; Dam. & Bibr., Erp. Gdn., viii

(1841), 587.
Hyla viridis Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., Ist ed., ii (1838), 95, xx, and 2d ed., iv(1842),

119, XXIX.
Hyla viridis arlorea C&teahy, Nat. Hist Carol., a (1743), pag. et tab. 71.
Hyla semifasciata Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Pbila., 1856, p. 307.
Hyla carolinetisis Giintber, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mas., 1868, p. 105 ; Boulenger, Cat.

Batr. Sal. Brit. Mas., 2d ed. 1882, p. 377.

Hjead subacute; body slender, nearly smooth above; tibia rather
more than half the length of the body ; above and on sides uniform
olive-green, with an occasional circular light spot above; beneath white.
A distinct narrow white line along the sides of the head and body; simi-
lar lines on the outer edge of the forearm and hand, the posterior edge
of the tibia, aud the outer edge of the hind foot. No bars on the limbs.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. * 367

Botly slenderest of all the North American species ; limbs elongatetl.
Outline of head acute, angled, slightly curved on sides, rather longer
than broad. Snout rather pointed 5 sides of the snout somewhat ob-
lique; length of head entering total a little 'over three times. Tym-
panum small, about half the diameter of the eye, a fold of skin above it.
Tongue rather ovate, slightly notched behinU, where it is free for one-
third its length. Vomerine protuberances small, rounded, their axis
slightly inclined, almost exactly between the posterior nares; sepa-
rated from each other and the nares by the same interval. The ranges
of teeth are a little behind, about on a line with the posterior margins
of the nares.

The extremities are rather slender and elongated. The heel of the
extended hind legs marks the end of the muzzle. Tibia about half
length of body ; hind foot as long as arm from elbow ; two and a half
times in total length. The fingers are dilated at the tip into disks, two-
thirds as large as the tympanum, and webbed at the base to. the
antepenultimate articulation of the longest. The third is longest, the
fourth little shorter; then the second and first. The hind feet are webbed
to the disks (the penultimate articulation in the fourth and longest toe),
the web wanting on the inner side of the penultimate joint of the second
and third. The third toe is a little longer than the fifth. There is a soft
tubercle at base of inner toe and a very rudimentary one at base of
outer.

The skin above and on upper part of sides is smooth, without any
pustules; in larger specimen a faint and softened granulation; the belly
and inferior face of thighs strongly granulated; the throat moderately
so ; smooth between the arms.

Color of body and legs above and sides olivaceous-brown or olive-
green, with a few scattered, well-defined spots of white. Beneath white,
no mottling anywhere. A well-defined line of white starts on the
snout, generally united with its fellow on the opposite side, and passes
backwards, parallel with the edge of the upper jaw, under the tym-
panum and over the arm-pit; extends half-way or more along the sides.
It has as a border a deeper shade Of the dorsal color. A similar line ex-
tends along the posterior margin of the fore legs, most conspicuous
at the elbow, and reaches to the outer fiuger. On the hind leg a simi-
lar line passes from the knee, and extends along the posterior or superior
margin of the tibia along the exterior edge of the tarsus and foot to
the tip, and a second line is seen in some on the anterior margin of the
tibia; a short transverse white lino above the anus. According to Dr.
Holbrook, this species in life is bright grass-green above, the light lines
straw color.

Specimens from west of the Mississippi vary iu appearing a little more
granulated above. Some males exhibit a more or less tinge of green
on the sides of the chin. Sometimes the lateral white line is inter-
rupted, and those on the sides of the legs more or less obsolete.

368 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The specimen described is from Riceborough, Ga.

4 6

Fig. 92. ITyla carolinensis. No. 13478. Alapaha, Ga. ; }.

Measurements of No. 3652.

M.

Length of head and body 045

Length of head, iucludiug tympaua 014

Width of head at posterior edges of tympana 013

Length of anterior limb from axilhi 023

Length of posterior limb from groin 073

Length of tibia .023

Length of tarsus 0145

Length of rest of foot 017

The specimen measured is only of medium size. Tliey frequently
reach a length of 58'""'.

Ryla carolinensis Pennant.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
uiimber.

3C5j

3C52

3653

6305

89()9

9708

11405

3684

5904

12006

11483

11393

11931

13478

4558

4719

1070

5204

3657

3651

3244

3258
36.'')4
4550
12005
6395

No. Of
spec.

Locality.

Pensacola, Fla.

When
collected.

KxeborougU, Ga

Mississippi

IJeaufort, S. C

Ivinston, N. C

Millodgevillc, Ga ,

Liberty Couuty, Ga ...

Georgia

Liberty County, Ga ...

Goorgiana, Fla

(!)

Milton, Fla -

Marco Island, Fla

Allapaha, Ga ,

Palatka, Fla ,

Micanopy, Fla

Saint Louis, Mo

Louisiana

I'raiiio Mer Rouge, La.
Washington County,
Miss.

Now Braunfols, Tex

San Antonio, Tex

Pona.acola, Fla

Grand Cotoau, La

Georgiana, Fla

Beaufort, S. C

June 4,1876

1881
' 1883

From whom received.

Dr. W. A. Hammond, U.
S. A.

Dr. B. F. Shumard.

J. W.Milner

Kumlien & Bean

Maj. J. Lo Coute

C. B. Adams

Maj. J. Le Conte

William Wittfleld

(?)

S.T. Walker

J. W.Velie

William J.Taylor

T. Glover

Dr. T.H.Bean

Dr. George Engeltnann .
Saint Charles College. .

James Fairie

Col. B. L. C. Wailes

F. Lindheimer

J.H. Clark

Dr. R. W. J.llivy

Saint Cliiirle.s College.
William WiUlicld ....
Dr. F. V. Uaydeu

Nature of spec-
imen.

Alcoholic.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

12005
5240

GENERAL SERIES.

G porgiana, Fla

Pass Christian, Miss.

William Wittfield .
Capt. R. Anderson

Alcoholic.
Do.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NOKTII AMERICA. 3G9

HYLA AKENICOLOR Cope.

Jouri). Ac. Pbihi. (2), I8(ir., {>. HI.

//. ajjiiiifi Wiuvd (iion spixii), Proceed. Ac. Pliila., ly.^)t, (il ; IT. K. Mcx. Bound.

Siirv , Kcptil., !>. 2\), I'l. xxxvili, (iys. 4-7.
Ilijla copii 13oulaugcr Aunals and Maj^azinc Nat. History, 1S87, p. r>^ ; 1888, p. 189.

Head sbort, wide, euteriug tlic lengtli three aiul a lialf times. Muz-
zle regularly broadly rouuded, not projecting beyond premaxillary
border, as long on the side as the length of the eye fissure. Nostrils
terminal, near the superior plane of the muzzle. Tympanum very dis-
tinct, its diameter two-thirds that of the eye fissure. Tongue discoid,
very openly emarginate behind. Choana', small; tlie vomerine teeth in
a pair of transverse fascicles exactly between them. Ostia pharyugea
of Eustachian tubes about equal to the choanaj.

Integument with numerous scattered small tubercles, above and on
the limbs. Gular region areolated, as well as belly. Fingers free, the
first considerably shorter than the second. Pallettes moderate, one-third
the area of the tympanum. Hind legs moderate; when extended, the
heel marks the anterior i)art of the orbit. The extent of the web is
somewhat variable, in some specimens leaving only two phalanges of
the fourth toe free, while in others two are free on the outer side and
three on the inner; while others display intermediate conditions. The
pallettes are about the size of those of the hand. The internal metatar-
sal tubercle is small but distinct; a narrow tarsal fold, which is in-
curved proximally. The length of the arm from the elbow is less than
that of the tibia, but is greater than the hind foot.

The general tint of color is much as in iZ. versicolor. The blotches
on the back are, however, more numerous, and exhibit a tendency to
arrangement in two rows of nearly circular spots; sometimes the serial
arrangement is not maintained. Owing to the greater length of the hind
legs, there are three transverse bars across the femur, tibia, and tarsus,
as well as a larger number on the metatarsus. The marbling, so con-
spicuous on the anterior and posterior faces of the hintl legs, as well as
in the groin of//, versicolor, is here wanting.

General aspect of //. versicolor, having the same squat appearance,
the granulated skin above and below, the ash-color back with darker
mottlings, the white spot under the eye, etc. The most conspicuous dis-
tinctive features are the absence of webs of the lingers, the greater
length of the hind legs, and the blotches on the back being in round
spots, not cuneiform. The legs with three bars not two, and without
the reticulate markings behind and below.
1951— Bull. 34 24

370 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fic. 93. llyla arcnicolur. No. 865C. Utab ; }.

Mcasurcmcnls of No. 11410.

M.

Length of bead and body 042

Length of head, iuclnding tympaua 0123

Width of head, including tympana 016

Length of fore limb from axilla 0245

Length of hind limb from groin 0592

Length of tibia 020

Length of tarsus ..-, 0115

Length of rest of foot 0155

The specimen above described is one of types from Sonora. In
specimens from some other parts of Mexico and tbe United States the
white spot below the eye is not found, lu a specimen from the Colo-
rado River (4570) theie are seven rows"oF dark brown spots of moderate
size on the back. Specimens from lEl^ Paso, Texas, have been referred
to as distinct species under the name of IL copii, by Dr. Boulanger
(loc. cit.). The only peculiarity which the description indicates is a
somewhat smaller tympanic drum. It is said to bo one-half the eye at
the tirst reference, and " hardly one-third " at the second.

The Hyla arenicolor is quite abundant as far south as Guanajuato,
Mexico, where Dr. Alfredo Dug^s has found it. This gentleman informs
me that its voice is much like that of the bleating of goats.

Hyla aj'cnicolor Copo.
KESERVE SERIES.

Catalojiiio
uuinber.

8550
8o!»4
80.'.r>

11411
4.^70
10197

14)01

No. of

Locality.

Saiit.a F(\ N. Mex —
Soiitlieni Calilbviiia

rtali

Sonora, Mexico

Upper Colorado Kivci

When
collected.

Juno

-,1873
1875
1872

From whom rtcoivcd.

I Nature ot !ii)ec.
I imeii.

Dr. O. Loew A Icoholic

ir. W. llen.siiaw .
Dr. II. C. Yarrow.

J. II. Clark

15. Miillliauscn ...

"Wliitd Iliver Cafion, | | Dr. IJurr

Arizona. i
Fort Win;;ato, N. Mex ..|

Dr. R. W. SehuCeiat, U.
S. A.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

THE JiATKAClIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 371

HYLA FEMORALIS Latr.

ITyla ftmorulis Souu. & Lat., Hist. Nat. Reptil., ii (1802), IHl ; Daiul., Hist.

Nat. Reptil., viii (1803), :W, xciii, 1 ; Hist. Nat. Raiu. Groii. Crap. (Ib03),

III, X; Lo Coutc, Auu. N. Y. Lye, i (1825), 280; llarlau, Jouni. Ac. Nat.

Sci.,Plii]a., V (1827), 312, anil Med. &. Pbys. Res. (1835), 107; Holbroolc, N.

Auier. Hcrp., 2(1 ed., iv (1842), 127, xxxi ; iJoulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit.

Mas., 1882, p. 388.
Laltaiiie femoraU Bosic, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxviii, 543.
Calumita fcmoralis Merreni, Tcutanieu, p. 171.
Auletria femoralis 'Wiigl., Syst. Ampliib., p. 201.
Hjila squirella i)avs, Dum. iV. Bibr., Herp. G6u., viii, p. 58'J; Giintber, Cat. Batr. Sal.

Brit. Mu8., 1868, p. 111.
NOTK. — Tho descriptions of Daudiu differ iu some important points from tUo species
of Major Le Conte.

Tibia less than half tbc length of body, longer than arm from elbow,
which again exceeds hhul foot. Skin nearly smooth above ; above wood-
brown, with a darker interocular, triangular blotch, and a subcuueiform
one on the back, confluent in tho center. A narrow line from the snout
to the eye. A dark vitta from the eye, indistinct in the middle, passing
through and involving the whole tympanum ; the upper edge of this
continued to the hind legs, the lower ceasing at the fore legs. Poste-
rior face of the thighs dark brown, with circular yellowish- white spots.
No light spot under tho eye, nor any white line along the jaw; merely
a lighter shade of the ground color.

llead broader than long. Body short, rather broad, and the entire
appearance as to pattern of color and shape not very dissimilar from
Ilijla versicolor, from which, however, it is readily distinguishable by
the femoral yellow spots; the dark postocular vitta, the absence of
light spots under the eyes. Tho tongue is large, ovate, slightly notched,
and free behind. The teeth are iu two approximated minute circular
patches between the posterior nares. The tympanuni is small, scarcely
more than half the diameter of the eye. The tibia is not half the length
of the body. The skin above is slightly pustular, although at consid-
erable intervals, and much less in proportion than //. versicolor. Tho
whole inferior surface of the head, body, and thighs is granulated,
including the throat. The pectoral fold of skin is smooth. The fingers
are slightly webbed at the base, the fourth longer than second. The
last two joints of the toes are free; the web not extending as a margin
to the disk of tho longest toe, as in //. versicolor.

General color above bark-brown, variegated with darker; beneath
dull white. A triaugular blotch between the eyes, the angle behind
tho anterior edge extending across between the middle of the edge of
the upper eyelids. In JET. versicolor this blotch is almost always inter-
rupted in the median line. On the anterior half of the back is another
large blotch, sending out two branches anteriorly and posteriorly, and
one on e.ich side, the anterior pair sometimes running into the blotch
on the top of tho head. Behind this are several other blotches of irreg-

372

13ULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ular shape, some of tlicin couflueut with that on the back. There is
a narrow dark liue exteudiug from the snout through the nostril to the
eye along the edge of the upper eyelid, and proceeding above the tynj-
panum back along the side to the insertion of the hind leg. A second
line extends from the lower part of the eye, parallel with the first, below
the tympanum, and immediatelj^ above the insertion of the fore-arm.
Perhaps it would be better to say that a broad dark band passes from
the eye backwards through the tympanum, and over the insertion of
the fore-arm, along the side of the body, where the lower edge is indis-
tinct; the edges of the band are much the most prominent. There are
two or three transverse bars on the fore-ann, tbe tliigli,and leg, more
numerous and closer on the tarsus and hind feet. The anterior face of
the thigh is uniform dull white ; the posterior, however, is dark brown,
with several distincr, nearly circular spots of yellowish-white. The
outer edge of the tarsus and hind foot is minutely punctate with gray
and brown. The sides of the chin are dotted with brown.. The extreme
edge of the upper jaw is sometimes darker than the rest, with a slight
shade of lighter color above it, very inconspicuous, however.

Fig. 94. Uyla femoralis. No. 3598. Liberty County, Ga. ; j.
Mcasuremtnts of No. 5908.

Jf.

Length of Lead and body . 03r)5

Lciijj;tli of 1r;i(1, including tyni))ana 0115

Width of head, including tympana 0133

Length of foic limb from axilla 0205

Length of hind limb from groin O.'jG

Length of tibia 01«

Length of tarsus Oil

Length of rest of foot 015

The specimen measured is a little above average size, which is inter-
mediate between the dimensions of the II. squirella and 11. versicolor.
A very large specimen in my collection from Dallas, Tex., measure'^
.030'" in length of head and body.

CltlldiTllC

mitiil»ir.

No. fif

Ifi/la femoraJis Dandin.

5008

1

.■}5i)0

2

:!.'-)>J8

•>

Odi'T

2

471H

2

-HM?.

1

]:!179

7

]1018

1

Locality.

lJici'l)oniiij;li, Ga

do -..

Lil)ui ty County, Ga

A ilin^toii, I'lu

Micanopv, l'\ii

(ionsoCl'.i'lx, S.C...

Allniialm, <ia

Naslivillo, ('.a

When
collected.

Fidiii whom rcceivecT.

Maj. J. Lo Coiito .

Maj. J. Lo, ('oiite.

1,S78 (i. I!ii)\\ II Goodo .

I l)y. T. \L r.can ..

I (.')

W.J.T.iyloi-

1880 1 do

Nature (if sjioc-
iiiicii.

Alcoliolic.
Do.

1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

THH 15ATRACIIIA OF NOUTII AMERICA. 373

IIYLA VEUSlCOLOli Lc Coiile*

ntjla vcrsiculor J. LoCoutc, Ann. N. Y. Lye, i (lS-J.^j),','81 ; lliiiUui, Jouiu. Ac. Nut. Sci.,
Pbila. V (1827), 34:5; Med. & Phys. Kcs. (1835), U'8; llolbrook, N. Amor. IIcip.,
1st ed., I (183(5), 101, xvii, and 2d ed., iv (184-2), 115, xxviii; Stoicr, Rcptil.
Mass. (1839), 241 ; Duni. & Bibr., Eip. (i.'n., viii (1841) ; Do Kay, N. Y. Zool., Ill,
Rei)til.(1842), 71,xxi, fig. 53 A ; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 122; Giintbcr,
Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Miis., 18C8, p. 103; Boulcngcr, I. c, cd. 2, 1882, p. 372.
Dcndrohyas versicolor TschmW, I'>atraoliia, p. 75.
Ilyla richardi Baird, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, p. GO (young).

Note.— JTi/Ia verrucosa Daud., Hist. Rain. Grcn. Crap., 33, PL iv, \h referred to
this species by Dnm. & Bibr. Tbo description, however, appLics etinally
well to several species, and iu several points differs entirely from //. versicolor.
The locality of iZ". verrucosa is unhnown.
Male.— Body stout and clumsy. Head short, much broader than long ;
limbs short. Outline of lower jaw nearly semicircular ; of upper, some-
what angulated. Tympanum rather large, about one-half the diameter
of eye; a moderate fold of skin above it. Tongue large, nearly orbicu-
lar ; notched behind, where it is free for half its length. Vomerine teeth
in two transversely linear patches, extending between the posterior
nares, with a slight interval between them, sometimes scarcely separat-
ing into two parts. Eyes large, protuberant.

The bases of the vomerine protuberances are in a line with the cen-
ters of the nares; the posterior edge of the teeth tliemselves a little be-
hind the posterior margin of the nares. Eustachian apertures larger
than the inner naros. No papilla behind the external nares.

Anterior limbs short, stout; fingers broad, dilated into broad disks;
that on third linger nearly equal to the tympanum in diameter.

The web is more extended than in other species in the United States,
in a female specimen leaving the two last joints only free. The disk
of the inner finger is smaller than the rest. Tibia reaching half-way
from the anus to the eye; longer than the hind feet, and equal to the
arm from elbow. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches only to
the posterior edge of the orbit. The third and fifth toes arc nearly
equal in length ; the disks of the second and first are less developed
than the rest.

In hind feet the membrane extends in a narrow margin all the way
to the disks ; membrane cut out along the two last joints of the longest
toe and of the others along the inner edge, although specimens vary
in the amount of this excision. All the fingers and toes are much
depressed, and exhibit the Ilyla character more than the other Ameri-
can species.

The entire animal is warty, or covered with coarse tubercles, with
finer intermixed, except on the region of the loins and anterior and
posterior faces of the thighs. Beneath, with distinct granules in a
prominent and well-defined pavement; less conspicuous on the throat,
neck, and palms. There is a very distinct and prominent fold of skin
across the breast. The color is very variable with different specimens
and circumstances. Above ash-gray, white, or brown. Above each

' Plilt(^ (U.

374 P.ULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

eye is ail cloii^i;ate(l blotcli of dark brown, passing obliquely backwards
towards its fellow, leaving a spaee between and forming an interrupted
V. Posterior to these and in Uie anterior portion of tbe back is a
single very large blotch, subcruciforin in shape, from sending out a
branch on each side towards the eye, more or less parallel with the
blotches lirst mentioned. The posterior corners are also obliquely
elongated to a greater or less extent. Immediately behind the large
blotch may be usually traced two others, which are elongated, and
exteiul obliquely to the sides of the body in a direction generally par-
allel with the outer edges of the dorsal blotch. A dusky, indistinct
bar extcMids from the eye along the upper edge of the face through
the nostril to the tip of the snout, and the edge of the upper jaw is
more or less marbled with the ground colors. A conspicuous spot of
light gray (with dark border) is always visible among other markings
beneath the ])osterior half of the eye and on the posterior portion of
the upper jaw; it is a little in advance of the tympanum and some-
what longer. A dusky, indistinct mottled band passes from the eye
backwards through the tympanum along the side of the body, dark-
est along the undulating up])er edge, where it is margined sometimes
by yellowish-white. The fore-arm lias two transverse dark bands; the
thigh, leg, and tarsus each the same number. All the surfaces of
limbs concealed when flexed are vcnniculated with brown on a yellow-
ish ground, the light intervals angular, even on the inside of tibia and
foot. The anteiior an»l posterior faces of the thigh and leg are yellow,
sharply a:;d narrowly nuirbled with brown. Beneath yellowish-white.
Males, in spring, with the gular sac, mixed ash, brown, and white.

Specimen described from Grosse Isle, INIich.

The females differ mainly in the smaller tympani.

In other specimens, from Carlisle, Pa., there is evident a constant
dark spot on the side of the upper jaw and beneath the anterior half of
the eye, the light spot already described being situated between it and
a narrow dark line in front of the tympanum. Sometimes the entire
back, by the confluence of the blotches described, is occupied by a large
mottled cross, the anterior fork very short. The anterior face of the
arm is blotched with dark ; the posterior marbled like the thigh. Some-
times the blotches are more or less obsolete; at others they are reduced
in size, although usually cruciform in their arrangement. The color of
the back is sometimes grass-green, with the dark blotches, which vary
in extent.

In the southern and western specimens there is a tendency to a re-
placing of the brown reticulation on the yellow ground of the posterior
face of the thighs by a number of subcircular golden spots in the brown
ground, as in the Il.fcmoraUs, although northern specimens sometimes
show traces of it. This is very evident in specimens from Prairie Mer
Pouge and Tangipahoa River, Louisiana, and Dallas, Tex. As a gen-
eral rule, too, the portions of the limbs concealed, or in contact with
each other when flexed, are in northern specimens more fully marbled

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

375

with yellow aud browu, even coveriug the whole inner face of the tibia,
and the light interspaces more or less angular, while in the Smilisca
haudinii and the southern and western specimens of //. versicolor the
amount of marbling is less, and the interspaces arc often reduced to small
circular spots. I have, however, been unable to characterize them as
more than a variety, to which I Iiave given the name ot //. v. chryso-
scelis*

A single specimen of a strongly marked variety of this species was
sent to the National Museum from Mount Carmel, 111., by Lucien M. Tur-
ner (No. 12074). It is smaller, having the average dimensions of H.fem-
oralis. Tlie color is a dark brown, with three rows of large approximated
darker brown spots. The groin and concealed faces of the thigh are
yellowish-brown, with a very scanty speckling of darker brown, very
different from the usual coarse netted i)attern. At first sight one sus-
pects this to be a specimen of Eyla femoralis, but it possesses all the
essential characters of the integument and feet of the JF. versicolor, as
pointed out in the analytical table of the genus, including also the light
spot under the eye. It may be called II. v. phccocrypta.

Fin. 95. Ttttla versicolor. Xo. 1 l."i.'l. Itodiostir. N. V

Meahitrcinentx of \o. 'MYM. ju.

Length of lieail and body O'M

Longtli of hcatl, iucliidiug tympana OIG

Widtli of head, inchidiug tympana 0213

Length of fore leg from axilla 0154

Length of liind leg from groin 0^13

Length of tibia 020

Length of tarsns 0155

Length of rest of hiud foot U24r)

The Hyla versicolor is " the tree frog," par excellence, of the eastern
aud northern United States. It is common, and in sontc places abun-
dant. Its voice is a loud, coarse, resonant trill, uttered with a nniform
pitch, and continued for two or tliroe seconds. It is heard about bodies
of water in the spring, when the sexes are depositing and fertilizing
the eggs. Later in the season it proceeds from fences, hedgerows, and
orchards, as well as from the forest, often at no great elevation above
the ground. They arc especially noisy towards evening after a rain;
but they may be heard at any time during dark and drizzly days. They
are susceptible of some domestication. Mr. Jacob GeisTuar tells me

Ilnllotin U. S. National Museum, No. 20, laSO, p. 2f^.

376 BULLETIN 3i, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tbat lie kept a iiiimber of them in a vivarium near a window. Both
were left open tUiriiig part of the day, and the Ilyla; would leave the
house and establish themselves on the trees in the orchard, where their
voices were heard throughout the evening. During the night they
would return to the house, and would appear in their usual place in the
vivarium in the morning.

Their eggs are laid in small packets on blades of grass, slender
sticks, etc., in shallow ponds and pools. The metamorphosis takes
place while yet small, the young exceeding only a little those of the
northern toad, Bufo leniiginosus americanus. Some of the larval stages
are represented on Plate 7G, figs. 23-G.

The El/la versicolor was named as an expression of its striking power
of metachrosis. It readily takes the color of the object on which it rests,
thus concealing itself successfully. Its colors vary from a deep brown
to gray, and nearly white to bright green. The change of color is not
rapidly accomplished. The favorite color is gray, which is identical
with that of the lichens of the trees which it inhabits. Professor Ver-
rill records this species as being found at Norway, Me., the most east
ern locality known to me.

Ilyla versicolor Lo Coiite.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogiio

No. of

iiunibur.

spec.

3037

8

3G35

1

3030

1

3043

1

3642

1

3028

1

3038

3

4892

1

4831

3

3043

1

30J6

1

3041

2

3234

2

3632

2

5957

1 1

3630

C

3027

1

5017

1

3080

1

4557

1

3065

3

3070

3

3609

1

4555

1

3007

1

3071

1

4554

4

3079

2

3000

1

3(i03

2

5191

1

9457

1

8801

1

8800

2

6454

1

11434

1

7819

5

9071

1

2500

1

3034

1

9987

4

Locality.

When
collocted.

From whom rocoived.

Naturo of spcc-
iniiMi.

Prairio Mer, Rougo, La.

Andorsoi), S. C

Kmnpcr (Joiinty, Mias •

Ann Arbor, ]ilicli

(iiiisso Islo, Mich

Uaciiio, Wi.s

(loliiiuhus, Ohio

(iiceii I'laius, N. C

lliookville, Ga

Mount Holly, N.J

Eutaw, Ala

Wcstjion, N. Y

Now liiauiifols, Tox ..
Aux riaiuoH River, 111.

Carlisli), Pa

Wasliiiiirtoii, D. C

South Cai'oliiia

Tarborongh, N. C

Maryland

Wcthcrsfield, Conn

Muadville, Pa

Soutlieni Illinois ,

W.asIiinfrton, 1). C

Saint Louis, Mo

West Philadelphia, Pa

Saint Uatheiino, G^u

North Red River

Natcluv,, Miss ,

Koan County, Tenii

New Orleans, La

Goldaboroufrh, N. C

Tangipahoa River, La .,
Claiboino ('ouiity, Teun

Mein])!iis, Tenn

Potomac River, D. C

Washington, D. U

(loldsborouirl,, N.C

Southeiu Illmiiis

Mount Holly, N.J

Spriugtield, Mass

James Fairio

Miss 0. Paiuo

n.U. Lloyd

Prof. S. F. Raird

Re.v. C. Vox

Dr. P. R. Hoy

Prof. L. Les(iueroux

G. F. Moore

Dr. W. A. Hammoi)d,U.
S. A.

Prof. A. WiuchoU.
Prof. S. F. Baird...

F. Lindlioiiner

R. Kenuicott

Prof. S. F. Baird.
, do

J. L. Bridger

O.B.Adams

C.Wright

J. F. ThicktstuD ..
R. Kcnnicott

Dr. G. Eugclmann

W.S. Wood ,

Dr. D.W. Beadle

R. Kennicott

Col. B.C. L. Wailea

I'rofessor Mitchell

Saint Cliarlea College. .

Aug.—, 1875

Frod. Mather

J. N. B. Searborough

Dr. John N. Wood worth

George Shoemaker

Dr. E. Cones, U. S. A . . . .

J. W.Milner

R. Kcnnicott

Prof. S. F. Baird

Wesloy.an University...

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Ili/Ia vci-Hicolor Lc, Coute — Continued.
GENEUAL SEKIES.

r;.•ll.^ll)^'lu^

iiiiinlx'i'.

5220

4:.fli

45G1)

45."..'!

3002

3GS:{

31)08

3fi.'>8

3GH1

3(182

3247

3200

04:11

0507

03!)4

9275

ll5:i;i

114W)

11,S2H

34. ^^.3

12571

11517

12078

70.V2

3031

5203

14174

1332G
1 1. ".21
1 1.522
12' 74
4731

No. of
.spec.

Loculity.

Alali.ama

Grand (Jotoau, La

Now Orleaus Academy,
La.

Pearl River, Mis.s

Cook Couuty, III

A Dderson, S. C

l)u Quesiie, 111

Simiinervillo, S. C

Saloni.N. U.

Union County, AVis

Saint Louis, Mo

Columbus, Ga

(?)

Southern States

Liberty County, Ga . . .

A'irgiuia

Uaraboo, Wis

(?)

Old Fort Cobb, Cal

S.iint Loui.s, Mo

Willou},'liby Point, Va .

(?) .-

Mount Carnicl, 111

(iooso Cri'ok, S. C

Cook County, III

G rand Coteau, La

Oluoy,lll

Wa.sliington, U. G
Gainesville, Tex . .

do

Mount Carmel, 111
Wasbiiiston, U. C

When
collected.

1874
1880

1885
1885

From whom receivrd.

W. M. Stewart
Charles Colo . . .

Alias Helen Tunnison

K. Kcnuicott

Mr.s. M. C. Daniel

K. Konnicott

,!.(;. McNair

J. T. Linebaclc

Dr. P. K. Uoy

W.S.Wood

Dr. Gesuor

Maj. J. Lo Couto

1>. Stono

J.W. Wood

(?)

Dr. E. Palmer

Dr. Georire EnKolniann .

Earll & McDonald

(?)

Lucicn M. Turner

a)

R. Kennicott

Saiut Charles Collose. . .
John and Cbas. Walker.

Gi'orjre Shoemaker.

G. H. Kagsdalo

do

L. M. Turner.

Me^jatheriuin

Xatuniof Hpeci-
null.

Alcoholic.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
l>o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D...
Do.

ITYLA rs RATIOS A Lo Couto.

(Plato 49, Cicr. 9; 7-2, iig. 10.)

rroceod. Ac. PhiLa., 1856, p. 14fi.
Epedaphux (jraiiosim Lee, Cope, Proceed. Auier. Pbilosoph. .Soc, 188."), p. 383.

This is the largest Ilylii of the Nearctic realm. It conforins in shape
to the typical forms of the genus, as the //. versicolor^ Jl. mnrmorata,
etc.; but it differs from other known species iii one marked peculiarity:
The peculiar glandular areolation of the integument of the belly in all
Ilylidio is liere seen on the dorsal region also. On this account I pro-
posed the reference of the //. f/ratiosa to another genus, which I called
Epedapbus. It remains to be seen whether this course is defensible or
not.
The general characteristics of this species arc as follows:
Web between outer fingers extending to end of proximal phalange.
Head short, elevated. Tympanum half to two-thirds eye. Integument
of upi)er surfaces with areolations similar to those of the abdomen.
Toes webbed to base of i)enultimatc phalange. Femora unicolor pos-
teriorly. Upper lip narrowly dark edged, with a white line above the

378 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

border, sometiiues coutinued as a lateral stripe. Above l)urpli8b-asli,
witb uiiuierous dark spots, aud often sparse .yellow ones; side often
reticulated witb yellow; tarsus and autebracbium bordered with spots
of the same.

The bead is sbort, obtuse, elevated, tbe muzzle slightly prominent
above the labial border, and sloping gently to the nearly plane front.
Canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region oblique. Vomerine teeth in two
transverse contiguous fasciculi entirely between the inner nares. A
dermal fold over the tympanum and one ficross the pectoral region.
Vocal sac well developed. Hand large, as are all the terminal dilata-
tions. The anterior are two thirds the diameter of the membranum
tympani, and the posterior are a little smaller The tympanum is very
distinct, perfectly round, and with the diameter two-thirds that of the
eye. The eye is rather small.

The cuneiform bone of the metatarsus is unusually prominent and
the tarsal fold distinct aud infolded. The labial border marks the mid-
dle of the autebracbium of the extended fore limb and the last third of
the tarsus of the posterior.

The heel of the extended hind leg marks either the middle or front of
the orbit.

The breadth of the cranium is contained two and two thirds times in
the total length, and tlio length three and a half times. The length of
the tibia enters the same two aud one third times. The o. o. prefrontalia
are not very widely separated anteriorly, nor are they produced beyond
the line of the nostrils, and their inner anterior borders are nearly par-
allel ; but they diverge almost transversely, and become regularly nar-
rower posteriorly. The form of the xiphisternum is flat- urceol ate; the
proximal margin truncate, and the distal convexity interrnpted by a
deep rounded emargination.

The dark spots which cover all the upper surf^ices may be absent, or
so small as to give a speckled pattern, or so large as to present a reticu-
lation of the ground. The xQvy narrow labial stripe may be continued into
a band or coarse yellow reticulations on the side. The groin and lower
surfaces are yellow, except the gular region, which is purplish-ash, with
or without a largo siibtriangular yellow mental area. The limbs all
dark banded, the tibia bluish on the outer side; the femur uniform yel-
low posteriorly.

The young of this species resemble the H. sqiiirella; but the shorter
heavier head and muzzle, and more obtuse canthus rostralis, the traces
of areolation on the dorsal skin, and the jellow borders of the aute-
bracbium and tarsus distinguish it. Specimens an inch and a quarter
in length have not yet developed the dark cross-bauds of the extremi-
ties; in many of an inch, dorsal spots are invisible, and the areolations
have not appeared. As is always the case with young frogs, the ex-
tremities are relatively longer.

This beautiful species readily changes its color from green to brown-
ish, according to Lo Conte. Its range is restricted to Florida and ad-

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

379

jacent parts of Georgia. A specimen from Georgiana, Fla., is of a uni-
form greeu above, aud resembles a very large U. squirella iu color.

Fia.m. ITylagratiosa. No. 3G84. Georgia, C. B. Adams ; }.

Measurements. m.

From entl of innzzlo to canthusoris 017

From end of muzzle to vent 061

Length of head, including tympana . 018

Width of head, inclndiug tympaua 024

Width of sacral diapophyses 013

Length of fore limb from axilla 0395

Length of hind limb from groin 080

Length of tibia 027

Length of tarsus OIG

Length of rest of foot 027

Iljila (jratiosa Le Con to.
RESERVE SERIES.

Cat.alo'iuo i No. of
luiiiiliiT. spoc.

3C75 I
4742

5901 ;

3G81 i

Locality.

When
collected.

From whom received.

Saint Aiin;nstine, Fla .

Micauopy, Fla

I llicel)oioiigli, Ga

Gcnrpia

Guorf^iana, Fla

E.R. Smith

Dt. T. H. Boan..
MaJ. .J. Le Coiito

C. li. Adams

W. Wittonidro .

Nature of spec-
imen.

Alcoholic.
T)o.
Do.

1)0.

Do.

SMILISCA Cope.

Cope Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1865, p. 194; Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, 1866, p. 85.
Acrodytes Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 109.

But one species of this genus is known. It is characteristic of the
Mexican region of tlie Nearctic realm, but is found rather commonly
witliin our borders in Texas.

SMILISCA BAUDINII D. & B.

(Plate 72, fig. 16.)

ITijln hnndinii Dura & Bibr., Erp. G6n., viii, p. 564; Boulenger Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit.

Miis.,od. n, 1882, p. 371.
Jfj/la vanrUvtii Baird, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 18.')4, p. 61.
Ififla muricolor Cope, I. c, 1862, p. 359.

Ifi/la jidxsosana Brocchi, Miss. Sci. Mexique Batrachus, p. 125 ; teste Boulenger.
Smilisca dnulinia Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1865, p. 194.

380

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Somewhat similar in general appearance and markings to H. versicolor^
altliough more sleuder, much smoother, and limbs more elongated. It
is one of the larger species.

The tympanum is very large and distinct, nearly equaling the eye in
diameter, and having a slight fold of skin above it. The head is nar-
rower, more ])ointed, and more deeply cleft than in II. versicolor ; the
snout in front of the eyes longer. The tongue is subovate, less free
behind than in H. versicolor, and scarcely notched. The posterior nares
are larger and nearer together; they are larger than the Eustachian
apertures, which are rather linear; the patches of teeth are very small.
The skin above is nearly smooth, little less so than in large specimens
of Hyla carolinensis. Beneath, however, the granulation is much as in
H. versicolor. The webbing of the feet is much as in II. versicolor ; heel
to nares and end of muzzle.

Above, ash-gray. A rather broad dark bar passes backwards and
inwards from above each eye, the two meeting in the middle. Behind
this is an irregular cross, with broad branches, forming acute angles
before and behind, the anterior extremities shorter and running into
the obtuse V-shaped bar between the eyes. Two blotches behind the
extremities of the jiosterior branches, as described in H. versicolor, and
often confluent with them. The thighs and legs are each barred trans-
versely with three bands; those on the hind feet are not distinctly to
be made out. On the upper jaw there is a distinct grayish- white spot
under the posterior half of the eye about the size of the tympanum.
Behind the tympanum, and extending on the base of the arm above,
is also a white blotch. Tiie sides are yellowish-white, vermiculated
sparsely with black, which color is concentrated on and under the
scapular folds, so as to form a very conspicuous black spot. The pos
terior faces of the thigh brown, with yellowish-white spots, not vermic-
ulated, as in the northern specimens of H. versicolor. Whole lower
surface dull white.

Agrees with II. arenicolor (Sonora) in length of hind limbs and smaller
fore-arm, but differs in being much smoother and larger; in the sub-
cruciform dorsal blotch ; black spot over fore-arm ; vermiculated or re-
ticulated thighs and side, still larger tympanum, etc.

Inches.

Total length '. 24 1.00

Ile.ad, length 71 .31

Head, width 9 .37

Fore arm and hand from elhow.. 12 .50
Thigh 12i .51

Inches.

L(^s m

Tarsus 7|

Hind foot 10

Total hind leg 40

.52

.31

.41

l.Gl

THE lUTKAClIlA OF NOKTH AMERICA.

Nedvcttc. localities.

381

Catalogue No. of

lllllllbl'I'. HllOU.

Locality.

1 I I5ii)« iisviilo, Tex

1 Mouth of Jlio t'liliiilo
1 I lic'lolcs, Te.x

collected.

From wboui received.

Cai)t. Stewart Vail Vlitt .

I. II. Clark

G. W. Miiriiock

Neotropical localities.

Naturo of
siieciiiieu.

Miiadoi', Vera Cniz

Orizaba, Ka.st Mexico . . .
Giiiulalaxara, West Mex
Coliiua, WestJSIexieo ...

Omoa, iloiuliiias

Yucatan ,

Dr. C. Sartoriiis . ..

V. Suiiiichrast

T. T. Major

Jollll XillltllH

Di'. J. L. Lo Coiito.
Artbur Seiiott

AMPIIIGNATHODONTID.E.

IJonlongcr, C:it. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., od. ii, Is-^J, p. 441).

But two j;eiier;i of this family arc kuowu, as follows :

Digit.s with large dilatatious ou tlic extremities; a dorsal dermal pouch;

Amphiijnalhodon Boul.
Digits acute at end ; uo dorsal pouch Gri/inscitu* Cope.

Tlie typical geuus is byla'form, while Grypiscus is a robust terrestrial
type. The true position of the latter being somewhat doubtful, I give
the following more exact definition :

Mandible with a series of caducous pleurodont teeth, and a permanent
elevated tooth on each side the symphysis. Prefrontal bones fullj^ de-
veloped, in contact with each other throughout, and with frontoparietals.
Auditory apparatus well developed j tongue broad, entire, little free.
Vomerine teeth ; no parotoid glands. (See Plate G8, fig. 11.)

The mandibular teeth are obtuse, and scarcely i)roject above the al-
veolar margin ; their attachment appears to be to the mucous membrane
only, on which account they are readily scraped away.

The affinities of this genus are as yet obscure; the mandibular teeth
and general form woukl refer it to the Uemiphractidjc, but the form of
the sacrum separates it. The form of the cranium, with its broad out-
line and narrow brain-case, and of the body in general, are nearest to
Cyclorhamphus and CophiXius, though the form of the sacrum .separates
it again. If referred to the Pelodytida?, it will be the type of a group
in the family characterized as follows:

Frontoparietal bones fully developed; xiphisternum an emargiuate,
cartilaginous shield: coccygeal style attached to two condyles; toes
webbed.

'A ligur<i of (In/p

iniihriniia will ho found in the Ad<lcu(la.

382 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

HEMIPHRACTIDiE.*

Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi., 186G; Boulengcr, Cat. Batr. Sal.
Brit. Mus., ed. Ii, 18H2, p. 45L

Three genera represent this family, as follows:

Vonieriue, no pavasphenoid teetb ; ungual phalanges acute HemijyhractHa VVagl.

Vomerine, no parasphenoid teotb ; ungual phalanges dilated Ccratohyla Espada.

Vomerine and parasphenoid teeth ; ungual phalanges dilated Ainphodus Potera.

Tlu; species of these genera are distributed as follows; all are of the
Nc'iitr()i)ical realm.
llcmiphractiis, two species, Colombian region.
Ceratohyla, five species, Colombian region.
Amphodus, one species, eastern region.

GASTRECHMIA Cope.

Journ. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 198.

Bnt one family of this superfamily is known, and that embraces but
a single genus. Its range is the Ethiopian realm.

Maxillie edentulous; vertobrio procuilian ; sacrum with dilated diapophyscs, at-
tached by condyles to a simple urostyle Ucmmdw.

HEMISIDiE.

Auditory apparatus wanting; tongue posteriorly retractile into a
sheath; frontoparietal and prefrontal bones fully developed, the former
cocissified, the latter separated to end of muzzle by ossified ethmoid
septum ; toes webbed, no cuneiform shovel ; no parotoid glands ; manu-
brium present Hemisus Gthr.

HEMISUS Giinther.t

Cat. Brit. Mus., 18r>8.
Cacophrynua Steindacbucr.

This genus shows its nearest afifines t» be Callula and allied genera
of the Engystomidai in the wide separation of the lobes of the liver for
the accommodation, of the pericardial sac and its contents, and by the
I)osterior position of the heart. In the latter point it exceeds all other
genera ; the heart is of relatively large size, and occupies nearly the
median portion of the abdominal region. It would appear to be for the
protection of this important organ that the coracoids are extended
backwards. The cavity anterior to the heart is occupied by longitudi-
nal muscles ami the largo larynx. The lobes of the liver extend each
t.) the groin, a position even more posterior than in those genera of
Raniforniia which are characterized by the posterior position of that
organ; and by the disappearance of its median lobe, and the wide sep-
aration of its lateral lobes for the accommodation of the heart. The
genera in which this relation exists, are Breviceps, Engystoma, Sys
toma, Callula, Phrynomantis, Atelopus, and Pipa.

» Plate 73. t Plates 74, 7C.

THE BATUACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 383

This geuus exhibits also an exlerual corpus adiposuui, which I have
not found in Calluln, Engystoma, or any other genus of Batrachia.
Each one is subtrihedral, the aj)ex restiug near the extremity of the
coracoid, the body lying between the strata of the external and in-
ternal obli(jue muscles, along the anterior margin of the lobe of the
liver on each side.

There are some imi)ortant skeletal characters found in this genus,
whose value is not yet clear. Thus the suspensorium is free, and has
an antero posterior movement on the proiitic. This is due to the form
of the squamosal, which has no zygomatic process, and is not united by
suture with the pro(>tic. The quadrate cartilage is all that connects it
with the cranium. A simihir structure exists in Breviceps and Callula
(Plate 75, figs. 1-2). The frontoparietals are coossified with each other,
ajs are also the prefrontals.

The hyoid apparatus is peculiar (Plato 5G, fig. IS). The fourth cera-
tobranchials are ossified and proximally incurved, and in close contact
with each other, thus surrounding the larynx in front. They are only
connected with the basihyobrauchial plate by membrane. The latter
has a re«'irved transverse anterior margin, and sends a process forwards
on eaci, -side to the incurved and thin ceratohyals. The third ccrato-
branchials are elongate and ossified distally. Tliis kind of hyoid ap-
paratus further distinguishes the family Ilemisldic from all others.

FIllMISTERNIA.

lioulcngcr, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Miis., od. ii, 188i (laiuua Gastrccbmia);
Finnistcriiia hikI Kaniformia, Cope, Check-List N. Aiuer. Batr.,
Reptil.. 1877; Rauiformia aud Biifouiforuiia pt., Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev.,
180.^).

The families of this superfamily are the following:

I. No teeth on the maxillary or i)reiiiaxillary bones:

Pfiecoracoidei present; sacrum with dilated triangular diapophjses, coulluont
with coccygeal style ; two lobes of the liver Lrecicipilidw.

Tra'coracoidci wanting; sacrum distinct from coccygeal stylo, wilh dilated tri-
angular diapophyses ; two lobes of the liver Eiiyijstomida'.

Priccoracoidei present; sacrum distinct from coccygeal style, Avith dilated tri-
angular diapophyses; two or three lobes of the liver I'hrtfuiacida'.

Pra'C(uacoidei present; sacrum distinct from coccygeal style, with cylindrical

diapophyses; three lobes of the liver Dcinhohaiidoc,

n. Maxillary and prem.axillary bones toothed:

Praicoracoidei absent; sacral diapophyses dilated ; mandible edentulous

Coplnjlidce.

Praicoracoida present; eacral diapophyses expanded; numdiblo edentulous

Diiacophidw.

Prascoracoid present; sternum and omostornum wanting ; three lobes of the liver;
inaudible edentulous Colosteihidce.

Praicoracoid present; sternum aud oniostornnm present, osseous; three lobes of
the liver; mandible edentulous liauidn',

Prn-coracoid present; stornum styloid; sacral diapophyses cylindric; mandible
dentigerons Cemlohatrachidw.

384

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

This tribe belongs, par excellence, to the Old World. Two of the fami-
lies, Avhicli include but few species, belong to the Kew, viz, the Deu-
drobatidte and the Colostethidaj, and a few species of the Engystomidai
and Phryniscidai also occur in tropical America. The Eauida? have a
number of representatives in North A merica. The Coi^hylida^ and Dys-
cophiihe exist only in Madagascar, excepting one species of the latter
in India. The geographical distribution of the families is as follows :

Aiistra-
liau.

Neotrop-
ical.

Noarctic.

Ethiopian.

Palajarctic.

Paliootrop-
ical.

4

4
19

8

1

16

l'liiyiiisci(l;i;

1

5

4

2
7

J

1
0

4

1

13

95

11

111

1

The resemblance to the Neotropical fauna displayed by Madagascar
in its lizards and snakes is also seen in the Batrachia in the presence of
a genus and four species of the family Dendrobatidai.

BRU VICIPI TIDxE*

Cope, Journ. Ac. Pbila., 1867, p. I'Jl.

I. Prefrontala widely separated ; ethmoid arch not ossified.

A frontoparietal foutanello; ear perfectly developed; toes free; uo parotoid

glands; liead not distinct from body ; no voinerino teeth.. i/j-tr/ctj^sMerrem.

Voinerineteeth present Rhomhophrijnc Beettger.

The characters of Rhombophryne are so far unknown that its perti-
nence to the family Brevicipitidai is entirely uncertain, nor is it known
to possess the characters of Division A. The species of Brevicipitidai
are Ethiopian.

ENGY8T0MIDJE*

Cope, Jonrn. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 191.

I. Ethmoid arch not ossified ; prefrontals widely separated.
A. A frontoparietal fontanelle ; terminal phalanges with transverse limb.
Ear perfectly developed ; toes free; no metatarsal shovel

rhrynomaiiiis VctOTS.

II. Ethmoid arch ossified ; prefrontals fully developed, in contact with each other

and frontoparietals ; latter complete.
A. Terminal phalanges with transverse limb, anteriorly at least.

"No tympanum or cavum tympani ; Eustachian ostia minute " ; toes webbed •
no palatine teeth ; subdigital parts small, simple Microhjla Tschudi.

Pupil horizontal; no vomerine teeth; toes webbed; subdigital tubercles of
nianus largo, forming adhesive pallets Phrynella Blgr.

Tympanum, cavum tympani, and Eustachian ostia ; toes with web or its-rudi-
ment; no palatine teeth Callula Gray.

Tympanum present; toes free; palate with a large curved tooth on each
side Xe.iohairachus Peters & Doria.

' "Plato 74.

THE BATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 385

AA. Termiaal plialaHges simple.

Pupil erect; palatine teeth normal ; toes free; extremities enlarged

r Callulopa Blgr.

Pupil horizontal; tongue free. behind ; no vomerine teeth; lingers and toes
free - -. Vaconternam Blgr.

Ear fully developed ; head not distinct ; membranum tympaui concealed ;
toes free to slightly palmate; metatarsus with insignificant tubercles
Engystoma Fitz.

" Ear developed, membranum tympaui concealed; toes free to partially pal-
mate ; metatarsus with two compressed shovel-like tubercles "
- . .• Cacopus* Gthr.

"Ear developed, membranum tynjpani distinct externally ; toes free ; meta-
tarsus with insignificant tubercles" Adeiiomera Steind,

The species of this family are distributed as follows :

Austra-
lian.

Neotrop-
ical

Nearctic

Ethiopian.

Palteotrop.
ical.

2

1

5

Phrynella

Callula

1

7

1

1

1

7

1

3

1

2

8

1

3

17

ENGYSTOMA Fitzinger.

N. Class. Reptil., p. 65 ; Giinth. Cat., p. 51 ; Boulenger, Cat.jBatr. Sal. Brit.
Mus.,2ded..l88'2, p. 160.
MicropTs Wagl., Isis, 1828, p. 744, and Syst. Amph., p. 200.
Stenocephnhts Tschudi, Batr., p. 86.
Eiif/ystoma, sp., Dum. & Bibr., Vlii, p. 738; Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, 1867, p.

194.
Systoma, sp., Cope, I, c.

ENGYSTOMA CAROLINENSE Holbrook.

N. Amer, Herp., i, p. 8:5, PI. 2; Dum. & Bibr., p. 743; Hallow., Proceed.

Ac. Phila., 1856, p. 251 ; Giinth., Cat., ed. i, p. 51 ; Boul., Cat. Batr.

Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 162.
Engyatoma/)Uvaceum}ln,\\ow., I. c.
Engystoma texense Girurd, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1859, p. 169.

Snout rather obtuse, slightly projecting, not twice as long as the
diameter of the eye. Fore limb considerably longer than its distance
from the tip of the snout; the hind limb being carried forwards along
the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder in the
female, a little beyond in the male. Toes quite free, with blunt tips and
distinct subarticular tubercles ; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle;
no outer tubercle. Skin smootb ; a f()]<l across the head behind the
eyes, which is, however, not uufrequently wanting in alcoholic speci-

* Including Glyphoglossus G-thr.
1951— Bull. 34 25

386 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

mens. Tympanic membrane concealed ; ostia pliaryngea smaller than

clioaniB.

Measurements of No. 9396. jf.

Length of head and body , 0344

Length of liead to rictus oris ttOr)r)

Width of head at rictns oris 11075

Length of fore leg from axilla olvJ

Length of hind leg from groin 028

Length of tibia 0092

Length of tarsus 00(5

Length of remainder of foot 0113

The color of tbe head is chestnut above, and it is thickly mottled
with blackish specks beneath. Tlie upper jaw is dark brown and tlie
lower is dark gray. The iris is very dark gray. Tlie body is dark
brown along the vertebral line and is chestnut on either side of it ; the
sides of the head and neck below the orbits and the flanks are grayish ;
the throat and abdomen lighter, all thickly sprinkled with blackish
specks.

PlO. 97. Engystoma carolinense.

a. 6

No. 3699. Columbus, Ga.; \.

The anterior extremities are chestnut-brown above and yellowish-
brown beneath. The posterior extremities are chestnut-brown above,
with a few dark spots. The Engystoma carolinense janges from South
Carolina to western Texas, inclusivf, and northwards in the JMissis-
sippi Valley to New Madrid, Mo. In Texas it is abundant in the north,
at Dallas; then at Ilouston, San Antonio, and northwestward to Fort
Concho. I heard it in the streets of Ilonston and San Antonio. In the
former city it was abundant, in copula, in the ditches that border some
of the streets, in September. The cry is loud for the size of the animal,
and is similar to tliat of the Bufo americanvs, excei)t in being higher
pitched and more nasal (in the vulgar sense). The animals are ex-
tremely shy, and become silent on the approach of human footsteps;
and as only the tip of their nose projects above the water-level, they
disappear beneath it without leaving a ripple.

Catalocne ' No. of
number. ^ spec.

Locality.

3709

4744
4192
591U
3099
3707
3978
2973
9396
99.'>4
3705

County,

Wlien
collected.

Washington
Miss.

ilicaiioiiy, Fla

Kiceborouitb, Ga..

do

(Jolimibus, Ga

do

Calcasiou I'a.s.s, La
Charleston, S. (J...

Florida ' i

Little Sara.sota 15ay, Fla. 1875 i Piof. F. 15. Meek
New Madrid, Mo II. Keuuicott

From whom received.

Nature of spec-
imen.

Col. B. L. C. Wailes Al.oln.lic.

Dr. T. n. Bean ,

Dr. W. L. Jones

MiiJ. J. L<' Coutu

Ur. Gisutr

.... do

George Wuidemaiiu
Dr. C.Giiiird

Do.
Do.
l>o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 387

PHKYNISCID^.

Cope, Jouii:. A.C., Pbila., 1867, p. 190.

I. Terminal phalauges enlarged at extremity :

Pupil horizoutal ; tympaniuu tlistiuct ; toes free.. -Sp/ieno^j/tri/ne Ptrs. &Dor.
Pupil horizontal ; no membrauum tympani ; toes slightly webbed

Scaphiophryne Boul.

II. Terminal phalanges simple:
A. Pupil erect.

No .ympauic dihk; toes webbed Melanobatrachus Bedd.

A. tympanic disk ; prefrontals joining each other and the frontoparietals

Hypopachus Keferst.

AA. Pnpil round.

A. tympanic disk ; prefrontals continuous; sclerotica ossified

Stereocyclopa Cope.

AAA. Pupil horizoutal.

I. Prefrontals fully developed, forming suture with each other and frontoparietals.
Ear perfectly developed ; toes webbed ; dorsum covered with a stratum of

glands Calophrynus Tschudi.

II. Prefrontals small, widely removed from each other and from the frontoparietals:
A. Ear perfectly developed.

Two sharp-edged tubercles ou metatarsus ; toes little webbed ; outer toe

rudimental ; muzzle simple Copea Steind.*

No tubercles ou metatarbtis ; toes slightly webbed, outer rudimeutal ; muz-
zle simple ; two lobes of the liver Atelopus D. «&; B,

Tubercles of tarsus rudimental; toes slightly webbed, all well developed;
a horizontal dermal process on extremity of muzzle. Ehinodeinia D. & B.
AA. Ear imperfectly developed.

Toesslightly webbed, outer small ; metatarsus simple ; muzzle simple; liver

with two lobes Phrynidium Martens.

Toes slightly webbed, no cutting metatarsal tubercles or dorsal dermal

shield ; three lobes of the liver Phryniscus Wiegm.

Toesslightly webbed ; no cutting tubercles ; a dorsal osseous dermal shield,
confluent with vertebral apophyses Brachyccphalug Fitz.

One species of this family has been observed in North America. The
distribution of the known species is as follows : Sphenophiyne, 1 species,
New Guinea; Scapliioi)liryne, 2 species, Madagascar; Melanobatrachus,
1 species, ludia ; llypopachus, ^ species, Mex^ico and Central America;
Stereocy clops, I species, Brazil ; Calophrynus, 2 species Bornoo, 1 species,
Madagascar ; Copea, 1 species, Brazil ; Atelopus, 1 species. Central Amer-
ica ; Phrynidium, 11 species, South America; Rhinoderma, 1 species,
Chili; Phryniscus, 1 species, South America; Brachycephalus, 1 species,
Brazil ; total, 27.

HYPOPACHUS Keferstein.

Gottingen Nachrichten, 1867, p. 352; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., cd. ii,

1682, p. 159.

No frontoparietal fontanelle. Frontoparietal and prefrontal bone
in contact, concealing the ethmoid. No omosternum. No dermo-ossi-

*The sternum of this genus not having been examined, its position iscloubtful,

388 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ficatioiis. Terminal phalanges simple. l!^o vomerine teeth. Tongue
simple, oval.

Three species of this genus are known, the rare H. oxyrhinvs and the
H. variolosKs, which, with its subspecies Inguinalis Coi)e, ranges from
Costa Kica to Guatemala on the east, and Michoacan on the west. A
new one is now added. The species differ as follows:

Head one-sixth total length; toes with a short weh; no lateral band.

//. varioJosits Cope.

Head one-eighth total length; toes without trace of web; heel to humerus; no lat-
eral band H. cuncux Cope.

"Toes with a slight web; heel to end of muzzle; a blackish lateral band:" Boulen-
ger H, oxyrhinus Boul.

HYPOPACHUS CUNEUS Cope.

■>] f
f ' - 3 ^ ^ " f ■' ^^2 6 jy-J

Fig. 98. Uijpnpachus cuncits. San Diego, Tex. ; \.

Head small; body large; limbs short. Muzzle scarcely longer than
diameter of eye, projecting a little, beyond mouth border. A dermal
groove across head at posterior borders of eyelids, and one from below
jtosterior canthus of eye to shoulder. Another across thora.x from the
inferior origin of one humerus to the other. Skin everywhere sujootli.
Tympanic drum in\isible. When the anterior limb Is extended the end
of the fore-arm reaches the end of tlie muzzle. The distal end of the
tarsus reaches the anterior base of the hunjerus, and the end of the
second toe reaches the eiul of the muzzle when the himl limb is ex-
tended. The tliird linger is rather elongate, and the lengths of the fin-
gers are in order, beginning with the shortest, 1-2-1-3, the second and
fourth being eciual. In the posterior foot the lengths are, beginning
with the shortest, l-l!-3-.j-4, the second and fifth being about equal,
and the third a good deal shorter than the fourth. The palmar tu-
bercles are not very distinct. At the distal end of the tarsus there are
two large, sube(iual, sliari)-edged tuberosities. The edge of the internal
is obli(]ue, that of the external transverse. Distinct small tubercles
under the articulation of the i)halanges. The femur is almost entirely
inclosed in the integument of the body.

The tongue is large, and forms an elongate flatellip-e. The internal
nostrils are anterior, and are a little further apart than the external
nostrils. The latter are nearly terminal in i)osition.

The color is liglit brown, or grayish-brown, sometimes tinged with
olive, and there is geiurally a pale median vertebral line. Tiiere is a
wide band on each side of a paler tint, extentling from the orbit to near

THE DATRACHIA OF NORTII AMERICA. 389

the groiu. It is soinetimes only iudicated by a line of black specks,
fornuug- a boMcr above and below. A pale line from eye to front of
humerus. Numerous rather large black spots on the groin and numer-
ous smaller ones on the posterior face of the femur, between which the
color is often dark red. Small black spots on posterior faces of tibia and
astragalus, anterior edge of tibia, and posterior edge of humerus. Digits
with a light spot at each phalangeal articulation. Belly yellowish, with
or without a faint coarse reticulation of a darker color.

Mcasurcynents.

M.

Length of Lead and body 041

Lcugth of Lead to rictus oris OOG

Leugtli to axilla, axially 015

Length of fore limb on front 022

Length of fore foot 0095

Length of hind limb from anus 040

Length of hind foot 023

Width of head at rictus oris 010

Width of extended femora 031

As compared with the H. o.rijrhinus of Boulenger (Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1883, p. 344), this frog has much shorter liind leg-! and a different
coloration, as well as some web between the toes, judging from Dr.
Bouleiiger's description. The R. oxyyliinns comes from western ^Uexico.
The H. varioJosus is common in Central America aiul southern Mexico.

This species has been found thus far only in the ncMgliborhoodvof
San Diego, in Nueces County, in southwestern Texas. A number of
specimens have been brought from that locality and been obtained for
the United States National Museum, by William Taylor.

DBNDKOBATID.E.*

Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 18C5, and J;)iirij. Ac. Phila., 1867.

^y7rtp?c8iirfo' Giiuth., Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mas., Id.'jti; Mivart, Proceed. Zool.
Soc. Lond.

There are but two genera of this family and they agree in the follow-
ing characters :

O. o. prefrontalia widely separated ; ethmoid brctad, ossified to ex-
tremity of mn/.zle; no parotoid glands or metatarsal shovel ; terminal
phalanges with two divaricate liml)s sui)[)orting <lilations ; tongue nar-
row, free, and entire behind.

They differ as follows :

" Oniosterniiiii and stern ii in with bony stylos" yTaiilvV.n IJoiil^

Omosternum wealc, semiossiticd ; sternum cartilaginous Dcinlmlxihn Wagl,

The species of these genera are distributed as follows: ]\rantella,4
species, Madagascar ; Dendrobates, 8 species, (^eiilral Aiiiei lean, Colom-
bian, and Brazilian regions of Neotropical realm.
"" • Plate 74.

390 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

COPHYLID^.
But two genera are known, as follows :

Tips of f ngers and toes dilated ; sternum small Cophyla Boettg.

Tips of fingers and toes acute ; sternum large Phrynocara Peters.

There is but one species of each of these genera and they inhabit
Mailagascar.

DYSCOPHID^.

Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. 179.

The genera of this family are as follows : The definitions are taken
from Boulenger, I. c, p. 473.

I. Pupil vertical.

Vomerine teeth in long series ; sternum very large ; fingers and toes, tips not di-
lated DijsGophus Grand.

Vomerine teeth in long series ; sternum small; fingers and toes, tips not dilated
CaUuella Stoliczka.

Vomerine teeth in long series; sternum small; fingers and toes, tips dilated

Plethodoniohyla Blgr.

II. Pupil horizontal.

Vomerine teeth in two small groups ; sternum small ; tips of fingers and toes di-
lated Platjipelis* Blgr.

The species are distributed as follows : Djscophus, two speciiis, Mada-
gascar; Calluella, one species, Fartlier India; Plethodontohyla, three
species, Madagascar; Platypelis, two species, Madagascar.

COLOSTETHID^.

Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila., 1867, 190-197.
But one genus of this family is known, which is defined as follows :

Cranium fully developed ; ethmoid plate broadly ossified to end muzzle, separating
the narrow prefrontals; terminal phalauges with transverse limb supporting
digital dilatations; no vomerine teeth or metatarsal tubercles; tongue cylindric,
free behind Colostethua Cope.

The only known species of this genus, Colostefhus latinastis Cope, be-
longs to the Columbian region of the Neotropical realm.

HANIDJE.

Ranidce, part., Cyatignathidw, part., Polypedatidw, Hylodidw, part., GUnth., Cat. Batr.

Sal.
Ranidw Cope, Nat. Hist, Rev., 1865 ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. ;}.
Polypedatidce, part., and Ranidiv, part., Mivart, Proceed. Zool. Soc, 1869.

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra not or but very
slightly dilated.

* Alantipus Peters, 1883, is the same.

THE BATliACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 391

The members of this family show no great ditference iu the strnctiire
of the sternal apparatns. The precoracoids are always present, their
axis being- parallel with that of the coracoids, and their distal extrem-
ity resting upo:« that of the latter. The precoracoids are much weaker
than the coracoids. In most genera an omosternum and a sternum are
well developed, and furnished with a bony style. In Oxyglossus, Uy-
lixalus, and Prostherapis the sternum lacks the bony style, and so does
also the omosternum in Nannophrys and Phyllodromus.

The vertebriB are procoelous. The urostyle is attached to two con-
dyles. There are no ribs.

A frontoparietal fontanelle is constantly absent.

The distal phalanges may be simple, pointed, or subtriangular, T-
shaped, Y shaped, or even claw-shaped (Hylambates), the latter struct-
ure being met with elsewhere iu the HylidcC, i^ mphignathodontidte, and
Hemiphractidai only.

Members of the RanidiT^ existed during the Miocene period. The re-
mains of Eana meriani * indicate a species as large as K. escuhnta. liana
noeggerathi, also from the Brauukohle near Bonn, was a small species?
of which I have not been able to learn the form of the sternum. If
the species was not a Rana, it did not belong to any other existing ge-
nus of the family. The genus Asphteriumt (found in the Oeningen
bed) possessed a humerus without terminal condyle. This may be the
result of accident to the skeleton.

The skeletal modificatiotis iu this family are those of the ethmoid and
prefrontal bones and of the posterior extremity.

The genera of the Ranidae are as follows :

1. External metatarsals bouud together ; omosternum and stermim both without

osseous style.
Pupil veriical ; tongue emarginate ; vomerine teeth ; toes free

Xaituohatraclius I?lgr.

Pupil horizontal ; tongue emarginate ; vomerine teeth ; toes free

, Xaiiuophrys Gthr.

II. External metatarsi bound ; omosternum with style ; sternum without style.

Pupil horizontal; tougue heart-shaped; no vomerine teelh ; toes webhed,

tips with disk Ilijlixaliis Esp.

Pupil horizontal; tougue entire; no vomoriip lo'^th; toe: free; ti))s witli

disks rrovtlurapii Cope.

Like Prostherapis, but the tongue emarginate (Blgr. ) riiiillohatent Bibr.

III. External metatarsi bound together; omosternum without, sternum with, os-
seous style.
Pupil horizontal; tongue entire; no vomerine teeth; toes free ; tips with

disks Phi/Uodromus Esp.

* Von Meyer, Pala^outographica, in, p. 127.

\ A. rciissii Von Meyer, /. c, n., p. 08.

+ This genus, which I placed provisionally in the Cystignathidae, not having seen
the sternum, beloug" here according to Bouleuger. The name must be, therefore,
erased from the table on page 313.

392 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

IV. External metatarsi bound ; oruosterauui auJ stern luii with osseous style.
a. Termiual phalanges ball and claw; an intercalated penultimate phalange.

Pupil vertical; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth; tips of digits di-
lated Hylamhates Dum.

aa. Terminal phalanges simple.
(i. Au intercalated penultimate phalange.

Pupil vertical ; tongue heart-shaped ; vomerine teeth ; fingers and toes free

or nearly so Casaina Gird.

/3/3. No intercalated phalange.

Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped; vomerine teeth none; toes nearly

free Arthroleptis Smith.

aaa. Terminal phalanges bifurcate.

p. An intercalated penultimate phalange.

Pupil horizontal ; tongue heart-shaped ; no vomerine teeth ; fingers and toes

more or less webbed nyperolius* Rapp.

Characters of Hyperolius, but pupil vertical Megalixalus Gthr.

/?/?. No intercalated phalange.

Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth ; fingers and toes free

or nearly so Cornufer Tsch.

V. External metatarsi separated by web ; omosteruum and sternum with osseous
style.
a. No intercalated phalange.

Pupil vertical ; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth ; toes webbed

Nyctibatrachus Blgr.

Pupil horizontal ; tongue emarginate ; no vomerine teeth; toes webbed

Hetero(jlossa\ Hallow.

Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth; fingers free; toes

webbed ; ethmoid bone osseous above Rvina Linn.

Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth; fingers free; toea

webbed ; ethmoid bone cartilaginous above Ranula Pet.

Pupil horizontal, tongue emarginate, no vomerine teeth ; ends of digits en-
larged Micrixaliis Blgr.

aa. An intercalated penultimate phalange.

Characters of Rana, but fingers more or less webbed ; ends of digits en-
larged Eltacophorus Kuhl.

Characters of Khacophorus, but two inner fingers opposite the two outer

.• Chiromaniin P«t.

Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; no vomerine teeth; ends of digits en-
larged Ixahis D. &, B.

Like Ixalua, but pupil vertical Nyctixahis Blgr.

VI. External metatarsals separated by a web; sternum without long style; omo-
steruum with one.
Pupil horizontal ; tongue entire posteriorly ; vomerine teeth none

Oxyglossus Tsch.

* Rappia Gthr., but sufficiently distinct from HypcroUa Gray.

\ PhrynobatrachusGiinth.; Stoiorhytichus Smith; Leplojjarius Peters; ? Staiirois Cope.

THE 13ATKAC1IIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

393

It will be readily seen by the follow iiig table that the geographical
lUstribiitiou of this family is almost entirely in the Old World:

tealnis.

Austr.i-
liuu.

Neotiop-
ical.

Ncaictk.

EtLiojikiu.

PaliLaictic.

PaliPOtrop-
ical.

1

2

2
4
5

1

1 1

11
2

8
22

"7

2

7

2

3
34

2

•i

13

11

49

5

25

5

3

Ixiihis

>

26

3

Total

4

IC

13

95

n

111

The only genus of the Nearctic fauna is, then, Raua.

RANA Lioii.

Systenia Natune X, 1). :{r)4, pars; Waslcv Syst. Aniph., 1830. p. 203; Giiutli.,
Cat. liatr. Sal., p. 8; Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., l&o5, p. 117.

Zri//ar«»« Tschiuli, /. c, i>. 78; Giinth., /. c, p. 71; ; Cope, /. c.

Polypcdafes, sp., Tscbudi, I. <:, ]>. 73; Giintb., 1. c, p. 77.

Stroiiinjlopiis Tscbudi, /. c, p. 71).

rt/xiceplKihis Tscubiuli, /. c, p. f^:}; Cope, 1. c.

rysiccphalns, sp., Duui. & Bibr., /. c, p. 442.

Linnodiiti'ii Diuii & Bibr., 1. c, 510.

Pelopluihu- Fitzing. Syst., Rept., I., p. 31.

Tomoplerma (Bibr.) Giiutb., I. c, p. 7.

Splitfrutlicca Giintb., I. c, p. 20.

Uicrofjloimittt Eibii. FroLeed. Zool. See, 18G0, p. 158.

Jloplohnlrachiia Peters Moii. Berl. Ac, 18G3, p. 449; Cope, 7. c.

Pachiihafrachiis (non Kefersteiii), Mivart, Proc. Zt)ol. Soc., 18G8, p. 559.

Clinotarsun Mivart, ihid., 18(!9, ]>. 227.

Mallzaiiia Btettger, Abbaudi. Seuck. Ges., Xll, 1881, p. 417.

Oniosternuni with osseous style; no frontoparietal fontanelle; eth-
moid bone ossified above; vestibule of the ear functional ; Eustachiau
tubes open; vomerine teeth ]»resent ; tongue with two ])()sterioreoriiua;
fingers free; toes webbed ; ossification of skull not penetrating the skin,
■which is therefore free.

This genus contains, acciording to the latest eiuimeration (that of
Mr. Boulenger,) one hundred and eight species, which belong mostly to
the Old World. The family of llanida?, indeed, is only represented in
the Western Hemisphere by four other geuera, of the Xeotropical realm,

394 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

which includes but sixteeu species. In the Old World the go;ius Rana
occurs everywhere excepting in the Australian realm, with the excep-
tion of a single species in north Australia, and two in New Guinea.
The Rana papua Less, is found in New Guinea and on the northern
peninsula (Cape York) of Australia. Otherwise the batrachian fauna
of Australia is arciferous. Its absence from South America is absolute,
and the only genus which is nearly related to it, Kanula Pet., has but
four species.

The relations of the prefrontal and ethmoid bones are very various in
this genus, furnishing us with illustrations of most of the types found
throughout the order, which are usually characteristic of higher groups.
The names of the faunae in the accompanying table refer to the species
ot KanidsB as given in the second column.

A coincidence between the condition of these prefrontal bones and
the regions inhabited by the species' is evident, as well as a certain suc-
cession in the latter : Neotropical first, Palseo tropical last.

Ranidae, Group IV.

Geographical distribu-
tion.

Other groups.

. Prefrontals lying along

cauthus rostralis,

separated by ethmoid

thruugUoiit.

a. Etliinoid cartilaginous.

aa. Ethmoid projecting a
short distance beyond
frontoparietals.

aaa. Ethmoid produced far
between prefrontals.

B. Prefronta!.«i subtri angular,
not united by suture
medially, or in con-
tact with frontoparie-
tal.

Prefontal.'! more or less
united bv .suture iiicdi-
ally, not touching
frontoparietals.

Prefrontal united by su-
ture, and nu>''c <ir less
completely in contact
with frontoparietals.

Ranula

Rana oxyrhyncha . .
7?. mascarieiinis ....
IlcU'iorilossaplicata

i S. g. llylarana (young) I do

It. (U.) malaUarica j do

Ranafasciata ! .South Etliio

Neotropical

Souili Ethiopian.

Palajolropical. ..

a. (J. Hylarana, in gen.
S. g. Ainolops

PaliEolropical.
do

Rana temporaria Palaeotropical and Ne-

arctic.

R. esciilenta Palaearctic

R. viresccHs Nearclic

7i'. ciainata do

it. cateibiana - . I do

7i. cyanojMyctis, jiin .
llcteroglossa natalcn-

nix.
Ranafuscigula

Hctcroglosxa africana

Rana uccipitalin

R. gracilis ,

R. tigrina .

R. cya nopli lyctis

R. gnmniens

R. hexadactyla . .

R.corriigata

R. ehrenbergii . ..
Oxyglossiis lima .

Palwotropical Alpine.
South Ethiopian

do

Ethiopian

do

Palaeotropical.
do

.do

.do

.do.

.do

-do

Engyttomidce, Or. II.
UyUdce (most).
Ct/stignathidce. Gr. II.
Dentrvbatidce.
Ueratophrys.
Xenophrys.

CyBtignathu*.
Scylopia.

Engystomidoe, Gr. I.
liii/onidcR.

Cystignathidce, Gr. I
au<l IV.

The North American RanjB belong apparently to thirteen species.
Three of these present us with six subspecies additional to their typ-
ical forms, whose distinctive characters approach those of species. Two
of the species of the West Coast are not distinguishable, excepting as
subspecies, from two of the Palajarctic realm, which range from Eu-

THE BATRACHIA OP NORTH AMERICA. 395

rope eastwaids to the Sierra Nevada or to the Rocky Mouutaios. In
this genus is repeated the phenomenon observable elsewhere, that
the species of the Atlantic Coast region are more different from those
of the Old World than are those of the Pacific coast.

The longitudinal dorsal ridges constitute a peculiar feature not found
in any of the other genera of Batrachia Salientia of the United States.
They exist in most of the species, with the exception of R. catesbiana
and R. montezumae. Sometimes the skin above is perfectly smooth,
sometimes roughened by tubercles; the same species will occasionally
present both extremes under different circumstances. The vocal sacs —
one on each side of the throat — are, when inflated, visible externally
in R. virescens, areolata, and montezumw; possibly in others. The
amount of webbing between the toes varies from the fullest condition
in R. catesbiana^ septentrionaUs, and boylii^ to the half webbing of R.
areolata.

The distinctive characters of the species are derived from the com
parative bulk of the body or limbs ; the presence or absence of dorsal
ridges ; the comparative length of fore arm and hand ; of femur, tibia,
foot, and body ; the amount of webbing between the toes ; the compara-
tive length of the third and fifth toes (the fourth being always longest);
the shape of the tongue; the position of the vomerine teeth ; the size of
eye and tympanum, etc. The colors may present dark blotches, areo-
lated or not, reticulations or marmorations on a light ground, or light
sinuations or spots on a dark ground. Many species have a light line
along the jaw, which begins distinctly either at the nostrils or under
the eye. Those in which this line is wanting are R. catesbiana, montezumce,
areolata, septentrionaUs, bnylii, and some varieties of clamata. Speci
mens vary much, even of the same species, with latitude and external cir-
cumstances. As a general rule, those from the north are larger, darker,
and more i)ustular, so much so, that fori?, catesbiana, palustris, virescens,
and clamata it is quite easy to establish two or three different races,
some of them even raised to the rank of distinct species. As, howevei,
all intermediate stages may be detected on a close examination of many
specimens from the same locality, although a general adherence to Lhe
typt* is preserved, it becomes impossible to assent to the retention of
several long-established spe(;ies.

The following tabular analysis gives in a synoptical form the most
salient features of the different species. It is, however, impossible here,
as elsewhere, to indicate characters which shall apply with mathemat-
ical accuracy to all specimens of the same species. The dimensions,
proportions, color, and other characters may vary to a considerable ex-
tent, and it is only by striking the balance of all the features of a spe-
cies that we can determine its true position.

39G BULLEXm 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL ^ITTSEUM.

I. Heel pf extciulefl bind liiiil) reaching to or beyoi.d extremity of muzzle ; vomeriue
teotli entirely between choiuiie. (No Iduck ear-piilcli.)

Dorsal dermal plicie thin, usually more tjian two between the lateral ones;

spots usually smaller, munded ; males with vocal sacs 11. virescens.

II. Heel of extended liiml limb uot reaching end of muzzle ; vomerine teeth between,
but i)rojecting posterior to posterior border of choanaj. (No black ear-
patch.)
a. Males with an external vocal vesicle.

A dorsolateral dermal fold, with others between; three phalanges of fourth
toe free from web ; legs cross-barred JR. areolata.

Dorsolateral fold only; two phalanges of fourth toe free from web; heel
scarcely reaching tympanum, which is nearly as large as eye ; brown, with

small gray (or in life green) spots R. moniczumcc.

aa. No external vocal sacs in males.

Four dermal dorsal ridges; two phalanges of fourth toe free ; colors pale,
with rows of large <iuadrate brown spots Ji. jjalnsiris.

Dermal fold, size of tympanum, and extent of web variable; length not ex-
ceeding () centimeteis ; large daik spots on back 7?. septeutrioDalis.

A dorsolateral dermal fidd ; web leaving two phalanges of fourth too free,
no dorsal spots; size not exceeding 8 centimeters It. claniata;

No dorsolateral dermal fold; \\ti\) //cucraUi/ Icaviug one phalange of fourth

digit free ; length reaching 20 centimeters IL cutcsbiana.

III. Heel not reaching end of muzzle ; vomerine teeth behind choanaj. (A black ear-
patch.)

Usually two phalanges of fourtli digit free ; internal cuneiform tubercle small
.li. temporaria.

Usually three phalanges of fourth digit free; internal cuneiform tubercle
largo and prominent; middle of back rarely spotted; suuill, size 5 centi-
meters R. can tabrigensis,

—IV. Heel reaching or exceeding end of muzzle, vomerine teeth behind choanse. (A
black ear-])ateh.)
a. Tympanic disk distinct.

Head short, obtuse, entering length :}.5 times; third phalange of fourth toe
bordered by web and last two free ; cross-bands of tibia imperfect or
very few, dorsal spots small (in American subspecies) /«'. agilis.

Head obtuse, entering length about three times; palmatiou bordering pe-
nultimate phalange, leaving the last one free; dorsal spots large ; size
large, reaching 12 centimeters li. draytonl.

Head acute, three limes in length; back without large spots; web border-
ing antepenultimate phalange, leaving two free ; small, length ") centi-
meters R. silvatlca.

aa. Tympanic disk conceali d.

Head obtuse; patuiatiou extending to base of last phalange; skin thick,
glandular; size small R. boylii.

It may be seen from the above table that the species of i^ana found
in Nortli Ameiica are closely related, and that their discrimination re-
quires close attention. More or less numerous exceptions to the defini-
tive characters above given exist, and increase the difficulty of distin-
guishing ihein. Thns the hind legs of the Rana palu.'^tris are of variable
lengths, about half the specimens having them long, as in 7^*. virescens.
In the latter, the vomerine teeth in the subspecies Brach^'cephala fre-
quently are placed a little posteriorly, as in the E. palmtris. Tlie latter
again sometimes has four dorsal ridges, as in R. virescens. "Sometimes

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 397

the vomerine teeth iu Rana temporaria pretiosa are not appreciably
more posterior in position than in Bana septentrionaUs, in which case
the species approach each other very closely. The Rana septentrionalis
violates the characters which distinguish the R. clamata and R. cates-
hiana from each other, and would afford a complete connection between
them were it not fur its inferior size; but even this point does not in.
variably hold good, as a few specimens of R. clamata do not exceed it
in dimensions. Three specimens have been found which relate very
closely the R. sUvatica and R. cantahrigensis, two of which are referred
to the former and one to the latter species on other characters, which
are not numerous. A subspecies latiremis of R. cantahrigensis, from
Alaska, approaches the R. temporaria in its wide palmation ; and there
is a specimen (9420) which is quite intermediate between the R. agilis
and thei?. draytoni. The chain of affinities indicated by these interme-
diate specimens may be sketched as follows;

Catesbiana.

SeptentrionaUs.

Cates^i

Tempprma pretioaa. Drayto^.

Cantabrigensis. ^^■^''"^ Boylii.

Silvaticar Agi is aurora.

Jb

These series are not probably genetic, as some of the species have,
been most likely derived from the Old World. The R. septentrionalis,
however, may be very probably ancestral to the forms of the Cates-
biana series, and perhaps of others.

The species of Rana are well protected from enemies by an extremely
aciid secretion of the skin. An animal of much superficial sensitive-
ness is not likely to take a frog into the mouth a second time. Do-
mesticated dogs and cats avoid them, but snakes evidently have no such
scruples against feeding on them.

RANA VIRESCENS -Kalm."

Resa til Norra America, iii, 1861, p. 46 ; Schrebor, der Natnrforscher, xvill,
1782, p. 185; PI. iv. Gariuau, Bull. Essex lust., xvi, p. 41.

Bena halecina " Kalin," Schrebcr, /. c, nee. Icahnii ; Daudin (Kalin), Hist. Nat., ReptiL,
VIII (1H0:5), 122, 4:i-2; lb. Hist. Nat. Raiu., etc. (1803>, 63 ; Harlan, Sillim. Amer.
Jour. Sci., X (1825), b. 1. ; Jouru. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., v (1H27), ;{37; 1 b. Med,
and Pbys. Rept.( 1835), 102-224 ; Storer. Kept. Mass. Replil. (183D), 2.37 ; Ilolb., N.
Anier.Herp., 1st ed., I (1836), 89, xiii; I b.2d p(l,iv (lr!42), 91, xci ; Dnui. &
Bibr.,Erp. G6u.,vixi (1841), 352; Tbompsou, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 120; De Kay,
N.Y.Zool., Ill vlB42), xx, fig. 49; Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Phila. (1856), Ml.

Rana aqnaika (water frog), Catesby, Carol., ii (1743), 70 ; Klein, Quadruped, p. 119.

liana itipiens Gni., ed. L, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1052, 28; Bonuaterre, Eucyclop. Metli.
Erpet. a789), 5, ix, tig. 2 ; ScLueider, Hist. Ampb, fasc. 1 (1799), 153; Sbaw,Gen,
Zool., Ill, Auiph. (1802\ 105.

Rana utricularia Harlan, Sillim. Jouru., x (1825), 60; Joiirn. Ac. Nat. Sc.,V (1827),
337 ; 1 b. Med. and Phys. Rept. (1835), 102, 223.

"Plates 50, figs. 1, 2; 51, figs. 1, 9.

398 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NAl'IONAL MUSEUM.

Eaiia virgin'uiiia'Lsxm.,Syii.lxO])t., p.3L

Jia)ia palustrls Gu6rin, Iconogr. Rept., PI. 20, fig. L

Jtaiia oxyrlujnchus Hallow. , Proceed. Ac, Phila. (1856), p. 142.

Uana fceWa?id/cri Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Kept., p. 27, PI. 36, fig. 7-10,

Vomeriue teeth iu two scarcely obli([ue j;roui).s between the choanse.
Head moderate; suout rather pointed; iuterorbital space half as broad
as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye.
Fingers moderate, firstextending beyond second ; toes not quite webbed
to the end; subartieular tubercles of fingers ami toes well deve1oT)ed ;
inner melatarsal tubercle very small, blunt ; no outer one. The liiiid
limb being carried forward along tlie body, the tibiotarsal articula-
tion reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A prominent, narrow, gland-
ular latei^al fold, Olive or grayish-brown, clianging to green, above,
with regular oval or rounded, medinm-sized, dark brown, light edged
spots; legs cross-barred; beneath immaculate. Male with, two gen-
erally well-developed vocal sacs. North and Cer.tral America.

There are four subspecies of the Rana vircscais, which pass into each
other by occasional intermediate specimens. They differ as follows:

Headeuteriuglengthof head and body two and a half or less than three times ; malce
with oxtornal vesicles ; nnizzlc more acnniinate; no cros.s-hnrs on tibia; spots
smaller A', c. apheiwccphala.

Head entering length of head and body two and a lialf to nearly three times ; no ex-
ternal vocal vesicles; mnzzle more or Irss acnmiiKite ; s;ii)t,^ less distinct; tibia
generally cross-l)arred ; no longitmlinnl ban.d in front of fenmr. .. /s". v. anstricoJa.

Head acuminate but short(M-, entering the length three times; males with external
vocal vesicles; ypots smaller, n(.r .s > di>!inetly yellow bordered; cross-bars of
tibia generally iuterrnpted; a longitudinal band on the front of tlie thigh.
R. V. virescena.

Head shorter and more obtuse, entering the length three and a half times ; males with-
out or with rudimeutnl external va'al vesicle.s; dorsal spots larger, widely yellow
bordered; tibial cross-bands complete ; no longitudinal baiul on tlie front of the
thigh r R- V. hrachijcephala.

The last-named subspecies is the one I called E. v. hcrlanderi, but it
turns out that the typical specimeii.s of that speciies belong to the sub-
species Virescens. The latter i.s the Rana irtricularia of Harlan, but it
is also the true R. virenccns of Kalm.

The characters which distinguish the above subspecies are not with-
out exceptions. Some specimens (No. loo72) from ^Vheatland, Ind.,
are intermediate iu the length of the head between the longer and
shorter forms. Quite trustworthy is the non-barring of the tibia in
separating the it, r. spheiiocephala, but it is less constant in the R. v.
virescens. Thus in the R. r. vh-cscens two specimens (.'3431) from Saint
Louis, Mo., and one (34:29) from (rrand Detour, 111., have two comideto
tibial cross bars, and No. ;'.3()3 has three; No. 10040 has only one. Iu
the R. r. hracJnjeephaJa there are two or three such bar.s, but in the fol-
lowing specimens there is but one comphite, or all are intei rapted : Nos.
471)4, 34'-{7, 3418, 0!M)8, 8499, 1 192(», The spots are smaller, and like the

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 39B

larger spotted Viresceiis in 8501, 3295, 93 i7, and 332G. In 4548, from
Mexico, tbe nose is acute as in K. v. virescens.

This species Las tbe widest range of any North American frog. It is
Cnund from the Athxntic coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and
(ro:n Athabasca Lake, in the north, to Guatemala inclusive to the south.
It dues nut occur on the Pacific coast. The commun Mexican form R.
r. aiistricola Cope has been misnamed li. lecontci by most modern writ-
ers. The latter name belongs to the R. drayfoni.

Mr. Garman has in the bulletin of the Essex Institute called atten-
tion to the fact that the name R. halecina^ by which this species is gen-
erally known, which is supposed to have been given by Kalm, does nut
occur in the writings of that author, who really calls it R. virescens. In
a letter to me he states the case as follows. He begins with a quotation
from Kalm:

En Resa til Norm A Jierica, in, 17G1, p. 46. Deras tVui^ ar stuutsis gr(3u, strodd bar
och dar mcd brimaktiga lia'^kar. » * »

Dotorde knnua kallas : Rana viresceus i)lantia tetradactylis lissis, palmis peuta-
dactylis seuiipahuatis, macula depressa fii.sca poue oculuui.

The paragraph from which the above is quoted begins with " Sill-
hitppet^ssor kallades bar af de S venska en art af gro'Jor," etc. The name
Rana helecina does not occur in the text. The first appearance of this
name that occurs tome is in '-Der Naturforsclier," xviii, 1782, \). 185.

Schreber here ligures the species, on Plate iv, so well, there can be no
mistake. H.^ refers to the synon3'my as follows :

Der Pipfrosch, Rana jj/j>'('»s', S. Tab. iv. Rana aquatica. Catesb., Carolin.,2, p.
70, tab. 70. Klein., Qitddnq)., p. 119.

Rana virescens, plantis (nuiss Leissen : paluiis) tetradactylis tissis, palmis (muss
lieissen : piantis), peutadactylis semipalmatis; macula dL'prossa i'usca pone oculum.
Kalm Resa til Norra America, iom. '^, p. 40.

Rana halecina, Sill-boppetossor, Kalm, /. c, p. 45.

Where Schreber gets his Rana halecina from Ivalin, I do not know.
It is not in the Resa of Halle, 1753-17G1. We do not llnd it in the
translation by Forster, 17 72, in English. Possibly it may occur in tlie
translation by Murray, Gottingeu, 1754-04, Beschreibung der Reise,
etc., which is uot at hand.

Rana virescens sphenocephala Cope.

Rana oxyrhijncha Hallow. Proceed. Ac. Pliila. (l^ofi), p. 14?. Not of Sundevall.

The typical forms of this species come from Georgia and Florida.
These look like a difterent species from that which is found throughout
the interior of the continent, anil rtqiresent the R. oxyrhijncha ol' Ilal-
lowell. I describe a specimen from the former State,

Viewed from above, the muzzle is elongate and acuminate, and the
narrow apex is rounded and projects well beyond the lower jaw. The
nostril is at a point half- way between it mid the anterior border of
the orbit. The canthus rostrales are well within the [ilane of the lips,

400 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and are nearly parallel. The interorbital space is considerably nar-
rower than the width of a superior eyelid. The tympanic disk is round
and is a little larger than the eye. The vomerine teeth form transverse
patches entirely between the choanae; that is, their posterior edges do
not reach the line connecting the posterior borders of the choansB.
The ostia pharyngea are considerably smaller than the choanse.

The first is considerably longer than the second finger and equals
the fourth. The heel reaches eight or ten millimeters beyond the end
of the nose. The palmation is" rather narrow and leaves three phalan-
ges of the fourth toe free. The internal cuneiform tubercle is small,
but is prominent, and has an acute edge. No external tubercle.

Between the dorsolateral dermal folds there are, on the dorsal regiou,
four thin dorsal plicfe. On the pelvic region the external two are rn-
dimental, while the middle pair are distinct, and near together or on
each side of the urostyle.

In this specimen the dorsal spots are suboval, are rather large, and
are not yellow bordered. The dorsolateral fold is yellowish-brown, and
there is a series of brown spots of irregular size, but smaller than the
dorsals, just exterior to it. Below these the sides become yellowish, like
the belly, and have ^all brown spots. A dark- brown baud extends from
the nostril to the orbit, and is continued from the latter round the poste-
rior border of the tympanic disk. A similar band extends from the infe-

FiG. 99, Rana virescens sphenocephala. No. 11916. Nashville, Ga. ; }.

rior edge of the orbit to the lower edge of the ear-drum. The lips are
brown, with small yellowish spots, and the superior brown is bounded
above by a narrow yellow line, which commences below the front of the
orbit and continues below the tympanic drum to above the posterior
edge of the humerus. Below, everywhere light yellowish, unspotted.
Posterior faces of femora brown, with paler coarse vermiculatioiis.
Femur with three brown spots above, and a longitudinal brown band

THE BATRACIIIA OF >;ORTII AMERICA.

401

connecting the exterual with the gioiu aiitorioily. This band is not
present in all of the iiulividnals of this form. Four brown spots on the
anterior and on the ijosterior od^es of the tibia, leaving the greater part
of the upper surface uniform light brown. Two brown spots on tJje
tarsus and two on the external metatarsus. A brown band on the hu-
merus covering the elbow, one spot on the back and one on the front
part of the forearm.

Measurements of No. 11916.

M.

Lenfjth of head and body 07.')

Width of head at posterior edges of tympaua 025

Length of head to posterior edges of tympana 027

Length of fore limb 0;5t;

Length of fore foot 014

Length of hind l:iub to groin 120

Length of tibia 0:W

Length of tarsus 022

Length of remainder of foot 038

liana virescens sphenocc])haJa Cope.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

Hpec.

970

1191C

342G

11477

11950

3089

12

Locality.

Fort SnellinK, Miun

NashviUf, Ga. .--

Piairie Mcr Koiijio, La .
Siiiut Siniou's Islaud, Ga

Wliciitlaiul, Iiul

Lihfi ty Comity, Ga. ...

Xi-w Uilcan.^, La

Guorgiaiia, Fla

Wheu col-
lected.

From whom recfivtd

Dr. Gf o. Suckley . . .

W.J.Tavlor

James Faille

J.lM'a.slcll

Roljt. liiilgwav . . . .
Dr. W. I.. .Tout's ....
Dr. n. W. Scliiileklt.
W. Wittcfolt

Xaturo of
.spcciiiien.

Alcoliolic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Rana virescens viresccns Kalni (Cope).

This subspecies differs from the R. v. sphenocephala in the relatively
shorter head, being exactly intermediate between that form and the R.
V. brachycephala in this resi)ect. The hind legs are also a little shorter,
the heel reaching exactly the end of the muzzle. The muzzle is also
rather shorter, and the dimensions generally are riither smaller. The
web is rather larger, as the antepenultimate i)hahiiige is widely margined,
80 that two phalanges only can be said to be entirely free. The spots
are rather smaller, and separated by wider intervals.

In the coloration may be noted as characteristic the presence of a
longitudinal brown baud on the front of the thigh, in front ofthesi)Ots.
This is rarely absent. Less constant is the i)resence of a brown longi-
tudinal stripe on the external edge of the tibia. Then there is always
present a longitudinal brown band on the front of the humerus, com-
mencing i)roximally and varying in length.

Dr. Ilolbrook describes the colors in life as follows :

Body green above, with ovate spots of dark brown margined with
yellow; yellowishwhite beneath.
11)51— Bull. 31 26

402 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Thisis one of our most beautiful species. There is an ovate black [spot
on tlie top of each orbit; a very bright bronze line* begins at the nose
and runs to the eye; a second line of yellowish-white extends from the
nose to the shoulder ; the latter is less extensive in the male animal,
ending at the vocal sac The upper jaw is dark colored, with several
yellowish-white spots; the lower jaw is almost white. The eyes are
large and prominent; the pupil is black; the iris of a brilliant golden
color, with a longitudinal black band passing through it. The tym-
panum is finely bronzed, with a yellowish spot on its center. The supe-
rior surface of the body is bright yellowish-green, marked with ovate
spots of dark olive margined with bright yellow; these spots are dis-
posed in two rows on the back, and in two others less distinct and less
extensiive on the sides. From the posterior part of each orbit runs an
elevated line or cutaneous fold of a bright yellow, terminating near the
posterior extremity of the body. The inferior surface is silver-white at
the throat and yellowish white on the abdomen. The anterior extrem-
ities are bronze green above, marked with several blotches of dark olive,
one of which is very regularly found at the elbow; their inferior sur-
face is whitish. The posterior extremities are bright green above,
marked with dark olive oblong blotches and transverse bars; the inferior
surface is pale flesh color and quite smooth, except at the posterior
part of the thigh, where it is granulated.

FiQ. 100. Hana viretcent viretcens. No. 8869 Tickfau, Georgia; {.

This species is especially an inhabitant of swamps. It is found in
great numbers in those that border the large creeks and rivers of the
Atlantic coast, and is comparatively rare inland, where it gives place
to other species. With the Acris gryllus, it is the first si)ecies heard in
spring, and although its voice is not loud, the noise produced by thou-
sands of them is deafening when heard close at hand, and is transmitted
through the atmosphere for many miles. It may be imitated by the sylla-
bles " chock, chock, chock." As a harbinger of spring it is always wel-
come.

* This line is yellowitjh Iq tlie youug.

THE BATRACFIIA. OF NORTH AMERICA.

403

This species is found along tbe eastern and southern coasts from
Maine to the mouth of tlie Rio Grande, and up the Mississippi to south-
ern Illinois, and in the intermediate country. On the plains and west-
ward and southward it is replaced by the following subspecies.

The Rana virescens virescens is the B. utricularia of Harlan.

Eana virescens virescens Kalni.

Catalogue

No. of

number.

spec.
3

4698

3414

2

3428

8

8079

7

3323

2

3430

1

3419

7

3431

10

3425

3

8497

5

0343

2

3436

1

8239

1 1

4830

1

8869

1 '

3429

2

9342

2

3450

3

3442

2

4871

3

9257

2

9673

2

2560

1

3403

1

13.593

1

13372

2

14552

1

3282

10 1

11480

1

10046

2

10047

1

n525

4

11907

2

11967

2

3692

3

Locality.

Wasbington, D. C
Riceborough, Ga..
Pt'Dsacola, Fla . . .

Soutbern Illinois

Fort Sraitb, Ark

Russell ville, Ky

Carlisle, Pa

Saint Louis, Mo

Cbarleston, S. C

Taos, N. Mex

A thai) a sc a River,
Briti.sb Anjcrica.

Taiborouyb, N. C

Cairo, 111.

I5rook ville, Pa

Tickfaw, La

I Grand Detour, 111

Grand Coteau, La

Southern Illinois

Saint Augustine, Fla . . .

Mexico

Washington, D. C

Cairo, 111

Southern Illinois

Madrid, N.Y

(?)

Wheatland, Ind

Dallas, Tex

Matamoros, Mexico

(?)

Mount Carrael, 111

.... do

New Madrid, Mo

Nashville, Ga

U. S. Arsenal, Washing-
ton, D.C.

Indian River, Fla

When col-
lected.

Dec. 22,1876

1877

1880
1879

From whom received.

John Little

Prof. S. r.Baird

Dr. J. F. Hammond, U.
S.A.

R. Kennicott

Dr.B. F. Shumard

Dr.Bibb

Prof S. F. Baird

Dr. G. Engeluiann

Dr. C. Girard

Dr. H. C. Yarrow

R. Kennicott.
J. L. Bridger .

Dr. R. Haymoud

Bean and Max.soii

Dr.P. R. Hoy

St. Charles Coll

R. Kennicott

E.K.Smith

Lieut. B. Couch, U. S. A.

Dr.T.H.Bean

R. Kennicott

do

P.R. Hoy

(?)

Robt. Ridgwaj'

E.D.Cope

Lieut. B. Couch

(?)

Robt. R idgway

.. do

(?)

W.J. Taylor

Dr.T. HiBean

G. Wurdemann.

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do,
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
De.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Rayia tnrescens brachycephala Cope.

Hana halecxna herlandicri Cope, Check List, Batr., Reptil. N. Amer., p. 32 ; nee Rana

bcrlandieii, Baird.
Rana halecina Boiilengcr, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed.il, p. 41; Brocchi, Misiou Sci.

de Mexique Batracieiis, p. 10.

This is the most widely-distributed form of thei^awa virescens, as may
be seen by the accompanying list of specimens. It differs from the R.
V. virescens by appreciable characters, but these occasionally present
such exceptions, that I am unable to separate them as a species, as has
been done by Mr. Boulenger. The characters already ascribed to the
species belong to this form, but the further differences are as follows:

I select as typical a spocimen from the Yellowstone Kiver (No. 33G3).
The muzzle is less elongate, and the extended hiud leg brings rhe heel

404

BULLETIN J4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

to its apex, but not beyond. The tympanic disk is two-thirds the diam-
eter of the eye. The head is shorter, entering the length of the head
and body three and a half times. The dorsal dermal plicfe are thicker
and there are but two between the dorsolaterals ; usually, however,
there are four, as in the other sub-species. First finger longer than sec-
ond. Web leaving two free phalanges of the fourth digit, but so repand
as to give the antepenultimate phalange only a wide border. The
inner cuneiform tubercle is rather small, but has a rather prominent
compressed edge. External tubercle, none. A thick tarsal fold. There
are no large warts on the skin, but there are occasionally minute warts
and folds on the superior face of the tibia.

Fig. 101. Rana vircsceng hraclvjccphala, Nn. 50922. Fort W^alla "Walla, "Wash. Ter. ; \.

In life the color of the superior surfices is green. The dorsolateral
ridges are light yellow, and so is a stripe from the end of the muzzle,
which passes above the lip and below the eye and tympanum to above
the middle of the humerus. There are two rows of large, rounded
dorsal spots between the dorsolateral ridges, which are edged with
greenish-yellow. There are two similar rows on each side, of which the
inferior is the smaller, which are not regularly arranged. There is a
spot on each eyelid and one on the end of the nose above. There is a
light band, frequently broken into spots near the edge of the upper lip.
There is a brown s])ot on the elbow and one on the front of the cubitus.
The bauds seen on the front of hnmerns in R. v. vircsccns is here an illy
defined spot. On the superior face of the femur there are three brown
spots, but there is no longitudinal brown band in front of these spots,
as is usual in the two other subspecies of the R. vircsccns. There are
three complete wide brown eross-bands on the femur, and sometimes
four. Frequently there are one or two si)ots on one or both faces of the
tibia besides the three bands. The posterior face of the femur is green-
ish-yellow, coarsely marble<l with brov.ii. All the spots and bands are
narrowly yellow-edged, inferior surfaces light yellow, unspotted.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

405

Measurements of No. 3363.

M.

Length of head and body 090

Width of head at posterior edges of tympana 029

Length of head to posterior edges of tympana 023

Length of fore leg 043

Length of fore foot 019

Length of hind leg to groin 153

Length of tibia 028

Length of tarsns 024

Length of remainder of foot 044

This is the common and only species of Rana found between the
eastern part of the Great Plains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. It is
common wherever there is siitlicient water to supply its necessities. In
some of the Western towns it is eaten in the restanrants, and I have
not unfrequently found it excellent food when the larder of my expe-
ditions in search of fossils has run low.

liana virescens brachycephala Cope.

Catalogue
number.

3294
3293
3305
3200
3300
3295
3302

8501
84!18
8499
8500
5450
3375
5273
3356
3288
3342
9349
3380

9347
9346
3364
3363
3350
9339
3341
3351
3353

3439

4548
3290
3365
3348
8ii54
9944
9344
811)1
3413
3416
3421
3427
4528
8090

No. of

spec.

Locality.

Albuquerque, N. Mex . . .

Brownspille, Tex

Leon Kflver, Tex

do

San Antouio, Tox

Cliacho Escoiidiilo

San Pedro, Gila Kiver,

N. Mex.
San Juan River, N. Mex.

Taos, N. Mex

Abiquiu, N. Mex

Santa F6, N. Mex

Fort Brid-rer, Wyo

Fort Dallas, Tex

Fort Bui^lianan, Ariz

Platte River, Nebr

Red Bank Creek

Laramie RiviT

Fort Union, N. Mex

Between Fort Benton

and Fort Union, N.

Mex.

Colorado River

Saud Hills, Nev

M(di<in(i Bow Creek ...

Yellowstone River

do

South Fork . .

Salt Lake Valley, Utah

Fort Pierre, Nebr

240 niile-s irom Fort

Kearny.

Dunleitl), 111

Valley of Mexico

Headwaters of Trinity.
Chihuahua, Mexico.....
Pole Creek of Platte...,

Utah

Fort Garland, Colo

Taos, N. Mex

Utah

Port Uuron, Mich

Quebec, Canada

Racine, Wis

Ri)Ot River, Wis

Red Riv(^^ of North.

Prove, Utah

When col-
lected.

Sept. — , 1874

From whom received.

.Jr. C. B. R. Keiinerly

Capt. S.Van Vli,t,U.S. A

Dr. U. B. R.Kenuerly ...

. do ■

Lieut, n. CoHcb, U. S. A
J.H. Clark

Lieut. R.BirQie, U. S. A

W. ll.Shedd

Dr. O. Loew

do

Dr. Geo. Siicklev, U.S. A
Dr. B.J. D.Irwin, U.S. A

W. S. AVood ,

II. I!. Mnllhausen

W.S. Wood

U. B. Mollhausen

B.B.Mollhausen.
Dr. F. V. ll.iyden.
W.S.Wood
Dr. F. V. llayvleu.

... do

J. S. Browne .
T. Culbi'rlsiin
W. S. Wood . .

Aug. — , 1874
1872

Dr. C. B. R. Kouuerly. ..

J. Potts ,

dipt, John Pope, U.S. A,

Dr. C.B. R. Kennerlv....

W.S Wood ■

Dr. U. ('. Yairow

n. W. Ilenshaw

Dr. 11. C. Yarrow

do

do

do

do

do

Iv. JCennicott

Dr. II. C. Yarrow

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
1 )o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

406 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Rana viresccns hrachyce^jhala Cope — Continued.

Catalogue

Xo of

number.

spec.

4794

2

3325

4

9672

1

9382

1

14500

4

14501

1

3349

8

9753

1

3326

1

8373

5

9339

1

8378

5

9343

2

3418

2

9998

1

12585

4

11926

2

14173

1

3422

6

9738

1

9346

1

3320

2

5061

1

3361

3

3368

1

9459

2

11490

7

Locality.

When col-
lected.

From ■whom received.

Natnr.^ of
specimen.

Nebraska.

Foit Pierre. Nebr

Camp Crittenden, Ariz
Lake Superior

(?)

Aug.— ,1874

Bedford, Iowa

UppiT Mississippi and
Yellowstouu. I

Webster City. Iowa ■ Ma>

Fort Ripley, Minn '

Sebec Pond, Me

South Fork

Sebec I'oud, Mo

Al)iquiu, N. Mex

Columbus, S. C

Middletown. Conn

John Day Kivor, Oregon

N. Boundary Survey..

Olney, 111

Framingham, Mass . . .
Webster Citv, Iowa. . .

Sand Hills, Nebr

Fort Union, Dak

South Pass

Polo Creek, Nebr . . .

Platte River

Head of Yellowstone.
N. W. Boundary

, 1878
Oct. 24,1873

1885
1878

Dr. Geo. Suckley, U. S. A

Dr. Evans

J.H. Rutter

R. Kennicott

(?) ,

Jordan & Meek ,

Dr.F. V. Hayden

Chas. Aldrich

Dr. J. Head, U.S. A

H. A. Leonard

Dr. F.V. Hayden

H. A. Leonard

Dr. O. Loew

Prof. L. Lesquereux

F.D.Shul

Capt. Chas. Bendire, TJ.
S. A.

Dr. E. Coues, U. S. A

,Tohn and Chas. Walker .

Prof. S. F. Baird

Chas. Aldrich

Dr. F. V. Hayden

E.J. Denig

C. McCarthy

W.S.Wood

do

Lieut. F.V. Hayden

Dr. E. Coues

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

RANA PALUSTRIS Le Conte.*

Eanapalustris Lc Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. I, p. 282; Harlan, Sillini. Jonrn.,x, p. 59, aud
Journ., Ac. Pbila., V, p. 339 ; Dnm. & Bibr., p. 356 ; Holbr., N. Amer. Herp., iv. p.
95, PI. 23; De Kay, N. Y. Faun., Rentil. p. 62, PL 62. tig. 6; Le Conte, Proceed.
Ac. Pbila., 1855, p. 424; Weid., Nova Acta Ac. Leop., xxxii, p. Ill; Giintb.,
Cat, p. 14.

Banapardalis Harlan, Auier. Journ., x p. 50.

This species approaches near to the subspecies brachycephala of the
Eana virescens^ although the distiuction from the typical subspecies
can be readily jierceived. In general it displays little variation of
characters, excepting in the length of the hind legs. Here about half
the specimens show a length which allows the lieel to reach the end of
the muzzle, while in the other half it attains to different points from
the front of the orbit anteriorly {e. g. No. 3401).

The muzzle is always more obtuse than in the R. virescens virescens, and
generally a little more so than in the R. v. brachycephala, but not always.
I describe a specimen from Garrison's, New York, as typical. Muzzle
flat above; rather truncate in profile, giving the head, when viewed from
above, a broadly obtuse acuminate outline. The nostril is a little nearer
the end of the muzzle than to the orbit. The tympanic disk is two-
thirds the diameter of the eye-fissure. The vomerine teeth are in trans-
verse patches between the nares, but the posterior edge line projects
behind that which connects the posterior edges of the clioamii. The
ostia pharyngea are larger than the choante. There are no external

*Phite 57, fig. 3.

TH1-: BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

407

vocal vesicles. A glandular ridge extends from tlic middle of the in-
ferior edge of tlic tympanic; drum to a point above the middle of the
humerus. TLere are four thick glandular folds ou the back, the exter-
nal or dorsolateral commencing above the tympanum. The thickness
of these ridges is much greater than in the R. virescciis virescens, but in
some specimens of the K. v. hracliycephala they approach ver^' closely in
form, and are in fact not distinguishable from those of individuals of this
species where the ridges are narrower than usual. In a few individuals,
of which the specimen described is one, there is another pair of ridges
near the middle line of the back. In all tbe specimens these a repre-
resented in the pelvic region by a pair of approximated ridges on each
side of the urostyle.

The interorbital width is two-thirds the width of an eyelid.

The tubercles of the palm are well developed. The tirst (second) fin-
f;er is longer than the second, and equal to the fourth. The internal
cuneiform tubercle is small and weak, and is without acute edge. There
is a trace of an external tubercle. The toes are not fully webbed ; the
edges of the web are deeply scalloped, leaving two phalanges of the
fourth toe free, an 1 leaving only a narrow border to the distal half of
the antepenultimate phalange.

^s^

'EiG.lQl. Ranapalustiis. No. 13403. Gairison'a, N. Y.; }.

Measurements of No. 13403.

Length of head aurl body

Width of head at posterior edges of tympana.
Lriigth of head to posterior edges of tympana.

L(>iigthof fore limb

Length of fore foot

Length of hind leg to groin

Length of tibia

Length of tarsus

Length of reuiaiuder of foot

M.

.070
.027
.023
.037
.016
.115
.049
.020
.039

408 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Dr. Holbrook thus describes the colors iu life :

Body pale brown above, with two lougitudiual rows of square spots
of a dark brown color on the back and on each flauk; yellowish-white
beneath ; posterior half of the thighs bright yellow, mottled with black.

The head has a dark brown spot on the top of each orbit and another
near the snout, with an indistinct dark line extending from the nostrils
to the orbit of the eye. The upper jaw is yellowish-white, spotted
with black ; the lower is white, and spotted in like manner. The eyes
are large and prominent, the pupil black, with the iris of a golden
color; the tympanum is bronze, with a spot of a darker shade in the
middle. A yellow line begins at the eye and runs below the tym-
panum to the base of the anterior extremities. The superior surface
of the body is pale brown, almost covered by oblong square spots of
very dark brown, arranged symmetrically in two lines along the back.
We sometimes find two of these squares confluent. A bright-^^ellow lon-
gitudinal line, but not raised in a cutaneous fold, as in Rana virescens
begins behind each orbit and extends to the posterior extremity of the
body. Below this line, on each flank, are two other rovvs of square
brown spots, the superior row beginning on a level with and behind
the tympanum, the inferior row is less regular, frequently consisting
only of small spots, disposed without order. The interior surface of the
neck and abdomen is yellowish- white, except at the posterior part, where
the yellow is more decided. The anterior extremities are yellowish-
brown above, marked with a few very dark blotches; their lower sur-
face is silver- white; the fingers arc four in number, free, of a light brown
color on the upper and yellow on the lower surface. The i)osterior ex-
tremities are brownish above, with transverse bands of dark brown con-
tinued to the toes. The inferior and posterior parts of the thigh are
granulated, and of a bright yellow, with black spots. The inferior sur-
face of the leg and tarsus is yellow.

This species is characteristic of the eastern district of North America,
as it ceases to be found so soon as the Central Plains are reached. It
ranges this entire district, extending as far north as Hudson's Bay.

In its habits it is not gregarious like the R. virescens virescens, and is
even more solitary than the R. v. brachycephala. It piefers cold springs
and streamlets, but is of all our frogs the most frequently seen in the
grass. It is the most abundant species in the Alleghany Mountains.
Next to the R. silvatica, it takes the longest leaps of any of our species-
Its note is a low prolonged croak, somewhat resembling the sound pro-
duced by tearing some coarse material.

Cataloijiie Xn of
uuinlxr. 1 Hpff.

340.')
3412
3410
3411
340-!
3J07

3400
S.U')
?402
3409
3406
3401
9340
800.')
5153
34'iO
3434
93X8
3417
5021
9492
3328

1310!

11499

THE ILVTKACIIIA OK NORTH AMERICA. 409

lidiNi palii.'itris Le Conte.

Localitj-.

"Wlicn ci.l-
lucted.

Cailislo, Pa

«1..

Mca.lvillc, I'a

Pliil.i(l.ll.lii:i, T':i

Frimiiii;.;li:uii, Mass

\Va->liiii^t()ii Count V,
Miss. '

W.-stpoit.N.Y

Kinston, N. '.!

Saint Li)nis. Mo

Kimt Uivpr, Wi.s

nctrnit Rivi>r, Midi. ..
riairid MtM- Riiiijrc, La.
I'lai 1 River, Miss. .. . .

l?aini)iiilj:t\ I'a ,

Toledo, Oliio _

Tvicn Spiiiiiis, Tcun ..
West Pliilailelphin, Pa
Ul>per Wi.sooiisin Kivcr
Piestoa (;(jiiiit\ , Va
James Bav, N. 15

(?) :

(^iias(|nt^ton. Iowa

(Jarrison's, N. V

(?)

From wiiom roceiveil.

Prof. S. F. Bainl ...

.. do

.. do

J. H. IJichard

Pii.f. S. K. Ua rd....
Col. B. L. C. Wailes

July — .
Aug.—,

1853
1853

I'rof.S.F.Baird

J. \V. Milii.'r

Ur. (irco. Enuclinann .
Prof. S. F. Bainl

Apr. 12, 187

Jas. Fuiiii:

AlissHilo]! Tmiuisoii

Dr. T. II. r.ian

J. B. •I'nnil.lr

I'rof R Owni

\V. S. Wood

II. Kriiliicott

Prof. E. 15. Audrows ..

('. Urexlir

(?)

E. C r.idwell

'I'. Kooseveldt

(?)

Nature of
Hpeciueo.

AI

coliolic.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

RANA AKKOLxVTA IJd. & Giid.

Proceed. Ac. Phila., l^.VJ, ]>. 1?:?; I5,iird, U. S. Mcx. Bound. Siirv., Rep-
tiloS, p. '2S, PI. ;{<;, t\<i». 11-1-i; I!()iileiioor, Cat. ]5atr. Sal. Brit. Mils.,
18S2, p. 41.

Head liirg > ; voineriiic, teotli opjto.site posterior etl^e of cboaiiic ; tym-
panic disk two-thirds tlie diameter of eye or less. A strong" glandular
dorsolateral dermal fold on each side, and numerous shorter ones on the
back between them. First finger longer than si coud. Three plialangea
of front toe free. Males with an external vocal ve.sicle. ITeel of ex-
tended hind leg reaching cnly to eye. Palinatioii shoi t. Ground-color
light, with numerous rounded spots on the back and sides. U'p[»erlips
spotted, not light or dark bordered above or on tlie margin. Hinder
legs with numerous brown cross bars. Lower surfaces uns[iotted.

This well-marked species is related to the R. palu.sfris, but is easilv
distingui.shed. It presents three well-marked subspecies, whose char-
acters I now give:

Leiigtli of lieail to posterior edj^o of tympana tliree times in total; tympanic disk
round; dorsal siiots well sejiaruted ; nostril equidistant between end of ninzzle
and eye li.v. areolata.

Lcnj^tli of head two and a half times in the total; tympanic disk a vertical oval;
dorsal spots well separated; nostril eiinidistant between end of muzzle and
eye 11. r. tvsopua.

Length of liead one-tliiid of total ; tympanic^ dislv variable ; (busal spots so largo aa
to leave only circles of the light ground-color; nostril nearer eye than cud of
muzzle in the young li.v. circulosa.

But few specimens of these subspecies have been as yet found, but
the characters i)resented in the above table will appear of importance

410 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIOxYAL MUSEUM.

to those familiar with the subject. It is not impossible that oue or the
otljer of the subspecies may come to be recognized as species, but I
scarcely anticipate that such will be the case. As a whole, the Rana
areolaia is pretty well distinguished by its very short palmation. Never-
theless, I have seen a specimen from Guatemala with similar poiterior
fqet, which is otherwise not different from the R. virescens.

Rana areolata areolaia Bd. & Gird.

Rana areolata Baird Sl Girard, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1852, p. 173; Baird, U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv., PI. 36, tifrs- 11| l'-^-

Fig. 103. Rana areolata areolata. No. 3304. Indianola. T«x. ; \

General shape slender and limbs elongated. The heel of the extended
hind leg reaches half-way between orbit and nostril. Uead about as
broad as long; quite* deep. Sides oblique, with the nostrils, as viewed
from the side of head oblique, a little below the ui)i)cr profile or canthus
rostralis, and with a marginal pa{)illa. A slight excavation between nos-
tril and eye, continued under the latter, along upi)er edgeof niaxillary, to
the tympanum, but scarcely below it. Top of the head slightly grooved,
or concave longitudinally. Eyes large and prominent ; in the middle
third of the side of the head; nostril midway between it and tip of
snout. Tympanum circular, not two thirds of the diameter of the eye,
not extending back to angle of jaw, but nearer this than to e^e, nearly
suiooth centrally. Upper niaxillary large; no glandular ridge of skin
on it. Very well-developed vocal vesicles on each side, their centers
opposite the posterior end of mandible.

Internal nostrils vary large, open, transversely elongate, with a very
shallow groove extending to the side of the jaw. The vomerine teeth
are well developed, on two oblique protuberances, nearly in contact be-
hind, and placed between the nostrils, the posterior edges of which are
about opposite the anterior canthus of the eye. The tongue is large,
fleshy, longer than broad, with the cornua small and wide apart. The
Eustachian apertures are moderate.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

411

The iippef parts generally are smooth, the sides apparently some
wiiat corrugated (scarcely pustular), though how much is owing to the
alfohol can not be easily determined. The posterior, inferior, and su-
perior faces of the thighs are granulated; this, however, not extending
to the body, which is interiorly entirely smooth. A rather broad but
low fold of skin may be traced from above the tymj)anura along the
back nearly to the thigh. A small ridge behind the tympanum.

The inner toe does not reach much beyond the middle of the meta-
tarsal of the fourth. The web is but slig'itly developed; it extends
fully only from the penultimate articulation of the outer to the ante-
penultimate of the fourth toe; from this to the penultimate of the
third ; from the middle of the third i)halange of this (counting from tip)
to the second articulation of second ; from third joint of second to first
joint of fifth ; in each case extending a little beyond as a narrow mar-
ginal membrane. The terminal two and one half phalanges of the
longest toe, however, are almost entirel}' free, and one aud one half of
the rest. The membrane is more cut out on the inner edges of the
joints than the outer, b}' nearly one phalange. The cuneiform bone is
slightly developed. No tubercle opposite on the outer edge of sole.

Upper parts brownish-olive, minutely and obsoletely mottled with
lighter. The entire upper parts and sides are covered by a number of
dark brown blotches, with light yellowish center; they are subcircular,
and smaller than the tympanum. They are most distinct and crowded
anteriorly, and do not invade the outer ridges of skin. The ground-
color of the upper surface of the fore limbs and the sides of the head
is yellowish brown, with vermiculation of brown, as also some distinct
blotches of the same on the former. The hind legs have numerous par-
allel and transverse dark brown bars, three or four on the thighs, four or
five on the tibia, three on the tarsus, and several on the edge of the foot.
These bars are broader than their interspaces, and are margined by a
narrow yellowish line, so that the interval between two adjacent light
lines exhibits a brown ground lighter than the dark bars just described,
and also transverse. Indeed, they may be described as narrower bars of
lighter tint between the dark bars, parallel to them, and separated by
narrow yellowish-brown lines. The lower parts are yellowish-white,
unspotted, including the interior and inferior surfaces of the limbs. A
few scattered blotches are seen on the throat and chin. The buttocks
are yellowish white, witii a few obsolete dark blotches, smallest on the
posterior edge. The central third of the tympanum is white.

Inches.

Body 3.00 1.00

Feuiur 1.25 .42

Tibia " 1.45 .48

Tarsus 75 .25

Hind foot 1.46 .40

DilTeience between shortest

aud longest toes 1.02 .Si

Inches.

Total hind leg 1.48 4.44

Fore leg from elbow 38 1.14

Hand 23 .69

Width of head 35 1.04

Chord of jaws 35 1.06

Tyinpauuni 08 .23

412 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Rana areolata areolala Baird & Girard.

Catalogue
number.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of
specimen.

3304

1
1

Indianola, Tex

J. H Clark .

11897

Nashville, Ga

1880

W. J. Taylor

Do.

Rana areolata aesopus Cope.
Proceed. Anier. Philosoph. Soc, 1886, p. 517.

This singular form may be known at once by the short and squat
form of the body as compared with the size of the head, resembling in
this some of the Australian Cystignathidaj.

The muzzle is not prominent, and does not project beyond the upper
lip. The canthus rostrales are straight, and the top of the head is flat.
The tympanic disk is a vertical oval, of which the short diameter is
one-half the length of the eye. The edge of the vomerine patches of
teeth are a little posterior to the line connecting the posterior border of
the nares. The latter are about as large as the ostia pliaryiigca.

The dorsolateral glandular ridge is thick, and extends r. little beyond
the sacral diapophysis. There are six or seven rows of short longitudi-
nal glandular tubercles in the space between them. There are similar
elongate warts on the sides. The posterior and posteroiulerior faces of
the femora finely granular; rest of the inieiior surfaces suioolh.

The first finger is longer than the second, and equals the fourth. The
heel of the extended hind leg reaches to the middle of the eye. The
foot is of moderate length. Three of the phalanges of the tburth digit
are entirely free, and the web is excavated to opposite the middle of
the first phalange, extending as a margin on each side of the distal
half. The inner cuneiform tubercle is not large, and has an acute
apex; no external tubercle. A slightly defined tarsal dermal ridge.

In alcohol the ground color is light brown, with the dorsolateral
ridge and the inferior surfaces straw-color. The spots are a darker
brown, and do not appear to have been yellow-bordered. The dorsal
spots are irregularly rounded, and are in three or four longitudinal rows.
There are two rows on the top of the muzzle and head, crossing the
inner edge of the eyelid. There are two spots near the external edge
of each eyelid. Spots on the sides smaller, in about four rows. The
lores and upper lip are rather coarsely marbled with brown; gular
region faintly speckled with the same. No band, but a si»ot on the
front of the humerus; a spot on the elbow, and three cross lines on the
fore-arm. Four narrow cross bars on the femur and five across the
tibia. Three cross-bars on the external side of the tarsus and five on
the external face of the fourth toe. The posterior face of the femur
has numerous rounded brown spots on a light ground.

THE BATRAOUIA OF NOKTH AMERICA.

413

Fig. 104. Rana areolata mgopus. No. 4743. Micanopy, Fla. ; \.

Measurements of No. 4743.

M.

Length of head and body 062

Width of head at posterior edges tympana 020

Length of head to posterior edges tympana 024

Length of fore leg 026

Length of fore foot 012

Length of hind leg to groin 074

Length of tibia 024

Length of tarsn.s 013

Length of rest of foot 025

The only speciuieii of this subspecies which I have seen is the fol-
lowing:

Bana areolala asopus Cope.

Catalogue No. of
uumber. fii)oc.

Locality.

Whon
collected.

Micanopj, Fla

From -whom received.

Dr. T. H. Bean

Nature of
speciiiren.

Attoholio.

Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davis.*

Rice and Davis, in Jordan Man. of Vert. East. N. Amer,, ed. ii, 1878, 355.

Two specimens of this form are before me and yield the following
characters : Their peculiar coloration gives them an elegant appearam^e,
and one quite different from that presented by any other North Ameri-
can Rana.

Length of head one-third of total. Heel of extended hind leg reach-
ing to the front of the orbit ; muzzle, rather elongate, but Httle i)roduced
beyond the edge of the lip, the extremity sloping obliquely upwards and
posteriorly, so as to shorten the superior plane. The nostril has an
elevated position and a suprolateral presentation; it is a little nearer
the orbit than the end of the muzzle. The membranum tympani is a
vertical oval, with the short diameter only half the length of the eye
fissure. The heel of the extended hind leg rea<;he.s to tlie anterior border
of the orbit. The posterior edges of the vomerine patches are behind the
borders of the choante.

Plate .'■)l, lig. 10.

414

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

There is a strong dorsolateral j>laiKlular lidgo on each side, and be-
tween these there are from six to eight narrow glandnUir folds not so
much broken up as in the E. a. (vsopu.s^ but readily' becoming indistinct
in alcohol. The dorsolateral fold extends nearly to the groin. Below
it the sides are crowded with longitudinal glandular folds, more or less
broken up.

The first finger exceeds the second and equals the fourth. The internal
cuneiform tubercle is quite small, and has a free apex; no external
tubercle. The web is shorter than in the other subspecies, being scal-
loped nearly to the line of the base of the first phalange, which it only
margins for part of its length, ceasing near the distal end.

6 fi

Fig. 105. Rana areolata circulosa. No. 278. Mus. Champaign, 111. ; \.

Color in spirits, light brownish-yellow or straw-color, above and be-
low. The entire upper surface and sides are, however, so thickly covered
with large reddish-brown spots as to reduce the ground color to a net-
work, forming a pattern of numerous irregular or crenate circles. Those
are in three rows between the dorsolateral ridges, which are of the light
ground color for most of their length. There are no light bands or
lines about the head, but the lores and upper lips arc closely and rather
coarsely marbled with brown and yellow. The lower lip is less distinctly
marked in the same way. At the orbits there are three rows of large
spots like those of the back, the exterior ones on the eyelids. The fore
legs are marbled like the lores, with a faint susi)icion of cross-bars.
The thigh, tibia, tarsus, and external toe are cross banded with such
wide brown bars, that the interspaces are very narrow and often inter-
rupted. There are three wide and two narrow bars on the thigh, and
no longitudinal markings; there are six bars across the tibia of ditter-
ent widths, and three across the tarsns; inferior surfaces unspotted.
The lateral spots become more sparse and more widely spaced near to
the abdomen ; thigh posteriorly with large brown spots, on a straw-
colored ground.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

415

Measurements of No. 9386.

M.

Length of head and body 050

Width of head at posterior edge of tynipauiim 011)5

Length of head to posterior edge of tympanum ... 019

Length of fore leg 022

Length of fore foot Oil

Length of hind leg to groin 073

Length of tibia 024

Length of tarsus 014

Length of rest of foot 025

Since the above was written I have been able, through the kindness
of Professor Forbes, of the university at Champaign, III., to examine
the type specimen of Messrs. Rice and Davis. It differs considerably
from the specimens above described, as follows: The muzzle is not pro-
tuberant, so that the nostril is equidistant between the end of the
muzzle and the eye, as in the subspecies Areolata. The tympanic disk
is nearly round, and its long diameter is three-fourths that of the eye.
This specimen has twice the bulk. In other respects it does not differ.
A very strong glandular thickening of the skin extends from the eye
above the tympanum, and then descends posterior to it. The eyelid also
is thickened.

Two specimens (No. 1382S) from Olney, 111., also received since the
above description was written, explain these discreiiancies. The larger
of the two agrees with the type in all respects, but the smaller, which
about equals the type in dimensions, has the elongate muzzle of the
small ones that I have described above. In both the tympana are three-
fourths the orbit, and in neither is it decidedly oval.

Eana areolata circulosa R. & D.

Catalogue
nuiubtT.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Frotnwhora received.

Nature of
specimen.

9386

2

2

Rnhoi t Krnnicott

John and Charles Walker

Alcoholic.

13828

Olney 111

Uo.

Bana areolata capita Le Conte.

Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 425, Plate v.

Not having at hand the only known specimen of this form, I copy
tlie description given by Le Conte. The proportions given by this author
iinlicate that it is intermediate in proportions between the subspecies
^soi)ns and the others. Thus the widtli of the head in the latter enters
the length 2.3.3 times, and in the R. a. areolata three times. In R. a.
capita it enters 2.8 times. The spots are smaller than in R. a. circulosa,
but larger and more luimerous than in R. a. rcsopus and R. a. areolata.

Above very rough, dark gray, or slate-color, speckled with black,
with six rows of roundish rows on the back; sides speckled and irregu-

416 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

larly marked with spots of the same form and color ; from the orbits to
beyond the middle of the body runs a broad raised line or cutaneous
fold, and another from the corner of the mouth to the insertion of the
arm. Beneath smooth, yellowish white, speckled, spotted, and variid
with dusky ; top of the head coarsely punctured, back and sides luber-
culous. Head very large, broad, and blunt; a deep concavity between
the nostrils and the eyes. Iris golden, mixed with black. Tympanum
of the color of the body. Lower jaw with a small protuberance or point
resembling a tooth. Arms and legs above gray, speckled, and barred
with black ; beneath yellowish-spotted and varied with dusky, the yel-
lowish color more decided at the axill?e and groins. Hind part of the
thighs granulate. Fingers slightly palmate at the base; the first longer
than the second. The second toe twice as long as the first.

Eana areolata capita Le Conte.
RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogue
number.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

colhStcd. ^'•"'" ^^l^"'" received.

1

Nature of
specimen.

590.3

1

Riceborough, Ga

i Miij. .T. Le Conto

Alcoholic.

KANA SEPTENTRIONALIS Baird.
(Plate 86.)
Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 1855, p. 51.
Garuier, American Naturalist, 1833, p. 1)45.
Eana siiiuala Baird, /. c.

Body rather broad, stout, and depressed. Head rather narrow ; nos-
trils large, midway between tip of snout and eye. Tympanum variable,
at least half the diameter of the eye. Vomerine teeth minute; the
patches are on a level with the posterior margin of the inner nostrils
(which are rather large), and are separated by considerable intervals.
Tongue moderate, the cornua well develoi)ed.

Skin rough and irregular above and on sides ; not pustular nor
tuberculated ; beneath entirely smooth. Buttocks but sIigLtl.\ granu-
lated. A well-defined, rather broad ridge commences behind the eye
and, bifurcating, the short brancli curves round the tympanum, passes
obliquely down to the insertion of the arm, tluckening in its descent,
and meets a simihir thickening from the ri(;tus. These two ridges are
separated by a groove, which commences at the eye and runs above and
behind the tympanum. The main l)i'iiiic'i proceeds along the sides to
about opposite the sacrum, where it is lost. l!^o other ridges are to be
seen.

The fore-arm is short, considerably less than the hand. The femur
and tibia are about equal, less tliau half the length of body and less

THE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

417

than the liiiul foot. The first, tliirJ, and fifth toes are equal. The ter-
minal Joint of the second toe is fre;', as are the inner edj^es of the ter-
minal joints of the second and third, and the outer edges are margined
to near the tips. The cuneiform process is well developed, and the sole
has no distinct tubercles.

Color above and on sides light olive, with short and coarse verraicu-
lations of lighter, most distinct anteriorly. On the sides and lower
half of the back are several snbcircular, large blotches of dark brown.
Legs with few blotches ; no bands. Buttocks yellow, with short ver-
miculate dark blotches. Beneath uniform dull yellow. No light stripe
on Jaw.

Compared with specimens of E. clamata of the same size from the
north, this species differs altogether in color, in larger eyes, longer fin-
gers, longer but less webbed foot, etc.

Inches.

Total length of body 1.1)2

Fore-ann 28

Haml 50

Foimir 97

Tibia 91»

Tarsus 4()

Hiud leg 2.84

1.00
.11
. 2(i

.r.i

.'>2
.24

1.48

Inches.

Ilindfoot 1.02 .53

15et\veeii outstretched arms.. 2. 70 1.44

Choi d of upper jaw 70 .36

Widthof upper jaw 04 .33

Eye 20 .13

Tympauum 15 .08

Fio. 100. Itana sc])tcntrionaUs. No. 3420. Garrison's Crook, N. Y. ; }.

Mature specimens, formerly described under the name Kana, sinuata^
present the following characters :

Body rather stout. Eyes large ; tympanum three-fourths as large.
Vomerine teeth small, ranging with the centers of inner nares. An in-
distinct fold of skin on each side of back; none intermediate; granu-
lation of buttocks indistinct. Femur not half the length of body ; hind
foot considerably longer than the tibia. Above and on sides purplish-
brown, with sinuations or coarse vermiculations of yellow. Beneath
silvery white. Legs transversely barred.

Female. — Body moderately stout and depressed; limbs not much de-

vcloi)ed ; femur and tibia about ecpial, not half the lengtli of body.

Uead rather longer than broad. Nostrils nearly intermediate between

the eye and tip of snout (projected on axis of body), or nearer the latter,

1951— Bull. 31 27

418 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

situated on the cantbus rostralis. The hollow of the face anterior to
the eye is very shallow, aud scarcely traceable under the eye and tym-
panum. Eyes largo; contained three times in chord of upper jaw aud
one diameter from the tip. Tympanum small (females only secu), about
three-fourth the size of the eye; behind not reaching the end of the
jaw. Patches of vomerine teeth very small, circular, approximated,
and situated on a level with the centers of the inner nares. These are
large, oblong, aud widely separated. Tongue rather small, narrow.
Eustachian ostia large.

The skin is moderately smooth, but on very close examination is seen
minutely and closely dotted all over with small pits, and among these
on the under surfaces are scattered small glandiform elevations, which
on being emptied are represented by the pits. This is sometimes seen in
other species, but seldom so distinctly, and may be caused by some pe-
culiar and temporary condition of the skin. There appears to be a very
low and scarcely distinct dermal ridge from the eye along the sides, but
none intermediate. The granulation on the buttocks is very low and
indistinct.

The fore-arm is shorter than the hand ; the femur is not quite half the
length of the body, aud is about as long as the tibia. The hind feet are
unusually long, considerably exceeding the tibia. The feet are very
fully webbed, coming near B. catesbiana in this respect, the web extendr
ing between the tips of the toes, slightly excavated in the inner edges
of the second and third. The terminal joint of longest toe appears to
be entirely free and the second is rather narrowly margined.

In alcohol the color everywhere above and on sides (even over tym-
panum and on buttocks) is dark purplish-brown, coarsely aud irregu-
larly sinuated with bluish-white, which, as far as Professor Baird's re-
collection of several years goes, is yellow during life. Beneath, silvery-
white on throat and chin ; duller behind. The joints of the hind legs are
distinctly banded transversely with dark blotches with bluish-white mar-
gins, as on the back, and separated by lighter intervals. The sides are
darker than the rest of the body, and on the groin are seen a few light
spots rather than sin nations.

The specimens described (all females) were caught in Garrison's
Creek, near Sackett's Harbor, in the summer of 1850. They were in a
marshy piece of ground, about a mile from the lake, and attracted im-
mediate attention by their peculiarities of color, so different from any
other American species :

Inches. Inches.

Total length 2. »^5 i. 00

Arm from elbow 90 .40

Femur 1.10 ,49

Tibia 1.04 .46

Tarsus 5G .2."!

Hind foot 1.18 .'y2

The variations of the Rana septentrionalis arc greater than those of any
other North American species of the genus. Th^re is,, ho^xever^ no coin-

Total 1.70 .76

CbordofLead 80 .35

Widthofhead 75 .35

Eye 27 .12

Tympanum 20 .09

THE IJATKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

419

cidence between tliein, so that they cau not be regarded as indicating
subspecies. The tympanic disk varies greatly in size, the males having
it larger than the eye, and the females smaller than the eye. fu this
respect the species displays its near affinity to the R. clamata and li.
cntesbiana. Some specimens have a dorsolateral dermal glandular ridge,
and others have none, such difiference being exhibited by specimens
from the same locality. The spotting of the dorsal surfaces varies very
much. In some specimens the spots are not closely placed ; in others
they leave onl3' narrow lines of the lighter ground-color between them.

Taking all its characters together, this species occupies a position
intermediate between nearly all the North American species of the
genus, and from some such form it might be supposed that all the
Kanae of the northern hemisphere have been derived. The present dis-
tribution of the species is entirely northern.

Dr. J. H. Gamier has given a detailed account of the habits of this
species as observed by him at Lucknow, Ontario. He calls it the mink
frog, and says that it emits the odor of the mink oil being handled. It
is an aquatic specips, never seeking its food, which consists of insects
and small fishes, on land.

liana scptentrionaJis Baird.

Catalogue
iiuiulier.

3120
3432
13GU3
13621
13G22
5379

No. of
spec.

Locality.

Garrison's Creek, N. T

Madriil, N. Y ,

Lucknow, Ontario

do

do

Selkirk Settloiucnt. . ..
Fort llipley, Minn

Wiieu col-
lected.

188;!
1883
1883

From whom received.

Prof. S. F. Baird

do

J. LI. Garnicr . ..

do

do

11. Ktuinicott

Dr. J. F. Uead .

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do. ■
l.'o.
Do.
Do.
Do.

KANA CLAMATA Dauaiii.*

Hist. Nat., Reptil., viii (1803), 104,4:51 ; 1 b., Hist. Nat. Raiu. (1803), 54,
PI. XVI, lig. 2; TIarl., Silliui. Amor. Jourii. Sci., x' (18:^5), 63; 1 b.,
Joiuii. Ac. Nat. Sci. i'hila., v (1827) 335 ; lb., Med. & Pliys. Rca.
(1835), 101, 22G; Diim. &. Bibr. (Daud.), Erp. G6ix., viii (1841), 373.

liana clamilans Dandiii, in Sonii. & Lat. Hist. Nat., Kcptil., ii (1802), 157; Merreiu,
Teut. Syst. Ampb. (1820), 175 ; Holbr. (Bosc.),N. Auicr. Herp., 1st cd., ill (1838),
61), PI. XVII ; lb., 2d cd., iv (1842), 85, PI. xx.

Bana fontuiaUi Lc Couto, Ann. N. Y. Lye, i (1825), 282; Holbr., N. Aincr. Hcrp., Ist
cd.. Ill (1838), 85, PI. XVI ; 1 b., 2d cd., iv ( 1842), 87, PI. xxi ; Storor, Mass. Rept.,
Roptii. (183y), 2.5G; Thompson, Med. Hist. Mass. (1S12), 120; Do Kay, N. Y.
Zoo]., Ill (1842), PI. x.\i, li<r. 54, A.

Ranaria mvhtnota Ralin., Annals of Nature (1820), No. 25 (Lake Cliamplain).

Raiia mdanota (Rafiii.) Hurl., iu Sillim. Amer. Joiiru. Sci., x (1825), G4 ; Joiirr). Ac

Nat. Sci. Phila., v (1827), 336; 1 b., Med. & Phys. Res. (1835), lOi, 228; Tlioii.p-

«M-,^ Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 121.

* Plates 51, figs. 2-3 ; 75, figs, I'J, 33.

420 BULLETIN 31, UNITKJ) SJATHS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bana flaviviridis Harlan, in Sillini. Amcr. Jouru. Sci., x (ly^G), 58; 1 b., Journ. Ac.

Nat. Sci. PLila., v (1827) :V3d ; 1 h., Med. &. Phys. Kes. (Ib35), 103, 220.
Eana horicoiiciisis Holbr., N. Amcr. IIcri>., 1st cd., in (18.38), i)l, xviii ; 1 b., 2d cd.,

IV (1842), 91, XVIII ; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 121 ; Do Kay,N. Y. Zool.,

Ill (1842), CI, XXII, fig. G2.
Rana vigyicaiis Aj^assiz, Lake Superior (1850), 379, vi, figs. 4, 5.

Male. — Body aud limbs very stout and massive; not much depressed.
Logs sborl ; head subacute, rouuded, very deep. Kostrils large, oval;
situated on the rouuded and indistinct canthus rostralis, nearest to the
snout, and distant from the orbit by half the diameter of the eye. Ex-
cavation anterior to the eye shallow, scarcely distinct in passing under
the eye to the tympanum. Tympanum very large, one-fourth greater
than the eye, and extending quite uj) to it, and passing beyond the ar-
ticulation of the jaw; one-half the length of line from commissure to
the tip of snout; its central third elevated in a shallow prominence.
Eyes large, contained two and three-fourtli times in chordof lower jaw
and two and one-fourth in that from commissure. Head rather larger
than broad.

In the female the tympanum is much smaller, though still large; about
three-fourths diameter of eye, and distant from the latter by nearly half
its own diameter. The average diameter in males is 11""", aud in fe-
males 8""". Occasionally this character does not hold good. A male
(No. ol02) has the diameter only 8"'"', while three females (ISTos. 3167,
3475, and 3i)2i) have disks of 10"'"' in diameter. Jn this species and in
the li. catcshiaiia tbis membrane reaches a larger size than in any other
species of Batrachia.

The top of the head is plane, without any concavity. The tongue
is large, hesliy, rather narrow, and free behind for one-fourth its length.
The interior nares are large, and oiien posteriorly nearly- opposite the an-
terior canthus of the eye. The vomerine teeth are in two oblong patches,
inclined backwards, where they arc nearly, if not quite, in contact, and
posterior to the posterior margin of nares, though anteriorly about on
a line. Eustachiau openings large.

Skin more or less mammillated above and on the sides by coarse
pustuliform prominences, largest on the sides; these occasionally are
lu the form of regular asperities, rough to the touch ; the amount of this,
however, depends somewhat on the conditions of preservation. From
the eye extends a prominent ridge of skin, which, after passing above
the center of the tympanum, bifurcates, one short branch passing
round the tympanum, and, tbickening below, stops above the shoulder;
beneath this for its whole length passes a well-detined furrow indenting
the fold, and, proceeding directly downwards, scpnr.itcs the tbickening
Just described from a corresponding and equal thickening just behind
the jaw. The long branch of the ridge or fold of skin behind the eye
proceeds along the sides, occasionally interrupted, and is lust on the
posterior fourth of the body, those of opposite sides parallel and wide

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

421

apart. There are no other ridges of skin as observed iu Ji. palustris;
but a distinct broad groove or furrow uiay be traced down the middle
of the back.

The forearm and hand are of nearly equal length; the third finger
longest; the first and fourth nearly equal, and longer than the second.
The hind legs are short; the tibia, femur, and hind foot about equal,
and less than half the length of the body. The third toe is longer than
the fifth. The web between the toes is well developed, and extends
from the terminal knobs, except on the inside of the second and third
toes, where it is excavated to the first articulation. The first and
second joints of the longest toe are not webbed, but are narrowly
margined to tlie tips.

The general color, as preserved in alcohol, is of a dull greenish-brown
or brownish-olive, with simi)le subcircular blotches on the back, sides,
•and buttocks, and indistinct, sometimes much broken fasci;e on the
limbs. There is in some an obscure yellowish line along the sides of the
jaw and reaching to the arm, and a dark mark from the commissure to
the arm beneath this line. The edges of the jaw are blotched with
brown; beneath, yellowish-white. In other specimens the blotches
above are finer and more crowded, and the chin and throat coarsely
reticulated or blotched with brown, the same marking visible obsoletely
on the under surfaces of the thighs. The blotches of sides of body are
sometimes much larger and more distinct than elsewhere.

Fig. 107. liana damata. No. 3501. Eutaw, Ala.; \.

The bars on the legs are sometimes replaced entirely by small blotches.
The females, as already stated, dilfer in having a smaller tympanum,
though neither here nor in the males is the proportional size always the
same. The body is more swollen behind ; the head narrower and not
so deep, and the thumbs less thickened.

In life this species is dark olive posteriorly above, which color grad-
ually passes into a brilliant green anteriorly. Below, wiiiie ; the throat
citron yellow.

422 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Totalleugtb 2.96 LOO

Arm from elbow L 20 ,40

Femur L 40 .47

Tibia 1.40 .47

Tarsua 70 .2(5

Foot L4G .49

Male.
Inchca, Iiubos.

Total ofliiua foot 4.70 1.59

Cbordofhead 1.14 . IW

Will til of bead 1.10 .37

Tympanum 4/ . IG

Eye 33 .13

Female {Carlisle, Pa.).

Total 3.30 1.00

Femur 1.5.') .47

Tibia 1.55 .47

Total ofles 5.00 1.51

Tympauum 32 .10

A Carlisle, Pa., specimen, ^\ lien living, was colored as follows: Above
and on sides, greenisli-biown, with rounded brown spots uniformly dis-
tributed, and about as large as the pupil of the eye; about twenty be-
tween the lateral folds; head and body anteriorly bright grass-green;
beneath greenish-white, unspotted, the color of the sides fading into it;
the buttocks mottled with brown and yellowish vh'tc; femur and leg
with three or four transverse dark bands; fore limbs with scattered
blotches not banded ; iris black, mottled with golden.

The specimens from Lake Superior are types of the li. nigricans of Pro-
fessor Agassiz, which I can not distinguish. They exhibit a greater
amount of black mottling and blotches on the inferior surAicc than usual,
but this is shared by individuals from more southern localities. Speci-
mens from Maine and Louisiana are still darker, the buttocks being
nearly uniform black.

Ill carefully comparing quite a number of specimens from the South
and North, I find it impossible to establish definite characters by which
to distinguish a R. fontinalis from R. clamafa. At first sight the
Southern individuals, which happened all to be of medium size, ap-
peared to be more free from the coarse pustulations; but on the other
hand to have the fine asperities more numerous and closer and the head
rather narrower; but the same conditions were seen in some North-
cm specimens. The tympanum is very large in the males, though vary-
ing with the individuals. As in the Northern specimens, some .are
nearly immaculate; others mottled above and below, and of various
shades of color, from black above to olivaceous.*

This is especially a species of an aquatic life, not hunting on land,
but haunting all kinds of waters, from springs to river banks. It lives
singly, in pairs, or in small companies, but never in swarmjs like the
R. vircsccns. It is not noisy, contenting itself with an occasional nasal
" Chung," and frequently uttering a sharp cry as it plunges into the
water to escape the pedestrian on the bank. It ia a good leaper and
swimmer.

* Professor liaird Inul au opi)ortunity of exaniiuiug tbc wpecimens from wliicli Dr.
Holbrook made bis descrii)tiou and iiyuro of II, clamitanft witbout seoing occasioo
to cbango Llio opinion abovo expressed.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

liana claviata Daiulin.

423

Catalof^ue
uninber. I

3502
34UG
84Gi
3478
3489
3173
31K3
3479
34G9
34ti4
3488
34GH
8477
3405
3475
3543
3472
3487
3511
3486
3499
3501
3470
3407
350U
3482
3476
3485
3474
34:15
3593
352G
3t!t2
3493
35U3
352 1
9408
9732
9391
13C00
3093
13594
3521
3515
3518
5374

11532

1002
11390
11476
119(18
114!lf
14445

3335

3538

No. of
spec.

Local itv.

When col-
lected.

From whoui received.

J

Pcnsacola, Ma

l{ootK.,Kaciiie,Wis.
do

Madison, Wis

l'\)ntl du Lac, Wis ...

Uoche.stor, Wis

Aztiilan, Wis

Waukesha, Wis

Elizabetbtown, N. Y .

Westpoit, N. Y

Washington, D. U

Carlish>, I'a

do

do

Meadvil!o,l'a

do

Qiiohec, Canada

Mount ITnlly, N.J

Cninboi land County, Md.

(Ihirico County, Va

I'inirio Mor llougo, La..

Eutaw, Ala

I'oi t Huron, Midi

Detroit lliver, Mich

Anderson, S. C

Kciini'baiio, Mn

l*oita;:o County, Ohio. ..

Columbus, Oliio

Hisrhland County, Ohio .

SiMitliprn Illinois

Woalhciafiold, Conn

Salem, N. C

Atix I'lainrs lliver, 111 ..

Willow Crceli, Wis

Missouri

Southern Illinois

Ferry Landing, Va .....

Southern Illinois ...i...

Uppor Wisconsin River.

Lucknow, Ontario

Weal hcrsliold, Conn . . .

(>)

Meidville, Pa

Western Mississippi ...

Saint Louis, Mo

Soutii of Highland, Can-
ada.
Michipicoten, Lake

Superior.
Carlisle, Pa ..;. .... ^ ...

Milton, Fla

Waukegan, III

Nashville, (Ja

{'■) •

Wood's Holl, Mass

Southern Pacific Rail-
road Survey.
Madrid, N.Y ...

Dr.J.F.Hatnmond.U.S.A.

Prof. S. F. Baird

do

do

Rev. A. C. Barry

Prof. S.F. Baird

do

Rev. A. C. Barry

Prof. S.F. Baird

do

J.H.Richard

Prof. S.F. Baird

do

do

Prof. AVillianis

J. F. Thickstoii

Prof. S.F. Baird

do

do

Dr. (J. B. R. Kennerly

James Fairlo

Prof. A. Winchell

Prof. S. F.Baird

do

Miss C. Paine

Plot'. (.'. Girard

Prof. S.F. Baird -.

Prof. L. Lescpiereux

Fred. Mather

May-, 1875

1881

"mo

C. Wriijht

J.T. Lineback .....

R. Kennicott

Rev. A.C.Barry

Dr.P.R.Hoy

R. Kennicott

II. AV. Henshaw

R. Kennicott

......do

J. H. Oarnier.i

C.Wright

(?) ..........

J. F. Thickston

Dr.P.R.Hoy

Di'. George Englomann.
C.Drcxler

Nature of
hpcciuien.

G. Barrister .

Prof. S.F. Baird

S.T.Walker

Jaraes Milner

W.J. Taylor ...

(0 ■

V. S. Fish Commission
H.B. Mollhnusen

Pi of. S.F. Baird

Alcoholio.
Do. 2
Do. 9
Do. cT
Do.
Do 9
Do. ?
Do.
Do. cf
Do. 9
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do. f^
Do. 9
Do.
Dcd"
Do.
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do. 9
Do. 2
Do. 9
Do. d"
Do. 9
Do.
Do.
Do. 9
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. 9
Do. 9
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do.
Do.
1)0. cf
Do.
Do.
Do.
Du.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

424

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

RANA CATESBIANA Shaw.*

Bava catesbiana Shaw, Geu. Zool., Ill, Amphibia (1802), 106, PI. xxviii ; Le Conte,

Proceed. Ac. Phila. (1855), p. 423.
f liana ioans Lacep., Hist. Nat. Quad. Ovip. (1st ed. 1798 ?), ed. Detcrvillc, i (1819),

270, 315.
Eana pipiens Hail, {nee Linuseus), Sillim., Anicr. Jouru. Sci., x (1825), G2 ; lb.,

Journ.Ac.Nat.Sci., Phila., V (1827), 335; lb., Med. & Phys. Res., 1835, 101,225;

(Lat.) Holb. N. Amer. Herp., 1st cd., in (1838), 81, Pi. (e.c), xv ; lb., 2d ed., iv

(1842), 77, PI. XVIII ; (L)Storer, Mass. Rept. (1839), 235 ; (L) Thompson, Nat. Hist.

Vt. (1841), 119; DoKay,N. Y.Zooi., ifi (1842), GO, Pl.^fix, fig. 4-* ; Cnvier, Regno

Animal, ii, 106; illustrated ed. D'Orb., PL xxxvii, fig. 2; Baird &. Girard,

Reptil., Captain Marcy (1853), 243.
Eana miKjiens Mcrrem, Tentamen Syst. Amph. (1820), 75; Gnivenhorst, Del. Mus.

Vratisl.(1829),40; (Catesby) Dum. & Bibr., Erp. G6u., via (1841), 370; Wagl.,

Syst., p. 203 ; Tschndi, Batr., p. 79.
Eana scapularls Harl., Sillim., Amer. Jonni.Sci., x (1825), 59; 7^., Jourii. Ac. Nat. Sci.

Phila., V (1827), 338; 7^., Med. & Phys. Res. (1835), 103,221.
Eana maxima amcricana aqnatica Catesby, Carol., ii, 1743, PI. — , p. 72 (not Eana

miKjicns, as quoted by Dum 6c Bibr.).
Eana conspersa Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 425.

Fig. 108. Rana catesbiana. No. 11499; \.

Plates 50, iig. 3; 51, figs. 4-8; .55, figs. 6; 66; 67.

THE HATKACIIl \ OF NORTH AMHKFOA. 425

L:ir;;\'st uf ;ill llic NoiKi American ,s[)C(ue.s. Uody vt'i-y hiilUy ami
clumsy; legf.s tbick ami slioit. Jaws nearly, if not (luitc, a.s wide as
tlio length of chord of u[)i)er Jaw and wider than the longitudinal
axis of head; muzzle si^ti'unc.ate ; sides oblique. Nostrils oblique, a
littlo below the edge of the canthus uostralis, half way l)etweeu the
tip of snout and anterior canthus of eye. Tympanum large, slightly
oval, longer diameter somewhat obli(iue, ecpial to the <liamcter of tlio
eye; granulated and slightly raised for the central two-thirds; smooth
exteriorly. Internal nares el!i[)ti(;al, transverse, wider ai)art than are
the external; their centers opposil(^ a [)oint about one-third from the eye
to the outer nostril ; a sliallow groove extending to the rami of the Jaw.
Vomerine teetli in two patches, with four Oi' five teeth in each jjatch ; the
bases of these anteriorly oi)posite the (tenters of the inner nostrils, and
separated from each other by the same interval as from the nares.
Eustachian tubes l.irge, nearly opposite the centers of tympanum.
Tongue elongated, broadest at the stem.

A fold of skin extends from the posterior canthus of the eye above
the tympanum, and curving round it proceeds directly downward to be-
hind the posterior extremity of the lowerjaw ; it then passes around the
insertion of the tore-arm (distant about half the diameter c' it) and is
lost on the breast. Tiiis fold is only conspicuous to the lower end of
the tympanum ; it is accon'ipanied all the way by a groove on its lower
edge, both being scarcely traceable beyond the point above mentioned,
except in very well preserved si)ecimens. There are no other folds of
skin ; especially none on the side of the back. The skin above is slightly
shagreened by moderate asperities, which increase posteriorly. lieneath
smooth. The posterior faces of the buttocks rugose-granulated.

The tliird finger (the second from outside) is longest, then fourth,
first, and second. All are without any membrane or web. The tibia
is not quite half the length of body. The fourth toe is longest; the
third rather longer than the fifth ; then second and first. All are cleft
(except as to membrane) nearly to the base of the metatarsals, deepest
along the first and fifth. The web fills up the entire interval, extend-
ing from tip to tip of the toes; the outlines nearly straight when out-
stretched.

The color above is olivaceous-brown, with darker l)lotches about half
the diameter of the eye distributed pretty uniformly; occasionally
in contact and conlluent; tlie outlines obsolete or not clearly marked.
The buttocks are similarly marked, with the blotches nearly black. The
joints of the fon^ leg have eaoh one or two bars or blotches; these are
more «listinctly transversi; on the hind legs, where there are three or
four on each joint. .Arembranc of hind foot tinely mottled. l"Hie lower
parts, including groin, are silveiy white, with similar (!oarse I)lotches
or mottling.-. .»f obseolescent brown, though not quite so much crowded
as above; this pattern i)ervad(>s the whole inferior and interior faces of
body and limbs, leaving no portion unmarked. The tympanum is rather
darkest in the center.

426

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lu the male the tympanuui is uiucb larger tliaii in tlio females, and
lar^'cr tbau the eye, exteuding- to the posterior end of the jaw. In tUo
males tbe diameter of tUo tympanic disk is about 20'"'", reacliing- 25'"'»
iu large animals. In the female the diameter is about 11"""; but I have
observed a male with the diameter only 10'"'" and a female with tbe
diameter as large as the average of males. Such cases are, however,
uot very common. It may be observed here that the supposition, appar-
ently entertained by some writers, that the R. clamata possesses the
largest tympanic disk iu the genus, is not correct, as it is as large in
the present species.

Tbe largest specimen of this species in Ihc National Museum is the
No. 10880* from South Carolina. Its dimensions are as follows :

^[easuremcnts No. 1088U. M.

Length of bead and body I'JO

Width of bead at posterior edges tympanic disk 070

Length of bead to posterior edges tympanic disk 0C5

Diameter of tympanic disk 025

Length of foro leg from axilla 091

Length of foro foot 040

Length of hind leg from groin 238

Length of tibia 074

Length of tarsus 041

Length of remainder of hind foot 080

Total expanse of palmation 080

A large specimen from Pensacola has tbe head rather more elongated,
being longer than, broad ; the tympanum normal. The palatine teeth
are in two patches, close together; the prominences of bone on which
they are situated are iu contact at their bases ; tbe tongue broad, short,
and with long cornua. The skin is minutely sbagreened above ; less so
beneath. The toes rather long. Body less blotched beneath, especially
on the abdomen.

Measurements.

Inches.

Total length 4.40

Femur 2. 10

Tibia 1.90

Tarsus GO

Hind foot 2. IG

Indies.

Totalbiudlcg G.70 1.52

Arm from elbow 1.80 .41

Chord of upper jaw 1.72 .39

Width of head l.GG .33

Most specimens from Carlisle, Pa., agree in general characters with
the one described, although one has tbe skin more pustular, with tbe
upper parts of an obscure ferruginous color, obsoletely varied with oli-
vaceous. The head, too, is decidedly longer tbau broad. Another
specimen, 4 inches in the length of body, with broad head, has the up-
per parts olivaceous green, with quite small indistinct blotches of pur-
plish-brown, not very close to each other. Young specimens generally
are of this color, tbe blotches reduced to distinct black dots, scattered
uniformly over the back, and the lower parts yellowish anteriorly, with
very obsolete indications of tbe blotches. Tympanum very large. The
R. conspersa Le Conte was based on such a Siiecimen.

THE BATllACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

427

lu the Norfh, associated with specimens of the dark-blotched variety,
are others, some of considerable size, with the skiu quite smooth, and
not at all pustular. Broad head, above yelldwish-grceu, without spots
or bands anywhere; beneath yellowish white; throat bright yellow.
Others again show blotches on the buttocks, then on the inside of the
legs, then elsewhere. It is impossible to draw out any constant char-
acters Avhcreby to define anyone condition of marking; much depends
upon the locality.

The yonng specimens as a general rule have the head narrower than
the adults, and it must be borne ill mind that the tadpole sometimes
attains a very great size before any transformation is effected. The
poin at which this takes place doubtless affects the general propor-
tions.

(Small specimens from Fort Smith, two and one-half inches long, are
similar to those from Carlisle, Pa. Skin pustular.

liana cateshiana Shaw.

CataloRiio

No. of

uumber.

spec.

3.J32

3513

3531

4835

3337

3321

3539

3510

1

3512

3511

3GS8

5017

3691

834G

55U8

33; 3

3534

3507

3533

3538

3711

351)8

3G87

3(!90

3338

333G

9392

0393

3331

3332

3529

3350

9409

12009

9475

3509

108KO

9389

9;59

11514

1034G

11199

10099

14U1

2

3335

12

3548

2

1

1

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa

Lancaster County, Pa .

Roxburgh, Pa

lirookville, Pa

lied Kivcr, Ark

Foit Sinitb, Aik

Piairio Mer Kougo, La

Saint Louis, Mo

Kiceboroujili, Ga

]t;i<ine, AVis

Ponsacola, Fla

Micaiiopy, Fla

Taiborouffli, N. U

Charleston, S.C

S;in Diego, Cal

Seneca Lake, U. i'...
Elizal)etbto\vn, N. Y

Westport, N. Y

C()luinl)us, Ohio

Mariettii, Oliio

Elviia, Ohio

Mobile, Al.i

Westetii Missouri ...

Goat Crc<Oc

Shawnee Village

Shawnee Mi.ssioQ

Monlicello, Miss

Sibley Lake

Saint Louis, Mo

Tyrce Springs, Tenu
Yellowstone River...

New f)rlfMns, La

Monat Carnu'l, HI ...
St. John's Uiver, KI;i
Plack Kivcr, Elyria, Ohio

Oakley, S. (; ...'

Liberty County, Ga
Wiishii'igton, D. C .
(0

Wbcu
collec ed.

From whom received.

Nature
of specimen.

Prof. S. F. Eaird.

do

Shaw

Ur. 11. Haymoud

Capt. It. l{.Marcy,U. S A.

Dr. B. F. Sbuinafd

.lames Fairio

Dr. G. Kngleni.aun

Prof. S. F. Bair.l

do

Dr It. W.JeflTrcy..

Dr. T. n. Bean

J. L. Bridger

Prof. S. F. Baird

Lieut. B. Couch, U.S.A.

Arlington, Va
(?)

Southhampton Connly,
V,"..

Wytlicville, Va

S. P. It. li. Survey

Southern Iliiiioin

Franiinghain, Mass

Montreal, D. C

May 29, 1875
Nov.—, 1881
, — , 1874

1879
1885

Prof. S. F. Baird

Prof. L. Lesquereux.
Prof F. \l. Andrews.
Prof S. F. Baird ... .

Pilchody . .

Dr. I'. U. Hoy

U. B.Moll ha'usen....
do

Dr. J. G. Cooper

^liss Helen Xeunison ..

AV. S.Wood

do

Prof K.Owen

Dr. K. V. Uayden

New Orleans Academy.

L. M. Turner

(i. Brown Goode

I'rof S. F. Baird ..

F. W. Hay ward

Maj, J. Le (lonte

Dr. T. U. Bean

(?)

Wi liam Palmer

(!)

L. Knmliuii

C(d. M. McDonald
H. n. Mollh.ausen.
K. KcTinnicot.

S. :■". Ba.rd

.... do

Alchololic.
Do.
Do.-
Do. c^
Do. (/
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. Q
Do.
Do.

Do. .
Do.
Do.
Do. cT
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do.
Do. y
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.cf
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. cT
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do. 9(f
Do. cT

Do.
Do.
Do.

mIO.

Do.

428 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

This s]iecies prefers larger boilies of water, aud especially haunts the
shores where thickets and underbrush make them inaccessible. Its
voice is familiar to all dwellers in the country, having much the tone
of that of a bull, but with a better-defined enunciation, it may be im-
itated by uttering' a bass "br'wum" several times in succession, witb a
hoarse voice, in front of an empty cask or other reverberating cavity.
Familiar imitations of it are tire words "be drowned" or "more rum."
The voice is not uttered until the arrival of warm weather, and is con-
tinued during the evening throughout its continuance. It may be
heard for a distance of several mi!es.

Dr. J. II. Garnier* points out the relationship between this species
and the Ji. clamata and 7^. septmtrionaHs, in the following language:

"(1) They ha\e no chant amour, or love notes, in spring. (2) They
retire early to hibernate with the tirst autumnal frost. (.'5) They live in
the water and lie in wait for their food, but do not hunt for it on land.
They poise the body on any lloating weeds, lie on the bank or any bit
of stick or log that suits their i)urpose. (4) The tadi)olesof A*, caicshiana
aud R.clamata re(piirc two years to mature, and the ' mink frog' {R. nep-
tcntrionalis) requires the same period. (5 and (I) The foot is broader in
proportion than in the rest of the family (? genus), and the second too
is proi)ortionally stouter, a peculiarity em[)]iaticall3' distinct, which can
be seen at a glance. (7) When captured they sometimes utter a cry of
distress quite different from their ordinaiy croaking notes, and I have
often seen the bull-frog (IL cdtcshiana) ojien his mouth and scream for
over a minute. (8) "When they give their note it is always produced by
inllating the throat-pouch and suddenly expelling the air, whereas in R.
viresccnx, etc., there is a pouch near the angle of the Jaws, on either side.
(.0.) Tiiey are all tinged more or less with yellowish-green on the chin,
which soon shades towards the throat and breast, and the belly is white,
or nearl}' so."

RANA MONTEZUM.E Bniid.f

liana movlczumfv Bainl, Pi-occchL Ac. riiila., IS.'jf), p. (Jl ; Giraid, IT. S. Mex. Bonud.
Surv., Iv'eptilcs., p. 27, PI. 'Mj, i\<r. l-l! ; Jimcclii, Miss. Sc. Mcx. Batr., p. 14, PI.
IV, i\g. 2.

The general form is rather squat aud heavy; in this respect re-
sembling the Xorthern buil-frog, or Rami cafcsbiana. Like it, it is with-
out any lateral ridg(M)f the skin on the back, or if such be jjresent, it is
interrupted and soon disap[)ears. The head is (lei)ressed, the angles
all rounded, canthus rostralis not distinct; the nostrils situated a little
below its highest part, about half-way between thee\e and tij) of snout.
The top of the head is slightly convex between tlie eyes, Avitiiout any
groove. There is a slight depression behind and below the exterior
nostrils, ami which, proceeding backwards, becomes obsolete below
the anterior canthus of the orbit and then i-eappears below th(^ middle
'Ainciican Natisralisf, iss;?, ]>. <)1H. t I'latc .^)1, lij;'. 1','.

TIIK ]5AT1{A(M11A OF NOIMMI AMEIilOA.

429

of tbo eye, whence it passos aloi!<;^ the upper eil^e of the iniixilhiry
bone as a well-delincd j;roove extendiiii;' beneath th»^. tyinpaiiuin.
Tlierc is no I'oUI of skin i)assing over and behind tlie tynii)anuiii, as
ill li. cafcshiana. The tympanum is moderate, subcHiiJtieal, witli the
longest diameter lon^i>itudinal, the center above the angle oftlie mouth,
its anterior edge reaching witliin one-tliird of a diameter of tlie eyo
from the eye. The rim is well defined, being slightly raised above the
level of the tympanum itself, which is nearly smooth, exhibiting only
a slight granulation in the center. The tongue is broad, short, subor-

FiG. 109. Jiana i/ioulezuina: Valluy of Mexico; J.

bicular, and with the cornua distant and (piite small; it is free ou
the sides and behind for two thirds its length. The internal nares
are small, transverse, exteriorly pro(Uiced into a groove ex':ending some-
what obliquely backwards to the edge of the maxillary bones ; their
centers nearer the anterior canthus orbitalis than to the exterior nos-
trils. The vomerine teeth are situated on two protuberances, which are
inclined backwards at an acute angle, and placed with their anterior
bases in a line with the anterior edges of the internal nares; the teeth
themselves are few in number, minute, and range obliquely on the ])0S-
terior portion of the crest of the protuberances. The teeth on the edge
of the ui)per jaw^ are well developed, and exteiul to the inner i^dgc of the
angle of the mouth. The Eustachian openings are large, and at least
twice the diameter of the choana'. An external vocal vesicle of con-
siderable size is seen on each side at the angle of the jaws, as large as a
very large pea after being contracted by alcohol.

As already stated, there are two distinct ridges of skin, one on each
side the back, commencing above the tymj)anum. They are frequently
interrui)ted, and do not reach the groin. The upper parts are gener-
ally smoiith, but with warts on the sides of the body, where tliey
are llattened at top; occasional warts are scattered over the back,

430 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

tbongb not prominent, but smootbed over. Tbo buttocks arc appar-
ently smootber tban common, tbe usual grauuhitiou being scarcely
discernible. Tbe under parts are entirely smootb.

Tbe fingers are all free and of ratber unusual lengtb, and taper sud-
denly from tbe swollen base. Tbe tbird is longest, tbe fir t and fourtb
nearly equal, tbougb tbe latter is ratber longer. Tbe fourtb toe is long-
est, fiftb and tbird ratber sborter. All tbe terminal pbalanges are curved
downwards and taper to ratber an acute tip; tbe web is more cut out
on tbe inner edges of tbe toes tban on tbe outer; on tbe latter it extends
to a little beyond tbe middle of tbe last pbalange ; on tbe former scarcely
beyond tbe last joint; it is everywbere decidedly concave wbeu stretcbed.
Tbe cuneiform tubercle is small, audtbereis a sligbt membrane extend-
ing from it along tbe inner edge of tbe foot.

Tbe general color above is of a purplisbbrown, beneatb grayisb-wbite
or ash, everywhere minutely blotched or vermiculated with spots and
sinuations of lighter; sometimes more in irregular spots, sometimes
more in vermiculations. Beneatb, these light spots are obsolete towards
the chin, but tbey are very distinct on tbe side about tbe groin, and on
the thighs anteriorly, posteriorly, and inferiorly, where they are larger
than their interspaces. In tbe typical and best specimen tbe ground-
color of tbe entire limbs is purplish-brown, ratber lighter beneatb and
internally, with tbe lighter spots scattered everywhere, and very obso-
lete indications of transverse bars above. This appears to be a male.
A female still larger than the specimen upon which the description
has been based is more squat in appearance, with tbe warts more
distinct on the side and back, but with little or no granulation on tbe
buttocks. The colors are much tbe same, except that the lower parts
are lighter, tbe interior faces of tbe hind legs especially, which are
yellowish-gray, with tbe light blotches very obsolete. Tbe light spots
in the groin are of a pink color, which may be the general hue of the
spots. Lengtb of body, 3.G0 inches.

We have thus described one extreme of coloration. Tbo other is quite
different. Here tbe upper parts and sides are covered with very dark
brown blotches, each with a lighter areola; the blotches average about
two-thirds the size of tbe tympanum. Some of the blotches on the back
are considerably elongated; those on the sides smaller. Tbe ground-
color is of a light olivaceous-brown, with a general and uniform mottling
of lighter, as already described* The inferior parts are lighter, with the
blotches more obsolete. The fore limbs with several obsolete dark
blotches, the binder with three or four transverse bars on each divisioa;
those on tbe thigh very short. Body 2.44 inches long.

Specimens are found in every stage of coloration between these ex-
tremes. Sometimes the blotches and bars are barely perceptible wbeu
tbe skin is wee, and again tbey are more distinct or not at all visible.
The smaller specimens are usually the most blotched, tbe color becom-
ing more uniform with increasing size. Paring- life the (Jorsal spots

THE liATUACIlIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 431

may become a grass-green. In most specimens tbo obliquity of the
palatine protuberances is less thau described.

The areolated varieties bear some resemblance to R. areolata, Baird
and Girard, but may be distinguished by the white spots on the darker
ground of the under and inner surfaces, the more fully webbed toes, the
shorter limbs, etc. Both have the lateral vocal vcsciles. R. areolata
has a decided lateral fold.

Male.
luclios. luchcR.

Tot.ll Icugtli :?.'20 1.00

Tliigh. 1.40 .44

Tarsus 70 .22

Hiuclfoot 1.G4 .51

Haiut 74 .'23

Hiud log (stretclicd) 4.84 1.51

Leugth of bead 1.08 .34

Width 1.08 .34

Fore-arm, from elbow. 1.70 .53 Length of ej-elid 30 .09

City of iNIexico — twelve specimeus, IMaj. W. Rich ; six specimens, E.
D. Cope.

This species is common in the valley of Mexico, where it is used as
food. The unspotted brown variety is found near Guanajuato; Dr. A.
Dug6s.

RANA TEMPORARIA Linn.

Eana iemporaria, part., L. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 357.

liaua mula Lain., Syn. Rept., p. 30.

Eana iemporaria Scbueidor, Hist. Aiiipb., i, p. 113; Latr., Sal., p. 37, and Rept. ll, p.
150; Sbaw, Zool., iii, p. 97 ; iJaud., Rain., p. 4(), PI. 15, and Reptil., vill, p. 94 ;
Merreni, Tout., p. 175; Pcnn., Brit. Zool., ill, p. 9; Jenyus, Brit. Vert., p. 300;
Bouap., Faun. Hal.; Scbinz, Faun. Helv., p. 143; Tscbudi, Batr., p. 79; Bell,
Brit. Reptil., p. 84; Dnni. Jc. Bibr.. n. 359 ; Kocb, Ber. Scnck. Ges. (1 872"), p. 135;
Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 321; Do Botta, Faun. Ital. Rett. Anf., p. 04; Lcssoua,
Atti Ac. Lincei, Mem. CI. Sc. Fis., i, p. 10G8, PI. ii ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal.
Brit. Mus., cd. ii, 1882, p. 44.

Eanajlaricciifris Millet, Faun. Maine et Loire, ii, p. GG3.

Eana crncnta Palhis, Zoogr. K'oss. As., p. 12.

Eana alp'uialiiaHo, Hist. Nat. Eur. M(5r., iii, p. 93 ; Bonap., I. c.

Eana scotica Bell, /. c, p. 102.

Eana plafurrhhiiis Steeustr., Anitl. Ber., 24, Vers. Kiel, p. 131.

i?a»aj'((.sc(i Do rislo, Ann. S('. Nat., ser. 5, xvil, 1873; Leydig, An. Batr., p. 110; Bou-
lenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 104; Hdron Roycr, Bull. Ac. Belg. (3), I,
No. 2, p. 139.

Eana IvinporarUi vnr. plalyrrliini Scbrcib., Herp. Eur., p. 12.*> ; Giintb., Cat., p. 16;

Rdscl, Hist. Ran., p. 1, Pis. 1-8.
' Eana di/honshii Giintb., Ann. ct Mag. N. H., 1870, xvii, p. oil.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups, extending beyond the
hinder edge of the choana'. Head moderate; snout short, blunt; in-
tcrorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two-
thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, iirst extentling be-
yond second; toes at least two thirds webbed; subarticular tuber-
cles of fingers and toes moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle small, ob-
tuse; outer tubercle none or scarcely distinct. Tlie hind limb being
carried forward along the body, the tibiotarsal articulation reaches

432 ]^ULLETIx^{ ct>, UNITEI^ STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Lardly the tip of the snout. A niodcrately promiiieut j^Iandular lateral
foil). Upper i)arts grayish or brown, more or less si)otted with dark
brown or blaek ; a more or less intense dark temporal spot ; a light Hue
from below the eye to the extremity of the temporal spot; sides of
body largely si)otted ; limbs transversely barred; beneath more or less
spotted. j\Iale with two internal vocal sacs.

The above synonymy and descrij)tion are taken from Boulenger, to
whom we are indebted for the most complete studies of the European
species of liana.

The typical form of this si)ecies is distributed over northern and tem-
perate Asia ami Europe, but a subs[)ecies is common in the western
regions of North America. This has been called liana prctiosa by
Messrs. Baird and Girard. It dilfers from the Old World form as follows:

Head from tliroe and (ivc-teiitl'.s to four times iii leiigtl> ; temporal spot more distinct;

li. (. tcmpovarUt.

Head from three to three and five-tenths times in length; temporal spot hiss dis-

tiuct li. i. prctiosa.

liana iemporaria iirctiosa Bd, & Gird.*

Baiia pritiosd liaird. So (iirard. Proceed. Ac. l^liihi., Iti^'.], p. 378; Buird, I'roeccd. Ac.
Phila., m>'y, p. ;?78 ; (iirard. U. S. Expl. Exped., Heri>., p. W, I'l. "2, ligs. 13-18;
Cooper, U. S. Expl, Siirv., xii., part ii. p. :i01 ; IJonlenger, 15iill Soc. Zool. Fr.
laKO, p. 2U8; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1883, pp. '20, :>3; American Naturalist, 1879,
p. 435.

The form is rather stout and the head is not so small as in the typical
Jx. icmporaria. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches to the poste-
rior border of the orbit, or from that point to the anterior border. The
inner cuneiform tuberele is small and obtuse, and there is a small ex-
ternal one. The following description is taken from a female:

Body stout, depressed, in shape much like li. catcsbiana. Head ob-
tuse, rounded, and subtruncate. Head broader than long. Cauthus
rostralis not distinct. External nostrils small, circular, nearer the snout
than the eyes; a shallow groo^■e behind them with a minute papilla, as
in most frogs. Head Hat between the eyes; sides obli(pie; facial exca-
vation very shallow. lOyes small, contained a little more* than three
times in the chord of the commissure ami three and one-half in that of
the lower Jaw, one and one-half diameters from the tip. Tympanum
very small (in small specimens ipiite indistinct), scarcely two-thirds the
size of the eye, and distant from it by nearly a diameter. Tongue very
large and lieshy, free behind for half its length. Inner nares narrow,
elongated in one specimen to a mere slit. Vomerine teeth in two snndl
oblicpie i)atches, approaching behind, but separated by an interval e(]ual
to that between the anterior extremity and the inner nares. This ante-
rior extremity is on a line with or rather i)usterior to the hinder border of
the in;u r nares.

Skin everywhere thick and leathery, minutely pitted ; on the sides
and posterior part of the body with external surfaces of hind legs, pus-

" I'late 4'J, lift-. 12.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 433

tulated with small asi)erities, seen even on the interior digital mem-
brane. TUose on the buttocks seem to replace the usual granulation, of
which no traces are visible. Many of these latter pustules on the but-
tocks appear to consist of glands, as their open mouths are visible in
the largest specimen on the inferior surface.

Tlie third finger is longest, then the fourth ; the first longer than the
second. The femur is shorter than the tibia, and both shorter than the
foot ; they are not quite half the length of the body. The fifth and third
toes are equal; tlie foot well webbed. The terminal jointof the fourth toe
is entirely free; the web extends from the tip of the outer toe to nearly
the second articulation of the next, running up to the first articulation,
and again on the other side in a similar manner, narrowing to the tips
of the third, second, and first toes on the exterior sides, and on the in-
ner, starting from the first articulation. The inner edge of the foot is
narrowly margined. The cuneiform i^rocess is elongated and diminu-
tive, with a small tubercle opposite it on the sole, the whole of which is
covered by asperities. Inner loe not one-third total length of foot.

There is a broad dei:)ressed ridge extending from the eye on each side
nearly to the flanks, becoming indistinct posteriorly ; in some specimens
perceptible at any point. No other ridges are visible, except a slight
glandiform prolongation of the upper jaw, extending over the aim, and
interrupted opposite the end of the jaw and above the shoulder by the
groove passing behind the tympanum.

General color, above dull yellowish-brown (dead leaf), darker on the
sides. A number of circular brown blotches on the back between the
ridges, which themselves are rather brighter than the rest of the ground-
color, and not invaded by the blotches. In some these blotches are
very few in number, and in none are they in any definite serial arrange-
ments or areolated. The outer surfaces of the limbs are blotched
transversely; a dull yellowish line along the upper jaw, distinct only
under the eye, narrowing behind, and terminating above the arm ; in
young specimens an indication of a dark area back of the eyes and
including the tympanum, somewhat as in R. sylratica. Under parts
yellowish-white, obsoletely marbled with brown. In life the groin and
posterior parts of the abdomen, with the adjacent parts of the thighs,
are salmon-color. Ftook a specimen at Salt Lake City, Utah, which
has no trace of dermal folds, and a smooth skin. Sides and above uni-
form dusky; thighs below and posterior part of abdomen red.

This is the characteristic Rana of tue northwestern interior, being
accompanied by Bufo colunibiensis 'dud Bascaninm vctustum. In life the
posterior part of the abdomen, with the inferior faces of the thighs, are
of a bright salmon red. 1 obtained it the entire length of the valley of
the Warner Lakes, but not at Fort Bidwcll. I have found it to range
as far as tlie eastern foot of the Kocky IMountains in Montana;* and

*Aiiu'ri(aii Naturalist, 18T'J, p. 435.
1951— IJnll. ;U JS

434

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the specimens assigued by me * to Eana septen trionalis, from tlie Yellow-
stone Basin, may be the variety described above from Salt Lake City.
I do not now have tliem before me for decision.

The habits of the Eana liretiosa are entirely aquatic.

6 / / 2

Fig. 110. Rana temporaria pretioga.
Female.
Inches. |

Totallength '2.74 LOO

Fore-arm from shoulder 1. 46 .53

From elbow 1.18 .43

Femur 1.24 .45

Tibia 1.32 .48

Tarsus 72 .26

Hind foot 1.52 .55

No. 5973. Oregon ; {.

Inches.

Inuer toe from tarsus ,

Hiud leg 4.46

Chord of jaw. .
Width of head.
Length of ej'e.
Tj'uipanum

54

.19

46

1.63

91

.33

92

.33

26

,09

18

.07

Baua temporaria prctiosa 13aird.

Catalogue No. of
number. spec.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

5973

1

8GS3

(

sa!!?

4

11409

4

SG85

3

3437

2

3300

1

33CG

1

8079

1

9401

o

4S-24

1

3378

1

11937

1

li:.03

11939

1

6

11513

0

11521

4

11331

1

14498

5

10919

4

10921

2

10923

10

10924

11

1092.3

o

14499

1

Camp Moi-;;ie. Oreson . .

Soiitiifiu Calitoinia

Xevailii

Pimct Sound, Oiegou ..
Lake 'I'alioe, Xevada ..

Ked lUver ot'Xorth

Klamath Lake, Oregon..

(n

Santa liaibai a, Gal

I'uget Sound, Ole<;on . . .
St. Catherine'^, Canada .
North of Iviver Nitz,

()ii'>;()n.
Uj)per FirelinU>. Basin,

Ycllowstono Park.

Fort Ellis, Mont

Ui)iier Fiiehole Basin,

VfUowNtoiie I'dik.
Des (chutes lliver, Ores
Crooked River, Orejr . .
Mountains near Fort

Klamath, Oreg.
Fort Walla Walla, Wash.

do ...

do ...

do ...

do...,

do ...

California

Oct.
Oct.

1875
,1875

1875

From whom received.

C. B. Kemierly

K. W. UeusUa\\-

do

U.S. Kx].l, Kxped....

II. W. llensliaw

It. Kennieolt

Dr. C. ( r. Newberry. . .
Dr. A. L. llei'rman . ..

H. W. Hensliaw

Dr. C B. 11. Keiinerly.

Dr. D. W. Beadle

Dr. George SuekJev -.

Nature of
specimen.

C. Hart Merriam

W. B. riatt

C.flart Merriam.

1872
1878
1878

187S

1881
1881
1881
1881
1881

H. W. Henshaw .

do

do

Capt. Charles Bendire, U.

S. Army.
do...

do

do

do

do

Dr. J. G. Cooper

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

• Annual Report U. S. Geol. Survey Terrs., 1871, p. 469.

THE BATKACHIA OF XORTII AMERICA. 435

RANA CANTABKIGENSIS Bainl.

Proceed. Ac. Phila., 18.j4, ii.G2; Boulciiger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1880, 1). -201); do. Cat. Batr. Sal. Bnt. Miis., 1882, p. 45.

Rana sylvatica De Kay, N. Y. Fanu, in, p. 04, PI. 21, 22; Boulenger, Bull.

Soc. Zool. France, 1871), ]>. 174.
liana timporaria, var. silraticu pt., Giintb., Cat. Brit. Mus., 1868, p. 17.
Jiana temporaria cantuhrujeimts Cope, Check-List N. Amer. Batr. Keptil., 1875, p. 32.

This species diflers more widely from the R. temporaria tbau does the
R.pretiosa, so inucli so, that I now follow Professor Baird aud Mr. Bou-
lenger iu maiutaiuing it as a distinct species. As usual with the species
of their genus, it presents such variations as to render the common
origin of all these forms certain. Thus in four specimens from Lake
Alloknagik, Alaska, the web of the hind foot is as fully developed in
the R. temporaria pretiosa, only two phalanges of the fourth toe being
free. Associated with them was a specimen of the variety R. can-
tabrigensis evittata. In the specimen (No. 51G9) from Puget Sound,
Washington, the posterior leg is remarkably elongate, reaching the
end of the muzzle, so as to approach nearly to the R. silvatica.

Two distinct subspecies and a variety of the Rana cantabrigensis are
known to me, which differ as follows:

Only two phalanges free ; no longitudinal stripes on back or tibia li. c. latiremia.

Three phalanges free ; no longitudinal strips on back or on tibia E. c. ecittata.

Three phalanges free ; a median dorsal and an anterior tibial light stripe

li. c. cantahridgenais.

Rana cantabrigensis latiremis Cope.

Proceedings American Pliilos. Society, 1886, p. 520.

Muzzle rather obtuse, more so than in the typical A*, cantabridgensis,
and widened posteriorly; its length at the posterior edges of the tym-
pana entering the length of the head and body three and a half times.
The tympanic drum is very distinct, and its long diameter enters that
of the eye two-thirds of a time. The nostrils are equidistant between
the orbit and the end of the muzzle, and loolc upwards. The skin is
quite smooth everywhere, with a dosolatc'ral fold which is easily obliter-
ated by immersion in alcohol. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches
to the middle of the eye; the second toe reaches nearly to the apex of
the Unee. The palmation is remarkably wide, leaving but one free
phalange on all the digits except the fourth, where two are free. The
internal cuneiform tubercle is quite prominent, with an obtuse convex
edge. There is no external tubercle. The internal finger (index) is
short and stout, aud is very little or not at all longer than the second
(third) finger.

Color above, light brownish-gray ; below, white. There are more or
less numerous black spots on the sides, which incline to fuse more or
less imperfectly into a longitudinal band along tlie dorsolateral dermal

436

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fold. There are in some specimeus a few small black marks ou the back
between the lateral folds. A dark line along the canthus rostralis.
The black '' ear-patch" is reduced to a black line, which passes from
the eye over and posterior to the tympanic disk, and ceases opposite
the inferior border of the latter.

Fig. 111. Rana cantahrirjensis latlremis. Xo. 13723. Alaska; \.

Measurcmenis of Xo. 13723.

M.

Length of head aucl body 052

Width of head at posterior edge of tympana 019

Length of head to posterior edge of tj'uipaua 01,5

Length of fore limb 022

Length of fore foot Oil

Length of hind limb to groin 071

Length of tibia 020

Length of tarsus 012

Xiength of remainder of foot 025

Eana cantahrigensis latiremis.

Catalogue
number.

?p"ef ^"''-li^y-

Wbeu
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of
specimen.

13723

1

1
1
1

1
Lake Alloknagik 1882

C.L. McKay

13724

Alaska.
... do

... do

flo

Do.

13725

do

.. do do.

Do.

13726

do

flo do

Do.

Bana cantahrigensis cantabrigenftis Baird.*

Muzzle flat and rather acuminate, giving the head a tapering appear-
ance, its length entering that of the head and body three and a half
times. Tympanum half the diameter of the eye. Nostril equidistant
between orbit and end of muzzle. A dorsolateral glandular dermal fold ;
the skin between them smooth, on the sides sparsely tubercular; first
finger longer than second. Heel to middle of orbit; a glandular rib
on the inner edge of the tarsus; webs of toes short; inner cunei-
form tubercle prominent and obtuse-edged ; a minute external tubercle.

The coloration of the typical form is as follows :

General ai)pearance of R. sylvatica : Above, yellowish-brown ; a dark
vitta through the eye, margined below by whitish ; lateral fold of skin
light colored, as is also a median dorsal line extending from the snout
to the anus; a narrow light line along the posterior faces of the thigh

*riiite 51, tig. 13.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

437

and le^; the sides are frequently black-spotted, sometimes only mar-
bled with brown ; the spots are sometimes fused into a liue on the ex-
ternal side of the dorsolateral dermal fold ; the femora and tibife are
indistinctly cross-banded, the pale line on the latter always interrupting
the bands; upper lip, dark-edged; lower li]), dark-edged, with light-
colored interruptions; a brown baud on front of humerus; throat and
thorax marbled with light brown; posterior face of femur light brown,
marbled with darker brown.

Fig. 110. Rana cantabrvjcnsis cantahrigcnsis. Xo. 5925. Fort Simpson"; \.
Mcasurcmoits of Xo. 9383.

M.

Leugtli of head and body O.jO

Width of bead at posterior margius of tympana 017

Leiigtli of head to posterior margius of tympana 014

Length of fore limb 024

Length of fore foot Oil

Length of hind limb to groin 072

Length of tibia 022

Length of tarsus 012

Length of remainder of foot 024

The form evittata is probably only a coh)r variety, as it displays
no peculiarity other than that of color, referred to in the analytical
table given above. It is also found at several localities mingled with
the typical form, though this is not always the case. Judging from the
collection in the National Museum, it is as abundant as the typical
variety.

Buna cantahrUjtnsis cantabrigcnsis Baird.

Catalo'iue

No. of

number.

spec.

3457

4

3458

5

5386

5

5924

6

5937

13

3456

5

5919

38

3454

17

5145

2

5925

1

14496

1

14109

1

14072

1

9383

14

9384

1

11515

1

14497

4

Locality.

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of
specimen.

We.^tern Missouri

Lake W i n i b i g o sbisli

Minn.
James Bay, B. America

Fort Kesolutiou

James Bay, B. America.!

Ked River of North i

Fort Kesolutiou | ,

North Hed Kiver

do

Fort Simpson j

Alaska i

Clark County, 111 I Aug.

Southern Alaska I

Dr. P. Pv. Hoy.
B.F.Odell ....

1879
188.-3

Lake Superior

Athabasca R

M. of Nelson R., Hud-
son's Bay.
Fort Yukon, Alaska ..

C. Drexler

R. Keuuicott

(;. Diexler

R. Kc-nnicott

do

do

do

do

E. W. Nelson

H. (J. Itodge

Lieut. George M. Stouey,
U. S. N.

R. Keunicott

(?)

Dr. Robert Bell

L. M. Turner .

Alcoholic.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Lo.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

438 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

L'ana cantabriyoisis eviltata Cope.

Catalogue
number.

No. of
spec.

Locality.

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of
specimen.

5365

2

2
2
3
1
1
1

7
1

Moose River, B. Auu-rica
St. Cat liari no's, Canada .
Moose Islauil , B. A merica
Moose KivcT, B. America
AVelthy River .'

C.Drexler

9385

Dr. U. W. Beadle

Do

5922

C.Drexler

Do

6366
5364

do

R. Kennicott

An

Do.
Do.
Do

5929

British America

14495

Nulato River, Ala.ska...

W.H. Dall . .

Do

6505

Big Islaud, Great Slave
Lake.

Juhn Reiil

Do.

5169

TJ. S. Expl. Exped

C.L.McKav

Do

13727

La ke A 1 1 o k n a g i k,
Alaska.

1S82

Do.

IIANA AGILIS Thomas.*

liana iemporarla Millet, Fauna Maiue et Loire, ii, p. 6G4.

Rana agilis TLouias, Aun. Sc. Nat., sor. 4, iv. ]). 365, PI. 7; Fatio, Rev. Mag. Zool.,

s^r. 2, xiv, p. 81, Pis. fi and 7, aucl Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 333 ; De I'lsle. Auu, Sci.

Nat., sdr. 5, xvii; De Betta, Faiiu. Ital., Kelt. Auf. p. 65; Lataste, Herp. Gir.

p. 233 ; Leydig, Au. Batr., p. 143; Lessoiia, Atti Ac. Liucei, Mem. CI. Sc. — lis.

I, p. 1074, P 1. Ill; Boixleuger Bull. Sue. Zool. France, 1879, p. 183; Catal. Batr,

Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. ii, 1882, p. 4(3.
liixua icmporaria var. arrdlis, pt., Giintb, Cat., p; 16.
Bana j-acilis Fatio, Rev. Mag. Zool. s6t, 2, xiv, p. 81.
liana Icmporaria var. aijUis Sclireih, Ilerp. Eur., p. 125.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups, extending beyond the
hinder edge of the choauio. Head depressed; snout rather elongate,
Bubacnminate; interorbital space narrower than the ui)per eyelid;
tympanum very nearly as iaige as the pye; close to it. Fingers moder-
ate, first extending beyoud second; toes at least two thirds webbed;
subarticular tubercles of lingers and toes mucli developed; inner meta-
tarsal tubercle rounded, blunt, rather strong; a small outer tubercle.
A narrow glandular lateral fold. Above grayish-brown, dark-spotted;
a very dark temporal spot; alight lice on the lip from the tip of the
snout to the extremity of the temporal spot ; hind limbs regulai ly cross-
barred; beneath immaculate. Male without vocal sacks. (Boulenger.)
France, Switzerland, North Italy, Greece.

Like the Bana temporaria, this species has its rei)reseiitative on the
western coast of North America, which differs from it in some minor
characters. This form has been named Bana aurora by Baird and
Girard, and I regard it as a subspecies of the B. agilis. The two
forms difler only in coloration, as follows:

Black car-patch well dcHiied; dorsal spots distinct, comparatively large; hind limbs
with distinct cross-bars H- a. ai/Uis.

Ear-patch not dark-colored nor well deliued ; dorsal spots usually minute, or ^Yantiug
iug ; cross-bars of hind limbs very indistinct i». «• aurora.

Plate 75, fig. 20.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 439

liana agiUs aurora Bd. Gird.
liana aurora. Bd. & Gird. Proceed. Ar. Nat. Sci., Phila.

Body depressed, elonj^ated; limbs elongated and well developed; head
broad, acute, rounded anteriorly; nostrils elongated, situated below
the crest of the canthus rostralis, half-way below the eye and tip of
snout; eye moderate, contained three times in the chord of the commis-
sure, situateU two-thirds of its diameter from the rictus ; tympanum
small, but little more than half the diameter of the eye. Inner nares
rather elongated transversely. The vomerine teeth very few in each
patch; the patches quite small, somewhat elliptical, and inclined back-
wards, where they are separated by an interval a little less than that
between the anterior extremities and nares ; these extremities are in
a line with the centers of the nares, but the teeth are on the posterior
margins ; the protuberances are decidedly i)osterior to the nares.
Tongue small, narrow. Eustacliian oi)euings large.

The skin is everywhere free from asperities, but not smooth, and on
an attentive examination is seen to be minutely pitted all over, and
with coarser indentation on the upper surfaces of the limbs, the sides
of the face, and along the dorsal (old, which appears quite i^orous. The
buttocks are much grauulati'd, ;; riiaracter which appears to extend a
little on the abdomen and sides. A broad depressed fold of skin extends
from the eye to the hind legs. This is distinctly perforated or porous
throughout its extent. There are no intermediate ridges ; a glandular
prolongation of upper jaw to the arm, interrupted at the posterior ex-
tremity of the jaw ; limbs very slender and much elongated; hand
longer than thefore-arm ; fingers all long; third longest, fourth next in
size, then first and second. Femur rather less and tibia more than half
the length of the body; hind foot and tibia about equal; foot not very
broad. Fourth toe much the longest, and with the last two joints en-
tirely free, as are the terminal joints of all the toes. The third joint
of the longest toe has a very slight margin, diminishing to the second
articulation, and the inner sides of the third and second loes are
scarcely, if at all, margined. Cuneiform process small, soft; no other
tubercles on the sole, and scarcely any indications of any under the
joints.

Color when living greeuish-yellow above, with golden reflections,
maculated with black; sides of abdomen and hind legs reddish-orange ;
beneath dull yellowish-green, maculated; digital membrane purplish-
violet.

In alcoJiol. — Above yellowish-gray, brightest anteriorly. A few scat-
tered indistinct blotches on the u[)per parts and sides and scattered
black dots on the head, above the eyes, on the snout, and along the
dorsal ridge. Beneath yellowish, with obsolete small blotches some-
what marmorated anteriorly. The mottling is visible on the inner faces

440

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

of limbs. Faint traces of two or three transverse fasciae on the thigh
and leg. An obscure indication of a dark area about the tympanum
somewhat as in R. sylvatica, and an interrupted dark line from e^'e to
nostril. The side of head anterior to the eye is yellowish or greenish-
yellow, finely mottled, narrowing beneath the center of the eye into a
somewhat distinct line, which passes backwards over the maxillary fold
of skin. In large specimens this line is indistinct, and in none is it
traceable anterior to the middle of the eye.

In small specimens from Columbia Eiver, apparently belonging to
this species, the triangular dark area behind the eye, including tym-
panum, is more distinct, and beneath it is a yellow line commencing be-
low the eye and reaching back to anus. The buttocks are brown, with
small light or gray-colored spots.

2 \ 117

Fig. 112. Rana agilis axirora. No. 3877. Astoria, Orpgon; J.

Total ....
Arm

Fore-arm .

Hand

Femur ...
Tibia ....
Tarsus ...

Inches.

. 2.96 1.00

1.90

.66

.76

1.44

1.54

,66
,22

,26
.48
,52

Inches.

Foot 1.57

Shortest toe 52

Leg 5. 04

Cbord of jaw 1. 06

Width 1.03

Eye 32

84 .28 Tympauniu 22

.53
.17
1.70
.36
.35
.11
.07

Eana agilis aurora Bd. Gird.

Catalogue
number.

3362
3371

94 07
3374
0420
9421
3345
3377

11711

3369
2628

No. of
spec.

Locality.

San Fiaucisco, Cal.
Columbia River. ...

Piitr.-t Sound, Wash. Ter

Petalunia, Cal

Pii<iet Sound, Wash. Ter

do

Slioalwat.'i Bay, Wash ..
Astoria, Orejion

Puget Sound, Wnsh

Monterey, Cal

Fort Umpqua, Oregon.

When col-
lected.

From whom received.

Major Le Conte

U. S. Exploring Expedi-
tion.

Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly...

E. i^.-iinucls

Dr. (J. 15. K. Keniierly...
do

Dr. J. C Cooper

Lieut. W. P. '1 rowbridgo,
U. .S. Armv.

U. S. Exploring Expedi-
tion.

A.S. Tavlor

Dr. Voihun

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
l>o.
Do.
Do.

A 1 c oh nlic

ty],e.s.

Alooh.dic.

Do.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 441

RANA DRAYTONI Bd. & Gird.

Rana draytoni Bd. & Gird., Proceed. Ac. Phila. (1862), p. 174 ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Ex-

pedi., Herp., p. 23, PI. ii, tigs. 19-24.
Rana lecoiiiei Bd. & Gird., Proceed. Ac. Pbila. (Ib53), p. 301, Giinth., Cat., p. 15;

Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Pbilom., (F.) i, p. 179, and Miss. Sc. Mox., Batr., p. 14, PI.

IV, f. 1.
Rana nif/iicans, Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Pbila. (1854), p. 96; Boulenger, Bull. 8oc. Zool.

Fr. (18^50), p. 207; Broccbi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr., p. 15, PI. iv, bg. 3.
Rana lontjipvs, Hallow., U. S. Expl. Surv., x (1859), iv Zoo'., p. 20, PI. x, fig. 1.
Epirhvxis loiujipes Yarrow, Cbeck List aud Catal. of Spec, of N. Amer. Reptiles, Batr.,

(1883), p. 176. Not of Baird & Cope.

Sp. ch. — Body stout. Head broader than long. Eye large; con-
taiued two aud a half times iu chord of jaw, aud distaut oue half time
its diameter from the rictus. Tympauum three-fourths length of eye-
fissure. Body with tubercles above, each with a pore; without decided
asperities. A glandular fold along upper jaw aud a broad depressed
ridge ou each side of back. Femur and tibia nearly equal, about half
tlie length of body, shorter than hind foot. Hind foot well webbed;
terminal joints free, as are second joints of second, third, and fourth
toes ou inner edges. Above yellowish-olive, with blotches of darker,
interpersed with dark dots. Inferior and inner surfaces greenish white,
everywhere obsoletely blotched finely with darker.

There are two subspecies of the Rana draytoni, which inhabit differ-
ent zoological subregions. They differ as follows :

Hind foot two aud a balf times tbe length of tbebead; skin above tubercular ; a
dark ear-patcb ; larger R, d. drai/ioni.

Hiud foot twice length of head; skin above smooth; no dark ear-patch; size
smaller R. d. onca,

Rana draytoni draytoni Bd. & Gird.*

Body stout and heavy. Limbs massive and well developed. Head
rather broader than long. Nostrils moderate, with the usual papilla
behiud, situated uearer the snout than the eye. A triangular exca-
vation in front of eye, extended backwards under the eye. Eye large,
contained two and one half times iu chord of commissure, one-half
of its diameter from rictus. Tympanum small, indistinct, transversely
elongated; rather more than half the length of eye (its shortest diameter
about equal to half this length). A glandular fold or ridge on the back-
ward prolongation of the jaw, interrupted at rictus. Inner nostrils
elliptical. Vomerine teeth iu two series, obtuse angled behind, where
they are separated by an interval less than their distance anteriorly
from nostrils, the ridges ranging with the ceuters of the nares, and the
teeth on a line with their posterior margin. Tongue not large.

Skin thick and leathery (apparently the case in most frogs from the
Pacific coast); above it is uniformly covered with depressed and soft-
ened tubercles, each tubercle with a distinct pore, sometimes with a

Plate 51, bg. 11.

442 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU^'KUM.

smaller one in it, especially on the back. Fore legs slightly tabercutar
only. Buttocks granulated ; the granules depressed (not tubercular).
On each side a broad depressed ridge of skin, not very distinct at first
sight, extending from the eye over tympanum in a line slightly convex
above to near the groin, where it is interrupted, and then takes a sud-
den bend upwards, over the leg, towards the anus, ceasing about op-
posite the articulation. This ridge is sometimes only traceable by the
cribriform pores, which are crowded in it for its whole length ; no branch
visible back of the tympanum. A glandular fold, as already described,
back from the jaw. Tibia about half the length of the body; a little,
longer than the femur and shorter than hind foot; third finger longest ;
then fourth ; second rather shortest; first much swollen at the base. Ter^
minal joints of toes nearly free from web, especially on the inner edge,
which is the case with the inner edges of the second joints of the second,
third, and fourth toes. The membrane extends along the outer edge
of second joint of fourth toe for a short distance. Cuneiform process
moderate, with a small tubercle opposite it on the sole. Bounded tuber-
cles beneath all the articulations, except the terminal. Tips of all the"
fingers and toes somewhat knobbed.

Color above yellowish-olive, with absolete subcircular indistinct
blotches of darker, interspersed with dark dots of the same, generally
on the tubercles. The dots appear somewhat condensed along the dor-
sal ridge. A few indistinct transverse fasciae on the legs. Beneath,
greenish-white, with indistinct mottliugs of dusky present on the inner
faces of the limbs, leaving no portion of the body unicolor. A trace,
perhaps, of a yellowish line along the posterior portion of the jaw. But-
tocks dark brown, with light spots.

Fig. Ui. Rana dragtoni draytoni. No. 8700. California; {.

With a general resemblance to li. attmra, it dififers in being more
tubercular and pustulous above, the shorter limbs, the smaller but
more fully webbed feet, broader head and tongue, etc.

This species dififers from R. clamata in the broader, more depressed
body, and dorsal fold, large foot, smaller tympauum, etc.

THE BATRAOHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

443

Measuremnnls of male.

Inches.

Total length 3.24 1.00

Foreleg 2. (i3 .75

Fore-arm 62 .19

Hand 80 .25

Femur -. 1.(54 .50

Tibia 1.66 .51

Tarsus 86 .26

Inches.

Hind foot 1.82 .56

Inner toe 60 .18

Hind leg 5. G2 1.73

Chord of upper jaw 1.10 .34

Width 1.16 ..36

Eye 40 .12

Tympanum (long diam.) 26 .08

At the time when the description of R. lecontei was prepared the
limits of variation of the species were not as well understood as they
have since become from an examination of many specimens from differ-
ent localities. On this account the species was established on speci-
mens of small size, collected by Dr. Le Conte, but which I consider to
belong to the R. draytoni. The color above is a dark olive-brown,
with numerous uniformly distributed darker and well-defined circular
blotches about the size of the pupil, and most of them with a rather
lighter center. They are principally embraced within the lateral ridges,
though some are exterior to them. The buttocks are dark brown, with
well-defined spots and dots of yellowish, smallest near the anus. The
transverse bars on the legs are numerous, narrow, and well-defined, three
to five on the tibia. A narrow and well-defined greenish-white line along
the upper jaw from beneath the eye, and a lighter tinge along the lateral
ridge. Beneath yellowish, marbled with brown on the whole under and
inner surfaces.

liana draytoni Baird & Girard.

Catalogue
Dumber,

3374
94'.'0

3376
3370
11497

354
8700

No. of
spec.

Locality.

Petaluma, Cal

Pnaet Sound

California

El Doi :ulo, Cal . . . .
San Francisco, Cal.

1 Presidio, Cal

I Mountains near Fort

Tejon, Cal.
4 California

When col-
lected.

From whom received.

Nature of
specimen.

Dr. E. Samuels Alcoholic.

Dr. 0. 15. R. Kennedy

A. L . Heerman

Ur. Boylo

United States Exploring

Expedition.
Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge
H. W. Henshaw

Dr. J. L. Leconte

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

Rana draytoni onca Cope.

Yarrow's Rep. Expl. Surv. W. of 100th Mer., Zoology, vol. v, p. 528, PI.
25, figs. 1-3.

Head oval; muzzle sloping to the lip. Diameter of tympanic mem-
brane equal distance between nares and between nostril and orbit, and
three-fourths the diameter of the orbit, or the distance from nares to
margin of lip in front. Vcmcrine teeth in fasciculi behind the line con-
necting the posterior borders of the choaiue. A dermal fold on each
side of the back, and a short one behind the angle of the mouth, with

444 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

some scattered warts on the sides; skin otherwise entirely smooth.
Toes obtuse, with wide webs reaching to the base of the penultimate
phalange. One long metatarsal tubercle; one fold on the tarsus; a
dermal border on outer toe. The heel extends beyond the end of the
muzzle.

Light brown above; below, yellow. Three rows of rather distant,
solid, small black spots between the dorsal folds; two or three rows on
each side; none of the spots yellow-bordered. Head unspotted; no
band on the lip. A brown vertical band on the front of the humerus.
Scattered spots on tibia and feuuir; clouded spots on the posterior
face of the femur. Size of Rana damata.

This frog, of which a female specimen was obtained, combines charac-
teristics of different groups; its coloration resembles somewhat that of
the eastern or typical form of Rana virescens, but the full palmation of
the hind foot is that of R. montezumcc and R. catcsbiana. It is also quite
similar to the R. draytoni, which is the R. longii)es of Hallowell. The
feet are shorter, the hind feet being twice as long as the head to the
posterior border of the tympanum, while in R. d. drayioni it is two and
five-tenths times as long. The R. onca lacks tbe black cheek-patch of
the R. d. draytoni.

Utah, 1872; Dr. H. C. Yarrow; alcoholic; female.

RANA BOVLII Baircl.
Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 62.
Bana 2)achyderma Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1883, p. 25.

Tympanum small, very indistinct. A broad depressed ridge of skin
on each side of back. Skin finely tubercular above. Head broader than
long. Tibia and femur more than half the length of body; the latter
the longer. Hind foot less than half this length ; webbed entirely to
the expanded tips; outer toe decidedly longer than the third. An
elongated tubercle at base of inner toe, with another opposite it. Above
dull reddish olivaceous, with indistinct blotches and dark spots on the
back and fasciae on the legs. Beneath yellowish, mottled anteriorly.
Inner faces of legs immaculate.

Body rather stout. Limbs well developed. Tibia and femur very
long. Head short, broad ; outline rounded, although the tip is rather
acute. Nostrils small, situated on the crest of the decided canthus ros-
tralis about midway between the eye and the tip of the snout. Eyes
large, situated far back; contained three times in the chord of the Jaw
and one and a half diameters from the tip of snout ; less than half a
diameter from the rictus. A moderate excavation in front of the
eye. Tympanum very small and indistinct, not half the diameter of
the eye, covered with the small tubercles of the skin. A slight fold
of skin above it and proceeding toward the arm, met by an indistinct
thickening of the skin from the jaw, as in the typical species. Tongue

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 445

large, fleshy, with a rounded notch behind, leaving the posterior cornua
as two short obtuse processes, diflering- from the cornua of the typi-
cal Rana ; the tongue free posteriorly for half its length. Internal
nares small, distant, elongated transversely. Vomero-palatiue teeth
in two longitudinal series, approaching each other obtusely behind, and
separated by a considerable interval ; anteriorly these teeth (of which
there are only three or four in the lineal series) do no quit« reach the
level of the inner nares.

The skin is thick and coarse, above finely uneven ; smooth and even
below. Above and on sides thickly sprinkled with minute tubercles, even
on tympanum. A broad, depressed, scarcely distinguishable ridge from
the eye along the sides, indicated in the slirunken specimen more hy a pe-
culiar pitted appearance than in any other way. On the sides are sev-
eral circular areas of moderate size marked in the same way, probably
large pustulatious in life. The anteroinferior face of buttocks with dis-
tinct porous pits; the posterior laces granulated. The aryns are well
developed ; the forearm and hand about equal ; the third finger longest ;
the inner very much swollen at the base, which is dark and horn like.
Femur considerably more than half the length of body and longer than
the hind foot; the tibia s{iil longer. The feet are broad; each toe
slightly dilated at the rounded tip, with epidermis thickened and horn-
like ; the fourth toe is longest; the outer considerably longer than the
third. The web extends completely between all the tips, so that there
is nothing free but the ver\' extremities. There is an elongated un-
armed tubercle at the base of the inner toe, and a smaller one opposite
to it; well-developed tubercles are seen under all the articulations.
The transverse apophyses of the sacral vertebra not dilated.

Above dark reddish or yellowish olive, very obscurely mottled with
darker, and a faint indication of yellowish along the region of the lat-
eral ridge. Some whitish spots on the sides, and scattered black dots
above on the tubercles. Legs transversely and obsoletely banded with
darker. Beneath yellowish, with obscure mottling on the throat. ISTo
trace of a light line on the jaws, which are mottled.

A tadpole of this species measured three-fourths of an inch to the
anus, and two inches to the tip of the tail, and yet the fore legs had not
been protruded, although fully formed, showing a considerable growth
before maturity.

The si)ecimen above described is from El Dorado County, Cal., and
was for a long time the only one in our collections. During my expe-
dition to Oregon in 1879 I rediscovered it, and found it rather abundant
in the mountainous regions of northern California. The following is a
description of a specimen from Baird, on the McCloud River, one of the
heads of the Sacramento.

This species belongs to the Rana temporaria group, and must be com-
pared with Rana agilis aurora Bd. Gird., and R. temporaria X)retiosa Baird

446 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

aud Girard. The vouieriue teeth are opposite the posterior border of
the choanae, and form two short, oblique series, directed inwards and
backwards. The toes are webbed to the terminal phalange of the
fourth digit. The hind leg extended reaches the extremity of the muzzle
with the heel. There are two plantar tubercles. The internal is nar-
row, rather prominent, and with obtuse extremity; the other is at the
base of the fourth metatarsal bone, and is rounded.

The muzzle is obtuse aud the head rather wide. Its greatest width
at the position of the raembranum tympani equals the length from the
end of the muzzle to the line connecting the axilla; in some specimens:
in others to that conuectiug the middle of the humeri. The skin is on
all the superior surfaces thick and glandular. This condition is espe-
cially marked in the dorsolateral fold of each side, which is so thickened
in front as to resemble a paratoid gland. This becomes less visible in
alcohol. The tympanic membrane is either entirely concealed or is rep-
resented by a depression only. The skin covering it is roughened. A
groove extends downwards aud backwards from it. Between this and
the canthus ovis is a glandular thickening, and behind it are two others,
one above the other. Posterior to these, on the sides, is a succession of
rounded, roughened warts, similar to those on the toads. Similar warts,
but less prominent, are scattered over the dorsal region, and are numer-
ous near the extremity of the coccyx. The skin of the superior surfaces
of the head, body, and limbs is minutely but very distinctly roughened
by small warts, each of which gives exit to a pore. Inferior surfaces
smooth. Length of fingers, beginning with the shortest, 1, 2, 4, 3.

The color is dark brown or nearly black, with iudistiuct darker spots
on the back ; sides brown. Axilla and groin yellow, marbled with black.
Thighs above light or dark brown, with three darker cross-bars. Tibiae
similar, with three cross bars. Thighs, behind, black, coarsely vermicu-
lated with yellow, or yellow closely spotted with black ; below, light
yellow, sT)otted with brown on the gular region and on front of femora-

The specimens from Ashland agree with those from the McCloud, ex-
cept that they are nearly black above and do not exhibit the dorsal
spots.

I compare this species with the Rana draytoni., from the Kussian River,
near the coast of California. That species has but one palmar tubercle,
the internal, which is of similar proi)ortions to that of the R. hoylii.
The skin is not thickened, and is much less glandular everywhere. The
membranum tympani is entirely distinct. The posterior face of the femur
is not vermiculated with yellow, but is covered with large black masses.
The whole of the under surfaces are brown-spotted. There are four
brown cross bars on the tibia; traces of the fourth sometimes appear in
the R. hoylii. From Rana pretiosa it differs in all these characters,
besides those that belong to the latter; i. e., the fasciculated vomerine
teeth and the sbo^t hind leis.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

447

Fig. 115. RanaboyUi. No. 3370. Natural size. El Dorado, Cal.

Measurements of No. 3370.

Af.

Length of head and body 045

Length of head to line connecting cauthua o via 0132

Width of head at line connecting canthus ovis 019

Length of muzzle to line of anterior canthus ocularum 062

Length of fore leg 0275

Length of foot 014

Length of hind leg , , .0753

Length of hind foot 034

Length of hind foot without astragalus 023

Rana hoylii Bd, & Gird.

Catalogue No. of
number. spec.

1

Locality.

When col-
lected.

From whom received.

Nature of
specimen.

3370

2

12

El Dorado Cal

Dr. D. C. Boyle

Ale. type, d-

13929

Baird, Shasta County,
Cal.

C. H. Townsend

In addition to the above, I obtained five specimens from Baird, and
two from Ashland, Oregon, at the northern base of the Siskiyou Moun-
tains, which form the boundary between (Jregon and California.

RANA SILVATICA Lee.

BfinasylvaticaLieC, Ann. N. Y. Lye, i(182.'>), 283; Harlan, Silliui. Amer. Journ. Sci., x,

(1825), .^8 ; 1 b. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., V (1825), 338 : 1 b. Med. and Phys. Res.

(1835), 103,221; Holbr., N. Amer. Herp., Isted., i( 1836), 95 ; 1 b., 2d ed., iv, (1842),

99, XXIV ; Storer, Rept. Mass. Reptil. (1839), 239; Dum. & Bibr., viii (1841), 362;

De Kay,N. Y. Zool., in (1842), 64, xxi, fig. 54, and xx,50; Thompson, Nat. Hist.

Vt. (1842), 121; Weid., Nova Acta Ac. Leop., xxxvii, 114; De I'lsle, Ann. Sci.

Nat., s6r. .5, xvii ; Boulenger Catal. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 47.
Eana pennsylvanica Harlan, Sillim. Amer. Journ. Sci., x (1825), 58; Boulenger, Bull.

Soc. Zool. France, (1879), 188.

Body rather broad and much depressed ; angulated by the lateral
radies; the widest portion just anterior to the fore legs. Limbs long
and slender.

Head pointed, broad ; the sides obliquely sloping; eyes not visible
from beneath; distance between the anterior canthi about two-fifths that

448 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

between the rami. Loral space rather excavated or concave. Nostrils
moderate, rather oblique; situated below the canthus rostralis, so as
to be fully visible beneath the outline of the profile; they are situated
half-way between the anterior canthus of the eye and the tip of the
snout, and not so far forward as the tip of the lower jaw; they are sep-
arated by about the diameter of the eye, or one-fourth the distance be-
tween the rami. Eyes large, projecting, their centers nearer the hinge
of the jaws than the end of snout, the posterior margins above the ric-
tus. Tympanum moderate, its posterior edge on a line with the poste-
rior end of jaws, its center raised, its longest diameter vertical, and
about two-thirds that of the eye. The light line under the eye is pro-
longed into a thickened glandular fold of skin which is iuterruiited
abruptly above the insertion of the arm ; the middle of the interval be.
tweeu this interruption and the end of the snout opposite the center
of the ej^e. The distance between the rami rather less than to the end
of snout. Upper jaw projecting moderately.

The tongue is elongated, much longer than broad, free behind for
more than half its length and on the sides to the tip ; the two cornua
moderately prominent. Internal nares moderate, circular, and nearer
the anterior canthus of the eye than to the external nostrils. Teeth in
two small slightly elongated patches, placed with their axes a little in-
clining backwards and about intermediate between the nares, their an-
terior edges being in the same line. They are about as far apart behind
as their anterior edges are from the nares on either side. The teeth of
the upper jaw excend back to the gape of the mouth.

The skin of the upper and exposed portions of bod3" and limbs is
more or less roughened by minute and close-pressed tubercles, with
here and there a larger interspersed. These do not appear to be at all
glandular or excretive. Thej^ are largest and most prominent on the
sides and the posterior portion of the back, where they are generally
black. The posterior and inferior face of the thighs is granulated for
about two-thirds its length, as well as a small portion of the belly on
the pubic region. The sides are scarcely granulated, although coarsely
pustulate ; all the rest of the lower parts of body, including the con-
cealed surface, are perfectly smooth. The skin of the thigh is pierced
by innumerable fine pores.

As already stated, there is a fold of skin as a continuation of the
light stripe along the edge of the upper jaw, and extending to a point
just above the middle of the arm, thickened behind. A rounded de-
pressed ridge or fold of skin commences at the posterior end of the
eyelid, and, curving a little downwards to the tympanum, sends oif a
short branch along its posterior border, then continues along the sides
of the body (over the extremities of the transverse processes of the
vertebra), ceasing at the insertion of the hind leg.

The fore-legs are well developed ; the fore arm shorter than the hand.
All the fingers are perfectly free. The third finger is longest, the first

Till': IIATKACIIIA OF NoRTlI AMERICA. 440

uiid tbui'tli Oiiuiil, tlu! .second loast. All are tliickciicd at base and
tapcriii<jj to tips, and have a bulb under eacli joint and si'veral on
the i)alni. There is considerable power of opposition in the inner lin-
gers. The tibia and femur are considerably more than half the length
of the body. The former is longer than the foot; the femur intermedi-
ate. The fourth toe longest; the third rather longer than the litth,
and extending to the middle of third i>halangc (from tii>) of longest;
the: second and (hst successively shorter. All the metatarsals are
se[)aiated by about half their distal extremities and the interval tilled
by membrane. The wel) extends from the first joint (from tip) of the
outer to? to the second of the iburth ; from this same joint to the tirst
of the third toe ; from the second joint of the third to the tirst of the
second; from the second of the second (extending by a very narrow
web to the tirst) to the tirst of the tirst ; the outlines, when stretched,
very concave, elongated, and rather sharp. Theteiininal ])halanges of
all the toes and the last two of the longest aie thus free. The cunei-
form process is well developed.

Ul)i)er parts a yellowish gray, tinged with brown on the sides. The
side of the head below the canthus rostralis and lateral fold, including
tyni[)annm, is of a dark reddish-brown (sometimes black), extending in
an acute angle to a termination just above the insertion of the arm or
posterior edge of the maxillary fold. Edges of botJ! jaws dark brown,
a little mottled. A yellowish-white line from the tip of the snout
l)arallel with the margin of the upper jaw, and, running over the max-
illary fold, terminates with it. All the lower and interior fiices of the
body ail', yellowish-wiiite, with an obscure mottling of brown on the
throat. A few scattered spots of l)Iack on the sides and the ]H)sterior
portion of the back', princi]»ally on the larger tubercles. There are
threes or four transverse dark bars across the faces of the thighs; the
posterior faces are mottled with obscure brown, on a yellowish ground;
the brown aggregated into a ring around the anus. The inferior sur-
faces of the tarsus and fore :ii!n dark brown; a:i eloiigati-d Inown s[)ot
at the proximal extreiiiit\ of the arm, extending obli(pu'ly IVom the
lower jaw.

Some specitnens tVoiii Kacine have the body ratluT stouter and the
legs shorter, the web of hind feet rather more dexeloped. A number
of faint white si)ots on the posterior face of tlu' buttocks. Others from
the same locality, however, have the characters as given al)o\e. Oc-
casionally the miMubrane of the foot does not extend beyond the third
joint (from tip) of the longest toe, and in the typical specimen from
Carlisle it only reaches to the second joint by a narrow margin.

A specimen from (Quebec is rather darker than usual, especially on
the sides, and has the feet webbed more than is described above.

A female specimen from Westi)ort. N. V., is stouter and the head
broader than in a male. The legs are rather shorter. There is less
granulation on the pubis, while the granules on the i>osteroinferior
lO.")!— r,ull. ;M 2!)

450 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

surface of tbe thighs are more depressed, larger, and more separated
than usual by the intermediate valley's. No appreciable diti'erence in
the size of the tympanum.

Fig. 115. Itana silvatica. No. 3388. Quebec, D. C. ; }.

Measurements.

Inches.

Total (body straightened)... 1.95 1.00

Fore-arm 33 .17

Haud GO .25

Between tips of extended

arms 3.10 1.59

Thigh 1.10 .5G

Inches.

Leg 1.10 .56

Tarsus 50 .29

Foot 1.00 .51

TotaUiind leg 3. CG 1.88

Width of head 3J ,G5

Chord of ramus 34 .G7

Bana silvatica Le Conte.

Catalogue
number.

3393
31188
33U7
38H5
3302
3399
3398
.1 152
3390
3384
3387
9387
5tt7
8377
.528 1
9)8-1
7H3C
3735
5417
5922

9GG8

f928
3453
11949
13323
11479

11512

No. of
spec.

Locality.

Westport. N. Y

Quebec; Caiiaila

Anderson, S. C

llaciiie, Wi.s

Clarke County, Va

Carlisle, Pa

Yellow Creek, Ohio ....

Toledo, Ohio

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

Upper Wisconsin River.

Lake Superior

Scarbomugli, Mo

Selkirk Settlement

Athabasca River

Washinston, D. C

OgdeusburKh, N. Y

Ilinois

Moose River, British

America.
Prince Geor^io's County,

Md.

Kiiiston, N. C

Saint Louis, Mo

Wlie.atland, Ind

Washington, D. C

Hi^mlock L.-ike

Livingston County, N. Y
(?) '.

When col-
lected.

From wlioni received.

Prof. S. F. Baird

do

MIns G. Paine

Dr P. R. Hoy

R. Kennicott

Prof. S. F. Baird

do

.1. B. Trenibley

Prof. S. F. Baird

do

.-. do

R. Kennicott

Barnatiuls

U. S. Fi.sb Commission..

Dr. E. Coues, U. S. Army

R. Kennicott .
C. Drexlir....

May—, 1878 : Dr. T. U. Bean

Jas. W. Milner

Dr. Geo. Knglenian.

Robt. Rid^vvay

Geo. Slioeiiiak(^r

1881
'1880

S. C. Brown.
(?)

Nature of
specimen.

Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do

Do.

Do.

Do.
Larvio.
Alcoholic.

Do.

1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

THE liATKACIllA OF NOKTH AMEKICA.

451

IIECAPITUI^ATION.

TLe uuinber of existiuj;- species oF batnicliia oC NortU America kuowu,
and described in tlie precedin*^ pages, aud the families to wliicli tLey
belong, are as follows :

Clou p.

I'lotoiilii

UlUlklil.

Total

TiatliystoniatH

Sulioutia

Total

Grand tol ul

Family.

Pioteida) .

( Cryptol)iaiicliid;o .

Anij)liiunii"l:i!

J 1 Dcsuiofjuatliidaj ..
jl Pktliodoutid;!!. ...
I I Aniblystoniidiu ...
I ; I'leurodolidaj

Siroiiida

Biifoiiidir

Sc;ii)liio])i)ili(Iii^.
CvMti;:uatlii(l;i!

llylidio

Eiijiystoniidiu..
I'hiyiiiscida.' ...
Uanida;

Genera. ' Species.

1 '

1 I
1 ;

4!
1 I

10 '.

2
1
3

2i

21

2

53

1

11

2

4

i

3

4

17

1

1

1

1

1

13

12

50

ADDENDA.

The folloViiiff notes were too late for insertiou into the body of the
book :

AMHLYSTOMA TIGRINUM Green, (p. 84).

Don Jose M. Velasco asserts that the ISircdon mexicanus {S. hiimholdtii)
nndergoes a metamorphosis, but he nowhere describes the acUilt. lie
(lid observe in 1878* the metamorphosis of the Amblystoma tigrimim in
specimens from Lalie Santa Isabel, three miles north of the City of
Mexico. It does not appear that he di'scriminates between the two
si)ecies, so that when he states that the >S'. mexicanus is found in Lake
Zumpango, thirty-two miles north of the City of Mexico, we are not
certain whether it may not be the A. t'ujrinum to which he refers.

The Sircdon gracilis and S. lichenoides of Baird are both larval forms of
the A. tigrinum.

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. Army, thus describes the metamorphoses
of the Amblystoma tigrinum, as observed by him at Fort Wingate, N.
Mex. (Science, September, 1885, p. 2G3):

"(1) Axolotls are more readily converted into Amblystomas if kept
in water containing but little air, and vice versa.

"(2) If transformation is forced up to a certain point in development,
the reptile arrives at the higher form without any further interference.

'•(3) Axolotls live in the water with apparent comfort a considerable
and varying length of time after their gills have been absorbed.

"(4) After the metamorphosis is completed their power to return to
the water again to live seems to depend upon the moult, and whether
^hey have lived in moist or dry places since the metamorphosis.

"(5) By varying the conditions under which tnese animals live, we
can at our pleasure retard or accelerate their development to the higher
stages.

"(0) Young Axolotls are more easily transformed than the older speci-
mens, but this rule also depends largely upon the conditions under
which these animals live.

"There is another very important factor that enters into this meta-
niori)hosis that, so far as the previous accounts go, is not touched
ujmn, and that is the question of their diet during the experiments.
Axolotls are very voracious creatures and eminently carnivorous.

* La Natnraleza, iv, 1H78.

453

454 BULLETIN :14, L'NTTED STATES NATIONAL MT\«!EUM.

Thoy jue very i'oud oT raw meat, and, upon llie slij;htest proxocation,
they will feed upon each other. So I have found during the course of
my experiments that —

"(7) The metamorpliosis is hastened by regularly supplying the an-
imals with plenty of proper food. And what is still more interesting,
when they are thus treated it markedly alfects the api)earan(;e of the
transformed Ambly stomas.

"(S) If, during the process of forcing the transformation of Axolotls,
the animals are regularly* su[)plied with the re(iuisitc amount of fresh
meat, the transformed A;nl)lystomas are very much larger and stronger
than those whicdi are transfoiined without having received any food.
In the case of. I. ti(jrlninii — those that received food — the transformed
animal would hardly have been lecognized as the same species; they
were not only larger, but of a very deep, muddy, black color, without
spots, wliilc the others were mottled with bright yellow and a pale
brown.

"(!)) The depth of the water has a wonderful influence ui)on the meta-
morphosis ; and the fact is well known that the deeper the water in
which the Axolotls live the slower their transformation.

"Temperature is another imi)ortant factor in the change, and its
moderate increase seems to hasten the transformation.

"Now, the most interesting part of all is t<> watch the operation of
these laws that I have given, in nature, and the manner in which the
metamorphosis of Axolotls is there effected.

" It would, indeed, be hard to find anywhere a more i)erfect ami beauti-
ful example illustrating the extremely sensitive balance that may exist
between the surronnding conditions on the one hand and their effect
upon an animal organism on the other. This year, for instance, the
pond that I have observed gradually dried up; the north half of it
entirely. This took a number of weeks, but during that time all the
modifications of which the metamorphoses of Axolotls are subject to
or capable of, were, so far as their necessity goes, most lucidly demon-
strated. A shallow corner of this pond would, after a torrid day or two,
dry up, whereupon all the Axolotls that happened to be caught within
its limits would be found — perhaps several hundred of them — under the
debris, rapidly assuming the Amblystoma form.

"Numbers of the same generation, however, in deeper parts, would be
unalfected by the change of environment so suddenly precipitated ujion
their brethren. If the drying ui» continued, these transformed animals
quit the site, and during the next few days could be found under logs,
and in other suitable places at some considerable distance from it. On
the contrary, should a rain in the mean time fill the pond again and
flood over these shallow i>arts, the transformations were checked, and
those with gills and branchia- in all stages of change once more took
to the water. When huddled together in the shallow places, the large
and strong ones devoured the smaller and feebler forms ; and the differ-

'niE T'.ATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

455

ent nppearancc ol" the two was very striking upon the most superficial
examination.

"One (lay in Jnly the whole north half of this pond suddenly ran
dry; and I must confess the sight its bottom presented during the fol-
lowing (lay was one of the most extraordinary, and at the same time
most interesting, that I ever beheld, and after what has been said can
be better im;'.gine<l tlian described. It absolutely swarmed with these
creatures, wliose organizations were accommodating themsoles to the
new conditio.'! of affairs as rapidly as the laws governing thci changes
l>ermitted. Tiie study would have furnished food for a small volume.

"Axolotls are also alfocted by the character of the i)onds or swamps
they live in, the same s[)ecies showing all manner of shades in their col-
oration. Those in sliallow ponds, with little or no vegetation and hard
(;lay bottoms, grow to be very light colored, and long retain their larval
forms.

"No doubt many such ponds as I have described exist all over this
Southwestern country, and a moment's retieetion will make it clear to
us liow the metanu)rp]iosis of this creature tends to save tliousands of
their lives when the region is visited by a ])rotracted drought and
their places of water resort fail them. The preservation of the form is
thereby to a great extent ])rotected."

A good many of the adults ])roeure(l by Dr. Shufeldt differ from the
tyi>i('al f(»;m in the shortness of the tail : its length from the posterior
eml of the vent ecpialing the length from that point to the axilla.

ClIOXDKO'l IS ('L\(aLATrS Coir- (i>. lUO).

Tiie following figures of this si)ecies were unavoidably omitted from
their i)roi)('r places in the text:

ri.;. lie. Ch:u,!,-otr

ihitiis. Nn.liTl-ti. Alil)ovillo. S. (^: f

srEI.HUrES Rl'lJER Daiid. (p. ir-,>).

Dr. Charles ('. Abbott informs me that this species has a distinct
whistle like voic.', and states that Mr. John Burroughs has also heard it.

AMI'lllfMA MEAN'S Card. (p. -JKi).

SphoiclnioJ,);/!/. — The bulb;;:; arteriosus is of cmisiderable length, and
then ,iii\<'s oll;iii aorta bow on each side, and bii'.ivcatcs almost immedi-

453 BULLETIN 3t, UNITED STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ately beyond. The large ductus cuvieri euters tljc lar^e auricle opposite
the middle of the leugtb of the ventricle. Those vessels at their car-
diac terminations are distinctly seen in the large pericardiac sac. The
vena porta' is very large, and extends along the dorsal side of the liver
proximally.

The stomach is scarcely distinguishable. The alimentary canal is only
convoluted in the posterior two fifths of its length, the rectum being dis-
tinguishable by its superior diameter and its absence of flexure. The
liver is large and not divided, and terminates rather abruptly where the
convolutions of the abmentary canal commence. It is attached to the
median line by a fold of peritoneum by one edge. Its middle line is
grooved, and thfe groove is occupied by a vessel, and by the edge of the
mesentery, which extends to the intestines. In Plate xii it is cut at
the proper point to display the large gallbladder {<j).

The lungs are not so long as in ISlrcn hicertina, not extending beyond
the liver. They are of subequal length.

The testis is single and very elongate. It extends from the extrem-
ity of the liver to near the outlet of the vas deferens. Parallel to it, and
in part attached to it, is a slender, flat body, which I suppose to be the
corpus adiposum. The kidney is an elongate, oval, and flat body, empty-
ing by a ver^^ short ureter into the cloaca. Its vcnw revchentcs are dis-
tinctly visible from the inferior side. The Mullerian duct extends along
its exterior border and anterior to it between the lung and the dorsal
peritoneum a long distance anteriorly ; that is, as far as the proximal
fourth of the length of the stomach. The urinary bladder is remarka-
bly elongate, extending forward to the distal end of the liver.

The spleen is elongate, but not so much so as in Siren Jacertina, equal-
ing about one-third of the stomach, and just reaching the gall-bladder.

Osteology. — According to Mr. F. A. Lucas, who drew the plate of Am-
phiuma for the present volume, the iliac bones were un symmetrically
attached in the specimen, the one to the sixty-third and the other to
the sixty-fourth vertebra (Plate x).

Voice. — Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, has
kept this species in captivity. lie states that its voice is so loud that
it can be heard from one room to another of the building of the school
of biology.

SIKEN LACERTINA (p. 220.)

Splanchnology. — The branchial arteries leave the hulbus arteriosus
near together, scarcely forming a tDincvs co}nmunis. The branchial
veins, on the other hand, unite on each side into a truncus communis or
aorta root, which unites with that of the opposite side to form the aorta
a considerable distance anterior to the huWus arteriosus. The valve of
the bidbusis a longitudinal elevation containing six grooves, one cor-
res[)()nding to each arteria hranchialis. (Plato xxr, fig. Scr.)

Potli lungs extend from the heart to the cloaca, Tiie stomach is
scarc(Oy distinguishable from the intestine. The latter is large, and is

TIIK ISATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 457

moderately convoluted. The vessels of tlic inesentcy are lar^e. The
luesenteric vein runs alon<j^ the inferior etlgeof an elcigate body, wliich
is either the spleen or the i)anereas. It extends from the stomach for
a distance equal to one third the length of the visceral cavity, terminat-
ing near the anterior testis. The liver is large and long, extending
from the heart to near the anterior testis. It is divided by a median
groove for most of its length, in which the base of the mesentery is at-
tached cardiad of the large gallbladder. The anteiior part of the
liver forms a median lobe, which extends for a short distance below
the alimentary canal.

There are two pairs of testes, the anterior the longer. The kidneys
are flat, oval bodies, lying on each side of the middle line immediately
above the rectum. They open by a short ureter into a fold of the
cloaca. The urinary bladder is large and long, extending forwards as
fjw as the anterior extremity of the anterior testis. (Piatt XLiv.)

SALIENTIA.

Viscera.— The corpora adiposa are elongated transversely, and fre-
quently fissured at the distal extremity. (Plate LVii.)

The ductus m'uUcri is present in Bnfo, Scaphiopus, and other genera,
but is wanting in Pana, except Rana virescens (Sedgwick).

The urinary bladder is large, and is extended from side to side of the
inferior i>art of tlie abdominal cavity. Its anteroposterior extent is
small.

The Pev. W. J. Holland informs me that he has observed in Japan
arboreal nests of Patrachia Salientia, in wliich the embryos developed
into tadpoles, which reached a length of nearly an inch, before leaving
the nest. The nests are made in willow trees at a distance of from 13
to 14 feet above the water. The dried remains of a nest containing a
good many dried ova and tadpoles was sent me by Mr. Ilolland. The
latter are distinguished by the presence of a large persistent food-yolk,
as in various Salientia of division II of the table on i)ages 238 and 239.

BUFO Laur. (p. 261).

Insert at bottom of page 20 L in table of species:

One metatarsal tubercle; crauial crests parallel, not produced posteriorly;
profile descending; muzzle produced beyond mouth; skin smooth be-
low; a lateral band I'>. aduncux.

One metatarsal tubercle ; cranial crests separated, sending a branch
inwards posteriorly; parotoid gland triangular; a lateral light
hand B. vaUicejyu-

BUFO AD UNCUS, sp. nov.

This very distinct species has the cranial crests of the B. Icntiginosns
type, more especially resembling the 7>. l.foivlcrii. It (lifters especially
from that species in the very short, wide head, with dejiressed muzzle
overhanging the moutli, in the perfectly smooth inferior surfaces, and
in the coloration, as well as in various minor details.

4.')0 lUTLLKTIX :VI, UNITED STATES NATIONAL ]\nTSEITM.

Tlic ho.'ul is wider ilv.ui long, the width eiiteiiiig tlic lengtli '2.25
times, while the length enters it three times. The entire protilo is steeply
deciirved, and terminates in a proniiuent muzzle, whieh projects con-
siderably l)eyond the upper ]i[). The nostril is lateral and nearly termi-
nal. The lip border is directly below a point half-way between the
nostril and the orbit. The maxillary bone is somewhat contracted
to the lip border. The prefrontal bones are obtusely angulated above,
but the cranial crests commence with the fronto[»arietal bones. They
are parallel, rather near together, and are well distinguished every-
where. They form a right angle with the postorbitals, beyond whicii
they siro not produced, nor is there any tendency to continence poste-
riorly. A short, robust supratympanic ridge. Orbit large; tympanic
disk oblique, the long axis directed upwards and forwards, and a little
shorter than the eye-fissiire. Skin above with small warts at consider-
able distances apart; below everywhere smooth. Parotoids indistinct
in the specimen, their superior borders strongly- divergent tVom the micblle
line i)Osteriorly. Limbs rather long. The muzzle marl;s the middle of
the fore-arm, and the distal end of the tarsus of the extended limbs.
First linger longer than second; second conne(;ted with first and third
lingers by a short web. Palmar tubercle longer tlian usual. Toes
closely bound together, the fourth considerably longer than any of (he
others. The internal (Cuneiform tubercle has a tVee edge, which is not
black; the external tubercle is small. The femur is bound to the mid-
dle by the skin of the side of the body.

M.

Length of licad and Ixxly dl I

Lc.iiylli (if licad to ciul <if crests old.".

W id til of lic.-id atc'iiit liiis oiis _ . (ll'.l.">

Width of head hctwocii orhits W.\

Eoii.utli <if foro Icj;- (l-i!)

Lcii<4ih of foro foot (U'2

liCiij^th of liiiid Icj;- from ilium dCil

E(Mi>;th of hind foot d-J^

Loiijith of hind foot lo.s.s l.ar.siis di!>

Fi--. 117. I'.ith.fiil

TIiegeiH'ial coloration is rather liglit h-ad colon -i], nnd b<'iow<'lfar yel
lowish-white. The small warts above are led, witli a, blaeU ring at the

THE lUTIiACITIA OF NOirni AMERICA.

459

base. No iiu'dlaii (loisiil biiiid. A H.^lit. b.iiul comnu'iicos on tlic scap-
ula and extends nearly to the ^roin. It is bounded above by separate
blackish sjxjts, and below by siniilar spots, which are closer together.
These form the snperior border of a lea<l colored baiul. This disappears
below in a crowd of small black si)o*:s, which grow smaHer and disap-
pear on the sides of the abdomen. The integument thus niark(>d is
areolaled. All the li<jhter i)arts of this region arc dotted with small
pink spots. Posterior faces of fore-arm, femnr, tarsus, and external
metatarsi blackish, with snndl yellow speckles. The limbs have on their
upper surfaces brown cross-bands with ])ink points in them. Anterior
face of tarsus with a brown si)ot, and several on the external digits.

Catill.i^ilr \(i. of
lillliilic'l . .s|iiii.

inoii

I..»-alilv.

From wlioiii rt'ccivtil.

N:ituro of ^<I•(•^illu■^.
'r.\as Cr. H. I;;i,iis(l;il.- I Alci.ticlic.

This species is well characterized by the length of its legs, the short
and peculiar form of irs head, the smoothness of its lower surfaces, and
the color. Though not stated on the label, the specimen described is
probably trom Gainsboro, in Central Xorthern Texas.

IIVLA Ai\l)Kl^SONII l!;iii(l (p. ;{(;.-.).

The Ifev. Dr. John I''.. Peters informs me that he took a specimen of
this rare tree-frog near ]\ra>'s Landing, N. .1. This is tlu^ third indiviihial
that has been found, and the locality is not far from that at which Dr.
Lent/- took the second one. Dr. Peters found the s[)eeiiiien on the
grouiul near a piece of water. Its note is unlike that of Uilht versicolor,
being a hoarse peep-i)ecp, or, according to Dr. Abbott, a keck-keck.

CIlOKoi'llII.rs NIGiaTHS L-. C. (p. :?>).

Tlie i'ollowing drawings rei)resent the parts of the typ(^ specimen of
the lorm ('. n. rrrnicosiis ('oi)e, from ]"'lorida, which Avas' not inserted

i^:. IIS <'lirr(ii:l(!hi>: ii!;i,i>''s i-ri-riirnxvx. Voliisiu. 1"

nt the i)ro]ier ])lace in the h-xl. The type s]M>eimen is in my private
collection.

460 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ACRIti GKYLLUS Lee C. (p. 324).

Prof. A. E. Verrill tells me that he bas seen a few specimens of this
species near New Haven, Conn., and that he considers that place to be
about the northern limit of its range.

AJVIPHIGNATHODONTID^.

The following figure of the mouth and feet of the Grypiscus umhrinus
Cope, in illustration of the above family, was omitted from its proper

Fig. 119. Orypiseut umhrinus. Rio Janeiro; \.

page. The specinien figure is from Piio Janeiro, and is in the Museum
of Comparative Zoologj- of Cambridge.

BUFONID^ (p. 260).

For the generic name Ollotis, in the key, substitute Kannopliryne
Qthr. (1873), which has two years priority.

CYSTIGNATHID^ (p. 313).

Insert under EyJodes, immediately after Malachylodis, the following:
Vomerine teeth present Batrachyla Bell.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

[Note. — "Worlsa on natural history of a general or goograpbical cbaracter and popular text-books
are not incluilcd.]

Abbott (Charles C.) Notes ou the habits

of the Savanuah Cricket Frog [Acris

crepitans, Baird] ; iu Araer. Naturalist,

vol. IG, 1882, Sept., pp. 707-711.
Receut Studies of the Spade-foot

Toad ; American Naturalist, 1884, p.

1075.
Albrecbt (P. ) Note sur le basioccipital

des Balracieus Anoures, avec fig.; iu

Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., t. 2,

No. 2, pp. 195-200.
Allen (Harr.) The Spinal Cord of Ba-

trachia and Reptilia; iu Proc. Acad.

Nat. So. Phila., 1883, pp. 56,57.
Archarow (J.) Ueber die Aufsauguug

aus den Lymphsiicken des Frosches;

iu Arbeit, d. uaturforsch. Gesellsch.

Univ. Kasan, T. 18, 2. Hft., Kasan,

1887. (18 pp.)

Ueber die Aufsauguug aus den

subcutanen Lyniphsiickeu bei deui
Frosche; in Arch. f. Auat. u. Phys.
physiol. Abth., 1887, pp. 377-387.

Aubert (Herm.) Ueber das Verhalten
der in sauerstofffreier Luft paraly-
sirten Frosche uud ein darauf gegriin-
detes eiufaches Verfahreu die Retlex-
niochauisnien bei erhaltener Erregbar-
heit der motorischen Nerve-u uud der
Muskeln stundenlang zu liihnieu; iu
Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., Pliiiger, 27,
Bd. 11, 12. Hft., pp. 566-57G.

Baird (S. F.) Revision of the North
American Tailed-Batrachia, with de-
scriptions of new genera and species;
iu Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol.
1, 2d series, 1849.

iu Heck (J. G. ) Icouographic Eu-

cyclop;cdi"a of Science, Literature, and
Art, vol. 2, 1851.

Descriptions of New Genera and

Species of North American Frogs. Pro-
ceedings Acad. Philadelphia, 1854, p. 59.

Baird (S. F. ) Reptiles of the U. S. Surveys
for R. R. to the Pacific Ocean. Report,
vol. 10, 1857.

Reptiles of the Boundary ; U. S.

and Mexican Boundary Survey, vol. 2,
1859.

and Girard (Charles). Character-
istics of some new Reptiles in the Mu-
seum of the Suiithsoniau Institution ;
Proceeds. Acad. Philadelphia, 1852, p.
G8.

Descriptionsof New Species

of Reptiles collected by the United
States Exploring Expedition, uuder
command of Capt. C. ^Vt^kes, U. S. N. ;
loc. cit., 1852, p. 174; 1853, p. 420.

List of Reptiles collected iu

California by Dr. J. L. Leconte ; loc.
cit., 1853, p. 300.

Ballou (W. H.) Migration of Frogs; iu
Amoricau Naturalist, vol. 21, No. 4, p.
388.

Barboza du Bocage (J.-V.) Reptiles et
Batraciens uouveaux d'Angola; iu
Jorn. Sc. Math., Phys. e Nat. Lisb., No.
26, pp. 97-99.

(2 Keptil., 1 n. sp., Batracb.)

Barfurth (D.) Experimentelle Uutcr-
suchuugen iiber die Verwandlung der
Froschlarven; in Biolog. Centralbl., G.
Bd., No. 20, pp. C09-613.
( Naturforschfi- Versainml. )

Ueber Versuche zur Verwaud-

luug der Kaulqurippcu; iu Tagebl. 59.
Vers, deutsch. Naturf, p. 139, Auat.
Auz., 1. Jahrg., 12, pp. 314-317.

Die VerwaudtHug der Kaulquap-

pen; Ausz. iu Der Naturforscher, 19.
Jahrg., No. 49, pp. 490, 491.

(N"aturforsLlier-Ver3amml.)
Versuche iiber die Verwandlung

der Froschlarven ; iu Arch. f. mikrosk.
Auat., 29. Bd., 1. Hft., pp. 1-28.
461

462

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Barfurth (D.) Dio Riickbildniij^ dos

Froselilarveuscbwailzcs uml dio so-

•fenatiutcn Stucophisteii, init 2 Taf.

Ibid., pp. 34-GO.
Die Kcficuoratiou de.s Ampliibion-

Kcliwanzcs; in Aiiat. Aiiz., :?. Jalirg.,

No. 14, pp. 40:5-405.
Bassi(Giiis.) Modificazionoinorlblogicbc

dci globuli rossi do! sangue di Raua;

uoto proveutiiia. Modciia, 1887, 8vo,

2 pp. Estr. dalla Rassegna di kc. mod.,

auu. 2, No. 3.
Baur (G.) UeberdicIIomologieuoiniger

Scbiidelkiiocbeu der Stcgoceplialeu luul

Roptilicu; iu Anat. Aiiz., 1. Jabrg.,

No. 13, pp. 348-3.50.
Beitiago zur Morpbogenio dos

CarpiLs u. Tarsus dor Vcrtobiatoii. I.

Tbcil. Uatracbia. Jena, 1S87, 8vo, p. 88.
Bayer (Frz.) Pahvohatnti litis boliviniciix

V. M. aus der Braunkoblo von ]'"'ron-

denbain, niit 1 Taf. ; in Sitzgsber. d. k.

bobni.Ges., Prag, 1880, pp. '29l-2'J8
Bedot (Manr.) Recborcbcs sur Ic dovol-

oppenient des uerfs spinaux cboz bs

Tritons; avcc 1 pk ; iu Rocneil Zool.

Suisse, t. 1., No. 2, pp. 161-188.
Arcb. Sc. rbys. Nat., Geneve (3),

t. 11, No. 2, pp. 117-14G.
Bedriaga (J. von). Dio Ampbibien nnd

Reptilien Griccbenlands; in Zool. Anz.,

No. 137, pp. 21G-220.
Dio Ampbibion nnd Rei)tilien

Griecbonbinds; in Bull. Soe. Lnpor.

Natural. Moscou, 1881, No. 2, pp. 212-

310.
Uebor die Bogaltung bei oinigon

gcscbwilnzton Ampbibien ((Hossolnja
liugvitmiillcrl); in Zool. Anz., No. 11."),
pp. 3r)7-3r)"}.

(See Z. A., No. IU, p. 265.)
Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Am-

pbibien imd Reptilien der Fauna von
Corsiea. Mit3Tal". ; in Arcb, f. Natur-
gcscb., 49. Jabrg., 1683, 1. lift. (1882,
Nov.), pp. 124-144.

Beitriigo znr Kenntniss der Am-

))bibien nnd Reptilien dor I'auna von
Corsica. (Sebluss); in Arcb. f. Natur-
gcscb., 49. Jabrg., 2. lift., i-p. 145-173.
(S. Z. A., No. 138, p. 238.)

Prof. Nauck's Mittbeihing liber die

Bell (Tbos. ) Zoology of tbe voyage of tbo
iieaglo, vol. :!, Reptiles, p. :>1, Anipbibia;
London, 1842.

Bellonci ((i.) Sulla rcgione ottica die
Pcsci 0 degli Anfibi; in Rondicont.
Accad. Instit. Bologna, 1881-'82, pp.
24-2G.

Sulla i)rodu/.iono del globuli rossi

noU'Axolotl; in Roiulie. Accad. Sc. In-
stit. BoU)gna, 188G-'87,p. 33.

Sui nuclei ]»olimorll dollo cellule

HC.ssuali degli Aniibi. Bologna, 188G,
4vo. (Mem. Accad. Instit. Bologna.)
(14 pp., 2 tav.)

SuUe commissure cercbrali anteri-

ori degli Aniibi e dei Rettili. Con tav.
Bologna, 1877, 4vo (10 pp.). Estr. dalle
Mem. Accad. Sc. Instit. Bologna (4), t. 8.

Intorno alia cariociuesi nolla sog-

mentaziono dell' novo di Axolotl. lie-
lazione dal Trincbeso; in Atti R. Ac-
cad. Line. (3), Trausunti, vol. H, No. 4,
p. 94.

Das Knocbengewebo
Abstr. ; in Anat. Anz.,

Bergendal (D.)
dor Ampbibien
i, p. 189.

Betta (Ed.de).

Prospctto sistor.iatico
degli Ampbibi europei ; in Monografia
degli Ampbibi urodeli italiani, 18G4.
Fauna d' Italia, parte iv", Rettili

1(1 Aniibi, 1874.
Sulla (jucstiono dclle Rano rosse

Fortpflanzung der Tritoncn; in Zool.
Auz., 4. Jabrg., No. 79, pp. l.")7-l.'>9.
Bell (Tbos.) A Ili.story of Britisb Rep-
tiles; 8vo, London, 1839.

d' Europa. Venozia, 1887, 8vo (9 pp.).
Biederinaun( W. ) l\'bermorpbologisclie

\'er;inderungen »ler Zungendriiscn «les

FroscbesboiReizungdorDriiseniiervon.

Mit 1 Taf.; in Sitzgber. Akad. WLss.

Wion, matb.-nat. CI., 3. .Vbtb. 8Ci. Bd.,1.

2. lift., pp. (17-89. Apart: Wien (C.

Gerold's Sobu in Comm.), 1882, 8vo (23

pp.). No. GO.
Birge (E. A. ) Die Zabl der ncuen Fa.scrn

nnd die motoriscben (ianglienzellen im

Iviickenmark des Froscbes; in Arcb. f.

Anat. u. Pbys., pbysiol. Abtbeil., 1882,

pp. 435-480. Auszug; in Biolog. Cen-

tralbl., 2. Jabrg., No. 22, pp. G8G-(;s8.
Note on tbe Functions of tbe Spinal

Cord iu tbe Frog; in Amer. Montbly

Microscop. Jonrn., vol. 2, No. 11, jtp.

210-213.
Blanchard (Rapb.) Sur les glands cloa-

cale et pelviennc ct sur la iiapillc cloa-

cale des Ibitraciens urodMes; in Zool.

Anz., 4. Jabrg., No. 73, pp. 9-14 ; No. 74,

pp. 34-39.

I'lIK 15ATKAC1I1A OF NOliTlI AMKlilCA.

4G3

Bl.iiichard ( l»ai>li.) Qiifl<|iHs iimts ;iu
siijcl lid' iirticli- (Ic M. l.atastc (Zool.
All/,., No. 'JTS) ; ill Zdol. All/,., 11. Jiilir<;',
No. -J-t:?, pp. :)'>f^, ;5o'.».

Siir la iiri'.seiico du Crapaiid veit

[/Info riridis, Lam.] en France; in
|{iilI.S()c. Ztu.l. France, T. l:?, No. -2, pp.
(iC), ()7.

lupon.st3 a la criticine de M. G.-A.

l'...ulcnne.-, V.C.,\)l^.■.V^2,•^'2•^.
Blaiic(J.) rilicr den Ban dcr Nasen-

.sclileiiiiliaiit liL'i Fi.schcn n. Anipliiblcn.

N'orlaiif. Miltlicil. ; in Zool. An/,., ">.

.lahr-;., No. 1-27, i)p. (;,")7-lU;0.
Blumm ( — . ) Ziiclitnnj; des nicxicani-

.sclicii Kiriiuimuilclis A.Kolotl ; in 1'2.

r.cr. iialint'. (ii'.s. Bainbcr;^ (Fried-

i;iii(lcr).
Boas (.1. K. V.) 15idra^ til Kiindskaben

oin Cointtf (irli-iiiisiis oj; Aiteriebncme

lio.sAnipliil)i(riic. McdlTavl. Kj^bcn-

liavn, llcVst ()<; Son, 1S81, rtvo (1)8 pp.),

M. 1.
Beitriij^e /iir Angioloj^Mc der Ani-

l>]iiliien. Mit H 'I'af. ; in Mor)iliol.

.lahrb., 8. Bd., '2. lift., pp. l(iD-lH7.
I'ebcrden t'uniis (irtcriuKiin nnd die

Arterienbogen der Aiindiibicn. Mit ;{

Taf. 11. f) I[ol/..selin ; in Morpliolog.

.laliib., 7. Bd., :{. lift., pp. 4d8-r)7-2.
Bocage (Barbo/adn, J. V.) Kepti.seAni-

jiliibio.s df S. Tlioiiie ; in .Jour. Sc.

Math. I'hy.x. Nat. Acad. Li.sboa, T. 11,

No. 12, pp. ('>.''i-7(i.
Boettger (O.^ Die Reptilien n. Aniiilii-

bini \()n Madaf^a.srar ; 4to. Frankfurt

a. M.. 1.-77.
Beriilil iiberdie Leistnngen in der

Herpetolojiic w iilirend de.s Jalires 1884;

in Arch. f. Natur^'escli., 51. Jahrj;., 5.

llft.('2. Bd., 2. l[ft.). pp. 2r)2-327.
Feber die wichti^.-ten Untcrschiede

d*!r fiinf deiitsclien Rana-Arton ; Der

/.ocdoj^isclie (.iarten, 18.S"), p. 2!?3.
Anf/Iihliinii' dcr von den I'liilip-

pinen bckannteii Keptiliiin nnd Batra-

cliicn; in Bericlit Seiickenb. nat.Ges.,

Frankf.. 1>8(;, pp. '.(l-KU.
(110.<i». Kiptil., "JT sp. Aiii])liib.)
r>eiic]it iiber die Lei.stnnj^en in der

Ifcrpetolo,L^i(5 wiihiend de.s Jalircs 188.");
in Arch. f. Natnrjjcsch., .V2. Jalirg.,
IS-T, (1S><), •,>. IM.. 1. lift.. pp.23:5-:!:?l.

I'nieiitc Anf/.iihlniijf der Re])tilien

mid I>.itr;i(hi(>r des chincsi.sclien
Keiclic-^. Ihid. i.p. 10:{-ll)l.

Boettger(().) Vei/.eiehni.ssder von llerrn
Dr. lleinr. Siniroth aiis Fortii^a mid V(Mi
den Azoren iiiiti^ebiacliten Reptilien
undBatracbier; in Sit/,j,'sber. k. pronss.
Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1887, No. 12. pp.
175-194.

Ueber die Reptilien nnd Batra-

cliier Transcaspien.s ; in Zoolog. An/..,
11. Jahri,'., No. 27'J, pp. 2r.'.l-2o3.

"Ver/.cichniss der von Ilcrrn E. von

Oertzen ans Grieclienland nnd Kleiiia-
sicn niitgebrachten Batracluer nnd
Reptilien; in Sitzgsber. k. prcuss.
Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1888, pp. 130-18G.
(U AMii)Iiib.,32 [1 11. s[).l lU'ptil,)

Stiulicu an pahearktiscben Reptil-
ien nnd Anipbibien ; in 11).-21. Ber.
Otrenbach. Ver., pp. 81-9.').

Matcrialieu znr lierpctologi.scbeu

Faniia von China. II a.) Lkste der zwci-
ten MoellendorlV'.scben Sendiing siidehi-
iiesischer Kriechtliiere. b.) Batracluer
(Frosche nnd KriUeii); in 2G.-28. Ber.
O.reiibach.Ver. f. Natnrk., pp. r)l-102.

Ilcrpetologiscbo niitthcilnngen ;

in 22. n. 23. Ber. Oirenbacli. Ver. f.
Natnrk., pp. 147-15(1.

(Auipliiliia ot Rcjitili.i, 2 ii. sp.)

Die Reptilien nnd Anipbibien von

Marocco. Mit 1 Taf. ; in Abbandl.

Seuckeuberg. nat. Gcs., 13. Bd., 1. lift.,

pp. 93-140. Apart: Frankfurt u. M.,

M. Diesterweg in Comin., 1883, 4vo,

M. 2.50.
Borelli (Alfr. ) Ricercbc intoruo alle dif-

fercnzo osteologicbo dello nrnuv fnncw

italianc; in I'.oll. Mns. Zool., Anat.

Conip., Torino, vol. 1, No. 14 (10 pi».).
Born (G.) Ucber Doppelbildnngcu beim

Froscb nnd dercn Entstehnng. Scp.-

Abdr. aus d. Breslan. ilrztl. Zoitscbr.,

1882, No. 14 (0 pp.).

(Vortr. in d. Ges. f. Vixt. Cult.)
Ucber den Einllnss dor Selnvcro

anf das Frosclici. Sei).-Abdr. aus Brcs-

lau. iirstl. Zeit83br., 1884, No. 8 (14 pp.),

8vo.
Ucber die Nascuboblen nnd den

Thriincnnasengang der Anpbibicu.

Morphologisches .lahrbncli, p. 577, 1870.
Ilvbridization between Amphibia.

Abstr. ; in Jonrn. R. Microsc. Soc. Lon-
don, 1887, p. 3, pp. 370, 371.

(Aidi. f. mikrosk. An.it. S. Z. A., No. 239, p.

704.)

464

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Born (G.) BcitiiigezurBastardirangzwi-

scben den eiiiheiiniscUeu Anureuarteu,

ill : niUgei's Arch. f. d. ges. Pbysiol., 32.

Bd., 9.-11. lift., pp. 453-518.
Influence of Gravity on the Frog

Ovum. Abstr. ; iu Journ. R. Microsc.

Soc. London (2.), vol. 6, p. 0, pp. 939,

940.

(Arch.f.iuikrosk. Anat.) S. Z. A., No. 202,

p. 477.
EiueDoppelbildungbci liana J'usca

Koes. Mit Abbild.; in Zool. Adz., 4.

Jahrg., No. 78, pp. 135-159.
Weitero BeitriivieznrBastardirung

zwischeu deu einhcimiscbeii Anuren.
Arch, inikr. Auat., xxvii, pp. ()09,271,
pis. X-XII.
Bosca (Ed.) Catalogue dos Reptiles et
Anijihibieus de hi reuiiisulc iberique et
des iles Baldares; iu Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 5. anu., 5.-G. p., pp. 240-287.
(55 sp., 20 Aniphib., 35 Rcptil.)

Correcciones y adicioucs al Cata-

logo de los Reptiles y Aulibios de Es-
pana, Portugal 6 islas Balearcs (con
2 lam.); in Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist.
Nat., T. 10, cuad. 1, pp. S9-112.

Bouillot (J.) Sur rcpitlicliuui sdcrdtcur
du rein des Batracieus, iu : Compt. rend.
Acad. Sc. Paris, T. 95, No. 14, pp. 603,
604.

Sur r6pith6Iium s^crdteur du rein

des Batraciens. C. R. Soc. Biol. (8), iii,
pp. 325, 32G.

Sur l'6pith61ium sdcr6teur du rein

des Batracieus; in Compt. rend. Acad.
Sc. Paris, T. 97, No. 17, pp. 916-918.
Sur l'6pith61ium s<5crdteur du reiu

des Batracieus; iu Journ. de Microgr.,
6. ann., No. ll,,pp. 574,575.

(Compt. rend. Ac. Sc. Paris. S. Z. A., No. 130,
p. 31.)

Boulenger (G. A.) I!tude sur les Gre-
nouilles rousses, liana- tcmporaria-, et
descr. d'esp. nouv. Bull, de la Soc.
Zoiilogic^ue de France, 1679.

On the Palajarctic and iEthiopiau

Species of Bufo, with 3 pi. ; iu Proceed.
Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1880, iv, pp. 545-
547.

Description of a new Genus and

Species of Frogs of the Family Ranid.-c
IXyctixalus margaritifcr] ; in Ann. of
Nat. Hist. (.5.), vol. 10, July, p. 35.

Boulenger (G. A.) Notes on a South Amer-
ican Frog lately living lu the Society's
Gardens [P/(///'oHic'rfH6a/i^j>oc/(OJjdrioZi«],
with 1 pi. ; in Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1882, i, pp. 264,265.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salien-

tia iu the collection of the British Mu-
seum. 2d cd., 1882.

Descriptions of new species of

Reptiles and Batrachians iu the British
Museum. Pt. I, Aunals Magas. Nat.
Hist., 1883, p. 161; Pt. II, iu Ann. of
Nat. Hist. (5.), vol. 13, May, pp. 396-
398; Pt. Ill, loc. cit., 1887, p. 50.

On a collection of Frogs from Yuri-

niaguas, Huallaga River, Northern
Peru. With 2 pi.; iu Proc. Zool. Soc.
Loudon, 1883, iv, pp. 635-638.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradi-

entia s. Caudata and Batrachia Apoda
in the Collection of the British Museum.
2d ed. London, 1883, 8vo (136 pp., 9
pi.).

Notes on little knowu Species of

Frogs; in Ann. of Nat. Ilist. (5.), vol.
11, Jan., pp. 16-19.
(In.sp.)

Descriptiou of a uew Species of

Bufo from Japan {ll.formosus, n. sp.).
With 1 pi.; iu Proc. Zool. Soc. Lou-
don, 1883, .ii, PI). 139, 140.

Re^iort on a Collection of Reptiles

and Batrachians from the Timor Laut
Islands, formed by Mr. H. O. Forbes.
With 2 pi.; in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lou-
don, 1833, iii, pp. 38G-388.

Diagnoses of New Reptiles and

Batrachians from the Solomou Ids. ;
Proceeds. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1884, p.
210.

Descriptiou of a New Frog of the

genus Megalophrys; Proceeds. Zool.
Soc. London, 1885, ji. 850.

Descriptiou of a uew species of

frog from Asia Minor; Proceeds. Zool.
Soc. Londou, 1885, 22.

A description of the German River-
Frog {Rana esculcnfa, var. ridibunda,
Pallas) ; Proceeds. Zool. Soc. London,
1885, p. 666.

Note sur les Greuouilles Rousses

d'Asie; Bull. Soc. Zoolog. de France,
1886.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

465

Bouleiiger (G. A.) First Report on addi-
tions to tbo Batracbian Collection in the
Natural History Museum. With 1 pi. ; in
Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 188G, p. iii,pp.
411-416.

(4 a. sp. ; n. g., Geoniolgo.)

Remarks on Specimens of liana

a?'ra/is exhibited in the Society's Gar-
dens. With 1 pi. ; in Proc. Zool. Soc.
Loudon, 18d0, p. ii, pp. 242,243.

Oil a now species of Hyla from

Port Hamilton, Corea [ff. strphcnil,
based on an example living in the So-
ciety's Gardens. With 1 pi. ; in Proc.
Zooi. Soc. London, 1887, iv, pp. r)28-.^)7[>.

On new Reptiles and Batrachians

from North Borneo; Annals Magus.
Nat. Hist., 1887, p. 95.

On a rare Himmalayan Toad ; loc.

cit., 1887, p. 405.

Description of new or little-known

South American Frogs of the genera
Paludicola and Hyla; loc. cit., 1887, p.
205.

Descriptions of two new AustraliajJ'

Frogs [Limnodynastes Jletcherl, Crin'ui
victoriana'\: in Ann. of Nat. Hist. (G.),
vol.2, Aug., pp. 142,143.

On a living specimen of A't'Hoj^ws

lav'ts, Dand.; in Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1887, iv, pp. 503, 504.

Description d'une esp. nouv. de

Triton (Montandonii). Avec Ipl.; in
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 5. Ann., 5. G.
p., p. IGl.

(S. Z. A,, No. 75, p. 58 )

On the existence of two species of

Aquatic Frogs in North Germany; in
The Zoologist (3), vol. 8, June, i>p.
220-222.

{Rana esculenta typica and R./ortig.)

Supplement a I'^tudo sur les Gre-

nouilles rousse.s; in Bull. Soc. Zool,
Franco, 5. ann., 5. 0. p., pp. 207-209.
Description of a new Frog of the

genus Mcgalophrys [Fea-]; in Ann,
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (2), vol. 4,
pp. 512, 513.
An account of tbo Reptiles and

Batrachians obtained in Tenasserim by
M. L. Fea. of the Genoa Civic Museum.
With 3 pis.; in Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor.
Nat. Genova (2), vol. 5 [25], pp. 474-
488.

(34 [n.] sp., Reptil. ; 21 [3 u.] sp., Aiiipliib.)

1951— Bull. 34 30

Bouleuger (G. A.) On some Reptiles and
Batrachians from Ignarasse, Pernam-
buco. With 1 pi. ; in Ann. of Nat. (6),
vol. 2, Hist July, pp. 40-43.
(4 n. sp.)

Quelques mots en rt^ponse a la note

do M. le Dr. R. Blancbard sur la classi-
fication des Batracicns. Bull. Soc. Z.
Fr., xi, pp. :«0, 321. [Cf Zool. Rec.
xxii, Rept., p. 22.]

Second contribution to the Herpe-

tology of the Solomon Ids. ; Proc. Zool.
Soc. Loud., 1887, p. 333.

Descriptions of new Reptiles and

Batrachians from Madagascar. With
2 pi.; in Ann. of Nat. Hist. (0), vol.
1, Febr., pp. 101-107.
(11 11. sp.)

Descriptions of new Reptiles and

Batrachians obtained by H. O. Forbes
in New Guinea. Ibid., May, pp. 343-
310.

(2 n. sp., n. Km (^'Hulop.s, Ampbib.)

A list of Reptiles and Batrachians

obtained by 11. H. Johnston on the Rio
del Rey, Cameroons District, W. Africa;
in Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, iv,
pp. .504, 5C5.

(3 [2 u. sp.], Ampbib.)

On a rare American Newt, Mulgc

meridiouaUs, Cope: in Ann. of Nat.
Hist. (0), vol. 1, Jan., p. 24.

Note sur le P«:;lobate brun, a propos

do la recimte communication do M.
Ilorou-Roycr sur le I'elobatcs latiffom;
in Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., T. 13, No. 5,
pp. 115, 110.
Encore un mot sur les prc'^tendus

caracteres dift<5reutiels dii Pclobate
d'ltalie. Ibid., No. 0, p. I(i3.

Description of a new genus ofCcc-

cilia [Epierionops] ; in Ann. of Nat.
Hist. (5), vol. 11, March, pp. 202,203.
A Synopsis of the Reptiles and

Batracbiansof the Province Rio Grande
do Sul, Brazil ; in Ann. of Nat. Hist.
(5), vol. 18, Dec, pp. 423-445.
((J2 lleptil., 27 Ainpbib.)

Description of a new .species of

Frog from Madagascar lllana guttu-
/«/(/]; in Ann. of Nat. Hist. (5), vol.
7, May, pp. 300,301.

Note sur la position de I'oritice anal

chez les t6tards des Batracicns d'Eu-
rope. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr., xi, p. 319,

46G

nULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bouleiiger (G. A.) Descriptiou of ii ucw
Genus and Speci'js of Fioj^s in tho Fam-
ily Hylidiu [^Pfcrnohijla fodiens']. Witli
lig. ; in Ann. Nat. Hist. (.')), vol. 10,
Oct., pp. 3215-328.

On tho "nursing" habits of Don-

(Irobatcs, as observed by A. Kappler ; in
Ann. of Nat. Hist. (<>), vol. 1, June, i)p.
454, 4;').-.; July, pp. I'i'i, l-i3.

On ni!\v Batrachians from Ma-
lacca. With I pi. ; in Ann. of Nat.
Hist. (5), vol. 1<», May, pp. 3J5-31S.
(5 II. sp. ; II. ^., IMiryiiella. )

On two European Species of Bom-

biuator. With 1 pi. ; in Proc. Zool.

Soc. London, 188G, iv, pp. 4lt'J-r>01.
Descriptiou of a new tailed

Batrachian from Corea [IlijHohlna

leechii'\; with cut; in Ann. of Nat.

Hist. (5), vol. 19, Jan., p. 07.

(Anaidcs, liainl, cliaufjed to Aiitoilax.)
Descriptions of (4) new Brazilian

Batrachians; in Ann. of Nat. Hist, ((i)
vol. 1, March, 18^8, pp. 1S7-18'J.

A list of Batrachians from the

Province Santa Catharina, Br:i/,il.
Ibid., June, 1888, pp. 115-417.
(21 sp.)

Bourne (Alf. Gibbs). On certain Almor-
nialitics in tho common Frog {It'diKt
temi)oraria). 1. The Occurrence of an
Ovotestis. 2. Abnormalities of the
Vertebral Column. With 1 ])1. ; in
Quart. Journ. of Microsc. Sc. U. S., vol.
24, Jan.. pp. 83-88.

Brauco fW.) Weissia bavarka, u. g., u.
8p., ein ncuer Stegoceiihalo aus dem
untereu Kothliegeiideu. Mit 1 Taf.
In: Jahrb. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst.
f. 1886, pp. 22-3I>. Ausz. von Dames;
in Neu. Jahrb. Miner., Geol. u. Pale-
ont., 1888, 1. Bd., 1. Hft. (Dec, 1887),
p. 117.

Braun (Aug.) Ueber die Varietiiten des
Plexus Inrabosacralis von liana. In-
ang.-Diss. Bonn, 1880, 8vo (20 pp.).

Brocchi ( — ). l^tudes sur les Batracieus
[Mexiquc et Amcr. cent.]; in Mission
Scientif. an Mex.,Rech. Zool., 3. p., 2.
sect. (143 pp., 24 pis.).

Brunii (Alb. von). Flimmerepithel in
den Gallengangen des Frosches ; in
Zool. Anz., 0. Jahrg., No. 148. p. 483.

Burfurth (D.) Experimentelle Unter-
auchungeu liber die Froschlarvtn. Biol.
Centralbl., vi, pp. 009-013.

Burfurth ( D. ) Versuche iiber die Verwan-
dlung der Froschlarvcu. Auat. Anz., i,
pp. 314-317.

Cad (Joh.) Uebcr die Centren and
Leituugsbahnen im Riickeumark des
Frosches. Mit eineni Excura iiber
Leitnngsbuhuen im Kiickenmark von
Kauincheu uud Katze. Mit2 lith. Taf.
Wiirzburg, Stahel, 1884, 8vo (50 pp.).
Sep.-Abdr. aus: Verhandl. phys.-med.
(Jes. Wiirzburg, N. F., 18. Bd., M. 3. 20.

Calinels (G.) Sur le venin des Batra-
cieus; in Co nipt. rend. Ac. Sc. Paris,
t. 98, No. 8, pp. 536-.539. Abstr. Journ.
R. Micros'. Soc. (2), vol. 4, p. 3, pp.
300, 301.

Involution de reiiithdlium des

glandes a vonin dn Crapaud ; in
Compt. rend. Ac. Sc. Paris, T. 95, No.
21, pp. 10U7-1009.

Cauierauo (Lor.) La liana latastii Boul-
eng. nel \'cneto; in Boll. Mus. Zool.
Anat. Comp. Torino, vol. 2, No. 20(lp.).

Descrizione tli un girino anomalo

di Jlana oiciilciitu Linneo; in Boll. Mus.
Zool. Anat. Conqt. Torino, vol. 3, No. 30
(2 pp.).

Intorno alio Ncotonia od alio svi-

liippo degli Anlibi; in Atti Accad. Sc.
Torino, vol. 19, disp. 1. ]iii. 84-<J3.

Rcchcrchcs sur la prolongation do

la vio brancliialo des Amphibies; in
Arch. Ital. dc Biolog., t. 5. fase. 1, pp.
29-30.
Sur le dcveloppcment des Am-

phibies et sur ce ([ue Ton a nomm6 cliez
eux la Neotenie; in Arch. Ital. de
Biolog., t. 5, fasc. 1, pp. 27, 28.
Ricercho intorno alia vita bran-

chiale degli Anfibi. Relaziouo del M.
Lessoua; in Atti R. Accftd. Sc. Torino
vol. 18, disp. 7, pp. 7.55-758.

Uebcr die italienischen Enproctus-

Arten. Zool. Anz., 4. Jahrg., No. 80,
pp. 183, is I.
I>ufo riridix, v. infra, Ii'aiia e»(«-

lenfa.
Delia scelta sessuale degli Antibi

urodeli. Con fig.; in Atti Accad. Sc.

Torino, vol. 10, disp. 2, pp. 214-225.
Os.servazioni intorno ad un indi-

viduo mostruo.so di rfi/la rirldin Laur.
Con figg. Torino, 1880, 8vo. Estr.
dagli Atti R. Accad. d. Sc. Torino, vol.
10, disp. 1, Dec, 1880, pp. 83-»7.
(Una sola gamba posteiiorc. )

TIIK IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

467

Cameraiio (Loi*.) RrcluMclicssiirlcs vaii-
utioiis (Ic li'diiii (xinliiila ct dii Uiifo fi)i-
(Uh (laii.s 1(^ bnssiii do l;i M(''(lit<'n;iiu''(^.
{'2.1 pp.) Kxtr. <lo I'Assoc. fnim;. pour
r;ivan(;c. d. kc, Con^iri-s trAlj;Tr, l.'^ril.

Rcc'lu'i'clit'H siir It's variiitioii.s dcla

lliiiKi (ncnlviita ct ilii JiiiJ'o riridis dans
It) bassiu (If la Mi'ditiMraiu'c. Paris.
Id+J, Svt) (11 pp.)-

(AsHoc. IViiiii;. i)i)iir ravaiic. il. .sc, Colli;! I's
tl'AlKi'r, 1S«1.)

liiceiclic iiiliiiiii) alia (listribii/ioiii!

^f(>;;i:ilica(k'gli Aulibi AiiuTi in Eiuopa.
Con I carta. Toiiiu), II. Lot'sclicr,
IS-j;!, Svi) (15 pp.). E.sti'. da>;li Atti
Accad. R. Toiiiio, vol. IH.

Kiforclio iiit(uiH) alia vila liraii-

c-liialo doju'li Aulibi; in Zool. An/.., (J.
.laliri;'., No. If)!!, pp. Os.VliS?.

liitoriio alia NcotiMiia cd alio svi-

liippo dt'gli Aiilibi. 'J'oriiio, Locsclifi',
l.-if<:!, 8vo (12 i»p.). Estr. da.u'li Alfi
Iv. Afcad. Se. Torino, vtd. IK, l-s:i.

Rictu'flio iiitoiiio alia vita braii-

fliialc dfu'li Aiililii. C(»m 'i tav. Torino,
Eoi'.sclior, l-^"^;?, 4to (CiJ pp.). Ivstr.
dallts Mem. R. Accad. Sc. Torino, \-ol.

Ricficlir intorno aliadistribn/.ioni^

geo^ralica d('j;li Anlil)i ;imiri in
Europa; in .Viti Iv. Accad. Sc. Torino,
v<d. IH, tli.sp. "i, ]tp. 274-2-!().

Monoj^raliii dt><;li Aniibi .innri

ilaliani. (' ii 2 ta\'. 'J'oiino, ICrni.
Locsclici-, IHS,!, 4to (101) pp.). Estr.
dalle Mem. 1». Accad. Sc. Torino ("i), t.

Capparelli (A.) Rcclicrclics siir Ic veniu .

(In Tiilon rristdhis; in .\rcli. Ittii. IJiol.,

T. 4, la.sc. I, pp. 7-J-riO.
Carbonniei- (M.) Note on tla' habits and

rcaiing of tlic Axolotl, Ainhliixtoma

iiic.r'uaiiH'ii. (Tran.siat.) ; in Proc. U.

S. Nat. iMn.s., vol. ."., pp. ','21,2^:2.
Carlin (Win. E.) Ob.scrvationH on Sirv- \

(Ion Hclieiiittdcf, in Proc. U. S. Nat.

iMiis., vol. :), 18S1, PI). 120, 12L '

Catteneo (dl.) Svilnppo c. di.spo.siziono

dcUc collnlo piginontali ncUc larvc ;

dcU'Axolotl. iioii. Scicnt., viii,pp. 42- !

"■'• i

Chatm(Joa.) licclicrclics pour scrvir a

riiistoiic dn noyan dans rcpitlit'dinni

unditiC dcs IJatraciiiii.s. Avcc 2 jd.

I'aris, (jauthicr-Villars, 1883, 4to {M

Chauviii (Mario von). IJidier dio Ear-
bung dt Miinncbcns von I'ntlcitu an-
iliiUtiin. Ams/,.; in Naturforscber, lU.
.Jahrg., No. .".0, )>. ISO.

(MittbiiLiItM' Section fiu- llilliUiikiindc, No.
3.)

IJcbertcic I'oitpllan/.niii; dos Aiii-

lilj/stoiiia; iu /iooi. An/., (!. .lalirg., No.
MI>, pp. nui-M.-,.

Voi'liiufigc Mitthcilung iibor dio

I'oitpllan/ung Ic.s I'rolcnx aiigninnn ;
in Zool. Anz., No. 114, pp. :5:]0-:5:{2.
Clarke (Sam. P.) Tho early development
of the. WollTian JJody in .iinbli/f<tuina
jHiiicldhiiii. Willi :? pi.; iu Sttulies
15iolog. Eaboiat. .Joliiis IIoi)lv. Univer-
sity, vol. 2, No. 1, i)p. ;>'.>-41.
Cope (E. D.) On the Primary Divisions
of the Salainanilrid.e, with descriptions
of two new sjiecies ; in Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., p. 122, is.V.).

C)n some new iiid little-known

.Vmcrican Aiiura; in Proc. Acid. Nat.
Sci. Phil.i.. p. l.-)l, iSiil.

On Trachycepluilus, Scaphiopiis,

;ind other Americin r>;i(i',ichia ; iu
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ]>. 4li,
isi;;!.

On the limits and relations of tho

K'anilbrmes ; in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil.i.. pp. ISI -is:i. lS(i4.

Sket.di (d' the primary grmipa of

I'xtlvachla SaViLiiiia ; in The Natural
History Review, art. ii, pp. 1)7-120,
1 -(•,.'..

On Amphlbamiix (j)'antUc('p'<, a new

l>a(r;ichiau iVom the Coal Measures;
in I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. p.
i:U, l^df).
The Reptili;i and Hatracliia of the

Sonoran Provinceofthe Neartie Region;
Proceeds. Acad. Philada., ISSC, p. 30a
Contributions to the llerpctology

of Tr<>i)ical America ; iu Proceeds. Acad-
emy Phila. ; third, IHG.'i, j). 183 ; fourth,
iHiib, p. V>:\', lifth, ISlii;, p. 317; sixth,
ls08, p. 3U.'); ninth, 1871, p. 200. In
Proceeds. American Philos. Soc. ; .sev-
enth, 181".;), p. 147; eighth, 1870, p. 5.")3;
tenth, 1S77, ]>. 8.') ; eleventh, 1871), i>.
2til; twelfth, 1884, p. 1()7; thirtcentii,
ISS.-,, p. 2~\.

A review of the species of tho

Aniblystoiiud;!' ; iu Proc. .Vcad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., p. IGG, 18G7.

468

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Cope (E. D.) Ou tho structure and ilis-
tributioh of genera of tho Arciferous
Anura; in Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila.,
pp. 67-97, 1867.

On the families of the Rauiforni

Anura; in Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phihi.,
pp. 189-706, 1837.

Examination of Reptilia and Ba-

trachia of the Orton Exped'n to Ecua-
dor and Upp. Amazon, with notes on
otherspecies; Proceeds. Acad. Philada.,
1868, p. 96.

Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia

of North America; in Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., p. 20.-^, 1868.
A review of the species of the

PlethodontidiB and Desmognathidib ; in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 93,
1869.

On Siredon Metamorphoses, etc. ;

in American Journal of Science and
Arts, vol. 1, February, 1871.
On tho system of the Batrachia

Anura of tho British Museum Cata-
logue ; in American Journal of Science
and Arts, vol. 1, March, 1871.
Check-list of N. A. Batrachia and

Reptilia. Bulletin of tho U. S. Na-
tional Museum, No. 1, 1875.

Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia

from the Coal Measures ; Geological
Survey of Ohio, vol. 2, Paleontology,
pp. 349-411, pi. xxvi-xl, 1875.
A contribution to the Zoology of

Montana ; in American Naturalist, July,
1879.
On tho Zoological Positiou of

Texas. Bulletin of the U. S. National
Museum, No. 17, 1880.
Notes on the Geographical Distri-

bution of Batrachia and Reptilia iu
Western North America; in Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1883, pp. 10-35.
(With 4 n. sp.)

The Rt^trogrado Metamorphosis of

Siren ; Amer. Naturalist, 1885, p. 1226.

Tho Batrachian Intercentrum ;

American Naturalist, 1886, p. 76.

Synonymic List of the North Amer-
ican species of Bufo and Raua, with
descriptions of some new species of
Batrachia, from specimens in the Na-
tional Museum; in Proc. Amer. Pliilos.
Soc, October, p. 514, 1886.

Cope (E D. ) Synopsis of Batrachia and

Reptilia obtaiuod by H. H. Smith iu

the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil;

Proceeds. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, 1887,

p. 44.
The Permian Formation of New

Mexico; iu Amer. Naturalist, vol. 15,

Dec, pp. 1020,1021.
(2 n. ap. of Batrachia.)
The Batrachia of tho Permian

Period of North America. With 4 pis.

and 7 cuts; in American Naturalist,

vol. 18, Jan. 1884, pp. 26-29.
The Hyoid Structure in the Am-

blystomid Salamanders. With fig. ;

in American Naturalist, vol. 21, No. 1,

pp. 87, 88.
The Ossicula auditus of the Ba-
trachia. With 1 pi.; iu Am. Nat.,

vol. 22, May, pp. 464-467.
On tho Structure and Affinities of

tho Ampliiumidie. Witli 2 pb. ; iu

Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc Phiiad., vol.

23, No. 123, pp. 442-445.
The Classiticatiou of the Ciccil-

ians. (Ahstr.); in Nature, vol. 35, No.
899, p. 280.
Ein Uebergangsleid von den Am-

phibien zu den Reptilien (Cricotus).
Auszug, in Kosmos, von E. Krause,
9. Bd., 3. Hft., Juni, pp. 230, 231.
Ou the relations of the Hyoid and

Otic Elements of the skeleton in the
Batrachia; iu American Journal of
Morphology, ii, November, 1888, p. 297,
3 plates.
and Packard (A. S., jr.) The

Fauna of the Nickajack Cave; iu
American Naturalist, November, 1881.

Credner (H.) Ueber Branch'wsaurus
amhlijutomus, ciuen neuen Stegocei)ha-
len aus dem Eothliegend-Kalke von
Niederhiisslich im Plauen'.schcn Grunde;
iu Sitzgsber. naturf. Ges. Leipzig, 8.
Jahrg., 1881, pp. 43, 44.

Ueber eiuige Stegocephalen aus

dem siichsischen Rothliegendcn ; iu
Sitzungsber. naturf. Ges. Leipzig, 1881,
pp. 1-7.

Die Stegocephalen aus dem Roth-

liegenden des Plauen'schen Gruudes bei
Dresden. Mit4Taf. I. Th. 1. Einlei-
tung. 2. Bianchiosaurus gracilis, Crd.
Berlin, 1881, 8vo. (Aus Zeitschr. jl.
deutsch. geolog. Ges., 1881, pp. 298-
330.)

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

469

Credner (II.) Die Stegocepbaleii aiis
dcin RoUiliogeudcu dea Phiucn'schi'ii
Griiudcs bei Dresdeu. II. liratuhio-
saurus amblystomtts Credii. Mit 3 Taf".
Herlin, 1881, 8vo. (Ana Zeitscbr. d.
deiitsch. geolog. Ges., 1881, pp. 574-
()l);{). III. relosaiirus laticepn Crodii.,
ArchcgoHauriiH Dccheni Gnldf., uiid J.
laiirostrin Jord., ebeud., 1882, pp. 21:?-
237.

(SeoZ. A., No. 96, p. 5C4 )

Ucber Melauerjjetoii Fr. ans dom

Rotbliegend-Kalk von NiederbiiHslicb
iiii Planen'scben Grundo; in Sitzgsber.
iiatnrf. Ges. Leipzig, 8. Jabrg., 1882,
pp. 4r)-47.

Dio Stegocepbalen ane deni Rotb-

liegendeu des Planen'scben Grando.s
bei Dresdeu. IV. Tb. Acanthontoma
rorax Crcd. [u. g. et sp.], MeJancrpeton
fHiiiiiceps Cred., Disconaunts j)crmianiis
Cred. [n. g. et sp.]. Mit 2 Taf. Abdr.
ans Zeitsclier. d. deutscb. geol. Gcs.,
18-3, pp. 27r)-300.

Cuvier (G.) Osseniens Fossiles. Atlas,
phite 252, Paris, ld3G.

Cuccati(G.) Sojira il distribuiinento e
la tcrminaziono dello fibre nervco uei
polmoui dell.t Raiia tcmporaria. Con 1
tav.; in Inteniat. Monatsscbr. f. Anat.
u. Hist., 5. Bd., pp. 194-203.

Daudin (F.-M.) Histoiro Natnrello des
Rainettes dea Grcuonilles et des Cra-
paiids; 4to, Paris, an XI=1H03.

Histoire Natnrelle des Reptiles;

Tome viii, 8vo, Paris, 1803.

Davidoff (M.) Ueber di(! Varicliiten dos
Piexns luMibosacralis voii Salamandra
maculosa. Mit 1 Taf.; in Morpbol.
Jabrb., 9. Bd., 3. Hfr., pp. 401-411.

Davis (J. W.) On tbe occnrrenco of tbo
Remains of Labyriutbodonts in tbe
Yoredalo Rocks of Wensleydalo (Brit.
Assoc); inNature,vol.28, No.728,p.578.

Dawson (J. W.) On tbe Resnits of Re-
cent Explorations of Erect Trees con-
taining Animal Remains in tbe Coal
Formation of Nova Scotia. Witb 9 pis.;
in Pbilos. Trans. R. Soc. London, vol.
173, p. 2, pp. G21-GG0. Abstr. ; in
Proc. R. Soc, vol. 33, No. 218, pp. 254-
256.

(N. <r. Frifschia amUyodon.) S. Z. A., No.
119, p. 44G.

Desfossea (— ). De i'(eil du Prot<5e; in
Compt. rend. Ac Sc. Paris, T. 94, No.
2G, pp. 1729-1731.

Dewitz (J.) Kurtze Notiz iiberdie Fnr-
cbnng von Fro.scbeiern in Sublimatlo-
snng; in Biolog. Centralbl., 7. Bd.,No.
3, pp. 93,94. Abstr. in Jonrn. R.
Microsc. Soc. London, 1887, p. 3, p. 370.

Dogiel (Alex.) Ucber dio nervosen Ele-
mente in der Netzhant der Ampbibien
nnd Vogel. Mit 3 Abbibl. ; in Anat.
Anz., 3. Jabrg., Nos. 11, 12, pp. 342-347.

ticbcr den Ban des Gerucbsorgans

bei Ganoiden, Knocbenfiscben Jind Am-
pbibien. Kasan, 188G; in Arbeit, na-
tnrforscb. Ges. Kasan, IG. Bd., 1. Hft.
(82 pp.).
lleber den Ban des Gerucbsorgans

bei Ganoiden, Knocbenfiscben nnd Am-
pbibien. Mit 3 Taf. ; in Arcb. f. nii-
krosk. Anat., 29. B,I., 1. lift., pp. 74-
139.

Ueber den Ban des Gerncbsorgan

bei Fiscben nnd Ampbibien; in Biol,
Centralbl., vi, pp. 428-431.

Dollo (L.) Note snr le Batracien de
Bcrnissart. Avec 1 pi. ; in Bnll. Mns.
R. d'Hist. Nat. Belg., T. 3, No. 1, pp.

85-9f).

(Ilylajobatraclins cmyii, n. g., n. sp.)

Notice snr los Reptiles et les Ba-

traciens recneillis par M. le Capitaine
E. Storms dans lardgion dnTanganyka;
in Bnll. Mns. R. Hist. Nat. Belg., T. 4,
No. 3, pp. 151-160.

Dowdeswell (G. F.) Note on a Minute
Point in tlfo Structure of tbo Spermato-
zoon in tbe Newt; in Quart. Jonrn.
Microsc. Sc, vol. 23, April, pp. 33G-339.

Dug6s(A.) Recberches snr I'Osldologio
et la Myologie des Batraciena a leurs
dift6rcns ages, 4to, 1834.

Dumeril (Auguste). M^moire snr les
Batraciena Anourea de la fauiille des
Hyl;T?formes on Rainettea, compr. la
dcscr. d'un genre nonv. et de onze esp,
nonv. Ann. d. Sciences, Nat. Paris.

Dumeril et Bibrou. Erpdtologle G<Sn6-
rale Hist. Nat. des Reptiles; Tome viii,
Batraciena, Paris, 1841.

Durham (H. E.) Notes on tbe presence
of a Nenrcuteric Canal in K;ina. Q. J.
Micr. Sci., xxvi, pp. 509, 51(t, pi. s.Kvii.

470

lUJLLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Duval (Math.) Siu' lo ddvclopprnieiil do
I'apparcil gcnito-nrinairo clicz la j^ic-
nouille. 1. p. Le rein piociirsenr.
Avec2pls. ; iu Revue Sc. Nat. Moiit-
pellier (3), T. 1, No. 4, 1682, pp. 471-
498.

Ecker (Alex.) Die Anatomio des Fro-
scbes. Ein Handbuch fiir Plijsiologcn,
Aortze und Studirendo. 1. Abtli.
Knochen- nnd Mnskellcbre. Mit 'JO
mobrfarbigen Holtzsticben. 2. Aufl.
BrauuBcbweig, Vieweg, 1888, 8vo (vii,
139 pp.), M. 5.

Die Anatomio des Frosches. 3.

(Scbluss-) Abtbeilnng. Lebro von den
Einf^eweiden, dem Integument n. den
Sinnesorganen. Bearbeitet vou R.
Wcidcrsbeim. BrauLSchweig, Vieweg,
1882, Bvo (xi, 9.^» pp.), M. 5.

Eisler (P.) Ilistoiogie dor Magen-
scbleimbaut. Ber. Gos. llalle, 188.''), pp.
4-36.

Treats of tlio Urodcla (Proteus, Salamamlra,
Molge.)

Engelmann (Tb. W.) Dor Bulbns aortie
des Frosclilierzcns. riiysiologiscli iin-
tersncbt in Cicnieinscbai't niit J. Ilartoj;
n. J. J. W. Veilioeil". Mit 1 Taf. u. 3
llolzscbu. Bonn, 1862, Hvo. An.s
rfliiger's Arcb. f., d. gcs. Pliysiol. La-
borat. Utreebt (3.), D. 7, All. 2, pp.
149-190.

Ewald (A.) nnd Krukenberg (C. Fr. W.)
Ueber die Veibreitung des GuJinin,
besonders iibcr scin Vorkommcn iu dcr
Hant von Anipbibien, Rcptilicn, nnd
von retromijzon flnritaJis ; in Unter-
sncb. pbysiol. Inst. Hcidclbg., 4. Bd., 3.
lift., pp.* 253-20.^).

Ewart (J. C.) Tlio Dissection of tbe
Frog. Edinbnrgb, Tbin ; London,
Sim plans, 1884, 8vo. Is. Gd.

Fatio (V.) Fauno des vertdbrt^s do la
Suisse. Vol.3. Reptiles et Batracicns,
1672.

Ferniins(Pb.) Abbaudlungen v. d. suri-
namiscbeu Kroto oder Pipa; 8vo,
Brunswick, 177G.

Flemming (W.) Weitero Bcobacbtnn-
gen iiber die Entwicklung der Spernia-
tosomen bei Salamandra maculosa. Mii,
ITaf. ; in Arcb. f. niikrosk. Anat.,31.
Bd., 1. Hft., pp. 71-97. Abstr. in
Jonrn. R. Microsc. Soc, London, 1888,
p. 2, p. 109.

Flemming (W.) Nouvellocoutribution i\
la counaissance do la cellule. 1' partio.
La division cellulairo dans les si)erina-
tocj'tes de Salamandra maculosa ; extr.
in Arcb. zool. exp6r. et g6u. (2), T. 5,
No. 3, Notes, No. 15, pp.33-35.

Salamandra maculosa, Spermato-

cyten; in Zool. Anz., No. 265, p. 591.

Fischer (J. G.) Ucber eine Kollektion
von Rcptilien nnd Ampbibieu vou dcr
Insel Nias und iiber eine zweite Art der
Gattung Anniella Gray. Mit 1 Taf. ; iu
Abbaudl. au8 d. Gab. d. Naturwiss.,
Hamburg, 9. Bd., 1. Hft. (10 pp.).
(26 [2 n.] sp.)

Anatomiscbe Abbaudlungen iiber

die Perennibraucbiaten und Derotre-
meu; 4to, Hamburg, 1864.

Fischer (J. de). Role des Ampbibiens
en Agriculture. Montpellier, 1686, 8vo,
23 pp.

Fischer (Job. v.) Weisse Froscblurcbe
im Freien; in Humboldt (Dammer),
1667, 1. Hft., pp. 22,23.

Der Hobleuniolcb oder Erdtriton

{Sptlcrpes Ideotrilon'lfuscus) Gend.

Der Blasins'scbo Triton {Triton

7i/«.fu de I'Isle) und iiber die Haltung
der curop.'iiscbcn Tritonen im Allgo-
meinen ; iu Zool. Garten, 28. Jabrg.,
No. 1, pp. 11-20.

DicPantber-Kroto indcrGefangen-

scbaft (//"/() pantherinus Guicb = B.
mauriianiciis Scbleg.); in Zoolog. Gar-
ten, 24. Jabrg., No. 2, pp. 43-45.

Der .anstraliscbe Laubfroseb, Ifyla

cncndia Wbite = Jlyla cyanca Daudin,
in der Gofangenscbaft; in Zoolog.
Garten, 24. Jabrg., No. 1, pp. 21-25.
rienrndclfs waltlii im Eis einge-

scblosseii; in Humboldt (Danimor), 7.

Jabrg., 4. lift., pp. 138,139.
Fischer-Sigwart ( H. ) Eine Ebrcnret-

tnug des (Jrasfroscbes {Rana tempora-

ria); in Zoolog. Garten, 25. Jabrg., No.

1, pp. 23-25.
Un.sero Fni.scbe n. Krotcn Kind

Nacbttbiere; in Zoolog. Garten, 25.

Jabrg., No. 2, pp. .50, 51.
Fisher (A. K.) Sjxlcrpcs guttolineatiis

Holbrook in tbe vicinity of Wasbing-

ton, D. C.; in Amer. Naturalist, vol.

21, No. 7, p. 672.
Fitzinger (L. I.) Neuo Classification der

Roptilicn ; 4to, Wion, 1826.

THE BATRACniA OF NORTH AMERICA.

471

Fraisse (F.) Eigentbiimliche Struc-
turverbiiltuiase ira Scliwauzo erwachse-
uor Urodelen. Zool. Auz., 1880, pp. 12,
13.

Franke (Ad.) Die Reptilien und, Arn-
phibien Deutschl.ands. Nach eigeneu
Bcobaclitungen gcachildert. Miteiuem
Vorwort von R. Leuckart. Leipzig,
Veitu.Co., I8Sl,8vo(x, 174 pp.), No. 2.

Fubmi(S.) Gowicbt dos centralen Ner-
veusyateras im Vergleich zu dern Kor-
pergevricht der Tliiero, bei Eana escu-
Ipita 11. Rana temporaria; in Mole-
ecbott, Untersnch. z. Naturlehre d.
Meusch., 1-2. Bd., 5., 6. lift., pp. 455-461.

Gage (S. H.) Observations on the fat
cells and connective-tissue corpuscles
ofNecturus; Proceedings Amer. Society
of Microscopists, 1882, August.

Notes on the mouth epithelium of

Nccturus and Menopoma. Notes on
the blood corpuscles of Nectnrus; loc.
cit., 1885.

Garman (S. W.) On Pseudis. A note
on the so-called Batrachichlluja, de-
scribed in the Ann. Mns. Nac. Rio do
Janeiro, vol. 1, plate 6, by Dr. Pizarro.

A Species of Pseudis from the Rio

Arassuahy, Brazil iPs-fusca. n. sp.]; in
Science Observer, vol. 4, No. 5,6, p. 47.

On the Reptiles and Batrachians

of North America. The North Am. Rep-
tiles. P. 1. Ophidia. With 9 pis. (xxxi,
185 pp.).

From Mem. Mus. Compar. Zool. at Harvard
Collcgo, 1883.
On the Reptiles and Batrachians of

Grand Cayninn; in Proc. Amer. Philos.

Soc, vol. 24, No. 126, pp. 273-277.
(G[2n.] sp)
Reptiles and Batrachians from New

Mexico and Texas (from Bull. Essex

iMstit., vol. 1!), 1887,20 pp.).
Gamier (J. II.) The Mink or Hoosier

Frog [Eana septeutrionalis']; in Amer.

Naturalist, vol. 17, Sept., pp. 945-954.
On a now species of Menoiranchufi

[latcralin var. n. Latasitei]. Proc. Canad.

Iiistit. (3), vol. 5, fuse. 2, pp. 218,219.
Gasco (F.) Gli amoridclTritonealpestre

( Triton alpcsirin, Lanr.) e la deposizionc

dello sue nova. Ann. Mns. Genov., xvi,

pp. .5-58.
Lcs Amours des Axolotls ; in Zool.

Anz., 4. Jahrg., No. 85, pp. 313-310 ; No.

m, pp. 3-2'5-334.

Gaskell (W. H.) Ou the rhythm of the
Heart of the Frog, and on the Nature
of the Action of the Vagus Nerve; in
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, vol. 173,
p. 4, pp. 993-1033.

Abstr. Proc. R. Soc, vol. 33, pp.

199-203.

Gatehouse (J. W.) The development
and life-history of the Tadpole. With
2 pis. ; in Journ. of Microsc. and Nat.
Sc. U. S., vol. 1, pp. 33-38.

Gautier (A.) et Etard. Observations re-
latives h une note de M. Calmels sur le
veniu des Batraciens; in Compt. rend.
Ac. Sc. Paris, T. 98, No. 10, p. 631.

Geerts (A.-J.-C.) Notice snr la grande
Salamandrc du Japon. Avec 1 pi. ; in
Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2.), T. 5, pp. 273-
290.

Gegenbaur (C.) Untersuchnngen z.
vergleich. Anatomie d. Wirbelsaiile bei
Amphibien n. Reptilien ; 4to, Leipzig,
1862.

Untersuchnngen zur vcrglei-

chenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere,
Carpus nnd Tarsus, 1864.

Untersuchnngen zur vcrgleichen-

den Anatomie der Wirbelthiere, Schul-
tergiirtel der Wirbelthiere, 1865.

Giacosa (P.) Chemical Composition of
the Egg and its Envelopes in the Com-
mon Frog; abstr. in .Tourn. R. Microsc.
Soc, London (2.), vol. 4, p. 2, pp. 203,
204.

Etudes snr la composition chimiqne

de I'ffiuf et des enveloppes chez la Gre-
nonille commune; in Archiv. Ital. Bio-
log., T. 2, fasc. 2, pp. 220-231.

Gotte (Alex.) Entwickelungsgeschichto
der Uuke. 3vo, pp. 905, Leipzig, 1875,
with folio atlas.

Ueber Eutwickelung u. Regenera-

tion des Gliedinassen - Skelctos der
Molche; 4to, Leipzig, 1879.

Gravenhorat (J. L. C.) Roptilia Mnsci
Zoologici Vratislaviensis, fasc. I. Chi-
loniaet Batrachia; folio, Leipzig, 1829.

Greef (R.) Ueber Siphonopa thomensis
Barb, du Boc. Beitrag zur Keuntniss'
der Crecilien (Gyninophionen). Mit 1
Abbild. ; in Sitzgsber. d. Ges. z. Bo-
fiird. d. ges. Naturwiss. zn Marburg,
1884, No. 1, pp. 17-32.

GreiflF(^.T.) Ziihes Leben cines Axolotl;
in Zool. Garten, 28. Jahrg., No. 3, pp.
95-96.

472

BULLETIN :5I, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Griinhagen (A.) Eiii iumu's iiiaiioiiM^-
trischcs Voi-talircn ziir Dt-nioustratiou
vaso-constrictorischer Ccutrcn iin Rii- i
ckeuniark lies Frosches; in Ptiiiger's ]
Arch. f. (1. fros. Physiol., 25. Bd., 5.-6. i
lift.. pi». 251-255. I

Giinther (A.) Catalojjiic of the Batra-
cilia Saliciitia in tlio collection of tlic
British Miisemu, 18G8. I

Aniphihia from the Straits of Ma-

fjellnn, etc. ; in Proc. Zool. Soo. Lon-
don, 1881, i, PI). 18,19. i
(4 8p.,3n.sp. See Z. A., No.O:, pp.311, 3t'2) i

Notes on Batrachians from Perak ;

Annals Magas. Nat. Hist., 1887, p. 313.

Report on a Collection of Reptiles

anil Batrachians sent by Emiu Paslia ,
from Monbiittn, Upper Conf^o; in Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 188H, i, pp. 50-51. |
(13 Rcptilps .iiul 4 BatMch.) !

Observations on some rare reptiles

and a Batraehian now or lately livinj;
in tiie Society's Menn<f<'rie. With (> pi.;
in Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 11,
pt. 7, pp. 215--2>J.

(Ceratojihnjg ornata, all fiiiiircd.)

Haase (Erich). Sachseus Amphibien ; in
Sitzgsber. n. Aldidlg. natnrwiss. Ges.
Isis Dresden, 1887, Jnli-Dec, Abhld^i,'.,
pp. 57-05.

Hallowell (Edward), M. D. Description
of several species of Urodela, with re-
marks on the geographical distribution
of the Cadncibranchiate division of
these animals and their classification.
Proceedings of the Acad(nny of Natural
Science^, February, 1S5(), p. G.

On the Cadncibranchiate Urodnle

Batrachians; Journal Acad. Sciences
Philada., 1858, 337.

On Tr'ujonophrijs rugiccpx; loc. cit.,

p. 307.

Hargitt (C. W.) On the habits of Sea-
phloimfi holhrookii ; Amer. Naturalist,
June, 1888.

Hartog (S.) Bijdrage tot de physiologio
van den Bulbus Aort:e van het kik-
vor-schhart. Met 2 hontsn. en 1 pi. ; in
Onderzoek. Physiolog. Laborat. Utrecht
(3.;, D. 0, all. 2, 18^1, pp. 301-418.

Hai'vey (Reuben). IVuiiusophageal Mem-
brane of Frog (Dublin Microsc. Club);
in Ann. of Nat. Hist. (5.), vol. 11,
March, pp. 212,213.

Hay (0. P.) Description of a new species
of Aiublystoniafroai Indiana ; Proceeds.
U. S. Nat'l Museum, 1885, p. 209.

Observations on Ampliiuma and

its young; Amer. Naturali.st, 1888, p.
315.

Heller (Karl M.) Amphibiologische No-
tizen. Mit 1 Abbild. ; in Zool. Gar-
ten, 20. Jahrg., No. fi, pp. 177-181.

Hermann (L.) Weitere Untersucbungcii
fiber das Verhalten der Froschlarven
im galvauischen Stronie; in Pfliiger's
Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 38. Bd., 8., 9.
lift., pp. 414-419; Abstr. in Journ.
Micro.sc. Soc. (2.), 1887, p. 1, pp. 51,52.

Heron-Royer ( — ). Notice sur les meeura
des Batraciens. Fasc. 2, Angers, 188G,
8vo (45 pp.). Estr. du Bull. Soc. fitnd.
Scient., Angers, 1^85.

Sur la reproduction de I'albinismo

par voie hdrdditaire chez I'Alyte ac-
coucher et sur raecouplement de ce Ba-
fracicn ; in Bull. Soc. Zool. France, T.
11, Nos. 5, 0, i)p. (;71-079.

r— A propos de la question des gre-

nonilles rousses sonlevde eu Italic par
Edoardo Betta — I\a)ia fusca et Hana
n;iiHn — et les principaux caractercs qui
les dirterencient ;\ la pdriode embryou-
nairc et brancliiale. Avec 1 pi.; in
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, T. 11, Nos. 5, (!,
pp. 081-090.
Description du I'elohnlen lafifrons

des environs de Turin et d'nno con-
formation particnli^J'e do rethmoide
chez les Batraciens. Avec 10 figs. ; in
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., T. 13, No. 3, pp.
85-91.
Note compl6mentaire sur le Pelo-

ftrt/fs hiilfrons. Ibid., No. 4, p. 108;
No. 5, i)p. 109, 110,
Nouvelles recherchcs sur lo Pelo-

batcs lalifrons, en rdponso h, la note de
M. Bonlenger sur lo Pelobate brun.
Note sur I'hvbridation des Batra-

ciens auoures et ses jiroduits cong6u^^e8
et big<>iieres; in Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
T. 8, Nos. 5, o, pp. 397-410.
Recherchcs sur les caracteres ein-

bryonnaires externes de I'Alyte ac-
coucher (Alytc-i ohafetricans) h, partir de
la ])onto jusqu'a I't^slosion de la larve.
Avec 1 1)1. ; in Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
T. 8, Nos. 5, 0, pp. 417-430.

THE BATRACHIA OF KORTH AMERICA.

473

Heron-Royer ( — ). Nolo sur quolques
caraclcres periuettaut do diatingiier
facileiiieut Bufo vlridin do Bufo calamita.
Avcc rig. Ibid., T. y, No.s. 1, 2, pp. 29-31.

Observations comparatives sur le

d<Svcloppeiiieiit extfrno et I'tStat adulte
dos IJatraciens dii genre Bombinator.
Avec 2 pis. ; in Bull. Soe. Zool. France,
T. K$, No. 3, pp. 7:^, 71. Bufo viridis,
ibid., p. 84.

L'accouplemcnt du Bufo viridia et

!es plienonieues que presentent les cor-
dons d'o'ufs de cot anoure durant Invo-
lution do I'enibryon. Avec lig. ; in
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, T. 13, No. 1,
pp. 2n-31.

Essai sur la Transmission de la

Colorat i(ui clicz les IJatraciens Aiioures ;
Bulletin do la Societd Zoiilogiquo de
Franc(>, 1888, p. 205.

Note sur nuo nouvcllo forme de

(Jronouille rousse du sud-est de la
France \^Rana fttuca hoinwrati']. Avec
2 pis. ; in Bull. Acad. So. Belg. (3), T.
1, No. 2, pp. 139-148.

Sur la i)r6seuce d'unc enveloppe

advcutiso aulour'dos feces cbez les
Batraciens. Avec tig.; in Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, T. 13, No. 2, pp. r)r)-57.

et Van Banibeke (Cli.) Sur les

caracteres fournis par la bouche dcs
totards (les Batraciensanou res d' Europe.
Faris, 1881, 8vo (7 pp.).

(Exti. (Ill Bull. Soc. Zool. France.)
Sur les caracteres fournis

par la bonclie des tetards dcs Batraciens
anoures d'p]nrope; in Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1881, 1., 2. p., pp. 75-80.

Sur les caracteres fournis

par la boucbe des (etards des Batraciens
anoures d'Europe. Bulletin de la Soci(^tc
Zoologique de France (20 avril), 1888.

Hertwig (Osc.) Das mittlero Keimblatt
nud dio Cliorda dor Annreu ; iu Jena.
Zeitscbr. f. Naturvviss., 10. Bd., 3. lift.,
Sitzgsber., pp. 19-21.

Hilgendorf (F.) Das Ileosacral-Gelenk
dor zungeulosen Friisebo ( /'(j>a, Dactij-
hihrn); in Sit/.gsber. Gos. Nat. Fr. Ber-
lin, 18H4, No. 2, pp. 35-38.

Hinckley (Mary II.) Notes on Eggs
and Tadpoles of Ifyla msicolor ; in
I'roc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 21,
pp. 104-107.

Hinckley (Mary II.) Tbc devtl()i»meiit
of tbo Troo-Toad [ Ilyhi rcmicolor'].
Witb fig. ; iu Amer. Naturalist, vol. 10,
Aug., pp. 636-0.39.

On some differences in tbe nioutb

structure of Tadpoles of tbo Anurous
Batracbians found in Milton, Ma.ss.
With 1 pi. ; in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. 21, iii, pp. 307-314.

Hirschburg (— ). Zur Dioptric des Ani-
pbibionanges, v. anpra Pisces, Z. A.,
No. 147, p. 4.58.

Hoffmann (C. K.) Zur Eutwicklnngs-
gescbicbteder Urogenitalorgane bei d<'ii
Auamuia. Z.\viss.Zool.,xliv,pii.57U-:)43,
pis. xxxiii-xxxv. Halrucliiu, pp. 570-014.

Holl (H.) Zur .\natoniie der Mnudbolo
von Ilaiia tcinporaria; in An/.eiger kais.
Aknd. Wiss. Wi(Mi, 1887, No. 1, pp. 1-5.

Honnorat (Ed.-F.) Note sur I'espoco
liana fimca. Ibid., pp. 118-1.")1.

Horissay (F.) et Bataillon (— ). Seg-
mentation do I'lenf et sort du blasto-
pore cbez I'Axolotl ; iu Compt. rend.
Ac. Sc. Paris, T. 107, No. 4, pp. 282-284.

Formation do la Gastrula,

da luesoblaste et de la cborde donsale
cbez I'Axolotl; in Compt. rend. Ac. Sc.
Paris, T. 107, No. 2, pp. 134-130.

Horst (R.) On new and little-known
Frogs from tbe Malayan Arcbipelago ;
iu Notes Leydtn Miis., vol. 5, Note
XXIII, pp. 235-244.

(Oa Bufo cruentatiig and borbonicnx, Thclo-
(Irrina leprosnm; 6 n. sp.)

Hov^res (G. B.) On a bitberto nun-cog-
nized feature of tbo Larynx of (be
Anurous Ampbibia; Proceed. Zool.
Soc. Loudon, 1887, p. 491.

Notes on tboGular Brood-poucb of

Jihiiiodvrnia dariviiiii; Proceeds. Zool.
Soc. London, 1888, p. 231.

On tlie Carpus and Tarsus of tbo

Anura; Proceeds. Zool. Soc. London,
1888, p. 141.

Note on tbc azygos reins iu tbo

Anurous Amphibia. Witb lig. ; in Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1888, i, pp. 122-120.

On some abnormalities of tbo

Frog's vertebral column, Rana tcmpn-
rnria. With cuts; in Anat. Anz., 1.
Jabrg.. No. 11, pp. 278-281.

Observations on tbe Morphology

and Genesis of supernumerary phalan-
ges, esp. of the Batracbia ; Proceeds.
Zool. Soc. London, 1888, p. 495.

474

imi.LETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Huber (O.) Ucbcr Brustwaizcn bei

Jhiiia temporaria L. Mit 1 Taf. ; in

Zcitsclir. f. wiss. Zool., 45. Bd., 4. lift.,

PI). 6G4-608.
Huxley (T. II.) Anatomy of the vcrte-

brated Animals. Loudou. 1871.
On the strnctnre of the sknll and

of tlic heart of Menohranchns lateralis.

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, March, 1874,

p. 18G.
Hyrtl (Jos.). Criiptohrauchus japoniciis ;

Vienna, 18C5.

Ihering (H. von). Ovipositiou in Phyl-

lomedusa. Abstr. ; in Jouru. R. Microsc.

Soc. (2.1, vol. G, pt. 5, p. 766.

(Ann. of Nat. Hist. S. Z. A., No. 230, p.

489.)
Iwakawa (T. ) The genesis of the Egj^

in Trilon. With 3 pis. ; in Qnart. Journ.

Microsc. Sc, vol. 22, July, pp. 260-277.
The genesis of tlio Egg in Tritoti.

Extr. ; in Revue Sc. Nat. Montpellier

(3.), T. 2, No. 1, 1882, pp. 122-124.

(Qu.irt. Journ. Microsc. Sc. S. Z. A., No.

130, p. 32.)
Jacobaeus (O.) Dc Ranis et Laccrtis

Observatioucs; 12nio, Kopenhagen,

1686.
Jensen (O. S.) Ueber die Strnktur der

Sanienktirpcr bei Silngetieren, Vogeln

und Amphibien. Anat. Auz., i, pp. 251-

257.
Johnson (A.) and Sheldon (L.) Notes

on the Development of th(i Newt ( Triton

cristatits). Q. J. Micr. Sci., x.wi, pp.

.''>73-589, pis. 34-36.

Jordan (Panl). Die Entwicklung der
vorderen Extreinitiit der anuren i?a-
tnichier. Inaug.-Diss. Mit 2 Taf. Leip-
zig, Alex. Edelmauu, 1888, Svo (55 pp.),
M. 2..50.

Jourdain (S.) Snr le systeme lympha-
tifino des tetards d(>s Grenonilles; in
Compt. rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, T. 96, No.
4, pp. 271-273.

— Recherches snr le Hysti^me lym-

phatique do la liana tnnjyoraria. 2. ji.

(Suite.) Avec3pls. Montpellier, 1833,

Svo (16 pp.). Extr. de la Revue d. Sc.

natnr. Montpellier.
Recherches snr le systc^me lym-

phatiquc de la liana temporaria L.

Avec 3 pis. Extr. de la Revue Scicnc.

Natur. Montpellier, ddcembre 1881 (T.

1, 3. s6r.), (17 pp.).

Jourdain (S.) Recherches sur le systcnie
lyniphatique de la liana temporaria.
Avec 3 pis. ; in Revue Sc. Nat. (Mont-
pellier) (3.), T. 1, No. 2, 1881, pp. 152-
168. 2. p., avec 3 pis., ibid., No. 4, pp.
455-470.

UcberdieBastanlirung von Froscli-

Inrchen und die Principicu der Zcu-
gung; in Naturforschcr, K!. .Jahrg.,
No. 47, pp. 445-447.

(Nach PHri.!,a-i-. S. Z. A., No. 101, p. 110.)

Kato (T. ) Veisuche an Grosshirn des
Frosches. Inaug.-Diss. Berlin, 1886,
Svo (27 pp.).

Kastschenko (N.) Ueber die Gencso
und Architcctur der Batrachierkno-
chen. Arch. mikr. Anat., xix, pp. 1-52,
pis. 1 and 2.

Ueber die Krappfilrbung der

Froschgewebe. Mit 2 Taf. ; i» Arch,
f. niilirosk. Anat., 21. Bd., 3. lift., pp.
3->7-386.

Kessler (K. F.) Einige Bomerkungcn
iiber die Verwandlung der schwanz-
losen Batrachier; in Arbeit, d. St. Pe-
tersburg. Naturfor.sch.-Ges., 11. Bd.,
1. lift., Prot., pp. <);)-l(i8.

Kingsley (J. S.) A <;ase of polymely in
the Batrachia. With 1 pi.; in Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. 21, pp. 169-
176.

Klaussner (Ferd.) Das Kiickenmark
des Proteus anfjuinus. Eine histolo-
gische Studie. Mit 2 Taf. Miinchen,
1883, 4to. Aus Abhandl. k. bayer.
Akad. d. Wiss. 2. CI., 14. Bd., 2. Abth.,
pp. 143-174. Apart: Miinchen, Franz
in Comm., 1883, 4to, M. 1.50.

Das Riickenmark des rrofeus an-

guinus. Ausz. in Biolog. Centralbl.,
3. Bd.,No. 9, pp. 271, 272.

(Ausz. von Olicr.^toincr. Abliandl. baycr.
Akad. S. Z. A, No. 148, p. 478.)

Kloetzke(C. G.) Dissertatio Anatoniica
do liana cornnta; 4to, Berlin, 1816.

Knappe (E.) Das Bidder'sche Organ.
Ein Beitrag zur Kenutniss der Auato-
niio, Histologic, und Eutwicklungs-
geschichte der Ge.schlechtswerkzengo
einiger Amphibien, besonders der eiu-
heiniischen Bnfoniden. Morph. Jahrb.,
xi, pp. 489-.552, pis. xxviii-xxix.

Knauer(Fr.) Die europiiisciien Kricch-
tliiere und Lnrche; iu Der Naturhisto-
riker, 3. Jahrg., No.s. 11, 12, pp. 87, 88 ;
95, 96.

THE I3ATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

475

Kuauer (Ei. ) N;itiirg(\sflii(tliii' dcr Liir-
cbo (Ainpljibioloi;!^); Hvo, Wioii, lrt7d.

Diiiu)ii)liisiimsder Gcschloclitcrboi

dcu (europ.) Lnrrlu-u ; in Dcr Natnr-
hi.storik»;r, ;i. Jalir^., No. 9, pp. 71, 7'i.

Wclcho Factoren Icouimeii hoA 15c-

trachttiiij; ucr Fiiibiing iiud Ztuchimiig
«ler Kriocbtbiero uiid Lnrcbo iiii Allgc-
meinon in Rccbuiinj;- uiul wie gcbcn
sich die bcziiglicbcu Vcrbiiltuisse im
SpecicUen bei uuscren einbciraiscbeu
Kiieclitblercn niul Lurcben ? In Der
Natarbistoriker, von Knaner, 4. Jabig.,
1. Hft., pp. 40-52; 2. Hit., pp. 123-12'J.

Enropa's Kriecbtbieio nnd Lurcbo.

Fiir den Naturfreund bcscbrieben nnd
nacb ilireni Lcben gcscbildcrt. Gr. 8vo
(iii, 152 pp.), Wien, 1877. Ricbtor'a
Wtwc. n. Sobn, M. 1.50.

Keener (O.) Ucbcr die Voibreitnug un-
screr Tritonen; in Zoolog. Garten, 2'.}.
Jabrg., No. 7, p. 21(i.

{Triton pabnatux im Tauims.)

Kollniann (.J.) Das Ueberwintcrn von
enropiliscben Fioscb- und Tritoularven
nnd die Uniwandlnng des niexicani-
scben Axolotl ; in Verbandl. nat. Ges.
Basel, 7. 15d., 2. lift., pp. 387-;{riy.

L'bivernage des larves do Gre-

nonillos et de Tritons d'Eniope, et la
indtaniorpliose d(^ I'AxoloM dn Mexi(inc ;
in Ilecneil Zoo). Snisse, T. 1, No. 1, pp.
75-81».

Kuhn (A.) Ucbcr das bilntigc Labyrintb
d(;r Anipbibicn. Arcb. mikr. Auat.,
XV 11, pp. 47D-550.

Kupfer (C.) Activity of tbo Yolk dnr-
ing impregnation [/>((/«]; Abstr. in
.lonrn. R. Microsc. Soc. (2.), vol. 3, pt. 4,
p. 488.

(S. Z. A., No. 138, p. 238.)

Kupffner (C.) Ucbor active IJctbeili-
gniig des Dottcrs am Befnicbtnngsacto
b.'i liiij'o varinhilin nnil viil;iarix. Mit 1
Abbild.; in Sit/.gslter. Akad. Miinclicn.
18S2, pp. 008-019.

Lampert (Kurt). Znr Genescder Cliorda
dorsalis bcim Axolotl. Inang.-Diss.
Erhuigcn, 188:?, 8vo (23 pp., 1 Taf.).

Laudois (II.) Ein scobsbeiniger Molcb
{Triton iirnialiis); in Zoolog. Garten,
25. Jabrg., No. 3, p. 94.

Ein ebon sosinnreieber wie zweck-

miissigor IJcbiilter fiir Lanbfroscbe. Mit
Aldiild. ; in Zoolog. Garten, 24. .falirg..
No. 4, pi». 103-105.

Lange ( Max). Die Atbmung des Frosclics
in ibrer Bcziebnng zn den Ernabruugs-
verbiiltnisscn der Mednlla oblongata.
Inaag.-Dissert. Kouigsborg, Beyer,
1882, 8vo (29 pp.).

Lataste (Fernand). Snr la g6n(?ration
dn Pelodyte ponctnt^, avec qnelqnes
observations snr les Batraciens Anonrca.
Ann. Sc. Nat., 4' 86rie, T. 1, 1877. Ex-
trait dn Bulletin de la Soci<^te Zoolo-
giquc de France, 1877, 101.

Qnelqnes observations snr les Te-

tards des Batraciens Auoures. Bulletin
de la Soci6t6 Zoologiqne de Franco,
1877, p. 101.

Tentatives d'ilybridation cbez les

Batraciens Anonres et Urodeles. Me-
moire In par I'antour i\ la sdance dn 6
dccenibre 1878 de la Soci6t6 Zoologiqne
de Franco, p. 315.

Division en families natnrelles des

Batraciens Anonres d'Enrope. Liste
des especes de Batraciens Auoures ct
Urodeles de France. L'acconplement
cbez les Batraciens Urodeles ; in Revne
Internat. d. Scienc, 1878, No. 42, pp.
488-499.

Division en families natnrelles des

Batraciens Anonres d'Enrope; in Sec-
tion de Zool. do I'Assoc. Franf. Avanc.
Sc. Congres de Paris, 1878.

Reptiles et Batraciens dn Snd dn

Portugal, par O. Boettger. Analyse
critique. Ibid., 1880, No. 2, pp. 173-178.

Les organcs gdnitanx cxterues et

I'accouple.iient des Batraciens Uro-
deles; in Revue Internat. Sc, 1878, No.
7, pp. 209-214.

Encore snr la fecondation des Ba-
traciens Urodeles. Ihid., 1881, No. 2,
pp. 154-164.

Aproposd'nus(iuelettcinonstrueux

de Batracicn Anon re {.llytcs ohntctri-
cann). Avec fig. //xrf., 1879, pp. 49-52.

Des seconrs reciproqnes que pen-
vent so fonrnir la zoologie descriptive
ct la zoologie gdograpbiqne {Ilu/o bou-
hngcri, \\. sp.). Ihid., 1879, pp. 434-438.

fitude snr lo DixcogJoxxnn pictiis

Ottb.; in Actcs de la Soc. Linn, do Bor-
deaux, vol. 33, T. 3, p. 275, 1879.

Snr nn nouvcan genre (AmmorycliH)

de Bntracien Auonre d'Enrope; in
Comp. Rend. Ac. des Sci. Paris, p. 983,
1879.

476 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Lataste (Feiuaiul). La, classilication

dcs Aiioiires; in No. 42, Rcviic iuteriia-

tionale des ecicuces.
Sur la classification des Batraciens

Anoiires a propos dii systeine dc M. le

Dr. R. Blaucbard ; in Zool. Anz., 11.

Jabrg., No. 278, pi>. 2;5G-240.
Latreille (P.-A.) Histoire Naturelle des

Salaniandros de France; 8vo, Paris,

1800.
Laurenti (.1. N.) Specimen Medicum

cxli. Syuopsiu Reptilinm erneud. ;

12nio, Vienna, 1768.
Lavalette (St. George). Spennatolo-

gisclieBcitriige. III. Arcli. niikr. Auat.,

xxvii, pp. :?8r)-397.

Biifo vulgaris, Ilyla aruorea, Rana egculenta.

Spermatogenesis in Amphibians.

Abstr. ; in Journ. R. Microsc. Soc. Lou-
don (2.), vol. G, ]). 6, p. 935.

(Arch. f. inikrosk. Anat. S. Z. A., Xo. 231,
p. 581.)

Lenhossek (M. von). Uutcrsucbungen
iibcr die Spinalgauglien des Froscbes.
Arcb. niikr. Anat., xxvi, pp. 370-453,
pis. 15 and IG.

Leonard (Alice). Der Einflnss der Jab-
reszeit anf die Leberzellen von L'aiia
tvmporarta. Mit 1 Taf. ; in Arcii. f.
Auat. u. Pbys., pbysiol. Abth., 1887.
Supplt.-Bd., pp. 28-47.

Lessona(M.) Stndi sugli Anflbi anuri
del Piemonte (5 Ta.); in Atti Ace.
Lincei, Mem. so. fis., ser. 3., vol. 1, pp.
1019-1098.

(Auslurliclie Bescliroibung von 7 Artcn nnd
ilircii Larven. )

Contributo alio studio deJla pelle

degli Urodcli (Salamaiidriua, Euproctus
o Spelfu-ix.'i. Con 2 tav. Torino, Loe-
scber, 1881, 4 to (14 pp.). (Extr. dalle
Mem. R. Accad. Torino, ser., p. 34.)

Coiitribnto alio studio della pelle

degli Urodeli {Salamaudrina, Euproctus
c SpcUrpiH). Con 2 tav. ; in Mem. R.
Accad. So. Torino (2.), T. 34, CI. lis.,
pp. 1<5-13G.

Sulla struttura della pelle nei

generi Salaniandrlna, Euproctus e Spe-
hrpcs. Rela/.ione dal Bizzoscro ; in
Atti li Accad. Sc. Torino, vol. IG, disp.
0, Maggio, p. 578.

Lessona (Mich.) Dilla Albinisma nci
generi della liana temporaria L. ; in Atti
R. Accad. Sc. Torino, vol. IG, disp. 1,
pp. 94-98.

Leydig (F. ) Ueber din Ban der Ziilinen
bei Batracbieru u. die Bcdcntung des
Fersen bilkers ; Morpb. Jabrb. ii, pp.
1G5-19G, 1876.

Die Anureu -Batrachier der deut-

scben Fauna; 8vo, Bonn, 1877.

List (Jos. Hur.) Ueber eiuo Wirbel-
Synostose bei Salamandra maculona
Laur. Mit 1 Taf. Aus Sitzgsber. k.
Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, matb.-nat. CI.,
88. Bd., 1. Abtb., pp. 12G9-1271.

Ueber Becberzelien im Blasenepi-

tbel des Froscbes. Mit 2 Taf. Aus
Sitzgsber. Akad. d. Wisp. Wien, matb.-
nat. CI., 3. Abtb., fe9. Bd., pp. 186-211.

Ueber Becberzelien im Blascucpi-

tbel des Froscbes ; in Zool. Anz., No.
169, p. 328.

Ueber einzellige Driisen (Becber-
zelien) im Blasenepitbelder Ampbibien.
Mit 1 Taf. ; in Arcb. f. mikrosk. Auat.,
29. Bd., 1. Hft., pp. 147-156.

Lockington (W. N.) Rev'ew of tbe
Progress of Nortb American Batracb-
ology in tbe years 1880-1883; in Amer-
ican Naturalist, vol. 18, Feb., i>p. 149-
154.

Lockwood (S.) Btifo amcr'wanus at
play; in American Naturalist, vol. 17,
June, pp. 683, 684.

Loos (P. A.) Die Eiweissdriisen der
Ampbibien und Vogel. Mit 1 'iaf. ; in
Zeitscbr. f. wiss. Zool., 35. Bd., 3.
Hft., pp. 478-504. Apart: Diss., Leip-
zig.

Luckjanow (S. M.) Beitriige zur
Morphologio der Zelle. 1. Abbdig. :
Ueb(!r die epitbelialen Gebilde der
Magenscbleimhaut bei Salam. maculosa.
Mit 7 Taf. ; in Arch. f. Anat. u. Pbys.,
pbysiol. Abtb., 1887. Suppl.-Bd., \^\^.
6G-90. 2. Abhdlg. : Ueber die Kerne
der glatten Mn^kelzelleu bei Salam.
maculosa. Mit 2 Taf. ; in Arcb. f.
mikrosk. Anat., 30. Bd., 4. lift., pp.
545-558.

Lydekker (Richard). Tbe Labyrintbo-
dont from tbe Bijori Group; Memoirs
Geolog. Survey India, ser. \v, vol. 1,
1885.

Macallum (A B.) The Tcrnrmation of
Nerves in the Liver. With G^tJ- ; i"
Quart. Jouru. Micr. Sc, vol. 27, pt. 4,
pp. 439- IGO.
(Necturus.)

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

477

Macalluin (A. B.) On the Nuclei of the
Striiittd MiisuleFibro in Xectiirus
{Mcitol/ranchufi) lateraVtH. With hj?g. ;
CJ'.iurt. Jouru. Micro. Sc, vol. '27, p. 4,
pp. 4Gl-4t)G.

Nerve-endings in the Cutaneous

Epithelium of the Tadpole ; in Proc.
Canad. Instit., vol. 3, 1886, pp. 27(5,
277. Abatr. ; in Jouin. R. Microsc.
Soc. London (2.), vol. 6, p. G, p. 947.

Macpherson (Hugh A.) Habits of the
Edible Frog; in Zoologist (3.), vol. 7,
Mairh, pp. 129, 130.

The Palniated Newt in Gloucester-

sliiie; in Zoologist (3.), vol. 7, May,
p. 22(;.

Marsh (O. C.) Observations on the
Metamorphosis of Siredon iuto Am-
blystoma. American Journal of Science
and Arts, vol. slvi, November, 186-<.

Mason (John J.) Minute Structure of
ihe Central Nervous System of certain
Reptiles and Batrachians of America.
Series A. Author's edition. One hnn-
dred. Newport, R. I., 1879-18^2, 4to
(rec. 1883). Tit. Uedi.-., 2 Bl. Inhalt,
24 pp. ; 4 Bl. Litterat. and List of
Plates, cxiii i)lates.

Lead-poisoning in Frogs. New

York, 1880. (Rec. June, 1881. Reprint
from New York Mod. Journ., October,
1880, 8 pp.)

Microscopic Studies on the Central

Nervous System of Reptiles and Batra-
chians. Art. III. Diameters of the
nuclei of the large nerve cells in the
Spinal Cord (contin.); also of those
which give origin to the motor fibres
of the cranial nerves. Reprint from
Journ. of Nerv. and Mental Disease,
vol. 8, No. 1, January, 1881 (7 pp.).

Massart (Jean). Sur I'irritabilitd des
spermatozoTdes de la grenonille ; in
Bull. Ac. Sc. Belg. (3), T. 1.-^, No. :,,
pp. 750-754.

Mattozo (Santos F.) Sur le tetard du
('il>io))s (/'t'/y (tree's) biixati ; in .Jour. Sc.
Math. Phys. Nat. Acad. Lisbon, T. 11,
No. 42, pp. 99-102.

Mayer (Sigm.) Zur Lohro von der
S<;hilddriisi! uud Tliymus bei Aniphi-
biim ; in Anat. An/,., 3. .Jalug., NU. 4._
.5., i)p. 97-103.

Maximilian (Prz. /,u Wicd). Abbiithm-
gen znr Naturgeschichte Brasilicns;
folio, Weimar, 1825.

Maximilian (Prz. zu Wied). Verzcich-
niss dor Replilien w. a. e. Reise in N.-
America bcobaclilct wurden; 4to, Dres-
den, IS(m {Salamandra brericanda^Spel-
erpe-i ruber huj. op.; S. macahita = S. ru-
ber (?) ; and S. iiukmoleuca = I'lethodon
glntinOfiUK.

Merrem (B.) Versuch eincs Systems der
Ampbibien; 8vo, Marburg, 1820.

Miall (L. C.) On the Labyrinthodonts
of the Coal Measures. Rep. Brit. Assoc,
pp. 225-249, plates 1-3, 1873.

On the Labyrinthodonts of tbe

Coal Measures. Rep. Brit. Assoc, pp.
149-192, plates 4-7, 1874.

Mills (J. W.) The Heart of the Fish
compared with that of Mciiobranchns,
with special reference to retlex inhib-
ition and independent cardiac rhythm.
J. Physiol., vii, pp. 81-95.

Mitropanow (P.) Die Nervencndigun-
gen im Epithcl der Kaul(]ua[)pen und
die " Stiftchenzellen " \on Prof A. Kol-
liker; in Zool. Auz., 9. Jahrg., No. 232,
pp. 549-553.

Zur Eutwicklung.sgeschichte und

Innervation der Nerveuhiigel der llrp-
delenlarven. Mit llolzschn.; in Bio-
log. Centralbl., 7. Bd., No. C, i.p. 174-
178.

Mivart (St. George). On I'lethodon per-
similiH of Graj'. Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, June 27,
18G7.

On the classification of the Anu-
rous Batrachians; in Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, pp. 2-iU-295, 18G9.

On the Myology of Menopoma alle-

(jhanleii.se. Proceedings of the Zoolog-
ical Society of London, Ajyril 22, 18(59,
p. 254.

On the Myology of ir('»o&>"(/»c/i ««/((/-

eralis. Proceedings of the Zoological
S(»ciety of London, Juno24, 18G9, p. 444.

. On the Common Frog. Nature

Scries. Macmillan & Co., 1874.

Monks (S. P.) The spotted Salamander;
Aiiu-rican Naturalist, 1880, p. 372.

Montgomery (Henry). Observations on
tlie Mcnohraiiclms maculatna ; Canadian
Naturalist, ls79, 7 pp.

Morgan (C Lloyd). Abnormalities in
tbe Vcrtel>ral Column of the Common
Frog; in Nature, vol. 35, No. 890, p. 53.

478

BULLETIN -Ji, UNITKI) S'I'AIKS NAl'loNAL .M!;m;IJM.

Morgan (C. Lloyd). Abuoniuility in the
Urostyle of tbe Common Fiog. Willi
in Nature, fig. ; vol. :)5, No. 902, \u 341.

Moszeik (Otto). Mikio.skopisclie Unter-
sucbungeu iihevdeii Glycogeniinsatz in
tier Frosclileber. Mit 1 Taf. ; in Pllii-
jfer's Arch. f. d. '^va. Pliysiol., 41. lUl.,
11., 12. lift., pp. r)5(i-.'iSl.

Muller(F.) ErstciNachtraj; /.um Kata-
log der heipetologisclien Sammlnng des
liasler Museums. Mit 1 Taf.; in Vcr-
liandl. uaturf. Ges. Basel, 7. Th., 1.
Hft., pp. I'JO-lGf). Zweiter Naclitiag,
ibid., pp. l()l)-174.

Nehruig(A.) Ueberdas Vorkonimen von
AlijtvH vbntetrtvans ostlioh derWeser;
in Sitzgsber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1887,
No. 4, pp. 48, 41).

Zur geograpliisclien Vcrbreitung

von Ahjtes obstctricaiis; in Zool. Gar-
ten, 28. Jabrg., No. 2, i)p. (il, Cri.

Pvlobatea J'iikviis auf Kiigen; in

Zool. Garten, 23. Jabrg., No. 12, p. 378.
Das Auge von I'roltmi (naeli De-

fosses) ; iu Kosmos, 0. Jabrg., 7. lift.,

12. Bd., pp. ()2-(')4.
(S.Z. A., No. 130, p. 32.)
Neuniauu (I. O.) Nuturgesebicbte d.

Seliiesiscb - Lausitzscben Ampbiliien ;

8vo, Gorlitz, 1831.
Ninni (A. P.) La pesea ed il eomniercio

dello rane e delle tariarugbe llnvialili

uella provinciadi Venezia; in Boll. Soe.

Ven. Trent. Sc. Nat., T. 4, No. 2, pp.

108-113.
Triton cristatus I^aur., s. .sp. karc-

liiiii. Con 1 tav. ; in Atti Soe. Ital. Sc.

Nat., vol. 2".», fasc.2,3, pp. 327-3:!8.
Nussbauni (.M.) Znr Dillerenzirnng des

Gescblechts ini Tbieireieb. Andi. mikr.

Anat., xviii, pi». 1-121, ]ds. 1-4.

(This work contaius di^lails iijxtii sexual or-
gans ill li(ttiachia.)
Osboru (Henry F. ) rreliniiiiary Obser-
vations upon tiie Brain of JmphiniiKi;

in Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliila., 1883,

pp. 177-184.
Preliminary observations iijiou the

brain of Menobrancbus and Menopouia;

Proceeds. Acad. Pliiladelpbia. 1H<1, p.

2D2.
Owen (Ricb.) On Jt'liiiUdostciix ropcnxis

0\v. A Labyrintliodont Ampbiliian

from tbo Trias of Cape of (»ood llojx!

((Jeol. Soe); in Ann. of Nat. Hist. (.'..),

vol. 13, Juuc, p. 481.

Parker (Wm. K.) On tbe Structure and
Development of tbe Skull in tbe Ba-
tracbia; in Pbilosopbical Trausactious
of tbe Koyal Society, part 2, Vol. IGG,
1875.

On tbe Structure and Development

of tbe Skull in tbe Urodelous Amphibia;
in Pbilosopbical Transactions of tho
Koyal Society, part 2, vol. 1G7, 187G.

Abstract of a Memoir on tbe de-
velopment of tbe skull in tbe Urodele
Batracliians ; in Proceed. Zool. Soe.
London, 1«80, iv, pp. 544,045.

On tbe Structur»i and Development

of tbe Skull in tbe Batracbi.i. Part 3.
From tbe Pbilosopbical Transactions of
tbe Koyal Society, part 1, L^81.

On tbe Morphology of tbe Skull in

the Amphibia Urodela. With 8 pis.;
in Trans. Linn. Soe. Ijondon (2.), Zool.,
vol. 2, p. 3 (Feb , 18S2), pp. lG.5-212.
On tbe Mor(ili(dogy of tbe Skull iu

tbe Amphibia Urodela. Transactions
of the Linnean Soci(!ty of London, vol.
2, part 3, p. 105, 1882.

Structure and Development of the

Skull in tbe Batraebia. Part 3. Ab-
stract iu P. K. Soe, XXX, pp. 435-438.

Perenyi (J. von). Die ectoblastiscbe
Anlage des Urogenitalsystems bei liana
cHcnlcida und Laicrta viridis ; in Zool.
Anz.. 10. Jabrg., No. 213, ji. GG.

Ablastopornsallandcimegmaradiira

a bdkafelcknel. [Der Blastoporus als
bleibender After bei den Annren.] Aus
Magy. Tud. Akad. Ert. V KGt., pp. 11-
15 (Hungarian)-

Perraca (Conic Mario (J.) Sulla bonta
specilica del Triton lilti-sii de ITsle e
(h'serizione di una uuova forma ibrida
di Triton francesc. Con 1 tav. ; in Boll.
Mas. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, vol. 1,
No. 12. (13 pp.).

Sill valore specilico del Pctobatcx

latifrona dei dintorni di Torino recente-
mente descritto dal Sig. Heron-Royer ;
iu Boll. Musei Zool. Anat. Comp. To-
rino, vol. 3, No. 4G (G pii.).

Peters (W.) Bemerkiingisu iiber ver-
scbicdene Batracbier, uameiitlicb iil»ef
die Originalexeinplaie der von Scbnei-
d«^r ninl Wiegmann bescbriebenen Arteu
des zoologisclicn Muscnms /ii Berlin.
Monatsbericht der k(">iiigl. Akademie
dorWissenschaften zu Berlin, IG. Febr.,
18G3, p. 7G.

TIIK RATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

470

Peters (W.) Uebci<li(5 EutwicUchint^dcr
CiDcilien. Monatshcriclit dvv koiiigl.
AkadeuiiederVVi.sseuscliafU!!! zn IJerliii,
ID. Jiili, 1875, p. 46,-).

llebcr ciiio von Hni. Viceconsul L.

Kriig mid Dr. J. Gumllach auf der Insel
Piiortorico yciiiuclite Samiiilung von
Siingetliicrcn nnd Anipbibien, ho wie
iibiT dio Entwickelung eincs IJatra-
chicis, Uijloda niarliuicenxix Diun. IJibr.,
obiio Mi'taniorpbofse. Monatsberichtdcr
Ktlnigl. Akadeniio der Wissenscbaftea
v.n Berlin, 1870, p. 703, pi. i.

Ucbcr dio Eintbcilung der Ciccilieu

nnd iusbesondero iiber dio Gattnngen
Kliinatrenia nnd Gymnopis. Monats-
boricbt der konigl. Akadeniio der Wis-
.senscbaften zn 15erlin, Nov. 24, 1879, p.

'.••,>4.
Mittbeiliui" iiberucneoder weniger

bekannte Anipbihicn dcs Berliner zoo-
logiMclien Mnsenni. Mit 1 Taf. ; in Mou-
atsbor. Akad. Berlin, lySO, pp. 217-224.

(9 Sp. ; 7 11. K]> , 11. g. lIi/loiiKliitix.)

llevpotologi.sclieMiltbeihuigen; in

Sitznng.-iber. Ges. Nat. Fr., 1881, No. G,
p)i. 87-1)1.

(1. Excrcscoiizcii <Ui- Jianu yi<ja8 Bljtb d
ziir raaninj;szcit. :i. Ban des ScbiiiULs vou
I'l-iivti/jihliiK (ixyiinix.)
Ueher die von Ilcrrn J. M. Hilde-

brandt anf Nossi-B6 nnd Madagasear
gORainniclttii Siingetbiere nnd Ainpbi-
bien ; in Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 18H0,
l»p. r.08-.Ml.

(14 sp. ■Maiiinialia ; 25 sp. It: ptilia 2n. .sp.; 5
Auipliiliia )

Ueber die von llerrn Gerli. RobllH

nnd ])r. Strecker anf der Reiso nacb
der OaKO Knfra gesainintdteii Anipbi-
bicii. Mit I Taf. ; in Monatsber. Akad.
Berlin, 1880, i.p. ;50r>-30il.

Sebiidel von zwei Ciicilien, Ilijpo-

(jcoplih roftlidlii'i nnd //. ■sc'r<tp]ii)n ;
Gu.sell.scb. d. natnrl'orseb. Frennde,
Berlin, 1880, p. 53.

Ueber die Verscbicdenbeit derLage

der iiu.sseren Spaltcn der Scballblascn
al8 Merkiniil znr Uutci\scbeidnug besou-
ders alVieaniscber Froscbartcn ; in
Sitznngsbor. Gcs. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1881,
No. 10, pp. 102, 1G3.

Ueber neno Batracbier der Gat-

tniigen llypcrulitis nnd Lnniiodjiivs ans
Africa; iu Sitznngsber. Gch. Nat. Fr.,
1882, No. 1, pp. 8-10.
(3 n. sp.)

Peters ( VV.) Eine nene Gattnng vou Ba-
traebieru, Ilijlonomiix, au.s Bogota; in
Sitzgsber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Burlin, 1882,
No. 7, pp. 107-109.

Drei ueno Batracbier; iu Sitzga-

ber. Gcs. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1882, No. 10,

pp. 145-148.

(A )nblystninakransci,\ijctibatrac)tuiigiticngis,
liiifu buchnci ('.)

Aendernng des Naiueus ITijlonomua

in Z/y?08ct'c<H« [Batracb.]; iu Sitzsgber.
GcN. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1882, No. 8, pp.
127-129.

Nouc Art der nrodelen Batracbier,

Spehrpes {(-Edipua) ijncatanuH, n. sp., aua
Yucatan (Ceutral America); iu Sitzgs-
ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1882, No. 'J,
pp. 137, 138.

Ueber dio veroU'eutlicbte zweito

Anllago d. Catalogs der Ilalrachia Sali-
entia d. Britisb Museums von D"-. G. A.
Boulenger; Ges. uaturf. Frennde Ber-
lin, 1882, p. GO.
Ueber dio von S. Krug iu J. Giiud-

lacb auf d. Insel Portorieo gebracbto
iSammlung v. Siingetbiere u. Ampbi-
bieu ; Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berlin,
1876, p. 703.
Ueber Mautipus und Pbrynocara,

zwei ueueBatracliiergattnugenausdem
Hinterlasso des Reisoudeu J. M. HilJe-
brandt von Madagascar; iu Sitzgsber.
k. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1883, vi, vii, pp.
165-168.

Ufcbersicbt der Ampbibien ans

Cbincoxo (West Africa), ^velcbo vou
derafricaniscben Gesellscbaft dcm Ber-
liner zool. Mnsenm iibergebcsn sind; iu
Berlin, Monatsber., 1877, pp. G11-G21.
(Mit 1 Taf.); ancli in Correspond. -Bl.
d. afric. Ges., Bd. 2, pp. 2G1-2G(;.

(47 Reptilion iiml 12 Batracliior, mit 9 ii. sp.)

Ueber die von Spi-x in Brasilieu

gesam. Eidecbsen ; II. Beuierk. n. ueuo
oder wenig bek. Amjibibien ; Mouatsbcr-
icbte Akad. d. Wisscn-scb., 1877, p. 415.

Ueber dio von Dr. Sacbs iu Vene-

zuela gesam. Ampbibien ; I. c, 1877, p.
459.

Uober die Eiutbeiluug dor Ciici-
lien ; Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berlin,
1879, p. 924.

Pfitzner (Wilb.) Epidermis of Salaman-
der; in Jonrn. R. Microscop. Soc. (2.),
vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 218-224.

(Abstract from Morpbol. Jahrb. S. Zoolog.
Anz., No. 72, p. 6:8.)

480

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Peters (W.) Die Eiiidcnnis der Ainphi- ]
bieu. I. Uiitersncliungou liber Ban und '
Eutwickeliing dor Epidermis des go-
Ueckteu Salainanders ; Morpb. Jabrb.,
vi, pp. 4r)8-5'JG, pis. 24 aud 2.5.

Pfliiger (E.) IiiUueucca wbich determine
Sex iu tbe Embryo [^Jlana]. Abstr. in
Journ. K. Microsc. Soc. (2.), vol. 3, pt. 3,
pp. 348, 34'.t.

Das Ueberwiutcrn der Kaultiuap-

pcn der Kiioblaucbkrote IPtlobatcs fus-
CHs]. (Eiu Beitrag ziir Lehre von der
Aiipassiiiig der Orgauismeu an die iius-
seroii Lebensbediugnngen nud znr Dia-
gnose der Batrachierlarveu) ; in Pflii-
ger's Arcb. f. d. ges. Pbysiol., 31. Bd.,
3., 4. Hit., pp. 134-145.

Ueberwiuteru der Kaulquappeu

des Pclohates. Ausz. ; in Biolog. Cen-
tralbl., 3. Bd., No. 9, p. 28/. Kosmos
(Vetter), 7. Jabrg., 5. lift., 13. Bd., p.
392.

{Pfliigor's Arcb. S. Z. A., No. 1^8 p. 478.)

Pfliiger (Ed.) uud Smith (Will. J.) Un-
tcrsiielumgeu iiber Bastardirung der
anuren Batracbier and die Piinciiiien
derZeiignng. l.Tb. Experimcnte iiber
B;i»stardiriuig derannrea Batracbier; in

Pdiiger's Areli. f. d. ges. PUysiol., 32.

Bd., 9.-11. Hft., pp. 519-511. 2. Tb.
von E. Plliiger, ZnsiiiiiuieMstelhiug der
Ergebnisse nud Erorterimg der Princi-
pien der Zengung, pp. 542-4-'0.

Picaglia (Luigi). Contribuzioile all' Er-
petologia di Bellavista (Ri^pnbldiea
Argentina, provincia di Corient»\s) ; in
Atti Soe. Natnral. Modeiia; Mem. (3.),
vol. (■), pp. 8:i-9(;.
(17 Kcptil , I AiupUib )

Pohl-Pincus ( — ). Ueber die Mnskel-
fasern des Froscbberzens; in Arc'.i. f. d.
mikrosk. Anat., 23. Bd., 4. lift., pp.
5UU-50(;.

Rauber (A.) Die Kerntbeilnngslignren
irn Mednllarrobr der Wirbeltbiere. I.
Batracbier; Areli. niikr. Anat., xxvi,
l>li. (i22-(i44, pi. 31.

Reinhardt (J.) and Liitken (Cli.) Bi-
drag til Knndskal) oin Brasilicn's Pad-
di'rog Krylidyr; A'idensk. Medd. fra den
Nat. Forening, ]8iJl, Svo, Copenbagen.

Bidrag til Vestindiske 0riges og

navnligen (le Dansk Vcstindisl^c 0crs;
Ilcriictologie; iVom Natnraliist. Foren.
Vidunsk. Mcdd.-l. for 18(32.

Richet (Cb.) Des mouvemeuts de la
GrenoMille, eonsdcutil's il I'excitation
dlectriijne; in Couipt. rond. Aead. Sc,
Paris, T. 92, No. 22, pp. 1298-1301.

Ridewood (W. G.) On an abnormal
genital system in a male of tbe com-
mon frog. Witli I lig. ; in Anat. Auz.,3.
Jabrg., No. 11, 12, pp. 333-33G,

Roesel (A. J.) Ilistoria naturalia Rana-
rum Nostratinm; Nuremberg, 1758,
folio.

Roniiti (G.) Divisiouo cellularo uell'
novo segmentato di Batraciani ; in
Atti Soc. Tosc. Sc. Nat. Pisa, Proc-
verb., vol. 4, pp. 21,22.

Rope (G. T.) Tbe Natterjack Toad [Bufo
cahimita] ; in Zoologist (3.), vol. 7, Feb.,
p. 84.

On some Reptilia aud Batracbia

observed in Normandy ; iu Zoologist
(3.), vol. 7, Feb., pp. 49-53.

Roux (Wilb.) Ueber die Zeit der Bc-
stiiMumng der Hanptricbtnngen im
Froscbembryo. Eiue biologisclie Uu-
tersucLung. (Mit 1 Taf.) Leipzig, W.
Eugclmaun, 1883, 8vo (28 pp.), M. 1.

Beitriige znr embryoualen Eut-

wieklaugsmecbanik. 2. Ueber die Ent-
wickluug der Froscbeier bei Anfbe-
bnng der ricbtendeu Wirkuug der
Scbwere ; Sep.-Abdr. aus d. Bresl.
iirzll. Zoitscbr., 1884, No. 6 (lO pp.).

Beitriige znr Eutwieklnngsmecba-

nik des Embryo. N(». 4. Die Ricbtungs-
bestimnmug der Medianebe des Froscb-
embryo dnreb die Copnlatiousriebtnng
des Eikernes uud des Spermakernes.
Mit 1 Taf.; iu Aicb. f. luikrosk. Anat.,
29. Bd., 2. Iirt., pp. 157-212.
Rusconi ( D. M. ) Del Proteo augniuo do
Laureuti ; 4t(), Pavia, 1819.

Amonrs di s Salamaudres ai^ua-

tiqnes; 4to, Milaii, 1821.

Observations anatomitiues sur la

Sirtue; 4to, Pavia, 1837.

liillessione sopra il Sistema Liu-

latieo dei Rettili; roy. Hvo, Pavia,
1845.
Ryder (J. A.) The "Ventral Suckers,"
or "Sucking Disks," of the Tadpoles of
dillerent genera of Frogs aud Toads;
iu Amer. Naturalist, vol. 22, March, i»p.
2ii3,2G4.

(Report ou Tliiole'.s impcr. V. Z. A., No.
277, p. 202.)

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

481

Salvador! (T. ) Relazione sopra la " Mo-
DOgrafia sugli Aufibi amori italiani "
del Sor. Camerano; in Atti R. Accad.
Sc. Torino, vol. 17, Disp. 7, pp. 788-790.

Sarasin (P.) und Sarasin (F.) Einige
PuucteausderEntwickluugsgescbichte
von Ichthyophis ghitinosm {Epicriian
gl.) ; in Zool. Auz., 10. Jahrg., No. 248,
pp. 194-196.

Eutwickelungsgeschichte u. Aua-

tomie der Ceylonesischeu Blindwlible,
Ichthyophia ghititiostti' ; in Ergebnisse
Naturwiss. Forscbiing. auf Ceylon.
Baud II. Folio; Wiesbaden, 1887.

Sauvage (H.-E.) Siir quelques Batra-
cieusdeCbine; Bullet. Soc. Pbilomatb.
Paris, 1877, May.

Savi (P. ) Sulla Salamandra perspicillata ;
8vo, Pisa, 1823.

Schauz (F.) Fate of tbe Blastopore in
Ampbibiaus. Abstr. in Journ. R. Mi-
crosC. Soc. London, 1888, p. 2, p. 189.
(Jena. Zeitschr. V. Z. A., No. 277, p. 202.)

Schiff (Maur.) Remarques sur I'inuer-
vation des coeurs lympbatiques des Ba-
tiaciens anoures; in Revue Zoolog.
Suisse, T. 1, No. 3, pp. 319-350.

Schneider (J. G.) Historiit; Amphibio-
ruui Fascic. prim, coutiueus Ranas,
Calauiitas, Bufoues, Salamandras et
Hydros ; 8vo, Jeua, 1799.

Schobl ( Jos. ) Ueber die Blutgetasse dea
ceiebrospiualen Nerveusystems der Uro-
delen. Mit 1 Taf. ; in Arcb. fUr mi-
kroskop. Auat., 20. Bd., 1. Hft., pp.
67-92.

Schreiber (E. ) Herpetologia Europtea ;
8v(), Brunswick, 1875.

Schulgiu (M.) Ban des Cerebrospinal-
systeuis der Anipliibien u. Reptilien.
Mit 1 Taf. ; iu T. 9, I. Hft., pp. 149-229.

Schultze (Frz. Eilh.) Eiu lebeudes Am-
blystoina tigrinum ; iu Sitzgsber. Ges.
Nat. Fr. Berlin, 188G, No. 9, p. 133.

Schultze (O.) Axis of Frog Ovum.
Abstr. in Journ. R. Microsc. Soc. Lon-
dou, 1888, pt. 1, p. 15.

-^^^ Ueber die Furcbungbeim Axolotl ;
iu Sitzgsb. phys.-med. Ges. Wlirtzburg,
1887, pp. 2-4. Abstr. iu Journ. R. Mi-
crosc. Soc. Londou, 1888, pt. 3, p. 392.
Beitrag zur Eutwicklungsge-

scbicbte der Matracbier. Mit 1 Taf. ;
in Arch. f. mikr. Anat.,23. Bd., 1. Hft.,
pp. 1-22.

1951 Bull. 34 31

Schultze (O.) Untersuchungen iiberdie
Reifung undBefruchtungdee Amphibi-
eneies. Mit 3 Taf. ; in Zeitschr. f. wiss.
Zool., 45. Bd., 2. Hft., pp. 177-226.

Ueber Reifung und Befracbtung

des Amphibieneies; in Anat. Anz., 1.
Jahrg., No. 6, pp. 149-152.

Zur ersten Entwicklung des braa-

nen Grasfrosches. Mit 2 Taf. ; in Fest-
schr. A. V. Kolliker, pp. 265-280. Ausz.
von W. Roux; in Biolog. Centralbl., 7,
Bd., No. 14, pp. 420-425.

Schwink ( — ). Ueber die Gastrula bei
Ampbibieneiern ; iu Sitzsgber. Ges. f.
Moipb. u. Pbys., Muncben, 1887,2. Hft.,
pp. 93-95. Biolog. Centralbl., 8. Bd.,
No. 1, pp. 29-31.

Scott (W. B.) aud Osbom (H. F.) The
early development of the common Newt;
from the Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.
London, October, 1879.

SedgTvick (W. T.; On variations of re-
dex-excitability in the Frog, induced by
chauges of temperature ; in Stud. Bio-
log. Labor. Johns Hopkins University,
vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 385-410.

Seoane (Lopez). Reptiles et Batraciens
de la Galice ; in No. 42, Revue Interna-
tionale des sciences, T. 1, p. 693; 1878.

Setschenow^ (S.) Galvauische Erschei-
nuugen an dercerebrospiualen Achsedes
Frosches ; in Pfliiger's Arch, fiir die ges.
Physiol., 25. Bd., 5.,G. Hft., pp. 281-284.

Sevrall ( Henry ) . A note on the processes
concerned iu the secretion of the pep-
sin-forming glands of the frog; in
Studies Biolog. Laborat. Johns Hop-
kius Univ., vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 131-134.

Sidebotham (Harold). Note on the fate
of the Blastopore in Eana tempwaria.
With 1 pi. ; in Quart. Journ. Microsc.
Sc, vol. 29, pt. 1, pp. 49-54.

Siebold(C. T. E.v.) Observationesquse-
dam de Salamandris et Tritonibus ; 4to,
Berliu, 1828.

Siebold (C. T. E. v.) Zoologische Noti-
zen. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. xviii. 1852,
pp. 8-17. Ueber Rana oxyrhinua et E.
platyrhinus.

Smirnow ( Alex . ) Ueber Nervendknauel
iu der Froschluuge. Mit 2 Abbild. ; in
Anat. Anz., 3. Jahrg., No. 9, pp. 258-261.

Smith (Herb. H.) On Oviposition and
nursing in the Batracbian genus Den-
drohates. With 2 tig. ; in American
Naturalist, vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 307-311.

482 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Smith ( W. H. ) The Tailed Amphibians,
including the Caecilians; 8vo, Detroit,

1877.

Catalogue of the Reptilia and Am-
phibia of Michigan. Suppl. to Science
News; roy. Bvo, New York, 1879.

Smith (Will. J.) Beitriige zur diiferen-
tiellen Diagnose der Hana fitsca s. jyla-
tyrrhinus und Rana arvaltH s. oxyrrhinns
auf Grund der an den Gaumenziihnen
nachweisbaren Unterschiede. Mit 2
Taf. ; in Pfliiger's Arch. f. d. ges.
Physiol., 32. Bd., 9., 11. Hft., pp. 581-
588.

Solger (B.) Uebereinige Entwicklungs-
stadien des Peritonealepithels der Am-
phibienlarveu. Der anatomischen Sec-
tion derNaturforscher-Versammlung zu
Freiburg vorgelegt.

(8 pp., Autograph. Mscpt.)

Spengel (J. W.) Zwitterbildungen bei

Amphibien(nachMarshall und Bourne);

in Biolog. Centralbl., 4. Bd., No. 8, pp.

235-*241.
Beobachtungen iiber das Leben

des Ajolotl in Mexico.
Spix (J. B. de). Animalia nova, spec.

nov. Testudinorum et Ranarum quas

in Itinere per Brasiliam coll. et descr.

J. B. de Spix; Munich, 1824, 4to.
Steindachner (Frz.) Batrachologische

Mittheilungen; Verhandl. d. k. k.

zoolog. botan. Ges. Wien, 1864 (May).
Ueber zwei noch unbescliriebener

Batrachier (Osteocephalus sp.); Archiv.

p. 1. Zoologia, Modeua, II, 1862.
. Batrachologische BeitrJige. Mit

3 Taf. ; in Sitzgsber. kais. Acad. Wien.
Math.-nat. 01., 1. Abth., 85. Bd., l.,2.
Hft., pp. 188-194, Apart, M. — , 80.

(3 Sp.,davon 2 neu, Ceratophrys soltzmanni
u. Scaphiophryne gpinoga, beide, eben so wie
Discophus guineti abgebildet.

Steiner (J.) Unterauchungen iiber die
Physiologic des Froschhirns. Ausz. vom
Verf. ; in Biolog. Centralbl., 7. Bd., No.
3, pp. 88-93.

Stephens (W. J.) On some additional
Labyrinthodont Fossils from the
Hawkesbury Sandstone of New South
Wales. Second note on Platyceps tvil-
kinsonii; in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales (2.), vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 156-158.
(V. Z. A., No. 277-203.)

Stirling ( \Vm. ) and Macdonald (James
F. ) The Minuto Structure of the Pala-
tine Nerves of the Frog, and the Ter-
mination of Nerves in Bloodvessels and
Glands. With 1 pi. ; in Journ. of Anat.
& Physiol. (Humphry), vol. 17, pt. 3
(April, 1883), pp. 293-307.

Storer (H. W.) On the Biifo lentiginosua
of Shaw {B. I.fowleri Putn.). Proceed-
ings of the Natural History Society of
Boston, vol. 1, p. 136, 1843.

St6hr(Ph. ) Ueber die ersteu Anlageu
des Kopfskelets der Auureu. Aus Ver-
handl. phys.-med. Ge.s. Wiirtzburg,
Sitzuugsber., n.F., 16. Bd. (3 pp.).

Zur Entwickeluugsgeschichte des

Auurenschiidels. Mit 2 Taf.; in Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool., 36. Bd., 1. Hft., pp. 68-103.

Zur Eutwickelungsgeschichte des

Urodelschiidels. Z. wiss. Zool., sxiii,
pp. 477-526, pis. 29 and 30.

Stoliczka (F.) Observations on- Indian
Batrachia; Proceeds. Asiatic Soc. of
Bengal, 1872, p. 101.

Note on a few Barmese Sauria

Ophidia and Batrachia; ibidem, 18T2,
p. 143.

Strube (K. W.) Ueber den japanischen
Salamander; in Nachricht d. kais. Ges.
d. Freunde d. Naturwiss. Moskau, T.
50, 1. Hft.,Protok. zool. Abth., Sp. 3>, 33.
Geerts, — , eben dariiber, iftirf., Sp. 33-37.

Sumichrast (F.) Enumeraciou de los
Batracios observados en la parte ori-
ental y meridional de la Repiiblica
Mexicana; in La Naturaleza (Mexico),
T. 6, pp. 78-84.

Contribution a I'histoire naturelle

du Mexique. I. Notes sur une Collec-
tion de Reptiles et de Batracieus de la
partie occidentale de I'Isthme de Te-
huantepec ; in Bull. Soc. zool. France,
5. aun., 5., 6. p., pp. 162-190.

Tarchanoff (J. R.) Physiologie des
Geschlechtsapparates des Frosches; in
Pfliiger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 40.
Bd., 7., 8. Hft., pp. 330-351.

Thin (G.) On the Nucleus in the Frog's
Ovum. Rept. Brit. Ass., 1885, pp. 1069-
1071.

Nucleus in Frog's Ovum. Abstr.

in Journ. R. Microsc. Soc. London, 1887,
pt. l,p.42.

Townsend (Chas. H.) Habits of the
Menopoma ; in Amer. Naturalist, vol.
16, 1882, Feb., pp. 139, 140.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

483

Tschudi (J. J.) Classification der Ba-
trachier; 4to, Neuchatel, 1838.

Fauua Peruana ; 4to, St. Gallen,

1844-6.

Fauna Peruana; Reptilia, conspec-

tus; Archiv. f. Naturgesch., 1845, p. 150.
Tackerman (F. ) Supeiuumerary leg in

a Male Frog (Bana paJustris); J. Anat.

Phys., XX, pp. 516-519, pi. 16.
Vaillant (L.) Reptiles et Batraciens

d'Europe, 1874.

Reptiles et Batraciens d'Europe,

1885.

Remarque sur la disposition des

corps vert6braux chez VAnaides lugii-
bris Hall. ; Soci6t6 Pbilomathique
Paris, 1881. July. Ibid., December,
1885.

Sur un Appareil au Transport des

Batraciens Anoures vivants; Bull. d. 1.

Soci6t6 d'Acclimatatiou.
Velasco (Jos^ M.) Anotaciones y obser-

vacioues al trabajo del SeQ. A. Weis-

mauu ; in La Naturaleza (Mexico), T.

5, 18S0, pp. 58-84.
Abstract of above ; in Biolog. Cen-

tralbl., 2. Jabrg., No. 3, 1882, pp.

80-83.
Verrill (A. E.) Catalogue of Reptiles

and Batracbians found in tbe vicinity

of Norway, Oxford Co., Maine; 8vo,

from Proceeds. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

ix, 1863, p. 195.
Vircho-w (H.) Ueber Gefiisse des Kopfes

und des Auges beim Frosche ; in Ver-

haudl. pbysik. -medic. Ges. Wiirzburg,

15. Bd., Sitzungsber., pp. 34,35.
Vou Bambeke (C.) Formation des feu-

illets embryonnaires et de la uotocorde

chez lea Urod^les; Bull. Ac. Belg. (2.),

1, pp. 83-91.
Nouvelles recherches sur I'embryo-

logie des Batraciens; Archives de

Biologic, i, pp. 305-380, pis. 11-14.
Wagler (J.) Natiirliches System der

Amphibien Miinchen, Stuttgard u.

Tubingen, 1830, 8vo.
Descriptiones et Icones Amfibio-

rum; folio, Miinchen, Stuttgard u.

Tubingen, 1833.
Waldschmidt (Jul.) Zur Anatomie des

Nerv-ensystems der Gymnophionen

[Jena. Zeitschr.]. Inaug.-Diss. (Bern).

Jena, G. Fischer, 1887, 3vo (16 pp.).
(v.Z A., No. 261, p. 502.)

Waldachmidt ( Jul. ) Ueber das Gymno-
phioneu-Gehirn ; in Biolog. Centralbl.,
6. Bd., No. 23, pp. 731,732.
(Berlin. Katurforsch.-VersammL)

Zur Anatomie des Nervensystema

der Gymnophionen. Mit 2 Taf. ; in
Jena. Zeit.schr. f. Naturwiss., 20. Bd.
(n. F., 13. Bd.),2.,3. Hft., pp. 461-476.

"Walecki (A.) Materialien zur Zoogra-
phie Polens. Amphibia; in Physio-
graph. Denkschr., Warschau, 1882, 2.
Bd., pp. 358-394.

"Wedenaki (Nic.) Ueber die Athmung
des Frosches (Kana temporarta). Mit 1
Taf.; in Pfliiger's Arch. f. d. ges.
Physiol., 25. Bd., 3., 4. Hft., pp. 129-
149.

Weinzettl (V.) Zur Kenutnissdes weib-
lichen I'roteita aiujuineus. Mit 1 Taf. ;
in Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 38. Bd., 4.
Hft., pp. 671-C)S5.

Weismann (Aug.) Traus'formacion del
Ajolote mexicauo eu Amblistoma (trad,
del Ann. Report Smithson. Institute,
1877); in La Naturaleza (Mexico), T.
5, 1880, pp. 31-57.

Welikij (W. N.) Ueber die Innervation
der Lymphherzeu; in Arbeit, d. St. Pe-
tersb. Naturforsch.-Ges., T. 15, 2. Hft.,
1884, Protok., pp. 34, 35.

Welikij (W.) Ueber die Lymphherzen
bei Siredon piaciformis. Vorlaufige Mit-
theilung. Bull. P^tersb., xxx, pp. 341,
342, and M^l. Biol., xii, pp. 311, 312.

Ueber die Pacinischen Korperchen

der Frosche; iu Arbeit, d. St. Peters-
burg. Naturforsch.-Ges., T. 15, 2. Hft.,
1884, pp. 39, 40.

"Weliky (M.) Ueber die Endiguugen der
sympathischen Nervenfaser in deu
Lymphherzen [des Frosches]; in Bull.
Acad. Imp. Sc. St.-P^tersbourg, T. 28,
pp. 455, 456.

Weliky (N.) Ueber die Lymphherzen
bei Triton tceniatua ; iu Zoolog. Anz., 10.
Jahrg., No. 262, p. 529.

Weliky (Wlad.) Ueber die Anwesenheit
vielzahliger Lymphherzen bei den
Froschlarven ; in Zool. Anz., 9. Jahrg.,
No. 231. pp. 524, 525.

Wiedemann (A. ) Die ira Regierungsbe-
zirk Schwaben u. Neuburg vorkommen-
deu Kriechthiere und Lurche; in 29.
Ber. naturw. Ver. Schwaben u. Neuburg
(Augsburg), 54 pp.

484 BUL.LETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Wiedersheim (R.) On Salamandrina
perspicillatasiQd Geotritonfuacus. Genoa,
1875, 8vo.

Die iiltesten Formen des Carpus

und Tarsus der heutigen Amphibien ; in
Morphologiscbes Jahrbuch, p. 421, 1876.

Die altesten Formen des Carpus

und Tarsus der beutigen Amphibien;
in Mor'phol. Jahrb., p. 152, 1877.
Das Kopfskelet der Urodelen ; in

Morphol. Jahrb., pp. 352,459,1877.
Ueber Neubildung von Kiemen bei

Siren lacertina ; in Morphol. Jahrb., p.
630, 1877.

■On Lai yrinthodon riitimeyeri. Abh.

Weismaun. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd.
32, pp. 216-236, plates 11, 12, 1878.
Die Anatomie der Gymuophionen.

Jena, 1879, 4to.

(Waldachmidt).

nophionen - Gehiru;

der Schweiz. palivont. Gesell., Ziirich,
187 S.

Zur Anatomie des Amblystoma

Ueber das Gym-
iu Tagebl. 59.

Vers, deutsch. Naturf., p. 196.

Ueber die Vermehrung des Os cen-

trale i m Carpus u nd Tarsus des Axolotls.
Morph. Jahrb., vi, pp. 581-583, pi. 30.

"Wightman (A. C.) On the Ventricular
Epithelium of the Frog's Brain ; in
Johns Hopkins University Circular,
vol. 7, No. 66, pp. 84, 85.

"Wilder (Burt. G.) The Branchiaj of the
Embryo Pipa ; in American Naturalist,
August, 1877, pp. 491,492.

On the Habits of Cryptobranchus ;

in American Naturalist, 1832, Oct., pp.
816,817.

Will(Ludw.) Ueber die Entstehung des
Dotters und der Epithelzellen bei den
Amphibien und Inseeten; in Zool. Anz.,
No. 167, pp. 272-276.

Wlassak (Rud.) Das Kleinhirn des
Frosches. Mit 2 Taf. ; in Arch. f. Anat.
a. Phys., physiol. Abth., 1887, Suppl.-
Bd., pp. 109-137.

WolterstorfF (W.) Ueber fossile Frosche
insb. das Genus Pal seobatrachus; Mag-
deburg, Th. I, 1886; Th. II, 1887; 8vo.

Unsere Kriechthiere und Lnrche.

Vorlaufiges Verzeichniss der Reptilien
und Amphibien der Provinz Sachsen
und der angrenzenden Gebiete, nebst
eiuer Anleitung zu ihrer Bestimmung.
Halle a. S., Tausch u. Gurse, 1888, 8vo
(38 pp.), M. 1.

WolterstorfF (W.) Vorlaufiges Verzeich-
niss der Reptilien und Amphibien der
Provinz Sachsen und der angrenzenden
Gebiete ; in Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss.
(Halle), 61. Bd., 1. Hft., pp. 1-38.

Triton palmatus am Harz ; in Zool.

Anz., No. 253, p. 321. Hurabolt (Dam-
mer), 6. Jahrg., 12. Hft., p. 473.

Ueber Pelohates fuscus subsp. insit-

bricus Cornalia ; Zoolog. Anzeiger, 1888,
No. 294.

"Wurffbaln (J. P.) Salamaudrologia.
Descriptio historico-philologico-philo-
Rophico-medica Salaraandrse ; Nurem-
berg, 1783.

"Wwedensky (N. E.) Versuche iiber die
Innervation der Athembewegungen bei
R. t. ; in Arbeit. St. Petersburg. Na-
•turforsch.-Ges., 11. Bd., 2. Hft., 1880,
Protok., pp. 184, 185, 201-204.

Yarrow (H. C.) Descriptions of New
Species of Reptiles aud Amphibians in
United States National Museum ; iu
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, pp. 438-
443.

Yiing (E.) De I'influence de la nature
des aliments sur le d6veloppenieut de la
greuouille {Rana esculenta); in Compt.
rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, T. 92, No. 26,
pp. 1525-1527.

Sur I'influence des milieus physico-

chimiques sur le d^veloppement des te-
tards de grenouilles {Rana esculenta);
iu Arch. Sc. Phys. et Nat. Genfeve (3.),
T. 10, Oct., pp. 346-349.
(Soc. helv6t. sc. natur.)

On the Influence of Physico-chem-
ical Agencies upon the development of
the Tadpoles of Rana esculenta ; in Ann.
of Nat. Hist. (5.), vol. 13, Jan., p. 72.
Journ. R. Microsc. Soc. London (2.),
vol.4, pt.l, p. 29.

(Bibl. Univ. Arch. Sc. Phys. S. Zoolog.
Anz., No. 169, p. 309.)

Dt5veloppement de la sexuality des

larves de grenouilles et influence d'un
mouvement de vague sur le d^veloppe-
ment. C. r. Ass. Fr. Sci., xiv, i, p. 151.

Zelinka (C.) Ueber eine in der Ham-
blase von Salamandra maculosa gefun-
deue Larva derselbeq Species ; in Zool.
Anz., No. 261, pp. 515,516.

Zeller (Ernst). On the development of
Proteus anguinus. Zoologischer Anzei-
ger, 1883, xi, p. 570.

ADDENDUM TO BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Allen (J. A.) Catalogue of Reptiles and
Batrachians found in the vicinity of
Springfield, Mass. Boston Soc. Natural
History, xii, December, 1868, 8vo.

Barkas (T. P.) Illustrated Guide to the
Fish, Amphibian, Reptilian, and sup-
posed Mammalian Remains of the North-
umberland Carboniferous strata. 8vo,
Loudon, 1873, with folio atlas.

Coal Measure Paleontology, 1873.

Barton (B. S.) ^-ome Account of the
Siren lacertina, etc., in letter to J. G.
Schneider. 8vO, Philadelphia, 1821.

Bavay (A.) Note sur VHylodes marti-
nicensia et ses M6tamorphoses. Basse-
Terre (Guadeloupe), 8vo, 1872.

Bidder (F. H.) Vergl. Anatom. u. Hist.
Untersuch. iiberdiemiinul. Geschlechts-
u. Harnwerkzeuge der uackten Amphi-
bien. 4to, Dorpat, 1846.

Bocage (Barboza de). Lista dos Reptis
possessaes Portugesas d'Africa occi-
dental que existem no Museu de
Lisboa. Extr. do Journal de Sciencias
Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes,
1866.

M61anges Erp^tologiques. II. Sur

quelques Reptiles et Batraciens nou-
veaux rares ou peu connus d'Afrique
occidentale. Ext. do Journal d. Scien-
cias Mathematicas, Phys. eNatur., 1873,
No. 15.

Bonaparte (C. L.) Amphibia Europa^a
ad Syst. nostr. Vertebrat. ordinata.
Memorie d. Reale Accad. d. Scienze di
Torino, ii, ii, p. 385.

Prodromus Systematis Herpeto-

logicae. 8vo, loc. ? date ?

Brocchi (M.-P.) Recherches sur I'ost^o-
logie d'uu Batracien Anoure {Hemi-
phractue). Bibl. de I'dcole des Hautes
£tades xvi, ii, Paris, 1877.

Brocchi (M.-P.) Note sur quelques
Batraciens hylieformes recueil. au Mexi-
que et Guatemala. Bulletin Soc. Philo-
mathique Paris, 1877 (June).

Sur le Systeme Nerveux de I'Axo-

lotl {Siredon mexicanus). Bull. Soc.
Philom. Paris, 1877 (March).

Sur quelques Raniformes et Bufo-

niformes de I'Am^rique centrale. Bull,
d. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1877 (July).

Brosio (J. C.) Generatio napado^og in
Rana. dvo, Leipsic, 1724.

Burmeister (H.) Labyrinthodonten aus
d. Bunten Sandstein v. Bernburg ; i,
Trematosaurus, 4 to, 1849.

Die Labyrinthodonten a. d. Saar-

briicker Steinkohlengebirge, 1850.

Cope (E. D.) On the Batrachia and
Reptilia of Costa Rica ; Journal Acad-
emy Philadelphia, 4to, 1875, p. 93.

On the Intercentrum of the Ter-
restrial Vertebrata ; Transac. Amwr.
Philosoph. Soc, 4to, 1886, p. 243.

On the shoulder-girdle and ex-

tremities of Eryops; loc. cit., 1888, p.

362.
Dana (J. D.) Note on the Position of

Amphibians among Vertebrates. Amer.

Jouru. Sci. & Arts, 1864, p. 184.
Da-v^son (J. W.) Air-breathers of the

Coal Period; 8vo, 1863.

Delia Chiaje (S.) Ricerche anatomico-
biologiche sul Proteo sei-pentino. 4to,
Naples, 1840.

Dumeril (A. -A.) Reptiles et Poissons de
I'Afrique occidentale. Arch, du Mu-
seum Paris, X.

Observation sur la Mon8trnosit6

dite Polvm61ie. Nouv. Arch, du Mu-

seum. 1865.

485

486

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Eichwald (— ) On Zygosaurus; Bulle-
tin Soc. Naturalistes de Moscou, xxi,
p. 159, 1848.

Fischer de Waldheim ( — ) Notice s. q.
Saurieus de I'Oolith de Gouvern. de
Simbirsk; Bull. Soc. Natural, de Mos-
cou, XX, p. 364, 1847. (On Rhinosaurus.)

Pitzinger (L. J.) Ueber eine neue Ba-
tracbier-GattUDg aus Neu-Seeland.
Verhandl. d. k. k. zool.-botan. Ges.
Wien, 1861 (April).

Fraisse (P.) Beitriige z. auat. Pleuro-
dehs ivaUIi. Hvo, WUrtzburg, 1880.

Frauenfeld (G., Ritter von). Ueber in
eiueu Stein eingescblosseneu lebeuden
Salamander. Verbandl. d. k. k. zoolog.-
botan. Gesellscb. Wien, 1867 (Oct.).

Fritsch (Ant.) Ueber die Fauna des
Pilsner u. Rakonitzer Beckens; Sitz.
d. k. Boehmiscb. Gesellscb. d. Wissen-
scbaften, 1875 (Marcb).

Fauna der Gaskohle u. der Kalk-

steiue d. Permformation Bobmens ; 4to,
Prague; Bd. 1, Ileft 1. 1879; Heft 2,
1880 ; Heft 3, 1881. Bd. 2, Heft 1, 1885 ;
Heft -2, 1885.

Gariuan (S. W.) West Indian Batracbia
in Mus. Compar. Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass. 8vo. Bulletin Essex Inst.
Salem, xix, 1887.

Gaudry (A.) SurlaD^couvertedeBaitra-
ciens dans le Terrainprimaire ; Bullet,
de la Soc. G^olog. de France, 1875 (3"
86r., t. iii), p. 299.

Les Vert<?br^s Fossiles des en-
virons d'Autuu ; Bull. Soc. G<?olog.
France, 1878, vii, p. 62; enlarged, Au-
tuu, 1888, evo.

Gegenbaur (C.) Ueber Ban u. Entwicke-
luug der Wirbplsiiule bei Amphibien
iiberbaupt, u. beiui Froscb insbeson-
dere. Abb. d. uaturf. Ges. Halle, vi,
1861.

Gibbes (L. R.) Description of a New
Species of Salamander. Boston Jonrn.
Nat. Hist., V, No. 1, bvo.

Goldfuss ( — ) Beitriige zur vorweltlicben
Fauna des Steinkoblengebirges, 1847.

Giinther ( A. ) List of Cold-Blooded Ver-
tebrata collected by Mr. Frazer in tlie
Andes of Western Ecuador. Proceeds.
Zool. Soc. Lond., No. 2; Proceeds. Zool.
Soc. London, 1859 (Nov.).

Observations on Australian Tree-

Frogs living in tiie Soc. Menagerie.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1863 (June).

Giinther (A.) Third Contribution to our
Knowledge of Batrachians from Austra-
lia. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864 (Feb. ).

Additions to the Knowledge of

Australian Reptiltis and Fishes.
Proceeds. Zool. Soc. London, 1867
(July).

Description of two new species of

Frogs from Australia. Ann. Magaz.

Nat. Hist., 1873 (May).
Note on Hyla punctata and H. rho-

dopora. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872,

May.

Third report on Collections of

Indian Reptiles obtained by the British
Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1875, p. 567.

Hallowell (E.) Report upon the Rep-
tilia of the North Pacific Exploring
Expedition under Capt. Jno. Roger.s,
U. S. N. Proceeds. Academy Nat. Sc.
Philadelphia, 1860, p. 480.

Hancock and Atthey. On Batrachider-
peton ; Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumber-
land and Durham, iv, p. 208, 1871.

On Pteroplax ; loc. cit., iii, p. 66, p.

207.

Harle8s(E.) Ueber die Chromatophoren
des Frosches. Zeitschr. d. wisseuscb.
Zoologie, 5. Bd., 4. Hft., 1854, p. 372.

Henaha-OT- (H.) Report upon the Reptiles
and Batrachians collected during the
years 1875-6-7 in California, Arizo-
na, and Nevada, by Dr. H. C. Yarrow;
U. S. Engineers, G. M. Wheeler. 8vo,
Washington, 1878.

Higley(W. K.) Reptilia and Batracbia
of Wisconsin ; Trans. Wiscon. Academy
Sci., Arts, and Lett., vii, p. 155, ?date.

Huxley (T. H.) On Vertebrate Fossils
from the Paucbet Rocks; Paheontolo-
gica Indica, iv, 1865.

Description of Vertebrate Remains

from the Jauow Colliery, Kilkeuuey ;
Trans. Royal Irish Acad., xxiv, p. 12,
1867.

In Howell on the Warwicksb. Coal

Field ; in Mem. Geol. Survey United
Kingdom, 1859.

On some Amphibian and Reptilian

Remains from E. Africa and Australia;
Quart. Jburu. Geol. Soc, xv, 1859, p.
642.

Description of ^jjf/n'acosa«?"M« ru8-

sella ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lon-
don, xix, 56, 1862.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

487

Huxley(T. H..) On uew Labyrinthodouts

from the Edinburgh coal lield; Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc, xviii, 291, 18(32.
On Pholiderpetou, loc. cit., xxv,

p. 309, 1869.
Joly (N.) fitude sur les Metamorphoses

des Axolotls du Mexique. Montpellier,

pvo, 1872.
Keferstein (W. ) Ueber eiuige ueue oder

selteue Batrachier aus Australien und

dem tropischen America. Nachricht.

der konigl. Ges. d. Wissensch. u. d. G.

A. Universit. zu Gottingcn, 1867, No.

18, p. 341.
Lataste (F.) Quelques mots u propos de

I'accouplemeut des Batracieus auoures.

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877.
Bradybatid ve^itricosui^ est synouyme

de Pleitrodeles iialilL Soc. Linn^enne

de Bordeaux, 1879.
fitude sur le Discoelosse. Actes de

la Soc. Liun^eune de Bordeaux, 1879.
Sur I'Habitat du Triton vittatHn

Gray et sur I'identificatioii de cette

espJ'ce avec le T. ophryticns. Bartli.

Bull. Soc. Zoolog. de France, 1877.
Leidy (J.) Notices of remains of extinct

vertebrated animals discovered by Prof.

E. Emmons; Proceeds. Acad. Philada.,

1856, p. 255.
Malbranc (M.) Vou derSeitenliuie u. i.

Siuuesorganeu bei Amphibien. 8vo,

Leipsic, 1875.
Mason (J. J.) Microscopic Studies on

Central Nerv. Syst. Reptiles and Ba-

tracliians. 8vo. Journal of Nervous

and Mental Disease, January and July,

18811, Chicago.
Mertens (C. H.) Auatomia' Batrachio-

rum prodromus. Obs. iu osteologiam

Batr. no8tr.,8vo, Halle, 1820.
Meyer (II. von) Saurier des Muscbel-

kalkes. Folio, 1847-55.

Saurier des Kupferschiefer, 1856.

Reptilien aus d. Steiukohleufor-

mation in Deutschlaud, 4to, 1858.

Mvlosaurus xralenais ; Jahrb. f. Mi-

neralogie, 1859, p. 298; Paheontogr.a-

phica, vii, 1859, p. 90.
Meyer (H. von) u. Plieninger. Pala--

ontologie Wlirttembcrgs, 1844.
Meyer (Jos.) Systema Amphibiorum

Lympbaticum. Dissert, inauguralis,

4to, Berlin, 1845.

Miiller (F. ) Mittheilung aus der her-
pet. Sammlung des Easier Museums.
8vo, Basel, p. 32.

Katalog der im Museum und Uni-

versitiitskabinet zu Basel aufgest.
Amphibien u. Reptilien. Basel, 1878,
8vo.
Newport (G.) On the Impregnation of
the Ovum iu the Amphibia. 4to.
Philosoph. Trausac. Roy. Soc, 1851, p.
169.
Peters (W. ) Ueber die Eutwicklung
der Ca>cilien. Monatsber. Ak. Wis.
Berlin, 1875, p. 403.
Pike (N. ) Notes on the life history of the
common Newt ; American Naturalist,
1886, p. 17.
Owen (R.) On Lahyrinthodon leptognathus;
Trausac. Geol. Soc. Lond., vi, 503,
1842.

On Brachyops laticeps. Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., x, 473, 1854.
Ryder (J. S. ) Morphological notes on
the limbs of the Amphiumida; ; Proceeds.
Acad. Philada., 1879, p. 14.
Schmidt (P.) Beschreibung zweier
ueuen Reptilien aus dem Naturhist.
Museum zu Hamburg. 4to, Hamburg,
? date.
Steindachner (F.) Reise d. Oesterr.
Fregatte Novara. Zoologischer Theil.
Erster Baud. Amphibien. Wien, 1867.
Steinheim (— ). Die Eutwickelung des
Froschembryo's besonders des Muskel-
u. Genitalsystems (? loc), (date ?).
Strasser (H.) Zur Eutwickelung der
I Extremitiiteukuorpel bei Salamandra
; u. Tritonen; Morphologischee Jahrbuch,
; V, 240, 1879.
Trautschold (H.) Die Reste Permischer
Reptilien des Pahvontolog. Kabinets d.
Univ. Kasan ; Nouv. Mdm. de la Soc.
Imp. des Naturalistes, 4to, Moscou,
XV, livr. 1, 1884.
Velasco (J. M.) Descripcion sobre la
I Metamorfosis y Costumbres de una ea-
' pecie uueva del genero Siredon. La
' Naturaleza, Mexico, 1878.
; Vogt (Carl). Untersuchnngen iiber die
Entwickelungsgeschichte d. Geburts-
helferkrote {Alyiei< oh stetr icons). 4to,
Solothurn, 1842.

LIST OF CUTS.

[Explanation of numbers in all the fiqures.— l. Head from above ; 2. Do. from side ; 3. Do. from
below; 4. Interior of mouth; 5. Palate enlarged; 6. Forefoot, from below; 7. Hind foot, from
below. ]

Page.
Fig. 1. Chondrocranium and cranial nerves of Salamandra, from the side;

diagrammatic; from Wiedersheim 9

2. The same as Fig. l.from below 10

3. Xecturua maculatus Raf. ; No. 8815; Mount Carmel, 111.; Amblystoma

mexicanuiH Wagl., larva; and Chondrotus tenebrosue B. & G., larva;
California 24

4. Neciurua piinctatus Gibbs; No. 11813; natural size; Charleston, S. C. 27

5. Cryptobranchua alleghenienaia Harl. ; No. 9572; Pennsylvania 39

6. Cryptobranchua fuacua Rolhr. ; No. 7003; Knoxville, Tenn 43

7. Ambhjatoma taJpoideum Holbr. ; No. 3879; natural size; Prairie Mer

Rouge, La 53

8. Aublyatoma apacum Qtv&v . ', No. 3751; natural size; Gloucester, Va 55

9. Amblyatoma punotatumLimn.; natural size; Hampshire County, Va .. 60

10. Amblyatoma conaperauin Cope; No. 3934; natural size; Carlisle, Pa.

S. F. Baird 62

11. Amblyatoma copeianum Hay; from drawing in Proceedings National

Museum by Prof. O. P. Hay ; Irvington, Ind 65

12. Amblyatoma tigrinum Green ; No. 4691; natural size; West Northfield,

111 68

13. Amblyatoma tigrinum Green; No. 40.59; natural size; Fort Ripley, Minn. 74

14. Amblyatoma xiphiaa Coipe; No. 14470; natural size; Columbus, Ohio.. 88

15. Amblyatoma jefferaonianum Green; No. 3968; natural size, except 5 = f^,

from Green's type; western Pennsylvania 91

16. Amblyatoma jeferaonianum fuacum Hallow.; No. 3897; natural size;

Clark Connty, Va 92

17. Amblyatoma macrodaotylum Baird; No. 4042; f natural size; Astoria,

Oregon 9G

18. Amblyatoma apixanthum Cope ; type ; natural size, Atlanta, Idaho ;

Coll.Copo 98

19. Chondrotua microatomua Cope; No. 3999; natural size; Saint Louis, Mo. 102

20. Chondrotua texanua Matthes; No. 4044; twice natural size; San Anto-

nio, Tex 104

21. Chondrotua par oticus Baird; No. 7021; natural size; Puget Sound,

Oregon 106

22. Chondrotua decorticatua Cope; No. 14493; natural size; Port Simpson,

British Columbia 108

23. Chondrotua aterrimua Cope ; No. 5242 ; natural size ; Northern Rocky

Mountains 110

24. Chondrotua tenebroaus B. & G. ; No. 4053; natural size; Astoria, Ore-

gon.. 113

25. Ling uwlapaua annulatua Coipe; No. 11564; type; natural size 115

489

490 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Paga
Fig. 26. Lingu(elap8U8 lepturus Coipe; No. 14583; type; natural size 117

27. Batrachoseps caudatua Cope ; No. 135C1 ; Hassler's Harbor, Alaska. H.

E. Nichols; '} except 5^f 127

28. Batrachoseps attenuatua Each.; No. 13895 128

29. Hemidactylium scutatum Tschudi; twice natural size, except 5 = f;

No. 4094; Northfield, 111. R. Kennicott 131

30. Plethodon cinereua erythronolus Green; No. 4828; twice natural size,

except 5 = f ; St. Catherine's, Canada 136

31. Plethodon glutinosua Green ; No. 3782 ; Abbeville, S. C 141

32. Plethodon (eneua Cope; natural size, except 5, f ; Nickajack Cave,

Tennessee ; Coll. Cope 144

33. Plethodon intermediua Baird; No. 4732; type; natural size, except 5, f;

Fort Tejon, Cal 146

34. Plethodon crassulua Cope; No. 9447; natural size, except 5, }; Califor-

nia 147

35. Plethodon oregonensis Ghard; No. 13946^; natural size, except f; Berke-

ley, California 149

36. Stereochihts marginatua Hallow.; No. 3907; f; natural size; Georgia. 153

37. Gyrinophilua porphyriticua Green; No. 3374; natural size, except 5, f^;

locality unknown 156

38. Manculua quadridigitatua Holhr. ; No. 3904 ; twice natural size ; Abbe-

ville, S.C 160

39. Spelerpea multiplicaiua Cope ; No. 4038; twice natural size; Red River,

Arkansas 163

40. Spelerpea bilineatua Green; No. 14456; twice natural size, except 5, f;

Gloucester, Md 166

41. Spelopes longicaudua Green; No. 4085; natural size, except 5, which

is f ; Lancaster, Ohio 169

42. Spelerpea guttalineatua Holbr. ; No. 3723; natural size, except 5, \; Eu-

ta w, Ala 17 1

43. Spelerpea vuherTi&nA.; No. 7903; Carlisle, Pa 174

44. Autodax lugiibris Hallow.; No. 4047; Petaluma, Cal 184

45. Autodax ferreus Cope ; No. 11451 ; natural size, exjcept 5, f ; locality un-

known 166

46. Anaides iecanus Cope; No. 14596; natural size, except 5, f ; McCloud

River, California 168

47. Deamognathua ochrophcea Cope; No. 6891; natural size, except 5, twice

natural size; Meadeville, Pa , 192

48. Desmognathna fusca Ra,{. ; No. 7901; twice'_natural size ; Carlisle, Pa.. 195

49. Deamogn<ithu8 fuaca auriculata Holbr.; twice natural size ; Abbeville,

S. C 196

50. Desmognathua nigra Green ; No. 3923 ; natural size, except 5, twice nat-

ural size; Abbeville, S. C 199

51. Diemyctylus torosus Esch. ; No. 11407; natural size, except 5 = f ; San

Francisco, Cal 205

52. Diemyctylus viridescena virideacenaUaL; No. 14463; Aiken, S. C 208

53. Diemyctyhia viridescena miniattia Raf. ; No. 3802; twice natural size,

except tiff. 5 = f; Root River, Wisconsin. S. F. Baird 210

54. Diemyctylus viridescena meridionalis Cope; San Diego, Tex. ; | 212

55. Amphiuma means Gard.; No. 10865; natural size; Columbus, Miss.. . 216

56. Amphiuma means ; three embryos in the eggs; from Hay 221

57. Siren lacei-tina L. ; No. 12593; Wilmington, N. C. ; { 226

58. Pseudobranchus striatus Lee; Nos. 7010 aud 5051 (latter Georgia, Dr.

Jones) ; twice natural size with branchisp aborted; fig. 6, branchiae
aborted and inclosed ; 9, branchiae free (No. 5001) 231

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 491

Page.
Pig. 59. Shoulder-girdles of Sa lietitia ; b and c from Parker 247

60. Bufo punclatun B. & G. ; No. 5305; natural size; Cape St. Lucas, Cali-

fornia 263

61. Biifo debilis Girard ; No. 2620; fig. 1-4 natural eize ; 6-7, f ; Chihua-

hua, Mexico 264

€&. Bufo alvarius Girard ; No. 2572 ; type ; natural size ; Colorado desert.

From Baird 266

63. Bufo columbienaia cohivibieiisia B. & G. ; No. 11516; natural size ; Ke-

watin Valley 268

64. Bufo columbienais halophilua B. »fe G. ; natural size ; copied from Baird

U. S. Mexican Boundary Survey 269

65. Bufo compactilis ; No. 260d ; natural size; Ringgold Barracks, Texas.

A. Schott 272

66. Bufo hemiophrya Cope ; No. 11927 ; natural size ; United States north-

ern boundary 274

67. Bufo cogiiatHs Say ; natural size; copied from Baird and Girard, U. S.

P. R. K. Survey 276

68. Bufo lentif/iiioausfowleri Fain.; No. 10885; Danvers, Mass 280

69. Bufo loitigiiioaus woodhouait ; natural size; copied from Baird and

Girard, U. S. P. R. R. Survey 283

70. Bufo leiiiigiiiosus americanua;. natural size; copied from Baird and

Girard, U. S. P. R. R. Survey ^ 285

71. Bufo leniiginoaua leniiginoaua Shaw; natural size; copied from Baird

and Girard, U. S. P. R. R. Survey , 290

72. Bufo quercicua Holbr.; No. 1394 ; natural size, except 6 and 7 = ^ 291

73. Bufo vaJUceps Wied; natural size; copied from Baird, United States

Mexican Boundary Survey. 294

74. Scaphiojma holbrookii Harl.; No. 10004; natural size; Florida Keys 300

75. Scaphiopua couchii variua Cope ; No. 5893 ; natural size ; Cape St. Lucas,

California 301

76. Spea hammondii intermontana Cope ; No. 10926; natural size ; Fort Walla*

Walla, Washington 304

77. Spea hammondii hammondii Baird; No. 14553; natural size ; Colorado

and Utah region 305

78. Spea hammondii bombifrona CoT^e ; No. 9943; natural size; Camp Thome,

Yellowstone River 307

79. Spea multipl icata Co\)e; No. 3694 ; natural size; Valley of Mexico. J.

Potts 308

80. Hglodex latraua Cope; No. 10.^9; natural size; Helotes, Tex 317

81. Sjirrhophufi mar)w<lii Cope; No. 13635; natural size; Helotes, Tex 319

82. Acris grijlhia Lee. ; No. 13924; natural size; Des Moines, Iowa 326

83. Choropliihis ortiatua Holbr.; No. 13634; natural size; Helotes, Tex 334

84. Choroph \lu^ octideuialia Baird ; No. 5905 ; natural size ; Riceborough, Ga. 336
8.5. Chorophilus iiigrHuH Lee; No. 5935; 1-4, natural size; 6-7, ^ natural

size ; Liberty County, Ga 338

86. Chorophil lift feriarumBaird ; No. 12077; 1-4, natural size ; 6-7, ^ natural

size ; Mount Carniel, 111 341

87. Chorophilus trisa-iatua triseriatus W\ed.; No. 8553; 1-4, natural size;

6-7, f natural size; Fairplay, Colo 343

88. Hyla pickei'ingii Holbr.; No. 3608; natural size; Boston, Mass 354

89. Hyla regilla B. A: G.; No. 13796; natural size ; Baird, Shasta County,

Cal.. 358

90. Hyla squirella Bone; No. 11911 ; natural size; Nashville, Ga 364

91. Hyla andtrsouii Baird; No. 3600; natural size; Anderson, S. C . 366

492 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Page.

Fig. 92. Hyla carolinensis Penn. ; No. 13478; natural size; Allapaha, Ga 368

93. Hyla arenicolor Cope; No. 8656; natural size; Utah 370

94. Hyla femoralis Daud. ; No. 3598; natural size; Liberty County, Ga... 372

95. Hyla versicolor "Lee. \ No. 14551; natural size; Rochester, N. Y 375

96. Hyla gratiosa Lee. ; No. 3684 ; natural size ; from Georgia, C. B. Adams 379

97. Engystoma caroUnense Holbr. ; No. 3699 ; natural size ; Columbus, Ga. 396

98. Hypopachu8 cuneua Co-pe ; San Diego, Tex 386

99. Bana virescens sphenocephala Cope ; No 11916 ; Nashville, Ga 400

100. iJana uirescens vire«ce«8 Kalm ; No. 8869; natural size; Tickfaw, Ga... 402

101. Bana vireacens brachycephala Cope ; No. 10922 ; natural size ; Fort Wal-

la Walla, Washington ; Oapt. C. Bendire, U. S. Array 404

102. Bana palustris Lee. ; No. 13403 ; natural size ; Garrison's, N. Y. ; T.

Roosevelt 407

103. Bana areolata areolata B. & G. ; No. 3304 ; natural size ; Indianola,

Tex 410

104. Bana areolata wsop us Cope ; No. 4743 ; naturalsize; Micanopy, Fla... 413

105. Bana areolata circulosa Rice & Davis ; type in Museum, Champaign,

111.; No. 278; naturalsize; northern Illinois 414

106. Bana septentrionalis BsLiTd ', No. 3420; natural size; Garrison's Creek,

New York 417

107. Bana clamata Dand. ', No. 3501; natural size; Eutaw, Ala 421

108. Bana catesbiana Shaw; No. 11499 424

109. Bana montezumce Baird ; natural size; Lake Xochimilco, valley of

Mexico, E. D. Cope 429

110. Bana temporaria pretiosa Baird; No. 5973; natural size; Camp Mon-

jie, Oregon 434

111. Bana cantabrigensis latiremia Cope ; No. 13723 ; natural size ; Lake Al-

lokuagik, Alaska 436

112. Bana cantabrigenaia cantabrigensis Baird ; No. 5925 ; natural size ; Fort

Simpson 437

113. Bana agilis aurora B. & G. ; No. 3877; naturalsize; Astoria, Oregon. 440

114. Bana draytoni draytoni BsLiTd ; No. 8700 ; natural size ; mountains near

Fort Tejon, Cal 442

115. Bana boylii Baird ; No. 3.370 ; natural size ; Eldorado, Colo 447

116. Bana silvatica hec. ; No. 3388; naturalsize; Quebec 450

117. Chondrotua cmgulatus Cope; type; No. 3786; Abbeville. S. C 455

118. Bufo aduncHs Cope; type; No. 14100 ; Gainesville, Tex ; \ 458

119. Chorophilus nigritus verrucosus Cope ; type; Volusia, Fla 459

120. Grypiscus umbrinua Cope ; Bio Janeiro; \ 460

EXPLANATION OF LETTERING ON PLATES.

A. — The cartilages, ligaments, and muscles.

A. p. Ascending process of snspensor-
iuni.

A. 8. c. Anterior semicircular caual.
At. Annulus tympauicus.

B. Balancer.

Bb. I, II, etc. Basibranchials I, II, etc.
Cb., cbr., I, II, etc. Ceratobranchiale I,

II, etc.
Ch. Ceratohyal.
Ctr. Cornu trabeculae,
E. Br. I, II, etc. Epibrachials.
Ecor. Epicoracoid.
Epa. Ethmopalatine.
Epg. Epipterygoid.
Est. Epistapedial.
Eth. Pars ethmoidea.
Eu. Eustachian ligament.
HM. Hyomandibular.
HQ. Hyoquadrate ligament.
HS. Hyosuspensorial ligament.
H8C. Horizontal semicircular canal.
II. Inferior labial.
Inc. Internasal cartilage.
LI. Lower labial.
Mh. Maudibulo-byoid ligament.
MK. Meckels cartilage.
Mat. Mesostapedial.
Na. Nasal roof cartilages.
No. Notochord.
OG', OG^. Otoglossal: 1, cartilaginous;

•2, fibrous.
Pbc. Pubic cartilage.
Pea. Trabeculoquadrate cart.
Pd. Pedicle of suspensorium.
Pg. Pterygoid.
Proc. Procoracoid.
Psc. Posterior semicircular canal.
Q. Qc. Quadrate.
SI. Superior labial.
SSC. Suprascapula.
St. M. Musculus stapedius.
St. Stapes.
Tcr. Tegmen cranii.

Tr. Trabeculum.

Trab. Plate. Trabecular plate.

T. ty. Tegmen tympani.

B.—The hones.

Ala. Alisphenoid.

Ang. Angular.

a. r. ; a. r. t. Articulare.

Aa. Astragalus.

a. 8. c. Anterior semicircular canal.

a. t. r. Apex of trabecule.

au. Auditory capsule.

B. br. Basibrancbial.

B. hy. Basihyal.

B. o. Basioccipital.

C. Urpstyle.
Ca. Calcaueum.

C. br. Ceratobrancbial.
C. c. Centraie carpi.

C. hy. Ceratohyal.
CI. Clavicle.

Co. Columella.
Cor. Coracoid.
Cu. Cuneiform.

D. Dentary.

Di. Diapophysis.
Eb. Epibrauchial.
Ecor. Epicoracoid.

E. eth. Ectethmoid.
ep. Epiotic.

Eth. Ethmoid.
UxO., Eo. Exoccipital.
f. Fibulare.
Fe. Femur.

F. P. Frontoparietal.
Fr., F. Frontal.

H. Humerus.

H. hy, Hypohyal.

Hy. Hypopophysis.

I. Intermedium.

n. Ilium.

Int. lutercalare.

Is. Ischium.

1st. luterstapedial.

493

494 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

J. Jugal.

L. Lunar.

M., Mx. Maxillary.

Mn. Mandible.

N., Na. Nasal.

Npr. Nasopremaxillary.

N. px. Nasal process of preiuaxillary.

N. sp. Neural spine.

Occ. Occipital condyle.

Odv. Odontoid vertebra.

Opo. lutercalare.

Os. OrbitospLenoid.

Ost. Omosternum.

Pal., Pa. Palatine.

Pas., par. Paraspheuoid.

Pb. Pubis.

P. cor. Precoracoid.

Pef, P.F. Prefrontal.

Pez. Prezygopophysis.

Pg. Pterygoid.

Pmx., px. Preiuaxillary.

Po. F. Postfrontal.

Poz. Postzygopophysis.

P. Pa. Parietal.

P., pa. Posterior palatine.

P. pg. Palatopterygoid.

P. px. Palatine part of premaxillary.

Pro. Prootic.

Pa. Paraspbenoid.

Pt., Pg. Pterygoid.

Ptr. Pretransverse process.

Qj. Quadratojugal.

Qst. Quadratostapedial articulation.

Qu., Q. Quadrate.

R. Rib.

r. Radiale carpi.

S. Scaphoid.

Sa. Sacrum.

Sea., Sc. Scapula.

Smx. Septomaxillary.

So. Supraoccipital.

Sp. SplenJal.

Spe. Sphenethmoid.

Spt. Squama palatina.

Sq. Squamosal.

SSc. Suprascapula.

St. Sternum.

St., Stp. Stapes.

Sy. Symphyseal.

T. Tibiale.

Tib. Tibia.

Tr. Temporal ridge.

U. Ulnare carpi.

u. Ulnare.

UR. Ulnoradius.

U. S. Urostyle.

Vo. Vomer.

Vp., Vop. Vomeropalatine.

C. — Foramina and nerves.

Car. Foramen carotideum.

En. External nostril.

Fm. Foramen magnum.

Fo., Font. Foutauflle.

Fso. Fenestra ovalis.

G. Gasserian ganglion.

Hsc. Horizontal semicircular canal.

In. Internal nostril.

Mnp. Middle nasal passage.

Nerves. 1. Olfactory nerve.

2. Optic nerve.

5. Trigeminal nerve.

5'. First or orbitonasal branch
of trigeminal.

5--5^. Maxillary and mandi-
bular branches of trig-
eminal.

7. Facial.

7'. Palatine ("vidian") branch
of facial.

8. Auditory nerve.

9. Glossopharyngeal.
10. Vagus nerve.

Ol. Olfactory capsule.

Olf, 01., Nervus olfactorius.

Py. Pituitary body, space, or region.

D. — Viacera and central nervous system.

AB. Arteria branchialis ; aorta bow.

AM. Arteria mesenterica.

Ao. Aorta.

Au. Auricle.

B. Branchia.

BA. Bulbus arteriosus.

Be. Brauchial chamber.

Bf. Branchial fissure.

Br. Brauchiie.

c. Cistus urinatorius ; urinary bladder.
CA. Corpus adiposum.

cl. Cloaca.

DC. Ductus cuvieri.

d. c. Ductus choledochus ; diacoelia.
E. Eye.

Eah. Epidermal adhesive organs.
Eb. External branchite.
EE. Epencephalon (cerebellum).
Ep. Epiphysis (pineal body).
Fo. Fontanelle of oviduct.
gb. Gall bladder.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

495

H. Heart.

Hv. Hepatic veiu.

Hyp, Hy. Hypophysis (pituitary body).

I, i. lutestiue.

K. Kidney.

1. Lung.

li., liv. Liver.

1. ant. Anterior lobe of liver.

1. in. Large intestine.

M. Mouth.

ME. Mesencephalon.

MD. Miillerian duct.

Med. Mediastinum.

Mes. Mesentery.

MO. Mouth of oviduct in cloaca.

n. Nerves.

O. Oviducts.

O . Foutauelle of oviduct.

Oes. CEsophagus.

Ov. Ovary.

P. Pancreas.

P. c. Plexus choroideus.

Pe. Prosencephalon.

Pf. PeritoHeal fold.

Ph. Pharynx.

Pp. Pappilhe cloacae.

Py. Pylorus.

r. Rectum.

Rh. Rhiuencephalon.

S. in. Small intestine.

Sp. Spleen.

Spx. Sapraplexus.

St., Stom. Stomach.

Sv. Sinus venosus.

T, t. Testis.

TE. Thalamencephalon.

Ur. Ureter.

Ut. Urethra.

V. Ventricle of head.

V. B. Vena branchialis.
Vca. Vena cava ascendens.
Vd. Vas deferens.

Ve., Vek. Vena elferens of the kidney.
Vet. Vena efferens of the testis.

VI. Left ventricle.

I VM. Vena mesenterica.

I VP. Vena portae.

I Vp. Vena pnlmonalis.

Vr. Right ventricle.

Viv. Fourth ventricle.

Ventricles of the brain L H, III, IV. V.

V. 1. Lateral ventricle.

Vre. Venae revehentes renales.

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES.

PLATE I.
Necturua maculatus, skeleton from below, two-thirds uatural size

PLATE n.
Necturua maculatua, natural size.

Fig. 1. Skull, superior view.

2. Skull, inferior view.

3. Skull, left side, exterior view.

4. Skull, left side, interior view.

5. First and second vertebrje, from below.

6. First and second vertebr.©, from above.

7. First and second vertebrae, right side.

8. Atlas, from front.

9. Second vertebrae, from behind.

PLATE III.

(Copied from Wiedersheim's Kopfskelet der Urodelen.)

Fig. 1. Necturua maciilatua, skull, from below, displaying the chondrocranium of
one side.

2. Necturua maculatua, skull, from above, displaying the cartilaginous nasal cap-

sules.

3. Cryptobranchua alleghenienais, skull, left side.

4. Cryptobranchua alleghenienaia, skull, from above, showing chondrocranium of

one side.

5. Cryptobranchua alleghenienaia, skull, from below, showing cartilages of cue side.

PLATE IV.

Necturua maculatua, two-thirds natural size, from below, showing viscera, mostly in
place ; the alimentary canal and corpus adiposum displaced to the right
side of the animal.

PLATE V.

Cryptobranchua alleghenienaia, skeleton, from above,half natural size.

PLATE VI.

Cryptobranchua alleghenienaia, skeleton, from below, half natural size.

PLATE VII.

Cryptobranchua alleghenienaia, viscera from below in position, two-thirds uatural size.
Drawn by Prof. S. F. Baird. a, auricle; v, ventricle of heart; L, liver;
m, mediastiuu'ii ; a, stomach; i, intestines; o, oviduct; o', fontanelle of
oviduct; g, gall-bladder; r, rectum; c, urinary bladder.
1951— Bull. 34 32 497

498 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PLATE VIII.

Cryptobranchua alleghenienais, skull.

Fig. 1. Superior face.

2. Inferior face.

3. Left side, exterior.

4. Left side, interior.

5. Left mandibular ramus, external side.

6. Left mandibular ramus, internal side.

PLATE IX.

(Copied from Wiedersheim's Kopfskelet der Urodelen.)

Fig. 1. Siren lacertina, skull, left side.

^. Siren lacertina, skull, from above, one-half the cartilage exposed.

3. Siren lacertina, skull, from below, one-half the cartilage exposed.

4. Proteus anguinua, skull, left side.

5. Proteus anguinus, skull, from above.

6. Proteus anguinua, skull, from below.

7. Amphiuma means, skull, left side.

PLATE X.

Amphiuma means, skeleton, from below, two-thirds natural size.

PLATE XI.

Amphiuma means, one-third natural size; from Georgia. Copied from Cope, Proceed-
ings of the American Philosophical Society, 1886, p. 442.
Fig. 1. Skull, left side.

2. Skull, from above.

3. Skull, from below.

4. Skull, right half, from within.

5. Left mandibular ramus, external view.

6-9. An auterior dorsal vertebra; fig. 6, front ; 7, rear ; 8, bottom ; 9, top.
Chthonerpeton indiatinctum, R. & L., three-eighths natural size; from Brazil. Copied

from Wiedersheim, Die Anatomic der Gymnophionen.
Fig. 1. Skull, from above.

2. Skull, from below.

3. Skull, left half, from within.

4-G. Oue and parts of two other vertebrae ; 4, from above ; 5, from below ; 6,
right side.

PLATE XII.

Amphiuma meaxs Gard. three-toed form ; viscera in place, except that the alimentary
canai is displaced to the right side of the animal. Two-thirds natural
size.

PLATE XIII.

Hyoid apparatus of Batrachia. Figs. 1,3,-5,6 dissected and drawn by E. E. Gait ; 2,

4, and 7, by E. D. Cope.

Fig. 1. Xecturus maculatua, small, x 3.

2. Proteus anguinua, adult, j.

3. Cryptobranchua alleghenicnais, adult, \.

4. Meijalobatrachua maximua, adult, |.

5. Amphiuma means, small, X 4.

6. Siren lacertina, small, X 4.

7. Ichthyophia glutinosui, {.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 499

PLATE XIV.
Skeleton of Jjnblystoma punctatum, one-half natural size; superior view. No. 722.

PLATE XV.
Amhlystoma punotatuvi, skeleton from below ; natural size.

PLATE XVI.
Amhly stoma punctatum, skull, one-half larger than natural size.

Fig. 1. Skull, above.

2. Skull, below.

3. Skull, left side, exterior.

4. Skull, left side, interior. The uumbers below are those of the nerves which

issue from the foramina of the figure.

PLATE XVII.
Visceral anatomy of Amhlyatoma punctatum, from drawings by Prof. S. F. Baird.

Fig. 1. Viscera in place, from below.

2. Liver, from above ; a, from below.

3. Corpora adiposa and ovaries; one outlined only,

4. Larynx, lungs, stomach, and spleen isolated.

PLATE XVIII.

Amblystovia punctatum, development of larva, from drawings by Prof. S. F. Baird,

magnified four diameters.

Fig. 1. Embryo taken from e^g 4 lines iu diameter, x 4.

2. Another embryo, from above ; a from below.

3. Larva just from the egg, from below, x 8.

4. Larva two weeks free from egg, with three digits on manus, from above ;

a, from side; X 4; May, 11, 1B48.

5. Larger larva, with posterior limbs, from above, x 4. "In six individuals,

all had the right branchiae less developed than the left;" note S. F. Baird.

6. Hind limb before development of digits.

7. Right fore-foot,^ from above, of specimen older than fig. 4 ; 5-25, 1848.

8. Eye of fig. 4, showing lens.

PLATE XIX.

Amblystoma opacum and Plelhodon erythronotua, skulls, twice natural size.

Fig. 1-3. Amblystoma opacum.
4-6. Plethodon erythronotus.

PLATE XX.

Anatomy of Amblystoma opacum, drawn by Prof. S. F. Baird.

Fig. 1. Viscera in place, from below ; lettering as before ; female ; natural size.

2. Oviducts and fat bodies; natural size; cl, cloaca; fo, fontanelle of oviduct;

k, kidney.

3. Stomach and liver ; the latter everted, to show portal vessels.

4. Cloaca much enlarged, showing mouths of oviducts and labia {la.).

5. Urinary bladder distended.

6. Urogenital system; C A, corpus adiposum; T, testis; k, kidney; vet, vasa

efferentia testis ; vek. vasa eflferentia, reuis ; i-. d. vas deferens.

500 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PLATE XXI.

Aniblystoma sp., viscera, drawn by Prof. S. F. Baird.

Fig. 1. Amblystovia imnctatum, viscera, natural size, female; the digestive and uro-
genital systems drawn separately ; lettering as before ; cl, cloaca ; June, 1848.

2. Amblystoma puncfatmn, urogenital system of male, enlarged; lettering as

before ; May, 1849.

3. ^m&?y»^onia 02>ac«ni Grav., male, cloaca; 1, vas deferens; 2, ureter; 3, groove

from each vas deferens, which unites with its fellow at apex of peninsula
(9), and is continued as a branch on each side, dividing and inclosing the
process (4), and, reuniting, passes round the posterior part of the folds of
membrane (5) ; 4, oval, fleshy bodies, supported on short stems equal to
themselves ; 5, a series of deep folds of membrane of each side, nearly meet-
ing inferiorly; 6, slight protuberance in the depression between the folds;
7, folds which arile between the bodies (4) as one, and, bifurcating, sink
away behind the folds (5); 8, a second set of folds anterior to 7.

4. Amblystoma opacum, liver from above; a, from below.

5. Heart and branchial vessels of Siren lacertina, diagrammatic; a, transverse

section of bulbus arteriosus.

PLATE XXII.

Chondrotus tenebrosus, skeleton of larva, from above, natural size. Fig. 1, skull from
below; 2, lower jaw and hyoid arches from above. From Salem, Oregon.

PLATE XXIII.

Chondrotus tenebrosus, larva, natural size, from below.

PLATE XXIV.

Hyoid apparatus of Amblystomidce ; Figs. 1, 2, and 3 dissected and drawn by Dr. E. E.
Gait; the remainder by E. D. Cope.

Fig. I. Chondrotus tenebrosus, from below ; \.

2. Chondrotus tenebrosus, larva, from above ; X 2.

3. Chondrotus tenebrosus, larva, from below ; X 2.

4. Chondrotus aterrimus, from helow ; §.

5. Chondrotus aterrimus, from above ; |.

6. Cho7idrotu8 par oticus, froui helovr ; |.

7. Chondrotus paroticus^ from above ; f .

8. Chondrotus decorticatus, ixovah^lo^ ; I.

9. Chondrotus d€corticatus,ii:oTa. &\iO\e.; f.

10. Linguaslapsus annulatus, from below; f.

11. Linguwlapsus annulatus, from above; \.

12. Linguoelapsus lepturus, from above ; f.

13. Linguaslapsus lepturus, from below ; f .

PLATE XXV.

Hyoid apparatus of Amhlystomidce and Hynobiidw ; Figs. 1, 2, 8, and 9 dissected
drawn by E. D. Cope; 3-7 by E. E. Gait, and 10, 11 from R. Wiedersheim.

Fig. 1. Chondrotus microstomus, from below ; x 4.

2. Chondrotus microstomus, from above ; X 4.

3. Chondrotus tenebrosus, larva, side view ; X 2.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 501

Fig. 4. Ambh/stoma pitnctalitm, from below ; X 2.
5. Amblystoma piinctatum, hiTva, side; 5.
G. Ambhjatoma macrodactyUim, from below ; x vJ.

7. Aniblyatoma tigrininti, from below ; X -•

8. Amblystoma (j)ix(tnthum, from ahovi'-. x 3. *
y. Antblystoma Jeff'ersoiiiaiiiiin, from above; x 3.

10. Hynobiux lurviun.

11. HiUilden-i sibiricim.

PLATE XXVI.

riethodon glutinottit)). skull, twice natural size.

Fig. 1. Skull, above.

•2. Skull, below.

3. Skull, left siile.

4. Skull with mandible, from behiud.

PLATE XXVII.

Fig. 1-4. Autodas luyHbrin, skull, uatural size.

1. Froui left side, exterior.

2. From above.

3. From below.

4. Left side, interior.

Fig. 5-7, Mavcuhis quddridiijitntiis, three times uatural size.

6. Skull, from above.

7. Skull, from below.

.5. Skull, from left side.

PLATE XXVIII.

Fig. 1-3. Sjulerpes loiKjicandti, ^iknU, rwicf natural :>ize, with cervical vertebrae.
1. .Skull, abiive.
•,'. Skull, iM-b.w.

3. Skull, Iftl side.

i-(i. SpehrjK y liiliiKiitti, skull, three times natural size, with three cervical ver-
tebra-.

4. Skull, altove.
r,. Skull, below,
(i. Skull, left side.

PLATE XXIX.

Spthrjici riilitr. skulls of larva and adult, twice uatural size.

Fig. 1-3. Larva nearly mature.

1. Skull and three sertebra-, from above.
•J. .Skull and three vertebr.i', from below.

3. .Skull and three vertebne, from left side.
4-0. Skull of adult.

4. From above.
.'). From Ijelow.

(). Frouj left side.

PLATE XXX.

(Copied from Parker. Spelcrpe-^ ruber, skulls of adult and larva, much enlarged.)

Fig. 1-2. Spderpcs riihir, larva, yonuger than that represented in tho last plate (sxix).

1. Skull, from above.

2. Skull, from below.

502 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fig. 3-5. Adult.

3. From above.

4. From below.

5. From right side.

6. Gyrinophilus porpliyriticm, part of right side of skull of larva, showing
trabecula, etc.

PLATE XXXI.

Spelerpes rtiber, viscera, 9 , drawn by S. F. Baird.

Fig. 1. Viscera, in situ, natural size ; eggs nearly ready for expulsion. Lettering as
before, la. The heart removed. Vca, ascending vena cava; A, auricle;
VP, vena pidmonalis ; v, ventricle; Ba, bulbus arteriosus; ccA, canalis
communis arteriosus.

2. Fontanelle of oviduct, near stomach.

3. Left ovary with corpus adiposum on left side.

4. Liver; a, from below.

5. Cloaca and kidney, with vasa efferentia renis and vas deferens.

6. Plethodon glutinosua, 9, kidneys, from below: v e fc' vasa efferentia renis

stretched out of place to show their course, on left of figure.

PLATE XXXII.

Bones of Urodela three times natural size ; drawings by Prof. S. F. Baird.

Fig. 1. Scapular arch of one side of S}) elerpes ruber which has just passed its metamor-
phosis; the branchiae not quite obliterated; Carlisle, Pa., June 12, 1849.

2. Humerus of the same.

3. Cubitus and manus of the same.

4. Amhlystoma punctatum, posteriorlegof larva just changing to the adult.

PLATE XXXIII.
Skulls of Gyrinophilus porphyriticua.

Fig. 1-3. Skull of adult, natural size.

1. From above.

2. From below.

3. From left side.

4-6. Skull of advanced larva, twice natural size.

4. From above.

5. From below.

6. From left side.

PLATE XXXIV.

(Copied from W. R. Parker.)

Fig. 1-4. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, larvae, much enlarged.

1-2. Larva less advanced than that represented in Plate XXXIII.

1. From above.

2. From below.

3-4. Larva still less advanced than that represented in figs. 1, 2.

3. From above.

4. From below.

5-6. Desmognathus fusca, skull.

5. From above.

6. From below.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 503

PLATE XXXV.

Hyoid apparatus of Pletbodontidse, dissected and drawn by Dr. E. E. Gait, excepting

figs. 11 and 12.

Fig. 1. Plethodon oregonensis, inferior view, x 2.

2. Plethodon glutinosua, inferior view, X 2.

3. Autodax liigubris, inferior view, X 2.

4. Batrachosepa attemiatua, inferior view, X 3.

5. Hemidactylium acutatum, inferior view, x 3.

6. Gyriuophilus porphyriticua, inferior view, X 3.

7. Spelerpea ruber, superior view, x 3.

8. Spelerpea ruber, inferior view, x 3.

9. Spelerpes ruber, larva, superior view, X 4.

10. Spelerpea ruber, larva, inferior view, X 4.

11. Spelerpea longicaudua, inferior view.

12. Mancuhia quadridigitatua, inferior view.

PLATE XXX VL
Hyoid apparatus of Urodela.

Fig. 1. Deamognafhua fuaca, inferior view, x 3; Dr. Gait.

2. Biemyctylua toroaua, inferior view, x 2; Dr. Gait.

3. Diemyctyhis virideacens, superior view, X 2 ; Dr. Gait.

4. Diemyctylua virideacena, lateral view, X 2.

5. Diemyctylua palmatus, inferior view, X 3.

6. Salamandrina perapicillata, inferior view, X <5 ; from Parker.

7". Salamandrina perapicillata, larva, inferior view, X 6 ; from Parker.

8. Hemisalamandra criatata, X 2; inferior view.

9. Chiogloaaa luaitanica, inferior view, x 3.

PLATE XXXVII.

Fig. 1. Salamandra viaculoaa, skeleton, natural size.

2. Thoriua pennatulus, skull, from side, X 4.

3. Thoriua pennatulua, skull, from above, x 4.

4. Thoriua pennatulua, skull, from below. X 4.

PLATE XXXVIII.

Fig. 1-4. Diemyctylua toroaua, skull, much enlarged ; copied from Parker.

1. From above.

2. Frou^ below.

3. Right mandibular ramus, external view.

4. Right mandibular ramus, internal view.

5-9. Salamandrina perapicillata, skull ; copied from Wiedersheim.

5. Skull, from above.

6. Skull, from below.

7. Skull, from left side.

8. Skull, from front.

9. Skull, from behind.

PLATE XXXIX.

Diemyctylua virideacena, much enlarged ; copied from Parker.

Fig. 1. Skull of adult, from above.

2. Right ramus of mandible, inner side.

504 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUxM.

Fig. 3. Hyoid app.aratus of adult, from below.

4. Skull of larva, from above.

5. Skull of larva, from below.

6. Hyoid apparatus of larva, from above.

7. Basis crauii of very young larva.

PLATE XL.
Urodela, viscera isolated aud much enlarged. From drawing by Prof. S. F. Baird.

Fig. 1-2. Spelerpea ruher, kidney and vas deferens, 5 .

1. The tubules of the kidney displayed from above; a, in greater detail

from below.

2. The vasa efferentia ; diagrammatic.

3. Gyrhtophlhts por2)hyriiicus, liver and ^lentral circulatory system of a largo

larva.

4. Plethodon (jlutiuosus, 2 , liver, natural size.
5-9. Diemyctylits virideacens, 5 .

5,6. Reproductive orgaus aud cloaca of male.

7. Right corpus adiposum, inferior surface, X 4.

8. Testis.

9. Kidney, vas deferens, aud vasa eli'erentia.

PLATE XLI.
Central nervous system of Urodela, enlarged.

Fig. 1. Spelerpes ruber, from al>ove ; a, from below.

2. Amhlyaioma punctatum, 9, braiu and cranial nerves of the left side from bo-

low. The cranial nerves are uumbered. G, Gasserian ganglion ; Co, con-
necting branch between trigeminus and facial nerves; L, part of labyrinth.

3. Diemyctyhis viridescens, brain, from above ; a, from below ; /», from left side;

/'e, prosencephalon ; £p, ei»iphysis; Tf', thalameucephalou ; ME, mesen-
cephalon : EE, ei)eucephalou ; /f, fourth ventricle; //^j;, hypophysis.

4. DitinyctylH^ viridi^ttus, semicircular canals.

PLATE XLII.
Larval and breeding stages of Salamanders.

Fig. I. Gyrinophihis porphiiriticiis larva, natural size; June :?.

2. Spilerpts lonoicaKdii-^ larva X 4; May 29.

3. Dumyctyluis viridt^ctnv, Vireediug male, natural size ; a inferior side of hlfld leg,

showing corneous nuptial excrescences, aud tips of digits.

PLATE XLIII.

Siren lacertiiui, skeleton from below, two-thirds natural size.

PLATE XLIV.

Siren laccrtiiin, splanchnology; three-tifths natural size.

For lettering see general explanation. The mesentery is divided so that the ali-
mentary canal can be extended outward to the right side, so as to display the
other orgaus. Tlu' lines VM and Mes, on the right of it, extending from the testes to
the gall-bladder rejiresent the borders of the gap opened by the section. The
cloaca is divided, fxpo-,ing the mouths of the urethra aud ureters. For heart aud
vessels see Plate I'.t. lig. b.

THE BATUACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 505

PLATE XLV.

Carpus and tarsus of Rhachitomi and Urodela, natural size, excepting Fig. 1, which is

one-half natural size.

Fig. 1. Carpus of Eryopa viegacephalus Cope, from the Permian formation of Texas.

2. Necturua maculatiis, carpus and tarsus.

3. Cryptobranchua alleghenienxia, carpus and tarsus.

4. Amblyatoma opacum, carpus and tarsus.

5. Plethodon gJutinosua, carpus and tarsus.

6. Speletpes ruber, carpus and tarsus.

7. Deamognathua fiiaca, tarsus.

8. Diemyctylua toroaua, carpus and tarsus.

9. Dieniyctjflua virideacena, carpus and tarsus.

PLATE XLVI.

Carpus and tarsus of Batrachia, from drawings made by Dr. George Baur, enlarged^
except Figs. 2 and 9, which are natural size.

Fig. 1. Necturua maculatua, young of, 31 mm X 30 ; a carpus, b tarsus.

2. Megalobatrachus japonicua, natural size; a carpus, 6- c tarsus.

3. Cryptobranchus alleghenienaia, tarsus \.

4. Amphiuma meana, a-b carpus; c tarsus; X 50.

5. Siren lacerfina, carpus X 2.

6. Onychodactylna japonicua, a carpus, b tarsus.

7. Geotriton fuacua, tarsus X 6.

8. Hemidactylium acutatum, tarsus X 8.

9. Archegoaaurua decheniYon Meyer, from a specimen in the Museum of Tiibingen;

drawn by A. Froriep ; natural size.

PLATE XLVII.

Carpus and tarsus of European Batrachia, much enlarged. From Gegenbaur, Un-
tersuchungeu zur Vergl. Auatomie d. Wirbelthiere. I Heft. Carpus u. tarsus.

Fig. 1-2. Proteua anguinua, carpus and tarsus; 1 carpus, 2 tarsus.

3. Salamandra maculoaa larva, carpus.

4. Salamandra maculoaa larva, tarsus.

5. Salamandra maculoaa adult, carpus.

6. Salamandra maculosa adult, tarsus.

7. Molge vulgaris, carpus.

8. Molge vulgaris, tarsus.

9. Bombinator igneua, carpus.

10. Bombinator igneus, tarsus.

11. Phryniscua crucifer, carpus.

12. Rana temporaria, carpus!

13. Rana eaculenta, tarsus.

PLATE XLVIII.

The relations of the quadrate, stapedial, and hyoid apparatus. In Figs. 1, 3, 9, 14,15,
and 16 the squamosal bone has been removed. Figures twice natural size, except-
ing 1, 3, 4, 7, aud 8, which are natural size, and 10, 11, and 12, which are three times
natural size. From Cope iu the American Journal of Morphology, 1888.

Fig. 1. Xecturua maculatus; squamosal removed.

2. Proteua anguinus.

3. Cryptobranchus alleghenienaia; the middle of the squamosal removed, the ex-

tremities remainiu;:.

506 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fig. 4. Amphiuma means.

5. Typhloiiectes compressicaudus, from the Belize.

6. Dermophia mexicanm, with the quadrate boue turned up, exposing its infe-

rior face, and that of the quadratojugal: 4a, the quadrate in normal po-
sition. From Mexico.

7. Chondrotus tenehrosus larva, 250 mm.

8. Chondrotus tentbrosus, adult.

9. Amblystoma tigrinum larva ; squamosal removed.

10. Amblystoma punctatum, adult.

11. Hemidactyliumscutatum.

12. Batrachoseps attenuatus.

13. Gyrinophilus jjorphyriticus.

14. Plethodon gUitinosus; squamosal removed.

15. Antodax Ingnbris; squamosal removed.

16. Spelerpee ruber; squamosal removed.

PLATE XLIX.

The relations of the quadrate, stapedial, and hyoid apparatus in Urodela and Sali-
eiitia. Figures twice natural size, with separate details larger. From Cope, Amer-
ican Journal of Morphology.

Fig. 1. Desmognathns nigra, the scpiamosal in place ; a, stapes separate and en-
larged.

2. Salamandra maculata f ; the squamosal separated.

3. Diemyctylus torosus, squamosal removed; a, separate squamosal.

4. Diemyctylus viridescens, three times natural size, the s(iuamosal removed : 'i<i,

the squamosal, external side; b, apex of ceratohval, with hyoquadratf
ligament.

5. Siren Incertina \, squamosal in place.

6. Discoglossus pictus, partly posterior view ; a, ear-bones and origin of cerato-

hyal, enlarged.

7. Bufo lenfiginosu>i americanus, the squamosal removed: a, the sqnanio.sal sej)-

arate.

8. Spea hammondii, the squamosal removed; a, the s(|naiiiosal; h. the ear-

bones.

9. Hyla gratiosa, the squamosal removed; a, the squamosal; h, the eur-boues

and cartilages in i)rofile, the cartilages of the tympanum divided by ver-
tical section ; c, the ear-l)oues and cartilages undivided, external view.

10. Xcnopns cnlcaratus, partly from behind, with squamosal in place.

11. Stereocydops /Hcrassrt^is, squamosal in place; a, stapes and e,ir-bones and

cartilages.
I'i. Rana prctiosa, s<\na\nosti\ in place: ear-bones and vertically divided carti-
lages.

PLATE L.

The quadrate, hyoid, and auditory elements. From Cope, American Journal of Mor-
phology, 18c;8.

Fig. 1. Rana vircscens, X 2 ; a, squamosal bone : b, ear-bones without epistapedial ; x 4

2. Rana viresctns, larva with hind legs, and developed fore legs concealed : the

skull x2; a, the hyoid apparatus from below X 4.

3. Rana catesbiana, advanced larva, skull, without hyoid elements, except

ceratohyal X 3.

4. Trimerorhachis insignis Cope: left posterior part of skull from below, the

mandible in place; natural size. From the Permian bed of Texas.

THE HATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 507

Fi<;. :"> The Hanii' species : another individual; Hamoview, without suspensorium and

lower jaw.
tl. Zatrachi/x strratuH Cope, right posterior part of skull, superior view, showing

UDtch (Ty) lor tympanic nieuibrune ; natural size ; from the Permian bed

of Texas.
7. The saiue specinit'ii as (ig. (J, from below, displaying columella or stapes.

PLATE LI.

Fn; 1. Nana rircHcens, hyoid apparatus of larva rei)re8ented on Piate XLVII, fig. 2,
right side, from l)elow ; right ceratobrauchials cut off distally ; X 4.

'■i. L'aiia cUuitata, larva, just free from egg X 6 ; a, the same from below.

:i. Jxatia clamata, same brood as 2. three days from egg; right gill wanting.

4. liana cnfeshiana, \ouug larva with small fore leg inclosed in branchial cham-
ber; X '2.

"). liana ratesbiana more advanced ; fore leg partially protruded from bran-
chial fissure ; X <J.

n. liana catexbiana, individual represented in fig. 3, Plate XLVII ; fore leg fully
protruded, but the branchial fissure (of right side) not closed ; X 2.

7. liana catesbiana, same as fig. 4, disjdayiug form of external branchial cham-

ber ; X 2.

8. liana catesbiana, larva of age of fig. 5, showing branchial chamber, and the

pharynx bounded by a dotted line; X 2.

9. liana rirescens, hyoid apparatus of adult, from below.

10. liana areolata circulosa, hyoids from below, |.

11. Rana draytoni drajjtoni, hyoid apparatus from below, \.

12. liana montvzunuf, hj'oid apparatus from below, |.
VS. liana cantabrigrnsin, hyoid apparatus from below, |.

14. llyla caroUnensi.s, hyoid apjjaratus, f.

15. Lithodytex latrann, hyoid a{>paratu8, \.

16. Spea mnltiplicata, hyoid apparatus from below, f.

17. Spea hammondli bomhi/ronx, hyoid apparatus from below, j.
IH. Spea hammondii hammondii, hyoid apparatus from below, [.

li.). Chondrotnx texann8,\\yo\(\ of young just after absorption of branchiae, X 4.

20. Typhlonectes compresnicaudus, hyoids, j.

21. Dermophin ynexicanua, hyoids, |.

PLATE Lll.

Viscera of Batrachia.
Fki. I. Necturus lateralia.

2. Amblystoma mtxicanum, larva (Siredou).
|{. ('ryptobranchuH alltyhenitnuin.
4. Amphiuma means.
Lettering: P, pancreas ; oe, u'.sophagns ; I'v, portal vein ; pyl, pylorus ; g, gall-bladder;
dc, ductus choledochiis.

PLATE LIII.

Viscera of Batrachia.

Fiii. 1, Sq}honops annuhttus ; v, urinary bladder.
2. Salamandra maculosa.
:{. Pipa amcricana : py, pyloric constriction.

I. Xinopux vapensis ; dc, ductus choledochus ; py, pylorus; cr, ca;co-rectal con-
striction.
T). Bnfo sp.

508 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PLATE LIV.

Digestive apparatus of Salieutia

Fig. 1. Pelobates fuscus.

2. Pseudis paradoxa, larva.

3. Pleurodema bibroni ; py, pylorus.

4. Ceratophrys doraata.

5. Leptcdactylus typhoniua.

6. Engyatoma micropa.

PLATE LV.

Viscera of Salientia.
Fig. 1. Bufo melanoatictua.

2. Hyla coerulea.

3. PhyUomeduaa bicolor.

4. Hemiaua guineenae.

5. Brevicepa gibbosua.

7. Bana cateabiana.

PLATE LVI.

Biains of Batrachia, chiefly Salientia, natural size or enlarged two diameters.

Fig. 1. Neclurua maculatua, right ventricle exposed ; a, roof of mesencephalon re-
moved; b, floor of mesencephalon enlarged.

2. Hemiaalamandra criatata, from above ; a, sagittal section of mesencephalon ;

b, prosencephalon, right ventricle exposed ; c, floor of mesencephalon,
showing commissure c' and cerebellum, epe, and fourth ventricle, iv; d,
commissure from behind; p. c, plexus choroideus.

3. Siphonopa annulatua (Mus. Berolin.), from above; a, sagittal section, the

posterior part of the hemisphere cut o£f obliquely; b, hemispheres spread
apart, displaying thalameucephalon and mesencephalon ; c, prosenceph-
alon, left ventricle exposed; d, thalamencephalon with epiphysis, from
above; e, mesencephalon, epencephalou, and fourth ventricle; /, fourth
ventricle on removal of cerebellum. Lettering: pr, prosencephalon; me,
mesencephalon ; te, thalamencephalon ; ee, epencephalon ; Jiy, hypophysis;
ep, epiphysis; iv, fourth ventricle.

4. Bufo vifidia, from above, left ventricle exposed ; a, sagittal section ; p. c,

plexus choroideus.

5. Epidalea calamita, with plexus choroideus.

6. Alytea obstetricans.

7. Pelobatea fuacus.

8. Pleurodema bibrotii.

y. Leptodactylua caliginoaua.

10. Phrynomantia bifasciatua.

11. Brevicepa mosaambicua.

12. Bhinoderma darwinii.

13. Aielopua variua ; a, roof of mesencephalon removed, showing floor; &, pros-

encephalon, left ventricle exposed.

14. Diplopelma ornatum.

15. Hylambatea maculatua.

16. Bana erythraea.

17. Bana eaculenta, from above, with plexus choroideus removed (p. c); a, right

hemisphere removed, left ventricle exposed, and mesencephalon exposed;
b, left ventricle.

18. Xenopua capenaia; a, right ventricle and thalameucephalon exposed; p. c,

choroid plexus and artery.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 509

PLATE LVII.

Viscera of Salieutia with the digestive organs removed. There remain the urogeni-
tal, the respiratory, and the central circulatory systems.

Fig. 1. Bufo lentiginosus americavus, ^.

2. Scaphioptis holbrookii, <? .

3. Eana pahtstris, 9 ; ovary of the right side removed, so as to display the kid-

ney and oviduct. The greater part of the left lung is also cut oflf, in order
to display the fontanelle of the left oviduct.

PLATE LVIIL
Bufo lentiginotus amerieanua, skeleton, natural size, from above.

PLATE LIX.
Bufo lentiginosus americanus, skeleton, natural size, from below.

PLATE LX.
Bufo pantherinua, natura. size, from below.

PLATE LXI.
Xenopua capenaia, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXII.
Ceratophrya ornatua, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXIIL

Fig. 1. Brevicepa gibbosus, natural size, from below.
2. Pelobatea fitacus, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXIV.

Fig. 1. Hyla veraicolor, natural size, from above.
2. Hyla veraicolor natural size, from below.

PLATE LXV.

Callula pulchra, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXVI.
Rana cateabiana, natural size, from above.

PLATE LXVII.
Eana cateabiana, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXVIIL

Details of osteology of Salientia, including Discogloaaidw, Aaterophrydidce, Pelodytidw,

and ScaphiopidcB.

Fig. 1. Spea hammondii hammondii, cranium from above, and c sternum of subspe-
cies bombifrons.

2. Scaphiopus couchii, sternum.

3. Scaphiopus holbrookii, skull and sternum (a).

4. Didocua calcaratus, skull.

5. Pelobatea fuscus, sternum of large tadpole.

510 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fig. 6. Pelobotes fuacus, frout of skull.

7. Cultripesprovincialis, sknU; from Dugfes.

8. Didocus calcaratus, sternum.

9. Megalophrys montanus, frout of skull.

10. Leptobrachium hasseltii, skull.

11. Pelodytes pundatus, top of skull.

12. Xenophrys monticola, front of skull.

13. Bombinator igneus, skull ; from Parker.

14. Alytea obstetricans, skull ; from Parker.

15. Discoglossus pictua, adult; vertebral column and skull from above; sternum

from below.

16. DiscogJossus pictus, skull of a younger animal from above.

PLATE LXIX.

Including Pipidce, Xenopidw, Biifonidce, and Rhinophrynidce.

Fig. 1. Pipa americana, frontoparietal and nasal bones; a, sternum, from Boulenger.

2. Jenojjusco/je/isis, axial part of skull from above ; e, ethmoid bone ; o«, orbito-

sphenoid^ ?^ nasal.

3. Myobatrachus gotddi, front of skull from above, with and without prefrontals.

4. Pseudophryne australis. skull from above; a, sternum.

5. Epidalea calamita, skull from above.

6. Bufo margaritifer, subsp. nasicus, skull from below, the vomers removed,

showing palatines; a, anterior half of skull from above, part of fronto-
parietal bone of one side removed to show superior plate of ethmoid.

7. Bufo spinulosus (Peru), young animal, with and without prefrontals.

8. Bufo spinulosus, adult.

9. Bufo lentiginosus ainericamis.

10. Bufo delalandi (Mus., Paris).

11. Bufo pantherinus; frontoparietal bone removed on both sides displaying

ethmoid.

12. Bufo carens.

13. Bufo coeruleostictua ; a, sternum.

14. Peltaphi-yne peltacephala, head.

15. Otaspis empusa, head.

16. Ehinophrynua dorsalis, front of skull from above.

PLATE LXX.
Cystignathidce.

Fig. 1. Pseudis liviellum, skull from above.

2. Pseudis mantidactyla, superior axis of skull.

3. Pseudis paradoxa, superior axis of skull.

4. Cyclorhamphus fuliginosus; skull, separate ethmoid bone, and sternum.

5. Mixophyes fasciolatus, cranium from above.

6. Stombus americanus, superior axis of skull.

7. Ceratophrys ornaius, youug ; superior axis of skull.

8. Stombus boiei, skull with crests from above; a, do., axis only ; diagrammatic.

9. Ceretophrys dorsata, anterior extremity of ethmoid.

10. C/iiro?ep<es ait8<?-aZis, part of skull of individual not fully mature ; a, perfect

sternum.

11. Grypiscus umbrinus, a, skull; b, sternum, and c, sacrum with urostyle.

12. Calyptocephalus gayi, head from above.

13. Limvomedusa viacroglossa, a^uU and ethmoid; the former showing thin os-

sification along the sagittal suture.

14. Cophceus marmoratus, with separate ethmoid.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 511

Fig. 15. Borboroca'tes taamaniensis, cranium.

16. Borhoroccvtes peronii, two skulls.

17. Helioporus albipmictatiis, skull.

18. HeUoporua albipunctatua, sternum.

PLATE LXXI.

Cy8tignathid(e — Continued.

19. Hyperolia marmorata, part of cranium, and separate ethmoid.

20. Hyperulia marmorata, sternum.

21. Faludicola brachyops, cranium.

22. Lithodytes latrana, cranium; a, sternum.

23. EhynchoUatria roseua, with and without prefrontal bones.

24. Eusophus »odosu8.
2.5. Hylorhina cenea.

26. Crinia georgiana, skull and ethmoid.

27. Jhodes monticola, frontoparietal bones and sacrum of type specimen.

28. Fleurodema fciftroni, skull part.

29. Liuperus marmoratus, skull part.

30. Bubonias plicifrons, skull.

31. Bubonias plicifrons, sternum.

32. Eloaia bufonia, with separate ethnoid.

33. Eloaia naaua.

34. Syrrhophua marnockii.

35. Crosaodactylua gaudichaudii.

36. Hylodea lentua.

37. Hylodea oxyrhynchua.

38. Hylodea martinicenaia.

39. Leptodactylua caliginoaua f

40. Leptodactylua ?

41. Cyatignathua ocellata.

42. Ungual phalanges of Cystignathida?. Nos. 5,6, Hy lodes; 23, 24, Cystignathi.

PLATE LXXIL

Hylidce.

Fig. 1. Thoropa missiessii, top of front of skull.

2. Chorophilus ornatua, top of skull. Fig. a, premaxillary bone ; b, maxillary;

c, prefrontal ; d, ethmoid ; /, squamosal ; g, exoccipital ; h, foramen mag-
num.

3. Hypsiboas xerophyllum, front of top of skull.

4. Hypsiboas crepitana, front of top of skull.

5. Hypsiboas albomarginatua, front of top of skull ; a, a thin ossification of basal

membrane.

6. Hypsiboas punctatus, front of top of skull.

7. Cincloscopus maximua, front of top of skull.

8. Hyla leucomelas, front of top of skull.

9. Hyla ? sp., front of top of skull.

10. Hyla gratiosa ; a, sternum, front of toji of skull.

11. Hyla americana (Litoria), front of top of skull.

12. Hyla freycineti, front of top of skull.

13. Hyla hyimsticta, front of top of skull.

14. Hyladimolops, front of top of skull.

15. Hyla aurea (Rauoidea), front of top of skull.

16. Smiliaca baudinii, front of top of skull, with ungual phalanges.

512 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fig. 17. ^^a?j/cftHi8wiore/e<ii, front of top of skull.

18. Phyllomedusa bicolor, front of top of sknll; a, sternum.

19. Hyla cai-olinenais, skull from above ; o, sternum.

20. Scytopia retutlosus, front of top of skull ; 1, ethmoid bone ; o, another speci-

men, showing inequalities of surface and posterior outline of ethmoid bone.

PLATE LXXIII.
Hylidce, Hemiphractidce, Cystignathido', and Pelobatidce.

21. Osteoeephalus planicep8,skn\\ from above.

22. Hypaiboas crepitans, roof of mouth.

24. Trachycephahis geographicus, skull from above; from Steindachner.

25. Triprion petaaatus, head, side view.

26. Triprion petaaatus, head, from above.

27. Triprion petasatiia, interior of mouth.

28. Cineloacopua inaximua, right mauus; u anJr, ulna and radius; u and r, ulnar

and radial carpals; c, central, 1-2-3-4-5 distal carpals, 4 and 5, con-
fluent ; 1-5 metacarpals; I supporting a spinous poUex.

29. Acris gryllua, right manus, four times natural size.

30. Hylidw, distal phalanges ; No. 7, TrachycephaJua marmoratus anterior and

posterior; 8, Hyla caroUnenaia, do. ; 9, Scytojnsrenuloaua, do. ; 10, Hypsiboaa
albomarginatua, do. ; 11, Cineloacopua maximua, do., posterior attached to
penultimate phalange ; 12, Hyla aurea, do ; 13, Phyllomedusa bicolor, do. ;
14, same, the external ungues of both pedes.

31. Hemiphractua acutatua, head from above, from Boulenger.

32. Scaphiopua holbrookii, right manus; lettering as in Fig. 28.

33. Mixophyes faaciolatua, right manus, lacking the phalanges ; letters as in

Fig. 28.

34. Leptodactylus pentadactylua, left manus, the male showing process of second

metacarpal, which is wanting in the female ( 9 ); lettering as in Fig. 28.

PLATE LXXIV.

Embracing Hemiaidce, Brevicipitidce,Engy8tomidce, Phryniacidoe, and Dendrohatidn'.

Fig. 1. Hemiaus guttatum, skull, from above.

la. Hemiana guttatum, skull, from left side, exhibiting the suprascapulo-prootic
articulation, and the small freely-moving suspensorium.

2. Hemiana guttatum, sternum ; from Boulenger.

3. Brevicepa gibhoaus; a, anterior part of top of skull from above ; b, end of muz-

zle from front, displaying lateral premaxillaries between the preuiaxilla-
ries, the maxillaries, and the nares; c, vertebral column, less the first and
the sacrum, from below ; d, last lumbar vertebra, anterior extremity from
left side; e, last lumbar vertebra, anterior extremity, from front.

4. Phrynomantia bifaaciatua, front of top of skull.

5. Phrynomantia bifaaciatua, symphysis mandibuli, from above.

6. Phrynomantia bifaaciatua, from front.

7. Microhyla achatina, top of front, and anterior end of frontoparietal, showing

dotted outline of ethmoid.

8. Callula balteata, top of front, from above.

9. Engyatoma micropa, top of front, from above.

10. Cacopua aystoma, top of front, from above, with profile of prefrontal bones.

11. Diplopelma ornatum, top of front, one-half the frontoparietal removed to

show the ethmoid.

12. Diplopelma ornatunt, symphysis mandibuli.

13. Engyatomidae (name mislaid).

14. Hypopachus i-ariolosim, tojt of skull; a, sternum.

15. Stereocyclopa incrassatua, top of skull, a, sternum.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 513

Fig. 16. J<e?()p«8 /arescens, top of front and ethmoid.

17. AtelopusJ sp., top of front, ethmoid, and profile of prefrontal bone.

18. Phryniscus varuts, top of front, with profile of prefrontal bone.

19. Phryniscus t Iwvis, top of front, ethmoid, and profile of prefrbntal bone.

20. Rhinoderma darwini, top of front and profile of prefrontal bone.

21. Devdrobatea tinctoriiis, top of front and anterior extremity of parasphenoid

bone.

22. Ungual phalanges of — No. 15, Dendroiates tinctoriu^; 16-17, Ateloput flavee-

ceiis; 18, Callula picta; 22, Callula balieata.

23. Cacopits sj/stoma, aternum, from Boulenger.

24. Dyscophiis antongilii, sternum, from Boulenger.

PLATE LXXV.

Ranid(c.

Fig. 1. PhyUobates hicolor, yt&Tt of skuW.

2. Prostherapis bntuneiis, skull and sternum.

3. Hylambatts marmoratua, front of skull, above.

4. Casaina aeneijaleiisis, front of skull, above ; with the anterior extremity ot the

frontoparietal bones of an older individual.

5. HyperoliHii nuidagaacaricnsis, frout of skull, above.

6. Coniii/er doyialis, frout of top of skull and ethmoid.

7. Phrynohatrachtis natalensia, front of top of skull.
S. Staiirois natatov, frout of top of skull.

i). Raniila chriu-^opranina, front of top of skull; a, eternum of do.

10. RaiKi Jioigliiilniii, front of top of skull.

11. Rana mahiharica, front of top of skull.

12. Viana i-rytluo'a, front of top of skull ; young.

13. Rana eryfhraa, front of top of skull; medium.

14. Rana erytlira'o, front of top of skull; large.
ID. Rana mascariensia, frout of top of skull.
l(i. Rana faaciafa, frout of top of skull.

17. Rana ouyrhyncha, frout of top of skull.

18. Rana brn-ice})'!. frout of top of skull ; one a superior, the other an antero-

superior view.
rtU. Rana clamata, front of top of skull.

20. Rana agilis, top of head from frout : adult.

21. Rana a'jilis, top of head from front : young.

•22. Rana cifanoplilyctia, top of head from front; young.

23. Rana liijrina, toj) of head from front: young.

24. Rana tiyrlnn, top of head from front; adult, the anterior part of the fronto-

parietals removed, .showing the form ut" tin- ethmoid and the cartilage of
its superior face, the accompanying tigure representing the ethmoid with
the cartilage removed.

2r>. Rana kichenanUii, young; frctut of top of skull.

2(). Rana occlpitalin. frout of top of skull.

27. Rana hciadacfyla, front of top of skull.

'iH. Ranafnacifiuhi, front of top of skull.

2\). Rliacophorns rchnrnrdiii, front of top of skull.

30. Chinnuantts .icra/nijelina, (vont of top of skull.

31. Polyptdatdi )n(tcn!aiiib, top of head.

32. Oxyijloasn>< Unm, top of front of skull.

33. IJugual pliahuiges of Rauidiu. Fig. 1, Rana erythraa, posterior foot; 2,

rohjpedati.8 nuiciilatn^, anterior foot ; 3, do., anterior and posterior feet ; 4,
RhacophoruH renncardlii. anterior and posterior feet; 19, Rana malabarica,
both feet: 20, R. Umporaria. both feet 21, R. clamata, both feet; 22, R.
fnscignla, Ijotii tf't.
1951— Bull. 34 33

514 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PLATE LXXVI.

Hyoid apparatus of Anura, mostly enlarged. Figures copiod from Parker's Structure
and Development of the Skull in the Batrachia, except Fig. 18 which is
is original, and Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, which are from Dug6s Osteologie et
Myologie des Batraciens, corrected by comparison with Parker I. e.

Fig 1. Xenopus capensis, S. Africa.

2. Bomhinafor igneus, Europe.

3. Alytea obstetricans, Europe.

4. Xenophry8 monticola, India.

5. Pelobatea fuscua, Europe.

6. Pelodytes punctatiis, Europe.

7. Btifo vulgaris, Europe.

8. Phyllomediisa bicolor, S. America.

9. Hyla ewingii, Australia.

10. Cophceus marmoratus, S. America.

11. Cy8tignathu8 typhonius, S.America.

12. Atelopus varius, Costa Rica.

13. Callttla pulchra, Farther India.

14. Engystoma carolinenae, N. America.

15. Dendrobates iineforina, S. America.

16. Bhacophonis maximus, India.

17. Baim escnlenta, Europe.

18. Hemisus guttatus. Natal.

PLATE LXXVII.

Superficial and deep muscles of the mauus and pes of three species of Anuras.

Figs. 1,2. Leptodactylus pentadactylua, mauus, male.
3,4. Leptodactylua pe)itadactylua,mauas, female.
5, H, 7. Scytopis venulosiis, pes.
«, 9, 10, 11. Bana eaculenta, pes.
The lettering in Figs. 1-4 is identical with that used in Dug^s Osteologie et Myologie

dea Batraciens.
No. 87, Cubito-metacarpal ; 88, subluuo-metacarpal of the index; 89, metacarpo-
metacarpal of the index ; 95, humero-subdigital ; 96, cubito-radio-subpha-
langeal of the index; 120, subluno-phalangettal of the index; 121, sub-
metacarpo-phalaugo-phalangettal of the index. In Figs. 5 and 8 are dis-
played the superficial flexors of the digits. In 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11, the deeper
muscles of the phalanges and metatarsals are exhibited in the numbers
from 7 to 21. Nos. 13 and 22 are the second and third intermetatarsals of
Dug^s.

PLATE LXXVIII.

Embryology of Hyla pickeringii Holbr., and Hyla ? versicolor Lee. ; from drawings by

Prof. S. F. Baird.

Figs. 1-19. Hyla pickeringii,

1. Egg with germinal vesicle; first day after laying. May 15, 9 a. m.

Figure a natural size.

2. The same. May 16, 9 a. m. ; from above.

3. The same. May 16, 9 a. m. ; from below, showing germinal area.

4. The same iu profile.

5. First appearance of embryo in egg laid about the evening of May 14,

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 515

Figs. 1-19. Hyla pickeringii — Contiuund.

6. Side vibw of the same.

7. A more advanced embryo.

8. Side viewof the same.

9. Embryo still farther advanced, May 16, 4 p. m. Fig. a, side view

of the same.
10. Vitellus of elongate form, with brown polygonal spots arranging

themselves iu meridians, May 16, 4 p. m. Laid about 10 a. m..

May 15.
1). Embryo on May 17, 10 a. m.; rotation commenced; Fig. a, profile.

12. Embryo May 17, 11 a. m. ; a, profile.

13. Embryo May 17, 4 p. m., straightened out.

14. Embryo May 17, 4 p. m., profile.

15. Embryo May 17, 5 p. m., profile enlarged, displaying ciliary move-

ments.

16. The same ; head from front.

17. May 18, 9 a. m., liberated artificially and swimming.

18. The same ; front and below.

19. May 18, 3.30 p. m.

20. Tadpole, anterior part.

21. Eye of same in profile.

22. Brain and spinal cord of tadpole.
23-26. HyJa f versicolor.

23. Embryo in albumen, April 9.

24. Embryo just before liberation,

25. Embryo just after liberation ; branchial circulation distinct.

26. Head of the same from below ; diagram.

PLATE LXXIX.

Development of the three anterior inferior cranial arches of the genus Bana ; much
enlarged. From W. K. Parker.

The arches are: the trabecular (in dotted outline), the mandibular, and the cerato-
hyal. The successive stages of the ossicula auditus are exhituted also.
For explanations of details, see Plates ^LVIII to L.

PLATE LXXX (cancelled).
PLATE LXXXI (cancelled).
PLATE LXXXII (cancelled).

PLATE LXXXIII.

Fio. 1. Hyla andersonii Baird ; natural size.

2. Hyla yratiosa Le Conte ; natural size.

3. Do. ; mouth, within.

4. Do. ; hand.

5. Do. ; foot.

PLATE LXXXIV (cancelled).
PLATE LXXXV (canceUed).
PLATE LXXX VI.
Bana 8e2)t€ntrionali8 Baird, var. sinuata Baird; natural size.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America

Plate I.

Necturus maculatus.

Bulletin 34, U. S^ National Museum —Cope Batrachia of North America.

Plate II.

...Tnt

linx 2ic Tt Q Jc

Necturus maculatus.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum. — Cope, Batrachia of North America

Plate III.

px-

ol.m.

pec

b.hy h}hyjjfy^j, cbr-^ clbr

px

,Tnn.p

occ ^'""'So

pa.s-

9JO

Necturus and Cryptobranchus.

Bulletin 34, U S^ National Museum. Cope. Batrachia of Noitri An.enca

Plate IV

Necturus maculatus.

Bulletin 34, U, S. National Museum Cope Batrachia of North America.

Plate V.

Cryptobranchus allegheniensis.

Bulletin 34, U S. Nat;onal Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America

Plate VI.

CRYPTOBRANCHUS ALLEGHEN'ENSIS.

Bulletin 34, U, S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate VII.

Cryptobranchus allegheniensis.

Pulletin 34, U. S. National Museum — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate Vill.

Tef F St^ ^J-

3. Pt SfQPt

Jhuc-

J^omB-0

Cryptobranchus allegheniensis.

Bulletin 34, U. S, National Museum— Cop-, Batrachia cf North Amerh

Plate IX.

px

ncL~^ .— \x

<'"H#v/--"-N

bb so

/; als.P\y^ y<^^''

b-br' b.br^

pr p

tr foL f Ur ,7 \ P^op ,s<7

pac-

^.

bbr' ibr^

ppc

d b'Ivy b'.br'

Siren, Proteus, and Amphiuma.

* oc.c

Gulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia cf North Ame

Plate X.

Amphiuma means.

3uMetin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

PLATE XI.

-^^ <§

S 6' 4

Chthonerpeton indiatinctum K. aod l.

j^x sr/i n i^ xko <iXr

4.

Amphiuma means Card.

Chthonerpeton and Amphiuma.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XII.

Amphiuma means.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XIII.

ft.

Hyoid Arches of Batrachia.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum —Cope. Bat'achia of North America.

Plate XIV.

Amblystoma punctatum

6ullet,n 34 U. S. Na.onal Museum.-Cope. Ba,-ach,a of No,1h America.

Pla-e XV.

Amblystoma punctatum.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museunn.— Cop6. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XVI.

Prnx^Mx OS. All
3

Amblystoma punctatum.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

PLATE XVII.

Amblystoma punctatum.

Bulletin 34, U. S National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XVIII.

Amblystoma punctatum.

Bu!letin 34, U. S. Naiional Museum, — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XIX.

Amblystoma and Plethodon.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XX.

Amblystoma opacum.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XXI.

Amblystoma and Siren.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museunri,— Cope. Batrachia of North Annerica.

PLATE XXII.

Chondrotus tenebrosus.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXIII.

Chondrotus tenebrosus.

Bulletin 34 U S National Museum. — Cooe Batrachia o' North America.

Plate XXIV.

Hyoid Arches of Amblystomid/e

Bulletin 34, U S, National Museum — Cope Battrachia of North America.

Plate XXV.

Hyoid Arches of Amblystomid/€ and Hynobiid>e.

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XXVI.

Plethodon glutinosus.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XXVII.

AUTODAX AND MaNCULUS.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museunn.- Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XXVIII.

Spelerpes longicaudus and S. bilineatus.

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museum,- Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XXIX.

OS ProO

Spelerpes ruber.

Bulletin 34 U. S. National Museum —Cope. Batrachia of North Anaerica,

,.--pOL

'^•Tusc

ot.jy

px

e.eth

m^^m-P^

Spelerpes ruber.

Bul'et'n 34, U. S. National Viuseum. — Cope. Batrachia of Nclh America

Plate XXXI.

fiX

Spelerpes ruber.

Bulletin 34, U 9. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XXXII.

Spelerpes and Amblystoma.

Bulletin 34. U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XXXIII.

8.

.1.

jF OS P

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.-Cope. Batrachia of North America.
m.n.p.

Plate XXXIV.

mn.p

od.v

p:c-

mnp

—otp

od.v^

pjo

TTLTip- —

oc.c

epg

a ^

Gyrinophilus and DESMOGNAT'HUS.

Bu'ietin 34, U. S. National Museum— Cope, Batiachn of North America.

Plate XXXV.

7/Af"^
'\LnBj

Hyoid Arches of Plethodontid-c.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museunn.— Cope. Batrachia oi North America.

Plate XXXVI.

Hyoid Arches of Urodela.

Bulletin 34, U, S. National Museum, — Cope. Bairachia of North Annerica.

Plate XXXVII.

Salamandra and Thorius.

Bulletin 34, U. 5. National Museunn.-Cope Batrachia of North America

px en

Plate XXXVIII.
r>^ 2..

e.n px' rrux-

DiEMYCTYLUS AND SALAMANCrtlNA.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America

Plate XXXIX.

\-—m.np

7tc—~

.-px

eo ccc

psc

••7i.sc

bbrf h.7t)'

DiEMYCTYLUS VIRIDESCENS.

Bulletin 34, U. S. Nation; Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XL.

Viscera of Urodela.

Bulletin 34, U. S National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America

Plate XLI.

c^^

let.

■PS m ME £E

3 a..

Brains of Urodela.

3uHetin 34, U S. National Museun. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XLII.

Urodela.

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate XLIII.

Pmx

M^^

/;•%

Siren uacertina.

Bu'letin 34 U S. Nationa' Museum. — Cope. Batrachia o' Nor'ih Ainerica

Plate XLIV.

Siren lacertina.

Bu!L1in 34, U, S Nationa' Muieum —Cope, Batrach a o' North Ame'ica.

Plate XLV.

\

m

4?i

v^^<^

/
3.

'^m. ^m

'm

m(^

2.

//^^^i

^

6.

f^c^f^^ '^ .^,i

8.

9.

^^ 0

6.

Rhachitomi and Urodela.

3ullot,n 34, U. S, National Museum. Cope. BaUach.a of North Amer.ca.

Plate XLVI.

11/

P

Urodela and Ganocephala.

Bulletin 34, U. S. Naiional Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America,

Plate XLVII.

Urodela and Salientia.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum— Cope. Battachia of North America.

Plate XLVIII.

Z-O,

Proteida and Urodela.

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museum.— Cope, Batrachia of North America.

PLATE XLIX.

7> 7-

Urodela, Trachystomata, and Salientia.

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museum —Cope Batrachia of North An-erica.

Plate L.

7»?

TJer

Salientia, Ganocephala, and Rhachitomi.

Julletm 34, U. S. National Museum.-Cope. Batrach.a of North America.

Plate LI.

Salientia.

Bulletin 34, U, S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LI I.

Proteida and Urodela.

Bulleliii 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LIII.

Urodela and Salientia.

Bulletin 34. U. S. National Museunn. — Cope. Batrachia of North Annenca.

Plate LIV.

Salientia.

Bulletin 34. U. S Na!ional Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America

Plate LV.

Salientia.

Builetin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LVI.

Brains of Urodela, Proteida, and Salientia.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North Amenca.

Plate LVII.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North AmerM

Plate LVIII.

Ethx Pmx

BUFO LENTIGINOSUS AMERICANUS.

Bulletin 34, U. S. Natiorral Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LIX.

Pmx . Sy

BUFO LENTIGINOSUS AMERICANUS.

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LX.

Bulletin 34, U. S National Museum — Cope Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXI.

Bulletin 34, U S National Museum —Cope. Batrachia of Noith Americ

Plate LXII.

Ceratophrys dorsata.

Bulletin 34, U. S National Museunn — Cope. Batrachia of North Annenca.

Plate LXIII.

1. Breviceps gibbosus. 2. Pelobates fuscus.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum. — Cope Batrachia of North America,

Plate LXIV.

Pmx Sy

Hyla versicolor.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museuni— Cope Batra^n.i of Noah A.-r.onca.

Plate LXV.

Callula pulchra.

Bulletin 34. U. S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXVI.

Bulletin 34, U, S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXVII.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXVIII.

16

DlSCOGLOSSID/€ AND SCAPHIOPID/t.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museunn.— Cope Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXIX.

BUFONID/C, ETC.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXX.

Cystignathid>e.

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museum— Cope Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXXI.

sKrt

26

^^^^5^

a7a

mi

29

80

2i

a

CvSTlGNATHID/t.

B.llot.n 34, U S. Nat^onal M.seu.o -Cope Batrach.a of North Amenca

- 1 .■<?\ y

Plate LXXII.

Bulletin 34, U. S National Museum— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXXIII.

i \ \

n

33

/^^\

in

/

Mo.

29

A A A A

fl ^ A i

7 8 9 10

" It

30

Hylid/e and Carpus.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North Anr.enca.
St'

Plate LXXIV.

^^e *fd

A.AJ1

i^

10

FiRMISTERNIA.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North Amerjca.

Plate LXXV.

5 T X 5f

19 io il 22

a?

^

RANID/E.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXXVI.

CB]

Hyoids of Salientia.

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museunn. — Cope, Batrachia of North Annetica.

Plate LXXVII.

Muscles of Feet.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museunn.— Cope. Batrachia of North America.

Plate LXXVI

Embryology of Hyla.

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America,

Plate LXXIX.

Bulletin 34 US National Museum . Cope

Plate LXXXIII.

HYLA ANDERSONII BAIRD

2.5.HYLA GRATI05A LECONTE.

Bu.letin o- U S Naxion?! Vuseum.Cope.

Plato IXXXVI

INDEX

Page.

Abranchns 37

Acbeta (Acris) 329

Acris 250,252,322,323,324

grylluB 321,324,460

crepitans 325,326

gryllns 325,329

Acrodytes 379

Addenda 453

Adenomera 385

AdenomuB 261

^neus (Plethodon) 143

i£:iupu8 (Rana areolata) 412

Affinis (Hyla) 369

Agalychnis 321, 322, 323

AgiliB (Rana) 438

(Salamandra) 133

Aelossa 246,252

Allegheniensis (Cryptobranchus) 38

(Menopoma) 38

(Salamandra) 38

Alpina (Rana) 431

Alsodes 312

AlvariuB (Bnfo) 265

Alytidte 309

Amblystoma 31,47

bicolor 51, 66

conspersum 51, 61

copeanum 51, 63

epixanthum 51,97

jeflFersonianum 51. 89

jeffersoniannm 89-94

laterale 89,92-94

platineam ... 89, 93, 94

macrodactylom 51,95

opactun 50, 54

proserpine 68,82

panctatum 51, 56

synopsis of species of 50

talpoideum 50, 52

tigrinum 51, 68, 80, 453

californiense 83

trisrnptam 51,86

xipbias 51,87

Amblystomidee 33,45,451

Americana (Rana) 424

Ajuericauus (Bufo) 284

Ampbignatbodon 381

Ampbignatbodontidae 248, 255, 381, 460

genera of 381

Page.

Ampbiama 215

means 216,455

osteology of 456

splanchnology of 456

voice of 456

Ampbiumids 33, 213, 451

Amphiumoide* 30

Ampbodus 382

Anaides 182

Auaxy rus 260

Andersonii (Hyla) 363

Angulatus (Chorophilus) 348

Annnlatam ( Amblystoma) 1 15

Annulatns (Liuguselapsus) 115

Anomalus (Bufo) 272

Ansonia 261

Anura 232

Apoda 30,33,222

Aquatica (Rana) 397,424

Arborea, viridis ( Hyla) 366

Arcifera 246,248,249,250,253

Arenicolor (Hyla) 369

Areolata (Rana) 409,410

Argus (Amblystoma) 66

Artb rolep t is 392, 393

Arvalis (Rana) 438

Ast€xOphiydidai 248,255,295

genera of 295

Asteropbry s 295

Atelopus 387

Aterrimum (Amblystoma) 109

Aterriraus (Chondrotus) 109

Attenuata (Salamandrina) 127

Attenuatus (Batracboseps) 127

Auletris 349

Auriculata (Salamandra) 194

Auriculatum (Cylindrosoma) 194

Auriculatus (Desmognatbus) 194

Aurora (Rana) 439

Autodax 121, 124, 182

ferreus 183, 185

iecanus 183,187

lugubris 183

species of 183

Axolotes .^ 47

Ayltes 239,2:8

Batracbia 7

affinities of 13

classification of 13

517

518

BULLETIN 34. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Page.

Batrachia, explanation of terms of 16

general anatomy of 7

characters of 7

larval characters of 12

nomenclatare and history of — 16
of North America, number and

species of 451

phylogeny of 1'

Batrachophrynus v 295

Batrachopsis 295

Batrachoseps 121,124, 125

attenuatas 126, 127

caudatas 126

nigriventris 126, 129

pacificus 126,129

species of 126

Batrachyla 460

Batrachyperus 119

Baudinii (Hyla) 379

(Smilisca) 379

Beecheyi (Salamandra) 204

Beldingii (Bnfo) 262

Berlandieri (Eana) 398, 403

Bicolor ( Amblystoma) 66

Bilineata ( Bolitoglossa) 164

(Rana) 366

(Salamandra) 162

Bilineatus (Spelerpes) 163

Boans (Rana) 424

Bolitoglossa , . 161

Bolitoglossidae 119

Bombifrons (Scaphiopus) 303,306

(Spea) 306

Borobinator 258

BombinatoridsB 309

Borborocaetea 312

Boreas (Bufo) 267

Boylii ( Rana) 444

Brachycephalas 387

Breviceps 384

Brevicipitidae 383, 384

Bubonias 313

Bnfo 252,260,457

adnncus 457

alvarius 235.261,265

americanns 235

chilensis 235

coccifer 235

cognatus 235,261,275

columbiensis 235,261,267

colnmbiensis 269

halophilas 269

Tarieties of 269

compactiljs 235, 261,272

coBlferus 235

debilis 261,264

diptychus 235

gracilis 235

haematiticas 235

hemiophrys 261,273

insidior 235

intermedius 235

kelaartii 235

lentiginosus 235, 261, 277

americanus 278, 284

Page.

Bufo lentiginosus fowleri 278, 279

lentiginosus 278, 289

subspecies of 278

woodhousei 278, 281

leschenaultii 235

naricus 235

pantherinus 235

punctatus 3ri5,261, 262

qnercicus 235,261,291

species of 261

valliceps 235,292,457

Tiridis 235

vulgaris 235

BufonidiE 248, 249, 255, 258, 394, 451, 4C0

Cacophrynus 382

Cacopus 385

Cncosternum 385

C. ciliidae 222

Calamites 349

Ca..forniense (Amblystoma) 68

Calluella 300

Calliila 384,385

Calluljps 385

Calophrynns 387

Calyptocephalus 311

Camarataxis 47

Cantabrigensis (Rana) 435, 436

Capito (Rana areolata) 415

Carolinse (Amblystoma) 56

Carolinenae (Engystoma) 385

Carolinensis (Calamita) 306

(Hyla) 366

Cassina 250,392,393

Catesbiana (Rana) 424

Caudatus ( Batrachoseps) 126

Centrolene ^ 311

Ceratobatrachidaj 248, 249, 383, 384

Ceratohyla 382

Ceratophrys 250,312,394

boiei 312

Chaunus 260

Chilensis (Bufo) 267

Chilophryne 260

Chioglossa 200

Chirodiyas 349

Chiroleptes 312

alboguttatus 312

Chiromantis 392,393

rnfescens 239

Chondrotus 31,47,98

aterrimus 99, 109

character of species of 99

cingulatus 99, 100,455

deeorticatus 99, 107

microstouius 99, 101

paroticus 105

tenebrosus 31,99,111

texauus 99,104

Chorophilus 252, 322, 323, 331

feriarum 332,339

nigritus 321. 332, 337, 459

verrucosus 459

occidentalis 332,335

ocularis 332,348

ornatus 332,333

INDEX.

519

Page.

Chorophilas, species of 33

triseriatua 321, 332, 342

Cbrvsodonta 215

Ciucloscopus 322, 323

Ciuerea (Calaniita) 366

(Salamaudra) 133

Cinerens (Plethodon) 133

Cia;ulatura (Aniblystonia) 100

Ciugulatus (Chrondiotua) 100

Ciiculosa (Rana areolata) 413

Ciiripera (Salamandra) 164

Claiuata (Rana) 419

Claniitaus (Rana) 419

Clarkii (Helocfetes) 342

Cliuotarsus 393

Ca>ciliidie 33

Cogu\tu8 (Bufo) 275

Colostethidae 248,383,384,390

Colostethus 390

Cohimbiensis (Bnfo) 267

Coaipactilis (Bufo) 272

Conspersa (Rana) 424

Couspersum (Aiiiblystotna) 61

r..i,ea 387

Co)>i'anuin ( Amblystoma) 63

Copei (Bnfo) 284

Copbaeus 312

Copbomantis 349

Copbyla 390

CopbylidsB 248,383,384,390

Copii (Chorophilns) 335

(Hyla) 369

Cornufer 392, 393

Coucbii (Scaphiopus) 301

Cranopbryne 260

Crassulus (Plethodon) 147

Crepidophryne 260

Crepitans (Acris) 326

Crinia , 312

Croceater (Plethodon) 150

Crncifer (Hyla) 352

Crueuta (Rana) 431

Cryptobrancbidae 33, 36, 451

Cryptobranchns 37

Cryptobranchus allegbeniensis 38

fuscus 43

Cryptotis 295

Cultripes 297

C'uueii8 (Hypopachus) 387

Oycb)rhampba8 311

Cyliudracea (Salamandra) 139

Cyliiuliosoma 161

Cynops 202

Cy stignathida; .... 248, 249, 255, 309, 390, 394, 451, 460

table of genera 311

Cystignatbus 250, 394

Daulinia (Smilisca) 379

Debilis (Bufo) 264

Decoilicatum (Aniblystoma) 107

Decorticatus (Cboudrotua) 107

Deudrobates , 389

DendiobatidiB 248, 249, 383. 384, 389, 394

Dendrobyas 349

Dondrophrynlscidse 248, 249, 265, 295

genera of 295

Page.

DesroioBtoma 47

Desmodactylus 130, 19n

DestnognathidtB 33, 190, 451

Desmognathas fnsca 191,194

auriculata 19.5

fuBca 195

nigra 191,198

oobropbaea 191

species of. 191

Varieties of 195

Diaglena 322, 323

Dialopba (Cbilopbryne) 291

Dicamptodon 47,118

ensatus 118

Dicroglossiis 393

Didactyla ( Anii-biuma) 216

Didact.vluiu (Sireiioides) 216

Didocus 297

Diemycty lus 201, 202

species of 203

torosus 203, 204

V iridescens 203, 207

{ meridionalis 211

I miniatus 207

I viridescena 207

i Dipternus (Bufo) 275

Dipus (Pbanerobranchus) 226

. Discoglossidae 248, 255, 256, 309

Discoglossus 258

Dorsalis(Rana) 324,329

(Salamaudra) 207

(Triton) 207

Draytonii (Rana) 441

Dromoplectrus 261

Dugesii (Scaphiopus) 303,305

Dybowskii (Rana) 431

Dyscophidaj 248,249,390

Dyscophus 390

Edalorhiua 313

Embolomeri 13

Engystoma 385

carolinense 385

Engystomid* 248, 383, 384, 394, 451

Eiibydrobius. • 313

Eusatus ^Dicamptodon) 118

(Plethodon) 148

(Tritouy 118

Epidalea 259, 260

Epirhexis 313

Episcopum ( Amblystoma) 68

Epixantbum (Amblystoma) 97

Ermani (Triton) 204

Er\ tbiouuta (Salamaudra) 183

Evytbronotum (Amblystoma) 133

Etytbronotus (Plethodon) 133

Escbscboltzii (Ensatiua) 148

Eupeuipbix 259, 260

Eupborbiacea (Hyla) 301

Euproctus 202

Eurycpa 37

EudupbuH 312

Eximia (Hyla) 361

Fasii'inta (Salamaudra) 64

Fasciatam ( Ambl;,8toma) 64,68

Femorale (La Raine) 371

520 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATEd NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Page.

Pemoralie (AuletriB) 371

(Calamita) 371

(Hyla) .352.371

Feriarum (Chorophilns) 339

(HelcBcetes) 339

Ferrens (Anaides) 185

(Autodax) 185

Firmistemia 246,248,383

familieaof 383

Flayipanctatns (Plethodon) 145

(Salamandra) 164

Flaviasimus (Pseudotriton) 172-176

Flaviventris (Rana) 431

Flaviviridis (Rana) 420

Fontinalis (Rana) 419

Frontosus (Bufo) 281

Fusca (Desmognathua) 194

(Rana) 431

FuBCum (Aniblystoma) 89

(Menopoma) 43

(Plethodon) 194

Fnscas (Cryptol)ranchn8) 43

(Triturus) 194

Ganocephala 13

Gastrechmia 246, 382

Geotriton 121, 124, 125

Gigantea (Menopoma) 39

(Molge) 38

(Salamandra) 38

(Salamandrops) 39

Glossolega 201

Glutinosa (Salamandra) 139

GlatinoBom (Cylindrosoma) 139

(Plethodon) 139

GlutinosuB (Plethodon) 139

Gracilis (Rana) 438

Grannlata (Salamandra) 89

Granulosa (Salamandra) 204

Granulosus (Bufo) 292

Gratlosa (Hyla) 377

Gratiosus (Epedaphus) 377

Greenii (Salamandra) 207

Gryllas ( Acris) 324, 326, 329

(Hylodes) 324,326,329

(Rana) 324,329

Grypiscas 381

Guttolineata (Salamandra) 170

Guttolineatum (Cylindrosoma) 170

Guttolineatus (Spelerpes) 170

GyrinophUus 121,124,125,154

porphyriticuB 31, 155

Halecina (Rana) 397,403

Halophila (Bufo) 267

Hammondii (Scaphiopus) 303, 305

(Spea) 303,305

Heloecetes 331

Helioporus 312

IlemidactyliidaB 119

Hemidactylium 121, 124, 125, 130

scntatnm 130

Hemimantis 250

Hemiophrys (Bufo) 273

HemiphractidsB 248, 249, 255, 382

Eemiphractus 382

Hcmisidae 382

Page.

HemisuB 382

Heredia 132

HeteroglosBa 250, 392, 393

africana 394

malabarica 394

nntalensis 394

plicata 394

Heterotriton 47

Holbrookii (Kana) 298

(Scaphiopus) 298

Hoplobatrachus 250,393

Horiconensis (Kaua) 420

Horrida(Proton<'p8is) 39

Hyemalis (Menobianchus) 23

(Siredon) 23

Hyla 2u0, 252, 322, 323. 349

agrestis 321

andersonii 321, 352, 366, 459

arborea 321

arenicolor 321,352,369

carolinensis 352, 366

j coerulea 321

! cai-ta 321

distribution of 350

I eximia 361

\ femoralis 821,352,371

I fusca 321

! gracilix)es 321

I gratiosa 321, 352, 377

krefftii 321

' lateralis 321

lesenrei 321

miotympanum 321

phyllochroa 321

pickeringii 321, 351 , 352

! regilla 321.351.355

i laticeps 356,359

■ regilla 356

scapularis 356

' species of 351

squirella 321, 352, 363

versicolor 321,352,373-375

Hylambates 392. 393

Hylaplesia 260

HylaplesiidsB 389

Hylarana 393

Hylas 349

Hylella 250. 322, 323

Hylidee 248,255,320.394,451

table of genera 322

HylixaluB 391,393

Hylodes 252,313

augusti 317

martinicensia 239

Hylodidae 309,390

Hylomedusa 349

Hylorhina 313

Hynobiidse 33,118

Hynobius 119

Hyperoglossa 250

HyperoHa 312

HyperoliuB 892,393

HypopachuB 387

cnnens 387,388

oxyrbinas 388

INDEX.

521

Page.

Hypopachns vaxiolosos 388

Hypsiboas 322,323

albomaxginata 321

boans 321

lecanas (Aoaides) 187

(Autodax) 187

(Plethodon) 187

iDgens (Ambly stoma) 68

(Heterotriton) ^ 68

(Salamandra) 68

(Triton) 68

Insidior (Bufo) 264

Intermedia (Siren) 226

Interraedius (Plethodon) 145

Intermixta (Salamandra) 194

Jeffersoniana (Amblystooia) 89

(Salamandra) 89

(Xiphonura) 68,89

Jefilersonianum (Ambly stoma) 89,92

Lacepedii ( Menobranchas) 23

(Phanerobranchns) 23

Lavertina (Siren) 226

Laevis (Taricha) 204

(Triton) 204

Larvseformis (Cbrysodonta) 216

Laterale (Amblystoma) 92

Lateralis (Hyla) 366

( Menobranchns) 23

(Necturus) 23

(Triton) 23

Laticeps (Hyla) 359

Latiremis (Rana) 435

Latonia 258

Latrans (Lithodytes) 316

Lecontei (Rana) 441

Lentiginosa (Chilophryne) 289

Lentiginosus (Bafo) 289

Leptobrachium 296

Leptodactylua 313

mystacinus 289

ocellatas 239

Leptopelis 250

Lepturum (Amblystoma) 116

Lepturus (Linguaelapsus) 116

Levifrons (Bufo) 272

Lichenoides (Siredon) 68

Limnocharis 313

Limnody tes 393

Limnoraednsa 312

Lindynastes 312

Lingaselapsua 47, 114

annulatas 115

lepturus 115, 116

Liopelma 258

Lithodytes 313,315

latrans 315,316

ricordii 315,318

Litoria 349

Liuperns 313

Lougicauda (Cylindrosoma) 168

(Salamandra) 168

Longicaudatum ( Cylindrosoma) 168

Longicaudus (Spelerpes) 168

Longipes (Epirhexis) 441

(Rana) 441

Page.

Lophopus 84^

Lucifuga (Spelerpes) 168

Lugubris ( Auaides) 183

(Autodax) 183

(Salamandra) 183

(Taricha?) 183

Lnrida (Amblystoma) 68

j (Salamandra) 68

Lysapsus 311

. Macrodactylum (Amblystoma) 95

Maoalata (Camarataxis) 68

I (Lacerta) 'w 56

I (Salamandra) 172

{ Macnlatum ( Amblystoma) 68

I (Desmiostoma) 68

! Maculatus (Hylodes) 342

(Necturus) 23

I (Proteus) 23

Maculosus (Necturus) •-'3

Malachylodes 313

Maltzania 393

Manculus 121,124,125,158

qaadridi^tatus 158, 159

158

38»

390

152

152

152

318

remifer

Mantella

Mantipua

Marginatus (Pseudotriton).

(Spelerpes)

(Stereochilus) .

Marnochii (Syrrhophus) . . .

Mavortia (Amblystoma) ...

Mavortium (Amblystoma) .

Maxima (Rana)

Means (Ampliiuma)

Megalobatrachus

68

424

216

37

Megalixalus 392,393

295

387

130

130

419

419

23

37

Megalophry 8

Melanobatrachus

Melanosticta (Salamandra)

Melanost ictus ( Desmodactylna)

Melanota (Rana)

(Ranaria)

Menobranchns

Menopoma

Micrixalus 392,393

Microhyla 384,385

Microps 385

Microscaphus (Bufo) 267

Microatomum (Amblyatoma) 101

Microstomua (Chondrotus)? 101

Millepunctata (Salamandra) 207

Millepnnctatus (Triton) ...

Miniatus (Diemyctylus) ...
( Notophthalmus)
(Triturus)

Mitrolysis

Mixophyes

Molge

Montanus (Pseudotriton) ..

Montezuma; (Raua)

Mucronata (Eurycea)

Mngiens (Rana)

Multiplicata (Scapbiopns) .
(Spea)

Multiplicatua (Spelerpes) ..

207
207
207
207
312
311
202
170
428
39
424
308
308
162

522 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Page.

Muraenopsis 215

Muiicolor (Hyla) 379

Musicns (Bufo) 289

Muta(Rana) 431

Myobatrachus 259,200

Mysophyes 250

Nannobatrachus 391,393

Nannophry 8 391, 393

Nebulifer (Bufo) 292

Nebulifera (Chilophryne) •. 292

Nebulosam ( Amblystoma) 68

Nectes 260

Nectophryne 260

Necturus 22,23,31

maculatns 23

pnnctatas 27

If eocaesareanas (Protens) 172

Niger (Plethodon) 194,198

(Triton) 89,198

Nigra (Desmognathus) 198

(Salamandra) 198

Nigricans (Rana) 420,441

Nigiita (Acris) 337

(Rana) 337

Nijiritns (Chorophilns) 337

(CyBtignathas) 337

(Psendacris) 337

Nigriventris (Batracboseps) 129

Nigrum (Amblystoma) 198

Notaden 260

Notophthalmus 202

Nototrema 321,322,323

marsnpiatnm 24^)

testndineum 240

Nyctibatrachus 392,393

Nyctimantis 322,323

Ny cti XH lus 392

Obscarum (Amblystoma) 68

Occident alia (Chorophilus) 335

(Litoria) 335

Ochropbaea (Desmognathus) 191

Ocularis (Chorophilus) 333, 335, 348

(Hyla) 335,348

(Hylodes) 348

Odontopbrynus 312

CEdipina 121

(Edipus 121,124,125

Olivaceam (Engystoma) 385

Ollotis 260

Onca(Ran8) 443

Ou.vchodactylus 119

Opaca (Amblystoma) 54

(Salamandra) 54

Opacum (Amblystoma) 64

Operculata (Siren) 172

Opisthodelphys 322,323

ovifera 240

Oregonensis (Heredia) 148

(Plethodon) 148

Omatns (Chorophilus) 333

(Cystignathus) 333,335

Otaspis 260

Otilophus 260

Oxyglossus 392,393

Ozyrhyncha (Rana) 399

Osyrhynchus

(Rana)

Pachy batrachus

Paohyderma (Rana)

Pachy triton

Pacificum (Hemidactylinm).
Paciflcus (Batracboseps)....
Palwobatracbidse

Page.

260

398

393

444

201

129

129

253

Paludicola 250,313

gracilis 239

Palustris (Rana) 398,406

Pansosana (Hyla) 379

Pardalis (Rana) 406

Paroticum (Amblystoma) 105

Paroticus (Chondrotus) 105

Pectoglossa ; 47

Pelobates 297

Pelobatidse 248,296

Pelodytes 296

Pelodytidae 248, 249, 255, 29G

genera of 2 6

Pelophylas 393

Penusylvanica (Rana) 447

Perialia 312

Phanerobranchus 23, 225

Phractops 312

Pliryne 200

Phrynella 384,385

Pbrynidium 387

PbrynlscidsB 248, 249, 383, 384, 387, 451

Phryniscus 387

Phrynocara 390

Phrynocerus 31J

Phrynoidis 26'>

Phry uomantis 3S4, 38 J

Phyllobates 391,39.')

Phyllodromus 391,393

Phyllomedusa 321,322,32.1

iheringii 239

Pickering (Acris de) 352

Pickeringii (Acris) 352

(Hyla) 352

(Hylodes) 352

Picta (Salamandra) 194

Pictus (Bufo) 267

Pipa 240

PipidsB 248,252

Pipiens (Rana) 397,424

Pisciformis (Siredon) 68

Platineum (Amblystoma) 93

j Platypelis 390

Platyrrhinus (Rana) 431

' Plectromantidse 309

Plethodon 121,124.125,132

i aeneus 133,143

I cinereus 31,133

cinerens 134

dorsalis 138

erytbronotus 135

crassulus 133, 147

croceater 133. 150

flavipunctatus 133, 145

glatinosus 133, 139

intermedius 133, 145

oregonensis 133, 148

INDEX.

523

Page.

Plethodon, species of 133

PlethodontfB 124

Plethodontids 33,119.451

genera of 121

Plethodontinae 119

Plethodontohyla 390

Plearodeles 201

PleurodelidiB 33,201,451

genera of. 201

Pleurodema 313

Polypedates 393

PokpedatidsB 309,390

Porphyritica (Salamandra) 155

(Spelerpesf) 155

Porphyriticum (Amblyatoma) 101

Porphyriticus (Gyrinophilas) 155

(Spelerpes) 155

(Triton) 139,155

Pretiosa (Rana) 432

Proserpine ( Amblystoma) 68

Prostberapis 391, 393

Proteida 13,21,451

Proteidje 22.451

Proteus 22,31

Protonopsis 37

Pseudacris 331

Pseudis 249,311

Pseudobranchus 225,230

striatus 230

Pseudophryne 259, 260

Pseudosauria 30

Pseudotriton 161

Punctata (Amblystoma) 56

(Laceria) 56

Panctatissimus (Triton) 207

Pnnctatum (Amblystoma) 66, 183

Punctatus (Necturas) 27

Pyxicephalus 250,393

Quadridigitata (Salamandra) 159

Quadridigitatus (Batrachoseps) 159

(Manculus) 159

Quadrimaculata ( Salamandra) 194

Quercicus (Bufo) 291

Rana 250,252,392,393

agilis 396,438

agilis 438

aurora 397, 438, 439

areolata 396,397,409

ssopus 412

areolata 410

capito 415

circulosa 413

boylii 396,397,444

cantabrigensis 396, 397, 435

cantabrigensis 435, 436

evittata 435,437

latiremis 435

catesbiana 394,396,397,424

clamata 394,396.397.419

corrugata 394

cyanophlyctis 394

draytoni 396,397,411

draytoni 441

onca 441. 443

ehrenbergii 394

Page.

Rana eacnlenta 394

fasciata 394

fuecigala 391

gracilis 394

gruunieus 394

bexadactyla 394

mascariensis 394

raontezumae 396,397,428

occipitalis 394

opistbodon 239

oxy rhyncha 394

palustris 396,397,406

septentrionalis 396,397,416

silvatica 396,397,447

species of 396

temporaria 394, 396, 431

pretiosa 397, 432

temporaria 432

virescens 394, 396, 397

austricola 398

bracby cephala 398, 403

circulosa 409

sphenocephala 398, 399

virescens 398,401

Ranida; 248, 249, 250, 309, 383, 384, 390, 4 51

genera of 391

Ranidens 119

Ranoidea 349

aurea... 321

Ranula 392,393,394

Recapitulation 451

Rectifrenis (Scapbiopus) 301

Regilla (Hyla) 355

Remifer (Manculus) 158

Rhachitomi 13

Rhacophorus 392,393

reticulatus 240

Rhsebo 261

Rbinoderma 240,387

Rhinophrynus 260

Rhombopbry ne 384

Richardi (Hyla) 373

Ricordii (Hylodes) 318

(Lithodytes) 318

Ruber (Pseudotriton) 172

(Spelerpes) 172

172

172

172

200

119

Rubra (Salamandra)

(Spelerpes)

Rubriventris (Salamandra)-.

Salamandra

Salamaudrella

Salamandridff 38, 200

genera of 200

Salamandrina 201

Salamandroides 47

(Cryptobrauchus) 38

Salamandrops 37

Salientia 13,232.451.457

classification of 246

integument of 234

origin and evolution of 244

osteology of 232

reproiliiction of 238

vi.scera of 235. 457

Salmonea (Salamandra) 1S5

524 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Page.

Salmonea(Spelerpe8?) 155

Salmoneum (Amblystoma) 155

Salmoneas (Fseudotriton) 155

(Spelerpes) 155

Sayi (Menobranchas) 23

Soaphiophryne 387

Scaphiopidae 255,296

Scapbiopodidae 309,451

Scaphiopoa 252,297,298

conchii 298,301

holbrookii 298

species of 298

Scapularis (Hyla) 356

(Rana) 424

ScLismaderma 260

Scotica (Rana) 431

scutata (Salamandraj 130

Sciitatum (Hemidactylium) 130

Scutatua (Batracboseps) loO

Sf utatus (Desmodactylas) 130

Scuiiger 2C0

Scynax 349

Scytopis 322,323,394

Scytopsis 321

Seiranota 201

Seiuifasdata (Hyla) 366

Septentrionalis (C boropbilns) 342

(Rana) 416

Silvatica (Rana) 447

Sin iiata (Rana) 416

Siranotidae 201

Siredon 47

Siren 31,225

lacertina 226,456

splanchnology of 456

Sirenidaa 223,451

Sirenoides 215

Smilisca 322,323,379

baiidinii 321,379

Solitarias (Scapbiopus) 298

Spea 297,302

bammoudii 303

bombifrons 303,306

hammondii 303,305

intermontana 303, 304, 305

subspecies of 303

multiplicata 308

species of 303

Speciosus (Bufo) 272

Spelei-pes 121,124,125,161

bellu 101

bilineatus 31,162,163

cepbalicus 162

chiropteiuB 162

guttolineatuB 162,170

leprosas 162

longicaudus 162,168

multiplicatus 162

ruber 31,162,172,455

flavissimas 176

montanus 179

sticticepa 178

species of 161, 161

Spelerpinas 119

Spbajnorhyncbos 349

Page.

Sphaerotheca 393

Spbenophryne 387

Squirell (La Raine) 363

Squirella (Auletris) 363

(Calamita) 363

(Hyla) 363,371

Stagnalis (Scapbiopus) 305

(Spea) 303,305

Stegocephali 13

Stellio (Salamandra) 207

Stenncepbalus 335

Stercochila 121

Stereochilus 124,125,152

marginatus 152

Stereocyclops 387

Stombus 312

Stongylopus 393

Striata (Siren) 230

Striatus (Pseudobranchus) 230

Subfasca (Salamandra) 172

Snbfuscus (Fseudotriton) 172

Subviolacea (Lacerta) 56

(Salamandra) 56

Subviolaceum (Amblystoma) 56

Sylvatica (Rana) 435,447

Symmetrica (Salamandra) 2u7

Symmetricus (Triton) 207

Syrropbus 252, 313, 31

cystignatboides 31

leprus

marnocbii

verrucipes :

Systoma 5

Talpoidea (Salamandra) i

Talpoideum (Amblystoma) 52

Taricba 202

Telmatobius 312,313

Temporaria (Rana) 431, 436, 43i^

Tenebrosa (Xipbonura) Ill

Tenebrosum (Amblystoma) Ill

Tenebrosus (Ch^ndrotus) Ill

Tetradactylus ( Menobranchus) 23

(Pbaut-robrancbus) 23

Texana (Salamandra) 104

TexauuLU (Amblystoma) 104

Texanus (Cbondrotus) 104

Texense ^Engystoma) 385

Thoriidae 33

Thoropa 322,323

Tigrina (Amblystoma) 68

(Salamandra) 68

Tigrinum (Ambl.^stoma) 68

(Siredon) 68

Tigrinns (Tiiton) 68

Tomoptenna 393

Torosa (Molge) 204

(Taricba) 204

Torosus (Notophthalmus) 204

(Triton) 204

Tracbycepbalus 321,322,323

Tracbystomata 13,223,451

Trematodera 30

Tridactyla (Ampbiuma) 216

(Mnraenopsis) 216

Triprion 322.323

INDEX.

625

Page.

Tiiueriata (Hyla) 342

Triseiiatus (ChoropbiluB) 342

(Helocwtes) 342

Trisruptum (Aniblystoma) 86

Triturus 201

Tiloiriton 201

Uperoliidje 309

Urode'.a 13, 29, 451

development of 31

geographical distribution of 34

phylogeny of 35

systeiuatir arrangement of 33

Utricularia (Rana) 397

Vallicep8(Bufo) 292

Vanvlietii (Hyla) 379

Yariolata (Salamandra) 139

Varius (Scaphiopus) 301

Vcnenosa (Salamandra) 56

Verrucosa (Hyla) 373

Page.

Versicolor (Dendrohyas) 373

(Hyla) 373

Virescens (Kaua) 397

Virgiuiana (Raua) 398

Viridescena (Diemyctylus) 207

(Molge) 207

(Notopbthalmus) 207

(Triton) 207

(Trituins) 2('7

Viridis (Hyla) 366

Weismanui { Amblystoma) (i8

Woodhousei (Bufo) 281

Xenobatracbus 384, 385

Xenopbrys 296

Xenopidw 248, 253

Xipbias ( Amblystoma) 87

Xipbouura 47

Zacbanus 312

University of
Connecticut

Libraries