YU.9-Frmy Coast. Eng . eee Chr (Ay -AcAo 593) Beach Fauna Study of the CERC Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina by James F. Matta MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 77-6 APRIL 1977 concn WHO? DOCUMENT ) COLLECTION / Sia distribution unlimited. Prepared for U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER Kingman Building - Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from: National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 Contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publicatio- re iim a ses doesnot constitul se of such commer The 1 n official Departn by other authoriz NAOT 0 0301 0089877 1 UNCLASSIFIED ——_—_————— SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER MR_77-6 . TITLE (and Subtitle) - TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED BEACH FAUNA STUDY OF THE CERC FIELD RESEARCH FACILITY, DUCK, NORTH CAROLINA Miscellaneous Report 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) AU THOR(a) Matta James Ee DACW72-75-C-0019 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS . PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk, Virginia 23508 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CE) Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(i/f different from Controlling Office) were REPORT DATE NUMBER OF PAGES “ees Oore 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thia report) UNCLASSIFIED 15a. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE distribution unlimited. 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thia Report) Approved for public release; . DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) - SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES . KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Beach fauna Macrofauna CERC Field Research Facility Meiofauna Dare County, North Carolina Ocean beach Ecology Sound beach ABSTRACT (Continue am reverse sids if necessary and identify by block number) This report presents the results of a location intensive seasonal study of the beach fauna of a barrier island in Dare County, North Carolina. The study area includes the beach face from the margin of the swash zone to 60 meters offshore on the ocean beach and from the swash zone to 300 meters offshore on the sound beach. A simple quantitative sampling device was developed for use in the surf zone and was used throughout this study. (Cont inued) FORM DD . jan za 1473 = EDITION oF t Nov 65 1s OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) UNCLASSIFTED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) The dominant species on the ocean beach were Emerita talpoida, Scolelepis squamata, Donax sp., and Parahaustortus longimerus. Three communities were defined on the beach by a factor analysis of physical and biological param- eters measured. The Emerita community was confined to the swash zone and the inner edge of the surf zone on the beach. It was characterized by high- Stress conditions, high densities of E. talpoida, and low densities of all other species. The Scolelepts community ranged outward from the margin of the surf zone to approximately 45 to 50 meters offshore. It was characterized by high densities of S. squamata and also had high densities of other organisms including P. longimerus and Donax sp. The Parahaustortus community extended from 50 to 60 meters offshore to an undetermined offshore point. It was characterized by high densities of P. lonatmerus. and lowered densities of S. squamata. Donax sp. and Bathyporeta quoddyensts also attained their highest densities in this area. Species diversities on the beach were low. The sound beach was characterized by three distinct faunistic commu- nities. The Scolecolepides community was characterized by high densities of Scolecoleptdes viridis, Chironomid larvae, and Peloscolex sp. and the presence of Rangta cuneata. It extended from 90 to 140 meters to at least 300 meters offshore, with the nearshore boundary the edge of the wind tide exposed beach and the offshore boundary probably the margin of the dense stands of Rupea in deep water. The zone between the beach margin and the edge of the Scolecolepitdes community was characterized by the burrowing amphipod Leptdactylus dysttcus. This was the only abundant species in this zone which was frequently exposed by wind tides. A small developing marsh community, characterized by higher organic content, higher temperatures, lower salinities, increased numbers of species and higher species densities was the third community on the site. Species diversities were low as is characteristic of most oligohaline areas. @ UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) PREFACE This report is published to provide base-line data on the beach faunas of a barrier island at Duck, North Carolina. The work was carried out under the coastal ecology research program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC). The report was prepared by Dr. James F. Matta, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, under CERC Contract No. DACW72-75-C-0019. The author expresses appreciation to Drs. A.J. Provenzano and H.G. Marshall, Institute of Oceanography and Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, for assistance in designing the research program and in taking the samples, and to W.W. Willis, graduate student, Institute of Oceanography, and W.W. Robinson and C.E. McKinley, graduate students in the Department of Biological Sciences, for their assistance in the field and in the sorting and identification of collections. The assistance of A.K. Hurme of CERC throughout the project, and particularly in selecting favorable collecting days, is gratefully acknowledged. A.K. Hurme was the CERC contract monitor for the report, under the general supervision of R.M. Yancey, Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch, Research Division. Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. OHN H. COUSINS Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director Wal IV APPENDIX A B 1 Faunistic list of the ocean beach at the CERC Field CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) INTRODUCTION. METHODS AND MATERIALS 1. Transect Location . 2. Sampling Device mae IAP MON ps MELEE SSS, 6 ono. Saucier 4. Measurement of Physical Parameters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 1. The Ocean Beach 2. The Sound Beach DISCUSSION. 5 1. The Ocean Beach 2. The Sound Beach LITERATURE CITED. PRELIMINARY TESTS OF SAMPLING DEVICES DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING PLAN. RESULTS OF THE AUGUST 1975 SAMPLING ON THE OCEAN BEACH . RESULTS OF THE JULY 1975 SAMPLING ON THE SOUND BEACH . TABLES Facility 2 Mean number of total macrofauna per square meter on beach. 3 Mean number of Emerita talpoida per square meter on beach. 4 Mean number of Scolelepis squamata per square meter beach. 5 Mean number of Parahaustorius longtmerus per square the ocean beach. Research the ocean the ocean on the ocean meter on Page Mn NY Ao © io) ine) 94 98 26 10 11 12 14 iS 16 7 18 19 20 21 BD CONTENTS TABLES-Continued Mean number of Donax sp. per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Bathyporeta quoddyensts per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Megalona rosea per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Sptophanes bombyx per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Petalosarsta declivis per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Eteone heteropoda per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Glycera sp. per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Metamystdopsts mexicana per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Amphtporeta virginiana per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Leucon amertcanus per square meter on the ocean beach. Mean number of Mterophthalmus sezelkowit per square meter on the ocean beach. Three-way analyses of variance between the major macrofaunal species of the ocean beach and site, transect, and season. Water temperature (°Celsius) recorded on the ocean beach. Salinity levels (parts per thousand) recorded on the ocean beach. Vertical distance (in meters) from MSL of sites on the ocean beach. Mean grain size (in phi) of sediments on each site on the ocean beach. Sorting of sediments on each site on the ocean beach. 30 31 33 34 39 41 43 44 45 26 Dil 28 29 30 Sil 32 33 34 35 36 SH 38 39 CONTENTS TABLES-Continued Skewness of sediments at each site on the ocean beach Kurtosis of sediments at each site on the ocean beach Organic content of sediments (in grams per 100 grams) on the Oceantibeachiw= Wem ees Carbonate concentration (in grams per 100 grams) on the ocean beach. Matrix of correlation coefficients among physical parameters and major species for the ocean beach. Principal factors with eigenvalues and percent of variance predicted by each factor, ocean beach. Average diversity per site on the ocean beach . Faunistic list of the sound beach at the CERC Field Research Facility. Species above 0.5 millimeter only . Mean number of all organisms per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Lepidactylus dysticus per square meter on the sound beach. Lia eave tee tet oan aya Mean number of Scolecolepides viridts per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Peloscolex sp. per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Chironomidae larvae per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Leptochetrus plumulosus per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Monoculodes sp. per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Gammarus sp. per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Cyathura politta per square meter on the sound beach. . Page 46 47 48 Sl 58 60 61 63 64 65 66 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 5S) 54 55 CONTENTS TABLES-Continued Mean number of Rangia cuneata per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Laeonerets culvert per square meter on the sound beach. Mean number of Lystppides grayt ner square meter on the sound beach. Three-way analyses of variance between the major macrofaunal Species of the sound beach and site, transect, and season. . Water temperature (°Celsius) recorded at each site on the sound beach. Salinity (parts per thousand) recorded at each site on the sound beach. Vertical distance (in meters) from MSL for each site on the sound beach. Mean grain size (in phi) of sediments at each site on the sound beach. Sorting of sediments at each site on the sound beach. Skewness of sediments at each site on the sound beach . Kurtosis of sediments at each site on the sound beach . Carbonate concentration (in grams per 100 grams) at each site on the sound beach . Organic concentration (in grams per 100 grams) at each site on the sound beach. Matrix of correlation coefficients among physical parameters and major species for the sound beach. Factors, eigenvalues, and variance explained for factor analysis on the sound beach correlation matrix. Average diversity per site on the sound beach FIGURES Location of the CERC Field Research Facility. Page 70 74 iS 76 77 78 80 81 85 12 CONTENTS F IGURES-Continued Location of transects on the study site. Cross section of the corer used as a sampling device The approximate location of the sampling sites with respect to the zonation of wave activity and sedimentary structures. Approximate location of the three major communities on the sound beach Page 15 Wy) 18 87 CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (ST) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply by To obtain ee nnn ———— inches 25.4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches Gs BY) cubic centimeters feet 30. 39 centimeters 0.3048 meters square feet 0.0929 square meters Cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters Square yards 0.836 Square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers Square miles 259.0 hectares knots SSO kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds lo Se) newton meters millibars 1 OLO7 « WOrs kilograms per square centimeter ounces 28.35 grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.1745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins! ooo OO OOOO lTo obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Farenheit (F) readings, use formula: C = (5/9) (F -32). To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15. raj uaa oh Yael: L2abtiny. ante TMaMAMEASY io TT as i aed Mig Ouest aaah ae Pe ee i : “Pah he ee: Wie? ed hbo fro 173 Bide fy Trae 3 EY ” 40 si H i eo, Kher) Loh ® i | f i] f i » TA : ad ¢ : = OR! = Sg Rs = aaa inca ‘ fad eG i A % pay 14 _ ae a — = = A ow en . ov bh 4 TER “ . * hit 4 ' “i 7 ¢ be ; Lit ee ae Lo? pvyn4 LAY Pe a 4 j ) Ke ‘ : iy Gai ME y “ Co ta Lee OF) wilde, ’ Neh 4 1 \je ae ‘ ee ae Va ed ° ' 0 - er iey ria iA 4) { os o ; a " we: VET BOD 5S Tom Chinese | eR ; i ¥ 5 op : ' ay aN 2 at yah) iU rT 1 ny a : f vy } mano LLA ADA i | ree TO aeas wok 79 (Meo tAgwl Io | wena eae Poa yy ae Yh00 a) eretem Horan 8 Nea i £3 wt fil f b reg enceott ti er iL; cite ol mos S35 au. i. oot idiom asym . ay ; rl anarg 9 at cy F 7 aw eee = mmamerteinenneci ennai CH) ake dicen i ROoTY al BEACH FAUNA STUDY OF THE CERC FIELD RESEARCH FACILITY, DUCK, NORTH CAROLINA by James F. Matta I. INTRODUCTION The Outer Banks of North Carolina are a series of offshore sandy barrier islands extending from the Virginia-North Carolina border to Cape Fear. The barrier islands, rarely more than 6 kilometers wide, are separated from the shore by shallow sounds of varying widths and are occasionally connected to the mainland or pierced by inlets to the Atlantic Ocean. These islands provide an inhospitable environment to both plants and animals. Strong winds, salt spray, and scouring sands have limited plant and animal communities to a few dominant, well-adapted species. The CERC Field Research Facility (FRF) is located on a narrow section of Currituck Bank (North Bank), about 48 kilometers south of the Virginia-North Carolina State line and 2 kilometers north of Duck, Dare County, North Carolina (Fig. 1). Currituck Bank extends southward about 91 kilometers from the State line to Oregon Inlet, the first break in the Outer Banks south of Chesapeake Bay. At the FRF site, the ocean and sound beaches are approximately 914 meters long. Barrier island beaches offer several different habitats for invertebrates. The swash zone and surf zone are severe habitats, where the main limiting environmental factors are the stress of wave action and the periodic exposure and submergence caused by the tidal jeyoller The ocean beach at the FRF site is a high-energy beach with a steep, narrow beach face bordered by 7-meter-high foredunes. The foredunes were stabilized in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in a project which involved the area between Virginia Beach, Virginia, and the middle of Ocracoke Island, North Carolina (Stratton and Hollowell, 1940). According to Dolan (1972) and Dolan, Godfrey, and Odum (1973), this stabilization narrowed the beach and increased the oceanside slope on the dune face and the beach. The beach face slopes down to an abrupt topographic step at 50 to 100 centimeters below mean sea level (MSL). This step is the line of demarkation between the coarse bottom material of the lower swash zone and surf zone, and the fine sand of the buildup zone and the outer part of the surf zone. Three wave zones and five bottom zones were defined Wal Norfolk oo ah Duck Nags Head Oregon Inlet 48 km Figure 1. Location of the CERC Field Research Facility. 12 Oe MLS GyoS Oi Dezel (Giasecom, Iswinicre, Eine! \AmaItsyosS., MSV) 5 Nennes pass through the buildup zone and become higher and steeper until they break. After breaking, the waves progress through the surf zone and terminate in the swash zone. An asymmetric ripple facies occurs off- shore and merges with a megaripple area in the buildup zone. The inner buildup zone and part of the surf zone cover the outer planar facies, while the inner rough facies occurs under the rest of the surf zone. The inner planar facies is in the swash zone. All of these zones occur at the FRF beach, and the line of demarkation between the outer planar facies and the inner rough facies is very abrupt. The sound beach is wide and sloping, and periodically exposed or covered by wind tides. The major features of the beach are a small riprapped promontory at the southern end which was created by erosion at the edge of the riprap, an eroded and steeply banked shoreline, a small natural marsh bordering the riprapped area, and a large area of submerged and emergent vegetation which was planted near the natural marsh by CERC personnel to stop erosion. Levy (1976) found 22 species of wetlands plants in this area; Setrpus americanus, Aster tenutfoltus, Distichlts spicata, Hlocharts sp., and Hydrocotyle umbellata are the most common species. Most of the beach is barren 500 to 800 feet from shore. Here, small Vallisnerta plants occur which are gradually replaced by a solid Stand of Ruppta at about 1,000 to 1,200 feet. The water in the area is Oligohaline, varying from a salinity of 0.5 to 5.0 parts per thousand. The first comprehensive study of benthic communities was performed in the North Sea by Peterson (1924). He established the major benthic communities and discussed the environmental factors limiting their distribution. The earliest comprehensive study of marine sandy beach fauna in the eastern United States was conducted at Beaufort, North Carolina, by Pearse, Humm, and Wharton (1942). They examined the species composition of beach communities from the foreshore slope to deep water, and gave the zonal distributions for several animals. Emerita talpotda was abundant in the intertidal region, and Donax sp. was also found in this region. The burrowing amphipod, Haustorius, was most abundant on inundated shoals. This study provided information on sand beach fauna, but quantitative sampling and a systematic sampling plan were not used. Cerame-Vivas «nd Gray (1966) studied the distributional pattern of benthic invertebrates of the Continental Shelf off North Carolina, but did not include beach fauna. There have been no quantitative studies on benthic communities of high-energy beaches on the east coast of the United States. These beaches are difficult to sample, and earlier research has focused on the benthic communities of protected and easily sampled beaches. Community structure was studied at Morehead City, North Carolina, on an intertidal sandy beach in an ocean inlet inside Beaufort Inlet (Dexter, 1969). The community was typified by low diversity, low density, and a few dominant species, especially haustorid amphipods and polychaetes. The four most abundant species were Meohaustertus schmitat (803.96 individuals per square meter), Acanthohaustorius mtllst (60.28 individuals per square meter), Donax vartabtlts (31.01 individuals per Square meter), and Scolelepts squamata (14.23 individuals per square meter). Croker (1967) discussed the niche diversity of five haustorid amphipods occurring on sandy beaches. The distribution and niche diversity of haustorid amphipods in North Carolina were studied by Dexter (1967). Amphtporeta virgtntana was most abundant on surf-swept beaches on the barrier islands; Parahaustorus longtmerus was most abundant in the inlet environment; and Leptdactylus dyttscus occurred in various habitats in the sound. McDougall (1943) discussed the sessile marine invertebrates around Beaufort and focused on population variations in pile-dwelling organisms. Carriker (1967) reviewed estuarine benthic invertebrates, and emphasized the need for work on all aspects of estuarine ecology. Several studies on estuarine benthic invertebrates were conducted in North Carolina. Brett (1963) studied the relationship between inverte- brate distribution and sediment type. Tenore, Horton, and Duke (1968) reported the distribution of the bivalve, Rangta cuneata, in the Pamlico River estuary and Pamlico Sound. Tenore (1970) studied the macrobenthos of the Pamlico River estuary. He divided the estuary into an oligohaline zone dominated by R. cuneata and Nerets succinea, a mesohaline zone with a Macroma balthtca-Heteromastus filltformts-Merets succtnea association, and a polyhaline zone with a Macoma phenax- Mulinta lateralts-Glycera dibranchtata association. This is an intensive, seasonal study of the benthic invertebrate communities on a high-energy barrier island beach and on the estuarine beach of the same strand. Species were characterized by location and density, and communities are defined and related to the limiting physical parameters. The species diversity of the communities is determined and seasonal changes in densities and diversity are discussed. II. METHODS AND MATERIALS 1. Transect Location. Three transects were established on both the ocean and sound beaches (Fig. 2). On the ocean beach, transect II was due east of bench mark 16, and 47 meters north of the pier on the FRF site. | TO VIRGINIA BEACH, VA. TRANSECT I NORTH BOUNDARY ATLANTIC OCEAN TRANSECT VI CURRITUCK SOUND TRANSECT IT TRANSECT V CERC FIELD TRANSECT IV RESEARCH FACILITY TRANSECT III SOUTH BOUNDARY DUCK, N.C. Figure 2. Location of transects on the study site. IS Transect I was 305 meters north of transect II, and transect III was 305 meters south of transect II. On the sound beach, transect IV 64. This site was selected because V was 34 meters north of bench mark IV. This site was selected because caused the transect to be in deeper Transect VI was 200 meters north of with little slope which was typical was 118 meters south of bench mark it included a small marsh. Transect 64, and 152 meters north of transect a shallow east-to-west depression water than the surrounding area. transect V in a barren sand area of the sound beach. 2. Sampling Device. Preliminary tests conducted with two grab sampling devices which were considered unsuitable for the project are discussed in Appendix A. The device used in the project (Fig. 3) was a corer constructed of a 6-millimeter (1/4 inch) circular steelplate with a l-centimeter hole in the center welded to a 15-centimeter section of 8.55-centimeter-diameter (3-3/8 inches) steel electrical conduit. A 2.54-centimeter (1 inch) pipe coupling was welded to the plate over the hole, and a 2.54-centi- meter steel pipe was tightly screwed into the coupling. The leading edge of the steel conduit was sharpened to aid penetration. A long handle (about 50 centimeters) was used in the shallow areas, and a short handle (about 15 centimeters) was used in the deep areas that required diving. The corer was pushed into the substrate, then extracted with the hole at the top of the handle covered. The core sample usually remained in the corer until the sample was placed in a bag, but on the deep sites the open end was covered to prevent the sample from washing out. The corer was easy to use, fast, and unaffected by the varying particle sizes on the beach, and there were no moving parts to rust or jam. It was relatively safe to use in the surf zone where sampling is dangerous. The corer sampled a large area (57.7 square centimeters) compared to commercially available corers. 3. Sampling Plan. The sampling plan was changed to improve the efficiency of the sampling and the quality of the data (App. B). In the final plan on the ocean beach, the zero point on each transect was the landward margin of the swash zone. Thus, the sites were in the same relative position with reference to the wave activity, but changed position between sampling series with reference to a fixed point onshore. Sites one to nine were respectively established seaward of the zero point at S55 JoO, WOO; 15.0, I5Se3, 22.7, SO.4, 45.0, amd O0.8 meters (horizontal distance) (Fig. 4). When possible, samples were collected during low tide so the sites were relatively the same distance from MSL over the sampling series. However, the main criterion in determining sampling times was sea conditions. 1 Std. Pipe (2.54cm) O.6cm Steelplate Liem 3 3/8 Steel Conduit (8.5cm) Figure 3. Cross section of the corer used as a sampling device. "(1Z6T ‘Sdttttud pue ‘ra UN] ‘UOIFT[D WOLF POTFTpow) POSSUeTZ SY WO qyutod o19z oy ST OV ‘seanqonz7s ATejUSUTpes pue AZTATIOV eAPM FO UOTIBUOZ ay 02 y0edsex yATM saqts Butt~dues oy FO UOTILIOT aqeutxozdde oy, ‘“p oan3ty saiova | °2!°] satova Seve Vd HONOY YALNO YVNVId YVNVTd vane POOH vain: atdabavoan ANNI LVN LOASNVUL NOILVOOT ALIS = V ANOZ ANOZ ANOZ HSVMS TYAS dNaTIne TUOHSUVAN AUYOHSAAO 18 Three samples, each consisting of two cores, were taken at each site (total area sampled 1.15 X Oe Square meters by 10 centimeters deep). Samples were placed in prelabeled plastic bags, stored at 1° to 4° Celsius, and returned to the laboratory for extraction. A magnesium chloride (MgCl>) and seawater rinsing technique was used to extract the organisms from the core samples (Cox, 1976); rose bengal was added to a 4-percent Formalin solution to aid in the sorting. All organisms, 0.5 millimeter or larger, were separated by species, identified, and counted. Some smaller groups (mostly microcrustacea) were also counted, but were not identified below the order level. Core samples for grain-size analysis were taken at each site, rather than at every other site, to increase the chance of detecting a correlation between organism density and grain-size distribution. The ocean beach was not sampled during unfavorable sea conditions, and usually no more than two transects were sampled per day. Thus, sampling during the late fall and early spring lasted as much as 1 month. The first sampling series was taken in August 1975 (App. C), the second series on 23 October (transects I and II) and 20 November 1975 (transect III), the third series on 7 March (transect I) and 8 April 1976 (transects II and III), the fourth series on 8 June (transect II) and 10 June 1976 (transects I and III), and the fifth series on 16 July (transect I) and 22 July 1976 (transects II and III). After the October-November sampling was completed, a change in the sampling procedure was requested by CERC. The number of samples per site was increased from three to four to increase the accuracy of the variance estimates of the common species populations and to increase the chance of collecting rare species. Sampling at sites 4 and 6 was eliminated to keep the total number of samples collected at a manageable EWE. In the final plan on the south beach transects, the zero point was the sound margin. Sampling sites 1 to 8 were respectively placed 15.2, 58-0), S128, 61.0, 68.56, 76.2, 152.4, and 304.8 meters Soundward of the zero point. The coring and extraction techniques used were identical to the methods used on the ocean material (Cox, 1976), but tapwater was substituted for the MgCl5-seawater solution. Core samples were also taken at each site for grain-size analyses. The first sampling series for the sound beach was taken in July 1975 (App. D), the second series on 11 October 1976, the third series on 7 March 1976, the fourth series on 24 May 1976, and the fifth series on 16 July (transect VI) and 31 July 1976 (transects IV and V). 4. Measurement of Physical Parameters. Sites were located by stretching a precalibrated nylon line, which was anchored to the shore, over the transect. The vertical distance from MSL was determined by relating the water depth to a point of known elevation on shore using a level and elevation rod. Temperature and salinity were measured near the bottom at each site using an inductive salinometer with a 300-foot cable. Taylor series sieves (phi interval) and a roTap® were used for grain- size analyses. About 50 + 2 grams of material were sieved on the ROTAP for 10 minutes. Material retained on each sieve was weighed, and a computer program for sediment-size analysis (Darby and Wobus, 1976) was used to determine mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis. The total organic content of each sediment sample was determined by the incineration method and the total carbonate content of each sediment sample by the hydrochloric acid (HCI) method (Carver, 1971). III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 1. The Ocean Beach. a. Preliminary Sampling. Because different sampling and extraction techniques were used, samples taken in August 1975 were not directly comparable to the other four sets of samples and will not be discussed hene) (seewAppe 1) b. Faunistics. Twenty-three species of macrofauna in five phyla and 19 families were collected (Table 1). All but four of the macro- faunal species were polychaetes or crustaceans. Several species of meiofauna were also quantitated, but were not identified to the species LEVel c. Species Abundance. The mean number of individuals per square meter at each site during each season was calculated for all species constituting more than 1 percent of the total macrofauna, and for the total macrofauna (Tables 2 to 16). The total macrofauna ranged from 0 (site 3, transect II, October 1975) to 24,152 individuals per square meter (site 8, transect II, June 1976). The swash zone fauna was dominated by #. talpotda, an organism uniquely adapted to the constant wave action and shifting bottom. The ‘polychaete, S. squamata, was abundant in the deep parts of the swash zone and between the swash zone and the surf zone (sites 3 and 4) during June and July 1976. Donax sp. occasionally occurred in large numbers in this area, especially during July 1976. The outer surf zone and the inner buildup zone, including the inner rough and the outer planar bottom types (sites 5, 6, 7, and 8) were dominated by 5S. squamata with up to 10,000 to 12,000 individuals per square meter. Most species were collected in this area, and small speci- mens of Donax sp. occasionally occurred with up to 6,000 individuals per 20 Table 1. Faunistic list of the ocean beach at the CERC Field Research Facility. Phylum NEMERTEA Tubulanus pelluctdus Phylum ANNELLIDA Class Polychaeta Family Spionidae Seolelepts squamnata Sptophanes bombyx Family Nephtyidae Nephtys bucera Family Megalonidae Megalona rosea Family Hesionidae Microphthalmus sezelkowtt Family Opheliidae Travista carnea Family Phyllodocidae liteone heteropoda Family Glyceridae Glycera sp. Phylum MOLLUSCA Class Bivalvia Order Heterodoatida ‘Family Donacidae Donax sp. (probably vartablts) Family Solenidae Ensts sp. Order Prionodontida Family Arcidae Anadara ovalis Phylum ARTHROPODA Class Crustacea Order Amphipoda Family Haustoriidae Parahaustortus lLongimerus Amphtporeta virgintana Bathyporeta quoddyensts 2 Table 1. Faunistic list of the ocean beach at the CERC Field Research Facility.--Continued Family Ischyroceridae Jassa falcata Order Mysidacea Metamystdopsts mextcana Order Cumacea Family Leuconidae Leucon amerteanus Eudorellopsts deformtis Family Pseudocumidae Petalosarsta declivis Order Decapoda Family Paguridae Pagurus longtcarpus Family Portunidae Ovaltpes ocellatus Family Hippidae Emertta talpotda Microcrustacea Subclass Ostracoda Order Myodacopoda Species A Order Podocopa Species A Subclass Copepoda Order Harpacticoida SPecieseA Species B Phylum CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa Order Actiniaria Species A (immature) 22 *soqep 10430 uo Uayez soydwes ano0y “SL6T AaquiaaoN - 1240299 Uaye} a31S 10d satdwes aaiyy z *siaqjow orenbs z-O1 x SI'I spenba azts artdues I 96°985'S | oZ-eot‘o | 16°£29°2 | 96°985‘zt |po-stp‘t | zz-s90‘s | ce-zve‘r | gy-svo't| 96°980'2 | sss6s | 0z-809 ‘| c8-082 6 eT6eZ*s | So°S6I‘s | 28°097°6 Z8°09L‘L | LI*2ST ‘bz | 19°782‘8 28°097‘T L°80t‘t | 28°09z‘¢ 28°092 v6°SIT 79°ESL 8 vOSTp‘S | pOvsly's | Ep'oso‘6l | ET6ez‘s | 2z°S90‘ZI | 275°9S6‘6 vO'sl6‘s | Se" pos 2°809 88°12 79°ESL pe"ste L oss a5 coe oss see soe ase ==5 ee L6°LS 06°20z zL°0SS‘Z 9 0°000‘S | LI°ZST‘8 | 72°S90‘P 8p ero‘ £°16s‘or | £° 168 8b°ob zz°S9 02°809°T be°sIl 06° 202 08° SOP Ss oss == | =e ace i; 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II ne 9Z61 Arne 9Z61T oun QL6T Ttady - yoaeW | SL6T ToqueAoN - 18qG0390 ,UOsees , Woveq uves0 ey} uo raze atenbs sed nuvojmeu s2zsdopishupzey JO Iequmnu uBeW “ET STIPL 34 ‘soiep iey.O uo usye soTdwes anoy "SL6I TOqUeAON - I9qG0I9Q Ueye} o4Ts sod saTdwes sory] - *szojzow orenbs z-OT x ST’T s—tenbo ozts otdues I cc S9 OQ. i72, We 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WL NG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8V'SY 0 GE SS) 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 a5% St aa sE5 5 ans ae a =E> 0 0 0 Sie Van Le 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bos oe == as rd picks S55 Ge 0 0 OZ be we ke 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ST 62%) SE POL|S8 Lye 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 — | Bel II I IU Wil IIA I I IIA Il mae 9Z61 Arne 9L61 unc 9L61 Ttady - yoreW | SL61 LOqUoAON - 10qG0390 zuosees , Yoveq uBel0 ay} UO Jo zeU eienbs ted punturbira v1exodiyduy Jo Lequnu ues, “vI ST9IeL 35 *soqep LTayjo uo uaye} setdues ino¥ "SL6T LOqUuaAON - 2aqoj9Q Ueye a4ts sod seTdues sony] z *szoqou orenbs z-O1T x ST'I S—Tenba azts oa tdues I S9=Soll96"98) P20 * cSt | 9698 0 Teeere 0 0 ale 0 0 6 O WOL BO) Zee | ve ue VS Os Ce S9 0 0 @) 0 8 WL UG | By Sy 0 @ “NGG S9! || Bip “siz 0 0 0 0 L See re Sas rie Bie caine ret Bae 0 0 9 0! PVE Le 0 GE, SON VAST? 0 0 0 0 0 S ae acer ars rte see PS aa ae 0 0 v VLG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 @) 0 0 0 @) 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @) T III II I Watt at I IACI II III It ss | qoosuerly, 9L61 Atne 9461 9une 9461 [tady - yoreW | SZ61T TOqUOAON - 19qQ01590 ZuosRas © , W9eeq UeeD0 eY42 UO Le zou azenbs ited snuvo1dewo uooneT Fo Tequmu ueeW “ST STqeL 36 *soqep 19y.O uo ueyey sotdues IMO] “SGT LEqUIOAON - 19qG0}90 UsyxeI OTS aod sotdues sor1yL z “szoyou ozenbs~ 201 x ST°T s—tenbo ozts atdues 1 VL IC 0 0 0 [ 0 0 0 a II I ICM Teh 9L61T Ane uoseas Sloe unT Be |e Lor [tady - yoreN | SZ61 Ioequieaon - 10q0390 3 , Yoeeq uves0 ey} uo 18j0U eaenbs 19d 12moy7az0s snuyzoyzydodorpq FO AEquMU UeOW “OT STGRL SiG square meter. The haustorid amphipod, P. longimerus, occurred with up to 4,000 individuals per square meter (particularly on site 8). Site 9 was farthest from shore and was located in the middle of the buildup zone where megaripples occur in the rough facies. Parahaustortus Longimerus was dominant in this area with up to 8,000 individuals per Square meter; however, both 5. squamata and Donax sp. occurred in large numbers. A second haustorid amphipod, Bathyporeta quoddyensis, also occurred in the area with up to 750 individuals per square meter. No other significant species were collected. Eight crustaceans and five polychaetes occurred over the sites but did not dominate any area. d. Analyses of Variance. Three-way analyses of variance were performed using site number, transect number, and season as the independent variables, and total macrofauna and major macrofaunal species as the dependent variables (Table 17). The two-way inter- actions between site and transect, site and season, and transect and season were often highly significant. The three-way interaction be- tween site, transect, and season was usually significant. When interaction terms are significant, interpretation of the main effects is difficult because the level of the measured variable (number of individuals collected) is affected nonadditively by the levels of the two or more independent variables. An interpretation was made after re-examining the data and determining the direction and magnitude of the interaction effects. All species showed a significant difference in density due to season (probability, p <0.05), and most showed a highly significant difference (p <0.001). Densities generally increased from October to June and decreased in July. An exception was the seasonal distribution of Donax sp., which showed no significant change in total numbers between June and July. Clam spats (probably Donax) were numerous in June, but were reduced considerably in July. This indicated that a reduction in the Donax populations between the two samplings was counteracted by maturation of some juveniles. About 50 percent of the major species showed a significant difference in density between transects. Three of the four most abundant species were significantly different between transects (p <0.01), but total macrofauna was not Significantly different. Although macrofaunal species composition varied, the total number of organisms at a site did not vary Significantly among transects (excluding temporal variation). All the major species except Microphtholmus sezelkowitt, Glycera sp., and Petalosarsia declivits showed a significant difference in density between sites. A postertort tests (Student-Newman Keuls' procedure for differences between means at the 5-percent level) were performed on the species showing a significant difference between sites. Emertta talpotda was most abundant on sites 1 and 2; P. longimerus was most abundant on sites 8 and 9; and S. squamata was most abundant on site 7, but its densities on sites 5 and 8 were also significantly different from other sites. Juvenile Donax sp. were significantly more abundant on 38 *JUBOTITUBTS ON I 100°0 100°0 100°0 800°0 100°0 SN 100°0 ‘ds xpuog SN SN 100°0 SN 100°0 6£0°0 100°0 ppodoteqey au0e4 4 SN SN 100°0 1Z0°0 100°0 SN 100°0 SNUDOLAOUD UOONET 100°0 S00°0 100°0 100°0 p00°0 6£0'0 100°0 pasod nuolpbay SN SN SN SN svo°o SN SN 82101]0ep D1sdv0s01b1Ag SN SN SN SN S00°0 7Z0'°0 720 °0 buboznzau sisdopishumzoy SN SN 100°0 SN T00°0 SN 100°0 nuniurbara vrexodzyduy 100°0 TT0°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 600°0 100°0 pieong shaydoy SN 010°0 SN SN 100°0 SN SN ‘ds pieoh7y 100°0 SN SN SN £00°0 SN SN qimoyjez0s snuzoyzydouo1y 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 £00°0 0£0°0 Z00°0 ‘ds souvydozdg 100°0 £70°0 100 °0 100°0 100°0 SN 100°0 sisuahpponb vraizodhyzv0g 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 SNTAULBUO] SLdoZSsnDYy Doing 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 100°0 pqnupnbs s1deje10eg 100°0 100°0 100°0 SN 100°0 £00°0 100°0 oprod]n, D4z2caUy 100°0 T00°0 100°0 100°0 T00°0 SN 100°0 euneFOrseu TBIO] uOSBOS uOSBOS uoseos 2ZIBSUPLT ; uose9Ss JIOSUBTL 93TS sotoeds -}99SUeI}-94TS -2D9NSUBLL -931S -33TS SUOT}IPIOUT on[TeA y 19}vV9IS e FO ATT TqGeqoig ‘uoseos pue ‘}O9SUeI} ‘94TS puUe yowoq uevac0 ay} Jo satoseds [euneFordsew Tofew oy. useMjOq DoUeTIeA FO SoskTeue ABM-o9IYL “LT e1qel 39 sites 7, 8, and 9. The haustorid amphipod, B. quoddyensts, was most abundant on site 9. The other, less abundant species did not yield interpretable results in the a postertort tests. e. Physical Data. Water temperatures were recorded at each site (Table 18). Bottom temperature varied from 10.3° Celsius in March to 24.9° Celsius in July. Temperature usually decreased as the distance from shore increased. The greatest temperature range, 2.3° Celsius between sites 1 and 9, occurred in June. Salinities were recorded on the bottom at each site (Table 19), and ranged from 30.1 parts per thousand in June to 35.8 parts per thousand in March. Salinity gradually increased with increased distance from shore because of the diluting effect of ground water nearshore. The greatest salinity range was 2.37 parts per thousand between sites 1 and 9 in October. The vertical distance from a site to MSL varied between samplings Table 20). The method of locating the zero point on the transects caused the site location to depend upon the level of the tide and the sea conditions during sampling. The site elevations were affected by seasonal changes in the slope of the beach face, especially at the deep Sites. The greatest elevational change was at site 1 on transect III; the elevation was 0.24 meter below MSL on 20 November 1975 and 1.4 meters above MSL on:8 April 1976. The mean grain size (in phi), sorting, skewness, and kurtosis of the sediments were determined for each site (Tables 21 to 24). The bottom material generally was fine but poorly sorted at sites 7, 8, and 9, and coarse but well sorted at sites 1, 2, and 3. Site 5 was in a transitional area between the coarse inner beach sediments and the fine deepwater sediments, and grain-size statistics were variable for ‘hatsiSakteer The total organic content of the sediments (in grams per 100 grams) was determined for each site (Table 25). Organic content was generally low, and ranged from 0.00 to 2.17 grams per 100 grams with both.the low and the high values occurring in the October 1975 sampling. Although a clear pattern of organic content distribution did not emerge, organic content was slightly higher at the deep sites than at the swash zone SLES a The total carbonate content (in grams per 100 grams) of the sediments was determined for each site (Table 26), and was usually high on sites 1, 2, and 3 and low on sites 7, 8, and 9. The highest carbo- nate content was 26.15 grams per 100 grams on site 5, where the con- centration was often high because broken shells accumulated at the interface between the outer planar facies and the inner rough facies. Carbonate content on the inshore sites ranged from 2.19 to 17.78 grams per 100 grams; concentrations on the deep sites (7, 8, and 9) ranged from 0.28 to 2.83 grams per 100 grams. There was no pattern in the distribution of carbonate within the two groups of sites. 40 GUO MESEGL i cere: Fb ObOe esl eee An Poa || eee || SON 6 Z 0c a Oeel \.cere |. 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O8eT 6 99°T er 1s RTS T =| Ope aT On | OST Bvale (B01. bese 8 2571 Tee a haa p= kh SO ese Peri PSSTS || 2S a} 80 L S25 so se 225 === aoe aa Soh || ke ORT 9 g9°s ESS NTO ai) SEC GThO7 |aseg | O/8Ze Ip esh1e | zm -4| Sre0 S oes == 2s sos aos Ss see gz°s | p8°I | gg"T v EE || OO Cele ie | SS Oi Woe Wes I Olen | ego || Osos ¢ WES | SRB MIS? || Blk |} aS Neue? || eg-s De GL =e roar, Z 78°72 WORE: SOR | Ore 1 S6p |ersy || eos WOee ||| 2027 +) 6O%s i I III Il I Te iit I III II I sae . Beals mi Sl’ ZVOIOSUBLL OL61 Arne 9261 ounr 9L61 Ttady - yoateW [S61 Tequieroy - 19qQ0190 uoseas “yoevoq uevss0 3Yy} UO (SWeIs QOT sod sweIS UT) UOT}JeEI}ZUBDUOD o}eUOKGIeD “QE DUG, 49 f. Correlation Analyses. A correlation matrix was developed, using the physical parameters and the major species. Twenty-nine variables were used, producing 406 nonredundant correlations (Table 27). The correla- tion coefficients from the comparison of major species with season, transect, site, and horizontal distance from shore, generally agreed with the results of the variance analysis. The correlation between E. talpotda, Donax sp., A. virginiana, L. americanus, or M. sezelkowit and temperature was significant, but no species showed a significant correlation with salinity. Temperature and salinity changed gradually with increased distance from shore, thus the correlations between a species and temperature reflect the seasonal effect. Emertta talpotda had a strong negative correlation with mean grain size, indicating an affinity for the coarse sediments of the upper swash zone. Emertta talpotda correlated with sorting, skewness, and kurtosis because of the partial correlation of these variables with mean grain size. The burrowing amphipods, P. longimerus and B. quoddyensts, had a strong, positive correlation with mean grain size, indicating an affinity for the fine sediments of the deep sites. A principal factor analysis with iteration and varimax rotation (Nei, et al., 1975) was performed on the correlation matrix. The extracted factors, eigenvalues, and the percent of variance explained are pre- sented in Table 28. Nine factors were extracted, but the first five, interpreted below, explained over 80 percent of the variance: (a) Factor 1. This factor loaded heavily with month of collection (loading 0.94165), indicating that the largest source of variance was seasonal variation which accounted for about one-third of the variance. (b) Factor 2. This factor loaded heavily and positively with site, horizontal distance from shore, mean grain size, and kurtosis. It loaded heavily and negatively with vertical distance from MSL and the sorting, skewness, and carbonate content of the sediments. Since the other variables were strongly correlated (positively or negatively) with Site, this factor depended on location on the transect, and accounted for 20 percent of the variance. (c) Factor 3. The factor loaded heavily with two selective surface deposit-feeding polychaetes, Sptophanes bombyx and Megalona rosea. These species occurred sporadically in the collections. Their occurrence was very highly correlated, but they did not correlate strongly with other variables. Scolelepts squamata, another selective surface deposit-feeding polychaete, was abundant on most sites, but did not fall into this factor. (d) Factor 4. The factor loaded with the burrowing amphipod, P. longimerus and with an omnivorous fast-burrowing polychaete, Nephytes bucera. It is also loaded with a third variable, the kurtosis of the sediments, and with a second burrowing, omnivorous polychaete, 50 [ana] quaodsod-| oy gu guudpypUdys au FYE Y 49AG SonquA aantusye ype S Tease] yueaosod-¢ ay) qe MLO py PUTS Stu YUL y 4oau sonpua aynposqu pfu ‘poyyywo ode squyod peupoay yyy JO [8107--popnpouf ase g 0) 2 suoF da], Jo09 40) Sojdwes |jy saion ——— — — ——— vil O8o- | Sei- | bt- | uz9- yeu | 190-| £2t-] 9¢t | yoo alee Bul bewod “W '62 Ole | 2b | Gsu- | Ysu- |) Sso-| wIt- | ouz-| Ise | yBO-} s60- | vst-| zoc-] ssy | cze-| tvs- | evo | cze- | so0- equuoqiey —*9z 240 vue | eco" | C90" | WHO | cou | Beu-| 2EI- | zt | 990-| sot-} zx0-| szu-| zuz-| 991 | 9z0-| Gto-| Iet-| vot | 6xz | svo | oos- ayuussig “77 f pee jtbor) wt | set | seu | cya | 990 | izu-| cvu-| stu-| yco-} Gso | ¥91-| bro | oot-| sua | xzo | xo | 6eo-| xze | eto | stt- | z60- ¥30310eP ‘d *92 ~ eee | unos | tat | cou) yuo | Gee |) c2u-| goo | HIT | Gro-| s6u | yiu | ozo-| esa | gov | yzt | vo0-| tvo-| ceo | uxt | ezt-| 920 | peo-| wca PamoyzeEoU “Wo “Sz | | sae vor five | czy [aye | ove | see | fue | ovt | e9t | pyo- sue ab | ety- | cyo | OEE | $42 | S¥t | stu-| BIZ-| wet | sou- | uty | obz | emmopsouw “7 yz }----|seu | zor Jour | yoo | uv fiz | vow #10 | 90> | wGO- | vos | eez-) LeU | col | 92 | eet | Utt-| oBI-| zen | azo-| s2z | Son |wzeuehpponb +y gz | ~-> | t2@-] gt | WO | B1O- | tt | ytu- | syo-| 6zo- | eze | 6y0-| ONL | SUO-} SOT | GZI-} BbO-|) Boo | YHO | Sov-| gyu-| Let | vez | mueDauabuda *y +22 jp BRE | wSe | ocd | uke | Uzt | eet | spu-| Gyt-| you | tts-| 990 | 9so | ive | uts | tot-| oze-| 9sz | sea | osp | soz undoun buoy “dq "47 | | rs cul | Ose | itso | 1Ol-| elo | e22-| 610 | zt | Gut | seu Iw2-| 202 | g20-| sez | cur ‘ds euucy +02 j | | | Yul | 9to | 7¥0- | veo | 212 | est- | gou-| osu | eso | paz Wvo- | 6o0-| 121 $20 | 62I ‘ds pusoh79 +61 | | | vil | soy | O10- | Ubu- | vez | gut- | Ozu-| gto | ¥zo | ceo f2t-| cet | 970 | Bet | L2t | vpodorsguy -y “g1 | | | j | ERO | WOR | YO | cwO- | LGy | 94E-| c2u | g¥O | O9z | Ucy | YtE-| vez-| cen | ct | vez | oer pavong “H *LI | | | } | | --=- | 6£0-| 790 sto- | Ost | czt- | 680 | SfO | pt | 880 | BOI- gBy0-| Iso | O10 | vst | ozt whquog "sg “yt | | | | | | “~~ | 200 | GIt- | BOO-| 62t- | BoU- | 9¢u | ¥vO | zou-| ILO | szI-| 950 | Syo-| 1oz | vez pyvuanbe ss] | | | | | ~~> | 980") £¥O-) 600- | wlo | wor | B1O-| 120-| B1O-| Iy0-| Beo | 910 | yoo | Sou-| ruvoazew yy | | | | | SS PEN TTY | ust | v2e-] Ui2-| suz | oze | ozz-| vio | usv-| wet Dy pdoud oy | | “-->| GSI- | col | sui-| sys | ovs | o1-| wey-| tee | o90 | ze9 | veg Yidou 24 “-7> | BSE | §20-| 92s-| sts-| gov | Bye | Bzs-} sor | zsz-| oso- “asta "a4eAq UT ~~~] Olb | vet | cet | cvt-} 6ao-| zoz | vee-! g9z | vio Avyuyies ot | | “=== | ped-| B90 | Izu-| czu | wol-| svu-| yio-| 66t eanjeradway +6 “=== | 208 | vew-| c9e-| G2 | p90 | OBZ | U¥0- “ISTE 4H) “gy ~---| ¥29-] p¥p-| 99 | tzz | vis | LIO = Spsoquny °7 ~--- | v9 | 989-] wea | oxs-} z21z SSOuMayS —°9 ~---| sys-] ¢2u | tys-] zt Buyaqog +g | ~---| svi-| coe | 9n- CT ee 2 ----| sou | azo yoesuea, og ----| 610 es Zz dL | LL see eee Je IL | a cea : uusues ue ao llete IL my zy ut | ot 6 8 |? Bel 0 ‘ iz i “yoeoq ues50 84} 1of¥ Sotoeds aofeu pue saojzoweared [eotsXkyd Suowe SJUSTITFFOON UOTILTIILIOD FO xTAIeEW “LE ST9PL 5| Table 28. Principal factors with eigenvalues and percent of variance predicted by each factor, ocean beach. | Cumulative Factor Eigenvalue Pet of Variance Pet Variance 1 6.12413 34.7 34.7 2 3.58640 2068 555 ll 3 1.95403 it i GO. 1 4 1.50980 8.6 Ao7 5 1.30912 7.4 S251 6 OF9Z 319 Dod 87.4 7 0.89462 Dou 92m4 8 0.73495 AD 96.6 9 0.59845 Sind 100.0 e 52 Glycera sp., but not as strongly as the other variables (0.3758). The factor includes organisms that burrow through the fine, leptokurtotic sands of the deepwater sites. (e) Factor 5. The factor loaded heavily with the deposit- feeding polychaete, S. squamata, Donax sp., and the carnivorous poly- chaete, Hteone heteropoda. These animals were characteristic of deep- water sites, but sometimes moved shoreward and were found in low numbers on all sites. g. Species Diversity. Species diversity for each sample was calculated, using the Shannon-Weaver index: S H' = - )) (Nj/N) logs (Ni/N) , 1 where Nj is the number of individuals per taxon, N is the total number of organisms,and s is the number of taxa. The species diversity was calculated for each site (Table 29). A three-way analysis of variance was performed on these data with site, transect, and season as the independent variables. The two-way interaction terms were significant, but the three-way interaction term was not significant. There was no significant difference in diversity between transects. There was a highly signif- icant difference between both sites and seasons. Diversity was lowest during October and increased during March, June, and July. Diversities in October ranged from 0 to 1.27 and in July from 0.29 to 1.80. The deep sites had the highest diversities with the highest GHVerSrity Gla oD) eOCCUMEINO On eranseee lMlinismte Sean June wT9/or 2. The Sound Beach. a. Preliminary Sampling. Samples taken during 26 and 27 July 1975 are not comparable to the other four sets of samples because different extraction techniques were used, and will not be discussed here (see App. D). b. Faunistics. Twenty-three species of macrofauna in four phyla and 23 families were collected (Table 30). The phylum Arthropoda dominated the macrofauna with 14 families and at least 14 species. The phylum Annellida, representéd by five species, was most numerous. Larval Diptera were not identified below the family level; several species may have been represented, particularly in the family Chironomidae. c. Species Abundance. The mean number of individuals per square meter was calculated for each site and season for the total fauna, and 53 N soqep rey10 [T1Te toy { ¢€ = N GL6T LOquaAON - 19403190 104 z ‘szaqou ezenbs 701 x ST'T stenbe ezts etdues , il Ost LS) \ 6 69°@ | Siveu 64° T 8 1@°U | SOrl |) Of u Ut, Zee see Ps 9 ae O | SS°O | Gel S ee a5 aa v SSO | Au Lis ¢ PPO | AZ Lt || OG O C iCal We, II Oka I III II I IACI II III II I III II I a | qoosuely, 9261 Aine 9L6T 9une 9161 Ittdy - yorew she LI QUEAON - 1940390 UOSE9S “yovoqd uea 00 ay} Uo dats dod AjJTSIOATp oBseIOAY ‘67 STIBL 54 Table 30. Faunistic list of the sound beach at the CERC Field Research Facility. Species above 0.5 millimeter only. Phylum NEMATODA Order Dorylaimida Phylum ANNELLIDA Class Polychaeta Order Spionida Family Spionidae Scolecolepides viridis Order Phyllodocida Family Nereidae Laeonerets culvert Order Terebellidae Family Ampharetidae Lystpptdes grayt Class Oligochaeta Order Prosopora Family Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus sp. Order Plesiopora Family Tubifisidae Peloseolex sp. Phylum MOLLUSCA Class Bivalvia Family Mactridae Rangta cuneata Class Gastropoda Order Pulmonata Family Physidae Physa sp. Family Ancylidae Ferrtssta sp ? Phylum ARTHROPODA Class Crustacea Order Amphipoda Family Haustoridae Lepidactylus dystteus 55 Table 30. Faunistic list of the sound beach at the CERC Field Research Facility. Species above 0.5 millimeter only. -- Continued Family Gammaridae Gammarus sp. Family Photidae Leptochetrus plumulosus Family Oedicerotidae Monoculodes sp. Order Isopoda Family Anthuridae Cyathura poltta Family Idoteidae Chtrtdotea sp. Order Decapoda Family Cambaridae Cambarus sp ? (immature) Family Portunidae Callinectes saptdus Class Insecta Order Odonata Family Coenagrionidae Enallagma sp. Order Collembola Species A Order Coleoptera Family Dytiscidae Uvarus sp, Order Diptera Family Tabanidae Species A (immature) Family Chironomidae (Imnatures ) Family Cerotopogonidae (Immatures ) 56 for each species constituting more than 1 percent of the total macro- fauna (Tables 31 to 42). The total fauna, including both macrofauna and larger meiofauna, varied from 230 (site 3, transect VI, October 1975) to 132,700 individuals per square meter (site 1, transect IV, July 1976). Densities were generally highest on transect IV and lowest on transect VI and meiofauna species, primarily copepods, had the highest densities. The burrowing amphipod, L. dysttcus, was abundant with 0 to 3,300 individuals per square meter. Another amphipod, Monoculodes sp., was common with 0 to 1,360 individuals per square meter. Two other amphipods, Leptochetrus plumulosus and Gammarus sp., were collected on the beach, but their densities were low and their occurrence was sporadic. The burrowing polychaete, Scolecoleptdes viridis, was found on all sites, but was most abundant in deep waters with O to 435 individuals per square meter. Two other polychaetes, Lystpptdes grayt and Laeonerets culvert, occurred sporadically and in low numbers, but their frequency of occurrence was highest during July 1976. Chironomid larvae and the oligochaete, Peloscolex sp., were usually abundant with 0 to 2,579 and 0 to 41,480 individuals per square meter, respectively. They were most abundant on transect IV and on site 8 Ona) transects: The last major species was the brackish water clam, R. cuneata, which was commonly collected on the deep sites with 0 to 115 indivi- duals per square meter. d. Analyses of Variance. Three-way analyses of variance were performed on the total macrofauna and on all major species, using site, season, and transect as the independent variables (Table 43). The two- way interactions between site and season, transect and site, and season and site were often highly significant. The three-way interaction between site, transect, and season was also usually significant. Significant interactions make interpretation of the main effects difficult, because the levels of the measured variables are affected nonadditively by the levels of two or more independent variables. The interpretations were made after re-examining the original data and determining the direction and magnitude of the interaction term. The total fauna showed significantly different densities for site, transect, and season. Total fauna increased on all sites during May and July 1976, but greatly increased on sites 1 and 2 of transect IV because of marsh development. Seolecoleptdes viridis showed highly significantly different densities for site and season but no significant difference in densities for transect. 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UseMJ0q adUeTIVA Fo SosckTeue ABM-99IYL “Cp PTqeL 70 The results for L. plwnulosus were identical to those for S. virtdis, but L. plumulosus was less abundant and was collected in large numbers only during May 1976. Leptdactylus dysticus showed highly significant differences in density for all factors. This species was found on all sites but was least abundant on the deepwater sites of all transects and the marsh sites of transect IV. A general increase occurred in October, March, and May, and a small decrease occurred in July 1976. Lepidactylus dysticus and Monoculodes sp. had similar distributions. Chironomid larvae showed no significant difference in density between seasons, but highly significant differences between sites and transects. Chironomids were most abundant on transect IV, and also attained high densities on sites 1, 2, 7, and 8 of the other transects. They were least abundant on transect VI and on sites 3, 4, 5, and 6 on transect V. The oligochaete, Peloscolex sp., showed highly significant differences in density for all factors; densities increased with each season. It was most abundant in the marsh area of transect IV and on sites 7 and 8 of all transects. e. Physical Data. Water temperatures were recorded at each site (Table 44). Bottom temperatures varied from 17.7° Celsius in March to 35.1° Celsius in July. The temperature decreased as the distance from shore increased with the greatest temperature range (4.1° Celsius) between sites 1 and 8. Transect IV was usually one or two degrees warmer than the other transects on the nearshore sites, probably because it was insulated by the marsh. Salinity levels ranging from 0.7 to 4.0 parts per thousand were recorded at each site (Table 45). Salinities were lowest during October and March, increased during May, and decreased slightly during July. Salinities increased with distance from shore with the greatest range (2.25 parts per thousand) between sites 1 and 8. 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C= |S” I IA A ie IA A IA A Al IA A 28 eee “yoveq punos oy} UO 93TS Ydve Je SJUEWTpes FO SsaUMEeYS “6y 9TIBL 77 988°P 191°8 O10*L £6£°L p£0"9 SOL 1Lb°6 OSL°L bZ9°L 00°OT L@L'b 0LS°S £88°S S88°9 zL£°8 818°9 L0£°9 7SL°9 LLL°9 OfZ°L 18S°Z 18Z°Z iE g's L7£°9 008° bSZ°L 78S" 10981 100°8 8IZ‘O1 zLs°9 Tep°Z 9S9°0z Ovo' rT 9 10Z°L ssf" 788°S 691°9 OsT‘9 8sz°9 Ory Z Tee Zt 9v6'6I 90L°9 OLT'6 OfE°L S ZbE°S 618°L 1Z8"p fve's v£0°0z S89°6T £59°9 £2522 7£8°S L£20°L LOv'sT 96£°£Z p 959"p 189°9 88p'°S 16811 LL9°O1 ££S°61 Te6 ‘pT bIzZ9°ST 7£6°9 L08°ST 6£6°61 $7z'9 £ 820°9 91S°9 8r8°L OIL IT 0SL'8 S2z°L 0s'8 SBP °2Z 162°2T £OI'L 60T°L 0019 z 6LL°S T8p°Z p90°S 620° 188°9 420°9 Sze" It OptL oLs"s 96r°9 276° v1 676°8 T BES I Rs SSS IA A AI IA fe IL qoosueiy 9lel Aine 9261 AeW 9261 YyoreW SL6T 1290390 uoseag “yoeoq punos oy uo 92TS Yyove ye S}UEWTpaS FO STSOJINY “OS 9TIPL 78 The total carbonate and organic content (in grams per 100 grams) of the sediments were recorded at each site (Tables 51 and 52). The carbonate content was low, ranging from 0.02 to 0.15 percent. There was no significant difference between sites or sampling dates. The total organic content was also low, ranging from 0.11 to 0.97 percent. Organic content increased during the study, and was signifi- cantly higher on site 1 of transect IV at the last sampling because of the gradual marsh development on transect IV. f. Correlation Analyses. A correlation matrix was developed, using the physical parameters and the major species. Twenty-seven variables produced 351 nonredundant correlations (Table 53). The correlation coefficients with season, transect, and site support the analyses of variance. Scolecoleptdes viridis was highly correlated with water depth and horizontal distance from shore and R&R. cuneata was also correlated with these variables. Both species were most abundant on the deep sites. When wind tides exposed large areas of beach surface, shore birds congregated in the area and fed on the exposed bottom. Several freshly opened Rk. cuneata were discovered in the feeding area. The low densi- ties of R. cuneata and S. virtdis on the inner sites are probably due to predation, rather than to the species' inability to withstand exposure. Letpdactylus dystitcus preferred the shallow, inshore sites and was negatively correlated with depth and horizontal distance from shore. A principal factor analysis with iteration and varimax rotation (Nei, et al., 1975) was performed on the correlation matrix; the nine extracted factors, eigenvalues, and percent of variance explained are presented in Table 54. The three major factors are interpreted below: (a) Factor 1. The factor loaded heavily for organic content, oligochaetes, total organisms, tabanidae, and the dytiscid beetle, Uvarus sp. These variables suggested that the marsh area was a cohesive community and responsible for a major part of the variance in the collections. (b) Factor 2. The factor loaded heavily for site, horizontal distance from shore, water depth, and the polychaete, S. virtdts, and is primarily a location factor. The heavy loading of S. virtdis indicated the organism's dependence on location, primarily distance from shore. (c) Factor 3. The factor loaded heavily for season, carbonate content, temperature, and salinity. Factor 3 was a time and physical parameter factor, because seasonal changes, marked by changes in temperature and salinity, caused a large part of the variance in the correlation matrix. 79 N Live® | LS°O | @r°O LL°O |) SieO | GOO L80°0 | 160°0 CED) | SS°O |) S920 30°O. | wEeO || BLO |- Z@L°O | OSO°O | PZO°O-|) TOL°O || OF0°O |) CZO°O C7 || O2°O || 7° O LO | OueO@ || SOlO |- BELO | UGO°O | 480°O. || SSO°O || BZO°O || SSL°O 1 °O | £20 | Z9°O OL°O | ZO°O || OO | WLO?O1| LOO || SSO°O || COLO | S8O°O | BL0°O 1° |} O2°O | SS°O vl°O | LUPO | Ol°O | GSO°O | O20°O | GOO | SSO°O | CEO°O |) SILO yO | Le°O | SLO 60°0 | 91°0 | TT°0 | SS0°0 | 620°0 | Tz0°0 | 9ZT‘0O | S90°0 | 690°0 12° | 77°O || 120 OT 0 | 020 | 60°0'| 290°0 | 721-0 | 490-0 | E00 | 180-0 | 2110 SCO || SL°@ | SSO 830°O | SO°O | SO°O | £80°0 | £20? | ZHO°O |) S8O°O || GSO°O || SBO°O —- i Me j — IA A AI IA A AI TA A AI IA A AI 9L6T Atne 9L61 AW 9L6T Yorep SL6T 1940350 ‘yoeoq punos dy} UO 93TS YoeO Je (SweIs QOT t9d swears UT) UOoT}eIQUBDUOD 9}eUOGIeD 91S uoseas TiS STIL 80 OD"O || PE°O 1 BS°O V9 > O 6G 0 GeO | véGO | WECO | VECO | GVE"O || VSE°O:|| LEC" O 8 LGZ°O || vE°O. || 9E°O WZ O | SLO | GeO | Z8E°O | Wie°-O | SSr-O | WEl°@ | W6E°O |! 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Factors, eigenvalues, and variance explained for factor analysis on the sound beach correlation matrix. Pet of Cumulative Factor Eigenvalue Variance PGE 83 The three factors accounted for over 65 percent of the variance; other factors were not interpretable for biologic effects. None of the organisms, except those characteristic of the marsh and S. viridis, was associated with the major factors. Thus, their distributions were not dependent on the measured parameters. Other physical and chemical parameters determined both population levels and distributions for these species. g. Species Diversity. Species diversity at each site was calcu- lated using a Shannon-Weaver index (see Section III, 1, g) (Table 55). The total fauna (including meiofauna) was used to compute the diversity index. Diversity ranged from 0.33 to 2.33. The diversities in the May and July samples were significantly higher than those in the October and March samples; diversity was generally higher on the deep- water sites (sites 7 and 8) than on the nearshore sites. IV. DISCUSSION 1. The Ocean Beach. The ocean beach has one distinct faunal community. This community was located in the swash zone and was dominated by EF. talpotda. Pearse, Humm, and Wharton (1942) report that Donax sp. occur in this zone and move up and down the beach with the tidal cycle as does E. talpotda; however, densities of adult Donax were low in the swash zone at the FRF. Donax sp. has been observed in large numbers in the swash zone at Virginia Beach, Virginia. This beach presents a reduced stress situation compared to the beach at the FRF because of the gently sloping beach face and milder wave conditions. Donax did not remain in the swash zone at the FRF in winter because of the high storm waves. Since the density of juveniles was high in deep water, Donax probably recolonized the swash zone each spring. There were two other strongly integrated communities in the deep water, dominated by S. squamata and P. longimerus, respectively. Significant numbers of these species were also present in the swash zone, but their densities were low compared to the deepwater sites. The second community on the ocean beach is the 5S. squamata community. These deposit-feeding polychaetes are found on all sites but are most abundant on sites 5, 6, 7, and 8. Their density was high on site 5, just seaward of the interface between the outer plane facies and the inner course facies. The third community is the P. longimerus community on site 9. The two communities appear to integrate strongly in the area of site 8. The S. squamata community represents an inshore community extending over the megaripple area, and the P. longimerus community represents the margin of a large community inhabiting the asymmetric ripple area in the offshore zone. 84 Bre? | Ose 4 2220 SSE 7G °2@ OPE pave t | eer 66°C || SO pews | Seen |) Zor O°. || LAE SP MUS el eo" GO°e | Ci I°le | OSet | GLK OL°T || COT LIS Nest «|| OO"? GLU | BSA OO || Ope || Bei Giron | OL 1 SB NSE ol SO Of*T | 69°0 IA A AI IA = 9261 Atne 9L46T Yostey v7°0 c6 0 ££ "0 Gs ISO ES. 0) v8°0 53-0 IA “yseeq punos oy} uo 93Ts stad AZ ISIOATP oB8eIOAYy SG Ul 611 Ov'l LO- 1 88°0 6L°0 LGW Oa OS Il £80 le” Wl OZ> 1 Lvl Sie IL Os ~ Il vol SZ6T 49909350 “SS STqeL 82TS uoseas 85 Several nondominant species occurred in these communities. Densities of Donax sp. were high on sites 7, 8, and 9. A second burrowing amphipod and several polychaete species (Glycera sp., M. rosea, and S. bombyx) were common, but their densities were not high. Lie (1968) recorded diversities for benthic fauna in offshore areas of the Oregon coast and Boesch (1972) recorded diversities for offshore Virginia waters; however, species diversities have not been reported for the high-energy beach zone. Diversities were low on the study area; 15 sites had a diversity of zero, with no organisms on 1 site and only one species on 14 sites. The low diversity was caused by the high-stress conditions on the beach. The few species adapted to the beach face had high densities, and the relatively large numbers of the dominant species resulted in low species diversities. 2. The Sound Beach. The community structure on the sound beach was easily defined, and was delineated in both the analyses of variance and the factor analysis. The sample area was divided into three communities (Fig. 5). The marsh community occupies a small area at the base of transect IV, and is characterized by high densities of the oligochaete, Peloscolex sp., by the insect groups, Tabanidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Uvarus sp., and by high densities of chironomid larvae. There were more individuals and more species per sample than in other areas. Species diversity was low because the Peloscolex and the meiofaunal species were dominant in the marsh. The two other communities cover the rest of the study site. The S. vtrtdts community begins between 90 and 140 meters from shore and extends outward at least 300 meters from shore. No sampling was done beyond this point; however, the bottom beyond site 8 was covered by dense stands of Rupea sp. and the benthic fauna possibly changed. Although S. virtdis characterized this community, other organisms were Significant. The density of oligochaetes (Peloscolex sp.) and chironomid larvae was higher than on inshore sites. Although the brack- ish water clam, R. cuneata, was not present in large numbers, it was significant in terms of biomass and was limited to this community. The shoreward boundary of the community probably depended on exposure by wind tides, and the community started where wind tides seldom exposed the bottom. Shore birds fed at the margin of the community during an extreme tide, and preyed on R. cuneata. Predation may have limited R. cuneata and S. virtdis in the nearshore area. The third community extended 90 to 140 meters from shore on transects V and VI and into a narrow zone between the marsh and the S. viridis community on transect IV. The community was exposed by wind tides and characterized by the burrowing amphipod, LZ. dysttceus. During exposure, L. dysttcus escaped predation by remaining under the sand surface; it scurried over the bottom when water covered the community. 86 - *(SUOTJEIOT 94TS SoqzeoTpUT -S) yoeeq punos oy uo sot}TuNUMOS IofeW s9TY4. 9Y}2 FO UOTIedDOT OJeUTXOIddy “g SANdTY ioz sntAjoeptdeq™ ~~" =e auoz stdaTooatoos 87 The species diversities were low on the sound beach, averaging between 1.0 and 2.0. Boesch (1972) recorded species diversities for marine and estuarine habitats in Virginia. The estuarine systems of the York and Pamunkey Rivers ranged from 1.5 to 2.8, with the lowest diversities in the low salinity areas (0 to 5 parts per thousand) of the upper Pamunkey. Caspers (1967) indicated that species diversities are low in estuaries, and Day (1951) stated that a complex of changing parameters limited the number of colonizing organisms. The low diversities on the sound sites were caused by stress. The oligohaline salinity of the zone and the periodic exposure by wind tides resulted in the very low diversities on the nearshore sites of transects IV and V. The oligohaline environment limited the diversity at the deep sites, but the marsh area on transect IV decreased stress, and diversities were slightly higher in that area. As the marsh develops and expands, the export from the marsh should increase diversity in the surrounding area. The species diversities within the marsh should rise as additional species colonize the area. 88 LITERATURE CITED BOESCH, D.F., "Species Diversity of Marine Macrobenthos in the Virginia Area," Chesapeake Setence, Vol. 13, No. 3, Sept. 1972, pp. 206-211. BRETT, C.E., "Relationships between Marine Invertebrate Infauna Distribu- tion and Sediment Type Distribution in Bogue Sound, N.C.,' unpublished Pin Ds Wess, Winiyciesminy Ose Nescen Cencolsime, Cheyaeil jnblilil, ING Gs 5 U9OSe CARRIKER, M.R., "The Ecology of Estuarine Benthic Invertebrates: A Perspective,"' Estuartes, American Association for the Advancement of Science Publication, No. 83, 1967, pp. 442-487. CARVER, R.E., Procedures tn Sedimentary Petrology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971. CASPERS, H., “Estuaries: Analysis of Definitions and Biological Consid- erations,'' Estuartes, American Association for the Advancement of Science Lublacaiton) Noe 8s), LOGS) pp. O= 8. CERAME-VIVES, M.J., and GRAY, I.E., "The Distributional Pattern of Benthic Invertebrates of the Continental Shelf off North Carolina," Ecology, Wool, 475, NOS 25 Woo; jas ZoW=270- CILIEION, THiols 5 IBWINITER, Rolo, eine PSUS, IRolb., “Depossiteiomel Semuccusses and Processes in the Non-Barred High Energy Near Shore," Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 41, No. 3, Sept. 1971, pp. 651-670. COX, J.L., "Sampling Variation in Sandy Beach Littoral and Nearshore Meiofauna and Macrofauna,"’ TP 76-14, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1976. CROKER, R.A., "Niche Diversity in Five Sympatric Species of Intertidal Amphipods (Crustacea:Haustoriidae) ," Ecological Monographs, Vol. 37, 1967, pp. 173-200. DARBY, D.A., and WOBUS, H.B., ''A Versatile Computer Program for Sediment Size Analysis,"' Technical Report PGS-TR-GE-76-25, Old Dominion University Research Foundation, Norfolk, Va., Mar. 1976. DAY, J.H., "The Ecology of South African Estuaries I. A Review of Estuarine Conditions in General," Transactions of the Royal Soctety of South Africa, Vol. 33, 1951, pp. 53-91. DEXTER, D.M., "Distribution and Niche Diversity of Haustoriid Amphipods in North Carolina," Chesapeake Sctence, Vol. 8, No. 3, Sept. 1967, PP ls 7—u9 2% DEXTER, D.M., "Structure of an Intertidal Sandy-beach Community in North Carolina," Chesapeake Setence, Vol. 10, No. 2, 19695 pp. 95-98). 89 DOLAN, R., "Barrier Dune System Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina: A Reappraisal,"' Setence, Vol. 176, No. 4032, Apr. 1972, pp. 286-288. -DOLAN, R., GODFREY, P.J., and ODUM, W.E., "Man's Impact on the Barrier Islands of North Carolina,'' American Setentist, Vol. 61, No. 2, Mar.- Api O75) PPe elo loge LEVY, G.F., "Vegetative Study at the Duck Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina," MR 76-6, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1976. LIE, U., "A Quantitative Study of Benthic Infauna in Puget Sound," Norges almenuitenskapelige forskningsrad, Sec. D, Vol. 14, No. 5, 1968, Pp 229-556) McDOUGALL, K.D., "Sessile Marine Invertebrates of Beaufort, North Carolina," Eeologteal Monographs, Vol. 13, 1943, pp. 321-374. NEI, N.H., et al., Stattstical Package for the Soctal Seiences, McGraw- InGulil, NeW Works W975. PEARSE, A.S., HUMM, H.J., and WHARTON, G.W., "Ecology of Sand Beaches at Beaufort ," Ecological Monographs, Vol. 12, 1942, pp. 135-190. PETERSON, C.G.J., "A Brief Survey of the Animal Communities in Danish Waters, Based upon Quantitative Samples Taken with a Bottom Sampler," Amertcan Journal of Setence, Series 5, Vol. 7, No. 41, 1924, pp. 343-354. SHANNON, C.E., and WEAVER, W., "The Mathematical Theory of Communication," University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Ill., 1963. STRATTON, A.C., and HOLLOWELL, J.R., "Sand Fixation and Beach Erosion Control,'' National Park Service Report, Office of Natural Scientific Studies, National Park Service, Washington, D.C., unpublished, 1940. TENORE, K.R., "The Macrobenthos of the Pamlico River Estuary, North Carolina,'' Water Resources Research Institute Report No. 40, 1970. TENORE, K.R., HORTON, D.B., and DUKE, I.W., "Effects of Bottom Substrate on the Brackish Water Bivalye, Rangta cuneata,"' Chesapeake Sctence, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1968, pp. 238-248. 90 APPENDIX A PRELIMINARY TESTS OF SAMPLING DEVICES The surf zone of the ocean beach was difficult to sample. The shallow water and the severe turbulence of the high-energy beach precluded the use of a boat or a research vessel, and thus eliminated most bottom sampling gear used in marine benthic sampling. Preliminary tests were conducted on two grab samplers which were light enough to handle in the surf zone. A petit ponar grab sampler was tested in the surf zone at Sandbridge, Virginia, on a beach similar to the beach at the FRF site. This grab penetrated less than 3 centimeters in areas of compact sand, and produced samples which were shallow and inadequate for the analysis. In the surf zone, the grab turned over as each wave passed. Adequate samples were taken in the coarse material of the surf zone when the grab was dropped, closed, and retrieved between passing waves, but this restrictive sampling pro- cedure made the grab inefficient. A pole-mounted Echman grab sampler was tested, but was unsuitable. Although it was stable in the surf, it could not penetrate hard-packed sand. The jaws jammed open on shells and rocks, and usually lost part of the sample. During periods of severe wave conditions, the sampler was dangerous to handle in the surf. Several lightweight, commercially available corers with sample retention devices were tested in the surf zone. However, samples taken by the corer were small (generally less than 15 square centimeters) and unsuitable for the study. The device selected for use in this study is described in Section II, 2 Ose EMS COE 9| APPENDIX B DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING PLAN 1. Ocean Beach Sampling. Initially, in August 1975, six sampling sites were established on each of the three ocean beach transects. Sampling sites on these tran- sects were placed with respect to MSL. Site 1 was 7.6 meters (horizontal distance) shoreward of the MSL point (zero point), and sites 2 to 6 were 7.6, 15.2, 30.4, 45.6, and 60.8 meters seaward from the MSL point. Three samples, each consisting of two cores, were taken at each site (total area sampled 1.15 x 107% square meters by 10 centi- meters deep). Samples were placed in prelabeled plastic bags, stored at 1° to 4° Celsius, and returned to the laboratory for extraction. Samples were sieved, and the organisms retained on the 0.6- or 0.4- millimeter sieves were collected. Organisms were preserved in 4-percent Formalin for later identification. Salinity and temperature readings were taken at all sites, and an additional core sample was taken at odd-numbered sites on each transect for analysis of grain size and for determination of organic and carbonate content. The results of the initial sampling are discussed in Appendix C. In the October-November and subsequent samplings the zero point on the transects was moved from MSL to the landward margin of the swash zone. Site 1 was abandoned and four new sites (sites 1, 3, 4, and 6, respectively) were established at 3.3, 10.6, 13.6, and 22.7 meters seaward of the zero point. An improved technique was used to extract the organisms from the core samples and core samples for grain size analysis were taken at all sites rather than every other site. In the March-April and subsequent samplings the number of samples per site was increased from three to four and sampling at sites 4 and 6 was eliminated. These changes and the resulting final plan are discussed 10 GIGI, sin Ne exe ail Seco il, 3S. 2. Sound Beach Sampling. Initially in July 1975, six sampling sites on each of the three sound beach transects were placed with reference to the sound margin (zero point) at 15.2, 38.0, 51.8, 61.0, 68.6, and 76.2 meters from the shoreline. The procedures for sampling and sample extraction were the same as described for the August 1975 ocean beach samplings. Salinity and temperature readings were taken at all sites, and an additional core sample was taken at odd-numbered sites on each transect for analysis of grain size and for determination of organic and carbonate content. The results of the initial sampling are discussed in Appendix D. 92 In the October and subsequent samplings two additional sites were established 152.4 and 304.8 meters from the zero point, resulting in eight sampling sites per transect. Core samples for grain size analysis were taken at all sites, rather than at every other site. The final extraction technique used was identical to the final technique used on the ocean material but tapwater was substituted for the MgClo- seawater solution. These changes and the resulting final plan are discussed in detail in the text in Section II, 3. 93 APPENDIX C RESULTS OF THE AUGUST 1975 SAMPLING ON THE OCEAN BEACH The sieving technique used to extract the August 1975 samples was less sensitive to small organisms than the MgCl5-seawater extraction method used on subsequent samples. Thus, the August 1975 samples were not compared to subsequent samples. The average number of £. talpotda, P. longimerus, S. squamata, and total organisms per square meter was determined for each site (Table C-1). Physical data, mean grain size, and sorting of the sediments, and total organic and carbonate contents of the sediments were also determined (Tables C-2, C-3, and C-4, respectively). The results of the August sampling supported the previous conclusions on community distribution. The three major species that defined the ocean beach communities had high densities. Donax sp. was not collected; the occurrence of a severe storm before the sampling may have reduced the Donax population. 94 £6 vl EO) “LES 98° 682 66°87 UN GBzZ 0°0 III 88° 1SZ £8 °09Z2 96°98 8L VED 08° SOY 0°0 II [TB1OL 0°0 18° 9L¢ SL° C6 96°98 Ue CSL 0°0 I v6 STI 0°0 88° 1fZ 0°0O 0°0 0°0 JET : : : A ; : pyDuonbs 0°0 0°0 0°0 0°0 0°0O 0°O II s1do7e100¢9 0°0 96°98 SL° 76 96°98 0°0 0°0 I 66°87 ORES Li) LS) 0°0 0°0 0°0 Ill : . : : 5 6 SNABWLBUOT 6° 7202 L8°092 LLG 0°0 66° 872 0°O Wal 81104 SNDY DADA 0°0 98° 687 0°0 0°0 I 0°0 0°0 0°0 | 66°87 LOS E8z IIE } : mpirod) v4 0°0 0°0 0°0 8L° VSL 18 °92¢ ptt DA WAU 0°0 0°0 0°0 0°0 US) Gtsye I ) S Vv S ede ge gale satoods “S261 3sNsny ‘seqTs YOeeq UedD0 9YI UO ToJOW oZenbs tod sustueszIO [e103 FO pue ‘pqpunonbs sidezezoag ‘snisaw1bu07 SnIdto_snpynivng ‘vop1odjny4 v41dcewy JO Tequnu oeseloAy “T-D eTqeL 95 ay. 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He I pu x 83TS yoosuedy, qoosuely yoosuRL], (Ww) ISW z00/, AYTUTTeS z0o oinyrrodusy, 197eM WOLy 90URISTG [TBOTIIO/A "SZ6T ysn3ny ‘soqrs yovoq uea00 LOZ eIep TedTSkUd "GoD OUSTAL 96 GS) I iva 00°0 00°0 00°0 10°0 OSsay 68° 61 £6°0 00°0 £0°0O 10°0 98° PL 5G OE -’ 00°0 00°0 T0°0 Ill Il I (30d) juazU0D JTURsIO (q9d) jzu9}UO0D 9}eUOGIR) "S/61 YSNsny ‘SsoeqTs YIeeq UPdDO potTOquNU-ppo 9y2 woiz Sotdues JUOWTpas FO JUdUOD 94eUOGIeD puUe ITURBIO TeIO]L “P-D 9TqGeL 8UTIIOS uevoW 21TS qoasued, "S/61 ysnsny *‘soqrs yoveq uvad0 potoqumuU-ppo TOF SJUSWTP9S FO BUTJAIOS puke 9ZTS UTeIS UPOW “¢-) OTqPL Sif, APPENDIX D RESULTS OF THE JULY 1975 SAMPLING ON THE SOUND BEACH The sieving technique used to extract the July 1975 samples was less sensitive to small and medium-size organisms than the rinsing flotation technique used on subsequent samples. Thus, the July 1975 samples were not compared to subsequent samples. The average number of Monoculodes sp., S. virtdis L. dysticus, Peloscolex sp., chironomid larvae, Gammarus sp., Cyathura polita, and total organisms per square meter was determined (Table D-1). Physical data, mean grain size and sorting, and total organic and carbonate content of the sediments were measured (Tables D-2, D-3, and D-4). The results of the July sampling supported the general conclusions in the text. Two communities were present, the marsh community on transect IV and the L. dysttcus community on transects IV and V. Sites 7 and 8 were not measured, but included the S. vtridis community. Scolecoleptdts viridis increased in number with increased distance from shore, but had low densities on transect VI. 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AtaqUaD YOIvEesey Buy AseuTZuq TeqyseoD *s*n - 3aodea snosaueTTeosTW) “TTF : “dd zo) ‘/16| ‘aequeQ Yyoreaesey BuTrAseuTsug Teqseop *S'n : “eA SAFOATOg 3104 -- *B99R]{ “gq Sewer Aq / euTToOIeD yqton SyONG SAIFT FOR, yorAeesey plTety OUTDO 24a Jo Apnys euneyz yoreg "4 sower fe qq eI{ £29 ali mths aw} gcn* €0¢0L "6L00-0-S2=ZZMOVd 39e213U05 *laqUuaD YoIeasey ZutAseuTSuq TejseoD *S*f] :SeTAeS “III “9-1 *ou 34lode1 snosueTTeostji *lejuag yoreessey BSutisvsauTsuq [Te seog *s*f) tSeTtes “II “eTITL ‘I “uF TOAeD yAAON ‘JONG *Z “eUNeZ TeRSeOD *1 *auoz Jains 94} UF 9sn 103 pedoTaAep oste sen aotAep BSuttdwes eatjejzquenb etduts y ‘\yoreq punos ayj uo a10ysjzjzo Slajeaw QOE OF BuoZ YSeMS WOIJ pue *yoeaq ueaDO |Yy} UO seTOYSFJO siajow 09 03 BUuoz yseMs ay} JO UTSieEW WOAZ Bde YORYq By |pnToOUyT seaIe Apnjig ‘pojuesead eae ‘eutqToize) yzaoN SAqunoD e1ey UF purTST JetTaieq eB jo eunez yoeeq ay jo Apnys [euoseas aATSUajUT Ue JO SzTNSeA sul (6100-0-S2-ZLMOVd + 193UeD YyoAReS -0y BupyieseuTsuq TeyseoD *S*N = 39B19U0D) OSTY (J-// $ 19}UaD YoARasey Supiseut3uq TeqIseOD ‘*S*f) = Jaodsaa snosaueTTeosTj]) ‘TTF : ‘dd zol */L6, ‘293Uey) YoaRPesey SuTrdssuT3uy Teqseon *S'n : ‘eA SAFOATOG JAOq -- *299R}] “A Sewer Aq / eUTTOIeD yaJON SHONG SAQFTTORA yOAeesey peta OYTO ey JO Apnjs eunez yoerog ‘4 sower ‘e33eI] £29 Qokih “Os OUTS Gis £€0¢OL "6100-0-S/-Z2MOVd 39813uU00 ‘Jaque9 yorAeasey Yup~AseuTsug TeIseoD *S*n :SseTAeS “III ‘“Q-// ‘ou qaodai snoauvrTTeostj] ‘*AzejJUueQ yorResey BuparssuT3uq Teqseop ‘*s‘n :SeTIeS “II ‘eTIFL “I ‘“eUETOIAeD YyAAoN ‘39Nq *z ‘euNeZ TeISeOD “| *guoz jans vy} UF asn JozZ padoTeAep osTe sen aotAep Zuttdues aatqeqtquenb atdurs y ‘*yoeaq punos ayq uo az0yszjo siaqjow QUE OF VUOZ YSeAs WoIz pue ‘\YOeeq UeBaDO |YyJ UO daAOYSFJO siraqew 09 03 BUOz YSseris az Jo UTZIeU WOAT BOeF YOREq | apnyToUT seere Apnjg ‘paquesoad sae ‘eutpTozeg yyaoy ‘Aqunog azeq uy pueTsT JeTazeq eB jo vunejy yoeaq oyq jo Apnjzs [Teuosees SATSUaRUT Ue JO SqTNSer dUL (6100-0-S2-ZLMOVG * 4t293UeD Yyorees -oy B8uptseuTsug TeqyseoD) *S*n = JORTIUOD) OSTY (g-// § AaqUaD YOIAPESey sutileeutsug Teyseop ‘sty = Jtodea1 snosueqttaosty) “ttt : ‘dd zor "/l/6| ‘tajquep Yyoressay BuTraeuT3uq TeIseOD “Stf) + “eA SAFOATOG 3A0y -- °BIRRI] “gq sewer Aq / euTTosreD YaION Syond SAQTTTORY YOARPeSeY PTETY OUTDO aya Jo Apnqjs euneyz yoreg “] sewer ‘P23e L409 Bafkit, “exes aL gon €020L °6100-0-S2-Z72ZNOVd 39813U00 ‘lojqueD) yorTeesey YutrveuTUuy TeISeOD *S*A :SeTIeG “LTII ‘9-1 ‘ou j20daa snooueTTeaosTj{ ‘Aejuey Yyoreesey BuTsseuT3ug Te ISseOD *S‘n iseptes “TT “STati “r “seUupTozeg waaon Ssjong 37 “Seuneyz Teasro9) =] *‘guoz Jans 9y} UT asn 1oz podoTaAep osTe sen votAep sut~dues vaztqzeqzquenb otTduts y ‘“*yovraq punos ay} uo a10yssjo S19jeW YOYE OF BUOZ YSeEMS WoOAZ puke ‘SYOveq UBaDO0 BYR UO aAOYSFJO Sisqjow 09 03 Buoz YSeAS dy} JO UTYAIeW WOAFZ B9deF YOREq JY] epnToOUT seeie Apnjg ‘pejuaseid sae ‘eutjposzeg yjazopj SAQUNOD azeq UT pueTST teFs1Ieq Be JO euNnezZ YOBOq vy JO Apnqs TeuOSsvdS DATSUaJUF Ue Jo Sq[Nset sy (6100-0-S2-ZZNOVd * 193uUeD YorReS -oy SUTLseuTsUy TeISPOD *S*N = 30%19U0D) OSTY (9-// $ ABqUeD YOIPESSY dufpaseutsuq Teqseop ‘s'f - Jaodex snosuetpeosty) “TIE : ‘dd zol ‘216| $a4aquaD YOAPesey Bupaseuzsugq TeqseopD "S'Nn : "eA SAFOATEG 340% -- *B9RE] “A sewer Aq / euTTOIeD yaION SONG SAITT TORY yYoaeesey pTetd OUTD aya jo Apnyjs eunejz yoreg “7 sower 62992} ot i! | | i i 6 a OQ. eo i i “f