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MR 83.5

Beach Changes at Holden Beach,
North Carolina, 1970-74

by
Martin C. Miller

WHO!

DOCUMENT
COLLECTION

MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 83-5

MARCH 1983

distribution unlimited.
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U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
COASTAL ENGINEERING
RESEARCH CENTER

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hs le | | | + an official
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BS OOS

1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO, 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
MR 83-5

4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

Miscell R
BEACH CHANGES AT HOLDEN BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA, De Geena nae

1970-74 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)

Martin C. Mill
artin iller DACW7 2-79-C-0020

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
p Ff AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
Science Applications, Inc.

4900 Water's Edge Drive, Suite 255
Raleigh, NC 27606 C31194

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Coastal Engineering Research Center 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
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Beach changes

Holden Beach, North Carolina
Beach erosion control Storm erosion
Beach profile surveys

ABSTRACT (Cantinue em reverse side if neceasary and identify by block number)

Beach profile lines at 21 near-evenly spaced intervals along Holden
Beach, North Carolina, between Lockwoods Folly and Shallotte Inlets, were
measured from November 1970 to December 1974. These have been analyzed to
determine the spatial and temporal variabilities on long-term, seasonal, and
short-term scales. Profile lines near the inlets showed the greatest varia-
bility in mean sea level (MSL) position, above MSL volume, foreshore slope,
and profile envelope. This variability near Lockwoods Folly Inlet was partly

continued)

DD Aree 1473 ~—s EDITION OF ? NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UNGHGGEAEER

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)

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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered)

enhanced by artificial nourishment at profile line 2. Temporary, low-cost
shore protection devices (e.g., sandbag groins) were constructed near that
inlet during part of the study. No other modifications or activities that
affected beach processes were known to occur during the study period.

The central part of Holden Beach was studied separately because of the
high variability of the inlet sections at either end of the island. Fore-
shore slopes along this reach increased from an average of 1:30 at the east
end to 1:17 at the west. A seasonal change in above MSL volume indicates
loss of sand during autumn and winter, and a gain during spring and summer.
Changes in MSL shoreline intercept and above MSL volume were highly variable
during the study. Regression analysis and total annual rates of change indi-
cate that the MSL shoreline is advancing while above MSL volume is decreasing.
The net sand loss along the central reach was met or exceeded by gains along
the inlet reaches. Wind data showed that strong winds occurred less frequently
than normal during the study, and few major storms had an impact on the beach.
Erosion events correlated with high water levels and strong onshore winds
(near 10 meters per second) while accretion events correlated with gentle,
onshore winds for several days before the survey. Visual wave data indicated
that westward littoral transport predominated two to three times the eastward
transport. The extreme variability of the inlet sections in comparison to
the central section emphasizes the need for a different sampling approach to
understand these disparate environments.

2 UNCLASSIFIED

—————
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered)

PREFACE

This report is one of a series describing the results of the U.S. Army
Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Beach Evaluation Program. One
aspect of the program, and the subject of this report, is to provide basic
engineering information on changes in the volume of sand on beaches above mean
sea level, and on changes in shoreline position, as obtained from long-term
beach survey projects. The work was carried out under the Beach Profiles Studies
work unit, Beach Protection and Restoration Program, Coastal Engineering Area
of the Corps of Engineers Research and Development.

The report was prepared by Dr. Martin C. Miller, Science Applications, Inc.
(SAI), Raleigh, North Carolina, under CERC contract No. DACW72-79-C-0020. Beach
profile surveys were performed by the W.W. Blanchard Company, Wallace, North
Carolina, under contract to the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington. Visual
wave data were contributed by J.M. Clarke and E.D. Gray. M.V. Fleming, T.J.
Lawler, J. Buchanan, and B.R. Sims developed the CERC computer programs used
for editing, analyzing, and displaying the beach profile data. J.L. Miller,
J.A. Tarnowski, and K.P. Zirkle (CERC) assisted in data reduction. Eigenfunc-
tion analysis programs were written by D.G. Aubrey, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The author acknowledges and appreciates
the helpful review comments from D.G. Aubrey, A.E. DeWall, and B.R. Hall (CERC),
and J.T. Jarrett, U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington.

A.E. DeWall was the contract monitor, under the general supervision of
R.M. Sorenson, former Chief, Coastal Processes and Structures Branch, and
Mr. R.P. Savage, Chief, Research Division, CERC.

Technical Director of CERC was Dr. Robert W. Whalin, P.E.

Comments on this report are invited.

Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress,
approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Publc Law 172, 88th Congress,

approved 7 November 1963.
TED E. BISHOP ,

Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Commander and Director

CONTENTS

CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S, CUSTOMARY TO METRIC .

I TN ERODU CIuON sre pastaicouersi ish enero serene
ee Backecoundamey scien lomo mspietnte :
2. Previous Work... 0
II THE STUDY ARFA .... 50
1. Geography and Geomorphology Q °
2. Littoral Processes. . .
EIA METHODS ey. cimie 5 ee
Profile Lines ae Montmeneacions G .
IV RESULTS... <2. . 6.0 0. 6) -G 10 c
1. Temporal Vartability. 60 5
2. Spatial Variability .....,
V DISCUSSION... . 606 © bo 70
1. Profile Ghennes Sang bg 06 6
2. Civil Engineering tapIicasone, C
VI SUMMINRS 1G 6 oo Blo oe) 6 Je" 6
JEM AONU CHB). G6 6 G6 6! 6) on a6 4
APPENDIX
A PROFILE LINE DOCUMENTATION AND PHOTOS. .
B BEACH PROFILE DATA... .
Cc CHANGE IN MSL SHORELINE POSITION .
D CHANGE IN ABOVE MSL UNIT VOLUME. 6
iE} PROFILE ENVELOPES.

1 Relative longshore energy flux by month from visual wave observations

TABLES

2 Summary of profile lines and surveys. ...

Ze3}

24

3 Regression coefficients for changes in MSL intercept and above
MSDLasand Svolliam eixawee heya veyrrewe cece sy ery nannies hee uk ic ean MC Ua CRE HEN ae aa

4 Change in above MSL sand volume averaged over each reach between
therdates ,indicatedicge. iis vei es menus mcuien tre keke he Meee Re co cathe

5 Change in position of MSL intercept (m) averaged over each reach
between the dates indicated.

15

16

17

CONTENTS

TABLES--Continued

Dredging record at Lockwoods Folly Inlet during BEP study. ......
North Carolina coastal storms, 1970-74
Visual wave observations of erosion and accretion events at

Holden Beach during iBEPUsitudyy <= es 1s 2) eles

FIGURES

Profile line locations along Holden Beach, Brunswick County,

Moist Garcoilaies 4 Sil6)q 04, 6.0 O10 00 Oo 6 O86, o 6 lo. 60.0) 6 lo. 0 G06
Aerial photo mosaic of Holden Beach, August 1971 .......
Changes in Lockwoods Folly Inlet, 1959-72.
Aerial photos of Lockwoods Folly Inlet, 1938-72.
Kerialsiphotosnorushallotte minletmel93 8-7/2) 7s) le tlel len telwlen lei ites Mer denule) 1c
Comparison of wind speed and direction observed during BEP study

with the long-term average at Wilmington, North Carolina. ....
Recording periods of CERC wave gage on Holden Beach fishing pier

Neatap ro rdelley ein | ll Oran ewes we val ae greek epee cc) Pan MEST Cer ais, wet Le stunt ie
Monthly average significant wave height and period .........
Monthly average significant wave heights measured at Wrightsville
Beach and Holden Beach,-North Carolina, and off Savannah, Georgia .
Frequency distribution of profile line surveys by year and season. . .
Frequency distribution of profile line surveys by month and season .
Definition of MSL shoreline change and above MSL unit volume change.
Cumulative change in high water line position east of profile line 4
Comparison of cumulative change in position of high water line and
dune line west of profile line 4 from aerial photo analysis .
Displacement distance and standard deviation of annual mean, MSL
intercept from long-term mean (Nov. 1970-Dec. 1974), MSL intercept
at each profile line (1971-74). ohio

Seasonal changes in above MSL volume averaged over the central reach .

Seasonal trend in selected beach profiles.

Page
38

39

42

10
ilk
iS)
16

17

19

20

20

30

35
36

S7/

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Qi

28

29

CONTENTS
FIGURES--Continued
Wind velocity recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, between
30 September-3 December 1974. . . 2. 2. «2 + © © © © ee eo

Wind velocity and water level during erosion event recorded
at Wilmington, North Carolina, 14 January-8 February 1971 .

Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North
Carolina, 29 September-1l1 December 1972 .........

Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North
Carolinas, 28) March= 13 Apr tlaOi73 renee) loll «i a) eihiei) 2) oie ie

Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North
Carolinas 9 — 25a Juneyeloii2 ene eiils iistvenursmirenitcn Moll oMltetciay) sal eiiite Iie

Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North
Carolina, 12 November-14 December 1970. .......4.4.-.

Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North
Carolina, 13 April-14 June 1973 ......

Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North
Carolinas. 13 VAprid—9luney dO) 2ei ea ne ele ole oie

Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North
Carolinas Augusit=290 September 1972/6 chee ellie sila) ele

Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North
Carolsinaly 14) June—U2i) July S73 carcnci ounce Mellel tei bew delice: he

Change in MSL intercept along Holden Beach on successive
BUND GENESIS Gg)o) co loio! 6 0G lo G60 0 O60 6 6.0 Oo 0

Beach foreshore slope averaged over the study period .

43

44

45

45

47

48

49

50

51

D2,

CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to
metric (SI) units as follows:

Multiply by To obtain
inches iy FG Pe a POMOC a a
2-54 centimeters
square inches 6.452 square centimeters
cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters
feet 30.48 centimeters
0.3048 meters
Square feet 0.0929 Square meters
cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters
yards 0.9144 meters
square yards 0.836 Square meters
cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters
miles 1.6093 kilometers
square miles 259.0 hectares
knots 1.852 kilometers per hour
acres 0.4047 hectares
foot-—pounds 1.3558 newton meters
maniacs 1.0197 x 1073 kilograms per square centimeter
ounces 28.35 grams
pounds 453.6 grams
0.4536 kilograms
ton, long 1.0160 metric tons
ton, short 0.9072 metric tons
degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians
Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins!

1T> obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings,
use formula: C = (5/9) (F -32).
To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15.

BEACH CHANGES AT HOLDEN BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA, 1970-74

by
Martin C. Miller

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Background.

This report is one of a series which analyzes and interprets beach
profile data collected along several east coast beaches during the peri-
od 1962-75. Beach profile data from 21 profile lines on the oceanside
of Holden Beach, North Carolina (Fig. 1) were collected from November
1970 to December 1974 by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington,
as part of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Beach
Evaluation Program (BEP) (formerly known as the Pilot Program for Improv-
ing Coastal Storm Warnings or the Storm Warning Program). The BEP was
initiated after the Great East Coast Storm of March 1962 to observe vari-
ations on typical beaches in response to waves and tides of specific
intensity and duration. Twelve beaches in the region hardest hit by the
storm (Massachusetts to North Carolina) are under study in this program.

This report presents an analysis and interpretation of data collected
at Holden Beach, documents the locations of the profile lines, and evalu-
ates the relationship of changes in the beach elevation, sand volume, and
shoreline position to changes in waves, water level, sediment size and
supply, storm events, and coastal structures. The analysis includes a
review of previous studies of the area to determine the relevant long-
term trends in waves, winds, tides, and inlet processes.

Variability in the shape of the beach profile was analyzed using the
empirical eigenfunction technique as well as by other standard methods
performed by CERC. Changes were evaluated on three time scales: (a)
short-term changes caused: by individual storms or events occurring between
surveys; (b) seasonal changes observed over the typical 3-month season;
and (c) long-term changes that occur on time scales of l-year or more.

2. Previous Work.

There have been few detailed studies which provide insight into pro-
cesses along the barrier islands of southern North Carolina; none has con-
centrated on Holden Beach. The most comprehensive study was developed for
Yaupon and Long Beaches to the immediate east of Holden Beach by the U.S.
Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973). The study also provides infor-
mation on processes active at Lockwoods Folly Inlet, as well as along the
eastern end of Holden Beach, and summarizes wave, wind, and other general
climate data. Langfelder, Stafford, and Amein (1968) and Wahls (1973) used
aerial photography to determine the erosion rates of North Carolina's
barrier islands. The results of the former study were reviewed in U.S.
Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973) and will be referred to later in
this report. Langfelder,et al. (1974) and-Baker (1977) used successive
aerial photos to compare changes occurring in the coastal inlets at either
end of Holden Beach from 1938 to 1976. Machemehl, Chambers, and Bird (1977)
combined aerial photo analysis and information from coastal survey maps to

NORTH CAROLINA

a
&
2)
a |
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Q.
DN

S
ag

NAUTICAL MILES

1 £ 0 1 2 3 4 5
YARDS
—e—————>—————————_—————
1000 D) ‘S000 ¥0000
METERS

oO 1 2. 3 4 5 6 7 8 q 4

Profile line locations along Holden Beach, Brunswick County,

Figure 1.
North Carolina.

extend the history of inlet change to 1859. They also developed a model of
tidal flow and water level change for Lockwoods Folly Inlet.

This report concentrates on the analysis and interpretation of the
Holden Beach data collected during the BEP study and relates the beach
changes to the environmental factors of waves, winds, and water levels
that occurred during that period. Aspects of these previous studies which
relate to beach processes during the period are used to provide additional
insights.

II. THE STUDY AREA

1. Geography and Geomorphology.

a. Geomorphic Setting. The shoreline of Holden Beach, a barrier island
located on the Atlantic Ocean along the southern coast of North Carolina
about 30 kilometers west of Cape Fear (Fig. 1), is oriented almost exactly
east-west. Separated from the mainland by salt marsh and the Atlantic
Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW), the island is terminated at the east and west
ends by Lockwoods Folly and Shallotte Inlets, respectively, each associated
with a river of the same name. Sediment contribution from these slowly flow-
ing coastal streams is negligible. Both are unstructured, active tidal inlets
with migrating channels. The main, natural tidal channel for each inlet
curves east and flows in a southeasterly direction adjacent to the shoreline
east of each inlet. Lockwoods Folly Inlet and the AIWW in its general
vicinity are dredged by the Corps of Engineers, and an artificially developed
entrance channel has been cut in a north-south direction through the
Lockwoods Folly sandbar. Sand from the maintenance dredging operations is
beach sand, transported into the inlet by littoral currents and tides and
is disposed of on the east end of Holden Beach, near profile lines 1 and 2,
to supplement the existing beach.

Holden Beach is one of a chain of 17 barrier islands along the 237-
kilometer coastline of the Atlantic Ocean between Cape Lookout and the
southern North Carolina border. The island, characterized as having a low
mesotidal shoreline (Hayes, 1979), has a mean tidal range of 1.35 meters.
There is only one shore protection structure on the 13.2-kilometer-long
beach--a short (about 24 meters) wooden bulkhead near profile line 4. Compar-
ison of profile line measurements taken nearest the fishing pier east of
profile line 10 with others along the beach indicates that the pilings and
open truss works of the pier do not restrict littoral transport.

A massive dune ridge at the eastern end of the island is heavily vege-
tated and extends west about one-fourth of the island's length (Cleary and
Hosier, 1979) (Fig. 2); the central reach is narrower and backed by a single,
low dune ridge. Finger canals have been dredged on the north side of the
central reach to extend waterfront property, with access to the AIWW, for
housing construction. The dredged material was used as fill before this
construction. The eastern end of the island has experienced washovers and
changes in inlet formation during severe storms. West of the finger canals,
the final length of the island broadens and is composed of massive vegetated
dunes and single or multiple dune ridges. Those adjacent to the inlets are
probably associated with inlet migration, while those more inland are shaped

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--"TL61T 3snsny ‘(JTeY UteqSeM) YOeegG UepTOH jo ITesou oqoyud Tetsey °Z sanstTg

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and migrate under the influence of wind action (Dr. W. Cleary, University of
North Carolina at Wilmington, personal communication, 1981). The width of
the dunes varies, averaging 250 meters from the ocean to the AIWW with heights
from 2.5 to 5 meters (Boc and Langfelder, 1977). Beach material is composed
of clean, medium sand, moderately to moderately well sorted (U.S. Army
Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).

b. Inlet History. Early maps and historical records dating to the 1850's
of the Holden Beach area show at least two other inlets between Lockwoods
Folly and Shallotte Inlets. Mary's Inlet, which cuts northeast through the
island, was located about 5.8 kilometers west of Lockwoods Folly near profile
line 9 (Fig. 2). Bacon's Inlet was located between profile lines 15 and 16
(Fig. 2). U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey coastal charts prepared in 1923
show both inlets open. Bacon's Inlet was closed by 1933, and some time between
then and 1938, aerial photos indicated Mary's Inlet was closed. Neither has
reopened (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).

Hurricane Hazel in November 1954 was particularly devastating for the
North Carolina coast. This storm caused two breakthroughs on Holden Beach—
one near the site of the old Mary's Inlet, the other near the west end of the
island. Both had filled by natural means by 1959. Some washovers occurred
during intense storms in the late 1950's and early 1960's; however, 1974
aerial photos indicate Holden Beach was relatively stable during several pre-
ceding years. The central part of the island, which is lowest and nar-
rowest, is highly susceptible to washover or breakthrough, while the risk is
considered moderate to none along the massive dunes at the eastern and western
ends (Pilkey, Neal, and Pilkey, 1978; Cleary and Hosier, 1979). The Great East
Coast Storm of March 1962 had no particular effect on Holden Beach. The center
of that storm was located considerably north of Holden Beach, off the coast of
New Jersey, and the orientation of the island protected it from the large
storm-generated waves arriving from the north and northeast.

Shallotte and Lockwoods Folly Inlets have remained open but have shown
considerable variability through the years. In 1859, Lockwoods Folly was
located about 600 meters east of its present location (Fig. 3). Though the
shorelines of the ends of Holden Beach and Long Beach on the other side of
Lockwoods Folly Inlet have varied, as shown in Figure 3, the inlet position
has remained fairly constant since 1923. Aerial photos from 1938 to 1972
show the inlet gorge extending southward from the AIWW and curving sharply
eastward along the shore of Long Beach (Fig. 4) (Langfelder, et al., 1974;
Baker, 1977; Machemehl, Chambers, and Bird, 1977). The exit channel, pre-
sently maintained by the Corps of Engineers, is a southern extension of the
natural channel through the existing bar. The shape of the bar indicates
predominantly eastward littoral transport (Langfelder, et al., 1974;
Machemehl, Chambers, and Bird, 1977).

The shape of Shallotte Inlet, as seen in successive aerial photos (Fig. 5),
has varied more than Lockwoods Folly. The 1938 photo shows the inlet gorge
oriented southwest; however, over the years a reorientation of the inlet dis-
charge is shown toward the southeast along the western tip of Holden Beach.
With the exception of dredging for the AIWW, which began before 1938, there
has been no maintenance dredging in the inlet. This reorientation is probably
associated with the AIWW and the increase in tidal flushing caused by the
dredging of the channel behind the adjacent islands.

14

Figure 3. Changes in Lockwoods Folly Inlet, 1859-1972. Grid lines are
the North Carolina coordinate system in feet (U.S. Army
Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).

METERS
Ce ee
1000 OFF 1000

J
N
|

Figure 4. Aerial photos of Lockwoods Folly Inlet, 1938-72
(Langfelder, et al., 1974).

16

1972

a METERS N
1000 ORE 1000

Figure 5. Aerial photos of Shallotte Inlet, 1938-72 (Langfelder, et al., 1974).

17

2. Littoral Processes.

a. Wind Speed and Direction. Figure 6 compares the long-term average
wind speed and direction at Wilmington, North Carolina, 56 kilometers north-
east of Holden Beach, from 1948 to 1960 (U.S. Army Engineer District,
Wilmington, 1973), with the wind speed and direction during the study period
(1970-74). The predominant winds, both in terms of duration and speed, occur
from the southwest direction. Winds from the southwest were more persistent
than normal and, in all cases, were more moderate than normal. There were
no significant storms during the study period. Winds from the south and
southwest predominate during the spring and summer months; north and north-
east winds occur during the winter. All sections of Holden Beach are vulner-
able to hurricane winds from the south and east (Carney and Hardy, 1967).

b. Wave Climate. A continuous-wire staff wave gage, installed on the
fishing pier at Holden Beach in February 1971, recorded wave height and
period for 1,024-second intervals every 4 hours through February 1975, as
shown in Figure 7 (Thompson, 1977). Figure 8 shows monthly averages of
significant wave heights and periods from April 1971 to December 1974 and
the composite mean for the entire period; the vertical lines represent the
standard deviation. Periods of calm, according to visual observations over
the same period, comprised fewer than 1 percent of the readings. The highest
average waves were observed in June, though this may be an anomalous month
since only 1972 was recorded. Mean wave heights were greater than 60 centi-
meters from February through August with the least mean height recorded in
October. Mean wave periods for the interval were 7.38 seconds with longest
periods in September and November and shortest during April, June, and July.
The general wave height at Holden Beach is less severe than recorded by
CERC wave gages to the north at Wrightsville Beach and south at Savannah,
Georgia (Fig. 9). Holden Beach, exposed to the south, is protected from
severe northeast storms and large, long-period ocean waves approaching from
the east. Wrightsville Beach and Savannah are fully exposed to these waves
(Fig. 1).

U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973) considered the direction
and rate of littoral transport along the east end of Holden Beach and other
beaches (Long Beach and Yaupon Beach) immediately to the east. Although
several sources of wave data were evaluated, transport rates and directions
were determined using computer-generated wave refraction data for selected
combinations of wave heights, periods, and angles of approach. The Wilmington
District concluded that the dominant direction of transport is west to east,
and that the magnitude of the easterly component ranges is 2.5 to 3.5 times
the westerly component.

Littoral Environment Observations (LEO) of breaker height, period, and
angle to the shoreline at Holden Beach were recorded by a trained observer.
These observations were made by the same person at the same general loca-
tion along the beach (i.e., near profile line 16) throughout most of the
study period. Before 1974, breaker angle was recorded as approaching from
a sector rather than from a discrete direction (Everts, DeWall, and Czerniak,
1980). These data, which were later converted to the LEO format, assigned
sectors 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to 12s 90°, and 108° clockwise from the

18

LEGEND
(1948-1960) ( 1970-1974)

ne

PRED
"
\)

of wind speed and dir

Co; ection observed during
BEP study (1970-74 inclusive) with the long-term average
(1948-60) at Wilmington, North Carolina (U.S. Army
Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).

SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT (cm)

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

1974) -————————J HH

6 1973 ——— FH
2

1972 ir

1971 SSS ——i

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. MayJune July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec.

Figure 7. Recording periods of CERC wave gage on Holden Beach
fishing pier near profile line 10.

(S) GOoldad SAVM

MONTH

Figure 8. Monthly average significant wave height (left) and period
(right, shaded). Vertical lines are one standard devia-
tion above and below mean.

20

JAN. i lyUN

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= =>
=
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=
—
=
. =
=
: : =
=
: - e
=
[=]
ao)
-
(=
@
2
—
=
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% n
=

Figure 9. Monthly average significant wave heights measured at
Wrightsville Beach and Holden Beach, North Carolina,
and off Savannah, Georgia (Thompson, 1977).

2|

shoreline with 0° to the left. Observations taken after 1974 corresponded to
the LEO methodology (Szuwalski, 1970; Bruno and Hiipakka, 1974; Balsillie, 1975).
At 90° waves approaching from directly offshore would result in no net longshore
sand transport. Along Holden Beach, angles less than 90° are from the east

and greater than 90° from the west, producing transport westward and eastward,
respectively.

The frequency of breaker approach indicates that net transport westward
predominates. Table 1 provides the relative magnitude of littoral transport
calculated for each month from 1971 to 1973. These values were determined
from the longshore energy flux relationship (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1977) and can be shown to be proportional
to wave height to the 5/2 power (2/2). The breaker angle was included only
in the 1974 calculations, so the 1971-73 values and 1974 values should not
be compared. The computed parameters do not represent actual transport rates,
but provide relative rates and directions for each month. The estimates show
that net longshore sand transport is actually westward. The table also shows
that wave approach is predominantly fromtheeast. There were several cases,
however, where waves from one direction were completely overpowered by large
breakers from the opposite direction. These are footnoted in Table l.

III. METHODS
Profile Lines and Monumentation.

Twenty-one profile lines extending from Lockwoods Folly Inlet to Shallotte
Inlet were surveyed along Holden Beach. The location and spacing of the pro-
file lines are shown in Figure 2. Except for a series of sandbag groins in-
stalled near the east end of the island between profile lines 1 and 3 during
1973-74, there were no erosion control structures placed along the beach dur-
ing the study period. Bulkheads invarying states of repair were present along
the beach at profile lines 2, 3,and 4. Their effectiveness was not specifi-
cally monitored during the study. The survey periods and number of surveys
per profile line are given in Table 2.

a. Survey Procedures. The profile lines were relatively evenly spaced
along Holden Beach with distances varying from a minimum of 565.1 to 638.1
meters. The horizontal and vertical datums for each profile line were estab-
lished by the firm of Moorman and Little, Inc., Fayetteville, North Carolina,
‘for the Wilmington District. Actual profile line measurements were taken by
the firm of W. W. Blanchard, Inc., Wallace, North Carolina. Monuments con-
sisted of capped, galvanized pipes embedded in the dune or backshore area
with reference ties measured to local cultural features where possible with
third-order survey control providing the geodetic and state-plane coordinates
of the monument. Vertical control at each profile line consisted of a third-
order elevation of the top of the monument with respect to the National Geo-
detic Vertical Datum of 1929. Documentation of each profile line monument,
as well as ground photos of each site, is provided in Appendix A.

Surveying crews measured each profile line, using a level and tape tech-
nique, and established a reference elevation at a fixed object such as the
top of a log barricade, the foot spike on a telephone pole, or nail markers
driven into the roadway. The survey proceeded seaward, approximately perpen-
dicular to the shoreline, from the reference along the preselected azimuth,

22

5/

Table 1. Relative longshore energy flux (proportional to H 2) by

month from visual wave observations.

No. of observations

Approach from Flux toward
2a 108 West East Pct of month
Year Onshore Calm (left) (right) (right) (left) observed
1971 (0) 6 38.7
0 2 21.4
0 7) 100.
0 4 76.7
0 3 51.6
1 3 90.0
0 3- 74.3
0 1 80.6
0 1 90.0
0 1 90.3
0 0 63.3
0 0 93.5
1972 0 1 93.5
0 4 93.1
0 2 100.
10) 4 100.
0 2 74.2
0 4 90.0
1 0 83.9
0 0 87.1
0 0 43.3
0 1 64.5
2 1 73.3
0 2 61.3
1973 0 8 1 80.6
0 5 0 Silat
0 5 2 74.2
0 5 2 93.3
0 1 2 90.3
1 9 0 100.
2 11 3 93.5
0 4 0 33.3
1 1 80.6
0 70.0
0 1 48.4
1974 0 77.4
0 80.6
0 36.7

Case where waves from one direction were completely overpowered by large
breakers from the opposite direction.

2No observations.

23

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maintained by alinement of two separated, fixed objects. Readings were taken
every 15 meters or at each break in the beach slope, then continued to

-0.6 meter MSL by a rodman. Surveys were timed to coincide with low tide to
extend to that depth. Occasionally, however, extreme water levels or surf
conditions prohibited seaward extension of the profiles. Readings were taken
to the nearest 1.0 foot (0.3 meter) horizontally and 0.1 foot (0.03 meter)
vertically. Occasionally it was necessary to move the level, so care was
taken to document the elevation and new location.

b. Survey Frequency. The distributions of the profile line measurements
by year and season and by month and season are shown in Figures 10 and 11,
respectively. Each season is represented by at least one survey with autum
and winter being the seasons of the least and most surveys, respectively.

Survey data were recorded in field notebooks. Range and elevation were
computed by the note manin the field and then doublechecked by another member
of the survey team. The detailed procedures for transcribing coding forms
for computer processing are given in DeWall (1979, p. 15). All data were
meticulously hand checked, and spurious points were either corrected or dis-
carded. Profile data are shown in tabulated form in Appendix B.

c. Profile Analysis. Surveys of profile lines were analyzed by CERC
and computer plots were generated for (1) change in MSL shoreline intercept
(App. C), (2) above MSL change in unit volume between surveys (App. D), and
(3) profile envelopes (App. E). Changes in the MSL intercept position
were referred to the MSL position on the first survey of the study.

Volume changes were referred to the mean above MSL volume over the study
period. The distance-elevation coordinates of the MSL contour intercept
with the initial survey on each profile line are defined as the origin of
a coordinate system to which all subsequent surveys are referred. Nega-
tive distances indicate stations landward of the MSL intercept with the
initial profile; positive distances indicate seaward stations.

The cross-sectional area of each profile was computed and bounded by
three coordinate lines: (1) a vertical line projected from the landwardmost
distance common to all surveys on a given profile line, (2) a horizontal
line at the MSL elevation, and (3) the surveyed profile. The calculation was
accomplished by summing 30.0-centimeter horizontal slices through the area
from the highest elevation to MSL. The area change was then computed by sub-
tracting the previous profile area from the measured profile area (Fig. 12).
Note that the change in area (and volume) is referred to the previous survey
and not the original survey. Cross-sectional areas were computed in square
feet and then converted to unit volume in cubic meters per meter of shoreline.

Appendix E provides a profile envelope for each profile line. Each plot
shows two lines drawn through the upper and lower extremes of the surveyed
sand elevations on each profile line. The envelope of extremes contains
points from different surveys, rather than trace a particular eroded or
accreted profile found during one survey. This profile "sweep zone" is use-
ful for designing the required depth of footings for coastal structures,
burial depth for pipelines, and for other beach protection or improvement
considerations.

The temporal and spatial variability of each profile was also evaluated
using empirical eigenfunction analysis. This technique has been used in a

25

ith

hn

ac acl

Year

Figure 10. Frequency distribution of profile line surveys
by year and season.

100

80-4

o
fo}

No. of Surveys

h
fe}

20

th

|
ev

taal
a

| Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn |

Figure 11. Frequency distribution of profile line surveys
by month and season.

26

SURVEY A

SURVEY B

MSL- SHORELIN
CHANGE

SUBAERIAL UNIT Cross- Sectional - | Unit Distance
VOLUME = Area Change x Parallel to
CHANGE Between Surveys AandB Shore

(m*/m) (m?) (1 m/m)

Figure 12. Definition of MSL shoreline change and above
MSL unit volume change (from DeWall, 1979).

27

variety of scientific disciplines for many years (Lorenz, 1959), but it has
only recently been applied to examining variability within the coastal zone.
When applied to analysis of a profile line resurveyed over a period of time,
the method is useful in determining the topographic variability in the onshore-
offshore direction and in time. A comparison of the eigenfunctions of a series
of profiles is useful in determining the longshore variability. The technique
has been applied to studies on beaches, islands, and other coastal and bathy-
metric features on both the Atlantic and ‘Pacific coasts (Winant, Inman, and
Nordstrom, 1975; Vincent, et al., 1976; Resio, et al., 1977; Aubrey, 1979).

The objective of eigenfunction analysis is to separate the temporal and
spatial dependence of the data set so that it can be represented as a linear
combination of corresponding functions of time and space (Winant, Inman, and
Nordstrom, 1975). This helps identify processes responsible for profile line
changes, assists in evaluation of their relative importance, and aids the
identification of specific events.

The shape of a single profile line changes between measurements in response
to the many processes (e.g., waves, wind, water level, etc.) active on the beach.
A careful evaluation of the profile line measured frequently over time may
reveal systematic changes in its shape. Regular seasonal changes in profile
area, for instance, were obvious on west coast beaches before being
quantitatively confirmed by empirical eigenfunction analysis (Shepard, 1963;
Aubrey, 1979). Along a single profile line, zones of maximum variation are
to be expected in the region of maximum wave energy dissipation. This has
also been confirmed by empirical eigenfunctions on west coast beaches (Aubrey,
1979). However, the technique does not explain the physical reason for the
variability. In the case of beach profiles, the sand is moved in response
to wave forcing in a manner which is assumed to be deterministic, or at least
statistically predictable. It is hoped that since the wave forcing provides
most of the variability, the eigenfunctions will reflect this mechanism. By
examining the temporal structure of the beach eigenfunctions along with spatial
structure, the decision can be made as to whether, in fact, the eigenfunctions
represent some physically meaningful process. This has been shown to be the
case in nearshore profile studies (Aubrey, 1979).

Profiles obtained during the BEP do not extend beyond about the -0.61-meter
MSL shoreline. For that reason, beach variability associated with sediment
motion and seasonal sand storage in the offshore zone, below MSL, are not
included in the study and impose a limitation in the method of analysis. It
is known that the breaker zone and nearshore are regions of active transport
both onshore-offshore and alongshore. Offshore bars act as periodic storage
areas for sand that is later supplied to the beach under favorable wave condi-
tions. The time periods and detailed response of these regions cannot be
determined from the available data.

IV. RESULTS
1. Temporal Variability.
a. Long-Term Changes. The long-term erosion rates along Holden Beach
have been studied by several investigators who compared the shoreline posi-

tions on historical maps and sequences of aerial photos. The net erosion
along the east end of the island (beginning between profile lines 3 and 4)

28

from 1932 to 1970 is shown in Figure 13. This is the highest rate of
erosion in Brunswick County, averaging about 4.5 meters per year from 1943
to 1970. Erosion rates over the rest of the island have been quite vari-
able in time (Fig. 14). The shoreline of the eastern reach exhibited a
recession rate of about 0.71 meter per year from 1942 to 1970. Langfelder,
Stafford, and Amein (1968) and Langfelder, et al. (1974) used aerial photos
to determine the recession of the high water line as well as the dune line.
The erosion rate of both lines has been nearly the same since 1957 and
approximately parallels the slope of the recession determined by U.S. Army
Engineer District, Wilmington (1973). All three studies indicate a marked
change in the rate of erosion after the early 1960's. The positive slope

of the high water line during the latter years of the study indicate a sea-
ward growth of 0.66 meter per year (broken line, Langfelder, et al., 1974)
and 0.30 meter per year (solid line). A more recent study (Wahls, 1973)
estimated the composite erosion rate (from Shallotte Inlet to Lockwoods Folly
Inlet) of the dunes and shoreline as 0.6 and 1.5 meters per year from 1938
to 1972. The interval from 1966 to 1972, however, shows accretion of the dune
and shoreline at annual rates of 1.71 and 0.15 meter per year, respectively.

The long-term erosion rate determined by aerial photo analysis of the
southern North Carolina shoreline is presently being studied. Specific methods
and expected reliability of the estimates obtained by the analysis are explained
in Dolan, et al. (1979, 1980).

The erosion rate during the BEP study period was estimated from measured
changes in above MSL volume and MSL shoreline position. Holden Beach was
divided into three reaches, each similar in response to processes and in
the degree of variability shown by the plots of volume and MSL intercept
change (Apps. C and D, respectively). The three reaches are Lockwoods Folly
(profile lines 1, 2, and 3), central (profile lines 4 to 18), and Shallotte
(profile lines 19, 20, and 21).

Plots of the change in MSL intercept and above MSL sand volume with each
successive measurement (Apps. C and D) give a qualitative indication of the
temporal variability of each profile line. Superposition of plots shows many
instances during which changes are of opposite sign, even at adjacent profile
lines, suggesting that spatial variability is also quite large. Linear regres-
sion analysis was used to evaluate the trends in shoreline position and volume
with slopes for each profile line given in Table 3. Though a trend could be
estabilished in each case, the coefficient of determination

R2 su R _ sum_of squares due to regression
SS total sum of squares (corrected for mean)

was significant at the 95-percent level in only six of the profile lines along
the central reach, indicated in Table 3. The proportion of total variation
about the mean explained by linear regression is not significant at the 95-
percent confidence level for the remaining profile lines.

The annual rates of change predicted by the regression lines of MSL posi-
tion and unit volume are generally more extreme near the inlets than along the
central reach. Since profile lines are almost evenly spaced along the beach,
changes may be estimated by averaging the parameter of interest along the
selected reach. The generalizations developed by this method should be applied

Ae)

P= N [igh Woter tine |
nl

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Year

Figure 13. Cumulative change in high water line position east
of profile line 4 (U.S. Army Engineer District,
Wilmington, 1973).

=
— es
—-

1974)

SoU el aa
fide Ae Mite te
con ae
(Langfelder, et al., 1974) Wo
ee a NC Ge]
Leaneseie eee |
[aboot Pua or]

Cumulative Change (ft)

oan ee
wae

N

-80
-90
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Year

Figure 14. Comparison of cumulative change in position of
high water line and dune line west of profile
line 4 from aerial photo analysis (U.S. Army
Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973). Solid
line from Corps of Engineers study.

30

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only to the central reach, since bars and shoals develop near the inlets and
beach nourishment operations greatly complicate the wave and transport regime
along those reaches and invalidate the uniformity assumed along the central
part of the island. Regression analysis indicates that the MSL shoreline is
advancing seaward at slightly greater than 1 meter per year while the above
MSL volume is decreasing by nearly 0.5 cubic meter per meter per year. A
more thorough sand budget than can be developed from these data would be re-
quired to confirm whether the MSL position is growing at the expense of the
volume or by addition of sand from a source external from the island. If

the former is the case, however, the beach may be getting flatter, a condition
that has implications for coastal flooding.

The changes in above MSL volume and in the MSL intercept for each survey
period are averaged by reach in Tables 4 and 5. The standard deviation about
the mean is also shown to identify periods when erosion or accretion was
ubiquitous. The averaging process eliminates the variability between adja-
cent profile lines which may be caused by measuring across a migrating coastal
feature such as a cusp, rip channel, or sandbar. The presence of these can
be determined by spacing profile lines more closely than the length scale of
the feature itself. The changes in shoreline position and volume were deter-
mined on an annual basis by summing the changes for each year. The result is
the same as subtracting the shoreline position or volume from its value the
previous year. The beginning date of 14 December 1970 and ending date of
3 December 1974 allowed computation of 4 complete years with comparable (within
several days) annual intervals. This method yields annual rates of change of
+0.15 meter per year and -4.81 cubic meters per meter per year for MSL inter-
cept and volume, respectively. The slope of the first temporal eigenfunction
(mean retained) provides another method of determining whether the measured
beach profile is gaining or losing volume (Aubrey, 1979). There was no measur-
able slope in this parameter for any of the profile lines along the central
reach indicating that the trend, if any, is not significant over the study
period.

The annual spatial variation in the position of the MSL intercept is shown
relative to the 4-year mean MSL intercept for that profile line in Figure
15. The horizontal line represents the long-term (Nov. 1970-Dec. 1974)
mean position of the MSL intercept measured from the reference monument.
The circles are the annual mean, MSL position for each profile line for
the year indicated (January to December), and the vertical bar represents
one standard deviation in the annual fluctuation. The diagram is arranged
from the perspective of an observer at sea looking shoreward. Lockwoods
Folly Inlet and profile line 1 are, therefore, to the right. Increases
in distance to the MSL shoreline (over the long-term mean) are indicated
in the usual sense by the mark above the line. Only the central reach was
analyzed in this way because of the extreme variability of the inlet
reaches. The sum of the annual means does not exactly equal zero because
the long-term mean included profile line measurements taken in November
and December 1970. The horizontal line provides a useful reference to
compare the annual movement in MSL position. Profile line measurements
were evenly distributed during each of the years so no single year biased
the long-term mean.

Most of the annual means fall within one standard deviation of the long-
term mean. The only exceptions are profile lines 13 (1972) and 4 (1974),

ge

Table 4. Change in above MSL sand volume (m3/m) averaged
over each reach between the dates indicated.

Survey date

Lockwoods Foll Shallotte

Before Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev.

6.38
11.87

aad
cf

20.77
54.83

=

i)

8
9
8
0
7
9
1
6
4
3

Tpeach nourishment at profile line 2 during interval.

Profile line 11 missing.

2
3profile lines 1] and 17 missing.
4

Profile line 17 missing.

33

Table 5. Change in position of MSL intercept (m) averaged over
each reach between the dates indicated.

Before

om w e
WERAKOUDDMwLD

.
UnMNOW@MWwW
UNNeK DUE

&

3.
3
3
7
7.
7
6
3
4

uw

Profile line 21 missing.
Profile line 11 missing.
Profile line 17 missing.

34

Distance (m)

o
Sat
Q
=]
iz)
@
2)
-I0 —
Ee -15
= ©
s
2 5 IS
-10 10
-15 1974 5 0
ai
o§
°o
oO
5 -
3
-10
-15
(a
NM BMS BI w GB Bow Rw WO 8) Bier 89S 4 SB 2 f
q Shallotte } ; : Lockwoods —»
rare Profile line No. Folly Inlet

Figure 15. Displacement distance and standard deviation of annual
mean, MSL intercept from long-term mean (Nov. 1970-Dec.
1974), MSL intercept at each profile line (1971-74).

35

both of which show large increases in MSL distance. There is no obvious
reason for these radical departures from the long-term mean.

The year 1971 shows a general landward migration of the mean, MSL
intercept with increases only at profile lines 8 and 18. During 1972, the
mean MSL was more variable, with recession along the eastern half of the
island (profile line 9 excepted) and both gains and losses on the western
half. The annual mean during 1973 was very near the long-term mean while
1974 shows a marked increase in the MSL shoreline at almost all profile
lines.

b. Seasonal Changes. Beaches on the west coast undergo seasonal cycles
in response to changing wave and storm conditions with profile shapes char-
acteristic of the summer and winter season. Studies of beach shape have
shown that the 'winter profile'' has almost no berm since steep waves shift
the sand offshore to form a series of sandbars parallel to shore. ‘The
"summer profile" is characterized by a wide berm and by a smooth offshore
profile with no bars except, possibly, in deep water. These seasonal pro-
file shapes are more characteristic of storm and recovery cycles on east
coast beaches (Komar, 1976). The length of the Holden Beach profile lines
is not sufficient to show offshore sandbars. Seasonal cycles in MSL inter-
cept and above MSL sand volume have been shown on east coast beaches (Goldsmith,
Farrell, and Goldsmith, 1974; Everts and Czerniak, 1977; DeWall, Pritchett, and
Galvin, 1977; DeWall, 1979; Everts, DeWall, and Czerniak, 1980).

The seasonal cycle is evident in the above MSL sand volume change
averaged across the central reach (Fig. 16). The amount of erosion or
accretion for each year was obtained by summing the volume change for the
dates and years indicated and averaging these seasonal values for profile
lines 4 through 18. This analysis shows that sand is removed from the
beach, either toward the inlets or to below MSL, during the autumn and win-
ter and replaced during spring and summer. The direction and degree of

motion, whether longshore or onshore-offshore, were not determined from
these data.

EROSION ACCRETION

- 9 Mar. 1971 Winter
- 20 Mari972
- 15 Mar.j973

5 Dec.- 4 Mar.1974

Spring 9 Mar.- 7 Junel97I
20 Mar.- 9 Junel972
1S Mar. ~ 14 June i973

4 Mar.~ 30 May I974

Summer 7 June ~ 31 Aug. 1971
9 June - 29 Sept. 1972

14 June - 8 Oct. 1973
30 May - 30 Sept.1974

31 Aug. 14 Dec. 197! Autumn
29 Sept.- 11 Dec 1972

[] 8 oct.-5 dec. 1973 .
30 Sept.- 3 Oec.1974

MSL. UNIT VOLUME CHANGE (m¥/m)

Figure 16. Seasonal changes in above MSL volume
averaged over the central reach.

36

Empirical eigenfunction analysis has been used successfully to show
seasonal trends from beach profile data collected at Torrey Pines Beach,
California (Aubrey, 1979). A similar analysis applied to the Holden Beach
data set indicates a clear seasonal cycle in the first temporal demeaned
eigenfunction for only four (profile lines 8, 10, 12,and 16) of the pro-

file) dine's) «(Figs 17).

Profile
oo4line 16 .

Profile
00T1ine 12

Profile ES
907 1ine 10

NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Figure 17. Seasonal trend in selected beach profiles, shown
by the first temporal eigenfunction with the

mean removed.

c. Short-Term Changes.

(1) Dredging Operations. The Wilmington District has performed
maintenance dredging along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) for
a number of years. Holden Beach residents speculated that continued dredg-
ing in the Lockwoods Folly channel exacerbated the already severe erosion
problem at that end of the island. They argued that disposal of the mate-
rial on the mainland shore removed a source of sand which, under certain
conditions, protected or even nourished the island beach, so since 1967
the dredged material has been deposited along the east end of Holden Beach.
Dredging operations with material being pumped across the island and depos—
ited near profile line 2 are shown in the 1971 aerial photo in Figure 2. _

Dredging records are incomplete for the BEP study period. Table 6
provides dredging dates with the available volumes either given or estimated.
There were other reported dredging periods when material was not deposited

on Holden Beach.

37

Table 6. Dredging record at Lockwoods Folly Inlet during
BEP study.

Dredging period Annual volume
(m3)

las shown in August 1971 aerial photo (Fig. 2).
Baer ooed based on dredging rate of 1,530 cubic meters per day.
Annual volume from two contracts.

The results of the beach fill are evident in the volume and MSL
intercept changes observed at profile line 2 (Apps. C and D), and also in
the averaged beach changes along the Lockwoods Folly reach (Tables 4 and
5). The effect of the fill appears to be temporary since the mean change
in Lockwoods Folly reach is a loss except during nourishment periods.

A series of 16 sandbag groins, placed along the east end of the
island in December 1972, were monitored approximately monthly until July
1974, using beach profile measurements and aerial photos (Machemehl, 1977).
Evidence indicates the program did little to retard erosion. There was no
sign of the groins along the beach in October 1980.

(2) Storms. A tabulation of storms revealed that 71 hurricanes
which may have affected the study area occurred along the southern North
Carolina coast from 1804 to 1971, an average of 1 hurricane every 2.4
years (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973). Complete records
of coastal impacts do not exist for the earlier storms. Hurricane Hazel,
which occurred in October. 1954, has been identified as the "most destruc-—
tive and damaging storm that’ has struck the North Carolina coast in over
50 years'"' (U.S Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973, p. A-17). The
storm made landfall near the North Carolina-South Carolina State line and
caused a storm surge of 4.6 meters above MSL or 2.1 meters above the aver-
age topographic elevation of the barrier island masses. Damages to Long
Beach, Holden Beach, and Ocean Isle Beach were estimated in 1954 at
$8.76 million (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).

East coast storms which may have affected the BEP study period
are given in Table 7. The wind events were selected from observations
at Wilmington, North Carolina (Fig. 1), and represent periods when the
recorded velocity was greater than 10 meters per second for 4 consecutive
hours. Water level records, available for most of the study period, were
also taken at Wilmington. The 27 storms caused a net loss of sand volume
over the central reach. It is evident that not all of the storms caused

38

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erosion. There was a net gain in sand volume over each of the inlet reaches
during these storm periods.

High water levels and wind-generated waves combine to cause beach
erosion. Holden Beach, exposed southward and partially protected from the
southeast by Frying Pan Shoals, is not affected by northeast storms as much
as the other parts of the coast exposed eastward. However, high water
levels and strong winds from the southwest-to-southeast direction can be
expected to cause erosion.

Ten erosion or accretion events were selected from 14 events iden-
tified (6 erosion and 8 accretion) for close study in an attempt to dis-
tinguish the conditions which cause erosion from those associated with
accretion. The criterion for selection was that the standard deviation of
the volume change along the central reach was less than the mean during that
interval. Two of each event occurred during identified storm periods
(Table 7, footnote 3). The events are presented in order of the greatest
net volume loss and gain.

(a) 30 September-3 December 1974. The most severe erosion event
of the entire study period was recorded during the last survey of the pro-
gram. A sand loss was recorded at all profile lines except for profile
line 3, with a maximum loss at profile line 2 (-42.7 cubic meters per meter).
Maximum and minimum losses in the central reach were -21.42 and -8.03 cubic
meters per meter calculated at profile lines 14 and 4, respectively. The
wind record during the interval (Fig. 18) showed no unusual events to
account for such a change, and no visual wave observations or sea level
data were available to document conditions during the interval.

(b) 14 January-8 February 1971. Wind conditions and relative

water levels recorded at Wilmington are shown in Figure 19; visual wave
observations are given in Table 8. This interval had strong winds occur
about 27 January offshore with a strong longshore component to the east.
The highest water level during the interval occurred just before this date.
No unusual conditions were indicated in wave observations, which were avail-
able for only about 30 percent of the time early in the interval. Erosion
was general along the central reach with a maximum and minimum of —17.83
and -5.46 cubic meters per meter at profile lines 7 and 8, respectively.
This observation at adjacent profile lines emphasizes the longshore vari-
ability in erosion. Observed conditions during this erosion period did

not appear to be substantially different from those during periods of accre-.,
tion, which suggests that water level and wind conditions measured at
Wilmington are not well correlated with changes at Holden Beach.

(c) _29 September-1l December 1972. No storms or particular events

during this interval appeared solely responsible for the erosion (Fig. 20).
However, several wind events were persistent for several days, and these

can be visually correlated with higher water levels. Onshore winds occurred
19-22 November and again 25-28 November; such winds may pile water against
the coast to produce high water levels and generate local waves which cause
erosion. Erosion during this interval resulted in a sand loss ranging

from -14.2 to -1.8 cubic meters per meter at profile lines 9 and 5, respec-
tively. During the same interval, both inlet reaches experienced a net
gain in sand volume.

40

18 E
Y 5
E
a 2 aa Y Y V
: MY
o y
> S
= Survey

-12

5 30 | 5 10 15
Sept. 1974 Oct. 1974

18
2
E 5
i ’,
a Q WP eI Rs of YU =
o id TI
o / )
(S)
Zz S
=

18

20 oct.19742° 507m! > Nov. 1974

O
~
E
(ja)
lu
uJ
a
(op)
(ja)
Zz
=

20 ZS) |) \ 30

Na

1@)

5
Nov. 1974 'Dec.1974 >

Figure 18. Wind velocity recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina,

between 30 September-3 December 1974.

4

20

: Vda Las <= ns
eo Ul TTT A
: ail mr" AVACVOURVCNTUULTIVVOT

Figure 19. Wind velocity and water level during erosion event
recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, between

survey dates 14 January-8 February 1971.

Visual wave observations of erosion and accretion
events at Holden Beach during BEP study.

Table 8.

Wave direction aroe Energy flux toward

90° 108° Pct
Offshore | Calm Rees (right) Onshore West East complete

Erosion

30 Sept.- 3 Dec. 1974!

14 Jan. - 8 Feb. 1971 0.29

29 Sept.-11 Dec. 1972 64

28 Mar. -13 Apr. 1973 100

9 June -25 June 1972 81
Accretion

12 Nov. -14 Dec. 1970!

13 Apr. -14 June 1970 90

13 Apr. - 9 June 1972 91

5 Aug. -29 Sept.1972 64

15 June -12 July 1973 97

No visual wave data.

42

yaaa

nya ETCH ry

" Lan Hn a

oT TTT

Sone it
Nov. 1972

Z
Q
25 5
10 Oct.
Ss
o
=
E 8
a
Wi
WW
a 5
a
Zz
=

ap “te Mi mn

DAVEY UUVEVT TUT AVIVA TVVTT

ey Nov.1972 a 4

Figure 20. Wind velocity an lev rded at Wilmington,
Nor

ty,
h Carolina, 58 Pas ept ee a RSs ember 1972.

43

(d) 28 March-13 April 1973 and 9-25 June 1972. Wind and water

level records for the remaining two erosion periods are shown in Figures

21 and 22. Both intervals showed instances of relatively strong onshore
winds combined with high water levels. Both also exhibited strong longshore
winds which may be instrumental in developing obliquely incident waves or
wind-driven currents which increased littoral transport.

(e) 14 November-14 December 1970. The largest mean increase in
volume occurred along the central reach during this interval. Winds were
mainly onshore but never severe (Fig. 23). The strongest winds (about 7.6
meters per second) occurred from the north on 25 November during a period of
low water level. The highest water during the interval occurred about
30 November to 1 December during light and variable winds. The increase in
sand volume along the central reach was general during the interval with
maximum and minimum of 17.6 and 1.1 cubic meters per meter at profile lines
7 and 17, respectively. In spite of the large net gain, profile lines 1
and 2 experienced a loss of sand.

+ AMUN

Figure 21. Wind velocity and water level recorded
at Wilmington, North Carolina, 28 March-
13 April 1973.

44

H m)

= {ible

il VT ll WUT y

June 1972

Figure 22. Wind velocity and water level recorded
at Wilmington, North ReLeee 9-25 June
USES

PEED (m/s)

LANA

VT Tay TTT FAVYOCV THAIN VUE AVAT TT yyy

Figure 23. Wind velocity and wate ae ecorded at Wilmington,
North Carolina, 12 Nove see - wh December 1970.

45

(f) 13 April-14 Jume 1973. Winds during almost the entire inter-
val were onshore with several instances of strong winds and high water
levels (Fig. 24), which occurred 27 April and again 28 May (Table 7). Dur-
ing other periods, however, strong onshore winds were associated with rela-
tively low water. The 10 days before the final survey showed steady onshore
winds at a maximum of 3.5 meters per second. Accretion was general along
the central reach except at profile lines 15 and 18 which showed slight
volume losses. The maximum gain of 19.0 cubic meters per meter occurred
at profile line 4.

(g) 13 April-9 June 1972. Onshore winds occurred during most of
the interval with strong offshore winds occurring about 26 May (Fig. 25).
Water levels were high during strong onshore winds 14 May, but for 5 of the
7 days before the final survey, water was low and onshore winds were gentle.
Maximum and minimum volume changes were 19.7 and -4.1 at profile lines 17
and 5, respectively. Erosion was general along the Shallotte reach.

(_h) 5 August-29 September 1972 and 14 Jume-12 July 1973. The remain-

ing two accretion periods showed light onshore or variable winds during
several days before the final survey (Figs. 26 and 27).

2. Spatial Variability.

Shoreline and volume changes along Holden Beach occur much more rapidly
and to a greater degree in the inlet reaches than along the central reach
(Tables 4 and 5). The variability is apparently associated with the flow
and transport processes through the inlet. Systematic migrating wavelike
features were inferred by Everts, DeWall, and Czerniak (1980) to exist along
Ludlam Beach, New Jersey. These features, observed from a 10-year record of
beach profile measurements, apparently remain intact near inlets and while
traversing groin fields. The presence of migrating topography on Holden
Beach was tested using the method of these authors. The results were
negative. It is possible that migrating features exist but are trans-
parent on an annual time scale.

Changes in the MSL shoreline position, compared by successive surveys
(Fig. 28), suggest migrating features during several surveys (e.g., 15
Feb.-28 Mar. 1972, etc.). The effects of dredge fill on the MSL shoreline
change are clearly shown in the 8 February 1971, 31 September 1971, and
29 September 1972 measurements. Dates along the right of Figure 28 are
those of the later survey used to determine the change. The observed
features, if real, may have been caused by migrating rhythmic topography
Such as sandbars or cusps. Migration rates varied from 17 to 30 meters
per day.

The mean beach slope measured at MSL along Holden Beach increases
westward along the central reach from a value of 1:30 at profile line 5
to 1:20 at profile line 14 (Fig. 29). Though the difference is not great,
in the absolute sense, it is statistically significant (at t level)
and reflects alongshore differences in beach conditions. These differ-
ences could be caused by varying energy, possibly due to wave alterations
over bathymetric features not seen in this study or by inlet modification.
Longshore grain-size information was not available to test for systematic

46

maa i cr

TY Ty VV TV WV

z it Nn

ood WIVTTIVITTVT a ETT ETT ATTTTT VT ETTT CTV T TOTTI AAT

Figure 24. Wi i velocity and water level rded at Wilmington,

North Carolina, 13 Apri i 14 June “1973.

47

= ii al ?

= PAVAACVVAGRANVVUHREURAATRIRECAVHVGHAVRRVVGWIRUTTATIT

" i

100 STM HOVTV YTV vv VN Nae HiT]

Survey

eile SSAA 0 ii PE
S May i972, Ba = a ° une 1972 ‘
Fig 25 Wind locity and water level recorded Wilming
rth Carolina, 13 April-9 June 1972.

N
10
qe
E
a
fry} )
a
no
a
= S
>
18

ae iy ETA nT

ei LEAL TIT TTY]

WwW
E
a
=
5 10 15 25 30
A

10 ug. 1972
Q 5 ;
E
a Q
Ww
a
w
BB
=

18

Survey

20

= Se Mul

E00 1 IAMIUPAVCOURAATT ERRATA

ure 26. 2 nd v elo ae and wa levei recorded at

ilmingto rth Ca ate 5 August
Bs Sept EAepe ae

EF

EED (m/s)

a
72) Ss
fa)

enone

elit AT

Figure 27. Wind velocity and water level recorded at
Wilmington, North Car ein Tene
12 July 1973.

ey 12/03/74
_~— — ee SCs: 330/74
ae ee enn | EIB TD

5/30/74
iS OREN, Ca FA eee Se TR UN ee
OS ee ae 3/04/74
—_—_—_—_”: \XnkseKrrreecrrrr 2/04/74
Ol SS 1/07/74
NN Sees 12/05/72

10/08/72

rs
[o) rT. nee 4/12/72
Hw
aw ee Srna 3/28/72
4 ee ee ee eee lonee
iS) SX r—__— 2/15/72
ee 1/15/73
a ——_——— rm _’) _—vO DOr ae, 12/11/72
= 9°29/72
2S ee HE
= a a a 6/25/72
Q GAD TZ
Zz Ce 4/13/72
= — 00 O00 eee eee 3/20/72
=) -_-erereeoooro 2/08/72
Sr Se en EE 1/03/72
ee 12/14/71
eee SS ee 871
8/09/71
pe Ss Ee PE eS ee) A Ee en es NE OY
a ee ee ee ee ee BOT
Eee ee SE SE ee ODI
09/71
-102 2/08/71
a “1/14/71
o Q 12/14/70
P=)
F
+1 68

Zale Oe ORS See loan G lS spe) 4913 pel Z ip lee Oa o. Say TG Sema ese Zen

ED,
Shallotte Profile Line No. Lockwoods
— Inlet Folly Inlet

Figure 28. Change in MSL intercept along Holden Beach on successive
survey dates. Perspective is that of observer looking
northward from offshore. Increase in MSL position is sea-
ward.

5!

O12
Ol
0.10

0.09
0.08

0.07

e
°
8

°
(eo)
a

0.04

Slope at MS

0.03

0.02

0.01

Als: ZO. i) ey TS BB 1 las To "Oo B76 SS & ss 2 |
<q Shallotte

Lockwoods Folly_y»

Profile line No.
Inlet

Figure 29. Beach foreshore slope averaged over the study period.
Vertical lines are one standard deviation below the mean.
Linear trend is the regression, by eye, of the means
along the central reach.

52

variations in that parameter. The slopes of profile lines nearest the two
inlet throats (profile lines 1 and 21) show the greatest slope of the study
area. The mean slopes at profile lines 2 and 3 have been artificially
altered by the beach fill operation.

V. DISCUSSION

1. Profile Changes.

Holden Beach, exposed toward the south and partially protected from
large waves from the east by Frying Pan Shoals, is spared the severe ero-
sion caused by east and northeast storms, which arrive along the North
Carolina coast mainly during the autumn and winter months. These storms
remove large amounts of sand from beaches along the Outer Banks and those
shorelines exposed toward the east.

The relative position of the annual mean, MSL intercept (Fig. 15) re-
flects the number of storm occurrences during the year of measurement
(Table 7). The erosion observed over 1971 took place during the year with
the largest number of identified storm events, while the increase in MSL
intercept over 1974 is correlated with the fewest storms. Changes in sand
volume and MSL intercept show extreme variability along the three profile
lines comprising each inlet reach, but both have resulted in considerable
increases. The limit of significant influence of the inlets, if such exists,
has not been determined by these studies. The selection of the inlet reaches,
however, provides a convenient separation point based on demonstrated vari-
ability. These two measurements are also quite variable along the central
reach, but regression analysis and evaluation of the annual change show the
MSL position to be extending seaward while the volume decreases. The total
annual loss in volume along the central reach (rate of volume change times
total length) is approximately balanced by the gains at the two inlet reaches.
A similar computation using the regression estimates indicates the volume
gains at the inlets are each 3 to 4 times greater than the loss along the cen-
tral reach. The island appears to be gaining sand volume at the ends while
losing volume along the center. The MSL intercept is also progressing sea-
ward more rapidly at the inlet areas. Plots of the actual beach profiles
were compared for 14 December 1970 and 4 December 1974. Though possibly not
indicative of the entire 4-year span, each set of measurements was taken
after a storm (Birkemeier, 1979) so the general beach condition may be compar-
able. The earlier profiles were characterized by steep foreshore slopes and
a backshore area that was convex upward. This was backed by the coastal
dune, present in both surveys. The 4 December 1974 profiles showed an off-
shore bar along most of the central reach with a backshore concave upward, a
condition more typical of the storm profile. A considerable volume of sand
was removed above MSL and deposited in the offshore bar while the MSL inter-
cept was extended seaward. The actual volume change at the -0.9-meter MSL
datum appears to be very small, but the beach face was considerably lowered
and extended. If the long-term change in the central reach is toward a lower
backshore and extended foreshore, the island may be developing a greater sus—
ceptibility to dune erosion by direct wave attack during a storm accompanied
by high water and large waves. Future studies of beach volume changes should
extend farther into the offshore zone to measure the storage of sand in bars.
The rates of change of both MSL intercept and above MSL volume measured here

53

are small compared to the short-term variability so the direction of the
trend, if any, is not clearly shown by this data set. A longer record
may be necessary to establish a convincing trend.

The seasonal nature of the above MSL volume was shown in Figure 16. The
material removed from the beach during the autumn and winter is apparently
replaced (or nearly so) during spring and summer. Extending the profile lines
below MSL would allow determination of the offshore changes which have been
shown to be important in the beach process. It is possible that the volume
change of an extended profile line measured relative to some below MSL datum
would be zero if material removed from the beach is stored in the offshore
within the range of profile line measurement. Empirical eigenfunction anal-
ysis is very useful in showing the regions where changes in beach shape take
place. Aubrey (1979) demonstrated that the second temporal eigenfunction
showed removal of beach material from onshore and storage in the offshore
zone at Torrey Pines Beach. Unless profile line measurements are taken with
the method of analysis in mind, it is only fortuitous that a "higher order"
analysis technique, which is more powerful and sophisticated, will provide
additional insights. The application of empirical eigenfunctions to the
Torrey Pines data was fruitful because the study was designed, in part, to
develop and test the method. Empirical eigenfunctions did not provide in-
sights into Holden Beach processes that were not available through more
traditional and straightforward analysis methods, but the reasons may be due
more to the limitations of the data than to the technique. Though not use-
ful fer the Holden Beach data, there are indications that empirical eigen-
functions will be helpful in the interpretation of temporal and spatial vari-
ability of other data in this series.

The results of this study suggest that Holden Beach has at least three
separate systems to be investigated and interrelated in order to understand
processes, such as differences in response to environmental forces (erosion
rates, variability of profile changes, and mean slopes) along the beach.
These are the Lockwoods Folly reach (profile lines 1 through 3) the central
reach (profile lines 4 through 18) and the Shallotte reach (profile lines 19
through 21). Refraction of waves around shoal area, strong tidal currents,
and shifting channels near inlet reaches require special, localized
observations.

Changes observed along-the central reach were visually correlated with
wind and water level records taken at Wilmington. These correlations were
not altogether satisfactory because of the location of Wilmington relative
to Holden Beach; direct wind and water level observations at the site would
have shown a more reliable correlation with beach changes.

The identified erosion events were fairly well correlated with high
water levels and strong winds during an observation period. The conditions
which cause accretion, however, are not easily identified since high water
levels and strong onshore winds occurred during these intervals as well.
Accretion events seemed to be correlated with gentle onshore winds occur-
ring for several days before the survey (Figs. 23 to 27). Profile line
measurements must be taken more frequently in order to isolate the effects
of individual events.

54

Investigations have shown that considerable beach changes occur below
MSL, in and beyond the breaker zone. Sand observed on the upper parts of
the beach during summer months may be removed and stored in offshore sand-
bars or transported alongshore during the stormier periods. Material
appears to be removed from Holden Beach on a seasonal cycle; however, dur-
ing the 4-year period, more was returned to the beach than was removed.

The fate of the material lost is uncertain. Direct visual observations of
waves during the study period indicate transport from east to west is two

to three times greater than from west to east, a direction in opposition

to that reported from Long Beach and Yaupon Beach (U.S. Army Engineer District,
Wilmington, 1973). The transport from Long Beach and Yaupon Beach was based
on a wave refraction analysis which systematically eliminated waves from

the east and southeast. The remaining waves caused eastward littoral drift.
The Holden Beach estimate, though based on once-daily visual observations,
is not complete for the entire period. It is quite possible for large waves
from one direction for a single day to overcome the estimated transport of
smaller waves for several days. The importance of complete, frequent, and
accurate wave observations, which include period, height, and breaker angle,
cannot be overestimated for making predictions of transport direction and
rate.

2. Civil Engineering Implications.

Before 1973, the east end of Holden Beach was identified as having the
highest erosion rate of any beach area in Brunswick County. This severe
condition damaged the end of a road and caused the removal of six houses
(U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973). The addition of fill
material at profile line 2 appears to have been effective in reducing the
erosion at the end of the island during the study period. At least 280 000
cubic meters of sand was added to the beach from 1970 to 1974. An increase
in sand volume is evident along the east end of the central reach, suggest-
ing that the fill was effective in nourishing that end of the island.

Currently, there are no shore protection structures along the beach
which interfere with the transport of sand. The sand loss along the central
reach during 1971 and 1974 was relatively great and contributed substantially
to the net 4-year loss in that zone which is evident in spite of the fact that
the study interval was more quiescent than the long-term mean. More thorough
Studies should be made before any engineered alterations of the beach in order
to resolve the ambiguity in littoral transport rates and direction.

The profile envelopes (App. E) show that the sweep zones of the beach
profiles measured at MSL are greatest in the inlet reaches, obtaining magni-
tudes of more than 3 meters at profile lines 2 and 21. Along the central
reach, however, the sweep zones are less than 1 meter. This vertical excur-
sion of the profile must be considered in the engineering design of pipelines
and other coastal structures. This study emphasizes the extreme variability
of beaches near inlets as opposed to those along unbroken beach segments.

Though washovers have not occurred along Holden Beach since Hurricane
Hazel, the central, low-lying part of the island, which is narrow, may become
more Subject to washovers during storms. Coastal modifications which exacer-
bate this condition must be avoided.

55

VI. SUMMARY

A total of 815 profile line surveys were taken at 21 locations along the
13.2-kilometer south-facing shoreline of Holden Beach, North Carolina, from
November 1970 to December 1974. The average width of the narrow barrier
island is 250 meters, terminated at the east and west end by Lockwoods Folly
and Shallotte Inlets, respectively. The profile lites along the beach were
evenly spaced with minimum and maximum distances of 565 and 638 meters.
Average spacing was 610 meters. This spacing was convenient for calculating
total beach sand volume changes since profile distances did not have to be
weighted. ;

The beach profile data were used to determine changes in above MSL sand
volume, changes in MSL shore, and profile envelopes. The parameters were
analyzed to determine beach changes during the survey period and those caused
by individual storms. Additional wave, wind and water level data were pro-
vided by visual observation, local wave gages, and from recording devices in
Wilmington, North Carolina. Fewer storms than average occurred during the study
period for this region, and recorded winds were more moderate.

The beach face was divided into three reaches, based upon the variability
of the profile line changes during the study period. The two inlet reaches
each contained three profile lines with the remainder in the central reach.
The beach slope at MSL along the central reach increased from a value of 1:30
at the east end to 1:17 at the west end. The MSL intercept averaged across
the central reach varied from +8.99 meters (9 June 1972) to -13.17 meters
(3 December 1974). Linear regression analysis indicates the MSL shoreline
is advancing at a rate of 1.18 meters per year while the above MSL volume is
decreasing at 0.44 cubic meter per meter per year. The direction of change
is supported by analysis on an annual basis though the rates are an order of
magnitude different; 0.15 meter per year and 4.8 cubic meters per meter per
year, respectively. These estimates should be treated with caution since
short term variability is quite large and the coefficient of determination
calculated for linear regression is small. Empirical eigenfunction analysis
applied to the data did not indicate other systematic modes of variability.

The profile lines in the inlet reaches showed the greatest variability
in all calculated parameters. The beach nourishment operation at profile
line 2 from 1971 to 1974 was intended to reduce the high erosion rate pre-
viously observed at the east end of the island. The approximately 280 000
cubic meters of sand placed on the beach during the study period contributed
to the net gains in volume and shoreline position along the Lockwoods Folly
reach and may have influenced the beach shape at the east end of the central
reach. The Shallotte reach showed even more substantial gains without the
benefit of artificial nourishment.

A seasonal trend was evident in the change in above MSL sand volume.
Losses occurred during the autumn and winter, and gains were measured during
spring and summer. Volume losses along the central reach were greater than
gains while the reverse was true for both inlet reaches. The visual wave
observations were not complete enough to calculate the magnitude of littoral
transport. Estimates of alongshore energy flux suggest, however, that the
westward transport is two to three times greater than the eastward transport.

56

LITERATURE CITED

AUBREY, D.G., "Seasonal Patterns of Onshore/Offshore Sediment Movement,”
Journal of Geophystcal Research, Vol. 84, No. C10, Oct. 1979, pp. 6347-
6354.

BAKER, S., "The Citizen's Guide to North Carolina's Shifting Inlets,"
UNC Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-77-08, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, N.C., Mar. 1977.

BAKER, S., "Storms, People and Property in Coastal North Carolina," UNC
Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-78-15, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, N.C., Aug. 1978.

BALSILLIE, J.H., "Surf Observations and Longshore Current Prediction,”
TM-58, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Nov. 1975.

BIRKEMEIER, W.A., "Beach Evaluation Program Storm Data Summary," U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir,
Va., unpublished, July 1979.

BOC, S.J., and LANGFELDER, J., "An Analysis of Beach Overwash Along North
Carolina's Coast," Report No. 77-9, Center for Marine and Coastal
Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1977.

BRUNO, R.O., and HIIPAKKA, L.W., "Littoral Environment Observation Pro-
gram in the State of Michigan," Proceedings of the 16th Conference on
Great Lakes Research, 1974, pp. 492-507 (also Reprint 4-74, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir,
Va., NTIS 777 706).

CARNEY, C.B., and HARDY, A.V., "North Carolina Hurricanes," Weather Bureau,
ESSA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1967.

CLEARY, W. J., and HOSIER, P.E., 'Geomorphology, Washover History, and
Inlet Zonation: Cape Lookout, NC to Bird Island, NC," Barrier Islands
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, S.P. Leatherman,
ed., Academic Press, New York, 1979, pp. 237-171.

DeWALL, A.E., "Beach Changes at Westhampton Beach, New York, 1962-73,"
MR 79-5, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1979.

DeWALL, A.E., PRITCHETT, P.C., and GALVIN, C.J., Jr., "Beach Changes Caused. by
The Atlantic Coast Storm of 17 December 1970," TP 77-1, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan. 1977,

DOLAN, R., et al., ‘The Reliability of Shoreline Change Measurements from
Aerial Photographs ,'' Shore and Beach, Vol. 48, No. 4, Oct. 1980, pp. 22-29.

DOLAN, R., et al., "Shoreline Erosion Rates Along the Middle Atlantic

Coast of the United States," Geology, Vol. 7, No. 12, Dec. 1979, pp.
602-606.

ONG

DRAPER, N.R., and SMITH, H., Applied Regresston Analysis, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, 1966.

EVERTS, C.H., and CZERNIAK, M.T., "Spatial and Temporal Changes in New
Jersey Beaches," Proceedings of the Coastal Sediments '77 Conference,
American Soctety of Civil Engineers, 1977, pp. 444-459 (also Reprint
78-9, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Va., NTIS AO51 578).

EVERTS, C.H., DeWALL, A.E., and CZERNIAK, M.T., "Beach and Inlet Changes
at Ludlum Beach, New Jersey," MR 80-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., May 1980.

GOLDSMITH, V., FARRELL, S.C., and GOLDSMITH, Y.E., "Shoreface Morphology
Study, The South End of Long Beach Island, Little Beach Island, and
the North End of Brigantine Island," Dames and Moore, Inc., Oct. 1974.

HAYES, M.O., "Barrier Island Morphology as a Function of Tidal and Wave
Regime," Barrter Islands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of
Mextco, S.P. Leatherman, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1979, pp. 1-27.

KOMAR, P.D., Beach Processes and Sedimentatton, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1976.

LANGFELDER, L.J., STAFFORD, D., and AMEIN, M., "A Reconnaissance of Coastal
Erosion in North Carolina,'"' Department of Civil Engineering Report, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1968.

LANGFELDER, L.J., et al., "A Historical Review of Some of North Carolina's
Coastal Inlets,"' Report No. 74-1, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1974.

LORENZ, E.N., "Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Statistical Weather
Prediction," Report No. 1, Statistical Forecasting Project, Department
of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.,
1959.

MACHEMEHL, J.L., "An Engineering Evaluation of Low Cost Stabilization Proj-
ects in Brunswick County, North Carolina," Proceedings of the Coastal
Sedtments '77 Conference, Amertcan Soctety of Ctvtl Engineers, 1977,
pp. 696-715.

MACHEMEHL, J.L. CHAMBERS, M., and BIRD, N., "Flow Dynamics and Sediment
Movement in Lockwood Folly Inlet, North Carolina," UNC Sea Grant Publica-
tion UNC-SG-77-11, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., June
1977.

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, Unpublished data, National
Climatic Center Wind Recording Station, Wilmington, N.C., 1971-74.

NEUMANN, C.J., et al., ‘Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean,

1871-1977,'' U.S. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Center,
Asheville, N.C., 1978.

58

PILKEY, O.H., Jr., NEAL W.J., and PILKEY, 0.H.,Sr., From Currituck to
Calabash: Living with North Carolina's Barrier Islands, North Carolina
Science and Technology Research Center, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1978.

RESIO, D.T., et al., "Systematic Variations in Offshore Bathymetry,"
Journal of Geology, Vol. 85, 1977. pp. 105-113.

SHEPARD, F.P., Submarine Geology, Harper and Row, New York, 1963.

SZUWALSKI, A., “Littoral Environment Observation Program in California,
Preliminary Report," MP 2-70, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Feb. 1970.

THOMPSON, E.F., "Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along U.S. Coasts,"
TR 77-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan. 1977.

U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, Shore
Protection Manual, 3d ed., Vols. I, II, and III, Stock No. 008-022-
00113-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1977, 1,262 pp.

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, WILMINGTON, ''General Design Memorandum, Phase
I, Hurricane Wave Protection and Beach Erosion Control, Brunswick County,
North Carolina, Beach Projects, Yaupon and Long Beach Segments,"
Wilmington, N.C., 1973.

VINCENT, C.L., et al., "Systematic Variations in Barrier Island Topography,"
Journal of Geology, Vol. 84, 1976, pp. 583-594.

WAHLS, H.E., "A Survey of North Carolina Beach Erosion by Air Photo Methods,"
Report No. 73-1, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1973.

WINANT, C.D., INMAN, D.L., and NORDSTROM, C.E., "Description of Seasonal

Beach Changes Using Empirical Eigenfunctions," Journal of Geophysical
Research, Vol. 80, No. 15, May 1975, pp. 1979-1986.

59

pee.) yh PE =
my ite HA i f

APPENDIX A

PROFILE LINE DOCUMENTATION AND PHOTOS

This appendix provides ground photos and monument documentation for each
of the 21 profile lines along Holden Beach from Lockwoods Folly Inlet to
Shallotte Inlet. The horizontal location of each profile line consists of a
monument (e.g., capped galvanized pipe) at three stations along the profile line,
reference ties measured to local cultural features (when possible), and
third-order survey control providing the geodetic and state-plane coordinates
of the monument. The station number (with '+", upper right of monumentation
sheet) is the distance in feet along the base line from the monument at pro-
file line 1. Northing and easting are in feet. Vertical control at each
profile line consists of a third-order elevation of the top of the monument,
with respect to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The horizontal
and vertical control was done by Moorman and Little, Inc., 115 Broadfoot
Avenue, Fayetteville, North Carolina.

All beach profile data were collected at these locations along a line
through the monumented point in the direction given by the azimuth of the
profile line. Measurements were taken by the firm of W. W. Blanchard, Inc.,
Wallace, North Carolina. The control surveys and beach profile line measure-
ments were conducted under contracts to the U.S. Army Engineer District,
Wilmington.

The black and white ground photos were taken at each profile line in

June 1974 and are provided to illustrate the character of the beach at that
time.

6l

ff COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
033-54-57,421 078 -14-26.086 NORTH AMERICA 1927) 1929 (.S.L.)
| StoRBEattees )(E ASTING) (FT) | (eee) (NORTHING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
§ (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE ORDER
°

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID)
MAGNETIC

GEOD. DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

GRID DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

NoT SHOWN To SCALE

U.S.C, & G.S, MONUMENT LOCATED
AT HIGHEST PoinT ON EAST
ENO OF HOLDEN PEACH, GRASS
DUNE WITH PATHS LEADING
To THE ToP.

Distances
® 87.20’
@ 76-66

S) 100 ¢25'

OF00 FOR PRoFite LIne

HAS Beers Pte STeovYey
By EROSION, Use

=) Res ee aot ae ee
ef DE fT OYED'-.. ie pels: fos AF 2B Reena Pie
Grab ERT |i] apisign Ae ——— ie 5
PROFILE LINE 6 Ties SE PN ue ec

PROPER bisTAMcE
Ww bocArze O+00

Pon ae

bd

t - =
at . fete For

Sa g fp!
as. OES Lowe i

om

Lye

BASELIW E
STATION OF00 IS LocaTED \
N

. ABouT 1@00% EAST OF THE
‘EAST ENO OF PAVEMENT NEAR
Lock WOoDS FOLey INLET AT
HOLDEN REACH, IT WAS BeEEW

Dés7acvew BY EROStonm BLT
Post CAN BE RELOLATEO Frum
skeTcH OFFSET (2) pes

FORM RERCACESIDAIEORMSi 1089 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
DA 10CcT eal 959 Awe Sone STR ILC EL or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the Proponent
62 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 1. View toward east over Lockwoods Folly Inlet.

Profile line 1. View toward west. Note vegetated dune and
wide, unstructured beach.

63

OUNTRY TYPE OF MARK ST 1ON
fod ES me aR E ELE iz
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

HORS) (EASTING) (FT) (GAGS? (NOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
ani ae a

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) Z TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
OBJECT sepa BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

NoT SHOWN TO SCALE

30) | _—«<(ESE Sat 00 oe peoric Lime
5 atk a I$ Minne PPE

BEACH
BASELINE
STATION 194+ 997.98 4S LOCATED ABOUT
330’ WEST OF EAST END OF PAVEMENT, N

SKETCH
DA , FO8*.1959 axcisss reer nmicn CESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

1ocT 64 ANS CISC re or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
64 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.

h

Profile line 2. View toward east

Profile line 2. View toward west. Note remains of timber
pile bulkhead at right.

65

OUNTRY TYPE OF MARK z s 1ON
cacy, PIPE 39+ 99.95 PROFLE 3
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
79-15-'/2.088 NORTH AMERICA 1927) 1929 (M.S.L.)
OREHLNG} (EASTING) (FT) | teAS7ANOTINORTHING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, AOD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) o TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRIO DISTANCE
OBJECT ae rr aA BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
° ‘ a

NoT SHOWN TO SCALE
W. PAVID SMITH - 259 OCEAN-AIRE APTS,
BRown coTTAGE wiTH
SCREENED-Ini PORCH
5 Be eae ‘ 3

é

. | 7 Dey As 93.89
aA Ce 9 BESS SS os a a B = 4S tse }¥
a Re S PEACH : c = 25.05"
ee = i D = 46.02’

$ELEU= 8-7] :
a ; ae, wp eng STATION No, PAINTED

Of00 Oo PROFILE Line
I$ NORTH-Most Pipe

we leg
Santee nine J
eat “ere

BASELINE }
STATION 39499.95 1S LOCATED 2300’ q
WEST OF THE EAST END OF PAVEMENT
AT HOLDEN (EACH.
SKETCH
FORM REPLACES DA FORMS 1989 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTA N ATI
DA 10CcT | 959 Ate ee Eee Dg HES For use of this form, see TM 5-237; a Leper NGn atee eer

66 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 3.

View toward east.

Profile line 3.

View toward west. Note timber pile bulk-
head in each picture.

67

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION

LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM

33-54-51. /3) 73-15 - 36.630 NORTH AMERICA 1927

+ROR-HHNGHE ASTING) (FT) | (Ee6RH+e+(NORTHING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)

2224500.290 im) | GO6GOO.230 im |N.C. LAMBERT CERC
)
)

(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE ORDER
(M) (M THIRD

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) e TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
OBJECT Se eerie) BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

<_— 7rPeE miss/Ao (oer 75)
ok BVKIED

OF09 Of PROFILE Live
IS MippEe pipe
Crissin’e 4~ Jen E 1774)

Ef. T woop BviKHEAD
SE §

BASELINE
STATION 604 75.13 7S LOCATED

gust EAST OF THE SURFS(IDE
PAVILION,

DA . £2,1959 axcites, ree trmicn DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

ANS or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
68 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.

&

Profile line 4. View toward east.

Profile line 4. View toward west from edge of back filled
timber pile bulkhead.

69

OUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION

LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

33-54-50. 168 78-15-59.576 1929 (M.S.L.)
ROR} (EASTING) (FT) |+o*OHHOHNORTHING) (FT) ]GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE ORDER
i i RE

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) ? TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
OBJECT ae aN BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

NoT Stown To SCALE
eHG625 £.E. HOLDEN
|

emt ee ee
“eLeve M22 ~~ sig ae A = 44.65
Woop, EL - Gq. 4q i 8 s 26-92
Ss = SuPs ,
sac Bg ns ge SRE c - 36.05
ox fe A wy
1 ie a ee a
| THOMA TRING
| a iw a pn
14n eae : Ue ee
“gi¥ i ae é ve ; !
i 6. Sin aa se
Ee 5 Se ioe Seats) Ot00 on PROFILE LinE
SS
fF
aed SER nearest (esp oa EWACE Bu<Eeo (oer 75)
4x4 wimwess Fost co

UNE Ha Waren a Nat ne Me

oN
THREATENED BY ERB ON 2
BEACH )
GASELINE Hu
STATION 804 13.75 IS LOCATED ABouT
250’ EAST OF THE INTERSECTION OF THE
RoAp THAT CONNECTS THE ISLAND WITH
THE MAINLAND AND WEST OCEAN PRIVE.
: SKETCH
FORM REPLACES DA FORMS 1989 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CON
DA 10cT eal 959 AND 1960. 1 FEB 87, WHICH Seluaavlithlaikereurces KTM S:2377 on eee TROL STATION

70 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 5. View toward east.

Profile line 5. View toward west.

71

TYPE OF MARK

GALV. PIPE

OUNTRY

LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS)
a

LONGITUDE DATUM
+EASPHG)(NORTHING) (FT) [GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE
Pe a 20

GRID AZIMUTH, ADD
GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)

LATITUDE

33-549- $$. 338
(HORPHIFS) (EASTING)
2220575990

(FT)
(M)

TO OBTAIN
TO OBTAIN
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID)

BACK AZIMUTH

STATION
100F 15.32 PROFLE G@
ELEVATION (FT)
9.34 (m)
DATUM

19729 (M.S.L-)

TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

Q TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

GEOD. DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

GRID DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

NOT SHOWN To SCALE 5
J s aE :
/ ee tL STATION NO. PAINTED
4 @ieuey.=10.42 01 (ON ROAD
i : 2 4
=
Se EE A om
f hs —— B = GO.35
[fhe ~ AT Roun G = 56.2"
OD = 42.96"
| Ml
linear
Y TS Sada ;
13 Pez | O+00 om PROEILE- Live
a NN “{\ 10~ Is MANODDLE PIPE (BURIED)
St ee ie a
PtEV.= 14.6) - 7
Me el
a
SE —————-
aaa BG gf
— Ye pas LN ~ cs
i)
BEACH
BASELINE , N
STATION 100% (5.32 5 LocCATED 1750° WEST
oF THE INTERSECTION OF WEST OCEAN DRIVE
Ano THE ROAD TO THE MAINLAND , NEAR
BRice’s APARTMENTS,
SKETCH

REPLACES DA FORMS 1989
ANO 1960, 1 FEB 87, WHICH
ARE OBSOLETE.

FORM

DA .cer.1959

72

DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

cies am 1

Profile line 6. View toward east.

Profile line 6. View toward west. Note houses in the
vegetated dune and beach access points.

73

| COUNTRY ATA TYPE OF MARK STATION
i LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) LEVATION )
)I-CATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

60070.880

! (HOREHHG? (EASTING) (FT) tEAOHNGHNOR THING)
; 2218@00.570 (0a)

(FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
i (N.C. LAMBERT CERC

; (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE ORDER
f (A) (DA) 1970 THIRD

| TO OBTAIN
TO OBTAIN

ZAK 8.80.0 GQ BLED: 7.75
aN %
f ; ZT], EVY= TS)

BASELINE
\ STATION

1204+ 00.07 4S
3700’ WEST OF THE
' MAINLAND AND WEST OCEAN

DA

REPLACES DA FORMS 10989
AND 1960, | FEB 87, WHICH
ARE OBSOLETE,

| FoR" 1959

GRID AZIMUTH, ADD
GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)

i AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
I OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID)
MAGNETI :

ff 10 3 STATION

GEOD. DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

GRID DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

No,
ROAD

B70!
Ss“
43,57’

PAINTED
ON

f A
K GB
SG

it]

OtoO of PROFILE Line
IS MIDLLE PIPE

LOCATED AGBouT
INTERSECTION OF THE

DRIVE,

SKETCH

DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
74 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.

LT got te

Profile line 7. View toward east.

Profile line 7. View toward west.

75

COUNTRY F TYPE OF MARK STATION

U.S. As GALV, PIPE 190+ 61.79 PROFILE ¥
{ LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
( YHorvEN GEACH , N.C.) 140+ ©1,79 6.68 my
SS LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
79-17-1019 1929. (0a.s.t-)
NORE) (EASTING) (FT) ORTHING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)

CERC

(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
OBJECT Barrette IS foe SL Ta) (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) “ (FEET)

oO

NoT SHOWN To SCALE

AT GRoo#r
LEVEL WwW,
WOODEA G sTATION NO. PAINTED
STAKE OW ROAD
ff /
SPLIT RAL A= 38.94
FENCE r
iy B= 77.83
SIGN Our, j
FRONT. c= 62.89
“ WlaedTA
LINGA"
LIRA AY 7S O00 FoR PROFILE Link |
O bv.c 1S Mipple PIPE

Y= 138.90
SF

Hee BucleD (oet7s)

6

ne Rott Pipes NEA Kos
eae

\

BEACH

BASELINE 24
STATION /404 64.79 US LOCATEQ ALGoUT N
/ (11LE WEST OF THE INTERSECTION OF THE

MAINLAND ROAD AND WEST OCEAN DRIVE.

NS SKETCH
DA FORM 1 959 RERCACESIOARORMshIOs9 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

1ocT 64 Ane eae 87, WHICH For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent

76 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 8. View toward east.

gs Ng

Profile line 8. View toward west.

CU

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
oe ia sisi7a NERonE TT
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
rower! each. nic. |"/e0% 15.75 66
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
33-54-92, 384 78-17 - 34.043 1929 (M.S.L.)
CRORERHTHTS) (EASTING) (FT) | 4640) (NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
eG en tal eee) a
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE ORDER

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) Q TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
OBJECT er onemeer) BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

Nor sHow W TO SCALE

- | BB
alu Qeveus 6.68 me a8
SS : STATION NO. PAINTED
: ON ROAD

A= 45,18’

Ot00 DN PROFILE LIne

UES Mipore Pipe

N

BASELIWE

STATION 1604 /5.75 IS LOCATED AGour

LS MLES WEST OF THE INTERSECTION OF

THE MAINLAND ROAD AND WEST OCEAN

DRIVE,

; : SKETCH
FORM REPLACES DA FORMS 1959 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

DA 10¢CT al 959 Ane Bounce Clo CA) For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent 2

78 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Pee tiiens

: 4 * Een a

Profile line 9. View toward east.

Profile line 9. View toward west.

9

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
PROFILE 10

U.S.A, GAY. PIPE 130+ 00.32
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS)
Ho.oEN GEACH N.C] 19904 00,32 CE,

Oo

DATUM

LONGITUDE

LATITUDE

ATUM
1929 (71,S.L+)

33-54 - 40.486 7Z—17—57.476 WoRTH AMERICA 1927
THORNS (EASTING) (FT) | (C@RSHNS)(NORTHING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
22/12636-030 59437. 720 N.C, LAMBERT CERC
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
GRID AZIMUTH, ADD y “TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) Y TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN
TO OBTAIN

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

yas quence QUES UR Gel
Powsk PoE, GF! F<OM THC Oe

EU ail CeANLE AeLDY IN COoAD ce ox 7S)

Sa hes SOLED

W/ Re _
O0+t00 ®N PROFtE LINE

WHITE Bee
WEST OF PIE
—>

JS MioplLeE PPE

BASELINE

STATION (804+ 00.32 '!S LocATED ABOUT N
500’ WEST OF THE HOLDEN BEACH

FISHING PIER:

SKETCH
FORM RERCACE SiD/AURORMSHI95 9 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
DA 10CT | 959 aoe See Liab tals) For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the Proponent

80 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 10. View toward west.

Profile line 10. View toward east and Holden Beach
fishing pier.

8|

OUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION

LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

ANORFHHNS) (EASTING) (FT) (ASHNGSHNOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
ae Sie a

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) Y TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
OSIECT SSH EC Ne. NDS iNT Tha) (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

NoT StHowN TO SCALE

THIS Gace, PIA

ix{ resc | | fi vas Geen GENT.
of 4. Seat” | | Oerev= 713

i)
©] Grev= 7.36

Rs
ai ] 0+t00 ON PROFILE Lin
ees ral IS PUDDLE DPE

a

4 WITNESS
¢ Post. US

3

Mi MEAN
BEACH

Ay e& pa
BA ON 2004 51.65 1S LocATED ABouT N

0.5 MILE WEST OF THE HOLDEN BEACH
FISHISG PIER,

SKETCH
FORM RERUACESIOMIEORMSI 959 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
DA 10CcT sail 959 PS eS Cite bia or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent .

82 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 11. View toward east.

Profile line 11. View toward west.

83

TOUNTRY
U.S. Ar

LOCALITY
Hotpen GEACH , NC.
LATITUDE

TYPE OF MARK
GALV. MARK

STAMPING ON MARK
2204+ 00. 74
LONGITUDE

STATION

220+ 00.74
AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS)
@, (Zo

DATUM

PROFILE /2

DATUM

33-54- 36.070 72 -/8 -F4 . 583 NORTH AMERCA 927) (929 (M.S.L.)
(NORFHHNGILE ASTING) (FT) +23 PTT NORT HING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
ee ee
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE

DATE ORDER
19770 THIRD
“TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, AOD

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
(GEODETIC)(GRID)

GEOD. DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

GRID DISTANCE

BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET)

NOT sSHown TO SCALE

eee i RR OR

a =© Evev- 8.54 Sa

STATION NO. PAINTED
On ROAD

= 39.50.

NOBLE aie A ¢C ,
wire W s ’
BEIGE TRIM 6 4 B
171081LE Ho, Cc = Zee 7/
WHITE w/ D

Ti S828

Bhown "5
TRIM

O+0O0 CN PROFILE LINE
1s MIDbLE Prime

oO - Covi Net LocATE bUVE ME.
Uys a ¢ \
== GaAs RCUCITO cy NR Ccet BF)
eu
ASELINE
Sion 220+ 00.74 JIS LotcaTED }
Ascow 9h sood) Westy ACE) NUHIEWMHOECEN yy
BEACH FISHING PIER.
SKETCH
FORM RE RC ACE SIO AREORMSE SS DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
DA Oe i | 959 ane Bree EES S7WHICH or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent

84 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 12. View toward east.

SR:

es

oe

Profile line 12. View toward west.

85

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION

U.S. A. GALV, PIPE - 240+ 08. 64 PROFILE 15
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
HoLDen BEACH, NC| 2404 08.64 7.12 i
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
EL Fees, fp (an
(HORTRHNG (EASTING) (FT) (OrSHNS (NOR THING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
2206674.79720 im | 58722.700 im |, C. LAMBERT

(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
(M) (M) - 1770 THIRD

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID)
MAGNETIC

7) = a

GEOD. DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

GRID DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

BACK AZIMUTH

NoT SHOWN To SCALE

8" BELou see aoe He lah suyntare
GRouND © ELEV= 7.27 rs :
= a6 STATION No. PAINTED
ELEV= 7.12 eee ees
== Ra y Teas

a it A = BY27-

a, WKS, 25)

)
Bd B
ic Wire = aac

NEW Two-STORY House
PRINTED GREY
“PARRISH — MARTIN"

aan —

DN re tre eee mee LIne
-- GUARD Posy No } Som) ge iasaes 2 a ey CIE

o

BASELINE
STATION 240+08.64 /S LOCATED ABouT
125 Mites WEST OF THE Holden 4
BeacH FISHING PIER.
SKETCH
FORM RERCACES DAIEORMS 31050 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
DA 1octT aa | 959 ane Oe ea 57) WHICH or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent

86 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 13. View toward east.

Profile line 13. View toward west.

87

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION

LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

CRORES) (EASTING) (FT) | #*6e3(NORTHING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)

2204693, /50 wm) | 58483,/30 im |N.C. LAMBERT CERC

(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE

(M)

TO OBTAIN
TO OBTAIN

OBJECT

GRID AZIMUTH, AOD

GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
(GEODETIC)(GRID)

GEOD. DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

GRID DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

NoT SHOWN TO SCALE

GRoun D
eves STATION NO. PAINTED
ON ROAD
BROWN w/
YELLow TRIM
GREY HOUSE aren ANN
J
W/ BLUE #789
& GRE
TRIM
"THE i
WILLCOX’S
#793 CRAG) On PROFILE LIN e&
13 MIDDLE Pipe
EPPS Maes alee SN)
Some aaa

I8EACH
BASELINE
STATION 2604+ 09. 8¢ IS LOCATED
ABouT 1.5 Mic—Es WEST OF HOLDEN
BEACH FISHING PIER,

SKETCH
DA FORM 1959 ANDUISS ON Roo rmairer DESCRITAION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

wocates ANOS OMNIEES or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
88 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 14. View toward east.

Profile line 14. View toward west.

89

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATIO!

GAtv. PIPE 279+ 90.14 PROFILE /5
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK 0 AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
HOLDEN BEACH , N.C. 2779 +90. 14 7.07 el

(So

LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

33-59 - 29,095 78-19 - 55.135 woRTH AMERICA 19271 1929 (M.S.L.)
(NORFAHNG) (EASTING) (FT) | te @-Saetabe) (NORTHING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
2202725820 wm | $8217.970
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD ; TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

| TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) 2 TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
' GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
} OBJECT Sate BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

NOT SHOWN TO SCALE

STATION NO. PAINTED

CN ROAD
)\ 2B S852
BS AEC
| BEIGE w/ it 4/ 3
BRown TRIM GS )OZ GIO
" SEA CREST" Qe GA 7a?
E = S18 2°

O#4F00 OW PROFILE Ling
IS Ai ODLE Pipe

BASEL WE }
STATION 279 # FGO./% IS LOCATED 4

ABOvuT 2.0 Micks WEST OF THE
HOLDEN BEACH FISHING PIER,

SKETCH
DA FORM 1 959 RE RC AGE SACALRORMS AG 5S) DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

1oct 64 ane PO a Si7/ WILE FA For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
90 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 15. View toward east.

Profile line 15. View toward west. Note wave cut
scarp in toe of dune.

9|

TYPE OF MARK
GALY.

STATION

PIPE 300+ 01.94 PROFILE 16

LOCALITY

STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION
HOLOEN BEACH , N.C.| 300+ 01-44% So (Se 7. 66
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
33-54 - 26.494 78-20-!8-781 NORTH AMERICA 1927) 1929 CM.S.L.)
+tNORFATHG) (EASTING) (FT) (EA6-HANGHNORTHING) (FT) |GRIDO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)

2200734¢,.360 m 579736.580O N.C. LAMCERT CERC

TO OBTAIN
TO OBTAIN

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
(GEODETIC)(GRID)

GEOD. DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

GRID DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET)

Oop
W won
og ~O W
CS
OQ 0 ~0
ON N
CEQ SS

GREEN W/
WHITE TRY
"HARE
NOSTRUM"
#949

O#O00 ONS PRoFiteE LIwe
IS ALODLE pres

BEACH

BASE Le Bf |
STATION BOOt 01.4% |S LOCATED

oe N
ABouT 2.5 MILES WEST OF THE
HOLDEN BEACH FISHING PIER,
SKETCH
FORM RIE RCA CE Si DAUR ORMSESS 9 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATI
DA O eyes =m | 959 ane eee eae 57, WHICH For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent aon

92 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 16. View toward east.

Profile line 16. View toward west.

93

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION

LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
HOLDEN BEACH , N.C.| 320495. // (Ey 125
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

THORENS) (EASTING) (FT) =a SFHN-S) (NOR THING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
2198659.160 ‘mm | 5759-120. \m (N.C. LAMBERT

(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
(M) iM) 1970 THIRD

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD 2 “TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) a3 TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
ORES eae anode BASIC AIAN (METERS) (FEET) | (METERS) (FEET)

NoT SHOWN TO SCALE

ee ns @47 P
eae YG ain l= Bee
aav= 8:
oe : Laing B = SIG
<a B WK} POWER .
| y lm POLE CO BV Sp Sill
55 ) | I? GREY W/ RED TRIM

AND PORCH - “REDBYE"
F/O37

ID Ce
Be YN S7%500_
ee eee en 4’ HIGH
Be he uri |
~s => Prd
R Pos OF0O oY PROofi LE
RS LN 1s MAM OPL_e PIPE
BEACH
ASE LINE
ens 320 ¢+95.// 8 LOCATED
ABovT 2.9 MILES WEST OF THE }
HOLOEN BEACH FISHING PIER,

SKETCH
DA FORM 1959 REE IA CE SPOAMRORIMS 21059 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

AND 1960, 1
1 OCT 64 ARE Ons ue En Up Cans} or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent

94 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 17. View toward east.

Profile line 17. View toward west.

95

COUNTRY

U.S. A,
LOCALITY
|rocoew _@enc , Wc,
LATITUDE
(HORPHING) (EASTING)
2196623.820 (mM)

(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT)
(M)

TYPE OF MARK
GALV. PIPE

LONGITUDE

78-21- 07.582

(EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)

(A)

STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS)
DATUM DATUM

an (ris)
(Ee6RHNGH NOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE

STATIO
34/+ 47.07 PROFILE 1/98
ELEVATION FT)
8.80 ity

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) R TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
b TAN
OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) BACK AZIMUTH SEOD DISTANCE SRIDICISTANCE

MAGNETIC

Zz [etree "?
cat a eee eS ae
ane 1 Pegs Bee
we! HP neg l © ev = O67
rian || i a Siren.
Brace m3 lee $7 {© ,
cameas 13) ] |S! raring :
= = . a aaa
M4 5 : cond J ELeU= 8:80 a:
| a Ig Ib Aired
ef OS, cor wie
2 :
SI BEIACH RL
a (le -
-\S
I oe

10

exe Ry ea eet
Saag QELEU = Soe)
= i (Ws
ee Se a

- aS

Ll DEsTREY ED

By EROSIO
Sel SEAL

BEACH

BASELINE

STATION 24/+ 47.07 IS LocATED
ABovT 3,1 MI WEST oF THE
HOLDEN GEACH FISHING PIER AND
Jusr East OF THE EAST SIDE OF

THE campine AREA:

REPLACES DA FORMS 1989
AND 1960, 1 FEB 87, WHICH
ARE OBSOLETE.

FORM
10CcT 64

DA 1959

96

(METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

27. 88"
DANS

W

OFOO ON PRoFi Le ne
iS M'ihPpolEe PIPE

SKETCH

DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 18. View toward east.

Profile line 18. View toward west.

97

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION

26040207 PRoFWe 19
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

33-54 -/8.80/ 78 -2/- 29.354 |NoRTH AMERICA 1927| 1927 (.S.L.)
HOREHING) (EASTING) +EASRHNS) (NOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
baa EE a ee

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD ° TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) = TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
eC aSu aaa BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) | (METERS) (FEET)

= 65,79)
=) 127.677
Ga NWInCoE
es |
= e GREY W/
~ “RED TRIM

== eee = UY, ee:
ieee \W—_ (c) EveD = 19.24 Li ny
Ss ih 2 CH

) 4 rer Mle a)
mals

3

0400 OW PROFHE Line |
IS MIDDLE Pippy

-ye \
OX Ae hike

J
i
mee ee i

BEACH ; |

BASELINE N
STATION 360+ 02.07 tS LOCATED ABouT 3.5

MILES WEST OF THE HOLDEN BEACH FISHING PIER,
ANoO at THE END OF THE PuBLiIC ROAD, JusT
‘ WEST OF THE LAST TWO HOUSES,
4 SKETCH
DA FORM 1 959 REPLACES DA FORMS 1989 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

AND 1960,
1oct 64 AA OAR eee 57, WHICH For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent

98 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 19. View toward east.

Profile line 19. View toward west.

99

COUNTRY

TYPE OF MARK STATION

U.S.A. GAtv. PIPE 380+ 02.04 PROFILE 20
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT)
HOLDEN BEACH , N.C.| 380+ 02.04 Sp UT

LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM
33-54- /4..937 78-2/1- §2.62] NORTH AMERICA 1927
tNOR-HHENG (EASTING) (FT) (=r SFtH-S) (NOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE

2192831.270 (M) 56721. G80 im |N.C, LAMBERT

(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)| GRID AND ZONE

DATUM
1929 (M.S.L.)

ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)

CERC

DATE ORDER
"TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN
TO OBTAIN

GRID AZIMUTH, ADD
GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
(GEODETIC)(GRID)

GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE

OBJECT (METERS) (FEET) | (METERS) (FEET)

Ofc0o0 ON PROFILE Liw€

4S NORTHERN MosST ApoE

No PHYSICAL FEATURES TO TIE TO,
AY STATION 3BO+ 02.04 %/S LOCATED ABovT

Zope! FEGIAIWES TI On) Tec eS Ne

HouSES ON WEST END OF BEACH. SKETCH
FORM REE CACE SID AVEORMSAIOS 9 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
DA Vinee sal 959 ane LO eet) vo: tla) For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
100 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 20. View toward east.

Profile line 20. View toward west.

101

COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
UL SAG 400 ¢ 50.G/ PROFILE 21
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS)

LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM

33-54- 10.979 73 -22- 16.454 NORTH AMERICA 1927} 1929 (1%.S.L.)
tROREPHHHO) (EASTING) (FT) (erOHiabtos (NOR THING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER

TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, AOD i “TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) 8 TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH

AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) BACK AZIMUTH
MAGNETIC

GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
(METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)

NOT SHOWN TO SCALE

O+00 eN PROFILE UNE
‘3s MIObLE Pips

oO Onin 400+ 50.0/ IS LocaTED ABOUT O.8 MILE

WEST OF THE CAST TWO HOUSES ON HOLDEN BEACH,
THERE AE No PHYSICAL FEATURES TO TIE TO,

1 SKETCH
DA FORM 1959 RERCACESIDIAURORMS 21859 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION

AND 1960, 1 87, WHICH
10CT 64 ARE BESO Ene . S or use of this form, seo TM 5-237; the proponent

102 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.

Profile line 21. View toward east.

Profile line 21. View toward west across Shallotte Inlet.

103

APPENDIX B

BEACH PROFILE DATA

This appendix provides the edited beach profile data for each profile
line measured during the study period from November 1970 to December 1974.
The benchmark used for each profile line is indicated by the zero with
positive distances in the seaward direction. The vertical measurements
were referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. All dis-
tances and elevations are in feet.

The heading of each data colum provides the year (yy), month (mm), and

day (dd) of the measurement in the format yymmdd, as well as the survey
number.

104

g°ee

goes

o°le

Lcbe

is
S*2e *gle ere 9°20 *sne G°de °926
£°2e °0S2 gele n°2e °Gte n°2e °u06
{2s "cee °be 1°2e °See {°¢eo "gle
z2°2e °002 octe o°te "ove ee on ¥-4
2°2e *oti S*2e ove a? be 6%e "Gat o°le *G2e
o°le °ost Hote "sat 2°ee °g22 9°2e °06t acbe 9°e "Ost b*te "une
o'te Gat arte ost @*es 002 ego SAT atte ¢° °set @°te gah
2° "00s (0 °cet e°es °Sdt L°t=e = OST S¢te a°t "out 2°l=e ust t "ly
2°2 "ol net "oot {°te “ost nee *set ote 6°2 °Ga 2°te ®o2h f "08
0°n °uS S¢2 "Sh g° °S2) 2°s °008 z° 6°¢ "0% tobe 6008 £ sag
9°S *G2 6°¢ °0s t°2 005 eve °G4 o°t 0°S "2¢ o’e "ng f *9S
hay “0 Te9 °c2 bon °GL “eg °0S ven 9°S °Gé nee °sd ne °0S
2% *ge 9°9 *” n°s °0s 9°S "ne 9°f $°9 Mf) 0°4 "0S 9°2 *se
tee °nte red "oe v°9 °s2 e°9 °0 g°n 6°9 °ge n°s °G2 9°s °0
9°9 “gle 1°@ *¢I\e 4°9 °0 o°£ °Ote @°9 S°4 ®2he £°S ay n°9 ®*¢e
2's °phe Ror "ate 4°9 "gle t°9 "ale 0°64 6°S *Lie o°4 gto Lek "Ele
o°% °one es °e@ne S°sS °Q2e 8°9 *9\e Gow 2°¢ "eee 0°9 eyte 1°9 ®2a2e
0°9 * Se 9°9 °gne £°S "ane 6° "fe 0°S 0°s "ote vs ®\ne 0°s °nhe
n°9 °gSe a°s *"Gue n°9 °\9e £°9 °6Se s°y 9°9 °U9e £°9 °u9e 9°9 *19e
s°@ °99e €°@ "99% 2°@ "Ege 1°@ "990 2°u 2°e "90 te 6998 £°a "age
eeaec eo een ee @eereea ee @Seae2@ So2e20 Se®eeea e2ace @ee088e0 eeee

41 AAMS 91 AAYS st AAUS nt AAUS at AAS 2s AAaS N AAS ot AAUS

{tno2d ava Oefu2e Jivd go202d 4alva GOtO2L Ilva ntette giva 9001Kb4 alvo bEwotd Qava 60A0ts Blvd

*0Se °00¢ g°¢eo *Glé
°s2e n°zge °0O08 °oL2 Geer *use °fe *u0n
"002 S°le "ste °0S2 2°ce *Ge¢d f°de °odb G°Ge "Sat
"gLt w°te %ys2 °S22 fees °u02 9° se *ucs 2°2e °0S6
°ost ofie = * 22 °002 o°ee = =—*gat gto 9928 S°te 86° aet
"set ve2e *v02 °Gat nee *0S) S°2e °0UE o°le 008 Lote °00g
*o0t d°te set °ost g° °Gel bee °Sh n°@eo 4 fete "ele
°Gd 9*t= 08h °cet e°2 “vot o°te 092 b°22 =" 0G2 «° °0s2
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158

APPENDIX C
CHANGE IN MSL SHORELINE POSITION
This appendix shows the distance from the backbeach datum to the MSL
shoreline intercept relative to its position on the date of the first beach

profile survey (12-18 Nov. 1970). The occurrences of identified storms and
times of beach profile surveys throughout the study period are also provided.

159

~
x
w

o
z
«

—

w
=
=)

DISTANCE (M )

76

60

iD
N

SURVEYS
[Ill WI ove | STORMS

PROFILE LINE 1

76

60

26

-26

-50

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975S

PROFILE LINE 2

VERTICAL DATUN IS) ASL

HORIZONTAL OATUN I3S
SHORELINE POSITION ON
12NOV70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE- TO SHORE LINE

160

DISTANCE (HM )

OISTANCE (M }

76

SURVEYS
STORMS

oO

wo

B PROFILE LINE 3

QO Fk — — 4b ee = me me me me ie ee ie = ei aS

wo

N

‘

i=)

w

i]

w

y

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

io

i>)

Oo

wo

eB PROGIEE EINE 4

i=) —

wo

N

i]
VERTICAL DATUM IS MSL
HORIZONTAL OATUN 18

S SHORELINE POSITION ON

ifs)

i

12NO0V70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

161

18

SURVEYS
STORMS

oO
wo
b=
wo PROFILE LINE 5
wa
2
c
=
wo
a
a
wo
N
J
Oo
w
4
w
y
1970 1971 1972 1972 1974 197S
wo
Co
oa
io
s PROFILE LINE 6
wa
=z
c
=
wo
a
a esc
to
N
1
VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN 138
o SHORELINE POSITION ON
oO
i]

13NO0V70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

162

716

SURVEYS
[pea STORMS

a
w
=
nie PROFILE LINE 7
oN
3
c
=
wo
a
(=)
w
N
'
i=)
w
!
uw
%
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 197S
Lp
is
i=)
w
=
w 8 PROFILE LINE 8
=
—
wo
oa
i=) _— Sesh oes SS SS SS SSS OS Ss Ss
wo
Nn
1
VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN I38
° SHORELINE POSITION ON
1

13N0V70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

163

15

SURVEYS
STORMS

Oo
wo
z
ete PROFILE LINE 9
oO N
=z
c
=
w
e
i=)
w
N
'
oO
Ww
i
wu
5
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
w
oS
i=)
w
£
ae PROFILE LINE 10
oN
=
Cc
=
w
=
fa) SS
w
NN
'
VERTICAL DATUN JS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
tiny SHORELINE POSITION ON
i

13N0V70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

164

DISTANCE (mh }

DISTANCE (mh )

18

50

25

SURVEYS
all | 1a STORMS

PROFILE LINE 11

18

50

25

-25

-50

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1978

PROFILE LINE 12

VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL

HORIZONTAL OATUN I8
SHORELINE POSITION ON
13N0V70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

165

76

SURVEYS
STORMS

60

PRORIEE EINE WS

DISTANCE [mh }
-50 | -25 25

-715

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

w
~
°
Va)
xc
= PROFILE LINE 14
wa
Gb
z
c
—
7)
ron)
ra) — ia
w
r]
1
VERTICAL OATUN IS) ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
° SHORELINE POSITION ON
i

16NOV70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

166

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE 15

DISTANCE (mM }

-26

S
wo
fT 3S
w
5
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
w
o
con
io
=
= PROFILE LINE 16
w
pry
2
«
—
wn
ro
i=) —_—
w
N
'
VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
S SHORELINE POSITION ON
1

16NOV70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
) YEAR _

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

167

DISTANCE (M }

DISTANCE (M )

18

if SURVEYS
i STORMS

°o
n

PROPILE ENE IZ,
wo
N
Q
wn
rT]
'
o
w
f
w
y

1970 1971 1972 1573 1974 1975
wn
o
°
w
fl PROFILE LINE 18
]
Q = es oy, ee SS Ns OS
w
“
1
VERTICAL OATUN [5 ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN [3

3 SHORELINE POS{TLION ON
i

16N0V70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

168

DISTANCE [mM 1

OISTANCE (h }

718

SURVEYS
STORMS

50

PROFILE LINE 19

25

-25

-50

-715

1970 tot 1972 1973 1974 1975

78

50

PROFILE LINE 20

25

-25

VERTICAL OATUN [8 ASL
HORI2ONTAL OATUN IS

SHORELINE POS{TION ON
18N0V¥70

-50

-75

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

169

OISTANCE (fi?

-50

-75

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE 21

VERT(CAL OATUN IS ASL
HORCZONTAL OATUN IS

SHORELINE PQSITION ON
18N0V70

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE

170

APPENDIX D

CHANGE IN ABOVE MSL UNIT VOLUME

The unit volume is the volume per unit width (cubic meters per meter)
bounded by a horizontal line passing through the MSL position, a vertical
line at the backbeach datum and the measured beach profile. This appendix
shows the above MSL volume at successive beach profile measurements rela-
tive to the long-term mean above MSL unit volume. The time of beach profile
measurements and occurrences of identified storms is also provided.

171

1

PROFILE LINE

SURVEYS
STORMS

oo°os 00°sz 00°06 GO-S2- oOd°as-
TSW 3A08B LH /eW J BWNIOA LINN

1971 1972 1973 1974 1915

1970

oo-s2t

oo-oot

oo-SL

PROFILE LINE 2

00'0S o0-sz 00°0 00°sz- oo‘os-
(SW 3A080 (U fg J BWNI1GA LINN

go-SsL- go0°oot-

1974 {978

1973

YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

1972

1971

1970

172

UNIT VOLUME ¢ M9/ mM) ABOVE ASL

UNIT VOLUME ¢ m3/ mM) ABOVE ASL

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE 3

1970 1975 1972 {973 1974 1978

60.00

PROFILE LINE 4

25.00

=)
&
o eK —/— —\— -— _— _-_--—- =
Oo '
S
w
N
‘
i=)
y
o
°
1370 1971 {972 {973 1974 1978
YEAR

UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

173

UNIT VOLUME ¢ M397 mM) ABOVE MSL

-50.00

UNIT VOLUME ¢ M9/ mM) ABOVE HSL

-S0.00

0.00 26.00 50.00

-25 .00

0.00 25.00 50.00

-25 .00

1970

{970

4971 1972 1973 1974

yn Co nn cr CET
YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

174

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE

1978

PROFILE LINE

1397S

ASL

UNIT VOLUME { M3/ MH) ABOVE

UNIT VOLUME ¢ 3/7 mM) ABOVE MSL

-50.00

60.00

0.00 26.00

-25 .00

-50.00

0.00 25.00 60.00

-25 .00

1970

{970

1971 1972 $913 1974

nr cr
YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

175

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE

1978

PROFILE LINE

1978

UNIT VOLUME £ M3/ §) ABOVE MSL

-50.00

UNIT VOLUME { M3/ m) ABOVE HSL

0.00 25.00 50-00

-26 -00

0.00 25.00 60.00

-26 .00

-50.00

1970

1970

SURVEYS
STORMS

PRORIEE EINE 9

1971 $972 (973 1974 1975

PROFILE LINE 10

1974 1972 (973 1974 1975

YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

176

UNIT VOLUME {¢ H9/ HM) ABOVE MSL

-60.00

UNIT VOLUME { M9/ mM) ABOVE ASL

-60.00

0.00 25-00 60.00

-26 -00

0.00 26.00 60.00

-26.00

1970

4970

1971 1972 1573 1974

TSN MUSH AUNSAa UN NAso Me
YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

177

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE 11

1975S

PROFILE LINE 12

1375

UNIT VOLUME ¢ N3/ mM) ABOVE NSL

-60.00

UNIT VOLUME ¢ M9/ mM} ABOVE ASL

0.00 25-00 60.00

-25 .00

60,00

0.00 25.00

-26 .00

-60.00

1970

1970

1971 ir 1973 1974

rit t972,~Ss=«s974
YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

178

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE 13

197S

PROFILE LINE 14

1375

UNIT VOLUME ¢ N3/ fH) ABOVE ASL

UNIT VOLUME { N3/ HM) ABOVE MSL

-25.00 0.00 25.00 60.00

-60.00

1970

1970

1971 1972 £993 1974

197) t972,—~—:*—«<aTD:S:*«w'T
YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

179

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE 15

1975

PROFILE LINE 16

1375

UNIT VOLUME { M3/ Mm} ABOVE NSL

UNIT VOLUME { N9/ mM) ABOVE ASL

-26.00 0.00 25.00 60.00

-60.00

60.00

-26.00 0.00 25.00

-50.00

1970

1970

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE 17

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

PROFILE LINE 18

1971 1972 973 1974 3375

YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

180

00°09
TSW

PROFILE LINE 19

SURVEYS
STORMS

00°Sz oo°o0 00°S3z- 90°09-
BAGBY LW /eW J BWNTOA LINN

1971 1972 1973 1974 1978

1970

oo°oot

oo°ae

>}
N
uw
Zz
a]
WW
H
re
oO
~
a

o0°03s 00°32 60°o0 G0°Sz- 930°0s-
TSH 3A08U IW /eWH J BSWNIOA LINN

oo°st- O0°dor-

1974 1975

{973

YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

1971 1972

1970

18 |

UNIT VOLUME £ N3/ M) ABOVE MSL

-60.00

0.00 26-00 50.00 15-00 100.00

-25.00

-100.00 -16-.00

1970

SURVEYS
STORMS

PROFILE LINE 21

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
YEAR

UNIT VOLUME CHANGES

182

APPENDIX E

PROFILE ENVELOPES

This appendix provides the position of the maximum and minimum sand
elevations along the profile line during the study period relative to
the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. Horizontal positions are
measured from the MSL shoreline intercept on the first survey of the
study (12-18 Nov. 1970).

183

io VERTICAL DATUA IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUA IS
SHORELINE POSITION OW
12NOV70

ELEVATION ( A)

-9

-100 78 -$0 -25 Q 26 60 7S 100

OISTANCE ( Ad

PROFILE ENVELGPE FOR PROFILE LINE _1_AT HOLDEN BEACH, NC
: 12NQV70 - 3DEC74

ELEVATION ( A}

-100 -78 -s0 -25 Q 2s so 78 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE -2 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC
12NOV70 - 30EC74

184

wo VERTICAL OATUN [8 ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POSITION GW
12N0V70

ELEVATION ( Ad

-1

-2

-100 -78 -s0 -28 Q 2s
OISTANCE ( AD

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE _3_AT HOLOEN BEACH, NC
12NQV70 - 30€C74

so 18 100

ELEVATION ¢ A}

-1

-100 -78 -S0 -25 Qa 2s so
OFSTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE 4_AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC
13NQV70 - 30E&C74

1s 100

185

VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POSITION OW
33NOV70

ELEVATION ¢ AD

-2

-100 -75 -50 -25 Q 26 50 78 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE Pee eS LINE eat AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC

ELEVATION ( A}

-100 -7S -SO -2s Q 2s so 75 100
OQISTANCE ( A)

VELOPE PASS, oes LINE -6 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC
PROFILE ENVELO Seo ceniae

186

w VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN Is
SHORELINE POSITION GW
13N0V70

ELEVATION ( A)

-2

-100 -75 -sc -25 9 2s so 7s 100

OLSTANCE ( AD

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR SRG LINE_7 au HOLDEN BEACH. NC
13NGV70 - 40€C7

ELEVATION ( A)

-100 -75 -S0 -25 Q 25 sa 78 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR ee Jou E 8 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC
13NO0V70 DECTS

187

VERTICAL OATUA [5 ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POSITION OW

13N0V70
<
cr)
=
~
z
So
Load
-
c
>a
w
J
w
Ons Soma Sa SS ON SS OS SS SS Oo OOO oS
T
9
' ' '
-100 -15 -s0 -25 Ga 2s so 18 100

OISTANCE ( A}

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR BR evone LINE_9 oil HOLDEN BEACH. NC
13NGV70 - 40£C7

ELEVATION ( A)

-100 -75 -50 -25 Q 2s sa 7s 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FO Ee eu ceo, AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC

188

VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL

HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POSITION ON
13NO0V70

ELEVATION ( A}

-25 G 265 50 hy 100
QISTANCE ( Nd

PROFILE ENVELOPE BORER CE ae ced, AT HOLOEN BEACH, NC

-100 785 -SO

ELEVATION ( AD

‘ ‘
-100 -75 -50 -25 Q 2s so 7S 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FS ee woe} 4 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC

189

lo VERTICAL OATUN [S ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POSITION OW
16NQV70

ELEVATION ( A}

-100 -75 -50 -25 Q 2s so 75 100
OISTANCE ( A}

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE _13 AT HOLDEN BEACH, NC
I6NOV70 - 40EC74

ELEVATION ({ A}

1
-100 -78 -s0 -25 Q 2s sa 78 100
OISTANCE ( NN)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE-14 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC
I6NQV70 - 40£C74

190

wo VERTICAL DATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POSITION ON
16N0V70

ELEVATION ( A)

-2

-100 -75 -50 -25 Q 2s so 78 100

OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR ENaiooe LINE ue nk HOLOEN BEACH, NC
16NQV70 - 4DEC7

ELEVATION ( A)

-100 -78 -s0 -25 G 2s sa 7S 100
OIFSTANCE ( MN)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR Ea a LINE Tey AT HOLOEN BEACH. NC
16NOV70 - SEG

191

VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS

SHGRELINE POSITION ON
16NOV70

ELEVATION ( A)

=2

-100 -75 -50 -25 Q 25 so 78 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELQPE FOR ae LINE as AT HOLOEN BEACH, NC
16NGV70 - SOEC?

ELEVATION ( A}

-100 -75 -50 -25 QO 25 so 78 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE 18 AT HOLOEN BEACH. NC
16NQV70 - SODEC74

192

ELEVATION ( A}

ELEVATION ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR Bae LI

VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POSITION ON
18NO0V70

1
-100 -78 -50 -25 Q 25 so 78 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE Pe eae CINE esa AT HQ@LOEN BEACH. NC

-100 -78 -s0 -25 Q 2s sa 7S 10G
OQLSTANCE ( A)

NE 20 AT HQLDEN BEACH, NC
18NOV = $0 C74

193

wo VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POSITION ON
14w0V70

ELEVATION [ nm}

-100 -75 -so -25 a 2s sa 15 100
OISTANCE ( A)

PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE
18NQV70 - SDE

21 AT HOLOEN BEACH. NC
DEC?4

194

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