^^^^>yf.^ .'J^tr > ILLIAM BOODCLL JANUARY, 1901. At Flint, Michigan, — One Dollar a Year, fldVHHTISiriG t^ATES. All advertisements will be inserted at the rate of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in- sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch. Discounts will be given as follows : On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6 times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times, 85 per cent. On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6 times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times, 40 per cent. On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6 times, 30 per cent -, 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times, 50 percent. Clubbing Iiist. 1 will send the Rk VIEW with— Gleanings, (new) ($1 .00) . American Bee Journal. ... (new) ( l.OO) . Canadian Bee Journal ( 1.00) . Progi-essive Bee Keeper ( .50) , Amc^rican Bee Keeper . . . ( .50) . The Southland Queen ( 1.00) . Ohio Farmer ( 1.00) . Farm journal (Phila.) ( .5t') , Farm Puultrv ( 1.00 Rural, New Yorker The Century Michigan Farmer f 1.00).. Prairie Farmer (1 00) . . American Agriculturist (1 00) . . Country Gpntleraan ( 2. 50) . Harpers Magazine ( 4.0iO . Harper's Weekly f 4 00) . . Youths' Coijipanion (new) ( .75) . Cosmopolitan ( 1.00) . . Snrcoss (1.00). $1.75 . 1.75 . 1.75 . 1.35 . 1.40 . 1 75 . 1.75 . 1.10 . 1.75 ..(1.00) 1.85 .( 4.00)..... 4.50 1.65 1.75 1,75 3.15 4.10 4.20 2.35 1.90 1 75 50 Golden Breeders. We are wintering 50 absolutely straight five- banded hreeders. 200 fine, select, tested queens, and 500 tested; all reared last fall under the most favorable conditions. Our stock is the verv best that money and skill can procure, as pi oven b}' our testimonials. We use the best methods, guar- antee satisiaction, and give away a large number of valuable premiums. We want your name and address, that we may send you our free circular which gives valuable information, and tells why we are able to supply the best queens in the world at living prices. Our Mr. H. H. Hyde will again have charge of our queen deparlm..nt. Prices, on either Goldens. 3-banders, or Hoh' lyands, are as follows : Untested, in June, July, Aug. and Sep., one for 75 cts., six for $4.25; in all other months, one for $1.00, six for $5 00; tested, one for $1.25, six for $6.75; select tested, $2.00 each; breeders, $3.00 to I5. GO. Discounts on large lots. 0. p. HYDE & SON, Hutto, Texas. N. B. We can furnish Root, Hutchinson, L,eahy and other breeders' queens in wholesale lots. I^et us supply you. i-oi-tf Please mention the Reuiem, QQQQQQ QQQISQQ BDDQBB BOBQBBBIfl B B B B B B I Names of Bee -Keepers. TYPE WRITTEINf. B The names of my customers, and of those ask- ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ- ten in a book. There are several thouaand all arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) . and, although this list has been secured at an ex- pense of hundreds of doUars, I would furnish it to advertisers or others at S2.00 per thousand names. The former price was $2.50 per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by using the manifold process, I can furnish them at $2.00. A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or, possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom- modated. Here is a list of the States and the number of names in each State. Arizona 46 Ky.... 182 N. C 60 Ark.... 130 Kans.. 350 NewMex. ... 26 Ala pO La b8 Oregon 104 Calif. .378 Mo.... 500 Ohio i,iao Co 10... 228 Minn.. 334 Penn 876 Canada 846 Mich.. 1,770 R. 1 48 Conn... 162 Mass.. 275 H. C 40 Dak 25 Md . . 94 Tenn 176 Del 18 Maine, 200 Tex 270 Fla. ...loo Miss.. . 70 Utah 68 Ga 90 N.Y.. 1,323 Yt 160 In(].....744 Neb — 345 "Va I82 Ills t^OO N. J....130 W. Va 172 Iowa. .800 N. H 126 Wash 128 W^is 500 W.Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. Supplies Cheap. Mr. L. B. Bell, formerly of Brecksville, Ohio, has accented a permanent position in Arizona, and wishes to dispose of his apiarian fixtures. He wrote to me about it, ajid I told him if he would have them shipped to me I would sell them for him on commission. Here is a list of the articles and the price at which they are offered. ICoilWire 60 61 Section Cases ( Wide Frame and tin sep- arators) at 25 68 Covers at 15 58 Bottom Boards at .10 53 Honey Boards, Queen excluding at 15 30 Escapes at ... 15 50 Feeders ( Heddon Excelsior ) at 25 30 Alley, Queen and Drone traps, at 35 All of the above are in my possession and can be shipped promptly. The hives and cases are well-made and nicely painted, and having been in use only two or three seasons are practically as good as new. Any one wishing to buy any- '-^ \ thing oat of this lot can learn fuller partioa- lars upon inquiry. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, liieb. i i i i I Winter Losses are not always the result of the same cause. They may come from starvation; from poor food; from improper prepara- tions; from improper protection; froji a cold, wet, or possibly, a poorly ventilated cellar, etc, , etc. Successful wintering comes from a proper combination of different conditions. For clear, concise, comprehensive conclu- sions upon these all-important points consult "Advanced Bee CuivTURE. " Five of its thirty- two chapters treat as many dif- ferent phases of the wintering problems. Price of the book; 50 cts. ; the Review one year and the book for|[.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian. W. Z. HUTCHIN50N, Fliot, f^ich. Send us a list of what goods you what and get our special pri- ces. We have a com- plete stock of supplies and can make prompt shipments. Catalogue free. Page St Liyon, ja.i'q. Co. rleixi liondon, Wis. i I; Va\ m m We have a Liai^ge Stoek, and can fill Opdeps Ppomptly. Send us your orders for hives, extractors, or anything that you want in the bee-keeping line. We make only the best. Our Falcon Sections and Weed Process Foundation are ahead of anything, and cost no more than other makes. New catalogue and a copy o^ The American Bee-Keeper free. W. T. Fzilconcr A\f5. Go., Jamestown, N. Y. B^^-W. M. Gerrish, East Not- ingham, N. H., carries a full line of our goods at catalogue prices. flo Fish-Bone Is apparent in comb honey when the Van Deusen, flat - bottom foundation is used. This style of foundation allows the making of a more uniform article, hav- ing a z'ejy thin base, with the surplus wax in the side - walls, where it can be utilized by the bees. Then the bees, in chang- ing the base of the cells to the natural shape, work over the wax to a certain extent; and the result is a comb that can scarcely be distinguished from that built wholly by the bees. Being so thin, one pound will fill a large number of sections. All the Trouble of wiring brond frames can be avoided by using the Van Deusen wired. Send for circular; price list, and samples of foundation. J. Vflfl DHUSErl, Sprout Brook, N. Y i iinii!niiiiiiiiiiBmiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiaHHtii»iiiiniMiHiiiniiii|iiiiiiii!|iiiiiifgniiiiimiiAi|y^^ iliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)iiiiiiiiipiiiii>iii=^^-^'^B>'i'"^ |iiiiiiiiiHiii!ii!iHMi;iiiraiii:iiiii| iiiniiiiliiiiiiiii'iimiiiiifiiiiiiiiii |iiiiilii'aiini|l|iiiiiiiiiii| iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiii W.O- Victor, II ■ IIII1M QUEERS SPECIALIST | | iiiiiiii I have as good stock as there is m | | the United States, so says the A. I. |iiiiiii Root Co. Besides having selected i i choice queens from my own stock | ;| from time to time during the entire |iiii"| season, I have bought select queens 1 = from a number of breeders of high |;;| repute. In addition to these I have a |"ii"| dozen imported queens due to arrive l^^^ | direct from Italy any day. To this |;;:;| add an extra select tested daughter of Ji»"l the A. I. Root Go's. S200 red clover ||j|||,| queen, the bees of which have a reach lil-l of 21-100 of an inch, and 3 select ||!!!!!| queens of Moore's long tongue strain, =|||| = and I feel that m^' stock is at the top |:: | of the present development of sup i |"!"1 ority. Untested queens, 5:1.00; tested lulml queens, J'1.50: select tested queens, | | S2. 50 to 55.00. Root's goods at Koot's Bl|||||f pr ces, plus the car load freight. = |||j| 11 a;"!!'l'Bill{llll g !lllfilinii|iBI! Dittroer's Fouode^tiop At Wbol^siavle zvn^ to 2 times as much chunk honey can be pro- duced as can of section honey. Why .? Because when bees are working in sec- tions they are cut off into 24 or more lit- tle apartments, thus losing the heat and comb-building advantages to be found where bees can work in one solid mass, the advantages of which are many, for bees have a peculiar antipathy to too much wood; they seem to think that there is jnst a little too much wood for the honey it is to contain; then there is an entirely open space between shallow frames and the brood-nest, whereas, with sections, there is an almost continuous sheet of wood. This advantage lies chiefly where we have weak colonies, or when the nights are cool. It is needless to say that we, as well as all other prominent south- ern bee-keepers, have proved the above by practical tests in the apiary by run- ning one-half for section honey, and the other half for chunk honey, and vice versa. Then it does not cost as much to pre- pare bulk or chunk honey for market as it does to prepare sections, while the cans to hold chunk honey cost a little more than shipping-cases for sections, we do not have to throw our frames away as is the case with sections; also, we can ship it for one-half less freight than we can section honey: and, last but not least, there is no loss for breakage as is nearly always the case with sections. This loss is often quite serious. Again, in the packing of this honey, we always get in about one-third extracted honey, for a 60-lb. can will hold only about 40 lbs. of chunk honey, it taking about 20 lbs. of extracted honey at the comb honey price. Again, we can often use these shallow cases during a slow flow, and secure a good deal of honey, when, if sections were used, we could get nothing. Then we can get all the honey the bees make in marketable shape, for we do not have any unfinished sections to fuss with. But Mr. Flanagan says that this honey cannot be taken from the can without tearing up the honey. In this he is mis- taken; for, as this honey is always pro- duced with full sheets of foundation. fMit fiic^^^i>iks» kBvmW. which serves to hold the honey solidly together in shipping, it also makes it it very easy to remove the pieces of comb from the cans, and that without break- ing as Mr. Flanagan seems to think. Of this he can easily satisfy himself if he will come around where we are piitting lip honey, or where merchants are re- tailing the honey. Again, there is another fact which bears on this subject, and that is, that while producers can easily afford to sell this honey at one or two cents a pound less, it is just this, coupled with the full weight that buyers receive, that makes them so much prefer to buy chunk honey in preference to section honey. In any given locality we can sell as much again chunk honey as we can section honey, where we offer section honey alone. Now, to Mr. Flanagan's last question about the demand for chunk honey that first started Texas bee-keepers to produc- ing this kind of honey. The demand seems to be unlimited. During the past year we received orders for something like 70,000 lbs. of chunk honey. Of this amount we were able to ship only some 25,000 lbs. We could have secured more orders if we had solicited them. From one man we had in four different or- ders; a total of some 125 cases. Another was for 100 cases. Another wanted 70 cases at once, and 70 more soon, if we had them. Both of the last orders we were unable to touch. I am enclosing a couple of letters so that the editor can see for himself that my statements are true. I have just been talking to my father, and we agreed that we could get orders for some 500 cases of chunk honey for spring delivery, in 24 hours time, if we wanted to. As to the candying part of the business we will say that the Texas people had just about as soon have it that way as any other; and I assure you they do not live on hard tack and sowbelly. However, as a matter of fact, there is very little can- died comb honey, for if it is not disposed of before cold weather it is piled away in the frames ready to be cut out, as orders call for it. I will say for Mr. Flanagan's benefit, that the 100 cases of honey referred to wera out of place at the time; for the people that far north had not then learned its merits. I will also say that this year we had an offer for chunk honey from a Chi- cago firm that offered 8 cents F. O. B. Chicago; but as we were getting 9 and 10 cents for all we had, the offer was reject- ed. I mention this only to show you that even the yankees are slowly catch- ing on to the merits of chunk honey. No, no, friend Flanagan, as long as I can make twice as much money raising and selling this kind of honey, lam going to do it; and you certainly would not blame a man for honorably yield- ing to the strongest nerve known, i (?, the pocket book nerve. You will do it yourself, as well as an^'- other man. Trusting that you will soon see this matter as I do, I shall leave this subject with you for a while, at least. HuTTo, Texas, Jan., 1901. =^^XPERIMENTS WITH FREE =<\ COMMUNICATION IN SU- _^ PERS NOT SUFFICIENTLY EXACT NOR DECISIVE. BY F. E. THOMPSON. On page 343 of the Review, Mr. Louis Scholl, in an article setting forth the es- sential procedure necessary to procure z^'^f/Z-filled sections (that is his own term — not "better"-filled sections, as given in the title put on by the editor) refers to "Some that even trot out their proof, re- sulting from experiments made with the different kinds," and adds "Mr. F. L. Thompson is one who has said much on this subject, and has also tested the worth of different kinds of separators and super arrangements, but he has never given any real cause of better filled sections." Fur- ther on, he gives what he considers "the THE BBB-KEEPERS' REVIEW. most important feature" in securing "the very best filled boxes of comb honey," and says if you arrange your sections in the super so as to include that feature, "you will have well-filled sections." I am at a loss to understand the signif- icance of the word "even" in "Some that even trot out their proof." Is not that just the thing to do? — But, on second thought, I believe I see. The original promoters of the class of goods referred to have not only said "much," but have said by far the most on the subject; and /'/z^jj/ are not so incautious as to "trot out the proof. ' ' It would be very poor busi- ness. The thing to do is to keep the idea before the public by means of sounding phrases and glittering generalities, and never risk the essentials by so dangerous a thing SlS proof, which might veer the wrong way — and then where would their prestige and their gluing-machines be ? So we have become accustomed to large doses of talking around the subject, and it is no wonder that it seems queer to trot out the proof, Mr. Scholl says I have never given any real cause of better filled sections. On page 205 of the Progressive, I ask the question "Is free communication between the edges of section combs of any value ?" and proceed to answer it by the results of experience. If that is not giving the cause as well and as plainly as can possi- bly be given, I give it up, and wish Mr. Scholl would tell us how I should have expressed it. I notice he himself express- es his idea of the most important feature thus: "Free communication .... Espec- ially right around the edges of the sec- tions, all around." There are several methods of testing the worth of "free communication right around the edges of the sections, all around." There is the Aspinwall separa- tor with plain sections, the Hyde-Scholl separator with ditto, and open-sided sec- tions without any separators. Of course these devices should be compared with others in the same super which obstruct the passage from edge to edge of combs in the same row; such as fence-separa- tors with plain sections, or ordinary sec- tions with or without separators. For the purpose of a test, that method is best which isolates the principle tested. Then it is asserted that free communi- cation across, between the rows, also tends to better filling; then when we are testing only free communication between the edges, it is advisable that the other should either be shut out from both devices tested, or be equally present with both. If free communica- tion across is to be shut out while testing free communication laterally, then As- pinwiU separators with plain sections should be compared with ordinary sections with plain separators. If it is to be equal- ly present with both, however, the sim- plest way is to have no separators at all on either side, and use open-sided sections on one side, and closed-sided, or ordinary, sections on the other. This method is the one I employed with fourteen supers; and I found that the sections which had free communication between their edges averaged 23 per cent, better than the others in filling. Why did not Mr. Scholl tell the readers of the Review this ? Is it because the result was so tri- fling that it disappointed him, and, like Gleanings, he thought it better to employ a generality, and say "well-filled sec- tions," than to say how well-filled they are? This brings us to a criticism that applies not only to Mr. Scholl's article, but to a great many others on this and re- lated subjects. Why do)i''t they give some sort of an idea how much they claim ? It is not necessary to be exact. But approximate statements should be made, at least, for otherwise we have nothing to go by, unless we blindly fol- low the leaders. Mr. Scholl, having said "You will have well-filled sections" now owes it to the readers of the Review to state how well-filled they will be, in com- parison with sections which do not em- ploy the device which he says is the real cause of well-filled sections; and not mere- THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. ly to make the unsupported statement, but to give the facts which lead him to the conclusion, in order that we may- judge for ourselves. Furthermore, the facts themselves should not be general- ized, but stated specifically, just as they occurred. It will not do to say "Last season I tested this device in comparison with others, and the results were fa- vorable." Such a statement has no value whatever. But a statement like this would be worth something: "Last season I fixed up seventeen supers with Hyde-Scholl separators and plain sections on one side and fence-separators on the other, and the sections between Hyde- Scholl separators had about twice as many cells capped along the upright edges of the combs as the sections between fence- separators, and in no one super the differ- ence fell below 50 per cent." I don't be- lieve Mr. Scholl can make any such re- port, or ever will be able to; but that will serve as an illustration. Now comes up an important point. What constitutes a well-flUed section, in comparison with one not well-filled? Is it not astonishing, that for three years, after all that has been said on this sub- ject, this root of the whole matter has not once been exposed ? It illustrates the fondness of bee-keepers for being hum- bugged; and a humbug the whole discus- sion is, from first to last; and none know it better than those who sell the goods, and manage the discussion in such a way that genuine tests are not encouraged. My idea of a well-filled section is one that is 100 per cent, better than the one that is compared with it; or, in other words, has twice as many cells capped along the upright edges, or only half as many passage-ways in the comb, as the one compared; and of the two characteris- tics, the former is much more important than the latter. Wh}^ 100 per cent, bet- ter ? Because nothing less than this makes much of an impression on the eye. When one case of honey contains combs about 50 per cent, better filled than another, the difference is just preceptible to the lay mind — the grocer or consumer; and they are the ones who pay us our money, and make it worth while to dis- card one fixture for another, or keep on with the old one. Anything less than 50 per cent., therefore, does not county from a practical point of view. But 50 per cent, itself does not justify the term well- fiUed, when the difference is only just per- ceptible in actual business. I therefore challenge Mr. Scholl to prove, satisfac- torily, that either, i, sections arranged as he advises are approximately 100 per cent, better filled than sections not so ar'-anged, other conditions being the same; or, 2, that 50 per cent, and 100 per cent, better filling are, respectively, er- roneous standards for perceptibly better and good filling, and in this case to state what his satisfactory and specific proofs are that sections arranged as he advises attain his own standard of good filling; compared with sections not so arranged but having all other conditions the same; and what his own standard is. Yes, and while he is about it, I would esteem it a favor if he would state what he considers the relative importance of free communi- cation in the super, when compared with I, strain of bees, 2, condition of colony, 3, character of flow, with reference to good filling of sections. (I asked the ed- itor of Gleanings about this last matter once, but he evidently thought the idea was too important \.o be made public. ) In the Review some time ago appeared a most beautiful half-tone, entitled "An Object-Lesson in Comb-Building — Plain, and Old-Style Sections." In that picture the plain sections were at least 100 per cent, better filled than the others; and the use of the word "object-lesson" con- veyed the impression that the picture was a representation one of the two displayed. (Though, nominally, sections were com- pared, ytt, as we all know, for reasons I need not enter into, the question is usual- ly one of the kind of separators. ) In a subsequent issue it appeared, from an ed- itorial, that the sections figured had not been produced in the same super, and 10 THE iBEB-KEEPERS' REVIEW not even i7i the same apiary. Both the picture and the title were, therefore, ut- terly valueless and misleading. Yet nothing further was said, and the picture was even reproduced and scattered broad- cast in a circular, reaching man-y more than the readers of the Review, with the same misleading title affixed, without even the partial modification which the read- ers of the Review had had. I do not un- derstand this. Mr. Scholl also quotes the editor of the Review as expressing his belief that the use of plain sections and fence-separators leads to a more perfect filling of the sec- tions, and that any one who is not preju- diced will admit this upon seeing a crop of honey thus produced. In the first place, a "more perfect filling" is not necessarily •a.good filling comparatively, hence may practically not count at all. But though the language is indefinite, the intent of the statement was un- doubtedly the same as if the term "'good filling" had been used. In that case, I deny that any one who is not prejudiced will admit it upon seeing a crop of honey thus produced, and assert on the contra- ry, that any one who is not prejudiced will not admit it, //the said crop was all produced by one system alone (as the par- ticular crop to which the editor refers appears to have been ). When I visited Mr. J. S. Scott, who is considered one of the best bee-keepers of Utah, he told nie he had invested in sev- en thousand plain sections, with fence- separtors, and used them the previous season, and had gone the whole hog by getting them in the Danzenbaker supers; and was not able to discern any dijfer- ence in filling between them and the other ordinary sections with ordinary fixtures, the same season in the same apiary. I heard lately that a certain Colorado bee- keeper, who had written a testimonial which has been flaunted far and wide by the vendors of the new goods, recently said that the old style sections were good enough for him. My information is au- horitative, but as I did not get it direct- ly, I do not feel at liberty to use his name. In the above I do not impugn Mr. SchoU's motives, whom I know only as the writer of a few articles, but call at- tention to the unwisdom of imitating the generalizing methods of those who do not wish to present the whole truth. "With the same bees and the same condi- tions, nothing is more certain than that the difference in results by using any of the free-communication separators will be small — too small to be worth turning one's hand over to attain with any ex- pectation of cash residts. My whole average of difference between sections having lateral communication, and a number of other arrangements, in a total of 24 supers, was only .^<'^^2 per cent. The whole average of difference between sections having comnmnication at the Corners ( with a view to lessening the number of j)issage-\vavs), and those which did not, was about the same, or It^ss. Denver, Colo., Dec. 30, 1900. OME STORE-COMBS FROM FOUL BROODY COLONIES MAY BE USED WITH SAFETY. BY W. M'EVOY. Mr. McEvoy, Canada's efiicient Inspec- tor of Apiaries, writes me that he receives a great many let- /" ters of inquiry from the United States. He sends me two such let- ters. One from Wyoming reads as follows: — Mr. McEvoy— As you say it is not necessary to dis- infect hives that have contained foul brood, that the brood contracts disease only by being raised in cells that have gontained th^ tHE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. XI disease, or by being fed infected honey, I am led to think it might be safe to give the bees old combs that contain no honey or pollen, and that have never contained brood; or that such combs might be dis- infected. What do you think of it ? The other letter is from my own State, and reads as follows: — Mr. McEvoy — Will you be so kind as to tell me if combs that have been in foul brood colonies can be treated so as to be safe to use ? I have a large apiary that be- came diseased before I was aware that foul brood was in the neighborhood. Can these combs be saved, and can I save my colonies without great expense? I do not give names nor addresses, as these letters were private; and written to Mr. McEvoy, who is kind enough to send his answer to the Review so that it may benefit others as well as those who wrote to him direct. Mr. McEvoy says: — All clean, dry combs ( like yours ) that nfvey had any brood in are perfectly safe to use, and cannot disease any colony of bees; but if you should have any combs on hand that have ever had foul brood matter dried down in them, you can not make such combs safe by disinfecting them. So, be very careful what class of combs you do use; and don't place any dependence whatever in any drug meth- od for treating foul -broody combs; be- cause that disease has never been cured or even checked by the aid of any drug. Where any bee-keeper has a quantity of nice, white combs, that never had any brood in theni^ he has something very valuable if properly cared for; and to des- troy such fine combs because they have been used on foul broody coloviies would be a very serious mistake. Every one of these very choice combs can be saved if the bee-keeper will extract the honey out of them, and then give them back to the same colonies they came from, and leave them there until the bees lick them clean and dry. After these nice white combs have been cleaned out perfectly by the bees, they can be used in any apiary. I have had many thousands of such combs saved and used in the Province of Ontario and no trace of the disease ever appeared after these combs were used on the cured colonies. WooDBURN, Ont., Jan. 14, 1901. I V E THE CONSUMERS WHAT THEY DEMAND. A DEFENSE OF CHUNK HON- EY. BY LOUIS SCHOLL. So our friend, Mr. E. T. Flanagan, from away up yonder in the State of Illi- nois, is going to give us Southerners down here in Texas, " some hard knocks on chunk honey;''' yes, and he goes at it with sleeves rolled up, knocks right and left, knocks hard, and gives many reasons for knocking, too. Well, now it may seem as though the writer wa'i going to take time and steps to meet our friend, but oh, no ! such he would never do; for what would the bee- keepers think then, if a youngster scarce- ly out of his teens, should up to an old gentleman and perhaps do him up badly — or be done up himself: No, no, never. But then, it does seem that he could keep quiet no longer, especially as Mr. Flanagan has so fiercely attacked one of the writer's best friends, and co-worker, co-inventor, co-experimenter, and what not, Mr. H. H. Hyde, of Hutto, Texas. Yes, H. H. Hyde, has said a great deal about chunk honey, and he knew what he was saying, too; and maj^be he would have his say now, but, attending to his college studies, there is no great fear just now of his entering the ring. But please let me whisper to you, my friends, up there in the North, \.\i2X should Mr. Hyde start a war of defense against you, he would not be alone, but be back- ed by an army of just such very same chunk honey men as he is. Please mind ye that. If you }nust kick, why, then, go ahead, only kick fairly, then there y;\\\ be no harm done. 12 tHB BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. And while you all are kicking, we will keep on producing the three different kinds of honey that our customers de- mand, viz., section honey, bulk comb, and extracted honey. I surely believe that friend Hyde is right, when he says that he thinks, "that there should be fine section honey for the wealthy, and (5«/^ rc/«(^ for the masses." But Mr. Flanagan goes on and wonders what is the matter with good, pure, luelt- ripejied, extracted honey. Why, oh, my ! Mr. Flanagan just you imagine that you were of the masses, and then you want to have covib honey, but, like the masses, you are not wealthy enough to buy that fine section honey of which you speak, but, nevertheless, you want comb honey. Now, I'll go and try to make you buy some of that good, pure and well-ripened extracted. Is this comb honey f And do you want to be fooled that way ? Or would you rather demand some of that nice "chunk" or "bulk comb" honey, which is comb honey, and such comb honey that you ( or the mass- es) can afford to buy? Yes, place your- self in the position of the masses, put aside your own thoughts, then siuily the thing hard, consider it all, and quit kick- ing, and tell us what ye think. This would be something quite against the rules as given in our books and jour- nals, and the advice from our biggest lights — to study your market, find out what the consumers demand, and then supply that demand. Now must we go against all this ? Must we put aside all that we have learned ? Must we go and try to sell to our customers what they do not want; or must we go ahead and sup- ply the masses with bnik co)nb honey as they do demand ? Yes, and I expect we'll go ahead and do it too. Of course, we'll also produce some fine section hon- ey for the wealthy, but, at the same time, give the masses a chance to have comb honey also; or does any body think that if one is not wealthy enough to buy those fine sections, he has no right to have comb honey at all ? Or what other rea- son is there ? No, it will give us pleas- ure to please the wealthy with sections, and the masses with bulk comb, when they want comb honey; and we also have some of that good, pure, well-ripened, extracted, for anybody that prefers ex- tracted honey. But we do not care to fool the masses with this extracted honey, by trying to sell it to them when they want comb hon- e}' just as well as the more wealthy do. Hunter, Texas, jan. lo, 1901. EEPING THE BEES QUIET IN THE CEIvLAR UPON THE APPROACH OF SPRING. BY IRA BARBER. As the season will soon be at hand for the bees in winter repositories to begin to arouse t h e m - ^. . ^ selves and be- 1 "\ come uneasy, I ^^ ] wish to tell the readers of the Re- view hoA^ easy it is to keep the bees quiet until quite late in the season ; or as long as they ought to remain in win- ter quarters. The only thing necessary is to keep all fresh air ixoxn reaching them, by bank- ing thoroughly from the outside, and be sure that it is kept there air-tight. Straw will not answer; it is but little better than nothing at all. Almost any material used will shrink away when frozen, and leave a space of half an inch or so next the wall. If this is not attended to there will be just as free circulation of air as though the cellar was not banked at all. I have had bee-keepers come to me the first of March and ask me if my bees were not getting very uneasy; and I would say: " No, they are very quiet for this time of year. ' ' Then I would say tq tHB BBB-KBBPKRS' review. n them: "Your bees must be getting fresh air from the outside. " They would say: "That can't be; for my cellar is well bank- ed all around, and dark as a pocket, and I want you to come to my place and dis- cover, if you can, what is the trouble." I drop all business at once. The first thing I do is to examine the banking, and call attention to its condition. We find the packing has settled, and sprung away from the wall, in places, three or four inches. The banking is repaired, and, in a few days the report is that the bees are as quiet as in mid-winter. Bees are keen-scented; and the first warm days that come the first of March, or before, especially if there is no snow on the ground, will be sure to set them buz- zing if they get a sniff from the outside; while, if all fresh air is kept from them, the change in the cellar is so gradual that they do not notice it. An airy cellar is quite certain to be a cold one; too cool for bees in cold weather. My cellar, years ago, was too airy, and I had all the trouble that I have described. I had not yet learned to bank it up, and I had to open the hatchway door nights to quiet down the bees, and cool the cel- lar, but the next day found them just as uneasy and ready for a frolic; and when order was restored, and all became quiet, and the roll called, thousands upon thousands would lie dead on the floor after one of those night frolics. I am well aware that many of our best bee-keepers practice opening their cellars nights, and I would like to have all those that do, try the plan that I have described and report through the Review if they do not find it a success. Have no fears of smothering your bees, nor of their getting too warm, for they will stand far more heat than cold. Ventilation is not necessary, unless large numbers of colonies are placed in a small cellar so as to take up all the space. The cellar for bees to winter in perfect- ly should be thoroughly deodorized with salt. There is nothing that will do the work so perfectly and leave nothing De- hind that is unhealthful. When the work is done the cellar is as sweet as when first built; and there is another great point gained, for the cellar bottom is so saturated with salt, especially if it is a damp one, that all dead bees that fall up- on the cellar bottom, become so pickled with salt that they do not decompose and cause the atmosphere to become foul, as it otherwise would. To deodorize the cellar, begin when you clean it out, as soon as the bees are out, and use enough salt to cover it well over to the depth of % inch, or more, and when that has dis- solved give it another coating as often as the salt disappears, for three or four times all through the summer, or until you are sure that the cellar is perfectly sweet. The expense is a small matter for the grand results obtained; as one or two bags of salt will be all that is re- quired. If cellar floors are made of boards or plank the salt will keep it sound a life time. The cellar should be kept closed enough to dissolve the salt, but open enough to allow the odors to escape. DeKai^b Junction, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1901. EDITORIAL fferings. Chaff Hivbs are peculiarly advanta- geous in producing comb honey in North- ern Michigan, as, in that latitude, the cool nights often drive the bees from the supers when the walls of the latter are simply a single thickness of thin lumber. ■^^«^« Moving Bees to take advantage of pasture not to be obtained at home has has been practiced for about 12 years by Mr. C. W. Post of Trenton, Ontario. Last year he secured about $1800 worth of hon- ey by moving his bees, while if left at home he would have obtained no honey. The clover at home was dried up. He is nicely located where he can move in dif- ferent directions on the railroads. Much of the honey secured by moving the bees is buckwheat honey. ■k^*^*^"*^*!^^ Bee Moths are not considered as of any benefit to bee-keeping, but it is pos- sible there may be instances in which they are not wholly an unmixed evil. At the Ontario convention Mr. Hershiser asked if there was not danger of bees get- ting the germs of foul brood from bee- trees in which the bees had perished from the disease, or if stray swarms might not take possession of such trees and thus again develop the disease, but Mr. Hall suggested that the bee moths' larvae would soon destroy the combs if they were left unprotected by bees. THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 15 Conventions, it would seem, could not furnish much information that would be new to a man with the experience and reading habits of a man like W. h. Cogg- shall, yet he asserts that he can't afford to miss one — besides, as he says, "It spurs us on." ■^jrR««jr««^j«^ Introducing Queens without remov- ing the old queen may be successful one time in two, if we use chloroform or to- bacco smoke. At least, this is the report of Mr. C. B. Morris, of Coon Rapids, Iowa. He was sick and not able to hunt up the old queens, so he gave six colonies a good dose of chloroform, and six more a good dose of tobacco smoke, and then let the new queens run in. Of the twelve thus released, five were accepted. u^^i^wni»^^%^ CIvEaning up the combs at the end of the extracting season, by allowing the bees to have access to them, is becoming an almost universal practice. Once we would have supposed that it would have nearly spoiled the apiary by the robbing it would arouse — now we know that it will do nothing of the kind. Over at the Ontario convention many told how, when the season was over, they al- lowed the bees to |clean up the combs. There was a "loud time" while the work lasted, but, when the honey was all gone the bees quieted down and there was no robbing. ^i^1t»U*^^1i'*^ The American Bee-KeepER is going ahead by leaps and bounds. I don't know whether the other bee-keeping editors have noticed it or not, but I have, to the extent that I feel that I must buckle on my spurs or be left behind. Of late this journal has been giving, occasionally, a very fine frontispiece. Bro. Hill has found some one who is an excellent press- man. The frontispiece in the last issue shows that old warhorse, G.M.Doolittle, from his latest and best photograph . Con - siderable attention is being paid to other illustrations aside from frontispieces, and much pains is taken to secure good cor- respondents. When we consider that Brother Hill is doing his work at arm's length, he in Florida, and the journal in New York, we can do little else than wonder at the results. «^jTUT»J<'«.<-«^<. WISCONSIN, STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. The Wisconsin bee-keepers will hold their 17th annual convention, Feb. 5th and 6th, in the State Capitol at Madison. Their programme is as follows: — President's Address N. E. France Cellar vs, Out-door Wintering H. P. Mixer Outlook for Bee-Keeper's Exhibit at the Pan- American Exposition in 1901, E. D. Ochsner Honey Exchange C. A. Hatch How to Maintain Present Prices of Honey in the Event of a Good Honey Crop, Harry I,athrop Short Cuts in Extracting Frank Minnick Discussion of I^aws Pertaining to Foul Brood N. E. France Mrs. Evens and Mrs. Towle vs^ill each present papers on subjects of their own selection. E. R. Root, editor of Gleanings in Bee Culture will be present, and on the even- ing of the 5th will present his stereopti- con views, accompanying them with ex- planatory remarks, thus giving the audi- ence something that is entertaining as well as instructive. Geo. W. York of the American Bee Journal, and myself, expect to be present. I shall bring my camera, as usu^^i . I now have an arrange- ment whereby I can stand in the group at the time that it is being photographed, and open and close the shutter by means of a long rubber tube and a bulb. This will enable me to take a picture having the three editors, Root, York and myself, side by side in the group. It may be a long time ere we three will meet again in this pleasant manner. THE EFFECT OF SLOW COOI.ING UPON THE COI.OR OF BEESWAX. The American Bee Journal admits that the slow cooling of wax simply allows the dirt to settle, and that is the only way that slow cooling can have any effect up- on the color. But it still clings to the idea that the dark color of wax com tHE BEE-KEEPERS* REVIEW. from its impurities. Here is where our our old friend is making its mistake. The color is in the wax itself. Dark wax will remain dark, no matter how slowly it is cooled; yellow wax will be yellow although so full of dirt that the particles can be seen. Any one who cares enough about this can easily satisfy himself. Let him get a cake of dark, black wax, melt it and keep it in a vessel surrounded by sawdust, so as to confine the heat, and cause it to cool very slowly. When cool it may have a cleaner look, the dirt hav- ing settled to the bottom, but it will still be dark. If you doubt it, jus^ try it. Next, take a cake of the brightest yellow wax, melt it, and stir into it a lot of the refuse, or slumgum, or dirt, scraped from the bottoms of other cakes of wax, mix these in well, then cool it just as quickly as you possibly can. The wax will still be yellow, but full of foreign matter. Again I say, if you doubt this, try the ex- periment. ■TU'H^Lir*^^^^^ ADVERTISING. Occasionally I feel impelled to say a few words on advertising. They may not be of particular interest to the general read-, er, but he should remember that, if it were not for the advertisers, he would be obliged to pay double price for his read- ing matter; hence it is only fair that ad- vertisers should occasionall}'^ receive some consideration. If there is any one thing, aside from bee-keeping, that I have studied, it is ad- vertising. Advertising is simply telling people what you have to sell; but the way in which it is told makes a wonderful dif- ference upon the results. The foundation of all good advertising, is a good article to advertise. An inferior article may be boomed by means of good advertising, but eventually there will come a relapse. If your goods don't possess some superiority, if you can offer purchasers no advantages, it is folly to advertise. You must give better goods, ' / » ; : '. ' better service Look over your business and see in what partic- ular you are ahead of everybody else, then make the most of that point. Ham- mer away at it, day after day, week after week, month after month, year after year. Beat it into the heads of the public that your goods possess this advantage over all others. First be certain that your goods really possess the advantage claim- ed, otherwise the advertising will prove a boomerang. Be strictly honest. Aside from morality, looked at from the most selfish point of view, honesty is the best policy. Don't exaggerate in your adver- tising— this, too, will prove a boomerang. Change your advertisement often. Peo- ple seldom read the same story, or the same advertisement, more than once. When they see that it is the same old story, they pass it by. When they find a fresh story each issue, they fall into the habit of looking to see what will be said next. I said take one point, that of the greatest speriority, and emphasize it; but do it differently each issue. Notice how I have advertised queens of the Superior Stock. I have had many different adver- tisements, but they have all emphasized that one point — superiority. Lay aside generalities. Don't say that your sections are the "whitest, best made and cheapest." They all say that, and it has been said so much that it doesn't mean anything. Say it something like this: "We own a sawmill, and when we come across a log of white second-growth basswood we saw it into planks for sec- tions. This is done in the winter when the timber is frozen. These planks are cut into bolts of the proper length, and piled up, openly, under sheds to season. This gives us absolutely white, well sea- soned timber at a low price. Owning a mill, power for manufacturing sections costs us almost nothing. Being sawed from plank instead of inch lumber, we can make the sections of good thickness. The V grooves in our sections have a round instead of a sharp corner, and the sides of the grooves are a slight, inward curve, all of which greatly tends to pre- tHK BKE-KEBPERS' REVIEW. i^ vent breakage. Our sections are sand- papered, which reduces them to a uni- form thickness and gives them a smooth, polished surface. These advantages en- able us to sell our sections for only per thousand." If you were buying sections, don't you think such an advertisement would be more likely to induce you to buy than would one that simply said: " Best goods at lowest prices." In writing an advertisement, try and look at the matter from the standpoint of an outsider. It you were a buyer, what would influence jc/// Put some thought and work into yonr advertisements. Make them better than other similar advertisements. A man of ordinary height is not very noticeable in a crowd. A man two or three inches above the ordinary height is very notice- able. Make your advertising just a little higher than the ordinary. After you ^^>*^i^have put in enough money and thought to get out an ordinary advertisement, then put in enough more to raise it above all of the others. It is in this extra su- periority that lies the profit. As I have already said, I have made a study of advertising, I have plenty of type of different styles, borders, orna- ments, and the like, and I stand ready and willing to assist any advertiser who would care to have me help him in the preparation of his advertising. Send me your circular or price list, write such an advertisement as you think would be best, bring out the strongest point in fa- vor of your goods, send all to me, and I'll go to work and get up just such an adver- tisement as I would get up for myself, put it in type, send you a proof, and tell you how much it will cost to have it inserted in the Review. All this will not cost you one cent; and you will be under no obligation whatever to put the adver- tisement in the Review unless you see fit to do so. Don't think that I am actuated wholly from motives of generosity. I well know that if I can help you to make your advertising in the Review profitable, it will be continued to my profit. Let us work together to our mutual benefit. It is none too soon now to begin adver- tising for the trade of the coming season. A man usually makes up his mind where he will buy, some little time in advance of his purchase — ^assist him in making that decision. «-^jrR«^jr«.«T^*i^ A Big Fire, on New Year's day, visit- ed the block in which is published the American Bee Journal. Fortunately, the issue for mailing on Jan. 2nd was still in the hands of the printer, and this and the forms were saved. The enterprise of Chicagoans is shown by the fact that no one would have known of the disaster from the time of the receipt oi the Bee Journal, nor from the appearance of its contents The loss in the Bee Journal ofiice was not so much from fire as from the floods of water that came down through from the floors above, where was raging one of the fiercest fires that the fire companies of Chicago have had to fight in a long time. The building was seven stories high, and about twenty en- gines were throwing water on the fire in the top of the building, and practically all of the water came down through the floor occupied by the Bee Journal. The fire was finally subdued, and Bro. York has probably got things all slicked up by this time. WTfcFM^^u" »•»«>■ The Bee-Dress worn by^David Cogg- shall affords the most complete protec- tion of any thing of the kind I have seen. First, there is a stout, wide-rimmed hat. Then comes the veil of some stout, open material. I don't know as I can give the name of it, milliners use it in lining hats. The mesh is hexagonal, and the material strong. This veil is held in place around the hat crown by means of a rubber cord. In front of the face a piece of wire cloth is set in. This stays out away from the face, is not easily torn, and does not greatly obstruct the vision. The veil is not tucked inside the collar, but extends i8 THE BBE-KBEPFRS' REVIEW down to the shoulder where it is joined to the top of a short blouse that reaches down to the waist where it is held closely to the person by a string. The sleeves to the blouse extend down and cover the backs of the hands, there being some openings for the fingers to slip through. When a man is protected by such an ar- mor it is almost impossible for the bees to get in their work. The fingers are really the only parts that are exposed. Suppose that the bees' feelings are a little "harried up," Mr. Coggshall's are not. «^*^ ■JTl^V'^L* Ths Michigan Convention recently held at Traverse City was the most suc- cessful of any that Michigan bee-keepers have held in several years. In the first place, northern Michigan is a good bee- country, and has a large number of bee- keepers; next, the meeting was well ad- vertised. Notices were published in the bee-journals, and in the local papers of that region. Not only this, but its enter- prising president, Geo. E. Hilton, sent out 400 personal invitations to bee-keepers in that region. This convention is one of those that sails in without any set pro- gram, or any essays. With such a man in the chair as its present president, this course is all right. I used to think that Dr Miller was the best president that I ever knew for keeping a convention stirr- ed up, and I don't know as I am yet ready to give up that belief, but Bro. Hilton is certainly a close second. Not only is he a good presiding officer, but he has a hap- py faculty of summing up a discussion very fairly, and in a few words; and the convention acted wisely in keeping him in the chair another year, also in choos- ing, for the next place of meeting, anoth- er northern Michigan town — Petoskey. *^^ir« t^-u^^F^P THE INFI^UENCE OF I^OCAIvlTY. My Eastern trip did me a lot of good. Among other things it impressed uppn me most forcibly the great difference in localities. In some localities, when I attempted to tell bee-keepers how I start- ed the bees to working early in the sea- son by putting on supers of unfinished sections left from the previous season, they would have none of it. There was a possibility of honey from mustard (we have no mustard) being mixed with the early flow of clover; or the bees might carry up from the brood-nest some of the buckwheat honey stored the previous autumn. A better plan was to put on ex- tracting supers at first. This started the bees to storing honey in the supers, and, as soon as the danger from dark honey was past, the extracting supers were giv- en to the weaker colonies that were to be run for extracted honey, and sections placed on the colonies from which the ex- tracting supers had been removed. In the buckwheat region, the system that we employ here in the West for get- ting the white honey in the sections would be a failure, as the white honey seldom does more than put the bees in good trim for the buckwheat. Carniolan bees are great breeders; and at the end of our own white honey harvest here in the West have little to show ex- cept a great lot of bees — the honey having been used up in their production. Where the principal flow comes in the fall, after the breeding impulse has largely subsid- ed; they are all right,^ as they bring to the harvest colonies that are overflowing with bees. This explains why Mr. C. W. Post of Canada is so partial to Carniolans — his surplus comes from buckwheat. Be charitable regarding the views of the man whose locality is different from yours. Since the above was put in type I have attended the Michigan State convention in Northern Michigan, at Traverse City, and here I found that the best source of surplus for many bee-keepers was that of the wild, red raspberry, which blossoms early in the season, and the all-absorbing question with these bee-keepers was, "how shall we have populous colonies early, that we may get a good surplus from raspberry ?" THE BBE-KBEl»KkS* REVIEW i9 Perhaps some of my readers will think that a populous colony early in the sea- son will be an advantage, let the harvest come when it may. At this convention it was very clearly shown that, with the growth of a colony in numbers, as the season advances, there is a certain stage in this growth when the age of the field bees and their number compared with that of the nurses, when the period of egg-laying was at the right stage, when the conditions of the colony as a whole were such that it can take the best advan- tage of the honey flow. If this condition is brought about too early it is as disas- trous as to have it arrive too late. The colony that is very populous early in the season, a colony that suits the raspberry honey man, has passed its prime when basswood comes on. The man who produces basswood honey perfers a col- ony of moderate strength early in the season, one that will gradually build up and be in full bloom, so to speak, when the basswood is in a similar condition. It is all right to read and consider the experience of others, but each man must thoroughly understand the conditions of his locality, and govern himself accord- ingly, before he can hope for success. W^^^^'jt^'a^^^ THK NEED OF UNIFORMITY IN THE METHODS OF MEASURING BEES' TONGUES. While up at the Michigan convention I had a talk with Mr. John M. Rankin of the Michigan Agricultural College in re- gard to the methods of measuring bees' tongues. Of course, all measurements be- gin at the tip of the tongue, and the on- ly difference in completing the operation is in regard to the point to which the measurements shall be carried. Mr. Root measures what he calls the ' ' reach ' ' of the tongue, that is, from the tongue-tip to the mouth part. Mr. Rankin contends that the only proper and exact method is to measure the whole length of the tongue; not only the part that extends beyond the mandibles, but from the very base to the tip. This matter was brought still more to my notice by the receipt of an advertisement from my^ friend Wood of Lansing, in which there appears a re- port of some measurements made by Prof. Gillette of the Colorado Agricultural Col- lege. Here is the report as made by? the Professor. It reads as follows: — Ft, Coi^lins, CoIvO. Nov. 9 1900. Mr.A. D. D. Wood, Lansing, Mich. Dear Mr, Wood: — Your letter and the bees are here, the latter all alive and vig- orous. I have measured their tongues as you request and find they ran very uni- formly as follows: Whole reach of " tongue," from base of submentum to tip of ligula, 26-roo of an inch; ligula alone, to the dark nien- tum, 17-100 of an inch. There were nine specimens and all their tongues were measured. Very truly, C. P. Gillette. It occurred to me that now would be a good time to bring up this matter and try and have the friends agree upon some uniformity in this matter. Accordingly I wrote to Mr. Root and asked him if he would give his views on the matter, at the same time telling him what were the views of Mr. Rankin, and sending him the report of Professor Gillette. Here is Mr. Root's reply: — Regarding the* measurement of bees' tongues, everything depends on how the measurement is made. My measurements have, as you say, taken in only the tongue- reach of a bee; and this tongue- reach begins from the end of the tongue proper, and ends at the point from which it extends from the mouth, that is, to say, from the ends of the mandibles. In other words, the measurements that we give in hundredths of an inch of the va- rious tongues of bees take in only the available reach into a flower-tube. This, it seems to me, although I may be wrong, is the correct way of taking the measure- ment. For instance, we know that corol- la-tubes of red clover vary all the way from yi to =/i of an inch in depth; that is, to say, putting the matter in hundredths of an inch, 12)^ hundredths to 37!^ hun- dredths. Now, then, if we were to meas- i6 :^HE BBB-KEEPERS' REVIEW. ure the entire length of a bees' tongue after it had been dissected from the bee, we should not know then whether it would reach down into the corolla-tubes 25-100 deep or not, we could not deter- mine how far the mouth parts of the bee would extend over the tongue. In giving the actual tongue-reach itself I did so in order that we might get a proper compar- ison of the available tongue- reach for red clover. Referring to the report of Prof. C. P. Gillette, I do not know that I under- stand exactly what he means by the base of sub-mentum, and what point he means hy dark mentum; but, if I understand him, his measurement of 26-100 of the Wood bees means the whole tongue- length; and his measurement of 17-100 takes in only the tongue-reach, or that part that I have been measuring. Our longest measurements yb/^ a whole cas^e of bees from the point where the tongue sticks out of the mouth to the end of the tongue is 21-100. By the same propor- tion, if I figure correctly, the entire length of the tongue would then be 31- 100. I must confess this question is a little confusing, eilher way we take it. If we measure the entire tongue, detached from the bee, then we can not tell how far that bee can reach into a flower-tube. If we measure the actual reach, as we have done, then some will not understand whether we are measuring from the end of the mandibles, or jaws, or whether we are measuring from somewhere else. So, for purposes of comparison, it is hard to say who has got the longest- tongued bees. I think that perhaps Prof. Gillette, ourselves, and Mr. Rankin had better take a printed diagram and agree on some points of measurements which will Ibe uniform for all of us. ' E. R. Root. Medina, Ohio, Jan. 11, 1901. MICHIGAN'S NEEDED FOUI. BROOD I.AW. Once more have the bee-keepers of Michigan, in convention assembled, ap- pointed a committee to labor for the pass- age of a needed foul brood law; a law that will empower the governor to ap- point an inspector who has been recom- mended by the State Bee-Keepers' Associ- ation, and who will have authority to de- stroy foul broody colonies when the own- er can not or will not properly treat them. There is also to be remuneration for colo- nies that are destr03^ed, the same as the owners of cattle diseased with tuberculo- sis are reimbursed for their property when it is destroyed for the general good. A resolution was also unanimously carried recommending the passing of the law, and this resolution will be read before both houses of the legislature. The con- vention did another wise thing; it sent out and invited the member-elect for that district to visit the meeting and hear the matter discussed, which he did, and we had the satisfaction of securing the as- surance that at least one member will vote in the right direction. There was an attempt, two years ago, to pass a similar law, but it failed, principal- ly because of the apathy of bee-keepers. I am informed that only twenty letters were received by members asking them to vote for the measure. The simple in- troduction of a bill will not secure its pass- age; the members must be urged to vote for it, and good reasons must be given showing why the measure is needed. It must be remembered that the majority of people know very little about bees or bee-keeping, and the members of the leg- islature must have explained to them the contagious character of foul brood, how it spreads from hive to hive, and from apiary to apiary, and from county to. county, and that it is impossible to pre- vent this spreading until there is some one in authority to compel careless, igno- rant or wilful bee-keeping to rid their apiaries of the disease. Members should also have their atten- tion called to the value of the bees to the fruit grower and horticulturist by their work in fertilizing the blossoms. The loss to the country from this source would be even greater than the loss to bee-kee- pers. If bee-keepers will only wake up and do their duty in this matter, the bill can be passed. There are hundreds of bee-keepers in this State, and yet only twenty of them had sufficient interest in this matter to write to their representative and ask him to vote for this measure, THE BEE-KBEPERS' REVIEW. 2T giving the reasons why the law is needed. If there is no foul brood in your apiary, it may be in your neighborhood, nearer than you think. You little know how soon you may need help. ■^jr^«x«'^^.»^,» HOW COGGSHAI.I. EXTRACTS. He uses a queen excluder— can't be bothered with brood. Extracting combs same size as in the brood-nest. Does not tier up the supers. Begins extracting as soon as the bees begin capping. Has an enameled cloth over the frames. Turns back one corner. Puffs in the smoke and flops the cloth up and down. This drives the smoke down among the bees and makes them hustle for the lower story. He has an upper story of extract- ing combs sitting near by. He takes out one or two of the empty combs and sets them to one side. A comb of honey is removed and the bees shaken and brush- ed off into the upper story — not upon the ground. By this plan not so many bees take wing and create a commotion that attracts robbers. As soon as one or two combs are removed from the super, an empty comb is placed in the super as of- ten as a full one is removed. As the full comb is freed from bees and set into the hive containing the empty combs, the hands bring back and drop into place in the super an empty comb. The apiaries are located in woods, or out of the way places, where cross bees cannot annoy or attack any one except those who are do- ing the work, and they are most thorough- ly protected by suitable clothing and veils, hence the)^ are able to work rapidly, regardless of whether their methods are particularly pleasing or not to the bees. The honey is carried to the honey house, uncapped, and extracted. In un- capping a deep cut is made. This can be done more quickly than to try to uncap by simply slicing off the capping, and the honey is not lost, as it drains from the cappings. Besides this, as the bees again lengthen out the cells, they use up the wax that they involuntarily secrete, and which would be lost were they not given some way in which to utilize it. In pro- ducing comb honey there is abundant op- portunity for using all wax that is secret- ed; but when drawn combs are used, as in extracted honey production, and, par- ticularly, w^en but little capping of the honey is allowed, there is no opportunity for using the wax that is continually be- ing secreted during the working season. A reversible extractor is not used, but the combs are reversed by transposing the combs. That is, the comb on the back side of the machine is brought to the front side, and the front comb carried to the back side simultaneously.; the left hand changing one comb and the right hand the other. The honey is at once drawn off into spruce kegs holding 210 pounds, where it is allowed to remain and candy, when it is in fine shape for ship- ment. ^^•■^'»-»^»-»i.»^^ WAKK UP. BEE-KEEPERS, TO THE CHANCED CONDITIONS. I have many times advised my readers to keep more bees. We are often asked what will mix the most successfully wnth bee-keeping, and I have replied, and still say, ''a few more bees " In my eastern trip I met quite a number of men who are making money kee])ing bees — not simply making a living, but la3-ing up money. All of these men, with no excep- tion, keep bees in large numbers, scatter- ing them around the country — perhaps TOO colonies in a place. It isn't profit- able to put only a few in a place — there must be enough in each yard to make a day's work when the apiary is visited. Mr. H. L. McLallen, a former pupil of Mr. W. L. Coggshail, but now the owner of several hundred colonies, made a ver}- bright remark at the Romulus institute. He said: "We can't produce so much honey per colony as we did years ago, but we can make more money. The reason is that we can keep more bees with less labor." The reason of the lessened yield per colony is the cutting off of natural resources, such as clover and basswood, 32 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. but the improved methods that enable us to manage a greater number of colonies, the short cuts, if we will only recognize and practice them, really give us advan- tages over our predecessors. It is in the discovery and practice of short cuts that we must look for our financial salvation. A great many processes that may be em- ployed at a profit in a home-apiary, are tally out of place in an out-apiary. The swarming problem, for instance, must be solved by a different process in an out- yard. The honey extractor is the most satisfactory solution. Give the bees plentv of empty com^is in which to store honey, and swanuing is practically ended. Years ago extracted honey was of ^low s lie at a low price, but its use by bakers and other manufacturers has placed the demand upon a firm basi**, and. at present, I know of no more hopeful field for the apiarist than the production of extracted honey on a large scale. Keep a lot of bees, scatter them around the country, and don't use up all of your profits in useless manipulations. I wish to see bee-keepers prosperous, and I believe I have never given them better advice than I am giving them now. Let me repeat it: Keep hundreds of colonies, scatter them around the country. loo in a place, produce extracted honey, study short cuts as though your life depended upon it. Personally, let me ask you to give this niatter your careful, serious thought. Not only this, but write to me on this subject. Especially would I like to hear from men who have had experience along these lines. Men who have made but an indifferent success with only one apiary, but have made money with sever- al apiaries, or those who have tried run- ning several apiaries and failed, if there are any such, could tell an interest- ing and instructive story. Let me hear from you. Those who have had experi- ence with both few and many bees are especially invited to write. If I have drawn any incorrect conclusions, or omit- ted any important factors, I shall be glad to have these defects pointed out. For the best article on this subject, received before March ist, I will pay $5.00. For any article that I think well enough of to use, but to which the first prize is not awarded, I will send the writer the Re- view one year and a queen of the Superi- or Stock. The establishing and manag- ing of out-apiaries might, very properly, form the latter part of the article. ■A*H«^ «■■.«,»>»* BLACK BROOD. The bee-keepers' institute held at Johns- town, N. Y. was in what might be called the heart of the black brood district; and a large part of the discussion was in regard to the origin, dissemination, symptoms and treatment of this fell destroyer. Ex- actly how the pestilence spreads from hive to hive, from apiarv to apiary, is yet same- thing of a mvstery. Th it honey ma}' be the vehicle of transmission, the same as it is in the old fashioned foul brood, there is no doul)t, but that it should make its appearance in isolated situations, where the bees could, apparently, have access to no contaminated honey, has led some to believe that there must be some other means whereby the disease can be com- municated. The theory has been advan- ced that the spores may be carried by the wind. Another theory is that bees from an infected colony may have spores at- tached to their bodies when they leave the hive, that these spores become de- tached in visiting blossoms, and that bees from healthy colonies may, in visiting these blossoms, collect and carry home upon their bodies these seeds of disease. However unreasonable some of these views may appear, the fact remains that some of the outbreaks of this disease have been very mysterious, as regards their or- igin. In its early stages the disease greatly resembles pickled brood; then there comes the yellow spot on the larvae, followed by a breaking down and a dark or black color, accompanied by a sour odor. One distinguishing feature between black brood and foul brood is that the former THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW n shows but very little of the stringiness or ropiness of the latter. The treatment is identical with that for foul brood, viz., that of shaking off the bees into a new hive, and allowing them to build new combs. The old combs are burned or melted up into wax. The great difficulty is that colonies so treated don't always stay cured. The first batch of brood is usually entirely healthy; the second batch is of the pickled brood style; with the third hatching comes back the old black enemy. Some take so gloomy a view as to believe that it will disappear only with a lack of material upon which to feed. That is, that the scarcity will again develop the plague; that nothing short of a complete renewal of the combs can ever eradicate the dis- ease. One very practical point was brought out, one that I heard mentioned frequent- ly in my travels, and that is that Italians are much less susceptible to the disease than are the blacks or hybrids. ^'^-»ti,rip»^jfk» A VISIT TO THE COGSHALLS. After attending the Ontario convention at Niagara Falls, and visiting the Pan American Exposition grounds, I took a run down to West Groton, N. Y., the Home of W. L. Coggshali.. West Groton, New York. disease will continue its ravages until no bees are left in this region; when, after a lapse of time, bee-keeping may again be engaged in without danger of loss from this source. Others are more hopeful, and assert that with the return of a good sea- son the disease will disappear. While ad- mitting that a good honey flow will cause it to disappear, others say that such relief is only temporary; that the old infected honey is simpiy covered up, and, when uncovered and used in a future time of home of W. L. and D. H. Coggshall, where I put in two solid days of visiting with a man whose number of colonies is rapidly approaching the 2,000 mark. Never before did this question of locality impress me so forcibly. The bee-keepers here very appropriately call themselves "buckwheaters." If it were not for the buckwheat that whitens the hills in Au- gust, bees could not be profitably kept in this region; as it is, there is a scrambling to plant an apiary in every unoccupied 24 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. spot. When I asked Mr. Coggshall why he planted some of his apiaries so far from home, he said because there was no unoccupied territory nearer home. "How did it happen," said I, "that this territory near you came to be so fully occupied before 3'ou were ready to occupy it ? " "Because I didn't keep my mouth shut," was the terse reply. White clover and basswood, from which so many of us se- colony is moved to a new location, the hive containing the brood set in its place, and a ripe queen cell given it. This method is typical of Coggshall — no time wasted in hunting up queens. If by chance, however, the queen is found in the colony removed, she is given to the newly formed colony, and the cell given to the removed colony. The apiary is gone over as often as necessary to secure Home of D. H. Coggshai.1., West Groton, New York. cure our surplus, do but little more here than put the bees in good trim for the buckwheat. It will be seen that there is abundant time in which even weak colonies may build up for the harvest. The Coggshalls make their increase in June, which is before the opening of the buckwheat. The plan is as follows: A hive is opened, if it can spare a comb of brood, one is taken; the bees being shaken off. Two combs are taken if they can be spared. If the next colony lacks in brood, a comb is given it. In other words, a sort of equalization is carried on; and, as soon as a sufficient number of ombs of brood accumulates, a populous the proper increase, and to practically prevent swarming. Very little swarming takes place during the buckwheat bloom. Mr. Coggshall has a honey-house, ex- tractor, smokers, tools, etc, at each apiary, thus avoiding the necessity of using a team to transport men and tools to each yard. This allows the men to go to and from the yards on bicycles. Instead of bringing home the honey each night, it is stored in the honey house at the yard where it is extracted. Sometimes it is left until it can be brought in on sleighs. The day that I came away a team was go- ing to the "Pine Woods" apiary to bring in a ton of honey . tHE BBE-KEKPERS' REVIEW 25 Mr. Coggshall rather laughed at the idea of taking a large gang of hands to a yard. Two hands, or three, at the most, are all that he needed. I asked if one man could get the combs out of the hives, the bees off from them, and the combs in- to the hone5'-house as fast as one man could extract them. With that peculiar smile of his, he said: "The man out of doors can bury up the fellow inside, if he has to uncap the honey. If the honey is capped, three makes a good crew." Of course, this work is done with very few motions. As editor of a bee-journal, there is con- siderable pleasure in showing pictures of beautiful, comfortable homes that have been built as the result of keeping bees. So many bee-keepers do not succeed, or, only half succeed, that it is very satisfac- tory to be able to show such conclusive proof of success. There is one point to which I wish to call spedal attention, and that is, that the Coggshalls keep bees in large numbers. 1 know of no man who has made a brilliant financial success of bee-keeping who has not kept large num- bers of bees. Over at the Ontario con- vention I had along talk with Mr. C. W. Post, one of Canada's most successful bee- keepers, one who keeps a large number of colonies, and he told me of the many years that he had made a living and sup- ported his family from bee-keeping alone. He did not fear poor seasons. Supposing that they did come, he made enough in good seasons to carry him over the poor seasons, and allow him to lay up money into the bargain. It is the same with the Coggshalls. Poor seasons come to them; but when a good season comes they have bees enough, and manage them so well, that they secure large quantities of honey at comparatively a very small expense. Plenty of bees so managed that the profits are not used up in manipulations, ex- plain the Coggshall success. To illus- trate, allow me to quote a little piece of the conversation that took place between myself and D. H. Coggshall. I remark- ed that, to me, it seemed that the secret of their success was "lots of bees, and the profits not used up in useless manipula- tions." Mr. Coggshall said : "That's it exactly. At my south yard last year we had 80 colonies and secured 10,000 pounds of honey; now how many days' work do you suppose weputin, un- packing in the spring, extracting and packing in the fall?" Knowing something of their short-cut methods I said "Fifteen days." "Fourteen days w^as all the work done in that yard during the year, and we got |;500 worth of honey." Both of the Coggshalls own good farms, but W. Iv. (LeMar, as they call him) told me that it would have been money in his pocket if he had given away the farm years ago — but Mrs. Coggshall thinks a farm is a good place upon which to bring up boys, and I believe Mr. Coggshall does not dispute her. Long will linger in ni}^ memory the remembrance of the few pleasant hours passed under the hospitable roofs of the Coggshalls. EXTRACTED. CORKING HONEY BOTTLES. How to Soften the Corks so as to Make them go in Easily. The mouths of the bottles used for bot- tling honey often var}' in size, while the corks have the same fault. As a rule, the corks are plent}' large enough. In order to get them in I hav^e often had to take a hammer and drive them in, or else go to the bother of whittling them down with a knife. Walter S. Pouder tells the read- ers of Gleanings how all this may be avoided. He says: — I have often been asked how to simpli- f V the insertion of corks. I take a pail containing water to the depth of half an inch, and fill the pail with corks and place on a lid. Tet the water boil a few min- utes, and they are ready for use. Do not 26 fnt BBE-XBBPiSRS' REVIEW. use the ones that are water-soaked, but use the steamed ones. You will find them soft and pliable, tmd none will break. The water-soaked ones can be used at an- other time. BOTTLING HONEY. Reasons for Heating the Honey and then Bot- tling; How Hot should the Honey be made ? Style of Glass Packages to be Used. Mixing Var- ious Honeys. A great deal of the bottling of honey is improperly done. It is simply "bottled," no matter how the work is done. A few bee-keepers in this country have gone at the matter in a systematic, scientific manner, and Gleanings has been enter- prising and thoughtful enough to get some of them to tell exactly how they do their work. There is not room in the Re- view to copy all of these excellent articles, but the one that I give below, that of Mr. Chalon Fowls, of Oberlin, Ohio, is, I be- lieve, as good as any that have appeared. Mr. Fowls says: — In giving my method of bottling honey I do not claim that it is the best one. In- deed, it is quite likely some one else may have some better plan; and if so I hope he will bring it out at this time so that we can all learn how to do the work in the best and most expeditious way. . The plan given by Mr. Ponder, on page 80 1, may be better than mine in some respects; out, not having tried it, I could not eay, Though he does not say so, I infer he would run his whole crop into the bottles before it has candied, and then liquefy and seal only as fast as needed for his orders. With me this would make too much work in the summer, when other work is pressing. Otherwise, if the hon- ey is left in bulk until it is candied it would look as though it would have to be heated twice to finish the job. I should suppose, too. that it would be difficult to put in just the right amount when cold so that the bottles would be full when heated, and not too full so as to run over. Perhaps Mr. Ponder will explain those points more fully in another article, so I will now proceed to give you my own method. In the first place, I aim to put up none but first-class honey, weighing not less than 12 pounds to the gallon, and the same kind3'ear after year. When I have to buy to supplement my own crop in a poor year like this, I get the same kind, as nearly as I can, so consumers will get the same flavor they are accustom- ed to. For instance, Ihis year, having bought some mixed ck ver and basswood from Wisconsin, 1 am mixing in clover honey from Michigan, as I find the Wis- consin honey has not as large a propor- tion of clover in it as is natural to my lo- cality. Instead of putting up a large quantity at once, as some do, I put up only as much as needed for my trade. I use six-gallon lard-cans as storage-cans for my own crop; and when buying I get it in five-gallon square cans when possi- ble. For liquefying they are placed in cans large enough to admit of having three or four inches of water underneath and surrounding the honey. The lique- fying-tanks had better be made of copper, as tin soon rusts out; and if the tank gets rusty the water will cause the honey- cans to rust too. A wood or coal stove may be used in heating, but it needs constant at- tention to keep the fire just right; and I now use and prefer a gasoline stove for the purpose, first heating the water boil- ing hot on the kitchen range, to save time. It is safe to start with the water at the boiling-point, as the cold honey lowers the temperature at once. The gasoline flame can be regulated so as to keep it just hot enough. In fact, I have some- times put the honey on to melt at bed time, and then went to bed^ leaving it melting all night; but in that case I should leave the flame low enough so the water surrounding the honey would be not higher than 150 degrees; for it should be borne in mind that the temperature will rise as the hone}^ gets melted. It's very easy to ruin the honey by getting it too hot, especially honey of delicate flavor, like that from white clover and all vari- eties that contain pollen grains. Pure basswood hone^^ owing mainly, I think, to the absence of pollen grains, may be heated much hotter without damage. While it is probably all right for an ex- pert like Mr. Ponder to heat his honey to 190 degrees, I think the limit of 180 de- grees, as given by the editor on page 802, or 160 degrees as given in the A B C of Bee Culture, is much safer to give out to the general public. I have had clover honey that would not stand 190 degrees without impairing the flavor, and, of course, would be ruined if allowed to ^^et much hotter; and for my part I can see no need of heating so near the danger point. I think it best to melt slowly, ^bM BEE-KEBPERS' HEVIEW. 2J allowing, say, five or six hours for clover and two or three hours more for basswood, and not letting the temperature rise above 150 degrees for clover or 160 for basswood, until It is melted so no lumps can be found in it. Then the temperature should be raised about 20 degrees, and held there an hour or so, when the honey is ready to put up. The tank 1 use in fill- ing bottles and tumblers holds about j6 gallons, or is large enough to hold either three five-gallon square cans full or the contents of two of my regular six-gallon storage- cans. My clover and basswood honey is al- ways light in color, for, notwithstanding the heavv expense for large apiaries, every hive is provided with a queen-ex eluding honey-board, and consequently my extracting-combs are clean. But in buying I often get honey which, owing to havmg been raised in dark combs, is darker that my own, though equal in body and flavor. In this case 1 put in two or more cans alternately, as mentioned by Mr. Ponder, so as to equalize the color as well as the flavor. My filling-tank is set over a pan of wa- ter, and the whole thing set on the step burner of my gasoline-stove, so the honey can be kept hot during the process of putting up, I used to dip out part of the honey from the can in the melting-vat, and lift out the can from the hot water, and pour in the rest of the honey. But the five-gallon square cans had to be lift- ed out bodily by a slender ring at the im- minent risk of being scalded by the ring breaking loose; so 1 now use a glass siuh- on to run out the honey into the filling- can. I prefer to keep the honey up to 140 degrees or more until it is sealed up in the bottles or tumblers, I have never used wax in sealing up, and do not think it necessary if packages can be sealed air-tight without it. The main idea is to cause a vacuum, as in can- ning fruit; and to aid in securing this the packages should be filled as full as con- venient with the hot honey, and there will still be a space left when cold, the same as in canned fruit; and the smaller this space is, the better, as the honey will then remain more quiet, which is im- portant. It may be interesting for clerks or cus- tomers to invert a jar or tumbler of hon- ey, and watch the bubble of air rise slow- ly through the honey, and it may also be an effective way of showing the body and general attractiveness of the honey; but the more it is moved back and forth, the sooner it will grain. Just imagine, if you can, how it would seem to have honey put up by the bees in their waxen bottles in such a slipshod manner that it could be slopped about from side to side or from end to end, and then remember that hon- ey rarely candies in the comb unless ex- posed to a very low temperature. On page bo> the editor asks why it will not do to bottle up honey cold. I will ansvN-er that by saying that, if I were ask- ed the quickest way to make honey can- d}-, I would say, "Pour it cold from one dish to another." Besides this, it would not stay in the bottles, as there would be no vacuum; and just as soon as it was put in a warm store, it would expand and stream over the sides. I well remember putting up a dozen glasses for a grocer who would not wait to have it heated, saying it would do just as well to put it up cold. He never wanted any more like that. Every glass ran over, although not filled quite full; and the fun of it was, they never stopped running over. He would wash them all off clean every morning, and they would begin to stream down the sides before noon, or as soon as it got warm in his store. But, to return to my process. I have never used the square bottles and corks, as I have always felt it would be an im- position on the consumer to give him a comparatively worthless bottle with his honey when I could just as well give him something that would be useful for some other purpose. I have heretofore used jelly-glasses and pint Mason jars; but latelv I have got to using the No. 25 jars sold 'by The A. I. P.oot Co., and like them best of all. They hold a full pound, and are the most perfect self-sealing fruit- jar that I have ever seen — have a smooth surface to stick on la'oles, etc. The jelly- glasses are much harder to seal, but it can be done so that but few will leak by us- ing two or more thicknesses of paper, putting smooth tough paper like manila or waxed paper next the honey, and some soft spongy kind on top of that, like that used for pencil-tablets. The labels should always be put on while the glasses are warm, as they stick much better at that time. We use a small label, one by two inch, gummed, first passing it over a moist sponge and then applying it to the glass. The sponge is tied to a small board fastened down to the table so it will remain stationary. The caps are put on the glasses by forcing on by the hand, while the operator has to stand in a stoop- ing position. This is because I use pa- per enough to make the covers go on air-tight, and have to bring some weight to bear in order to do it. I have tried other ways, but had to come back to the 2S THE BEE-KEEPERS* REVIEW. old tiresome way. so the fingers could be used to guide the covers on straight. Perhaps I can best describe it by saying that I put on the covers as the irishman played the fiddle. When asked whether he pla3'ed by ear or by note, he said, "Nayther, but by main strength, be jab- ers." GOING WKST AND NORTHWEST. The best line west of Chicago, if you are going to any point in Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada or Cahfornia, is the CHICAGO, MILWAU- KEE AND ST. PAUL RAILWAY. Di- rect and short lines between Chicago, Sioux City, Omaha, Milwaukee, La Crosse St. Paul and Minneapolis. Solid vestibu- led, electric lighted, steaiu heated trains; free reclining chair cars: compartment and sleeping cars; the finest dining cars in the world. If you contemplate a trip West or Northwest call on any coupon ticket agent in the United States or write to Harry Mercer, Michigan Pass; Agetit, 32 Cumpus Martins, Detroit, Mich., saying where you are going, about when you will start, how many there will be in the party, and full infor.jiation, with maps, time ta- bles and rales of fare will be promptly furnished free. Be sure to ask for your tickets via C, M. & St. P. Ry. Honey Quotations. The following rules for grading honey werp adop+ed by the North American Bee - Keepers' Association, at its Washington meeting, and, so far as possible, quotations are made according to these rules. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled ; combs straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached to all four sides ; both wood and combunsoiled by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells spajed except the row of cells next the wood. No. 1. — All sections well filled, but combs un- even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, araber and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white," No. 1,, dark,'' etc. The prices given in the following quotations are those at which the dealers sell to the gro- cers. From these prices must be deducted freight, cartage and commission- the balance being sent to the shipper. Commission is ten per cent.; except that a few dealers charge only five per cent, when a shipment sells for as much as one hundred dollars. CHICAGO— We quote as follows: Fancy white, 16; No. I white, 14 to 15; fancy amber, 12 to 13; No. I amber, 10; fancy dark, 10; No. i dark, 8; white, extracted, 7^ to 8; amber, 7; dark, 6}^ to 6^; beeswax, 28. R. A. BURNETT & Co., Nov. 19. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111. CINCINNATI, OHIO -The market for comb honey here is becoming a little bare, although higher prices are not obtainable. Fancy white comb sells for 16 cts.; lower grades do not want to sell at all. Extracted is selling slow; amber sells for 6'/2 and higher. Fancy white clover brings 8 and SJ^. Beeswax 28. C H. W. WEBER, Jan. 14. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. CHICAGO— Good demand for fancy comb honej' if properly put up. We can supply the trade with fancy white extracted honey. We quote as iollows: Fancy white, 15 to 16; fancy amber, 13 to 14; fancy dark, 10 to 12: white, ex- tracted, 7^4 to 8; amber, 6 to 7. S. T. FISH & CO., Jan. II. 189 So. Water St., Chicago, Ills BUFFAEO Buffalo is very quiet on honey of all grades, and a sale means a cut in prices Wax very quiet and slow. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 14 to 15; No. i white, 13 to 14; fancy amber, 11 to 12: No. i amber, 10 to 10^: fancy dark, 8 tog; white, extracted, 8 to 9; amber, 7 to 7^; beeswax, 23 to 27. BATTERSON & CO. Jan. 15. 167 & i6g Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y. NEW YORK — Market on comb honey is in good condition, with short supply. Bee-keepers having any left on hand, better send in now. Market is quiet on extrac ed of all kinds, and likely to continue so. Beeswax is firm and in light supply. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15 to 16; No. I white, 14 to 15; fancy amber, 13; No. I amber, 12; fancy dark, 10 to 11; No. 1 dark, 10; white, extracted, 7^ to 7;^ ; dark, 5 to 5% \ am- ber, 7 to 7^; beeswax, 27 to 28. HII^DRETH & SEGEIvKEN, Jan. 14. I30 West Broadway, New York. NEW YORK -The demand for all grades of comb honey still continues to be very brisk. Our receipts are rather light. We quote as fol- lows: Fancy white comb, 15 to 16; No. i white. 13 to 14; No. 2 white, 12I/2 to 13'/^; buckwheat, 10 to II. There is but a small demand as yet for buckwheat extracted, some small sales reported as low as 5^4 cents. Beeswax is in good demand and firm at 28. FRANCIS H. I^EGGETT & CO. Jan. II. W. Broadway Franklin & Varick St». KANSAS CITY —Receipts are light, and de maud is firm at prices given. We advise ship ments. We do not look for much if any decline in market for some time, as it seems that near- ly all of the honey has been marketed. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15 to 15'/^; No. i white, 14 to 15; fancy amber, 13 to 14; No. i am- ber, II to 12; fancy dark, 9; white extracted, 8 to 9; amber, 7 to 7^2; dark, 6% to 7; beeswax, 22 to 26. W. R. CROMWEI^Iy FRUIT & CIDER CO., Nov. 19. 423 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. THE bBE-KBEPBRS' REVIEW 29 THE A. I. ROOT CO., 10 VINE ST.. PHILADELPHIA. PA BEE - SUPPLIES. Direct steamboat and railroad lines to all doints. We want to save you freight. —if ittu are K<>iiif< to — F5UY A BlJ2;Z-SAW, vvriU' to the editor of the Keview. He has a new Haruetj saw to sell and wouid be glad to •nakp i<>ii happy by telling you the price at wldcli hf would ^eli it. 1 have HeveraJ hundred QUEEN CAGES of ditfereut styles and sizes, made by C. W. ( Aistelhnv. and 1 should be pleased to send sam- ples and prices to any intending to buy cages. W. Z. Hutchinson. Flint, Mich. Has Arrived. The time has now arrived, when bee-keepers are looking out for their queens, and supplies, and 3'our name on a postal card, will bring yow prices of queens, bees, nuclei, bee supples, and a catalogue giving full particulars, with a full treatise, on h'^w to rear queens, and bee-keeping for profit, and a sample copy of "The 8-)uthland Queen," the :2"^r^zer's seeds bear it out every time- Combipat'on Com. Greatest com o ■ I eart li. \Vi 11 positively revolutionize corn growing. Billion nollarCrass. \ Greatest marvel of the atre, a2 tons of hay per acre. First crop six weeks after sowing lat Is It ? Catalogue teils. FOR BJc. STAM/S ... and this KOTICE we m.-iil "-" V*^ 1) ff seed cataldjf. 10 Gnim MwVSn' !^l'>ll-' (SObu. per .A.; Oats, y IZfl (•><() bu.hel per A.) R i.e. ._«- — ,^ Bari^y,(173L>u.ptrA) i'eaoat, elc. \\ oilti$10. togetsstait. John A. Saizer* Seed Coa La Crosse. Wis. B ■ ■ ■ ■-trgna-BTMi ■■«■«< 30 ffiE BEE-KKEPERS' REVIEW. We want to sell you bee-keepers' supplies, to give you entire satisfaction. For these reasons we deal in Root's Goods, both wholesale and retail. Our specialties— 1/ives, Sections and Comb Foundation. Cash paid for beeswax. i-oi-tf M. H. HUNT & SON, Bell Branch, Mich. Exhibition Hives. I shall probably make no more exhibitions of bees and honey at fairs I have too many other irons in he fire. I have about a dozen nucleus exhibition hives that I would sell for 50 cents each. They are nicely made, with glass in one side and wire cloth on the other. vSix of them are painted a bright vermillion and the others a bright blue. They are of the right size for tak- ing one I^angstroth frame. They cost $1.00 each to make them. I also have about 100 of the old-style Heddon super, of the right size to use on an 8-frame, dovetailed hive. This is the best super there is if no seperators are used. They cost 20 cents each to make them when lumber was chea.p. They are well painted and just as good as new, but I would sell them at t; cents each. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Bee keepers should send for our 00 CATALOG. We furnish a full line of supplies at regular prices. Our specialty is Cook's Complete hive. J. H. M COOK. 62 Cortland St., fi/. Y. City Please meiu.zn the Reuieui, MY GOLDEN AND LEATHER - COLORED Italian Queens Are bred for business and beauty. I furnish queens to the. leading queen breeders of the U. S., and have testimonials from satisfied customers in the U. S. and foreign lands. Give me a share of your orders — they will be filled promptly. Tested queens, before June ist, $1.50 each. After June ist, tested queens, either strain, $1.00 each; untested, 75 cts. each. Oile-frame nucleus with queen, $r.5o; two-frame, $2.50; three-frame, $3.25. 4-00-tf J. W. MINER, Ronda, N. C. THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGEi Dept zoology, Entomology and riiysiology. C. P GILLETTE, M S , P OFESSO <. ELMER D. fi LL. M. S ,} E. S. G TITUS, B. S. - ASSISTANTS. 'ESEilEiE^ FT. COLLINS, Colo , Nov 9, '00. Mr. A. D. D. WOOD, I^ansing, Mich. Dear Mr. WOOD.— Your letter and the bees are here, the latter all alive and vigorous. I have measured their tongues as you request and find they run very uniformly as fol- lows : Whole reach of "tongue," from base of submenturn to tip of ligula, 26-Too of an inch; ligula alone to the dark mentum, 17-100 of an inch. There were nine speci- mens and all their tongues were measured. Very truly, C. P. Gillette. 26-100 is over ^ of an inch. My circular explains all about my queens. Order now. No cash un- til ready to ship. 22 years' experience. This long tongued breeder is my own importation direct from Italy. Supplies of all kinds. A. D. D. WOOD, Lansing, Mich. FOR SALE. Apiarj' of 40 colonies o f Golden Italia ns, in lo-frame Doolittle hives, together with fixtures. Everything up to date. Also beautiful buildings, consisting of 8-room, 2-story dwelling, barn and other out- buildings. Peach and pear trees, grapes, etc., in bearing. No disease. Health}^ cl mate Mild winters. No better locality to be had than this to those who desire to embark in the bee busi- ness. Average yield of surplus honey. 50 pounds to the colony. Photographs sent to those inter- ested. J. W. MINER, Ronda, N.C. BEE-HIVES AND HONEY-BOXES, in car lots — wholesale or retail. Now is the time to g-et prices. We are the people who manufacture strictly first-class g-oods and sell them at prices that defy com- petition. Write VIS today. Interstate Box & Manufacturing Co., Hudson, Wis, THE BEB KEEPERS' REVIEW 31 m ^m- ft Pi m « M ft mi W $M $ $ m ft ODOS and ENDS I am about to move to my new house, which is on a small lot with streets on three sides of it, and I shall be compelled to give up the keeping of bees I have a few odds and ends that I would like to dispose of. I have a two basket, second-hand, Ferris wax extractor that cost $7.00 when new. I will sell it for $3 50. I have a new Ferris, single-basket wax extractor, list price $3. 50, would sell for $2.50. I have a new, Doolittle, solar wax extractor, list price $3.60, would sell it for $2.50. I have ten dozen, i-pound, sqiiare, flint glass, Muth jars with corks, worth 50 cents a dozen, new, would sell at 30 cents a dozen. There are four dozen of the same kind ot jars, only they hold two pounds instead of out- and cost 62 cents a dozen when new I would sell them at 45 cents a doz^^n. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint - - - - Mich. ^'\^'" %4# %# %# ' ^ %^^KM,M V %I f% \J mi. mm ^ i' ♦ ^ ♦ # ♦ IS mm W% mm. mi n I mm: m %^ mm: mi mim, m m mm. m mm: hm mi %i. mi mm i m mm. mS i ft fi # mi This is the original one - piece section-man who furnishes one- piece sections as follows : — 500 sections, |i. 88; 1,000 for $3.25; 3,000 for I8.90; 5,000 for $13.00; 10,000 for $22.60. No. 2 sections are not made to order, but when in stock are sold at |i.8o per M. J. FORNCROOK, Watertown, Wisconsin. 0i to t mm n m $. M m mm- mi ^JST//, ■: lyisten ! Take my advice and buy your bee supplies! of August Weiss; he has tons and tons of the very finest ever made; and he sells it at prices that defy competition! Working wax into foundation a specialty. Wax wanted at 26 cents cash, or 2S cents in trade, delivered here. Millions of Sections — poli -hed on both sides. Satisfaction guaranteed on a full line of Supplies- Send for catalogue and be your own judge. A UG. WMISS, Wisconsin. Hortonville, 4> ■■> If th5 Is mentioned when .Hnsvverinjj an advertisement in iu cohiinr.i- a favor is conferred upon botn the publishei and the advertis- er. It helps the former by rais- ing his journal in the estima- tion of the advertiser: and it en- ables the latter to decide as to which advertising mediums are most profitable. If 3'ou would help the Review, be sure and say " I saw your advertisement in the Review, ' ' when writing to advertisers. Wm mm. m 9 mm mm mM mi mm- wm ft M M ml. mi M M 32 THE BEBoKEEFBEa' REVIEW. A\aoy ln)provcrr)cpt5 Tbis Yczir. We have made many improvements this year in the manufacture of bee-supplies. The following are some of them : Our hives are made of one grade better lumber than heretofore, and all that are sent out under our new prices will be supplied with separators and nails. The Telescopic has a new bottom board which is a combi- nation of hive stand and bottom board, and is supplied with slatted, tinned separators. The Higginsville Smoker is much improved, larger than heretofore, and better mate- rial is used all through. Our Latest Process Foundation has no equal, and our highly polished sections are superb indeed. Send five cents for sample of these two articles, and be convinced. The Daisy Foundation Fastener — well, it is a daisy now, sure enough, w-ith a pocket to catch the dripping wax, and a treadle so that it can be worked by the foot. Tb^ Heddoo Hive. Another vahiable adjunct to our manu- facture is the Heddon Hive. Wo do not hesitate to say that it is the best all round hive ever put upon the market; and we are pleased to state that we have made arrangements witlvMr. Heddon to the end that we can supply these hives; and the right to use them goes vvitli the hives. Hor?ey Extractors. Our Honey Extractors are highly orna- mental, better manufactured; and, while the castings are lighter, they are more durable than heretofore, as they are made of superior material. Tbe Progressive Bee-Keeper. Last, but not least, comes the Progressive Bee-Keeper, which is much improved, being brimful of good things from the pens of some of the best writers in our land; and we are now making of it more of an illustrated journal than heretofore. Price, only 50 cts. per year. Send for a copy of our illustrated catalogue, and a sample copy of the Progres- sive Bee-Keeper. Address Higginsville, t\o.. Ea.5t St. Louis, Ills, LEAHY A\fg. <30., Mi* i i 1 i Foundation I ScCtlOnS By the new Weed Process is made in the best manner, up- on the best machines, and from the best w^x — that free from dirt, pollen, propolis, burnt wax, etc., that decrease its tenacity and make it offensive to the bees. Every inch of foundation is guaranteed to be equal to the sample that will be sent upon application. I^angstroth on the Hon- ey Bee, revised, Smokers, Tin Pails, Sections and other sup- plies. Send for circular. Dadatit & Son Hamilton, Ills, m ■»■•.•: m ^.■.f.'» m. We make millions of them yearly; workmanship, smooth ness and finish can't be better. The basswood grows right here. If you want some good Ship- ping Cases, you can get them of us. A full line of Bee Supplies on hand. Write for illustrated cata logue and price list free. Marshfield Mfg. CO-j^^'^^^^jf; i m m H m m m n m m •.■•:■■: •;■*y^■i«-^f••l■^^=•;::j••i■^^■•;-^"»^^'•c:^«l;^■: V;V'fti«»--*rr;..V:.«-->iri..:.;.*-jiii«,/;*--fJ.:v.-;.*-*«»*. ■•■.■* 9,\f: m M •-••v.: )M i m m m Il m IP SPEGIAL NOTICE. | (JlieenS. I,ast winter's cut of basswood is the yftji Jm^j I,ast winter's cut of basswood is the whitest it has been for many seasons. We are now making sections out of this new stock and therefore are in a position to furnish you with he very finest quality in the market. Lewis' White Polished Sections Are perfect in workmanship and color. Orders shipped immediately upon re- ceipt. Five different styles of Bee- Hives. A complete line of everj^thing needed in the apiary. Lewis' Foundation Fastener simplest and best machine for the purpose. Price, $i.oo, without lamp. &. B.LEWIS CO, WatertowD, Wis., U.S A. Branches: — G. B. lyCwis Co., 19 So. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Ind. G. B. I^ewis Co., 515 First Ave., N. K. Minneapolis, Minn. Agencies: — ly. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah. E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo. Send for Catalog. m 1 .■.:•;• For 20 years I have made a specilaty of queen rearing. My apiary is located several miles from other bees; hence I am able to secure the mating of my queens with drones from the most desirable colonies. Spec- ial attention is given to the se- lection of both queen-and-drone mothers from colonies that show marked industry, and cap their honey white. Safe arrival guaranteed, and every queen warranted to produce light yel- low, 3-banded, gentle workers. Should a queen prove unsatis- factory, she will be replaced, or money refunded. Queen shipped the next day after the order is received, unless other- wise requested. Ready to ship June i9t. Price 75 cts. each. JAS. F. WOOD, No. Dana, Mass- i'i'VAiiiJHIii^S Post Fountain Pen. The very best in the market; regular price $3.00, and not obtainable under this price anywhere. THE SIX CARDINAL POINTS PECULIAR TO THE "POST:" SELF TILLING, SELF-CLEANING, SIMPLICITY, RELIABILITY, DURABILITY, j NO LEAKING. Given Absolutely Free ^^^^y^^J"^:~"z::zz:.^z:.. For two new subscriptions to Gleanings and your own renewal with I3.00; or for one new subscription and your own renewal with $2.50; or your own subscription will be advanced 2 years, and the pen furnished for 1^.50. In each case all arrears, if any, must be paid in addition, the above offers being for subscriptions fully in advance only. I believe v?e can say truthfully, vs^ithout fear of contradiction, that no foun- tain pen ever put upon the market ever received in so short a time so many unsolicited testimonials from such distinguished men as the POST. The above dravping shows its construction. To fill the POST, all you have to do is to dip the nib into the ink-bottle, draw out the plunger, and the pen is ready for use. Compare this with unscrewing the ordinary style, and refilling with a glass filler that you cannoi always find when wanted. The self-cleaning feature of the POST, as illustrated, will also commend itself. With most pens specially prepared ink must be used or they are of no use, because they become so gummed up and it is well nigh impossible to clean them. With the POST you simply dip the nib in water, draw the plunger back and forth like a syringe or squirt-gun, and in less than five seconds it is clean and free for a perfect ilow of any ink that may be handy. We will send, on request, a few of the man3' testimonials from noted men in various callings who have written merited words of praise for this mo.st valuable invention . We can not offer the pen for sale for le.ss than $3.00; but by special arrangement we are enabled to offer it free as a premium with Gleanings in any of the following combinations. All arrears, if any, must first be paid at |i.oo a year. Then for $3.00 we will send Oleanings for one year, or till Jan. i. 1902 to two names; for one year to yourself, and send you the pen free. For $2.50 we will send you the pen and Gleanings for one year, and to one new subscriber a year; for S2. 50 we will send the pen and Gleanings for two years. If you have ever been disappointed with a fountain pen we a.ssure you that you will not be with this one. The A. I. Root Company, Medina. 0. February, I90l RDVHl^TISirlG l^flTBS. All advertieementB will be inserted at the rate of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in- sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch. Discounts will be given as follows : On 10 lines and upwards, S times, 5 per cent ; 6 times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent : 12 times, 85 per cent. On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 percent ; 6 times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 80 per cent ; 15 times, 40 per cent. On HO lines and upwards, 8 times, 20 per cent; 6 times, 80 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times, SO per cent. Clubbing Ltist. 1 will send the Review wiih— Glfanings, (new) A n nVan Bee Journal. . (new) C inaflian Bpp Tonrnal P ojrressivp B»e Keeper .. .... A-nerican Bee Keeper The Southland Queen .. O io Farmer Farm Journal (Phi] a.) E'lral New Yorker . . The Century Michigan Farmer Prairie Farmer ... American Agriculturist Country Gentleman Harpers Magazine Harper's Weekly Youths' Companion (new) ... . Cosmopolitan Success ($1.00).. . $1.75 ( l.f^").. .. 1.75 ( 1.00)... .. 1.75 ( .50).. .135 ( .50) . .. 1.40 .(1.00)... .. 1 75 ( 1.00) . 175 .( .^'O.- .. 1.10 .( 1.00).. ... 1.85 ( 4.00) . . .. 4.50 (1.00).. .. 1.65 . ( 1 00) . . .. 1.75 (100) . . 1 75 ( 2.50) . . . . 3.. 5 ( 4.0'1) . .. 4.10 . ( 4 00) . . .. 4.20 .( .75) .. . . 2.35 ( 1.00).. .. 1.90 .(1.00). .. 1 75 Honey Quotations. The following rules for grading honey were adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers' Association, at its Washington meeting, and, so far as possible, quotati^ to 13I/2; buckwheat, 10 to II. There is but a small "demand as yet for buckwheat extracted, some small sales reported as low as 5% cents. Beeswax is in good demand and firm at 28. FRANCIS H. I.EGGETT & CO. W. Broadway Franklin & Varick Sts Jan. II. KANSAS CITY —Market is firm; demand fair. Think that with lower price movement would increase considerably. Receipts are light. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 16 to 17; No. i white, 15 to 16; fancy amber, 13 to 14; white, extracted, 7!^ to 9; beeswax, 22 to 28. W. R. CROMWEI^I. FRUIT & CIDER CO., Feb. 15. 423 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. i i i i ill i Winter i Losses are not always the result of the same cause. They may come from starvation; from poor food; from improper prepara- tions; from improper protection; from a cold, wet, or possibly, a poorly ventilated cellar, etc, , etc. Successful wintering comes from a proper combination of different conditions. For clear, concise, comprehensive conclu- sions upon these all-important points, consult "Advanced Bee Cur^TURE." Five of its thirty- two chapters treat as many dif- ferent phases of the wintering problems. Price of the book; 50 cts. ; the Review one year and the book for $[.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian. W. Z. HUTCHIN50N, Flint, A^icb* We have a Ltat^ge Stock, and can fill Oi^det^s Ppomptly, Send us your orders for hives, extractors, or anything that you want in the bee-keeping line. We make only the best. Our Falcon Sections and New Process Foundation are ahead of anything, and cost no more than other makes. New catalogue and a copy of The American Bee-Keeper free. W. T. Fzilconcr t\f%. Go., Jamestown, N. Y. )|@°-W. M. Gerrish, East Not- ingham, N. H., carries a full line of our goods at catalogue prices. :g^^^^^^^^^ Send us a list of what goods you what and get our special pri- ces. We have a com- plete stock of supplies and can make prompt shipments. Catalogue free. Page 8t liyon, jwf'g. Co. fieuu liondon, Wis. Jio Fish-Bone Is apparent in comb honey when the Van Deusen, flat - bottom foundation is used. This style of foundation allows the making of a more uniform article, hav- ing a very thm base, with the surplus wax in the side - walls, where it can be utilized by the bees. Then the bees, in chang- ing the base of the cells to the natural shape, work over the wax to a certain extent; and the result is a com b that can scarcely be distinguished from that built w^holly by the bees. Being so thin, one pound will fill a large number of sections. All the Trouble of waring brood frames can be avoided by using the Van Deusen wired. Send for circular; price list, and samples of foundation. J. Vfl^l tDEUSEfi, Sprout Brook, N. Y m 34 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Pacific Oueens Of three - banded, Italian, honey- gathering stock. Circular free, W. A. H. GILSTRAP, Grayson, 2-oi-6t Calif. Stanislaus Co. — If you wish the best, low-priced — TYRE - WRITER, Write to the editor of the Review. He has an Odell, taken in payment for advertising, and he would be pleased to send descriptive circulars or to correspond with any one thinking of buy- ing Buch a machine. — If you are going to — BUY A BtlZZ-SAW, write to the editor of the Keview. He has a new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to make you happy by telling you the price at which he would sell it. Supplies Cheap. Mr. L. B. Bell, formerly of Brecksville. Ohio, has accented a permanent position in Arizona, and wishes to dispose of his apiarian fixtures. He wrote to me about it, and I told him if he would have them shipped to me I would sell them for him on commission. Here is a list of the articles and the price at which they are offered. 1 Coil Wire 80 61 Section Cases ( Wide Frame and tin sep- arators) at 25 68 Covers at .15 53 Bottom Boards at .1<^ 53 Honey Boards, Queen excluding at Ifi 30 Escapes at .15 50 Feeders ( Heddon Excelsior ) at 25 30 Alley, Queen and Drone traps, at 35 All of the above are in my possession and can be shipped promptly. The hives and cases arp well made and nicely painted, and havintr been in use only two or three seasons are practically as good as new. Any one wishing to buy any- thing out of this lot can learn fuller partion lars upon inquiry. W Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich. ^ ^ Qi !ld i^l !&l o o Dittroer's Foupdzitiop At Wbol952iIe 2int.W^P^F^^ THE IMPORTANCE OF COURAGE, OR "NERVE," IN BUSINESS. "Nothing venture, nothing have.'' First, the pla.i must be well thought out and carefully matured. According to our best judgment, beyond all reason- able doubts, all things considered, the plan must be the best that can be devised. Having reached this decision, don't hesi- tate. Strike with all of your might. Bring forth all of the resources of mind, body, and capita). Courage, or "nerve," as it is commonly called, is not the only requisite for success in business, but it is a most important factor. The man who is afraid to venture, who waits for a "dead sure thing," will never become a success- ful business man. All business enter- prises are more or less in the nature of ventures; in fact, there is an element of uncertainty in all things human, and we are given courage and hope with which to meet this condition. Don't think that I advise against the exercise of caution; far from it. In making your plans use the utmost caution, and consider well the THK BKK-KSEPKRS' REVIEW. 5i difficulties and obstacles that are to be met; but, having decided that a certain plan is best, don't let it fail for the lack of courage to put ti Jie, and money, and en- ergy into its development. Its very suc- cess may depend upon the courage, and vim, and money, and "git up and git," that you put into it. Let me give an illus- tration from my own experience: — When the Review was three years old, I sat one day turning over the pages of the subscription book, wondering why there were so many subscribers who did not renew. Was it because they did not like the Review? If so, what was its failing ? Had all of these men gone out of the bee-business? Or was it simply neglect in renewing? for, be it known that, up to that time, I cut off each sub- scription short and square when the time expired for which payment had been made. I supposed this would please everybody. x\s I sat considering the mat- ter, the thought came, why not ask these men why the}^ dropped the Review? It seemed an unusual thing to do. How would these men take it? Would they be offended? Would they think that it was none of my business why they slop- ped taking the Review? I believed that I could put the matter in such a way that I would secure their co operation instead of their resentment. I at once wrote a long circular-letter. There is not room for it here, but the gist of it was that I wished to know why they had stopped taking the Review. I explained that my request was not made in ihe spirit of crit- icism, but with a view to assisting in mak- ing the Review better, and extending its circulation. I know that no man stop- ped taking a paper unless there was some reason for it. If the publisher could look behind the scenes, so to speak, and see the real reason, it would be of great ben- efit to him. I asked to be allowed this peep behind the scenes. Would they tell me exactly why they stopped taking the Review ? I asked them to make no excuses; to leave my feelings entirely out of the question; I wanted to know the truth, or it would be of no benefit to me. If the Review had some fault that could be remedied, I wished it pointed out. If it were simply a case of neglect, that they really cared for the Review, but had neglected to renew, and would like to have their subscription begin where it left off, I would furnish the back num- bers at half price. To show them that the Review still kept up to its high stand- ard of excellence, 1 sent them a copy of the last issue. That there might be no excuse for not replying, I enclosed a sheet of paper, and a stamped envelope addressed to myself. Now for the point: When I had figured over the whole cost of thus addressing my delinquent subscribers, I found that it would amount to 550.00. I may just as well admit that I hesitated; especially as I should have to borrow the money. More than once I came pretty near giv- ing it up, but I was so sure that a large number of these men would renew if the matter was thus brought to their notice, and that the knowledge of zuhy so many had dropped out would be of benefit to me, that I ventured. I kept an account of the renewals that came in as the result of this venture, until they amounted to $187.00. Some others came straggling in for months afterwards; and I presume that I got $200. 00 as the result of my outlay of 50.00; besides getting many subscribers back that have since remained with me. Not only this, but I learned why the Review had been dropped in a great many instances. One reason, the knowledge of which has since put hun- dreds of dollars into my pocket, in fact, probably saved the life of the Review, was that the majority of people prefer to have their papers and journals continued and be allowed to pay for them any time when convenient. A great many wrote: " I didn't stop the Review'; you stopped it. " It makes no difference what are my personal preferences, if the great ma- jority of my readers prefer a certain plan, if I wish for the greatest success, I must couform to their wishes. a4 THE BKEJ'KBEPHRS' RI^VIKW. Suppose that I had lacked the "nerve" to spend the I50.00 ? Let me give one more illustration: — Two years ago last summer I cast my eye over into our beautiful, sister-State, Wisconsin, and saw within her borders many manufacturers of apiarian goods. As the publisher of a bee-journal it seem- ed to be a good thing to visit these man- ufacturers; and, at the same time visit some of the many excellent bee-keepers of Wisconsin and learn wisdom of their ways. As the result of persistent inquiry I found a manufacturer of cameras that was willing to sell a camera and accept part pay in advertising. Through the help of my friend, Harry Lathrop, I was able to secure transportation on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and pay for the s ime in advertising. Thus equip- ped, I made a three weeks' tour in Wis- consin. I took a picture of each factory, visited with the proprietor, learned the strong points in favor of his business, secured a circular, etc. Upon reaching home I had cuts made of each factory, and proceeded to write up an advertise- ment for each manufacturer, giving each what seemed to me the best points in its favor. All these were put in type. At the head of each advertisement was the cut of the factory. There were 16 full pages in all. They were put into a chase, taken down town and put on a press, and proofs taken on nice book paper. All this was done at a venture. There had been no word of encouragement from the manufacturers. They had no knowl- edge of what I was doing. I now sent a proof to each manufacturer, showing what I had done, told him what it would cost to have this ad. in the December Review, of which extra copies would be printed and sent out as samples. Of the 16 pages thus sent out at a venture, 13 were order- ed printed. The profit on those pages paid the expenses of the trip, and for get- ting out the extra edition for December, besides leaving me something for my trouble. The manufacturers got some good advertising, I got good pay fc my venture, and the Review received a "boom" such as it had never before re- ceived. The subscription list in Wiscon- sin doubled within the next year; and that without my having asked a man to subscribe. Of what use is to plan such enter- prises as these if you haven't the "nerve" to carry them out ? I know that it sounds egotistical to write in this strain about my own doings, to make myself the hero of my own stories, but when I w'rite of myself I know what I am talking about, and that I shall hurt no one's feel- ings; and if any one thinks that I am prompted by egotism, I can tell him that he is mistaken; and that I am going to give one more page of my experience. Two years ago I became convinced that I knew of a superior strain of bees. I kneiv that the bees were away ahead of the ordinary run of bees. I decided to advertise them in a manner that should correspond with their merits. I can tell you right now that it required "nerve" to take page, after page, after page, in Gleanings, and I can tell you still farther, that of all the advertising I ever did none has paid me so well as these full pages advertising this Superior Stock of bees. Anybody who has a really good thing, mind you, it must be something good, but it matters not whether it be queens, or bee-hives, or foundation, or what not, can make just as big a success as I have if he has the courage to advertise as I have done. Don't think that I am fish- ing for a lot of full-page ads. in the Re- view. Nothing of the kind. There are other journals besides the Review, and you can make a success of advertising without ever patronizing the Review at all. Don't misunderstand me; all adver- tisements are welcome, but, just at pres- ent, I am working to encourage, and stim- ulate, and inspire my readers, be they bee-keepers or advertisers. To encourage a man to do something is often of more importance than to tell him ho7t> to do it. Once more: Plan carefully, go over the ground thoroughly, be cautious, try and Tim b^i^-ke:3^pe:rs, ri^vikw, 4- 55 think of every point, use your best judg- ment, but, having made a decision, don't hesitate, don't dilly dally; having put your hand to the plow, don't turn back, I thought that I had written all that I cared to write upon this subject, but one more illustration comes to my mind : Charley Koeppen, who lived in this town several years, but has now moved to Vir- ginia; had a hard struggle in his early bee- keeping days. One poor year followed another, yet he kept on buying bees, and establishing out - apiaries. I remember his buying one apiary, going in debt for it, and not only did he get no honey from it that year, but had lo feed several bar- rels of sugar. People said " Koeppen must be a fool to keep on putting his money into bees when he gets so little out of them." Btit he knew that there was basswood and clover in the vicinity of his apiaries, and he had the foresight and the " nerve " to keep on investing in bees, knowing that the good season^ would come. In the last three years he has marketed not far from 60,000 pounds of co:nb honey. EXTRACTED. FERTILIZING OUEENS IN CONFINEMENT. An Account of Some Experiments Made on this Subject a Dozen Years Ago by Prof. N. W. McLean. Upon receiving and reading the article of Mr. J. S. Davitte, that appears upon another page of this issue, I became greatly interested in this subject, and proceeded to hunt up and read everything that I could find upon the subject. What seemed to me the most trustworthy and practical were some sxperiments make in 1887 and 1888 by Prof. N. W. McLain, then in the employ of the United States government. After describing in detail some methods for artificially fertilizing queens, so to speak, methods with which he had been successful, but which would, I fear, prove too delicate for the bungling fingers of ordinary mortals, the Prof, said: — Realizing that natural methods nearly always possess advantages over artificial methods, I determined if possible to gain control of reproduction by the fertiliza- tion of queens in confinement. That some inexpensiv'e and practicable method might be devised by which the natural mating of queens in confinement could be secured, has very long been hoped for by all progressive apiarists. Very many attempts, in a variety of ways, some of which involved the outlay of considerable sums of money, have been made, but dif- ficulties apparently instirmountable were encounterefl. I removed the queens from 6 colonies which I had had confined in the honse for experimenting with bees and fruit — a house 10 feet by 16 feet, 8 feet high, part- ly covered on the sides with wire-cloth, a Vvire-covered sash in the gable, and large screen wire-covered doors in each end. These were strong colonies, which had been confined in this house for thirty days and had learned the location of their hives, and from these the bees flew daily in great numbers, returning frequently to their hives. Into these 6 colonies I in- troduced virgin queens hatched from cells which I had ]:>laced in wire cages. Into each colony the virgin queen was placed withotit being removed from the cage in which she was hatched. In due time they were accepted and liberated. The day these queens were five days old I liberated about ten drones near to the entrance of each of these hive. These drones were brought from hives in the apiary, and upon being liberated most of them persisted in flying against the wire- covered sides and windows in the gable, and few ever entered the hives. Here again there was frigidity or disability ap- parent among the drones. When the young queens flew from the hives seek- ing a mate they mingled among the drones, crawling over them and caress- ing them with their antennae, meeting with no response. These queens, with one exception, seemed to have no difficulty in getting the location of their respective hives. The result of this trial was, one queen of the six was fertilized, and after she had laid eggs with regularity in two- thirds of the cells on both sides of one frame, after clipping the queen's wings, I 56 THH be:k-kp:rpkrs' RKVIKW. removed this frame, with the queen and adhering bees, to a nucleus in the yard, and from the eggs laid in confinement worker bees hatched in due time, and the queen continued to lay as long as the nucleus was fed, there being nothing in the fields for the bees to gather. All the eggs laid by this queen were fecundated eggs. Being convinced that as far as the queens were concerned the difficulties in ttie wa}' of success were not insurmonnt- able, and that the main trouble wns that the drones had not been furnished by the workers with the granular secretion or the food suitable for producing the albu- menlike secretion which I had been led to believe essential to produce sexual de- sire and to assist in the performance of the copulative act. from these same colo- nies I removed the remaining unmated queens, and to each I introduced another virgin queen as before. I then went to a distant apiary, and se- cured an unusually strong colony which was under the swarming impulse. A few queen-cells were beine;' built and a mod- erate supply of drones was present. This was late in the season. This colony had not cast a swarm during the year, and was the only one I could find, after con- siderable search and inquiry' far and near, having any drones, and probably owing to the excessive drought onlv an occa- sional one of the number examined had been prepared by the workers for the procreative function. I took this colony home and placed it in the wire-covered house at the end opposite thit in which the virgin queens were located. I clipped the wings of the old queen so that she could not leave the hive, and upon being liberated the workers and drones of this hive made less effort to escape than those brought in from the apiary near by, and soon seemed reconciled to their new sur- roundings. The workers soon learn^^d their location and drones were soon to be found in nearly every hive in the house. The result of this trial was that three of the six queens were fertilized, and as soon as they had each laid five or .six hundred eggs T clipped tlieir wingrs and then re- moved them, and all the egjjs laid by these queens produced worker bees. I am much encouraged by the success .so far realized under conditions so unfavora- ble. With the return of spring I hope to fol- low out your suggestions and continue the test, using a large wire-covered in- closure for the purpose; with hives so ar- ranged on the sides that the worker bees may have unobstructed flight, while the drones and queens, being restrained by means of queen-excluding zinc placed be- fore the outside entrance of the hive, may fly and mate within the enclosure and readily return to the hives from whence they came. If practical control of repro- duction can be secured by so simple and inexpensive a method — and the facts from my experience as given above seem to warrant the conclusion that this is true — then ihe Rubicon of scientific apiculture is passed. The next year Prof. Mc Lean contin- ued his experiments by building a large tent of wire cloth, arranging hives in the same as Mr. Davitte did, that is, so that each h:ve was given an entrance both outside and inside of the tent. His tent, its arrangement and management, he describes as follows: — In order that the laws of heredity and the active principles of selection mav be practically and persistentl}' applied in the breeding of bees, I ha^ein obedience to your instructions continued my experi- ments, striving to discover a simple and practical method for securing control of the natural process of reproduction, I devised and constructed a fixture, which I call a fertilizing cage, 22 feet square and 26 feet high. Selecting a level plot of ground I set 4 rows of posts, 5 posts in each row, forming a quadran- gle. These posts are 4 inches square, and ;!,o feet in length, .set ino the ground 4 ifeet, and exactly 7 feet apart. Four rows of girders, 2 by 4 inches bs 22 feet and 4 inches are halved in two and bolted to the inside of these posts, the first row 5 feet from the ground, then the three rows at intervals of 7 feet until the top is reached. The upper three lines of gird- ers are continued from each side of each inside post, forming a brace on each side of each post at intervals of 7 feet, and forming the beirings for the wire-covered frames which cover the top of the cago. The space from the groinid to the first girder, 5 feet, is covered with matched lumber nailed to the outside of the po.sts, leaving a smooth surface on both sides. The upper 21 feet on the sides and the top of the cage is enclosed by wire cover- ed frames 7 feet square, bolted to the girders on the sides, anrl securely fasten- ed with screws to the frame-work at the top. The height of the cage is thus adjust- able at 26 feet, 19 feet, or 12 feet from the ground by simply lowering the screen frames forming the top, and the upper row (or two upper rows as the case may THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 57 be) forming the sides of the enclosure, the purpose being not only to deleimine whether queens or drones would mate in this cage at full size, but also how small an inclosure would be sufficiently large to give suitable freedom and '■ange of flight. These wire-covered frames are framed like a two-light window-sash, with a mullion in the centre, on which two breadths of wire-cloth meet. Strips of wood secure the edges of the cloth, and cover all joints at the sides of the frames. With the lower board of the siding settled into the ground, and earth lilled against the inside, and the door tight-fitting, the cage is bee-tight. I used drab- colored wire cloth, which obstructs the light very slightly. A shelf is fitted against the four sides of the cage on the inside i foot from the ground, and alighting boards directly opposite on the outside. Upon this shelf the hives are placed. Each hive has an exit cut in either end, and an txit is cut through the wall of the cage registering with the outer exit of each hive, over which, on the outside of the wall, a piece of queen excluding zinc is nailed. These hives are painted strik- ingly distinguishing colors, as red, white, blue, green, yellow, and black, and a space opposite each on the alighting- boards, and a corresponding space on the outside of the wall of the cage are painted in corresponding colors. The colors are repeated in the order named, which sep- arates the hives of the same color a suffi- cient distance to prevent confusion, and the bees and queens readily distinguish their own hive by means of color as read- ily as by location. If the inner exit be left closed for a day or two after a colony is placed in a cage, the worker-bees readily learn to enter their own hive upon returning from the fields. I found that the queens had no difficulty in returning to their own hives after taking flight in the cage. To test that fact I frequently opened a number of hives in succession, and placing the queens upon the palm of my hand tossed them high in the air, when they would take wing and fly away. Upon re-opening the hives a few min- utes later they would be found upon the combs. The queens and drones appeared to fly and disport themselves with as much freedom and regularity in the cage as they did in the apiary outside. The virgin queens were introduced from the nursery by various methods. Some were hatched in colonies in the cage from cells matured in strong queenless colonies, and some from cells built under the swarm- ing impulse, which this season could be produced by artificial means only. Ma- ture drones were selected from the hives in the apiary, and also from those return- ing from their excursions and liberated in the cage, and sealed drone-brood was removed from the hives in the apiary and hatched in strong colonies built up in large hives in the cage, and these drones all flew with freedom and regularity. This experiment was successful only to a slight extent. Scores of trials were made, but only ,9^,1" queens were fertilized. The Professor used nearly two pages of the i\merican Bee Journal in explaining why, in his opinion, so few queens were mated. Reduced to its lowest terms his views (and, by the way, others hold sim- ilar views) are that all drones are not at all times in the proper condition for mat- ing with the queens. Not only must they be of the right age, but the weather, honey-flow, season, etc., must be such that the workers will supyly the drones with "that special food suited and intend- ed to produce the desire and capacity for performing the act of copulation, the giv- ing and witholding of w^hich is instinc- tively determined by the workers, as the present and prospective condition de- mands." The year in which the Profes- sor tried this experiment is thus describ- ed by him: — From May, 1S85, until December, 18S7, drouth prevailed, broken onlj^ at long intervals by light showers. The succes- sion of two summers of excessive heat and unbroken drouth insured disaster to the present season cumulative in kind and intensified in degree. Continuous feeding has been required to keep up breeding and to prevent starvation. The lack of honey coming in lead the bees to neglect the proper feeding of the drones. The Professor reported that : — Not one drone in one hundred of those which were fully developed, when held by the legs or wings, or when pressed up- on the thorax, was able to perform the expulsion act, and the sex organs of such, with rare exception, contained nothing but a little clear, thin mucous. The Professor sums up the matter in the following language: — 58 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. In the impotence' of the droues, ahnost universally prevalent, I find the reason for the almost total failure of this experi- ment. The fact that both drones and queens flew with freedom and regnlarity in the cage, and the fact that in a few cases queens were successfnlly mated in the cage when but few were successfully mated outside, leads me to believe that under favorable conditions satisfactory success may be expected. I am unable to find any reports of fnrther experiments in the line by the Professor; and, if my memory serves me right, the experimental work was discon- tinued the next year, and Prof McLean turned his attention in some other direc- tion. UNPAINTED HIVES. Some Decided Objections Against Their Use. Mr. Doolittle, who is a close oVjserver, has for years opposed the practice of painting hives. I think that he appre- ciates the appearance of a painted hive, but his objection is that the paint closes the poies of the wood and prevents the escape of the moisture arising from the bees. Others have combated this idea, or attempted to show that no undesirable results followed the painting of hives, but I do not remember having before seen so clear and scientific reasons for painting as those given by Arthur C. Mil- ler in an article coritributed to the Amer- ican Bee-Keeper. Mr. Miller says: — Mr. Doolittle has lor a longtime cham- pioned unpainted hives, and has support- ed his cause with much vigor and persis- tence. Both on acccunt of his having had so many more years of experience than myself, with many more colonies, and his generally thorough and carefnl observation, I atn somewhat loth to take a position antagonistic to him. For three reasons I object to unpainted hives: First, appearance; second, econo- my; third, condition of bees. Generally speaking, unpainted hives go with unpainted buildings, shabby fences, farm implements etc., etc., and I have almost invariably found that where the hives were unpainted, that man did but indifferently with his bees; in a word, he was "slipshod" in all his work. (I do not imply that Mr. Doolittle is). Well- painted hives encourage an orderly apiary and that helps to niaintnin a spirit of neat- ness and care in everything pertaining to the business; and if the constant insis- tence on this by apicultural writers and hone3--dealers is any criterion by which to judge, there is certainly need of wider practice of these virtues. As to the economy, I maintain that a coat of thin paint each fall is far cheaper than a new hive every little while — I can- not say how often, fori gave up the un- painted business before my hives had a chance to deteriorate much. Besides the saving of the hive there is the economy of stores and vital force of the bees; and this brings us to the third phase of the question. Mr. Doolittle 's position is that by leav- ing the pores of the wood open the mois- ture from the bees will pass out (with mine it all goes out \.\\^fronl door) but he does not say where the rain and wa- ter from melted snow will pass to from these same pores when they become filled with it. Let him put on an overcoat and sit out in a good, cold rain and see where the moisture goes and how warm it is in- side of it. Then let him try a dry coat and a rubber coat over it, and report. He will not feel any moisture inside the rub- ber coat unless he is exercising rapidly. Had he beneath that coat an automatic ventilating fan, such as the bees have, he would find no moisture there even were he perspiring freely. The bees are in the condition of a human body at rest and they give forth moisture very slowly (though not literally perspiration, more properly exhalation). If they are prop- erly protected and have been in the hive long enough to varnish the inner surface of it so no moisture can get into the pores of the wood from that side, they will be fonnd to have dry combs and to be in a healthy condition in the spring. The bees' domicile differs from the rubber coat simile in that moisture cannot reach a chilled surface and condense thereon, but is held in suspension and driven out with the vitiated air by the bees. One of the early operations of the bees in a new home, be it a box. a straw hive or a hollow tree, is to thoroughly var- nish the interior, and when they have a box fixed to their liking it will be as tight as a tin can. My bees are prepared as follows: Double-walled hives with two inches of planer-chips all around, an enamel cloth THE BEE-KEEPERS, REVIEW. 59 mat over the frames and over this a tray with cloth bottom containing two inclies of chips. The mat is put on earl}- enough to enable the bees to glue it tight and al- so to make their own bee-ways above the frames, if the}- wish them. For over fif- teen years I have thus prepared my bees, sometimes wintering upwards of forty colonies, and with a loss of less than one per cent, of colonies so prepared, in all that time. Go to my bees when the snow lies deep and you will find it melted away froiu the entrances. That shows ventila- tion enough to suit me and evidently to suit the bees; at least they come out in the spring with dry combs, sound stores and healthy bees. Nearly ever}^ winter I try some differ- ent plan with one or two colonies, and this season have two in single-walled hives, enameled mat and two inches of chips on top of frames, and tarred paper around the outside of hives from the cov- er to the ground. The climatic conditions are these: Exposed to all northerly storms, with a temperature often below zero, but never for long periods; then a change of wind to the south which brings in warm, moisture-laden air from the gulf streams, saturating everything with water. Then again, while everything is soaked wet the wind will change and in a few hours all is turned to ice. Generally bees get a chance to i\y once or twice each month, though I have known them to be shut in all winter. Under such con- ditions I prefer a well-painted chaff hive, sealed tight, and only such ventilation as the bees choose to make through the en- trance. LOW RATES WEST AND NORTHWEST. On February 12th, and on each Tues- day until April 30th, the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway will sell one- way second-class tickets at the following very low rates: To Montana points - - $25.00 To North Pacific Coast points, 30.00 To California _ _ _ 30.00 These tickets will be good on all trains and purchasers will have choice of six routes and eight trains via Missouri River each Tuesday. The route of the Fatnous Pioneer Limited trains and the U. S. Government Fast Mail trains. All ticket xAgents sell tickets via the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, or for further information address Robert C. Jones, Michigan Passenger Agent, 32 Campus Martins, Detroit, Mich. Of B^e BooKs ! On January ist there was a severe fire in our building, burning out entirely four floors above us The vvater that was thrown on the fire came down through our floor damaging our stock of books, printing-office, etc. Some of the books were wet slightl3^ but enough so they could hardly he seni out as perfect. These are the ones that we wish to offer. The reading pages of all are perfect, only the covers being a little soiled. Here they are, with prices postpaid: Prof. Cook's "'Bee- keeper's Guide," only 60c. Doolittle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. Newman's " Bees and Honey, " only 40c. They are all cloth bound, and latest edition. If you want a year's subsription to the old Week- ly AmeriC'iii Bee Journal, with any of the above Looks, add 75 cents to your order. This is a vSPECIAIv OFFER, and will last only so iong as the slight damaged books last. Better order AT ONCE if you want a bargain. Rem miber we are Hea^ « ♦ A. 4. e .t V ♦ ^ ♦ ♦ A ::.# ...^ If the A mm wm mm $ i i y wm mi Is mentioned wht-u rinswennjj an advertisement in iu col inn r- a favor is conferred upon botn the publisher and the advertis er. It helps the fo<-mer by rais- ing his journal in the estima- tion of the advertiser: and it en- ables the latter to decide as to which advertising mediums are most profitable. If 3'ou would help the Review, be sure and say " I saw your advertisement in the Review," when writing to advertisers. ♦ Li ?'# /^ if r ;-# :/ m. 62 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Three Times as Much! I have recently returned from a trip through New York, where I attended a series of bee-keepers' institutes, or con- ventions. While at Romulus and Au- burn, several bee-keepers told me of the wonderful performances of the bees from a queen that I had sold Thos. Broderick, of Moravia. ]Mr. Broderick had reared cjueens from this queen for both himself and a few friends, and notliing in those p irts had equaled this strain of bees. Wishing to have the particulars direct from Mr. Broderick himself, I wrote and asked him if he would be so kind as to give them to me. Here is his reply: Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1900. Mr. U\ Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Midi. Dear Sir: — It is with pleasure that I write concerning the queen that I pur- chased of you three years ago, as I have reason to Relieve her one of the inost re- markable ciueens ever possessed by any bee-keeper in this part of the country. At the end of the first season, as you may remember, I wrote you my appreci- ation of this queen, but I will now go more into detail. Upon receiving the queen. May 24, 189S, \ gave her to a colo- ny that scarcely covered four Gallup combs. S'.ie built up that colony and gave me [40 well filled sections, mostly from buckwheat. This I considered re- markable, as, previous to that time, 75 lbs. was the very best yield that I had ever been able to take from m}' best colo- nies. In the fall, after preparing my colonies for winter, by some accident the super containing tlie absorbent was knocked out of place, thereby letting the heat of the cluster pass out of doors all winter. They were protected from the wind by a shock of corn fodder, and in this way they passed three months without a (light. They came through the winter somewhat reduced in numbers; but, again the colo- ny built up and gave me a crop of 96 lbs. of well-filled sections. The past season this colonv gave me 48 lbs. of comb honey, which I consider good considering the age of the queen (four years) and the very poor season. It was in the season of 1899 that I rear- ed the first queens from this queen. The past season the colony from one of those young queens gave me a crop of 174 sec- tions which tipped the beam at I76>4 lbs. The only thing that I did to this colony in the way of management was that, some time in May, I robbed it of a comb of honey and replaced it with an empty comb. This queen was the only one of this stock that passed the winter in a full colony, all of the others being given to artificial colonies that were formed late in the season. They all wintered finely, although each colony occupied only some five or six Gallup combs. The past season they all built up and gave me on an average 90 lbs. each of comb honey. My best colon}' gave me a crop that was three times as large as that produced by the best colonies of luy neighbors. Queens of this strain occupy every comb in the hive, and it makes no differ- ence whether the combs are the Gallup, the Ouinby, or the hive a two-story Langs- trotli. The oees never crowd these queens if given plenty of room. The bees are as gentle as one could wish; cap their honey as white as any bees cap it; and, as \vorkers — well, I can't explain it. It is needless to say that this strain of bees will be in evidence in my apiary as long as I keep bees. You are at liberty to publish this if you wish. Thos Broderick. To those who are thinking of trying this strain of bees, I would say, don't wait until next spring before sending in your order. Last spring, when I began sending out queens, there were orders on my books for nearly 2GO queens. Orders are already coming in to be filled next spring. They will be filled in rotation; so, if you wish to get a queen next spring, order her this winter. The price of a queen is 11.50; but safe arrival, safe in- troduction, purity of mating, and entire satisfaction are all guaranteed. The THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 63 queen can be returned any time within two years, and the money refunded, and 50 cents additional sent to pay for the trouble. The REVIEW for this year and twelve back numbers (of my own choosing) and one of these queens for only |;2.oo. As soon as your order is received, the back numbers will be sent, and your subscrip- tion put on the book to the end of 1901, and next summer the queen will be sent you. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Michigan. 0Here we are to the Front for I goo with the new Champ/on Chaff - Hive, a comfortable home for the bees in summer and winter. We al- so carry a complete line of other supplies. Catalog free. R. H. SCHMIDT & CO. , 9-99-tf. Sheboygan, Wis ''%, r wr' SpeJtz Startled the Fa.min? World in 1900; it will capture every heart in ICOl, witn its \ 80 bu. of RTain and 4 tons of haj% equal to Timothy, per acre. Get the8"enuine,buyof Salzer, the introducer. Oombination Oorn 128 is one of the greatest things ol' tlie century. It is early and an enor- mously, fabulously bi;j: yielder, a sort bound to revolutit>nize corn g-rowiug-. Salzer's Vegetable Seeds. The beauty about Salzer's vegetable seed is, that they iiev- i- lail. Thev sprout, grow and produce. They ai e of such high v italitv they laugh at droughts, rains and the elements, taking 1st prizes every wlierc. We warrant this. For 14 Gents and This Notice we send 7 packa'^es of rare, choice, fine, spleii- did vegetable novelties and 3 packacres of brilliantly beautiful flower seeds, all worth $1, and our big catalog for oil' V lie aiiq:5ir7svine, t\o,. E2^5t St. Louis, ills. )ADANT'S m ^->- ^ Foundation I beCtlOnS m ::!i* ^ •.'".<• I i i if By the new Weed Process is made in the best manner, up- on the best machines, and from the best wax — that free from dirt, pollen, propolis, burnt wax, etc., that decrease its tenacity and make it offensive to the bees. Every inch of foundation is guaranteed to be equal to the sample that will be sent upon application. L,angstroth on the Hon- ey Bee, revised. Smokers, Tin Pails, Sections and other sup- plies. Send for circular. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Ills, 1 m m l! We make millions of them yearly; workmanship, smooth ness and finish can't be better. The bass wood grows right here. If you want some good Ship- ping Cases, you can get them of us. A full line of Bee Supplies on hand. Write for illustrated cata logue and price list free. Marshfield Mfg. C0.,^-«**,f,jf; m m i m ii m P m m m wi M ^ m Our new 52-page Catalogue for rgoi is Ready. Send for a Copy; it is Free. We Manufac- ture the Finest Bee-Keepers' Supplies in the world. &. B.LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis., IJ.S A. Branches: — G. B. L,ewis Co., 19 So. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Ind. Agencies: — li. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah. K. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo. Colorado Honej^ Producers' Assn., Denver, Colorado. m^^s^i^mmmwm jj ueens. For 20 years I have made a specilaty of queen rearing. My apiary is located several miles from other bees; hence I am able to secure the mating of m}^ queens with drones from the most desirable colonies. Spec- ial attention is given to the se- lection of both queen-and-drone mothers from colonies that show marked industry, and cap their honey white. Safe arrival guaranteed, and every queen warranted to produce light yel- low, 3- banded, gentle workers. Should a queen prove unsatis- factory, she will be replaced, or money refunded. Queen shipped the next day after the order is received, unless other- wise requested. Ready to ship June ist. Price 75 cts. each. ^j^ Denver, Colorado. j^ JAS. F. WOOD, No. Dana, Mass- m •.■?■•: 9m m m ii m m m m m m Post Fountain Pen. The very best in the market; regular price $3.00, and not obtainable under this price anywhere. THE SIX CARDINAL POINTS PECULIAR TO THE "POST:" SELF FILLING, SELF-CLEANING, SIMPLICITY, RELIABILITY, DURABILITY, NO LEAKING. Gi veil Absolutely For two new subscriptions to Gleanings and your own renewal with I3.00; or for one new subscription and your own renewal with $2.50; or your own subscription will be advanced 2 years, and the pen furnished for 1^.50. In each case all arreai-s, if anj', must be paid in addition, the above oflfers being for subscriptions fully in advance onl5^ I believe we can say truthfull3% without fear of contradiction, that no foun- tain pen ever put tipon the market ever received in so short a time so manj' unsolicited testimonials from such distinguished men as the POST. The above drawing shows its construction. To fill the POST, all 5'ou have to do is to dip the nib into the ink-bottle, draw out the plunger, and the pen is readj' for use. Compare this with unscrewing the ordinary style, and refilling with a glass filler that you cannoi always find when wanted. The self-cleaning feature of the POST, as illustrated, will also commend itself. With most pens specially prepared ink must be used or they are of no use, because they become so gummed up and it is well nigh impossible to clean them. With the POST you simply dip the nib in water, draw the plunger back and forth like a .syringe or squirt-gun, and in less than five seconds it is clean and free for a perfect flow of any ink that may be hand}'. We will send, on request, a few of the many testimonials from noted men in various callings who have written merited words of praise for this mo.st valuable invention. We can not offer the pen for sale for less than $3.00; but by special arrangement we are enabled to offer it free as a premium with Gleanings in any of the following combinations. All arrears, if an\', must first be paid at $1.00 a year. Then for $3.00 we will send Gleanings for one year, or till Jan. i. 1902 to two names; for one year to yourself, and send you the pen free. For $2.50 we will send you the pen and Gleanings for one year, and to one new subscriber a year; for I2.50 we will send the pen and Gleanings for two years. If you have ever been disappointed with a fountain pen we assure you that you will not be with this one. The A. I. Root Company, Medina. 0. March, 1901 At Flint, Michigan, — One Dollar a Year, fltDVEt^TISIflG t^flTHS. All advertisements will be inserted at the rate of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in- sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch. Discounts will be given as follows : On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6 times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times, 36 per cent. On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6 times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times, 40 per cent. On SO lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6 times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times, 50 per cent. Clubbing Iiist. I will send the Rkvikw with — Gleanings, (new) (81.00) . . . . $1.75 American Bee Journal. ... (new) ( l.OC) 1.75 Canadian Bee Journal .....( 1.00) . 1.75 Progressive Bee Keeper ( .50) . . . . . 1.35 American Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.40 The Southland Queen .^.^ . .„....._ . ( 1.00) . . . , . 1-75 Ohio Farmer ........( 1.00) . ... 1.75 Farm Journal (Phila.) ,....( .50). .. . . 1.10 Rural New Yorker ...( 1.00) 1.85 The Century ( 4.00) ..... 4.50 Michigan Farmer (1.00) 1.65 Prairie Farmer . .". ( 1 00) . . . . . 1.76 American Agriculturist....... ..{1.00) 1.75 Country Gentleman ( 2.50) ..... 3.15 Harper's Magazine ..(4.00). ... 4.10 Harper's Weekly ( 4.00) .... . 4.20 Youths' Companion (new) (1.75) . .... 2.35 Cosmopolitan ( 1.00)1.... 1.90 Success, (K00)> ... 1.75 Honey Quotations. The following rules for grading honey were adop+ed by the North American Bee - Keepers' Association, at its Washington meeting, and, so far as possible, quotations are made according to tliese rules. Fancy. — 111 sections to be well filled; combs straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except the row of cells next the wood. No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un- even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, araber and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white," No. 1,, dark," etc. The prices given in the following quotations are those at which the dealers sell to the gro- cers. From these prices must be deducted freight, cartage and commission— the balance being sent to the shipper. Commission is ten per cent.; except that a few dealers charge only five per cent, when a shipment sells for as much as one hundred dollars. KANSAS CITY —We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15; No. i white, 14; fancy amber 13 to 13^^; No. I amber, 12; fancy dark, 10; white, extracted, 7 to 8. W. R. CROMWEI^Iy FRUIT & CIDER CO., Mar. 9. 423 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. CHICAGO — Comb honey is scarce; good de- mand. Fancy white, 16; amber 14; dark, 10 to 11. We can sell white extracted in 60 lb. cans at 7c per lb. S. T. FISH & CO., Mar. 8. 189 So. Water St., Chicago, Ills NEW YORK— The market for both extracted and comb honey is rather dull at present. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15; No. i, 14; No. 2, 12; buckwheat, 10; buckwheat extracted, 55^; beeswax, 28. :. ' FRANCIS H. IvEGGETT & CO. Feb. 18. W. Broadway Franklin & Varick Sts CINCINNATI, OHIO. -The market for comb honey here is becoming a little bare, although higher prices are not obtainable. Fancy white comb sells for 16 cts. ; lower grades do not want to sell at all. Extracted is selling slow; amber sells for 6^ and higher. Fancy white clover brings 8 andSJ^. Beeswax 28. C. H. W. WEBER, Jan. 14. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. CHICAGO — Fancy white com,b honey sells readily at 16, but all other grades are weak at the following range of prices: No. i white, 14 to 15; fancy amber, 12 to 13; fair amber grades, 10 to 11; buckwheat, fancy, 10; off grades 8 to 9; extract- ed, white, ranges from 7 to 8; amber grades, 6J^ to 7>4; buckwheat, 5^^ to 6; Southern, dark, 5 to 6. Beeswax in demand at 30 cents. Mar. 8. R. A. BURNETT & Co., 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111. BUFFAIyO — Considerable improvement in hon- ey trade, and it is helping clean up old and dark grades. Fancy light is wanted. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15 to 16; No. i white, 14 to 15; fancy amber, 12 to 14; No. i amber, 10 to 11; fancy dark, 9 to 10; No. i. dark, 8 to 9; white, ex- tracted, 7 to 8; beeswax, 27 to 28. Mar. 8. BATTERSON & CO. 167 & 169 Scott St., BufTalo. N. Y. NEW YORK —Comb honey is being well cleaned up on our market. The demand has lessened to quite an extent, on account, we pre- sume, of the high prices which have been ruling. Fancy white still brings 15 to 16c. in a small way; No. I, white, 13 to 14; amber, 11 to 12; buckwheat, 10. Extracted rather dull and not much doing. Cal. white honey at 7^ to 8; light amber, 7, Southern at from 60 to 70 cents per gallon; buck- wheat, 5 to 5%. Beeswax steady at 27. HII^DRETH & SEGEI.KEN, Feb. 19. lao West Broadway, New York. i i E \IA i i I I Listen ! Take my advice and buy your bee supplies i of August Weiss; he has tons and tons of the very finest pOUHt)ATIOH ever made; and he sells it at prices that defy competitio7i! Working wax into foundation a specialty. Wax wanted at 26 cents cash, or 28 cents in trade, delivered here. Millions of Sections— polished on both sides. Satisfaction guaranteed on a full line of Supplies- Send for catalogue and be your own judge. AUG. WMISS, Hortonville, Wisconsin. m m VA This is the original one - piece section-man who furnishes one- piece sections as follows : — 500 sections, |i.88; 1,000 for I3.25; 3,000 for $8.90; 5,000 for 113.00; 10,000 for I22.60. No. 2 sections are not made to order, but when in stock are sold at $1.80 per M. J. FORNCROOK, Watertown, Wisconsin. Sprout Brook, N. Y i ^^^i^^^^^^^^g Send us a list of what goods you want and get our special pri- ces. We have a com- plete stock of supplies and can make prompt shipments. Catalogue free. Page 8t liyoft, ivif'g. Co. fieixi Liondon, Wis. S^S^^^S^^ flo pish-Bone Is apparent in comb honey when the Van Deusen, flat - bottom foundation is used. This style of foundation allows the making of a more uniform article, hav- ing a z'ejy thin base, with the surplus wax in the side - walls, where it can be utilized by the bees. Then the bees, in chang- ing the base of the cells to the natural shape, work over the wax to a certain extent; and the result is a comb that can scarcely be distinguished from that built wholly by the bees. Being so thin, one pound mil fill a large number of sections. All the Trouble of wiring brood frames can be avoided by using the Van Deusen zvired. Send for circular; price list, and samples of foundation. J. VRfl DEXJSEfi, 1 i i I' 66 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Facifio Oiieeos Of three - banded, Italian, honey- gathering stock. Circular free, W. A. H. GILSTRAP, Gra^'son, 2-oi-6t Calif. Stanislaus Co. — If you wish the best, low-priced — TYPE - WRITER. Wril e to the editor of the Review. He has an Odell, taken in payment for advertising, and he would be pleased to send descriptive circulars or to correspond with any one thinking of buy- ing such a machine. — If you are going to — BUY A BtIZZ - SAW^, write to the editor of the Keview. He has a new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to make you happy by telling jou the price at which he would sell it. Supplies Cheap. Mr. L. B, Bell, formerly of Brecksville, Ohio, has accepted a permanent position in Arizona, and wishes to dispose of his apiarian fixtures. He wrote to me about it, and I told him if he would have them shipped to me I would sell them for him on commission. Here is a list of the articles and the price at which they are offered. ICoilWire 60 61 Section Cases ( Wide Frame and tin sep- arators) at 25 68 Covers at 15 53 Bottom Boards at 10 53 Honey Boards, Queen excluding at 15 30 Escapes at ... 15 50 Feeders ( Heddon Excelsior ) at 25 30 Alley, Queen and Drone traps, at 35 All of the above are in my possession and can be shipped promptly. The hives and cases are well-made and nicely painted, and having been in use only two or three seasons are practically as good as new. Any one wishing to buy any- thing out of this lot can learn fuller particu lare upon inquiry. W Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint. Mich. I hm% of Bee - ileepers. i a TYPE WRITTEN. ^ ^ m The names of my customers, and of those ask- ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ- ten in a book. There are several thcasand all arranged alphabetically (.in the largest States) . and, although this list has been secured at an ex- pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it to advertisers or others at S2.00 per thousand names. The former price was $2.50 per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by using the manifold process, I can furnish them at $2.00. A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or, possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom- modated. Here is a list of the States and the number of names in each State. Arizona 46 Ark 130 Ala 80 Calif. . 378 CoJo.. .. 228 Canada 846 Conn. . . 162 Dak 25 Del 18 Fla. ... loo Ga 90 Ind 744 Ills i^Ou Iowa. . 800 Ky.... 182 N. C .60 Kans.. 350 NewMex. ... 26 La ci8 Oregon 104 Mo.... 500 Ohio 1,120 Minn.. 334 Penn 876 Mich.. 1,770 R. 1 48 H. C 40 Tenn 176 [Pg^ 270 Miss.. . 70 Utah '..'..'. 68 N. Y.. 1,322 Vt 160 Neb.... 345 Va I82 N J ... ISO W. Va 172 N. H... 126 Wash 128 Wis 500 W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich. Mass.. 275 Md . . 94 Maine, 200 Successful result of 25 years' experience. Scientifically correct, practically perfect. Non-explosive metal lamps. Double and packed walls. Perfect regulation of heat and ventilation. Made of best materials, and highest quality of workmanship and finish. PRICES $7.00 AND UP. SATISFACTION GUARAXTEED OR NO PAV. We make Brooders, Bee Hives & Supplies. pf" Catalog and Price List sent Free. THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 67 ijiiini iiiiiiil iiiiiiii iiii.'aiiiiiiii.Biiiiii.iiaiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiEfl llllilUiBillilli.iBlililli jiiJiJiii'IiiiiiHi If j'ou wish to see the picture of a Dead Bea^r, and the havoc that he plaj^ed in one of ni3' apiaries, where ne destro3'ed 52 colonies, and I was hicky enongh to kill him, send me 35 cents and I'll mail 3-ou the photograph. After I killed the bear I had an artist go and take several views, with the dead bear l^ang in the ruins. I consider that I have one of the greatest novelties in the wa}' of apiarian pictures. The\^ are 5x8 and niceh' finished and mounted. But don't imagine that I have no more bees left. I have some of the very Best StocK obtainable. Some of Root's S200, red clover queen's stock, and some of J. P. Moore's with a tongue-reach of 21-100. vSend for circular that will give full particulars and prices. W. O. Victor, Wharton, T^X2i5. iiamilMliBiiliiiiitH Illiailllll ■liiiin ^ a ^ • =:!::■:= (^ VP G ■Iijljii 5' • 11 • !l!!ll!! i-»- V) 5* iiljiiii liiiiiii 0 ?5> A. a- I c iiHiiii < 3 3 0 ■iiiiin iiiiini X ^ 0 0 0 iimiii <3 < G 0 0 X • = - = ^"T 0 0 -« Biiiiiii V r ^ XT > us. ■iiinii n V) /2. V) iiiiiiii 0- 3 ^ VJ a M i^Mf V V) A. 0 ■IIIIIIII SJ • 3 Vi" -« iiijiin iiiiiiil iiiiiiii • vi* 0 i • • •0 0 0 • iniiiii "i ' i ■ 1 !- i "'"i" iB ":"!!§ ''''■ ■ '! iinMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiluiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Wro Bain)ber, Of Mt. Pleasant, Mich., has his own saw-mill, and a factory fully equiped with the latest machinery, located right in a pine and basswood region, and can furnish hives, sections, frames, separators, shipping cases, etc., at the lowest possi- ble prices. Making his own foundation enables him to sell very close. Send for samples and prices before buying, and see how you may save money, time and freight. Bee-keepers' supplies of all kinds kept in stock, 12-99-it IIIIIIIIIBI[llllll!Billl Dittrper's Fouod^-tiot? I use a non-dipping process that produces every essential necessary to make it the best and most desirable in all re- spects. My process and auto- matic machines are my own in- ventions, and enable me to sell foundation and WorK wax Into Fonnilation for Cast at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies, with prices and samples, free on application. Beeswax wanted. GUS DITTy^\ER, Augusta^, Wisconsin, ■ "■''i'i 'i"i i i i'i i iuiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHBiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiwiii ii^il 68 THE BBE-KEHPERS' REVIEW. Mushroons Spring up in a single night — different with queen rear- ing. That takes years of experience and labor, to- gether with a progressive mind. Nature must be thoroughly understood to make a perfect success. I have had 22 ^-ears of scien- tific practice with bees. My strain cannot be excelled in this or anj- other coun- try. 26-:oo is a very "long r ach," but my breeder conies up to it, and is direct from "sunnj- Italy."" Cir- cular free tells it all. See what Prof. C. P. Gil- lette, says: — Mr. A. D. D. WOOD, I^ansing. Mich. Dear Mr. WOOD.— Your letter and the bees are here, the latter all alive and vigorous. I have measured their tongues as you request and find ihej- run verj- uniformlj- as follows: Whole reach of "tongne," from base of sub- mentum to tip of ligula, 26-100 of an inch; ligula alone to the daik mentum, 17-100 of an inch. There were nine specimens and all their tongues were measured. Very trulj^, C. P. Gillette. A. D. D. WOOD, Lansing, Mich. Please mention the Reuieu Bee - Supplies. Root's goods at Root's prices. Pou- der's honey jars. Prompt service. Lo"w freight. Catalog free. Walter S. Pouder, 512 Mass. Ave,, Indianapolis, Indiana. Only exckisWe bee-supply house in I.nd. EaMy Queens. We have Italian stock the equal of an}-. We rear queens in full colonies b^- the best known methods. We can furnish queens early— right NOW if you want them. Tested queens, 52. co; untested, $1.00; six for 55.00; twelve for fg.oo. Discounts on large orders. CHRISTIAN & HAI^I,, Meldrim, Ga. a colony will buy my lo colonies of bees. Thty are on Hoffman frames, in s-frame. Dovetailed hives, have queens reared last summer from a Hutchinson queen, and all are in first-class con- dition. Woodstock, Champ. Co., Ohio. R. Q. TURNER, I^ake Voup Own Hives i ®ec *^ Keepers Will save money by using- our Foot Pow- er Sav^ in making' their hives, sections and boxes. Machines on trial. Send for Catalog-ue. W.F.&JNO.BARNESCO., 384 Ruby St., Rockford, Ills. I 01 9t ^-LiiP «'^ •,l > "^ ^e ($)ee-f\(^^peps A MONTHLY JOURNAL Devoted to tqe Interests of Hoqey Producers. $L00 A YEAR. W. Z. HDTCHINSON, Editor m ?mnm. VOL XIV, LINT, MICHIGAN. MARCH 10, I90i NO, 3. ^ f^HE EDITORS OF THREE OF THE LEADING BEE JOUR- NAI.S. BY W. Z. HUTCHINSON. It is a forturjale fact for the readers of iLite of ihe kfciig tee journals, that their editors are really aud truly friends. Instead of wasting their time and energies, and using up space in their journals, in "spats," they all pull togeth- er for the good of the pursuit to which their journals are devoted. When the Wisconsin bee-keepers last met at Madison, these three editors met by appointment at the Chicago, Mil- waukee and St. Paul station in Chicago, went together to Madison, and whiled away the time on the way by discussing bee journalism — each trying to learn from the experience of the others how he might improve his own journal. xAt Madison we three occupied the same room at the hotel; and even went so far as to slip out one morning, unnoticed, and have our pictures taken together, thus enabling nie to grace this month's Review by using it as a frontispiece. E. R. Root was called home from Ober- lin college, some 15 or 20 years ago, to help his overburdened father; and, grad- ually, he worked into the editorial har- ness, until, at last, he was "given his head," not only in Gleanings but in the revisions of the ABC book. Mr. Root has had exceptionally good advantages for becoming a first-class bee-keeping edi- tor. He was brought up with the bees, and in connection with the largest fac- tory there is devoted to the manufacture of bee-supplies. If I were to point out his leading characteristic, or, ai least, the one that has had a great deal to do with the building up of Gleanings, I should say that it was his affability — the facul- ty of making and keeping friends. An editor has many times to disagree with his correspondents, but Mr Root seems to be able to do this without giving offense. There is a great difference between telling a man that he is a liar, and explaining to him where he has made a mistake. Mr. Root takes the latter course. ]\Ir. Root was the first bee-keeping editor to make a regular business of traveling about and visiting bee-keepers at their homes, gath- ering up items of interest and value to his readers; and this course has added greatl}' to the value and circulation of Gleanings. About the time that Bro. Root began working on Gleanings, I found G. W. York at work for Mr. T. G. Newman on the American Bee Journal. After working several years for Mr. Newman, Mr. York 72 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. had the "nerve" to buy the American Bee Journal. Only a publisher knows what excellent business management there must be to furnish such a paper as the Ameri- can Bee Journal at ^i.oo a year, but Bro York has shown himself equal to th emergency. He has imbibed that Chica go spirit of push and enterprise that sue ceeds where common mortals fail. If I were to point out Bro. York's leading char- acteristic, I should say it was exactness, or correctness. That disposition that leads one to say "first be sure 3'ou are right." And. having decided that he is right, Bro. York sticks to it. Working so long on a bee journal, at- tending so many conventions, reading so much bee literature, etc., have enabled Bro. York to become pretty well posted upon things apiarian. He does not, how- ever, possess the advantages that come from years of actual work with bees, but he does possess the rare good sense not to pose as a teacher of those things in which he has had no experience; instead, he calls to his aid those who have had expe- rience; and thus succeeds in making a most valuable journal — one that would be missed, and sadly missed, were it to drop out of the ranks. When it comes to writing of myself the pencil halts. I have written in the Re- view so much about myself that I begin to fear that it may be proving tiresome; but I would like to say this, that of late I am becoming more imbued with the spirit of trying to kelp bee-keepers, to be of some real and lasting benefit to them ; to arouse, encourage and inspire them; to set them to thinking; to lift them out of ruts; and to lead them to loDk upon their business as a business. It is all right to tell a man exactly how to perform a a certain piece of work, but sometimes it is of more benefit to rouse him, and set him to thinking out problems for himself . To simply fill the Review, even with good matter, ^nd sell it at a profit, no longer satisfies me; I wish it to lift up, encour- age, arouse and help bee-keepers as it has never done before. This discussion that it has started upon "Wake up bee- keepers, to the changed conditions," thus showing bee-keepers how they can better their condition by keeping more bees, is an illustration of what I wish to do. F1.INT, Mich., March 6, 1901. 'ORKING ACCORDING TO THE LOCALIT^Y; AND KILUNG THE QUEENS EACH SUMMER. BY S. D. CHAPMAN. Situated as we are, just half way be- tween the equator and north pole, we have here in the northern part of the low- er peninsula of Michigan long, cold win- ters; and usually it is late in the spring before we get warm weather. We have deep snow, yet the ground never freezes in the woods, and very little in the fields. The snow comes early in the fall, and it is nearly the last of April before it disap- pears in the forests. Several seasons my bees have gathered their first pollen from elm and soft-maple while there was yet a foot oi old snow in the woods. A mile and a half east of me we are nearly on the height of the land, and two miles west we are nearly on a level with the lakes. In the winter it is from seven to ten degrees colder on the higher land. Near the lakes we will find, usually, about one foot of snow; ten miles due east of there we will find four feet on the level. Raspberry and basswood come in bloom one week earlier on the low land. That part of the Grand Traverse region bordering on the lake and bays is not as frosty as Southern Michigan or Northern Indiana; but, just in my bee-range, we have early frosts, and the nights become cool early in the season. For this reason I believe in putting my bees in winter- quarters quite early in the season — about the 15th of October. Years ago I found that my bees, if left on the summer-stands during our cold and frosty nights, would consume more honey from the 15th of THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 73 October to the middle of November, than they would if put in the cellar the 15th of October, and left till the 25th of April. I find from eight to nine pounds of honey will carry a colony of bees 190 days in my cellar. In the last eighteen years, 180 days is the least time that my bees have been confined in the cellar — -211 days the longest time. At the present time I am using the ninth bee-cellar since starting with bees in this vicinity. I do not know as it is necessary for me to tell it, but I will say that in some of these cellars about all I had left in the spring was the cellai'. The cellar that I now use is under my kitchen. It is 16 X 24, and there are about 200 col- onies in it. Some seasons there are a few more; in others, less. It is perfectly dry; so dry that you can not, at any time during the winter, find a drop of mois- ture the size of a pin head on the under side of the cover that is right over the cluster of bees. I use no quilts nor cush- ions at any time of the year; and I prefer this kind of a cellar. I can not winter bees in a cold damp cellar; but in a zuanu, damp cellar I have had them come through seemingly in fair condition. They consume rather more honey, how- ever, and they have not the vitality a col- ony has wintered in a warm and perfectly dr}-^ cellar. If I could hold the tempera- ture of my cellar the latter part of spring to about 45 degrees, I have no reason to doubt that my bees would be in good condition, and not show a sign of disease at the end of eight months of confinement. I use the eight-frame Langstroth hive. I have had some experience with very large hives, but in our cold climate we can not build up a colony in a large hive so that it can take advantage of the flow from rasberry. With us it is necessary that our bees are confined in just as small a space as possible, with plent}' of stores, and just room enough for their present needs. This applies from the time of taking the bees out of the cellar, till the time sugar-maple and fruit-trees come in bloom. From the 5th to the loth of May, we usually get our first honey from this source. In this vicinity there are a number of quite large bee-keepers, and every one of them have come to the eight-frame hive. We all work for ex- tracted honey. With my method of man- agement, the eight-frame hive is large enough for the need of any colony of bees I ever saw. xAnd I know my colonies are as populous as it is possible to get with any style or size of hive. I pay very little attention to my bees early in the spring. As I take them from the cellar, any colonies that seem light in stores are put in a row by themselves, and fed; but I do not break the sealed covers on the others till near the time of fruit bloom. I find that all the time spent in trying to build up very light col- onies in the spring is thrown away. If they make a live of it they can be handled to advantage later in the season. With us, the time to build up our colonies so that they are strong in the spring, is during the month of August. At the beginning of fruit bloom I ex- amine all of my colonies. From all that need more room, those that have brood in six or seven frames, and as many spaces well filled with bees, I take one frame of brood from the brood-nest, select- ing the one containing the oldest brood. I shake the bees off in front of the hive, and put a frame containing all worker comb in the middle of the brood-nest in place of the frame of brood I have taken out. I now put on my queen-excluding honey-boards, and leave them on till the close of the season. The reason I take this frame of brood from the brood-nest is that I find the queens will lay much faster in the middle of the brood-nest than they will in the outside combs. This being the case, right in the middle of the brood-nest is where we want our queens to do their work. We are after all the young bees we can get. Now I will tell you why an eight-frame hive is far the best in building up colonies early in the spring. It is far better to have the brood in six or seven frames in 74 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. the eight-frame hive than to have the same amount in four frames in a large hive. The frame of brood that I remove, is put in an extracting super directly over the brood-nest, and the super filled on each side with empty combs. The bees go right to work in this upper story. If the weather is warm, and a little honey is coming in, I can, in four or five days, take from this same colony another frame of brood. If it is a strong colony I take two. They are put in the extracting su- per beside the first comb of brood. I take out one or two combs, as I need, that were beside the first frame of brood put in the super, and as the bees have cleaned these combs and put a little new honey in them, they are just right to put in the brood-nest in place of the brood removed. The queen will occupy such combs right away. We must be a little careful not to take too much brood early in the season from the brood-nest, or we may discour- age the queen. While our object is to stimulate the queen to la}^ to her fullest capacity, I sometimes think our best bee- keepers do not know just what a queen is able to do, provided the conditions of her colony are just right — and we keep them so for 30 da3^s. In a short time I take more brood from the brood-nest. This time I put it in another super and set it under the first, or over the brood-nest. At this time I destroy the queen cells that have been started in the first upper story. The bees will not swarm if a dozen queens hatch in the upper stories, but when I extract I shake the bees from these upper stories in front of the hive, and, if there is a young queen with them she will crawl in the hive and destroy the old queen, and I lose the use of a laying queen for eight or ten days just at the time I need her most. I follow this system of management jnst as long as the bees will be worth any- thing to jue on the raspberry or bass wood. We must recollect that there is a certain time during the life of a colony, each sea- son, when we can build it up faster than at any other time during that season. I expect to find not less than 13, and in some of my best colonies as many as 25, frames containing brood and honey — there is more or less brood in all of them. I think my colonies are 40 per cent, bet- ter than the}^ would have been if I had given the queen the two lower stories and let then build up without any of my as- sistance. Two years ago I set apart five colonies that were better than the average of the yard, and I gave the queen of each the two lower stories, and let them build up just as suited their notion; adding upper stories and extracting as they needed. With the remainder of the yard (77 col- onies) I used mj' method of management. At the end of the season I had iSoo lbs. of honey, extra, to my credit from the 77 colonies. This is about ^3 lbs. per colo- ny; and I sold this honey at 6}^ cts. on board the cars. I tried this experiment in an out-3'ard, three miles from home. It took one-half da}^ to go to this yard, put brood in the upper stories, destroy the queen cells, and return home. I did this eight times, requirirc. four days of time, and I had this 1800 lbs. of honey to pay me for my four days' labor. The show- ing in favor of the 77 colonies would have been much better if there had not been a number that did not amount to much on the raspberry. This is not all; my bees never think of siuaruiing. I am com- plete master of the situation, under any and all conditions. This alone is worth the four days' time. During the last three years, raspberry has yielded about the same each season. Mv best colonies, those occupying four stories, have yielded, each season, from 160 lbs. to 200 lbs. per colon}-. My three-story hives during this same time have averaged 90 lbs. each; my two-story hives from 20 to 40 lbs. The wild red raspberry comes in bloom not far from the 5th of June, and it yields continually till near the ist of August; though it is on the decline after THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 75 July 15th. The past season it came in bloom the second time, and my bees gath- ered fully five pounds per colony from the 1st to the loth of October. This is nothing unusual; though I do not recol- lect of getting so much honey so late in the season from this source. After my bees were in the cellar there was bloom, green and ripe berries, up to November ist. Basswood comes in bloom about the 15th of July; but we have had little hon- ey from this source the last four years. When basswood yields, it is not those ex- tra large colonies that wintered the best, that built up early in the season and gave us such large yields from the raspberry, that prove to be the best on the basswood. Far from it. Those large colonies built rapidly in the spring, but it is impossible to keep our queens laying at their best except for a short time. Though honey may be coming in every day, the bees are getting old, and those colonies are on the decline, while colonies that were lighter early in the spring, have been building up, and, by the time basswood comes in bloom they are able to send out a larger working force of bees that are just the right age to take advantage of the yield from basswood; that is why our lighter colonies prove the best on the basswood. If we are to make a success of any colony we must bring it through the winter in good condition; then we must thoroughly understand our location; and a certain time before the honey harvest we must stimulate that colony to build up as rapid- ly as possible. Remember, the faster the colony builds up, the more vigorous are the bees; so that the colony is able to bring into action the largest possible force of bees that are just the right age to take advantage of the flow. From about the first to the tenth of July I kill all of my queens. I have practiced this for 16 or 17 years. I would not go to this expense unless I thought I had some pretty good reasons for doing it; as it takes a day in each yard to hunt them up. Where queens are worked as I work them they never prove as good the second year. With my management the average life of the best of queens is not over two years. The first year of their life, not one queen in a hundred are su- perseded. The second year, from 30 to 50 per cent, of them will be superseded in the fore part of the season, just at the time we want a good queen in every colony. This makes a big hole in my honey crop. At the time I kill my queens my colonies are in the very best condition. I am sure of just as good queens as we can get with the most favorable swarm- ing conditions. After killing the queens, for about 25 days, no eggs are laid in the hives. Our colonies are not raising a lot of bees that would be consumers for this length of time. As the brood hatches in the brood-nest the bees fill these combs with honey, leaving the colony in better condition for winter. One of my best reasons for killing the queens is that thereby each colony is furnished with a good young queen to build them up for winter. Experience and a careful study of this matter will show many more reasons why it is profitable to kill the queens each year in Northern Mich. As I said in the beginning of this article, the time to build up colonies so they are strong in the spring is during the month of Au- gust. I use the same method in the fall that I do in the spring, but not on so large a scale. Near the first of June I select from four to six of m}^ best colo- nies, and in each colony I put in two frames containing largely drone comb, for the purpose of raising drones. I do not intend to raise anv drones except from these colonies, as I use ovXy worker comb in the brood-nests, and if a few drones are hatched the}' must nearly all hatch in the upper stories, where they soon worry themselves to death or are killed in trying to get through the queen- excluder. If I wish to run a colony or two for comb honey, 15 or 20 days before the end of the honev harvest I take one or two 76 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. of these large colonies (they are twice as large as any colony that is run for comb honey from the beginning of the season) and remove ilie three extracting supers, and in their place I put three section cases. They will fill three about as soon as they will one. In 30 minutes these section cases are filled with bees; and they go right to work. I can take more section hone\', late as it is in the season, than I could if I had worked the colonies for section honey from the beginning of the honey harvest; and I have already taken 60 or 80 lbs. of extracted honey be- fore I put on the section cases. They do the work so quickly that we get an extra. No. I, quality of section honey. I have told you that my bees do not swarm, and I think I can tell you zuhy they do not swarm. The raising of the brood to the upper stories, distributing it in three or four places, there is no lars:e body oihxood^ in the brood- nest at any time; especially sealed brood. From the time I put up the first frame of brood they have been starting queen cells in the up- per stories, and every 10 or \i days I destroyed them, but during all this time (four to six weeks) they have not at- tempted to start a queen cell in the brood'iiest where the queen is laying. Eleven years ago I used the same man- agement I do at present. That season I killed 140 queens, and over 80 of that number did not start a queen cell in the b7Vod-7iest; and the brood was too old in the upper stories. I should have had over 80 queenless colonies had I not dis- covered it Justin time to take cells from those colonies that were raising queens. I mention this case to show the condi- tions into which we can bring our colo- nies; and how slow they are sometimes to even recognize the loss of their queens. I think these are the reasons why my bees do not swarm up to the time that the young queens hatch; and I think this management has something to do in keeping them from swarming at the time the queens hatch. My bees do not get the vS warming fever. When the young queens hatch, the conditions in the hive are changed; I have put no brood in the upper stories for a week or more previous to killing the queens. If there is a colo- ny in the yard that has the swarming fez'erat the time I killed the old queen, that one will swarm from the nth to the 13th day, even though I destroyed every sign of a cell at the time I killed the queen, while the others do not hatch a queen till the 14th or the i6th day from the time of destroying the queens. At the time the queens hatch there is no brood in the upper stories, and I extract the honey closely, so, at this time, there is plenty of room. This is the reason they do not swarm at the time the queens hatch. I have run my out-yard of 90 colonies the whole season, killed all the queens, and have had but one swarm; and that swarmed at the beginning of fruit bloom before I had put on any upper stories. The swarming fever is a spontaneous im- pulse, and we can so change the condi- tions of a colony that it is liable to con- tract the desire to swarm in /^ minutes. Supposing, at the time the yonng queens hatch, each colony has a young queen, and most of them have destroyed the queen cells, now, — remove all the upper stories, confining these large colonies to the brood-nest, and I should expect every one of tJiem to swarm. I would have my hands full for a day or two. With these conditions I have known a colony to swarm in 30 minutes after we had brush- ed the bees carefully from the combs. If we shake the bees from the combs we cover them with honey, and have spoiled the experiment. Just before the queens hatch I make my increase b}^ division; and it is not at the expense of my honey crop. In union there is strength. I have kept the bees in each colony together till near the end of the honey harvest. Many of our best writers have frequent- ly told us to always keep our colonies strong. I hardly think this is good ad- vice for our locality. Years ago I would THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 77 liave given a good deal if they had gone a liLt.le farther and told us just how they managed to build up tht-ir colonies so thev 7un-e strong. And now, just for the fun of it, I would like to know, when their colonies ^7/y strong how the}- always keep them so. It is necessary that every bee-keeper should understand his own locality, and what is best adapted to the requirements of his location. I have not written this as a pattern for bee-keepers in New York, or California, or any other state, but simply at the re- quest of a few bee-keepers living in North- ern Michigan, who wish to tr}' my meth- od of management. Mancelona, Mich., Feb. ii, iqci. ==;^STABLIvSH OUT-APIARIES IN =<^ GOOD IvOCALlTlES; STUDY ^ YOUR BUSINESS AND GIVE IT PROMPT ATTENTION. BY F. P. CLARE. ( The Prize Article. ) Noticing your request for articles from those who have made a success of bee- keeping, I herewith submit a few facts for the encouragement of beginners. On starting life, 15 years ago, I knew^ but little of the business; so, like most begin- ers, made expensive mistakes, and had very meagre success for several years. This was partly due to the location, which is a poor one. Having been rash enough, however, to take a wife, something had to be done to increase the income; and what more natural than to try an out-yard. So, forty stocks were moved several miles away over a very rough road, to a location where I had noticed large quantities of basswood. This paid us so well, that another good location was soon looked up, and then the crops be- gan to count; eight, ten, twelve, fifteen and, one year, twenty-one, thousand pounds of honey were harvested. Such crops, even at the low prices that have ruled of late years, have placed us where our yearh^ interest will now keep us in comfort. How all this his been brought about would fill a small book, but may be sum- med up in few words: Prompt atteiitio7i to business. Of course, I have studied text books, have devoured the contents of the Review and Gleanings for many years, and have been helped (I shall nev- er know how much) by articles from the pens of such men as Heddon, Hutchin- son, Doolittle, Taylor, Miller, etc. , but, after all, it was the i?icreased number op gatherers that told the tale. Were I starting life again as a young man I should (and my advice to every young man in the ranks is) look up good locations, and start out-yards. Concen- t"ation ii the secret of success. Don't try half a dozen different lines, but get to 'the top in ojie. Gird up the loins of your ■ mind, and give the business to which you are called, or have chosen, your best thoughts and all the energy of your be- ing. Be in earnest. But this is not enough; you ne&di kjiozvledge; this means study, reading the best journals, and vis- iting about among men who are making a success of the business. You need a center to work out from; this means a good wife and a home. In locating, have an eye to good mar- kets, shipping facilities, both by mail and boat. Good roads and good neighbors are very important, as well as church and school-privileges. Begin at the foot of the ladder and climb. When I started here, fifteen \ears ago, with 6o hives of bees, a good, safe wintering-house, with sawdust walls two feet thick, was the first thing. Then a lean-to 10 ft. 6 inches X 14 ft. was where I started life; 3-es, and brought m}' wife, three years later, till we got our present home livable. Don't go in debt. What you can not pay for go without; and so 3^ou will never know what it is to be harrassed wnth debt, and burdened with interest. In locating out - yards, the first and most important matter is honey yie 78 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. flowers. If possible, look up a location where willows, soft maples, alders, etc., abound, or, at least, are within reaching distance; as these furnish the first honey and pollen in the apiary. Then we need raspberry, clover and basswood and fall- flowers; and if in a locality where buck- wheat is grown largely, so much the bet- ter. If possible, locate with one who owns the land; as moving bees is an unpleasant job. Select a plot of land nearly level, or sloping to the south or southeast; see that the cellar is both warm and dry; or a house that is; as, unless you mar>ter the wintering problem the business will be a losing game every time. You will need a cellar in which to winter the bees, and a room in which to extract the honey and store the supers in the winter. If this is not to be had it can be built. A lean-to 6 ft. 6 inches x 13 ft. has given me ample accommodation for the [past ten years; costing, perhaps, two or three dollars. As to the rent, make the best bargain you can. Draw out a lease in writing, so that you are secure. I am at present giving one dollar per month for half an acre of land, fenced, with an old house on it, and a cellar under it, and think this reasonable. In managing out yards, clip all queens in May; marking those hives that have queens two years old; as these are the ones that will swarm to renew their queens. Do this for them by raising young queens from your best stock in the home-yard, a little in advance of the swarming sea- son. Raise the hives up off the bottom- board half an inch in front, and give plenty of room in supers, always a little before it is needed. This system of man- agement will keep the bees contented, and, so, able and willing to do their best for their keeper. In building up the weak colonies in the early summer, I take sealed brood from those colonies having it in the upper stories; thus, always keeping the strong ready to take advantage of any honey flow, while I am getting the weaker ones ready for the main flow in July. With this S3-stem of management we harvested 21,000 lbs. of honey, five years ago, from [40 colonies, spring count, and increased to about two hundred. One yard of fifty colonies gave us io,(ioo lbs. of ex*^racted honey. I have said nothing abont hives, size of frames, etc., as, while these have their place, (and we all have onr favorites) good crops can be secured in any, or 'all, of the standard hives of today, if location and management are right. Produce what your market calls for; this will be both comb and extracted. Some customers will want comb, and some extracted — please both. Bottle nothing but first-class honey. Furnish this to the grocers around you to sell on commission; as many will sell in this way who would not purchase outright. Call all your wits into play, and remember, it is as honorable to sell honev as to sell wheat or potatoes. Give good weight, and you will soon work up a good trade, and get retail prices for your goods. RiDEAU Center. Out., Feb. 26, 1901. AST AND PRESENT CONDI- TIONS; AND HOW TO MEET THE FUTURE. BY C. P. DADANT. Mr. Editor — I am in receipt of your re- quest for an article on the subject of "changed conditions," mentioned in the January Review, and I am quite willing to have a say on the matter, because it is in the line of our experience. When I was a boy, from 14 to 20, my father was trying to establish a large apiary, from a small beginning. As I grew, the apiary grew, and the "two" col- onies of 1864 numbered over a hundred in 1870. At that time we were taking the greatest pains with the bees. Honey was high; wholesaling at 28 to 30 cents per lb. in St. Eouis. In 1870, the THE BEE-KEEPERS, REVIEW. 79 year of the big fire, Perrine, of Chicago, yet paid us i8 cents per lb. for clover ex- tracted honey, in barrels. It was worth our while to take good care of the bees, and every colony received the closest attention. F'oundation was not in existence, and, as my father knew the great value of empty comb, whether new or old, he sent me about the country every winter, or rather every spring, at the end of winter, to buy up all old combs we could find. These could be had for a trifle; and I re- member how astonished some old fashion- ed bee-keepers were to see us buy up broken comb so readily. They thought they were getting rid of a worthless lot of stuff at good prices, and we, on our side, knew we were buying the comb cheaper than the bees could build it. The drone comb was carefully sorted out of these old combs, and rendered up, but every particle of worker comb was put in- to frames for the use of the bees; and I believe I could yet, to-day, find some frames full of comb made up from 15 or 20 different pieces; for each seam in a re- paired comb shows as long as the comb is in existence, and I know we have some of those old combs yet. There was not a week during the dull season, and not a day during the good season, the honey season, that we did not do something or other in the apiary. We took special pains to rear our queens from the best stock, as we were anxious to im- prove it, and what we wanted was a race of prolific bees. About i87j.or 1872 we began to enlarge our scope by putting out apiaries right and left; one at a time, however, and be- ginning with 40 or 50 colonies in each place, while keeping about 100 at home. But it was not until about 1878 that we began to really do well with a good num- ber of out-apiaries and enough bees in them to keep a man busy without putting on the bees as much care and attention as we had given them at the start. About 1882 or 1883, it became necessary to have a special man at the bees, and since that time we have been with them but little ourselves, owing to having so many irons m the fire that w^e could not do every- thing personally. But the change in conditions of which you speak, did not take place for us, un- til about 1891, or 1S92. Till then we had realized goofi prices for our honey. Previous to 1890, I believe we sold little if any honey at less than 10 cents per lb. Aftet that time prices began to decrease, and we sold several crops at from 5 to 7 cents. Even at these prices it will pay to keep bees in out-api- aries, if one manages it right. Of course, if you have to rely solely on hired help you cannot expect the work to be done as well as if you did it yourself. But if prices could have stayed where they were in 18S0-89 there would have been a for- tune in bee-culture, for we realized from 10 to 12 cents per lb. During the season - of 1884, with something like 400 colonies, we cleared, labor and all expenses paid, about |i,8oo out of our honey. The wax of the cappings was sufficient to pay for the labor of extracting. As to the change in crop-conditions, we do not find it very great. If things have become less favorable in one way they have become more favorable in another. A great deal of the pasture- land that used to be altogether in blue grass is now in clover, whenever the win- ters are not too severe, or the summers too drv. We have seasons of bloom- scarcit}^, but these have been seen at all times. There is probably less basswood, but there are more blossoms in the stub- bles. A good season for blossoms will still give us a good yield as ever. Besides, there are more orchards, therefore more earl}' bloom to help the bees. Now which pa3's better? One apiary run with greatest care, or a number of apiaries run with less attention ? I think the answer must depend upon the circum- stances of the owner of the bees. A man who teaches school nine months of the year may make a ver3- good success with one apiary, if he runs it as he runs h So THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. school, with attention to every detail If he pays no attention to details, my opinion is that he is fit neither for a school teacher nor for a bee-keeper. But a lawyer, a doc- tor, a clergyman, who would make a suc- cess with one apiary, might not succeed with two or more. But if one has the time, a good horse, and above all a good bee location, one will surely succeed best with three, four, or even five apiaries, run, as the editor suggests, for extracted honey; so as to avoid swarming. Bvit here, Mr. Editor, permit me to come back to Dadant's hob- by, large hives. I know that many others do not agree in this, but if I insist, it is because my experience in the past, wilh hives of different sizes, has all been in favor of large hives. On the large hives I saw the large crops, as a rule, and the least number of natural swarms. I say that you must be in a good bee location, because there is so much differ- ence in results between a good location and a poor one. Here, again, is a result of experience, which may be of use to others. We have an apiary on the home farm, which has never yielded as much as others in more favorable locations, and we have apiaries from five to twelve miles away, which have averaged fully from one- third more, to double the crop of the home bees. Were I to start in life again, with the experience of the past, I would locate in a more suitable place for bees. As to the man who has not made a suc- cess of one apiary, I would not want to advise him to try a greater number; un- less his failure had been due to his other occupations preventing him from taking the proper care of his bees. Can one make bee-culture pay as a special pursuit ? Yes, emphatically ! And I think we may depend upon our American bee-keepers to find it out. If we can get from 6 to lo cents for honey, one year with another, there is money in it. But, of course, we cannot expect to take as particular care of every colony as we used to do, when honey sold at 20 to 30 cents. But I don't think our bee-keepers need to be waked up. If you want to wake up somebody, you had best go over to Europe, and help the hundreds of practi- cal, educated, progressive men over there wake up the millions of sleeuy peasants, who are resting in the rut of old customs. The trip that I made in Europe the past summer has convinced me more than ever that America can keep her place in the lead, for her people are not asleep, as compared to other nations. Hamilton, Ills. Feb. 13, 1901. EED OF A BETTER UNDER- STANDING AND PRACTICE OF THE LAW^S OF HERED- ITY. BY A. C. MILTER. My dear Mr. Hutchinson — The Review for February was received to day, and, as usual, acts as a torch to my gun- powder; and here I am exploding. Before I dissipate into clouds of fluffy smoke, let me re- mark that you may find this rather long for a letter. It is not intended as an article for publica- tion; although, of course, if you find matter in it which you wish to use you may do so; provided you use the editorial blue pencil vigorously on all personal parts. Forewarned is forearmed . "Fertilization in confinement." Bra- vo ! I am more than glad that you had the courage to take up that matter. I don't doubt but what Mr. Davitte is cor- rect. When Mr. Larrabee was in charge of the Michigan ( ? ) Experiment Station, I sent to him details for some trials very close to those of Mr. Davitte's. Mr. Lar- rabee submitted the matter to the ' 'powers THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. that be," but said powers declined to authorize it, and it never was tried. Now please note the difference in the plans; I proposed a cloth enclosure through which the bees could not see; the using of bees (drones and workers) which had never flown outside of an enclosure, and then feeding to the colonies specially prepared food. Notice this: The Ger- man bee masters have for many years used a mixture of milk and honey, and of egg and honey, as a stimulative food for spring use. I proposed to use small colonies from which I could pick any undesirable drones if I saw fit to do so. The combs of these colonies were to be filled with the prepared food, and the l^ees were to have no other. This is why: We know that well fed drones are more active than those poorly nourished; we also know that an abundance of rich, stimulat- ing food causes great muscular and ner- vous activity in all the animal creation; and this is particularly true of the organs of reproduction. Hence the special food heavily charged with nitrogen — the drones were bound to get it — can't get any other. I had experimented just enough along this line to give me faith in its correctness. Now you may pass this idea along to whomsoever you see fit. We have got to control the male element if we are to ad- vance in thorough breeding. In Gleanings for Feb. i, page 85, H. L. Jeffrey has an article on the value of breeding stock, to which the editor ap- pended some rather surprising comments. I wrote a somewhat caustic article, and sent it to Gleanings, and it should appear by March 15. The substance was this: The authors of our text books, and the editors of our journals, ( look out ) appear to be grievously ignorant of the laws of hered- ity, and of all such authors as Darwin, Huxley, Haeckel, Spencer, and a host of other biological authors. Now, if our instructors are ignorant, what wonder that the rank and file do not advance in scientific queen breeding? Prof. Cook refers to some of the above mentioned authors but not in this connection. The revised Langstroth has a brief (and uiis- leading) foot-note on in-breeding. Chesh- ire, Simmins, AUe}', Doolittle, and "A B C," all ignore the subject completel^^ Is it any wonder we do not get ahead ? Bah ! Scientific queen breeding, for- sooth. "Breeding queens," "Golden breeders," etc. Rot. Please excuse my vehemence, but I feel strongly on the matter. Here is a little comfort for you: Darwin says (Variations, Vol. i, page 360, and Vol. 2, page j)07) that "The hive bee is the least variable of all domesticated an- imals." Not much encouragement. But listen: To these laws of heredity, broad- ly stated, and, like all laws, seeming to have exceptions, crossing, like any other change in the conditions of life, tends to cause variation. The male varies more than the female. The male is the stronger element in begetting offspring. ( Example — The offspring of reciprocal crosses, /. ^., male of No. I and female of No. 2, for one cross, and male of No. 2 and female of No. I, for the other cross, will, in each case, show most strongly the characteris- tics of the sire. There are hosts of other examples. ) Under such conditions it is little short of marvelous that we have made the prog- ress which we have. As I view it, the only thing we have done^ actually accom- plished, is to cause the bee to vary. Vari- ation once started seems to run riot un- less fixed by scientific breeding-in. For an example of this, look at the pedigrees of noted trotting horses. It is all a deep and fascinating subject; but, above all, it is of vital importance to us as bee-keep- ers. I believe it should be talked and written about, and hammered at, until the whole fraternity is alive to the impor- tance of the matter. Can you do better than to get some of the scientists, such as Prof. Cook, and others holding similar positions, to write you a series of articles setting forth plain- ly the general and well recognized laws 82 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. of heredit}', without going into the scien- tific discussion of the "why," ox probable "why" — for those are deep and troubled waters. Tlien get those of them who are fitted for it to give a set of general directions for developing and fixing points of value. Apropos of the "long tongue," study up Variation of Homologous Parts, I tried to get E. R. to see the need of looking for long, narrow heads and point- ed mouth-parts, in this connection, but he didn't see it. Guess I didn't make myself clear. Don't you think it worth while for you to throw all the power of the Review, and the weight of your championship, into this matter ? Mr. Gilstrap's remarks on the progress of the bee-keeping pursuit is a view from another side of a topic on which I have just sent out two articles; one for the May issue of the American Bee-Keeper, and one for the April Progressive. Comparing our pursuit with many other lines of industry, we discover that we have almost stood still ever since Vir- gil's time. Don't you believe it? I^et us see; we have invented some half dozen mechanical devices of much convenience (but what is any of them compared with the discovery of artificial incubation, for example?) By the efforts of some scien- tific gentlemen — a few of them amateur bee-keepers — we know definitely some things about parthenogenesis, and about diseases of bees. Also something about the growth and food of the bee. But what do we know about the true cause of swarming, queen supersedure, of accep- tions or rejection of alien queens, of in- jury to queens sent by mail ( see April American Bee-Keeper ), of a thousand and one things connected with the daily life of the hive bee ? I say that of these we know nothing, absolutely nothing. Oh yes, we have books full of all sorts of guesses, but that isn't science; that isn't progress. Am 1 stirring up a hornet's nest? Very well, it needs stirring. No wonder the National government fails to establish and support an apicultural experiment station, ^\'llatuse for such a station have w^e ever shown to the department, other than some experiments in foundation and on the relation of bees and fruit? We have got to wake up. Help us. Providence;, R. I., Mar. 7, 1901. [Of what use is it, friend Miller, for us to understand the laws of heredity and breeding, unless Vve can control the mat- ing of the queens? To study those now, would be like putting the cart before the horse. I^et us bend our energies to the solving of the first step in the problem. There is little doubt that both Prof. Mc- Lean and Mr. Davitte have succeeded in securing the mating of queens in con- finement. Letusgoatit and confirm or disprove their statements. Let us make a practical success of controlling the mat- ing of queens, and the Review will be fast enough to secure the desired infor- mation in regard to liow we shall breed for the desired results. — Ed.] /:;?n<^HE INFLUENCE OF LOCAL- ITY, AND THE IMPOR- TANCE OF HAVING STRONG COLONIES AT THE PROPER TIME. BY G. M. DOOLITTLE. I do not think I ever read any one number of any bee-paper from which I obtained so many precious things to think about, and to store up for future experi- ments, as I did from the Review for January 1901. Surely, the Re- view begins the twentieth centu- ry in grand style and practicabil- ity. I would like to touch on many of the points made in that number, THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 83 but will confine what I have to say to the one editorial, found on pages 18 and 19, under the heading of "The Influence of Locality." That editorial, alone, is worth inore to the bee-keeper who thinks, than the price of every bee-paper in the world for a whole year. And were I to say just what I thought, it would be that there is in it the essence of all that is necessary for successful honey production, outside of the secretion of nectar by the blossoms which give us our honey harvest. And I can give no better advice to all than to tell them to put that editorial up in the most conspicuous place possible, where it can be referred to every week during the year, if necessary, till a/l that it contains (audit embraces might, mind and matter enough for years of bee-keeping) is as familiar as a nursery rhyme, being at our "fingers' end" during all of our manipu- lations with bees, in (?//;' locality. I have contended for what is in that editorial for more than a score of years, but never got anything I had to say where it was boiled down to be so comprehensive as given by Bro. Hutchinson. The older readers will remember how there was a rage through- out the whole country a score of years ago for early brood rearing, and a strife to see who could induce their bees to ar- rive at a point strong enough to swarm the earliest. And how some carried their colonies into warm rooms during nights and cool spells; how others placed hot bricks and irons in the caps of the hives nights; and still others buried their hives, all but the entrance, in heating manure, etc., resulting, as a rule, in find- ing out that some colony not so treated would be the first to swarm, after all. And when asked for an advantage, gain- ed by way of early brood rearing, ( could perfect success be obtained in this way) above their being a winner in the strife, not a single one could be given, except by meeting the question with "it is bet- ter to have our colonies always strong. ' ' To this latter answer, I objected; claim- ing that a colony strong enough to swarm, in central New York, on the first day of April, was a positive waste of time, mate- rial and numbers; the whole thing looking toward a loss when the main honey flow arrived. And the "knowing ones" thought Doolittle a fool. But I have liv- ed to see many of those who opposed, change their minds, and am glad to say that, at the present time, the wisest among us know that to meet with the best success, we must raise our bees with an eye toward the main harvest of honey in our locality; that we can have the max- imum amount of bees on \i2i.\\Ajnst in the right time, so that countless thousands may work with the proper energy and zeal, having their whole "thought" absorbed in amassing as much as possible of that harvest into the hives while the flow is on. If the main harvest of honey comes early in the season, as does white clover, then bend every energy to bring the bees up to countless thousands, with energy and zeal to meet that early flow. If the flow is from bass wood, then work for that, by holding them back a little the first of the season, but "rushing" them a little later. If from buckwheat, or fall flowers, hold them back still later in the season, and equalize, till finally you bring all up to the countless thousands with energy and zeal, just as the flow from buckwheat be- gins. There are no conditions which I know of where it pays to have strong col- onies during the whole season, except where a locality furnishes a continuous flow of nectar during the whole season. And there are very few localities which so furnish. Perhaps I better keep still, but I could not help saying a few words by way of emphasizing that editorial, so that readers of the Review would not for- get it too soon. And, in closing, allow me to thank you Mr. Editor for that ed- itorial, and say that your experience with Carniolan bees, is just like mine. Borodino, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1901. 84 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. EDITORIAL fferings. Pickled Brood was produced by Mr. N. E. France by taking honey away from the bees, and resorting to a sort of mild starvation. It was cured by feeding. ■m^-m^'a^^^ m^u^ " Wake Up Bee-KeeperS to the changed conditions," is proving a most profitable topic for discussion. Upon no topic that I have taken up for discussion have I received such excellent, helpful articles. I can give only a few of them in this issue; hut shall give more in the April issue, although there may not be room for all of them. There are several points upon which I wish to have a little more to say, but I think I better reserve my comments until all of the articles have been printed. ■^^«.«^«'«<'«,B» In Uncapping, have a strip of wood 1x2 inches in size fastened across the top of the uncapping can. In the center of the strip, from the under side, drive an eight-penny nail up through the strip, al- lowing the point to project above the wood far enough to afford a resting place for the end-bar of the frame of the comb to be uncapped. Upon this point the comb may be tilted to any desired angle, and quickly reversed for uncapping upon the opposite side, without lifting the comb. This arrangement also prevents the frame from slipping about while the comb is being uncapped. This plan was described by F, Minnick at the Wiscon- sin convention. ii'~ii^-»,«^t»-»,»^^ FiNDiNCx Queens is sometimes difficult in populous colonies of blacks or hybrids. In such cases it is sometimes advisable to "sift" the bees, so to speak, by running them through a queen-excluder. Here is a plan described at a York State institute by Mr. D. H. Coggshall. Fill a hive with empty combs, set it upon the stand of the colony containing the queen that is to be found, setting the colony to one side. Put a queen-excluding honey-board up- on the top of that. Now take the combs, one at a time, from the colony, and shake the bees into the empty hive. The bees will at once run down upon the empty combs below, and the queen is easily found upon the top of the queen-exclud- ing honey-board. •» »>t^ ■^■■^-li,'^-" Barrels may be tested as to whether they will leak by blowing, or forcing air, into a hole in the head; but there is a pe- culiar knack in doing this. One breath alone will not test the matter. Put the lips or mouth close upon the aperature, and blow in all the air that can be expel- led from the lungs; draw in another breath through the nostrils, still holding, with the lips, the pressure obtained by the first breath; blow in another breath; hold this and draw in another. Perhaps a part of the third breath may be forced into the barrel, but that is about all. Hold the pressure. If there is a leak, the pressure will soon run down, and the ear may detect the sound of the escaping air. If there is no leak, the pressure will re- main; and upon removing the mouth the air will come out of the opening with quite a decided explosion. These direc- tions w^ere given at the Wisconsin conven- tion by Mr. N. E. France. •■^■(^■"M^^i^'*."^-" The Best Article that was ever pub- lished in the Review, it would be difficult to point out. I doubt, however, if very many better ones have been published than the one by S. D. Chapman, that ap- pears in this issue. It is somewhat lengthy, but not more so than is warran- ted by the magnitude of the subject. There is more in that article than appears on the surface. The exact methods de- scribed may not be suited to many readers, but the thoroughness with which the writer has studied out the conditions of his locality, and devised a system of man- THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 85 agement adapted to those conditions, fur- nishes an encouraging example for us to follow. I met Mr, Chapman for the first time at our late Michigan convention. He is a quiet, middle aged man; but I noticed that he always spoke to the point, and al- ways/;m^^ ^/"t)/;//; and as I began to get these points down in my notebook, I no- ticed there was a relation between them; in short, that he was following a system peculiarly his own; and I immediately went over and secured his promise to write it out in detail for the Review. It is with pride and satisfaction that I ask you to read this article, and ponder well upon the lesson that it teaches. iL^^i^'a^'iLf^^^t^ DEATH OF BRO. YORK'S FATHER. It was only a few short weeks ago that I returned home from laying away to their eternal rest the mortal remains of my own dear father, and now I see, by the last American Bee Journal, that Bro. York has just returned from a similar sad journey to his old home in Ohio. Bro. York is one of a family of seven children, all grown up and in comfortable circum- stances. Bro. York says that his father believed in giving his children a fair edu- cation, and an ability to look out for themselves, lather than to leave them financial wealth, and that he was wise in so doing. li^^J'^^^J'l^'a^ A NEW EDITION OF THE A B C OF BEE CUI^TURE. I have to thank the publishers, the A. I, Root Co. , Medina, Ohio, for a copy of the latest edition of that splendid work. The A B C of Bee Culture. The editions of this book follow one another so closely that it is difficult to say something new of the work upon the appearance of a new edition. It is one of those very feiv books that are ahva5^s up with the times. Let the publishers print two or three thousand, or even eight or ten thousand, so great is the demand that a new edition is soon called for. Each edition is pre- ceded by a thorough revisal, bringing the matter fully up to date. E. R Root is the one who now does the revising; and no one has better opportunities for know- ing what is passing in the apicultural world. Once more let me sa}', no bee- keeper, be he amateur, professional, or novice, can afford to do without the A B C of Bee Culture. There is scarcely a phase of bee culture, certainly nothing of importance, upon which the latest infor- mation can not be found in this book. •k^-»-»'»^"»-«^«.*'( YELIvOWZONES. I am going to do something I have never done before, and may never do again, and that is, to recommend, through the Review, a medicine. Its name is " yellowzones," and it is manufactured by Dr. W. B. House, of Detour, Michi- gan. The doctor is " one of our folks," so to speak. He is interested in bees, a subscriber to the Review, and is, I be- lieve, the one who wrote the glossar}- in Root's ABC of Bee Culture. Yellowzones are not a secret prepara- tion. Tlie doctor tells exactly of what they are composed, and if you wish to consult with your own physician before using them, you can do so. A sample box was sent to us a month or two ago; and, as good fortune would have it, came the very day that Mrs. Hutchinson was down with one of her severe headaches. For years she has been afflicted in this way, and we had never found anything that w^ould stop them — once the attack commenced it had to run its course. Within ten minutes after we began giving yellowzones the pain eased off and she went to sleep. A week or two later I was awakened by neuralgia of the stomach. I lay quiet hoping it would go awa}-, but it gradually became more severe. Final- ly I slipped out of bed and took a 3-ellow- zone. The pain ceased instantly, and I dropped off to sleep as though nothing had happened. Since then. I am satisfied that by the use of Yellowzones I warded off an attack of La Grippe. I am not very 86 THE BEB-KEEPERS' REVIEW. much in favor of "doping," it is better to so live that there will be no need for med- icine, but with the environments in which some of us live, it is well nigh impossible to entirely avoid the use of medicines, and when their use does become necessa- ry, we wish those remedies that will "do the business," Yellowzones are "hot shot" to pain and fever. If you wish to know more about them, write to Dr. House. Let me close by saving that Dr. House knows nothing of this notice that I am giving his medicine — he will proba- bly be the most surprised of any one who reads it. ^M^J'-afilt^'^.^^uP THE I.KNGTH OF BEES' TONGUES. Mr. Adrian Getaz has a most excellent and conservative arricle in the i\.merican Bee Journal on this matter of measuring and comparing the length of bees' tongues. In the first place, he thinks, just as I have thought, that there could not be so much variation as has been re- ported— from 13-100 to 23-100 of an inch. He calls attention to the fact that other parts of bees' bodies do not greatly vary in size, and asks why should the tongue? He characterizes the present method of measuring as lacking in exactness. He says that a bee's tongue is elastic — can be stretched. The present method is lo chloroform the bees, which causes the bees to protrude their tongues. They are then measured. Mr. Geta/. suggests that all bees might not thrust out their tongues to the same extent. He would not have us discard the present method, but would use a glossometer to verify the measurements made by the use of a mi- crometer. The glossometer is simply a shallow trough covered with wire cloth, and having an inclined bottom. It is fill- ed with honey and set in the upper story of the hive containing the colony with which we wish to experiment. Of course, the longer the tongue-reach of the bees, the deeper they can reach for the honey; and the depth to which it has been re- moved shows on the inclined bottom- board. This method seems a little lacking in exactness; that is, it seems as though the instruments might vary a little in con- struction, or might not alwa^'s set exactly level, etc., besides, they could not well be used on specimens of bees sent in by mail for m.easurement. I do think, how- ever, that it might be a good thing to em- ploy two kinds of measurement, thus having one act as a check UDon the other. In this connection, Mr. Getaz thinks that we make a mistake when we say that the use of comb foundation can not be employed in such a manner as to influ- ence the size of bees. He thinks it pos- sible that a slight increase in the size of the worker cells might lead to au increase in the size of the bees; and an increase in size would also mean longer tongues. EXTRACTED. SUGAR HONKY. A Few Words From Prof. Cook on This Snl)ject. I presume that most of my readers re- member the sugar-honey discussion of ten or a dozen years ago, and that it was cut off right in its height because bee- keepers (perhaps wiseh^) decided that it was not a proper subject even for discus- sion. In deference to the wishes of the majority the subject was dropped Irom the columns of the Review; there being only occasionally the slightest reference to it. Occasionally it is touched upon briefly in the other journals; for instance, in the last American Bee Journal, Prof. A. J. Cook, in giving a most excellent criticism of the A B C of Bee Culture, has the following: — Page 126 — "You could feed white sugar so as to produce very nice looking honey, but it would be sugar syrup in honey- comb after all, as you would find to your sorrow if you would attempt to sell it as honey." Tliis is simply not true, as one experiment will satisfy anyone if he will but try it. I believe in telling the truth THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 87 even if it confronts the prejudices of the whole bee-fraternity, Mr. Abbott at the last National convention stated and reit- erated this untruth. If Mr. Abbott will feed his bees pure granulated sugar syrup and then taste of the product, he will find that it is certainly honey and not sugar syrup. It surely lacks any aroma which might be secured in the nectar of flowers, but it will have decidedly the taste of honey, and will be preferred by many to any other kind of honey, as I have proved more than once. Yet it will rarel}^ if ever pay to do this even if there were no prejudice against it, and in view of the prejudice it would certainly be un- wise. Let us talk, however, of its non- profitableness, and of its unwisdom, and not state what we can all so easily prove is not the truth. I was brought up to be- lieve that untruths never pay, and I have never yet seen reason to believe otherwise. Some quite interesting things have come to my ears in the last three or four years regarding sugar honey, but to re- peat them would he telling tales out of school. APICULTURE AT THE PAN AMERICAN. An Interesting Letter from the Superintend- ent of the Apiarian Department. I presume that many of my readers are already looking forward to a visit to the coming Pan American Exposition, and wondering what they will see there in the line of our beloved pursuit; and I am pleased to say that Gleanings, with its characteristic enterprise, has secured from Mr. O, L. Hershiser, who is Super- intendent of the Apiarian Department, a few hints of what may be expected. Mr. Hershiser says: — J/v dear Mr. Root: — Answering your note of January 25th, regarding the Pan- American, the whole matter might be summed up in a single statement, to the effect that there will be here presented greater opportunities for instruction, amusement, and the cultivation ot taste for the beautiful, than have ever before been afforded at an exposition' in the western hemisphere, and, according to the statements of persons well qualified to judge, the architectural and landscape effects of the Pan-American will make it the high-water mark of the expositions of the world. This is a broad statement, but one which the facts support; and when we consider the elegant sjmimetry that has been studiously observed in the grouping of the buildings and laying-out of the grounds, the pleasing and harmo- nious color effects of the exteriors as well as the interiors of the buildings, the nov- el and beautiful Spani-h architecture, and the elegant landscape, the claim seems to be merited. Judging from present indications ihe apiarian exhibit will not be least among the many novel and instructive attrac- tions. It promises to eclipse everything in this line ever attempted, and this not- withstanding the general shortage in hon- ey production in many localities within the United States and Canada during the past two years. This exhibit will be a veritable won- derland, not only for apiarists but for that larger class of users and consumers of honey. It is designed to make this ex- hibit educational as well as entertaining, to the end that the fallacies affecting the pursuit of apiculture may be, as far as possible, rectified. A model apiary will be in operation to show, in a practical way, just how both comb and extracted honey are produced. Exhibits showing the relation of bees to horticulture will be a prominent feature, and the mistake of spraying fruit-trees when in bloom will be demonstrated, as well as the absolute necessity of tb.e presence of bees during the season of bloom in order to make horticulture, in anv sense, a paying pur- suit. Vast quantities of both comb and extracted honey, prepared in the most attractive and appropriate forms for mar- ket, will be shown. It is safe to say that this most interesting feature of the exhib- it will include the nectareous products of all valuable honey-plants to be found within the Americas and the island pos- sessions of the United States. There will be a complete and exhaustive display of manufactures in w'hich honey forms a component part, and beeswax and the many and various manufactures there- from. A distinctive exhibit of hone}-- plants, as a part of the general outdoor- growing horticultural and floral exhibits, is contemplated. There will be several large and attractive exhibits of apiarian supplies, comprising specimens of all ap- proved hives and every tool, device, and preparation needed in the pursuit of api- culture. Several State and Provincial exhibits are already assured, and others are under advisement. It may also be stated that 88 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. individuals, no matter where situated within the Americas, have an opportunity to exhibit their apiarian manufactures and products. One person in this class proposes to install an exhibit comprising a carload of 30,000 pounds of comb hon- ey, and it is expected that there will be others of great magnitude, especiall} from localities noted for large honey production of honey of a standard and uniform grade, as is the case with the alfalfa of Colorado, the sage of California, and the basswood of Wisconsin. Many of these, as well as some State exhibits, will be of the present season's honey harvest, and will not be installed before the middle of July to the middle of August; but application for space should be made early, in order that it maybe provided. Apiculture is accorded a prominent place in the exposition, and a special building, in an excellent location, will be provided for the apicultural exhibits, the extent and size of which will be commen- surate with the needs and desires of the bee-keepers who will exhibit. Mr. F. A. Converse, Superintendent of live stock, dairv, and agricultural products, is deep- ly interested in this important branch of rural husbandry, and the apiarists are most fortunate that thei'- interests have fallen under his excellent supervision. SLOW COOLING OF BEESWAX. The Views of the American Bee-Journal, and Some Comments Thereon. The American Bee Journal of Feb. 21 quotes the last Review-editorial on this subject and then says: — All of which goes to show that there is no particle of difTerence in actual belief on either side. Our good friend of the Review wants us to say that different samples of beeswax have different colors independently of the amount or kind of dirt in them, so that there may be a ver^^ dark color in wax that does not come from impurities. If Mr. Hutchinson will turn back to the first number of this journal for this 3-ear, he will find on page 4 this sentence: "There is no desire w- hat- ever to deny that two specimens of wax entirely free from impurities may be very different in color. " If he had kept in mind that sentence, he would hardly have said, "But it still clings to the idea that the dark color of wax comes from its im- purities," for that conveys the idea that all dark color comes from impurities. There is no real difference as to belief at that point. Fet us get right down to where the point of divergence comes. Take Mr. Hutchinson's last illustration — -vSome bright yellow wax melted with a lot of dirt stirred in and suddenly cooled. To make the illustration clearer, suppose a lot of lampblack is stirred into the wax. We both believe exactly the same thing about it. We both believe that the wax that is in the cake, separated from the foreign particles, is bright yellow, and that although no yellow color appears to the eye, the black color is entirely due to the lampblack that is there. When ask- ed, "What is the color of that cake of wax?" he says, "Yellow;" we say, " Black." Of course, he may say that it isn't the wax that is black, but the lamp- black. But we believe our answer is more in accordance with the every-day talk of people. Put the cake of wax before a witness in court and ask him its color. He looks at it on the outside, and then breaks it in two, and he testifies that it is black outside and in. Take a white hand- kerchief and rub soot all over it. Mr. Hutchinson would say, "The handker- chief is white. The soot only is black." Common people would say, "The hand- kerchief is black." If Mr. Hutchinson should contract for a lot of bright yellow wax, and when it arrived he should find it one-fourth dirt, he would hardly feel satisfied if the con- signor should say, "That's bright yellow wax, just what I contracted to send you;" neither will he be satisfied if he is told that a fourth will be deducted for the dirt. Referring to the issue of this journal for Jan. 17th, the American Bee-Keeper says : "Editor York now asserts that his journal has never pretended to claim for slow cooling anything more than that it allowed the foreign particles time to set- tle." We do not believe that Editor Hill is a man who would intentionally misrepre- sent, but that statement, "now asserts," might be understood to mean that some change had been wrought in the views or the statements of this journal. So far from that being the case, it is true that precisely the same assertion was distinct- ly made in this journal the first time any editorial belief on the subject was given, as Editor Hill will see if he turns to the issue for Nov. 29th. Mr. Hill then asks, "Why, then, has the Journal so emphatically opposed our THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 89 assertion that slow cooling has nothing to do with rendering dark wax a bright yellow?" Simply because the assertion is not believed to be true. Let us see if we can express, in as few words as may be, just what we do believe. The most of the wax in this country is of a bright 3'ellow if properly cleansed, but when rapidly cooled, as is likely to be the case with the inexperienced, it has mixed in it more or less foreign particles that give it a dull or dirty color. If allow- ed a long time in cooling, it will be kept a long time in that liquid state suitable for the settling of the foreign particles, and thus the dirty-looking wax will be- come bright yellow. Although I am not positive, it is my opinion that lamp-black would color the wax itself. Wax used in making artificial flowers is colored different colors^ — red, pink, green, etc. The very substance of the wax itself is colored. I think an ad- mixture of lamp-black with wax colors the wax itself. I doubt if wax colored with lamp-black could ever be restored to its orginal color. Such particles of dirt as we naturally find in beeswax do not color the wax itself, and are seldom present in sufficient numbers to practically effect the color of the wax. To be sure, I should not like to buy dirty wax, let the color be dark or yellow, but this isn't to the point. The point is that the dark wax is dark, and the yellow is yellow, (not only yel- low in itself but yellow in appearance) and that regardless of the presence of dirt. In his last paragraph Bro. York says: "The most of the wax in this country is of a bright yellow if properly cleansed, but when rapidly cooled, as is likely to be the case with the inexperienced, it has mixed in it more or less foreign particles that give it a dull dirty color. If allow- ed a long time in cooling, it will be kept a long time in that liquid state suitable for the settling of the foreign particles, and thus the dirty-looking wax will be- come bright yellow." Here Bro. York reiterates again the very point on which we have been argu- ing, viz., that the slow cooling of dark wax will make it a bright yellow. No; he doesn't say dark wax, he says "dirty- looking," come to look again. If Bro. York will go just a little farther, and say: "The slow cooling of dirty w^ax will allow the dirt to settle," no one will dispute him. Where he is "off" is in assuming that the presence of these foreign particles gives the cake of wax a dark color. If he will take some of the cakes of dark wax that come to his office, melt them, and keep the wax in a liquid state a long time; he will find the effect very similar to that of washing a darkey boy's face — it may be cleaner, but the color is still there. Don't misunderstand me. I am not opposed to the slow cooling of wax. It is the proper way to get the foreign par- ticles out of it, but it is not their presence that makes wax dark, or gives it a dark appearance. That's the point. BOTTLING HONEY. Liquefying, Bottling, Labeling and Selling. Many bee-keepers are asking what to do in connection with bee-keeping. Where the man is adapted to the business, and the circumstances are favorable, the selling of honey combines well with its production. From the time the bees are packed away for wnnter until the}^ are again filling the air with their mu- sic, their owner is left free to do what he pleases; and, as I have already said, if he is adapted to the bvisiness, and the con- ditions are favorable, he can profitable- employ this time is selling, at retail, the honey that he has produced during the summer — may even find it profitable to buy to sell again after his own crop has been sold. Quite a number of bee-keep- ers are making money bottling extracted honey and furnishing it to retail dealers, xls with everything else, success is large- ly dependent upon hoic the work is done; and, as I have before remarked. Glean- ings has taken pains to secure and pub- 90 THE BKE-KBEPERS' REVIEW. lish accounts and descriptions of the methods by which these men have suc- ceeded. Any one who is especially in- terested in this subject ought to read these articles in Gleanings. 1 have al- ready copied a part of one of them, but I have just read another ihat is so full of excellent hints, suggestions and advice, that I feel it space well occupied to copy the most of it. It was written by Mr. J. C. Wallenmeyer, who composed the song "Oueenie Jeanette," dedicated it to his best girl, then married her, and now he is getting his reward — she is his best helper. Mr. Wallenme3'er says: — I have bottled honey from alfalfa, bass- wood, willow-herb, w^hite clover, Califor- nia sage, Florida mangrove, saw and cab- bage palmetto, wild aster, and smartweed (or heartsease) mixed; dry- weather hon- honey-vine, and fall flowers. For con- tainers I have used pint and quart Ma- sons, costing 50 and 60 cts. per. dozen, 5 and 8 oz, , and i and 2 lb. square flint- jars, costing 1^5.70 and $j 50 per gross (corks included); 13 and 16 oz. jelly- glasses; ^^-gallon fruit-tablet jars costing 5 cts. each; lard-buckets; glass bowls, and Root's No. 25 round flint-glass one-pound jars — quite a variety to select from. I found Root's No 25 jar the be.vt and quickest seller of all, because, after be- ing emptied, it could be used as a self- sealer for jelly, preserves, jams, etc.; only flint-glass jars should be ,used, as they show the honey off to perfection. Am- ber honey will sell nearly as well in quart Masons on account of the universal use of the package; but it is hard to sell 3 lbs. of honey to every-day consumers. Most people prefer a small cheap pack- age. Our market demands a honey of light or light amber color, heavy body, mild flavor, and fine bouquet or aroma. It does not pa}^ to bottle a poor grade of honey. The people generally get accus- tomed to the kind of honey produced in their own locality. I found this out to my sorrow when I tried to sell three barrels of mangrove and palmetto honey from Florida, although I thought it fine, indeed. This matter of selection is very important. If you happen to run short of honey, and must buy, procure an ar- ticle as near like your own as possible. I have found, just as friend Ponder says, that patrons grow suspicious when they get different honey. I find honey from white clover, dry - weather honey - vine, and fall flowers, to give the best satis- faction for bottling in my locality. Brief- ly stated, there are three essentials for success in bottling honey: 1. Best quality of well-ripened honey. 2. Neat, attractive package, useful when empty. 3. Aggressive selling methods. You might have the very finest honey, but if it is not Dut up attractively it wnll not sell. You might have a poor article put up in a showy, gaud}^ labeled pack- age, but no one will buy a second time. Again, you may have a fine article of heavy body and fine flavor, put up in the right kind of package; but if you leave it at home, what good will it do? Be up to date; be aggressive; talk honey every- where. I built up an enormous trade in the fall of 1894 with a well ripened crop of honey from dry-weather vine and fall flowers. I controlled at that time a large portion of the drug trade in Evans- ville, and, probably half of the gro- cery trade. I bought 5 bbls. of Root's No 25 i-lb jars and one gross each of the 5-0Z. and 8-oz. square flint Muthjars, and 5 gross of i-lb. and 3 gross of 2-lb. Muth jars, all atone time. I had every kind of package to please the most fastidious. I sold both the i-lb. square and round jars at S2. 00 per dozen, to retail at 20 cents. The 5 bbls. of No. 25 jars were gone in a jiffy, while I have nearly all of the 5 and 8 oz. jars yet. These I use at fairs to give away as samples. I often sold a dozen of the round jars to house wives \\dio wanted a set for jelly, etc., but never sold more than one or two of the square jars at one time to any lady. They are considered worthless when empty, al- though my wife likes them for small pick- les and catsup. I use the No. 50 label, costing $1.75 per looo for both round and square i-lb. jars. This label is showy, and will not soil easih^ in fly time. I find the 2-lb. square jar an easy seller to persons who mix their own cough med- icine every winter. I have now dwelt at length on the mer- its of various packages, as I think it a very important item to help sell our hon- ey. I forgot to say my worst-selling package |was the tin lard-bucket; Mr. R. C. Aikin notwithstanding. They may be all right to sell to old customers; but the main objection is that people can not see the contents unless it is opened. To get new customers to buy your honey, invest 5 cts. in a glass "show-case." As honey is not a staple, instruct the grocer to place conspicuously, and you will have the pleasure of selling both "show-case" and honey at the same time. THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 91 We will now proceed to the process of bottling. Have yonr honey liquefied, if candied, holding the same at 150° for two or three hours. By using a gasoline-stove you can regulate to a degree, almost. Be sure not to over-heat it. It will stand 170 to 180 for a short time, but I prefer not to risk losing the aroma and injuring the delicate flavor. If you are compelled to buy honey, always buy in 6o-lb. tin cans, as they are more convenient to handle. While you are liquefying your honey, wash your bottles, using clear soft water with sal-soda and shot to remove dirt aud particles of glass if new. Then rinse in clear water, and place botlom upward in racks to drain. This will make flint jars clear and sparkling. I did use a ten-gallon filling-can, bought of friend Muth, but now pi-efer to rise my extractor (with cross-arm and basket removed), raised to a convenient height. I prefer to bottle honey hot, as it runs quicker, retains its aroma, and will stay liquid long- er than if bottled cold. Have the rack containing empty jars at your left. Place the pan under the honey-gate to catch any drippings. You will soon learn how to cut off the flow just right the first time. Pass the jar to an assistant at the right, who presses the cork ( cost 75 cts. per gross) in the mouth, then dips the jar into melted wax and parafQne, half of each. A second assistant puts on the tinfoil (costs 75 cts. per gross) in place; winds a capping-strap around the jar with the right hand; then holds the jar with the left hand, running the head up and down on the strap until the cap is nicely smoothed down. A pasteboard, about 12 X 20, covered with dextrine (costs 10 cts. per lb. ) is covered with la- bels in front of the operator. She lays the jar down flat, deftly catches the label by the corner, removes it from the board, attaches it to the center of the jar, smooth- ing it out with a soft cloth; then she places the jar in the case at the right, holding a dozen each. After a little practice, three persons can easily fill, cork, wax, tinfoil, label, and pack 800 lbs. a day, and not spill a drop of honey, by this method. The corks used for honey-jars are seconds, and ought to be covered with wax to effect an air-tight sealing while the honey is hot. Now, then, we are ready to sell. Tog up a bit; for if you will notice you will see that all successful salesmen are well dressed and well groomed. Take a sam- ple jar of each kind, and go to your grocer. If he is busy, see if he has any honey in sight. Don't attempt to sell to him while he is busy. If he is not, tell him you have a fine article of honey, fine flavor, and good body; that the crop of honey is very short this year, and you wdl not have very much to sell. If you tell him 3'ou have five tons he will expect to get it for nothing. Hold your jar to the light; turn it upside down to show how thick it is; talk honey, talk business, and stick right to him. Have one price for everybody. It will pay you to allow a good margin of profit, and he will then try to make more sales than if he made a very small per cent, of profit. But be sure to have your honey placed where every one can see it on entering the store, as people hardly ever ask for honey unless ihey see it. I visited friend Ponder several times, and the steady stream of customers was evidence that he under- stands the art of bottling and selling honey to perfection. Remember, in conclusion, that he who tooteth not his own horn, the same shall not be tooted. I usttally liquefy on a gasoline-range. Two 6o-lb. cans are placed in two com- mon wash-boilers, then filled with water, and heated gradually. After all the hon- ey in the can is liquefied it is draw'U off into a Root's Novice extractor-can (with the baskets and crank removed), by means of a rubber hose, the can being covered io prevent foreign substances lodging therein. I had a Muth ten-gal- lon filling-can, but I like the extractor better as it has a much larger honey-gate, which is very essential in rapid filling. If the honey is cold, the flow can not be cut off a third as fast; therefore with hon- ey at about 140 to 150° F'a., and a large honev-gate, we attain the maximum of rapidity in filling. Besides, I found, at least in my experience, that, in filling with cold honey, a large number of air- bubbles formed, thus preventing our get- ting the desired amount in the bottles. It would also run over the sides when heated to the right degree. Of course, no one would attempt to seal until the bubbles had risen to the surface, which they will do in a few min- utes with hot honey. If the honey is then sealed, and either dipped or corks sunk, and any kind of good sealing-wax poured on, thus effecting a hermetical sealing, the honey contracts when it gets cold; thus causing the much-talked- of vacuum, especially if a tinfoil cap is pro- perly applied, making it absolutelv air- tight. I found, only the other day, a 2-lb. Muth jar which had been w^axed, that candied, while others on the same shelf, sold to the grocer the same day (Oct. 5, 1900), 92 THE BBB-KEBPBRS' RBVIBW. were nice and clear on account of the tinfoil cap. I find that if, after sealing, the jars are left in a warm room, thus preventing the too sudden cooling on the corks, we shall have no cracks. If one- half paraffine is added to the wax it will not crack nearly as easily, besides being- much cheaper. LOW RATES WEST AND NORTHWEST. On Kebruar}' 12th, and on each Tues- day until April 30th, the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway will sell one- way second-class tickets at the following very low rates: To Montana points - - I25.00 To North Pacific Coast points, 30.00 To California _ _ _ 30.00 These tickets will be good on all trains and purchasers will have choice of six routes and eight trains via Mis<50uri River each Tuesday. The route of the Famous Pioneer Limited trains and the U. S. Government Fast Mail trains. All ticket Agents sell tickets via the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul F.ailway, or for further information address Robert C. Jones, Michigan Passenger Agent, 32 Campus Martins, Detroit, Mich. Buy a Belgian Doe and Litter. The best and cheapest way for a beginner to start, is to buj' a good doe with a litter five or six weeks old. We now have 200 does with litters, and they are going at prices asked by other large breeders for a doe aloxe. Our specialtj^ is does WITH LITTER OE YocxG — proven breeders. Fine does of en prove worthless breeders, and some dealers dispose of them to the other fellow. The young that go free with our does will be worth twice the purchase price when they are 6 months old. This makes the safest and most satisfactory proposition for a beginner. Authentic pedigrees with all hares sold. We are the largest breeders of thoroughbred Belgians in Central U. vS. We guarantee satisfaction on all shipments; and our guarantee is good. Book giving history and com- plete information; also book of pedigree blanks giv-en to each purchaser. Write for descriptions and prices. AMAZON RABBITRY, Michigan City, Indiana. THE A. I. ROOT CO., JO VINE ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA BEE - SUPPLIES. Direct steamboat and railroad lines to all doints. We want to save you freight. Of B^e BooKs ! On January ist there was a severe fire in our building, burning out entirely four floors above us. The water that was thrown on the fire came down through our floor damaging our stock of books, printing-office, etc. vSome of the books were wet slightl}-, but enough so they could hardly be sent out'as perfect. These are the ones that we wish to offer. The reading pages of all are perfect, only the covers being a little soiled. Here they are, with prices postpaid: Prof. Cook's ''Bee-keeper's Guide," only 60c. Doolittle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. Newman's "Bees and Honey," only 40c. They are all cloth bound, and latest edition. If you want a year's subsription to the old Week- ly American Bee Journal, with any of the above books, add 7s cents to your order. This is a vSPECIAIv OFFER, and will last only so Jong as the slight damaged books last. Better order ATONCFifyou want a bargain. Remember we are HeAVmHTisiHo I^ATBS. All adTertisementfl -will be inserted at the rate of 16 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in- sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make 1 inch. Discounts will be given as follows : On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6 times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times, 16 per cent. On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6 times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 80 per cent ; 15 times, 40 per cent. On 80 lines and upwards, 8 times, 20 per cent; 6 times, 80 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times, 60 per cent. Clubbing liist. 1 will send the Rktxew with— Gleanings, (new) ... . ($1.00) .... 51.75 American Bee Journal (new) ( 1.00) 1.75 Canadian Bee Journal ( 1.00) 1.75 Progressive Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.36 American Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.40 The Southland Queen ( 1.00) 175 Ohio Farmer ( 1.00) ... 1 75 Farm Journal (Phila.) ( .5u) 1.10 Eutal New Yorker . ..( 1.00) 1.85 The Century ( 4.00) 4.50 Michigan Farmer (1.00) 1.65 Prairie Farmer (100).. ..1.76 American Agriculturist ( 1.00) 1.75 Country Gentleman ( 2.50) 3.15 E[arp«»r"8 Magazine ( 4.0'>) . ... 4.10 Harper's Weekly ( 4 00) 4.20 Youths' Con.panion (new) (.75) ... .2.35 Cosra. .poitan ( 1.00), 1.90 Snccpss, (1.00). ... 1 75 Honey Quotations. The following rules for graiiiug honey were adop+ed by the North American Bee Keepers' Association, at its Washington meeting, and, so far as possible, quotations are made according to these rules. Fancy.— Ml sectitms to be well filled ; comhs straight, of even thickness. aa ■,ii!i"i'| riiililiiiiiiiliiiii:iiiiiiiii.iiiiini:.iiiiiii];.iiii,iLi;iiii,ii^,.iiii,ii„^g,ij^,,,^g„i,,„,J Wrt) Banr)ber, Of Mt. Pleasant, Mich., has his own saw-mill, and a factory fully equiped with the latest machinery, located right in a pine and basswood region, and can furnish hives, sections, frames, separators, shipping cases, etc., at the lowest possi- ble prices. Making his own foundation enables him to sell very close. Send for samples and prices before buying, and see how you may save money, time and freight. Bee-keepers' supplies of all kinds kept in stock. 12-99-it iiiii:Hi[iiiiiiiBiiiii!iiiainiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiinii/i iiiiBiniiniiBiiiiiii f) X - o 3 KT a ^ 0 W • *-j- W — 3 cr 0 s» ;r < (^ ^ *t ^ j 0 < 0 ^ ^ t^ c a J: ei v> (^ 3 /9 o (^ XT V) • 3 — o o o 5' VI- 5' 3 I c H > o so O o Dittrper's Foupdeitioo Ret2iiI—WboI^5a.le— fobbing. I use a non-dipping process that produces every essential necessary to make it the best and most desirable in all re- spects. My process and auto- matic machines are my own in- ventions, and enable me to sell foundation and Wort wax into Fonndation for Casli at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies, with prices and samples, free on application. Beeswax wanted. CUS D1TTA\ER, AugustZif Wisconsin. llllillllMIIIIIIIIIBiillllil ■ llililiiiauilllliiBiiiliialBiliil liiiiiaiiiiiiiiWiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiaiiiiimi 100 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Mushroons spring up in a single night — different with queen rear- ing. That takes years of experience and labor, to- gether with a progressive mind. Nature must be thoroughly understood to make a perfect success. I have had 22 j-ears of scien- tific practice with bees. My strain cannot be excelled in this or an}' other coun- trj-. 26-100 is a very "long r "ach," but ni}' breeder comes up to it, and i- direct from "sunny Italy." Cir- cular free tells it all. See what Prof. C. P. Gil- lette, saj'S: — Mr. A. D. D. WOOD, L,ansing. Mich. Dear Mr. WOOD.— Your letter and the bees are here, the latter all alive and vigorous. I have measured their tongues as you request and find Ihey run ver}' uniformly as follows: Whole reach of "tongue," from base of sub- mentum to tip of ligula, 26-100 of an inch; ligula alone to the dark mentum, 17-100 of an inch. There were nine specimens and all their tongues were measured. Very truly, C. P. Gillette. A. D. D. WOOD, Lansing, Mich. Please mention the Reuieui. Bee - Supplies. Root's goods at Root's prices. Pou- der's honey jars. Prompt service. lyOw freight. Catalog free. Walter S. Ponder, 512 Mass. Ave,, Indianapolis, Indiana. Only exclusive bee-supply house in I.nd. We have Italian stock the equal of any. We rear queens in full colonies by the best known methods. We can furnish queens early— right NOW if you want them. Tested queens, S2.00; untested. Si. 00; six for S5.00; welve for 5g.oo. Discounts on large orders. 3-oi-3t CHRISTIAN & HAI,Iv, Meldrim, Ga. a colony will buy my 10 colonies of bees. They are on Hoffman frames, in 8-frame, Dovetailed hives, have queens reared last summer from a Hutchinson queen, and all are in first-class con- dition. Woodstock, Champ. Co., Ohio. R. Q. TURNER, * H^ake Voup Own Hives. See -- Keepers Will save money by usinf^ our Foot Pow- er Saw in making- their hives, sections and boxes. Machines on trial. Send for Catalog-ue. W.F.&JHO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St., Rockford, Ills. I 01 gt % i 1 A MONTHLY JOURNAL Devoted to tlqe Iqterests of Hoqey Producers. $L00 A YEAR. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Editor and Proprietor. VOL XIV, FLINT. MICHIGAN, APRiL 10, bOi NO, 4. EE-KEEPING BY AN AMA- TEUR. ' BY PETER N. DUFF. My experience in practical bee-keeping has been very limited, dating back to the summer of 1899. In June of that year I wrote a few lines to Mr. York, editor of the American Bee Journal, asking if he knew of any one from whom I might be able to buy a "swarm" of bees; he gave me the address of a Mr. O'Donnel, an old- time bee-keeper in this city, and, a few days afterwards, I became owner of a fairly strong colony. This colony swarm- ed in about a month; and later in the sum- mer I purchased eight more colonies from the same man; and in the fall bought ten colonies through Mr. York. At the commencement of the season of 1900 I had nineteen colonies in fairly good condition. I was quite successful with them last year, and increased by natural swarming and dividing to fifty- two. Besides this large increase, I secur- ed considerable surplus honey. My ban- ner colony gave me 244 pounds of sur- plus, chiefly comb. This colony did not swarm; and, although it may be a little out of place to mention it here, I will say the mother of this colony was purchased from Mr. Hutchinson, and was the first queen I ever introduced. On December loLh, last year, my bees were put in winter quarters, in a reposi- tory specially constructed for the purpose. It is above ground, yet I had little diffi- culty in maintaining a fairly uniform temperature. The temperature did not go below 40° F. nor higher than 4S°F. I had a small oil-heater in the repository, and kept it burning whenever necessary. A connection was made with the chim- ney to take away the gases of combus- tion, and also for ventilation. One very important point was overlooked in the repository-calculations, and that was in not making some provision to get rid of the moisture given off by the bees. The dampness, more especially in the lower row of hives, was bad; and, in conse- quence, I lost one colony. The bees were set out on their summer stands on Monday, March 18, and I consider my- self very fortunate in being able to get them out so early. They needed a flight very badly, and had an elegant time all I04 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. day; the temperature of the yard in the sun was 68° F, About ten of the colo- nies are weak in numbers, but by careful handling I hope to have all in good shape by the time of our expected honey flow. I believe in ten-frame hives, or larger; and will work for extracted honey this coming summer. I will have fully as much pleasure with the bees as though I worked for comb honey; and, at the same time, will have fewer swarms and less fussing. Wishing to have good stock, I purchas- ed queens from nine of the leading queen breeders, and will select the best of these from which to rear queens this season. I think my fondness for bees is inherit- ed. In my native country (Ireland) my father had six or eight colonies in the old- fashioned straw skeps, and when a boy it was my greatest delight to get around where the bees were, and watch them go- ing and coming. I like to do the same now just as well as I did then; and, al- though some few of my colonies, I regret to state, have made me retreat more than once, I like them just the same. In my work with the bees I have at all times been very materially assisted by Mr. W. H. Horstmann, who owns an apiary about iVz miles from mine, and also by my friend and willing helper, Frank Brown. I am sorry Mr. Brown was not present when the picture of "The Crystal" was taken; as I would like to have had his features show in it; because not a little of the credit for the appearance of the apiary is due to his efforts. Chicago, Ills. Mar. 23, 1901. ^S^^^V^c ?'t<#>t^q f^^HE SUCCESSFUIv PRODUC- TION OF BOTH COMB AND EXTRACTED HONEY IN OUT- API ARIES. BY R. H. SMITH. That was a timely warning to bee-keepers in the January number of the Review; viz., that they wake up to the changed conditions in bee-keeping. Not many years ago bees were more generally kept, seasons were good, bees increased rapidly, and large yields of hon- ey were secured; so that the problem was how to keep down increase and find a market for honey at paying prices. A change has come over the scene. As the country becomes more extensively culti- vated, many honey yielding plants disap- pear. The lindens are rapidly being cut, and will soon be a thing of the past in many localities, leaving the clovers as our main dependence for honey. White clover is uncertain, owing to diminished rainfall the past few years. Alsike clo- ver is a good honey plant, but not as gen- erally grown as it ought to be, while red clover tubes are too deep for the average bee's tongue. The changed conditions have resulted in discouraging the keeper of a few colo- nies, and increased the number of those who make a specialty of bee-culture, with their hundreds of colonies. Some mav ask: How can it be that those with a large number can make it a success while others fail ? The answer is easy to the initiated. Specialty^ or having all your eggs in one basket, or in other words, devoting all one's time and thought to the pursuit. The practical apiarist, now-a-days, who is in the business for a livelihood, must be prepared to manage several hundred col- onies located in apiaries of 7.5 to 100 col- onies each, not less than three miles apart, where the best bee pasturage can be obtained. In my own case, I have 175 colonies located in three yards about sev- en miles apart (could not get range near- er). I run them myself , part for comb and part for extracted, and find that with latest methods of handling I could as well handle another 100 colonies, or more, which I shall do as soon as possible. How the work is done is explained in a few words. In this section our surplus honey is mainly from white clover and linden, so that we try and have the bees as strong as possible by the time white clover yields. Our queens are all clipped during fruit bloom, and when honey begins to come in I put a super filled with clean combs on each no THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. hive. Those colonies with the youngest or most proUfic queens are reserved for section supers, as, in ni}- experiments, they are not so likely to swarm. I now visit the out-yards once a week or ten days, it depending upon the state of the weather or honey-flow. I look over a few that may be preparing to swarm, add- ing, occasionally, another super until sometimes three are in use on each col- ony. About July 1 2th to 15th I prepare to extract from the top supers, the honey in which will be well ripened and capped, and here is where one of my short cuts come in. Instead of smoking the bees down and lifting the combs out singly and causing a disturbance by brushing the bees off, as in the old way, I proceed as follow: On my arrival at an out-3^ard I raise up the front of the top super, puff in a little smoke, and slip in one of our new bee-escapes, placing these under as many supers as are likely to be extracted during the day. As the sun rises it warms up these supers till the bees are very anxious to get out, which they can do freely through eight springs, being at- tracted by daylight to a slot, by means of which, however, they are left in the su- per below. When I am ready to extract, the first two or three supers are ready to come off; these are lifted on to the wheelbarrow and taken to the extracting room; if there are a few bees left in the super they soon fly to the window, and are let out by the es- cape. By this method the bees are not roused, and robbing is not started; in fact, the bees do no know that anything un- usual has happened, and the work is done in comfort without any special bee-dress. After the light honey is all extracted in this way the bees are ready to move to buckwheat. This annual move plays a very important part in the new plan of management. As no buckwheat is grown in this locality, the bees have a very un- certain living between the linden flow and the time for placing them in winter quarters, seldom getting more than enough to keep up a moderate amount of brooding, and requiring from 10 15 lbs. of honey'Or its equivalent in sugar syrup to make up their winter stores. This last heavy item of expense is now saved in great part by moving the bees about eight- een miles, on spring wagons, to where buckwheat is largely grown. The old queens are replaced with young ones, and any desired increase made by division, and they are left without any further at- tention while I am attending the fairs. The latter part of September or begin- ning of "October they are taken back, usually with their winter stores and a good surplus of buckwheat honey, and what is fully as important, a fine lot of young bees. St. Thomas, Ont., Feb. 20, 1901. UT-APIARIES ON THE MI- GRATORY PLAN. SOME THING IN FAVOR OF CAR- NIOIvANS. BY C. W. POST. In writing on the keeping of more bees you have taken a subject of very wide range. To begin with, you have treated one part of the subject so thoroughly 3-ourself, and, to my mind, so near to the point, that I can heartily endorse every word of it. It is all in a nut shell: "Keep a lot of bees; locate them around the country; and don't use up all the profits in useless manipulations." But, while we all agree in the foregoing, we must admit that to scatter hundreds of colo- nies around the country, and to properly manage them throughout the season, de- mands some experience or tact on the part of the apiarist. In this article I will not attempt to say how things must, or should, be done, but will confine myself to describing the management of my own apiaries through- out the honey-season. Eighteen years ago I established my first out-apiary by hauling the bees on The BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. itt wagons. This I found to be very expen- sive; but, at the same time, it paid better than keeping them all in one place. It is not so much in overstocking as in the fact that the greater part of our rainfall comes in local showers. We sometimes get a good crop of honey in a certain lo- cality, while at a distance of 15 miles there may be a total failure; although the pros- pects were equal in the beginning of the season. So, if you wish to "wake up to the changed conditions," 3'ou must scat- ter your bees. Having learned the necessity of run- ning out-apiaries, I find that by rail is much the cheapest and quickest way to handle my bees. I move them to the out-yards about the last of May, and keep them closed down warm until the first warm days in June. Then I go over the yards and take off all the bottom -boards, which are held in place by VanDeusen fasteners, and place a wire cloth screen under each hive, securing them by the same fasteners that held the bottoms. As soon as clover begins to bloom, top- stories are put on; but I don't put on queen-excluders at the same time. I go over the yards about twice a week, and as soon as I see that the queen has been up stairs, I make sure that she is put below, and then the excluder is put on. This is done to keep down the swarming-f ever, as we call it. With the bottoms off, and all hives screened, and the queens allow- ed to make a very small start in top sto- ries in the beginning of the season, it has reduced swarming to a minimum in my apiaries, I have not exceeded 3 per cent, of swarms in the last 12 years. I extract when the honey is from ^ to 73 capped. Now, what race or strain of bees shall we use to secure the greatest amount of honey, all other conditions to be satisfac- tory ? For my part, I have tried, during the last 23 years, all the different races of bees imported to this country, and, the crosses between many of the different races, even going so far as to take them to isolated islands to secure pure mating; all with a view of producing a strain of bees that would increase our yield of hon- ey. After trying all of the different races and strains, I have settled down on the Carniolans crossed with the dark col- ored Italians. My preference is Carnio- lan queens mated to Italian drones. In the January Review, page 18, the editor says Carniolan bees are great breeders, etc., then closes the paragraph by saying that this explains why C. W. Post of Canada is so partial to Carniolans — his surplus comes from buckwheat. Well, I do get some buckwheat honey, but I have to move my bees 30 miles to secure it, and I always get clover honey, too, if anyone else does. I will give you the re- sults of an experiment made last season between an out-yard of 108 colonies of Carniolans and their crosses, and one of 1 10 colonies of Italians. Both lots were wintered in the same cellar, and cared for alike in every particular. They were lo- cated five miles apart, and I could see no difference in the localities as to bloom, yet the Carniolans gave two pounds of honey to the Italians' one. The two yards produced five tons of the finest quality of white clover honey. There was no swarming. In the last week in July the Italians were loaded on a car, and taken to the east end of the Murray canal for buckwheat, a distance of about 30 miles. On the 3rd of August the Car- niolans were shipped to Trenton by rail, then transferred to a passenger steamer and taken to the west end of the Murray canal. The two yards were about four miles apart, and all conditions were equal. The Italians filled all top stories and sealed them ov^er perfectly; but, in the same time, the Carniolans not only filled and sealed all top stories, but, in addition to this, filled 75 comb honey supers, each holding 35 one-pound sec- tions. No swarm.ing. Now, as I get no increase from swarm- ing, and wished to increase 75 colonies, I proceed as foUow^s: I start my queen cells so they will hatch about the middle of bass wood bloom. Two days before they hatch I make strong nuclei by 112 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. shaking the bees from five or six frames and giving two frames of hatching brood, and not closing them up. I want all of the old bees to go back, as b}^ so doing the white honey crop is not lessened an}^, provided the season closes before the young bees become field-w^orkers. A good ripe cell is inserted at the same time between the frames of brood of each nu- cleus, protected by a spiral cell protector. After they are moved to the buckwheat, each nucleus gets two frames of solid hatching brood from the old colonies, and they build up to very heavy, strong colonies. I use no division board at this season of the year — a full set of combs are given at the beginning. My 75 colo- nies of increase last season were all tak- en from the Carniolans. During my experience as a bee-keeper I found the whole secret of success is summed up in the following few lines: Keep lots of bees, and have them scatter- ed about the country in such a way that they can be attended at a small cost. And whatever race of bees you prefer, have them always strong. I cannot un- derstand why it is that "the colony that suits the raspberry honey -man has passed its prime when basswood comes on." Might just as well say that the colony that just suits the white clover honey -man has passed its prime when buckwheat comes on. I want them always strong with no desire for swarming. If you are producing extracted honey, be sure and have it of good body; so that buyers cannot possibly find fault with it, and store it in good, sound, cheap pack- ages. For several years my packages cost me about 12 cents per 100 lbs. of honey. And after a crop of honey is secured, don't give it away to the first one that comes along. Hold for a paying price. Again, if you are offered the outside mar- ket price, don't try to get }4 ct. per pound more, or you may find out to your sorrow how easily this world can get along without one individual bee-keeper; and, probably, later in the season, you will be obliged to accept a much lower figure. I dispose of my crop entirely by whole- sale, and I have nothing for sale but honey. Trenton, Out., Feb. 27, 1901, NDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURE AND HABITS OF BEES MAY ASSIST US IN CONTROIvLING THE MAT- ING OF QUEENS. BY A. C. MILLER. "Where ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise;" consequently, as we could not always or often apply the laws of heredity to the thorough breeding of our bees, and as we may not be able to do so any better in the future, 'twere better for us to be ignorant of them. You didn't mean it that way, Mr. Editor ? Well, you said things to me about horses and carts that were wrong way to, but I think 'twas you who got them so, not I. Now at the risk of being again charged with getting the carriage and the motive power mixed, I am going to say things in advance of the expected experiments about controlled mating. Let us see just where we are, for 'twill do no harm — even though it may not be so blissful — to know our latitude and longitude before we drive again into this unknown terri- tory. We have had that "cubic mile" cage reduced to thirty feet high and thirty feet diameter. Good. We have had most of the workers sifted out from the drones. Good again. They are use- ful in their place but out of place there. We have had the drones taught to fly politely in that cage without flying on one another's wings, so to speak, or bump- i THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 113 ing their heads indecorously against the walls. Still good. That much I believe, is the sum of our knowledge on the subject; at least, it is all the journals have told us. Now, Mr, Editor, how much of that will serve as a guide for further experiments ? Would not a little more information on the hab- its of the insects be beneficial ? If the problem had been simply one of enclosure and getting the drones to fly in it, the solution would have been found long ago, and by more than one or two per- sons. How many of the fraternity are there who can now, right off hand, tell us of the structure, life and habits of the drones and queens? If what gets into print is a fair criterion it's about time somebody was hit. Did somebody remark about throwing stones in glass houses? Perhaps 'twill be an improve- ment to have a few holes in my glass house. Did you know that among insects it is the male that seeks the female ? This being so, would it not be well to study the habits of our drones ? Can we change their habits to meet our needs ? Sir John Lubbock deduced from his studies that the instinct of bees is not absolutely unalterable. Would it not be well to know how the presence of the queen be- comes known to the drones and how they find her ? Some male insects iind the females by sense of hearing first; some by sense of smell, and some probably by sight; the eyes generally being the last sense to be employed. Some insects have olfactory sense highly developed; in others, auditory sense predominates. In the drone the compound eyes are large and very convex; in the drone the simple eyes (ocelli) are placed right in front of the face, not on top as in the other bees. The simple eyes probably enable the insects to see, as our eyes do. They are believed to be useful in dark places and for near vision; estima- ted range about four and one-half feet. .^The larger and more convex the com- pound eyes, the wider the field of vision, while the smaller and more numerous the facets, the more distinct will be the vis- ion. The antennae are olfactory, tactile and auditory organs. The auditory organs are simple, different ones responding to different tones. Henson found that dif- ferent hairs vibrated to different notes. Bees antennae are the most highly devel- oped of all Hynienoptera. Forel and Lubbock have shown that sense of smell in bees is by no means highly developed. For more of these see "Text Book of Entomology, " Prof. A. S. Packard; "Origin and Metamorphosis of Insects;" "Senses, Instincts and Intelligence of Animals" and "Ants, Bees and Wasps" by Sir. John Lubbock. There are many other books, but not generully to be found in the average public library. Do you not think a thorough knowl- edge of these things would aid us in reaching a solution not only of controlled mating, but also of other problems? Don't you think it worth while for those persons who are to attempt to solve some of those conundrums to know something about how insects grow, see, hear, smell and converse ? If sounds, calls and "talk" guide the drones, would it not be well to know it and isolate the cages or enclosures — put them far away from the apiary? If sight guides them, would it not be well to know something about these organs in the bees, and, thereby, possibly, find some way to guide or aid ? If 'tis by means of the olfactory organs, would it not be well to know it? If it is by a combination of several senses, think you 'twould hinder us in our efforts to know it? Would not a knowledge of these things be some help in determining size of enclosure, material, location, and a lot of other details ? Did I hear you say "visionary," "not essential," "waste of time?" Mayhap so, but if 'tis, then 'twill be the first time that knowledge was of no account. Providenck, R. I., Mar. 2S, 1601. [Friend Miller, will you allow me to suggest, in the kindest possible manner, 114 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. for not for the world would I dampen your enthusiasm, that it is for a knowl- edge of the habits of insects that you are pleading so eloquently, and not for a study of the laws of heredity f I agree with you, most thoroughly, that a knowl- edge of the habits of insects is most im- portant in attempting to control the mat- ing of queens. IhaveioW. that until we could control the mating of the queen, a knowledge of the laws of heredity would be of little use to us, that we better bend our energies to the securing of that con- trol, and I have not materially changed my mind, but I must admit that, to a cer- tain extent, we «;'t»^tW^t»«T! Greatest, Cheapest Food on Earth for Sheep, Swine, Cattle, Poultry, etc. Will be worth $100 to you to read wh.it Salzer's catnlog says about rape. BaSOson DoiSar Grass will po' itively make you rich; 12 t'jns ot hay ai.d loisof pa' tuie per acre, ; o also Broniiis, Peaoal, Speiiz (400 bu. coin, 250 bu. oats per a.,) etc., ttc. For this KctBce and 10c. we mail Lisr cat.i r g ard 10 l.-iriu Seed Aovellies, tullv wcith QOto get a start. Yrr 14e. 7 si lenUid vegetable ar,d 3 brilliant tiower seed pai kages and catalog. | JOHN A.5ALZ[R SEED CO.^Si*^^ Bee keepers should send for our 0/ CATALOG. We furnish a full line of supplies at regular prices, Our specialty is Cook's Complete hive. J. H. M COOK, 62 Cortland St., N. V. City Please metu.on the Review. MY GOLDEN AND LEATHER - COLORED Italian Queens Are bred for business and beauty. I furnish queens to the leading queen breeders of the U. S., and have testimonials from satisfied customers in the U. S. and foreign lands. Give me a share of your order.s — they will be filled promptly. Tested queens, before June ist, $1.50 each. After June ist, tested queens, either strain, $1.00 each; untested, 75 cts. each. One-frame nucleus with queen, $1.50; two-frame, $2.50; three-frame, $3.25. 4-00-tf J. W. MINER, Ronda, N. C. Please mention the Review. 50 Golden Breeders. We are wintering 50 absolutely straight five- banded breeders, 200 fine, select, tested queens, and 500 tested; all reared last fall under the most favorable conditions. Our stock is the very best that money and skill can procure, as proven by our testimonials. We use the best methods, guar- antee satislaction, and give away a large number of valuable premiums. We want 3'our name and address, that we may send you our free circular which gives valuable information, and tells why we are able to supply the best queens in the world at living prices. Our Mr. H. H. Hyde will again have charge of our queen department. Prices, on either Goldens. 3-bander5, or Holy lyands, are as follows : Untested, in June, July, Aug. and vSep., one for 75 cts., six for $4.25; in all other months, one for Si-oo, six for $5 00; tested, one for $1.25, six for $6.75; select tested, $2.00 each; breeders, S3. 00 to $5.00. Discounts on large lots. 0. p. HYDE & SON, Hutto, Texas. N. B. We furnish Root, Hutchinson, I,eahy and other breeders, queens in wholesale lots. Let us supply you. i-oi-tf Your subscription paid one year to the Pro- gressive Bee-Keeper upon receipt of your first order for J^ dozen queens. Every bee-keeper knows the worth of A Good QueeOf knows the worth of a good strain of bees, also knows how worthless is a poor queen and inferior bees. Our bees rank with the first, and queens stand second to none. Choice, tested, Italian queens, |i.oo each. Orders filled by return mail. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., 3-9 1 -tf Loreauville, La. OTHER REASONS WHY Our sections are superior to those of other manufacture: We have said that our material is made to order from selected, winter-cut bolts, sawed in the winter and piled under sheds before they are water-soaked. This gives our sections strength, lite and color, and enables us to put on a finish with the new double sander, which saves one-half in the cost of this part of the process. The use of a double surfacer and the smooth cutting rip-saw enables us to do away with the moulder process of preparing the material, and saves 10 percent, of the matepal. This enables us to give you a better article for the money than can be had in any other process. INTERSTATE BOX <£ MFG. CO.. HUDSON. WIS. THE BEE-KEI:PERS' REVIEW. 125 \ LGng:-Tongiigd Queens! \ i Yard NO 1 K «. By special arrangements with THE A. I. J ! ROOT CO. to finnish them queens, I have i i secured their assistance in procuring the J i finest breeding queens that a ti.orough J i knowledge of the bees of the countrj^ and i i money can procure. Among them is a ^ i select daughter of their S200 queen that J M they refused to quote me pr ces on. This i t queen shows every superior qualit3' of her J K mother. Her bees show an actual reach of i % 21-000 of an inch; are large, gentle, and J f beautiful to look upon. J i MR. E. K. ROOT SAYS: "You have as j ■ fine bees as there a e in the United Stales; ? \ and with a direct cross of their breeders S. ■m \^ou should be able to produce queens ' -■ whose bees show a leach of 2^-100 of an S. M inch. «, ^ ^S^-Send for descriptive price list. Watch i j« this space, and don't forget my long-tongue ». ^ stock is the best that money and knowl- k ^ edge can procure. ' J Prices: Untested queen. Si. 00; 6, I5 00. REMEMBER the bear picture goes as a ^ K premium on six queens. 1901, unt sted J i. queens will be read}' to mail March 25 to J K April ist. Send in your order at once, and J i. get in on the ground floor. Breeders, sel- 5 ^ ect tested, and tested queens go by return ^ K, mail. i ? •' 5 W. 0. VICTOR WHiiR^O?^ lEXAS. \ ' QU EN SPcO ALIST. t S S A. I. ROOT CO., 10 FINEST., PHILADELPHIA, PA BEE - SUPPLIES. Direct steamboat and railroad lines to all d )ints. We want to save yon freig^ht. JOHN F. STRATTON'S . Importers and Wholesale Dealers in all kinds of MUSICAL MERCHANDISE, Violins, Guitars, Banjos, Accordeons, Harmoni* cas, &c.. all kinds of Strings, etc., etc. 811. 813, 815, 817 East 9th St. . New York. Of B^e BooKs ! On January ist there was a severe fire in our building, burning out entirelv four floors above us The water that was thrown on the fire came down through our floor damaging our stock of books, printing-office, etc. Some of the books were wet slightlv, but enough so thev could hardly be sent out as perfect. These are (he ones that we wish to offer. The reading pages of all are perfect, only the covers f eing a liitle soiled. Here they are, with prices postpaid: Prof. Cook's -'Bee keeper's Guide," only 6oc. Doolittle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. Newman's "Bees and Honey," only 40c. They are all cloth bound, and latest edition. If you want a year's subsription to the old Week- ly American Bee Journal, with anv of the above books, add 7s < ents to your order. This is a SPECIAI, OFFER, and will last only so ong as the slight damaged books last. Better order AT ONCE if you want a bargain. Rem mber we are Hea^«JqU2irter5 for Bee-Keepers' Supph>5. Catalog and sample copv of the AMERICAN' BEE-JOUKNAI,, FREE. Askforthem. Address George W. Yor\\ &- Co. 144-146 Eric St., Chicago. 111. i am advertising for B F. Strattoii &. Son, music dealers of New York, and taking my pa}^ in MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. I have already bought and ])aid U>i- in this way a guitar and violin for my girls, a flute for myself, and one or two guitars for some of my subscribers. If vou are thinking of buying an instrument of anv kind, I should be glad to send you one on trial. If interested, write me for des- criptive circular and price list, saving what kind of an instrument vou are thinking of getting. W. Z Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. I have several hundred QUEEN CAGES of different styles and sizHb, made by C. \V. i\)Htell(>w. and I should be pl^Hsed to send sam- ples and prices to any intending to buy cages. W. Z. Hutchinson. Flint, Mich. 126 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Three Times as Much! I have recently returned from a trip through New York, where I attended a series of bee-keepers' institutes, or con- ventions. While at Romulus and Au- burn, several bee-keepers told me of the wonderful performances of the bees from a queen that I had sold Thos. Broderick, of Moravia. Mr. Broderick had reared queens from this queen for both himself and a few friends, and nothing m those parts had equaled this strain of bees. Wishing to have the particulars direct from Mr. Broderick himself, I wrote and asked him if he would be so kind as to give them to me. Here is his reply: Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1900. Mr. IV. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Dear Sir: — It is with pleasure that I write concerning the queen that I pur- chased of you three years ago, as I have reason to Relieve her one of the most re- markable queens ever possessed by any bee-keeper in this part of the coinitry At the end of 1 he first season, as you may remember, I wrote you my appreci- ation of this queen, but I will now go more into detail. Upon receiving the queen, May 24, 189S, i gave her to a colo- ny that scarcely covered four Gallup combs. Slie built up that colony and gave me 140 well-filled sections, mostly from buckwheat. This I considered re- markable, as, previous to that time, 75 lbs. was the very best yield that I had ever been able to take from my best colo- nies. In the fall, after preparing my colonies for winter, bv some accident the super containing the absorbent was knocked out of place, thereby letting the heat of the cluster pass out of doors ail winter. They were protected from the wind by a shock of corn fodder, and in this way they passed three months without a flight. They came through the winter somewhat reduced in numbers; btit. again the colo- ny built up and gave me a crop of 96 lbs. of well-filled sections. The past season this colonv gave me 48 lbs. of comb honey, which I consider good considering the age of the queen (four years) and the very poor season. It was in the season of 1899 that I rear- ed the first queens from this queen. The past season the colony from one of those young queens gave me a crop of 174 sec- tions which tipped the beam at 176)4 lbs. The only thing that I did to this colony in the wa}' of management was that, some time in May, 1 robbed it of a comb of honey and replaced it with an empty comb. This queen was the only one of this stock that passed the winter in a full colony, all of the others being given to artificial colonies that were formed late in the season. They all wintered finely, although each colony occupied only some five or six Gallup combs. The past season they all built up and gave me on an average 90 lbs. each of comb honey. My best colony gave me a crop that was three times as large as that produced by the best colonies of my iieiffhbors. Queens of this strain occupy every comb in the hive, and it makes no differ- ence whether the combs are the Gallup, the Ouinby. or the hive a two-story Langs- troth. The hees never crowd these queens if given plenty of room. The bees are as gentle as one could wish; cap their honey as white as any bees cap it; and, as workers — well. I can't explain it. It is needless to say that this strain of bees will be in evidence in my apiary as long as I keep bees. You are at liberty to publish this if you wish. Thos Brqderick. To those who are thinking of trying this strain of bees, I would say, don't wait until next spring before sending in your order. Last spring, when I began sending out queens, there were orders on my books for nearly 2GO queens. Orders are already coming in to be filled next spring. They will be filled in rotation; so, if you wish to get a queen next spring, order her this winter. The price of a queen is 11.50; but safe arrival, safe in- troduction, purity of mating, and entire satisfaction are all guaranteed. The THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 127 queen can be returned any time within two years, and the money refunded, and 50 cents additional sent to pay for the trouble. !■ > The REVIEW for this year and twelve back numbers (of my own choosing) and one of these queens for only |2.oo. As soon as your order is received, the back numbers will be sent, and your subscrip- tion put on the book to the end of 1901, and next summer the queen will be sent you. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Michigan. Improved Golden, and lycather Colored Italians, are what H. G. Ouirin rears. We have one of Root's best red-clover breeders, from their S2oo-queen, and a golden breeder from Doolittle, who says: If there is a queen in the U. S. worth Sioo, this one is; these breeders have been added to our already improved strain of queens, for the coming season. J. ly. Gandy of Humboldt, Neb , wrote us on Aug. 15th, 1900, saying that the colony having one of our queens had already stored over 400 pounds of honey (mostU' comb). He states that he s certain our bees work on red clover, as they were the only kind in his locality and apiary. A. I. Root's folks say that our queens are extra fine, while the editor of the American Bee Jour- nal tells us that he has good reports from time to time. We have files upon files of unsolicited testinronials. After considering above evidence, need you wonder why our orders have increased each 3'ear ? Give us a trial order and be pleased, we have years of experience in rearing and mailing queens Safe del very will be orARAXTEED. Instructions for introducing sent with each lot of queens. QUEENS NOW READY TO MAII,. Warranted stock, $1.00 each; six for $5.00. Tested queens, $1.50 each; six for $8.00 Selected tested, $2.00 each; six for $10.00 We have 100,000 FOLDING CARTONS on hand, and, so lung as ihey Iw to rear queens, and bee-keeping for profit, and a sample copy of "The Southland Queen," the only bee paper published in the South. All free for the asking. 3-99-tf THEJMNNin ATCHI^nV CO., Beeville, Bee Co. Texas. m M^/tII li^ There is scarcely an\' condition of ill-health that is not benefited bv the occasional use of a R. I. P. A. N. S. Tabule, and the price, 10 for 5 cents, does not bar them from anj- home or justify any one in enduring ills that' are easily cured. For sale by Druggists. 128 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. A\apy Irr)proverr)cot5 Tbis Year. We have made many improvements this year in the manufacture of bee-supplies. The following are some of them : Our hives are made of one grade better lumber than heretofore, and all that are sent out under our new prices will be supplied with separators and nails. The Telescopic has a new bottom board which is a combi- nation of hive stand and bottom board, and is supplied with slatted, tinned separators. TheHigginsville Smoker is much improved, larger than heretofore, and better mate- rial is used all through. Our Latest Process Foundation has no equal, and our highly polished sections are superb indeed. Send five cents for sample of these two articles, and be convinced. The Daisy Foundation Fastener — well, it is a daisy now, sure enough, with a pocket to catch the dripping wax, and a treadle so that it can be worked by the foot. Tb^ Hecldon Hive. Another valuable adjunct to our manu- facture is the Heddon Hive. Wo do not hesitate to say that it is the best all round hive ever put upon the market; and we are pleased to state that we have made arrangements with Mr. Heddon to the end that we can supply these hives; and the right to use them goes with the hives. Honey Extrevctors. Our Honey Extractors are highly orna- mental, belter manufactured; and, while the castings are lighter, they are more durable than heretofore, as they are made of superior material. Last, but not least, comes the Progressive Bee-Keeper, which is much improved, being brimful of good things from the pens of some of the best writers in our land; and we are now making of it more of an illustrated journal than heretofore. Price, only 50 cts. per year. Send for a copv of our illustrated catalogue, and a sample copy of the Progres- sive Bee-Keeper. Address LEAHY A\f5. 00., Hiq;g:ir)sville, t\o.. East St. Louis, Ills. ■■■r-w. ■■■r-':*. • "".V DADANT'S :•;* :'i* :•}* •;'".V Foundation | beCtlOnS By the new Weed Process is made in the best manner, up- on the best machines, and from the best wax — that free from dirt, pollen, propolis, burnt wax, etc., that decrease its tenacity and make it offensive to the bees. Every inch of foundation is guaranteed to be equal to the sample that will be sent upon application. I^angstrotb on the Hon- ey Bee, revised, Smokers, Tin Pails, Sections and other sup- plies. Send for circular. Dadatit & Son, Hamilton, Ills. *:;•: :•.■.•.•• it-v: ■ff-v: We make millions of them yearly; workmanship, smooth ness and finish can't be better. The basswood grows right here. If you want some good Ship- ping Cases, you can get them of us. A full line of Bee Supplies on hand. Write for illustrated cata logue and price list free. Marshfield Mfg. Co.,^^'-^*^^]^: •I*',*'**. •"••?.■• •■■?.■• m *•;:; ••;;• .■■S.»r •;•.•:••:• ; #• ■■'•■■.'■■•:-:%i •• *■*;■.' •.*";•.••■-.•.■• •.•.•.•■.•.•.•;,•."• '••h:*.'. ;■...■••■:•••••■.:..■•••:•••••■•■.••■•.':•••••■.:••'•••: ;C••■i•i:^:^*^v/ :9:--r :#f.V> '•"•.»• ■^^a. :*>*. ■'■':*. :•}* ::■>* Our new 52-page Catalogue for 1901 is Ready. Send for a Copy; it is Free. We Manufac- ture the Finest 8se-Keep8rs' Supplies in the world. G.B.LEWISGO,WatertOWfl,¥iS., b.oA. Branches: — G. B. Ivewis Co., 19 So. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Ind. Agencies: — ly. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah. E. T. Abbott. St. Joseph. Mo. Colorado Honey Prodvicers' Assn., Denver, Colorado. W:-:-'- •iv'-'*- Q ueens. For 20 years I have made a specilaty of queen rearing. My apiary is located several miles from other bees; hence I am able to secure the mating of my queens with drones from the most desirable colonies. Spec- ial attention is given to the se- lection of both queen-and-drone mothers from colonies that show marked industry, and cap their honey white. Safe arrival guaranteed, and every queen warranted to produce light yel- low, 3-banded, gentle workers. Should a queen prove unsatis- factory, she will be replaced, or money refunded. Queen shipped the next day after the order is received, unless other- wise requested. Ready to ship June ist. Price 75 cts. each. JAS. F. WOOD, No. Dana, Mass. ••;:l»ii:: m ••*.,•;•■• ^h i:»K ^- Red Clover -7r J QUEEN. >^^ OFFER NO. 35- Jj/" yj*' ON SEPTEMBER ist last we announced that we finally had a red- ^^^ '^^^ clover queen fully equal to the one we had years ago. The colony of ^Jj^ Vjf this queen has given one of the most remarkable showings on red ^'^^ >*^^ clover of any bees we have ever had. The queen in question is an ^rj^ ^f imported one, and therefore of the genuine pure leather-colored Ital- ^C*^ ''^^ ian stock. "We sent out daughters from her all the season. But we ^fj^ Xjf did not discover her value until the clover season, second growth, '^^ '^^^ came on, and then her colony so out-distanced all the other 450 -^fj^ j^f that she attracted attention at once. C^ ''^^ It must be understood that these queens are not golden yellow, ^fjf J^f neither are their bees of the five-banded stock. They are simply '^^ "^^^ leather-colored Italians, whose mother came direct from Italy. -oV^ ^f Since the notice appeared regarding this queen we have hardly been '^^ ''O^ able to supply all of the queens that were wanted from this stock. ^fj^ ^f Many daughters of this queen we sent out before we knew her value, '^^ ""^S^ and it now transpires that some of the finest bees in the land are from ^y^ ^f qaeens we sent out early. We are now booking orders for the coming V^ '^O,*^ season, and make the following offer, but no queens will be furnished ^J^ -^f except those who subscribe for Gleanings, and only one with each V^ ,^0^4. year's subscription. All arrearages must be paid to the end of this ^rj^ ^f year. Gleanings for 1901 and one untested red-clover queen, ^2.00: '^^ JjO^ Gleanings one year and a tested red-clover queen, $4.00; a select test- ^ijf^ -^f ed red-clover queen and Gleanings one year for |i6.oo. We will begin ^^^ ^2^4- mailing these queens in June, 1901, Orders are already being entered, ^fXL ■^f and the same will be filled in rotation. Do not neglect to improve V^ _J^4. this opportunity and get some choice stock, and send your order early ^yXL -^f so you may get the queen correspondingly early in the season. ^ t A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, 0. f "y*^ x^ ^L. yt^ >4^ .^'4^ y*^ yt^ yt^ y* yt^ ^t^ j>£^ ^^ MAY, 1901, At Flint, Michigan, — One Dollar a Year, ADVHHTISHSLG t^RTES. All advertisements will be inserted at the rate of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in- sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch. Discounts will be given as follows : On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6 times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times, 35 per cent. On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6 times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times, 40 per cent. On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6 times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times, 60 per cent. Clubbing Liist. 1 will send the Rbvikw with — Gleanings, (new) ($1.00) .... $1.75 American Bee Journal. ... (new) ( 1.00) 1.75 Canadian Bee Journal ( 1.00) 1.75 Progressive Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.35 American Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.40 The Southland Queen ( 1.00) 1.75 Ohio Farmer (1.00). ...1.75 Farm Journal (Phila.) ( .50) 1.10 Rural New Yorker ..(1.00) 1.85 The Century ( 4.00) 4.50 Michigan Farmer (1.00) 1.65 Prairie Farmer ( 1 00) 1.75 American Agriculturist ( 1.00) 1.75 Country Gentleman ( 2.50) 3.15 Harper's Magazine ( 4.00) . ... 4.10 Harper's Weekly ( 4 00) 4.20 Youths' Companion (new) ('.75) ... .2.35 Cosmopolitan ( 1.00) 1.90 Success, (1.00) . ... 1 75 Honey Quotations. The following rules for grading honey were adoo+ed by the North American Bee - Keepers' Association, at its Washington meeting, and, so far as possible, quotations are made according to these rules. Fancy.— Ml sections to be well filled; combs straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached to all four sides ; both wood and combunsoiled by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the colls sealed except the row of cells next the wood. No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs nn- evPQ or crooked, detached at the bottom, or with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white," No. 1, dark,'' etc. The prices given in the following quotations are those at which the dealers sell to the gro- cers. From these prices must be deducted freight, cartage and commission— the balance being sent to the shipper. Commission is ten per cent.; except that a few dealers charge only five per cent, when a shipment sells for as much as one hundred dollars. KANSAS CITY —We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15; No. i white, 14; fancy amber 13 to 13%', No. I amber, 12; fancy dark, 10; white, extracted, 7 to 8. W. R. CROMWEI^Iv FRUIT & CIDER CO., Mar. 9. 423 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. CHICAGO— Market on comb honey firm; sel- ling fancy white at 16, No. i white, ^5; amber, 13; dark, 10 to 12. Extracted as to quality, 5 to 7. Would like correspondence from various locali- ties advising the prospects of crop for 1901. S. T. FISH & CO., Apr. 30. 189 So. Water St., Chicago, Ills NEW YORK -There is very little comb hon- ey held in this market and the demand is very light. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15; No. I, 14; No. 2, 12; buckwheat, 10; buckwheat ex- tracted, 5^ Peeswax is in good demand at 27 to 28, according to the quality. May I. FRANCIS H. I^EGGETT & CO. W. Broadway Franklin & Varick St.« CINCINNATI, OHIO —The market for comb honey here is becoming a little bare, although higher prices are not obtainable. Fancy white comb sells for 16 cts.; lower grades do not want to sell at all. Extracted is selling slow; amber sells for 6% and higher. Fancy white clover brings 8 and 8%. Beeswax 28. C H. W. WEBER, Jan. 14. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. CHICAGO — Fancy white comb honey sells readily at 16, but all other grades are weak at the following range of prices: No. i white, 14 to 15; fancy anitier, 12 to 13; fair amber grades, 10 to 11; buckwheat, fancy, 10; off grades 8 to 9; extract- ed, white, ranges from 7 to 8; amber grades, 6% to 7^; buckwheat, 5% to 6; Southern, dark, 5 to 6. Beeswax in demand at 30 cents. Mar. 8. R. A. BURNETT & Co., 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111. BUFFAIyO Some fancy -«»-hite, comb honey wanted at 13 to 16 cts., but dark is very dull and unsalable except at cut prices. We quote as fol- lows: Fancy white, 15 to 16; No. i white, 12 to 13; fancy amber, 10 to 11; No. i amber, 9 to 10; fancy dark, 8 to 9; white, extracted, 7 to 8; bees- wax 22 to 28. May. I. BATTERSON & CO. 92 Michigan St., Buffalo, N. Y. NEW YORK — We report a quite market on all lines. Whi'etheold crop of comb honey is well exhausted, still there is some arr ving, which has been carried by the producers, evi- dently, for a higher price. Values are mostly nominal now, and it is only a first class fancy article that will sell at quotation prices. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15; No. i, 13; amber, 11 to 12; buckwheat, 9 to 10; extracted is decidedly dull, and very little inquiry. Old crop Cal. light amber, and partly white, is now being offered as low as 4}^ F. O. B. Coast, which, of course, hurts the sale of other grades to a large extent. Beeswax is firm and sells on arrival at from 28 to 29 cents. HII^DRETH & SEGEIyKEN, 365 & 267 Greenwich St., Cor. Murray St. May 3. New York. Ivisten ! Take my advice and buy your bee supplies of August Weiss; he has tons and tons of the very finest I FOOHDATIOfl i i i i ii i 17' i i 1 ever made; and he sells it at prices that defy competition! Working wax into foundation a specialty. Wax wanted at 26 cents cash, or 28 cents in trade, delivered here. Millions of Sections — polished on both sides. Satisfaction guaranteed on a full line of Supplies- Send for catalogue and be your own judge. AUG. WMISS, Hortonville, Wisconsin. ^<.'*^"" '^T' ;^^^^^^^^^^^ Send us a list of what goods you want and get our special pri- ces. We have a com- plete stock of supplies and can make prompt shipments. Catalogue free. Page &L Liyon, l«f' 3. Co. fiexjx liondon, Wis. We have a Iiat^ge Stock, and can fill OMet^s Pt^omptly. Send us your orders for hives, extractors, or anything that you want in the bee-keeping line. We make only the best. Our Falcon Sections and New Process Foundation are ahead of anything, and cost no more than other makes. New catalogue and a copy of The American Bee-Keeper free. W. T. Fzilcooer AVfg. Go., Jamestown, N. Y. =W. M. Gerrish, East Not- ingham, N, H., carries a full line of our goods at catalogue prices. 1^0 pish-Botie Is apparent in comb honey when the Van Deusen, flat - bottom foundation is used. This style of foundation allows the making of a more uniform article, hav- ing a very thin base, with the surplus wax in the side - walls, where it can be utilized by the bees. Then the bees, in chang- ing the base of the cells to the natural shape, work over the wax to a certain extent; and the result is a comb that can scarcely be distinguished from that built wholly by the bees. Being so thin, one pound will fill a large number of sections. All the Trouble of wdring brood frames can be avoided by using the Van Deusen wired. Send for circular; price list, and samples of foundation. J. VHI4 DEUSEfi, Sprout Brook, N. Y :I30 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Pacific Oueens Of three - banded, Italian, honey- gathering stock. Circular free, W. A. H. GILSTRAP, Grayson, 2-oi-6t Calif. Stanislaus Co. caiagQiiaiaiiyEafataiaiaiaiasQiiaEiiigKyGiQiia m u — If you wish the best, low-priced — TYPE - WRITER, Write to the editor of the Review. He has an Odell, taken in payment for advertising, and he would be pleased to send descriptive circulars or to correspond with any one thinking of buy- ing such a machine. — If you are going to — BUY A BXJZZ - SAW, write to the editor of the Heview. He has a new Barnes saw to seU and would be glad to make you happy by telling you the price at which he would sell it. Supplies Cheap. Mr. L. B. Bell, formerly of Brecksville, Ohio, has accented a permanent position in Arizona, and wishes to dispose of his apiarian fixtures. He wrote to me about it, and I told him if he would have them shipped to me I would sell them for him on commission. Here is a list of the articles and the price at which they are offered. 1 Coil Wire 60 61 Section Cases ( Wide Frame and tin sep- arators) at 25 68 Covers at 15 53 Bottom Boards at ]0 30 Escapes at 15 50 Feeders ( Heddon Excelsior ) at 25 30 Alley, Queen and Drone traps, at 35 All of the above are in my possession and can be shipped promptly. The hives and cases are well-made and nicely painted, and having been in use only two or three seasons are practically as good as new. Any one wishing to buy any- thing but of this lot can learn fuller particn lars upon inquiry. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint. Mich. I Names of Bee - Keepers. TYPE WRITTEN. m m HHHEHBBHHEBlBHiHBEBBBBBBHE-EB The names of my customers, and of those ask- ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ- ten in a book. There are several thousand all arranged alphabetically (.in the largest States) . and, although this list has been secured at an ex- pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it to advertisers or others at $2.00 per thousand names. The former price was $2.50 per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by using the manifold process, I can furnish them at $2.00. A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or, possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom- modated. Here is a list of the States and the number of names in each State. Arizona 46 Ark 130 Ala 80 Calif... 378 Colo.. . . 228 Canada 846 Conn. . . 162 Dak 25 Del 18 Fla. ... loo Ga 90 Ind 744 Ills 900 Iowa. . 800 Ky... Kans. La Mo... Minn. 182 350 38 500 334 N. C 60 New Mex. ... 26 Oregon 104 Ohio 1,120 Penn 876 R. 1 48 8. C 40 Tenn 176 Tex 270 Utah 68 Vt 160 Va I82 W. Va 172 Wash 128 Wis 500 W.Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. Mich.. 1,770 Mass.. Md .. Maine, Miss . . N. Y.. 1,322 Neb.... 345 N.J. N. H 275 94 200 70 130 126 Take notice, we are headquarters for the Albino 3ees, the best in the world. If you are looking for the bees that gather the most honey, and are the gentlest of all bees to handle, buy the Albino. I can furnish the Italian, but orders stand 50 to i in favor of the Albino. I manufacture and furnish supplies generally. Send for circular. S. WAt^EDTinE, 3-01-31. Hagerstown, Md. Please mention the Reuiew D. COOLEY, Dealer in B^^-K^^P^rs' 4-oi-6t Root's Goods at Root's Prices. Suppll^5, Kendall, Mich. Catalog free. ^/ease mention the Heuieiv HEDDON CASES, I have over 100 of the Heddon, old-style section cases, that are well-made and painted, have been well cared for, and are practically as good as new that I offer at 15 cts. each. W. Z. HUTCHIN,SON, Flint, Mich, THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. -131 ■iiimiiiBiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiii i»!iiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiaiiiiniiniiiiiiiii liliniiriBiliiiiiiiBiiiliiiiiBiiiiMiii ■iiiiiMiwiiiiiin'Biiiiniiunilinii If yoii want to learn all about tht^ marvelous Honey Rescour- ces of the Alfalfa Regions you should subscribe for the RocKy /fountain Bee Journal. Monthly; 50 cents per year; sample copy free; 3 months on trial, 10 cents. Address The Rocky A\oui7tain B?^ Journal Boulder) Colo. iMi'H''i"ii[!a'niiiiiiH!>ii!i[rHiiiiiiirBiiiiinMiiiii!iMiiiniii!ai[iinii!H!Niii ■iiiiip ■ iiiilliii ■ IINIllll S'"'''?«! Of Mt. Pleasant, Mich., has his own saw-mill, and a factory fully equiped with the latest machinery, located right in a pine and basswood region, and can furnish hives, sections, frames, separators, shipping cases, etc., at the lowest possi- ble prices. Making his own foundation enables him to sell very close. Send for samples and prices before buying, and see how you may save money, time and freight. Bee-keepers' supplies of all kinds kept in stock. 12-99-it ilillPHlilllllPHiill'liraiiliHIl !'||[irB!i:i!iii ■iiiiinrBinpiii'C'niiirl Bec5 P^iy m Wn? Bzirobcr, 1 1 ■ii|ir~ " — \ry Coloraido |I ^ a TJ H ^Hri (^ VO 0 XT 5* (A 0 11 • (A 0 • (S r*- v> MM* 0 O" £» 0 I C < 3 0 X ►^ 0 0 43 H 0 0 0 < (^ 3 n • ^r 0 0 •« cn 0 3 c V) 2L a. 5* > US. "< V) ^ 0 2.' • 3 0 v»- • «-i- • so 0 VA VJ\ 0 Dittroer's Foupdzitiop Ret2iiI—Wl7oI^5a^Ie— fobbing. I use a non-dipping process that produces every essential necessary to make it the best and most desirable in all re- spects. My process and auto- matic machines are my own in- ventions, and enable me to sell foundation and Wort wax Into FouMation M Casli at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies, with prices and samples, free on application. Beeswax wanted. GUS DITTA\ER, Augusts, Wisconsin, 132 THB BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Queens Now Ready If It you want queens whose bees have the longest possible tongue-reach, you want large queens, you want prolific queens, order them of us. you want queens whose bees sre gentle, j'ou want industrious bees, you want prompt service, you want your monej-'s worth, order your queens of us. We now have 500 nuclei, and will run 1,000 if necessary. We use the Doolittle method, and give away valuable premiums, free. Among them, one year's .subscription to the Progressive Bee-Keeper on receipt of your first order for one- half dozen queens. Prices, either Golden, three- banded Italian, or holy-land, j^our choice, un- tested, 75 cts.; tested, $1.25; select tested, S2.00; breeders, from 53.00 to $5.00; select warranted queens 25 cts. extra. Discounts on quantities Circular, giving methods, etc., sent free on ap- plication. 0. p. HYDE & SON, Hutto, Tex. OUR MOTTO, Good queens and prompt ser- vice. Please men Hon the Review^ Bee " Supplies. Root's goods at Root's prices. Pou- der's honey jars. Prompt service. Low freight. Catalog free. Walter S. Pouder, 512 Mass. Ave,, Indianapolis, Indiana. Only exc]usWe bee-supply house in Ind. We have Italian stock the equal of any. We rear qvieens in full colonies by the best known methods. We can furni.sh queens early— right NOW if yovi want them. Tested queens, $2.00; untested, $1.00; six for $5.00; twelve for $9.00. Discounts on large orders. 3-01-31 CHRIvSTlAN & HAI^I,, Meldrim, Ga. a colony will buy my 10 colonies of bees. They are on Hoffman frames, in 8-frame, Dovetailed hives, have queens reared last summer from a Hutchinson queen, and all are in first-class con- dition. Woodstock, Champ. Co., Ohio. R. Q. TURNER, jF^ake Youp Own Hives. Bee -^ Keepers Will save money by using- our Foot Pow- er Saw in making* their hives, sections and boxes. Machines on trial. Send for Catalog-ue. W.F.&JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St., Rockford, Ills. loi 9t B o 12: o > Q n4 td OS Da ttj a. o >^ :^ ta o ^fpeps \)e (Dee- A MONTHLY JOURNAL Devoted to tl^e Interests of Hoqey Producers. $1.00 A YEAR. w. z. HUTCHINSON, Editor and Prorrietoi. VOLXIV, FLINT. MICHIGAN, MAY 10, 1901. NO, 5. INTER -PROTECTION AND SPRING MANIPU- LATIONS. BY E. B. TYRREL. A glance at the picture, upon the op- posite page, which gives a view of my home-apiary, would convey the impres- sion that the hives were placed rather too close together for convenience; however, they are only about the width of a hive apart. The object of this arrangement being to move two rows together, in pre- paring the bees for winter. In preparing the bees for winter, two rows are moved towards each other, a little at a time, the one forward and the other backward, un- til the two rows are converted into one vStraight row, with the hives close togeth- er, ready for packing. Boards are placed behind the row, about three inches from the hives, and reaching trom the ground up to about six inches above the hives. Boards are also placed in the same way in front of the hives, except that, in this case, they reach down only to within about two inches above the entrances. A narrow board is nailed on the lower edge and fits close to the hives in front to keep the packing from falling down over the en- trances. The space between these boards and the hives and above the hives is fill- ed with suitable packing, such as dry saw- dust, leaves, chaff, or planer shavings, and the whole is covered with boards or tarred felt. The entrances are kept as clear as possible. I remove the covers before placing the packing on top, sub- stituting in their stead, cloth or news- papers, perhaps both. I am not sure there is any advantage in this when flat, single-board covers are used; but, with gable covers, or covers having a space over the frames, I would remove them. Of course, these directions are modified to suit the hives. The chaff hives (of which I have only a limited number, and wish I had less ) being left in their places, and hives with telescopic covers reaching to the bottom-board, as the larger part of the hives shown in the picture are packed only on top. That is, in the telescopic cover, having a space above the frames, said space will be filled with packing, and the hives moved together, as before, to better withstand the storms. Practically, they are double-walled hives, as the hive proper and the cover are each made of J4 inch lumber with a }i space between, forming a dead air space. In the spring the hives are examined some warm day, weak colonies protected, destitute ones fed, strong ones left alone, and all are left with their packing until 136 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. about fruit bloom; when the packing is removed, hives moved apart, stores equal- ized if necessary, weak colonies united, or given brood, and the honey shifted in in the hive to encourage brood rearing. That is, the honey and brood are caused to change places to a certain extent, when the bees are now left alone until ready for the surplus. When putting on supers the brood is placed on the outside of the brood-nest, the honey in the center. By keeping a strict watch on the surplus apartment, and clipping the queens each spring, a visit about once each week gives perfect control of the bees. Davisois, Mich., Mar. 4, 1901. TART OUT-APIARIES, BUT ONIvY AS RAPIDIvY AS EX- PERIENCE AND CIRCUM- STANCES WIEIv WARRANT. BY HARRY LATHROP. I agree with you, Mr. Editor, when you say that more bees must be kept than formerly, if in- r ' creased financial ' returns are to be I . obtained. Years ago, when the price of honey was much high- er than it is now, and the yield greater per colo- ny, quite a nice income could be secured from a single apiary located favorably. In the January number of the Review you advise bee-keepers to enlarge their business and make it a financial success by increasing the number of colonies. This is all right, but I think one should grow into the business, and not add colonies or out- apiaries faster than he can do so and at the same time be master of all depart- ments of his business. He must know that he can give proper care and atten- tion to the bees in the proposed addition- al out-yard, and that he can dispose of the increased out-put of honey to good advantage. I have been told by bee- keepers, right here in Wisconsin, that they could not dispose of extracted hon- ey, there being no market for it. Now, before such a man increases his business in the direction of extracted honey, he must learn that there is an almost unlim- ited market for that commodity if his business horizon could only be enlarged to take in the situation. But if he is master of his business up to the present point, then let him enlarge it on the lines that have proved profitable and satisfac- tory. That is what I expect to do this year. Instead of having two apiaries as heretofore, I expect to have three or four. The additional yards will be devoted to extracted honey production only; so that the number of fixtures required can be reduced to the minimum. No supplies or devices of any kind for comb honey will ever be taken to the out-yard. These will be kept at home, where, for years, I have been equipped for the production of fancy comb honey. The out-apiary which I intend to es- tablish exists only as an idea, more or less well defined, in my brain; but I ex- pect to see it realized, and feel the stings, not of conscience, but of those other stings with which you and I are so famil- iar. Now, my purpose here is to give you my plan, as nearly as I can in a brief paper, as to the establishment of this pro- posed apiary, and then invite your criti- cism. First, deciding on a location. This has already been done so far as the locali- ty is concerned. I made excursions in all directions from my home apiary, and the last point visited was far and away ahead of all the rest as a favorable loca- tion, so there is no doubt on that point. I wish to locate the yard about four miles southeast of my home. It will be a white- honey location, almost exclusively. There is a small spring-fed creek flowing THE bee-keefe; REVIEW. 137 I toward the south, a strip of timber on each side containing a good many trees of maple and basswood. The latter are mostly of the low, spreading kind; much better honey producers than the tall for- est Irees with small tops only. It is a natural white clover location, and, back from the creek, in the open country, the fanners are raising alsike clover. The land along the creek is very hilly and broken. I will fiist lease a small piece of ground in a sheltered nook near the stream and accessible to the road but far enough back to be out of the way of pass- ing teams. Having secured the land for a term of ■/ears, I will erect a small, cheap building that will serve as a shop, extracting, and bunk room. A cellar will be dug, in sloping ground, of sufficient size to win- ter 150 colonies, which would be the max- inmm number that I would expect to keep in that yard. I would fence and clean up the ground and make it a,> neat and handy as I could at small expense. Then I would buy up all the bees that were for sale on the field and begin to form my apiary and get it up to the standard of productiveness as soon as possible. Dur- ing the working season I should expect to have some one in charge, or have the apiary visited often enough to prevent loss of bees or honey. One can usually buy at a fair price what few bees the farmers have on such a field, as hog-farm- ing, sheep farming, and dairying pays th^ average farmer more for his labor that he can get out of bees. I am not much of a believer in "farm bee-keeping." Every man to his trade. "Every farmer should keep bees" is an old saw that needs considerable filing. Or, better still, throw it away entirely. There is nothing in it. Of two men who would start in, one to keep bees and one to keep sheep, here in Wisconsin, the one who followed sheep farming would stand the best chance to make money, provided that he understood his business as well as the bee-keeper did bee-keeping. Then why advise him to keep bees and com- plicate his work ? I will keep bees in pref- erence to other branches of production, because I understand it and do not un- derstand the others. Life is too short to master all branches. I used to neglect my bees somewhat, and gave as an excuse that I was paid sixty dollars per month for so doing, I now think it was a poor bargain for me, and have decided not to accept it in the future. Having resigned the position that paid me a monthly salary, I expect to give personal attention to bee-keep- ing as a specialty. Browntown, Wis., March 27, 2901. UCCESS IN BEE CULTURE COMES FROM EXHAUST- ING THE FIELD WITH THE LEAST EXPENDITURE OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. BY Jx^MES HEDDON. Josh Billings said that the best time to set a hen was when the hen was ready. He believed that enthusiasm was necessary to the production of a brood of chick- ens, and so do you and I. The reading of the last three or four issues of the Re- view has furnish- ed me with some enthusiasm or inspiration. I have been particularly interested in the clear and concise article contributed byS. D. Chap- man of Mancelona, whom I know very well, and whose apiaries I visited years ago; and who, by the wa}^ is own cousin to Mrs. Heddon. Mr. Chapman is a suc- cess at anything he undertakes. I have practiced similar methods to those he describes, when my apiary was 138 THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW. small, the numberof colonies being much below the honey secreting capacity of the field. Then it was important that we produce the greatest number of workers and the greatest amount of brood, to aid increase, that can be "whipped" and "dogged" from the limited number of queens in the apiary; but, as capital is cheaper than labor, in the bee-business, we should soon stock our fields with bees enough to gather all the honey se- creted therein, by managing the colonies on the cheap, self-running, automatic plan. This is much cheaper and easier and accomplishes the same purpose; and this carries me back to my old proposi- tion of years ago, viz., that the watch- word of our pursuit isn't how much sur- plus honey per colony, can we get, but with how little outlay of combined labor and capital, can we exhaust our field or area, receiving the greatest amount of the most marketable surplus honey ? My method of doing this, it strikes me, is much more economical than that of brother Chapman. But, perhaps, locali- ties differ so much that different systems of management are necessary. My bees never fail to immediately enter the sur- plus receptacles — whether for comb or extracted honey — the moment the flow of nectar suggests more room; and that, too, without any decoys of any kind, or any urging or coaxing of any sort. All that is needed is room, and they will seek it and occupy it even if compelled to pass through three break-joint, queen- excluding honey-boards, to get there. My queens also fill the brood-chamber with brood without any shifting of combs or other inducements of any kind, pro- vided the colony is in average force and room above allows the workers to carry honey up, thus relieving the combs below. Remember that the fertility of my queens is in excess of the room in the brood-chamber, as it should be, for brood chambers and combs cost money, while queens cost nothing. I do not believe in working queens to their greatest capacity except in cases where the number of colonies is below the capacity of the field. It seems to me that bee-culture has not progressed much of late years. I notice that brother Dadant is still talking about large hives. It would seem to me, that by this time, all such progressive bee- keepers as take the Review would be using adjustable hives that are large or small, in either the brood or surplus de- partment, at the instantaneous will of the bee-keeper; and that, too, without the necessity of removing a frame. But what do we mean by "success in bee-culture?" Don't we make that term cover the ground of success in life ? Don't we demand that the succCvSsful apiarist, a quarter of a century old in the business, should show the accumulation of a com- petency or more? Now, isn't it true, that one succeeds in bee-culture ^ though he fails in life, by recklessly spending an income, the savings of which in the hands of another, would lay up a competency of fifteen or twenty thousand dollars? Observation teaches me that only about one man in fifty ever gets a competency in life, except that he practices careful economy and temporary self denial. In a future article I will endeavor to convince you that fertilization of queens in confinement is not at all necessary to the breeding of a most useful and popu- lar strain of bees. Brother A. C. Miller's able article, on page 80, is right on the line of the method I will describe, and of the success of which I know^ for I have practiced it with the most satisfactory results. To conclude I will say that I have had many letters soliciting the plan of my slip-gear honey extractor, some of which I have not felt able to answer. I would be glad to have all bee-keepers have the advantages of the arrangement; I assure you it is a daisy. Won't you be coming this way, so you can photograph it, and describe it to your readers ? DowAGiAC, Mich., Mar. 28, 1901. THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 139 UT- APIARIES NOT PROFIT- ABLE FOR EVERY BEE- KEEPER IN Alvlv IvOCALI- TIES. BV W. A. H. GIIv- STRAP. Some months ago, Mr. Editor, you gave us a text, "What is the most hope- ful field?" On page 21, January Review, you call for contributions which might come under the above head, but your en- tire editorial might do better for a text. Really, it is very largely a matter of location. To begin with, there is something almost sad about your request. The subject is handled in a purely financial style. Of course, it is a question of cash. Vou say, "I wish to see bee-keepers prosperous." More than thin that, you wish to see them reach the greatest degree of human happiness and perfection, with a bright hope for futurity. To illustrate, you can find places, isolated perhaps, where you can make more mon- ey with a system of out-apiaries than you are doing at present; but you would nec- essarily have to be away from home more, would be worth less to your family, to society and yourself, than in your pres- ent capacity. To make the suggested change would be very unwise. Many are making more than a living at home, mainly from bees, who could make more money to scatter their time and business iall over the country, and still have less of life's real success than at present. But there are others who have no homes, or, having homes, are well con- tented to be absent much of the time. Others are so situated that it is only a short run to an unoccupied location in al- most any direction. To such, and per- haps others, there is little to consider ex- cept hard cash. Location is one of the first things to consider. The man who has a profitable apiary, with no available location for an out-apiary, had better be cautious about changing. The nature of honey flows has a decided bearing in profit on exten- sive honey production. In some places it is hardly practical for a family to de- pend on bees alone. A small garden, some chickens and a cow ortw^o, actually pay, aside from the pleasure of a well supplied larder. Of course, if you are near a store, with a milk wagon and veg- etable vender passing your door frequent- ly, it may be quite different. If your location proves to be quite profitable, with no available locations for out-apiaries, it might be unwise to change locations, it other occupations would combine well with it. Let's try olives and bees for this valley. The bulk of the work with olives is done between October first and March first, then for three months the work is moderate with with both bees and olives. Some time in June or July the honey harvest commen- ces and lasts until the first of October, when the fruit is about ripe. By that plan one man can put in his time the year through at one place, having no idle spell. Perhaps that would be more profitable than any other method in some cases, while in other surroundings, with other men, it would not. The methods of intensive and extensive bee-keeping can not both be the same; but to get the best results there must be general plans to work to in either case. If an apiarist perfects these plans in a short time he is a curiosit3^ Better, far better, serve an aprenticeship with a suc- cessful bee-keeper. In extensive honev production, all hair spliting movements must be discarded. There must be a general uniformity of management that is not so essential with a few colonies. Two things are very important — good queens and plenty of room. Of course, just at present, it looks bright enough for a man who is getting good crops. "Vears ago extracted hon- I40 THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW. ey was of slow sale at low prices, but its use by bakers and other manufactures has placed the demand upon a firm basis." Yes, and two successive crops of honey throughout our country would place it on firm bed-rock. But with ample capital, and just lots of bees, it can be made a very fair business at three cents a pound. Qf course this applies to extracted honey with fair crops. The most money I ever made in one year was on honey that sold under three cents at shipping point. On honey which sold for over five cents another season my profits were not so large. Fewer bees with better average yield was the cause. The rush to get great numbers should not be made at a disregard for good stock. With modern methods it is so easy to keep approved bees that there is little excuse for handling inferior trash. If there is a general rush of many to keep a large amount of bees it will cer- tainly drive many "'little fish" out of the business, or into territory now unoccii- pied, probably both. I shall not attempt to discuss whether this policy will bring the greatest good to the greatest number or not. The person who contemplates the rapid expansion of his bee business should consider his means, taste, location, mar- ket, and other factors bearing on the prob- lem before deciding. Having decided let him adapt his methods to his choice. Grayson, Cal., Feb. 17, i>^oi. IND, CRISP, CRITICISMS INSPIRED BY THE LAST FEW ISSUES OF THE RE- VIEW. BY J. E. HAND. Friend Hutchinson, the April Review is at hand, and it is, as usual, "chuck full" of solid information and encourage- ment for the honey producer. The Re- view for 1 901 has done much towards es- tablishing honey production, as a means of gaining a livelihood, on a solid basis as compared with other rural pursuits. The March and April numbers are es- pecially encouraging; and it seems to me that I have never read any two bee jour- nals that contained so much solid, con- densed, and practical information for the honey producer as is contained in these two numbers. The able article of Mr. Stachelhausen, in the April number, deserves especial notice, as it proves that expansion and contraction of the brood chamber are not things of the past, as some would have us believe. It also proves that comb hon- ey can be produced in out-apiaries as well as extracted can. From actual experi- ence, I can heartily endorse all that he says in this article. Mr. Chapman's article has called forth considerable praise in the April Review, and, after carefully reading his article, I am led to believe that he is a hustler and thoroughly understands his location. That he believes in expansion of the brood-nest, also in the killing of all queens after they have run to their ut- most capacity for one season, is very ap- parent. It is also very clear that he pre- fers an eight-frame hive; and that he al- lows the bees to raise their own queens by simply destro3-ing the old ones; that he believes the time to build up colonies so that they will be strong in the spring is during the month of August; also that he prefers cellar wintering, although he admits that sometimes about all he has left in the spring is the cellar. Now, while I can heartily sanction the spirit of Mr. Chapman's article, I think some of his methods will bear discussion. He says he prefers the eight-frame hive, and then says he has brood in from /j to 2§ frames. I can imagine Dadant would sa^: "Oh, my ! I would rather have a brood chamber large enough to accom- modate the queen than to go to so much work as the raising of those 10 to 15 ex- tra frames of brood to the top stories, when done as he says, one or two at a THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. I41 time, each time having to lift off the top stories which have each time become heavier by the addition of brood and honey." I can imagine that Poppleton would say: "Oh, my ! how much easier and quicker all this can be done by sim- ply using the long-idea hive." And me- thinks Heddon would say all that Mr. Chapman has accomplished by so much handling of frames and lifting of heavy supers could be done in less than J4 ^he time, and wilhout handling a frame, by simply interchanging the sections of the divisible brood chamber hive. And who can dispute them ? What the honey producer wants, in these times of short crops and low prices, are short ctits and improved methods of manipulation; methods that will enable him to do twice as much as he has been doing; keep twice as many bees; handle hives instead of frames; learn to diagnose conditions by simply looking at the en- trances as he passes along. It is to these improved methods of manipulation that the honey producer of today must look for his success. The idea of killing all queens each year is a good one, but I should much prefer to rear the queens from selected stock, and have them fertilized in nuclei; as by so doing I should expect to improve my stock each yeir by selecting my very best qtieens as breeders. I believe that this one thing of killing off the queens each year and selecting the very best to breed from each year cannot fail to pro- duce a superior strain of bees. In stimming up this whole matter, it seems to me that the most hopeful field for the honey producer is along the line of selection and breeding from the best; and also along the line of rapid manipu- lations and lightning methods. Friend Hutchinson, I began this letter with the intention of writing you a few words of encouragement, but the enthu- siasm caught from the Review has led me out farther than I intended. Wakeman, Ohio, April 22, 1901. 'HY A PAINTED, SINGLE- WALL, HIVE MAY AF- FORD MORE PROTEC- TION THAN ONE THAT IS UNPAINTED. BY A. C. MILLER. If Mr. G. M. Doolittle had observed the points made in my article on unpaint- ed hives as closely as used to be his custom, he would not have made the blunders he did in his reply thereto. And if he had ob- served the proper cotirtesies of jour- nalism he would have made his re- ply in the journal in which my article orginally appeared, the ''American Bee- Keeper, " and an apology is due from him to the editor of that paper for the snub he has given it. [Mr. Doolittle did send a reply to the American Bee-Keeper, also, but I presume Mr. Miller did not know this when he penned the foregoing. — Ed. ] In Mr. Doolittle's zeal to defend him- self in a false position, he has shown that at least sometimes he has not been as careful an observer as we have believed him to be. Instead of meeting my argu- ments and facts with the same, he has set UD "men of straw." I will state my position on the matter of painted hives in different words, and I think Mr. Doolittle will then see that the simile of the rubber coat holds good, and will also see why I use chaff hives. An unpainted board will absorb moisture freely; coat it with paint or varnish and it will not. When it is thus coated, the en- closed cellular structure is a fair non- conductor, hence a hive coated with var- nish on the inside and paint on the out- side, is, in a limited wa}-, the same as a chaff hive, /. t\, a porous poor conductor between two better conductors. When the pores in the wood of a single-walled 142 THE BEB-KEEPERS' REVIEW. hive are filled with water, which is a good conductor, the hive becomes little better than if it were made of metal or stone. Mr. Doolittle has failed to tell us where the rain water goes to that falls on the outside of unpainted hives. If the water inside will go out, surely when there is any on the outside it will go in. And when these pores full of water freeze, surely those slabs of ice are not ideal hive walls. The cracking of the varnish ( propolis ) on the inside of the hives, is on the sur- face only, the pores are still plugged with it. In regard to the paint on the outside, it must be renewed frequently enough to keep the surface pores filled with oil, for the lead when the oil is gone is but little better than chalk; the water will soak through it. A hive with paint in that condition would be worse than an un- painted one, for while it absorbs water slowly, it also gives it off slowly, and as in the winter and spring months there are generally more wet days than drying days, such a hive stays wet. Perhaps the paint on the hives he used for compari- son with unpainted ones, was in such a condition. I seriously doubt the possibility of the moisture evaporated by a colony of bees in one night all passing through, or even into, the pores of the wood of the hive walls, even if they were not propolised at all, and when propolised, even though this is ' 'checked, ' ' I doubt if it will absorb any moisture through that surface. Painted and propolised hives being of partially non-conductive walls, I pre- fer them to the unpainted for the reasons above set forth, and I go farther and in- crease the thickness of the poor conduc- tor by using "chaff' ' walls. According to Mr. Doolittle's figures (I1.15 per hive for 20 years) paint must be expensive in Boro- dino, or else he must in his experience with that article use an unusual quantity. The errors which have come to the front to which he refers, have been brought there by himself. During the first five or six years of my bee-keeping experience, I used only single-walled hives, and since then while I have had most of my bees in chaff hives, I have always had some in single-walled hives. Providence, R. I., April 24, 1901. OME CHATTY PRAISES AND CRITICISMS. BY HARRY HOWE. Friend Hutchinson, the last few issues of the Review have been so good that I have scarcely been able to keep from tell- ing you so, and the March num- ber has just stirred me up so that I have got to inflict myself on you whether you want i me to or not. f. Even the adver- tising matter is well worth a study. Now as to w/iy. P'irst, that fine por- trait on the first page. You bee editors are so modest that it must be a treat to those who do not know you personally to see how 3'ou look. An article like Chapman's, fitted to Cuba, would be worth Iroo to me now, even after two season's effort in working up a system. But Miller is the man who set me off. It makes me ^ij'ed to read in some of our bee-papers articles on scientific subjects by men who are not even aware that the subject has been studied at all, and who have not themselves studied it. For instance, why not publish some of Darwins' experiments with comb foun- dation stained red to show what the bees did with the wax? Or Lubbuck's work on the bees' sense of color ? How many of the writers on bees' tongues know that there are whole books THE BEB-KKEPE^RS' REVIEW, 143 in print on the subject? I once spent some weeks working on the spoon at the end of the tongue, but have no notes here. I do remember, however, that there is a considerable amount of literature on the subject, and that by going through a card catalogue which Cornell University (and I suppose University of Michigan, also) supplies you can get a complete list. The Review, I think, might be able to get some one who is studying these things to publish his work. The thing I have missed the most in the Review is the Criticisms; and if one could be found with the knowledge and experience necessary, I should call it worth reading, but I have no desire to read discussions on the use of sic in the bee papers. Here I find myself telling the editor how to do it instead of sticking to my text and telling him how well he did it. Your write-up of the Coggshalls was the best and truest they ever had. To day, as I was cooking some old black, dirty combs, some of the wax dripped from the slum gum, and fell on the floor where it cooled quickly, and it was as bright and clear a yellow as it could be. Try it. Some places in Cuba furnish a bright red wax; and a dealer here who uses 15,000 pounds a month tells me that "location" makes the dif- ference in the color of wax. Off the south coast here are many small islands where one can raise queens the year around, and where one could be sure of controlling the drones; the worst objection is transportation. I have thought some of putting a queen rearing apiary on an island which is in sight of the coast near me (I am eight miles in- land) but I am not a queen brreeder; and, besides, we have said so much about foul brood in Cuba that no one would buy them. We expect our foul brood law to go in- to effect soon now. It has hung fire for over a year. ArTEmisa, Cuba, April 5, 1901. TART OUT-APIARIES, AND HAVE THE CHILDREN GROW UP IN THE BUSI- NESS. BY MRS. GEO. JACKSON. I read the editorial, ' ' Wake up Be e- Keepers," in the January Review, and wish to say that I, too, believe that bees combine best with bees; therefore get more bees. If you have children to help, keep more bees. Bring up your boys and girls in the business. Have them work, study and think, the same as they would do in preparing for any other profession or trade; for it is distinctly a business of itself, and a paying one, too. Then, why let your young folks leave home ? Have plenty of out-apiaries; plenty of profit. I believe there is a better opening in bee culture, to day, for a young manor wom- an than in almost any other line. Equal- ly good for girl or boy. The little mother has had the entire care of our home-apiary; and with the help of the children (two girls and a boy) has done the work and made it pay away beyond our expectations. It has payed better than the farm — a good farm, too. We have run it mostly for comb honey, but shall now unite forces, go into part- nership, and run business on a larger scale. We shall still run the home-api- ary for comb honey and the out-apiaries for extracted. A few years ago we start- ed with two colonies of bees. We now have in the home-apiary eighty strong colonies and have sold enough bees to pay all expenses, and have had our hon- ey for profit. We were not always suc- cessful; had considerable to learn. The first w^as not to be in too great a hurry to get a big count in colonies. Less count and more strength is better. Then there were many other things to learn; but conventions, good reading, and experi- ence have taught us considerable, and we are still wiliing to learn. Summit City, Mich., Feb. 12, 1901. i44 THE BEE-KKEPERS' REVIEW. ATERAIv COMMUNICATION IN THE SUPER LEADS TO A ^ BETTER FITTING OF THE SECTIONS. BY LOUIS SCHOLL. A most important feature in producing the best filled sections of comb honey is free, lateral communication; especially right around the edges of the sections. sections and separators during all that length of time. First, let me show some proofs by giv- ing pictures of results. No. I will show the difference of filling when used with two different kinds of separators in one super, viz., Root's fence, and Hyde- Scholl separators. The Jfsections were filled and completed in the same length of time and in the same super. Is there Cut No. i. — Two Uppkr Tikrs Buii.t With Fence Separators; The Rest Buii.t With Hyde-Schoi.i. Separators. Some may wonder if this can be proved. Mr. Thompson says it should be done, and he is right. I have been experimenting along this line for over three years, and perhaps it would be interesting to see an account of Xi\ i : t 1 i a I 1/ i c J i:\ u ; i ts m ade with not a difference ? Mr. Thompson can tell us what per cent, of difference there is. Please notice how the combs are finished off next to the wood of the sections. Al- though the cleats of the Root's latest fences are as narrow as can be made, that is, do not extend inside of the sections, .THK BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 145 yet the bees rounded off the combs of such, while the combs of the other sec- tions are capped ahnost even with the wood-edge. This can be seen best when looking at the two sections standing up in the left of the photograph No. i. Ivast season was not at all favorable for the production of well-filled sections, that is, for the common, old-style, sec- tions, of which I have some in my yards, darker sections in the photograph No. 2 will give an exact idea of how well-filled the sections w'ere with the Hyde-SchoU separator. When such a flow stopped, the bees would put the little honey, that could yet be found, into those outside cells, next to the wood of the sections, and finish them up, instead of storing this honey into some of the next combs. The upright slot in the separator is the *• (k. Cut No. 2.— Two Upper Tiers Buii.t With Fence Separttors; The Rest Buii.t With Hyde-Schoi.i. Separators. yet I produced sections during a little flow that came in a sort of spurt, and then stopped, causing a number of supers with six or eight sections to be filled in the center, while the next sections to these were scarcely touched by the bees. The cause of this, as bees are not apt to leave any such open cells upon the surface of such combs — they are filled and capped over. The wood of the sections, as I said in my first article, seems only as so many cross-sticks in a frame. 146 THE BEB-KEBPBRS' REVIEW. There is also the point of free commu- nication across, between the rows, which is also a great essential, in that it allows better clustering of the bees throughout the super. Mr. Thompson tells of the method he employed with fourteen supers which he used in his experiment; using open-sided sections on one side and closed- sided or ordinary on the other, without separtors; showing an average of 23 per cent better fillingof the open-sided sections which had free communication between their edges. He says "Why did not Mr. Scholl tell the readers of the Review this? Is it be- cause the result was so trifling that it disappointed him?" Why, is it not time enough yet to do so? But as I did not intend to give any minute accounts of this matter in my last article I think I have plenty of time to do so. Was the result of my experiment so trifling that I was disappointed? Why should I be? To tell how well filled those sections were, I have only to refer the readers to the photographs. Then, as regards strain of bees, condi- tion of colony, and character of flow, with reference to good filling of sections, I must say that communication as I have advised, no matter how good the condi- tions are for the production of fancy comb hone)' sections, is still essential. If the features of such separators are a good thing during a time when such favorable conditions are not present, then there is no reason why s 'ch should not be a good thing when those conditions are all pres- ent. If a fancy article can be obtained during the former, a still more fancy ar- ticle will be obtained during the latter, as proved to be so in my experiments. Now for my report of last season's ex- periments; fourteen colonies, eight in eight-frame dovetailed hives and six in my ten-frame divisible brood-chamber hives were used, upon which I put 18 Ideal supers with pattern slats and tall plain sections [)4 x 3^ x 5. — 11 eight- frame supers holding 30 sections each, and 7 ten-frame, with 35 sections each. The Separators were Root's latest fences and Hyde-Scholl separators arranged dif- rerently in several supers, great care be- ing taken to have conditions alike for either kind. It will be noticed that by using these two styles of separators, while all the other features were equally present in both, the free-lateral communi- cation was present only in the Hyde- Scholl — the cleats of the fences obstruct- ed this. The colonies were all in fine condition while the honey flow came in spurts, sometimes very slow, at other times the bees had all they could do. The result of the test shows in the photos, I have also taken several lists of careful weighings of the different kinds of sec- tions and the following will give an idea of the average of a lot of sections. Mesquite honey in tall sections, pro- duced between Root's fences. Total weight of 6 sections 82 oz. Average weight of each 13% oz. Heaviest weight of sections 14^ oz. Lightest weight of sections 12^ oz. Mesquite honey in tall sections, pro- duced between Hyde-Scholl separators. Total weight of 6 sections 91^ oz. Average weight of each 15^4^ oz. Heaviest weight of sections 15^ oz. Tightest weight of sections 1434;' oz. This shows a heavier section, filled and finished better in a given time. It will be remembered that I have said the same length of time in which the sections were filled, and this is very important, for if supers are left on the hive till all the sec- tions are filled and completed, we fail to notice one very important feature of such separators, as the sections between such are nearly always completed before the others and finished nicer too. The results of my experiment show that more sections can be produced in a certain time, better filled, weighing more and finished nicer, with the Hyde-Scholl separator. Hunter, Tex. Mar. 10, 1901. THE BEE-KEEPERS, REVIEW. 147 0MB HONEY VS. EXTRACT- ED MAY BE CONSIDERED EVEN IN OUT-APIARIES. BY FRANK CLOVER DALE. I see by the January Review that you advise extensive keepers of bees, every- where, to produce extracted honey. Such advice would seem to apply best w^here a first class article of comb honey can not be produced. It is very good for the buckwheaters of New York, where very little else except dark honey is to be had. Here is Eastern Iowa our crop is nearly all secured from clover, basswood and heartsease, all of which make a first-class article in comb; hearts- ease falling only a little behind in the market. We are not far from the great central market; a thing of some impor- tance to a comb honey producer. We use full sheets of extra thin founda- tion in all sections, and think 20,000 pounds in comb can be procured just as easily as 30,000 can be produced through the extractor, if allowed to ripen proper- ly so as to be handled without becoming soured. Clover honey is thin when first gathered and must be partly capped be- fore extracting. Basswood and hearts- ease can be turned out sooner because thicker when gathered. Honey from these sources will also be capped much quicker in sections. To sum up the mat- ter, when full sheets of foundation are used in the sections, together with what bait combs one will naturally have on hand, two-thirds as much honey in the comb may be produced as can be secured by extracting. At 7 cents per lb. for ex- tracted, 30,000 lbs. will sell for ^2,100, while 20,000 lbs. in comb at 13 cts. brings $2, 600. What about the 200 lbs. of extra thin comb foundation ? some one asks. We sell all of our honey by actual weight. 20,000 sections weigh 1,000 lbs. They cost I50. and and sell again for $130. 200 lbs. of foundation, at 50 cents a lb., costs $roo, and when sold again at 13 cts. brings |26. Cost of both, $150; selling price, 1156; leaving on hand $6 more than cost for sections and thin founda- tion. If my estimates are correct, we have a profit of 1:500 in favor of comb hon- ey. Shipping cases cost about the same in each. Four hundred colonies is the basis from which I have figured, and two persons can very easily care for the above number during the 30 days of swarming; and one man can do the work during the rest of the season. We ran four yards for comb honey last season, procured nearly an average crop, had excellent success in caring for the bees all through the swarming season, and if my methods work as well the com- ing season as in the past, I shall be only too glad to help others. My experience has been for 25 years, and I most heartily endorse your views on keeping more bees. It is the right thing to do if one wants to make more money. Keep adding another out-yard, and soon you will have a bank account if all are properly managed. Maouoketa, Iowa, Feb. 15, 1901. [Friend Coverdale, I fear I did not make my meaning so clear as I might have done in that editorial on "changed conditions." The point that I wished to bring out the most clearly w^as that many bee-keepers failed because they did not keep enough bees. The}' ought to keep more bees, scatter them around the coun- try, and then manage them in the most economical way, I mentioned the ex- tracted honey, in preference to comb, because the great majority of bee-keep- ers can manage out-apiaries and prevent swarming much more easily by produc- ing extracted honey. I know that swarm- ing can be prevented, even in out-apia- ries managed for comb honey, and, if the man, the locality, and the methods, are adapted to comb honey production in out- apiaries, I say amen with all of my heart. — Ed.] 148 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. EDITORIAL fferings. N. E. France lias gotten out a very useful little pamphlet on Diseases of Bees and Legislation, giving the causes, symptoms, and treatment of contagious diseases among bees, and describing the legislation that is needed in coping with ilu-se di.^eMses. It is intended f>>r free distribution among Wisconsin bee-kee])- ers — others onght to send some s'am])S when asking for it — sa}- 25 cts. Combs of solid honey may be placed in the brood-nest when hiving swarms, and the honey brought in will of necessity be carried into the sections. M. Friedman Greiner mentioned this at one of the York State Institutes, saying that he h.id fre- quently practiced the plan, and, in addi- tion to being compelled to put the new honey above, the bees are also obliged to remove much of the honey from the combs put in the brood-nest, and carry it up into the sections, in or.ler to make room for a broo l-nest. By this manage- ment not only is the newly-brought-in honey put into the sections, but any combs of first-class honey may be " work- ed over," so to speak, into section honey. does the work, but I believe that the in- crease ought always to go with the apiary. I shall be glad to hear from others on this subject. ■^■.«^««jr«.* «.*■«. Behs on Shares is a subject in which a subscrit)er in Wyoming is interested. The man who takes bees on shares usual- ly boards himself, furnishes a place for the bees, and does the work for one-half the honey. The increase belongs to the owner; and, of course, the hives for the inrease is furnished by the owner. Each party pays one-half the cost of sections and foundation to fill them, and each fur- nishes his own shipping cases; but the one who manages the bees, cleans and crates the honey. In some cases I believe that half the increase, as well as half the honey, has been given to the one who ■M^^^^frM^^M^^m^ STARTING OUT-APIARIES. The Review has given some most ex- cellent articles upon this subject, but I think nothing will be gained by publish- ing any more on the subject. While it is true that many Dee-keepers who are "grubbing along" with less than 100 col- onies, might make money if they would enlarge the borders of Lheir bnsiness, it is (.'(jually true that it would be foolish for any one to dash headlong into the estab- lishment of several out-apiaries. Let the man w ho is in positit)n to do so. start one each year until he reaches the top of his bent. In this way there is not much chance for failure — that is, a failure of the whole business of bee keeping It is also t'-ue, as suggested by Mr. Gilstrap, tliat a man may be so situated that it is better for him to manage only one apiary and something else in connection with it. Each man should thoroughly understand his own business, and make the best of it. Sometimes there are possibilities in a man's business that he does not see until they are pointed out to him, and that is what the Review has been trying to do. QUEENS AND THEIR INFI^UENCE UPON SWARMING. S unewhere, within the last few days, but I can't recall where, I have read that, so long as the queen continues to increase the number of eggs that are being laid, that is, so long as her laying capacity is increasing, so long there is no danger of of the bees swarming. Let her begin to flag, to fall behind, or even to keep along, on an average, then look out for swarm- ing. If this assertion is true, it might be something of an explanation of how the introduction of a young queen usu- allv prevents swarming for that season. There is also another way of looking at THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 149 this problem, and that is this: Do the bees swarm because the queen slacks up in laying, or does Ihe queen slack up be- cause the bees, wishing to swarm, with- hold food from the queen ? If the in- troduction of a young queen prevents swarming, and it did with me, it would seem to show that the witholding of food by the workers had nothing to do with it; food could be kept back from a young as well as from an old one. On the other hand, I remember that my old neighbor, Chas. Koeppen, once brought me a queen that he had tried to introduce to a colony having the swarming fever. I don't know as he had any trouble in in- troducing the queen, but she didn't lay. I introduced her to a rather weak colony, and she began laying the next day. We theorized at the time that she didn't lay because the bees didn't wish her to la}-— they wanted to swarm. This whole mat- ter is one that we need some experiments upon. Something practical might come of it. ■^jr«*^jrRrf»jr«. THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN BEE JOURNAI,. In my opinion this journal starts out with the most cheerlul prospects for suc- cess of any journal that has started in many years. This being the case, it m.ay be of interest to know how and why it was start- ed, aiid also to know a little bit about its ed- itor and pro]>ri- etor— Mr. H. C. Morehouse. He is 32 years old; handled bees in Ohio in his boy- hood's days; always loved them and kept posted in the various advances being made in handling them. About four years ago he went to Colorado, and, in company with another gentleman, started a week- ly, country newspaper. He soon found that, unwitting!}', he had landed in a bee- keepers' paradise. His old love for the bees returned with added fervor, and he became the owner of a few colonies. He remained in the newspaper business two years, when the marvelous yields of hon- ey convinced him that there was more money in keeping bees than in running a small newspaper. The interest in the newspaper was sold to his partner, and the proceeds invested in the bee-business. The present season will find him running about 140 colonies. He was not long in discovering the need of a bee journal devoted to the peculiar conditions of the arid West, and at once decided to begin the publication of such a journal upon a basis that could weather the storms through to success. He not only under- stands bee-keeping, but has had experi- ence in the business and mechanical part of getting out a journal. Not only this, but he had the good fortune to mar- ry a printer-girl who sets most of the type for the journal, while the editor sets the ads. and does the press work. Like the Review, the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal is home-made, and, likewise, I expect to see it prosper. ■■'•'■^'■-•^^■■^ THE NATIONAI^ ASSOCIATION TO MEET AT BUFFAI^O NEXT SEPTEMBER. As I have for a long time expected would be the case, the National Bee- Keepers' Association has at last decided to meet in Buffalo. The meeting will be in September, and one ver}- importaiit feature is that at least one session is to be a joint meeting of the bee-keepers and of the American Pomological Societ}-. I feel sure that much good will come from such a meeting. I doubt if the world has produced a finer exposition than the Pan American will prove to be, and there is certainly no grander sight in Nature than that of Niagara falls; taken all in all, few bee-keepers east of the Mississippi can afford not to attend the coming meeting of the National Association; and I hope many of those in the West can afford to I50 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. come. I have just received from the Sec- retar^^ Dr. A. B. Mason, the following very gratifying notice: — Kditor Bee-Keepers' Review: — Many inquiries have been received by the Executive Committee of the National Bee-Keepers' Association regard- ing the time and place for holding the next con vention of the Association. The replj' has gen- erally been that Buffalo, N. Y., would be the place of meeting; but not until this morning, April 17th, has the date of the meeting been settled upon. On March 2nd the Secretary of the American Pomological Society wrote President Root in part as follows: "As bee-keepers and fruit-growers have ma y interests in comm n which could be considered and discussed with mutual profit, our Executive Committee has instructed me to hold a joint meet- ing at some time during our session, the exact time to be decided later \)y correspondence. At this meeting we would suggest that the subjects of discussion center round the general topic of the mutual relations of bee-keeping and fruit-growing, . . which can be briefly treated by speakers selected iii advance from among our prominent bee-men and fruit-men, . . in or- der that a better understanding of these mutual relations ma}' be reached. . . It has been sug- gested that a considerable portion of fruit grow- ei^s do not 3'et appreciate the preponderance of the benefit derived. It is felt that a full public discussion of the subject Avould, therefore, result in good to both industries." Realizing, as the Executive Committee did, that this was a golden opoortunity for present- ing the bee-keepers" side of the subject to the representative men of the fruit-growing indus- try, the invitati n of the Pomological Society was at once accepted by the committee in be- half of the Association. We have had to delay the fixing of the date for our convention until the Pomological vSociety had fixed their time of meeting. Our convention will be held on the 10th, nth, and 12th, of Sep- tember next, commencing on Tuesday evening the loth . We were at first undecided as to place of meet- ing, hoping that the G. A. R. would meet at Den- ver, Col.; but when it decided to meet at Cleve- land, and we received the invitation of the Po- mological Society, we felt that we ought not to miss such a splendid chance to enlighten some of them on the relation of bees to horticulture, and, by meeting at Buffalo, the York State and Canadian bee-keepers would be within easy reach of the place of meeting; so we at once fixed on Buffalo as the most desirable place It has been decided not to have any papers or essays, but to rely wholly on the question-box to bring out the best and most important matters for discussion, so that any one not being able to be at the convention, having any question or questions they may wish to have discussed, can send them to the vSecretary at any time. The Committee has taken the liberty to request the Secretary of the Ontario Bee-Keepers' Asso- ciation to ask the members of that Associ- ation who may attend the meeting at Buffalo to bring their badges %vith them and wear them at our sessions, whether they are members of our Association or not, so that we may feel more as one, and know who our progressive neighbors are. Information regarding place of meeting, en- tertainm< nt, and railroad rates will be given as Soon as decided upon. Don't be in a hurry about securing a sleeping • lace during the convention There is plenty of time, and, later on, better rates can be secured; but if you are in a hurrj', write to the Young Men's Christian Association, and don't be bled by "sharks " A. B. Mason, Sec. Sta. B, Toledo, O. KEEPING BEES IN CITIES AND VII.EAGKS. Much has been said and done in defense of bee-lrking hard to wake up bee- keepers, to get them to realize that their business can be made to compare favor- ably wiili other pursuits, that there is no necessity for combining some other busi- ness with bee-keeping in order to succeed, and, in line with ihis idea, I find the fol- lowing article, by V. L. Thompson, in the March Progressive Bee-Keeper. Mr, Thompson writes as follows: — An extraordinarily good season near Denver, together with a scarcity of honey in most parts of the country, has caused THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW, 15: I many who know little or nothing of bee- keeping to turn to it with a view to profit. They do not realize that this is an excep- tional season; they only see the results. Even in ordinary seasons, however, there seems to be a general impression here that apiculture is wonderfully remunera- tive. "There's lots of money in bees, isn't there?" is almost sure to be the query put, sooner or later, by my casual acquaintances, when they learn that I keep bees for a living. It is a mystery to me how this opinion has become so wide- spread. I have generally answered this in an off-hand way, as one will conver- sationally, for the sake of saying some- thing, by saying that there is some profit in bees, but nothing extraordinary, and then it takes both capital and experience to get it out. But I am not sure that this off-hand answer, while it is true enough, is quite competent to create the right impression in the minds of these off-hand inquirers. It is apt, as off-hand conversational remarks are, to get itself remembered by its most striking portion — that there is some profit in bees; and the necessity for capital and experience is apt to be but slightly regarded; and the result of the true answer may be a false impression. People will think "Some profit in bees — hum — well, with a little capital, and a little experience, I can make a little profit too — and that's no less than I am doing at my present business. I'll try it." But 2. little experience is not enough to make bee-keeping pay in years of ordinary crops and ordinary prices of honey and sup- plies, and ordinary competition. A lit- tle experience lets too many chances of saving money leak away, so that bee- keeping becomes inferior to other occu- pations on which the same amount of en- ergy is expended with more ability. In other words, make bee-keeping a business, or don't go into it all. • "But," says the reader who always re- members things, "I read in a bee-journal not long ago that bee-keeping as a busi- ness is too uncertain, and hence should not be made the sole dependence. So I shall be obliged to give my fruit- growing, or farming, as much attention as my bees, and I cannot make bee-keep- ing a business in a strict sense; I cannot make a specialty of it." Now what shall we say to these people, the careless and the thoughtless ones? To the careless ones, those who are pos- sibly no more than conversationally in- terested, but who make the general im- pression of bee-keeping what it is, by handing on what is said to them, had we better not say right out, and sa}^ with emphasis "There is not much money in bee-keeping," putting that phrase first, and then contmuing in an ordinary tone of voice, "for the amount of capital need- ed, and the amount of experience requir- ed to get average results from a given amount of capital would pay just about as well in fruit-growing or gardening." Something of this sort seems to be neces- sary in order to correct the inordinately exaggerated ideas current. It is strictly true, and contains as much of the whole truth as your offhand conversational in- terlocutor can possibly be made to remem- ber. If you try to tell him as much as you could safelv sa}^ to a thoughtful questioner, he will forget all except that there is money in bees. But on the other hand I would suggest to those who are thoughtfully inclined that bee-keeping as a business has been somewhat indiscriminately run down. Bee-keeping is uncertain, sure. But if in the spring of 1896, when with very few exceptions the bees for ten miles around Denver either perished or were rendered useless for that year, from an unknown cause, which has not happened before or since, I had had part of my bees twelve or fifteen miles from Denver instead of having them all nine miles from Denver, I'd have escaped with half the loss, and would have been farther ahead to-day, in- stead of wholly losing that year, and then working with other people's bees four years more, having no bees of my own again until the last year. Again, if in 1898 a person had had one apiary saj^ six miles north of Montrose, and another sa}'- six miles south of Delta (these towns be- ing twenty-five miles apart), he would have had half a crop; but if all his bees had been near Delta, he would have ob- tained scarcely anything. Again, if a person had had one apiary in 1900 at Dupton, and another near Denver, he would have obtained about twice as great a crop as he would by having them all at Lupton. In fine, those who emphasize the uncertainty of bee-keeping as a busi- ness are not telling the whole truth. The uncertainty is greatly lessened b}- having one or more out-yards at some distance away from each other. And when that uncertainty is lessened to the degree that it is by having several apiaries in differ- ent places, is bee-keeping a whit more uncertain in the long run than fruit-grow- ing or farming in one place? I trow not. Hark, in your ear; if all bee-keepers were specialists, their number would be so les- 154 THK BBB-KEEPERS' REVIEW. sened that bee-papers would either have to charge five dollars a year, like medical journals, as has been suggested, or go out of the business. It's an uncertainty of bee-journalism, you see, not of bee-keep- ing. Let the galled jade wince, our withers are unwrung. Now let facts speak. The heavy pro- ducers at Denver and Montrose are almost all specialists. They depend on bee- keeping only for a living. There are just enough exceptions-^I think of four or five) in Colorado to emphasize the rule. Why is it ? There can be but one repl}^: because, as a whole, specialty is more profitable for the average man than a mixture of pursuits. Why is it more prof- itable ? — there is a chance for theoretical discussion; but the fact remains that it is. In this connection it is amusing to re- member how a certain writer once pro- claimed that if there was a single man, woman, or child in the United States who made a specialtv of bee-keeping, he should hold up his hand. Pure bluffing, that. Of course it was successful. Bluffing generally is, else it would not be practiced. I believe just two held up their hands. Are we to conclude that there are just two bee-keeping specialists in the United States? O you innocent readers of bee-papers ! The majority of those who keep bees, here in Colorado as elsewhere, are not specialists. But that is not the point. If the majority of those who produce honey in quantity are found to make that their exclusive or main business, then ''bee-keeping as a business" is not nearly so uncertain as these make out who call everyone a bee-keeper who keeps bees. Probably much of the false impression on this subject is due to the fact that outside of our own county, few of us know of these' bee-keepers in other counties or states whose names never appear in the bee-papers. There are a number of bee- keeping specialists in Colorado whose names are never known to more than their neighbors and the secretary of their state association. May this not be so in the Eastern states as well? Judging from the discovery by the Review every now and then of a new owner of two or three hundred colonies, it would appear so. Now, do any considerable number of those who produce honey in quantity in the Eastern states make it their exclusive or main business ? I don't know. But it is evident from what I do know that these editorial generalities that appear from time to time on bee-keeping as a business have been throwing a certain quantity of dust in our eyes — how much, I don't know. I don't know, but suspect, that Dr. Miller, of Marengo, has had something to do with writing or inspiring those ed- itorials. At any rate, his case will do for an illustration. He has one or two out-apiaries, and has had failures for three years, I think, in succession. He ought to be justified, then, in asserting that bee-keeping as a business is, for him at least, mighty uncertain. But then, that could only follow for the locality of Marengo; a general statement could not be made without comparing a number of representative localities. Has that been done ? If so, there is no sign of it; just the conclusions are given, the "thus saith the editor" (or editorial writer) be- ing held sufficient. Perhaps it is; in some things. In others, and this is one of them, the specific evidence would be preferred. Another thing that has al- ways puzzled me is that Dr. Miller has no other visible means of support except bee-keeping, unless writing, and that can- not cut much figure. If it were too un- certain as a business, he wouldn't be in it, making it practically his sole depend- ence. If he has been making the fat years feed the lean ones, even three of them at once, then bee-keeping can not be said to be a failure as a special busi- ness even in his case. Let us have more light. Apart, and yet connected in one way, from the question of profit in bee-keep- ing as a specialty, is that of the desirabili- ty, for those mainly interested, of having our ranks composed of specialists or non- specialists. If it pulls our profits down to compete with non-speeialists, then it should be made a point with us to be in- formed on the question of whether spec- ialty in bee-keeping pays better than non- specialty; because if it does, then we can with a clear conscience say to would-be non-specialists "Keep out. I advise you this for your own good as well as my own." If it does not, then we must grin and bear the pulling down of our profits as best we may, for it would not be hon- orable to do otherwise. Now, I think specialty in bee-keeping does pay better than to keep bees as a side issue. I also think that bee-keeping as a specialty no more than holds its own with other occupations. Obviously, then, I also think that the keeping of bees as a side issue does not pay, when com- pared with the results that might be ob- tained from putting the same capital, energy, and time into one's main business, whatever that may be. Therefore I can THE BBE-KEEPKRS' REVIEW. 155 with a clear conscience say to the pros- pective bee-owner "Don't. Either make it a business, or keep out of it. I know it will be for my gain if you keep out, but I honestly think it will be for your gain too." This I would say from the stand- point of profit alone; but to the genuine amateur, to him who would keep a few colonies for the love of the occupation, I would by all means extend a helping hand. His pleasure in the occupation is also a profit, and bars my right to advise on the score of profit. Now, does this competition of non- specialists injure the trade of special- ists ? I have been taking it for granted, because it is so evidently true. But a few years ago a well known writer proclaimed that the farmer bee- k eeper is our best friend, because his inferior product furnishes a stand- ard to measure our superior product by, and we thereby get better prices than we would if all the honey in the market was superior, so that there would be nothing to compare it with. Plausible, isn't it? But it contains a fallacy just the same. It may be true if there were just enough of the inferior honey scatter- ed around to furnish a standard of comparison, and no more. But there is' more than enough, much more; and it is that of bulk inferior honey which injures us. The buyers and commission men are always on the lookout for a lever to force down the price of honey, and do not neglect so excellent a chance; not they. "Why, I can get all the honey I want for so and so much less than you ask me," — that's the song, and a very old and well- worn song it is in this neck of the woods. If that writer should come to Denver, and either produce or deal in honey here, and promulgate that idea of the farmer bee- keeper being our best friend, he would be considered by his co-workers to be a greener specimen than any farmer. Not only does the average farmer bee-keeper produce an inferior article, which of itself pulls down the price of the good honey, but even if he produced good honey he would not sell it for as much as it is worth, and he sells his inferior honey for less than it is worth He has other inter- ests. His all is not staked on his honey crop. He will not organize, as specialists do, in the West at least. (By the way, the writer referred to has always talked against organization to sell honey. ) He loses more honey, in the shape of run- away swarms, than he gets as surplus, and you can't teach him any better. In short, as a bee-keeper, he does not profit himself, and he isn't wanted. National Bee - Keepers' Association. Objects of the Association. To promote and protect the interests of its. members. To prevent the adulteration of honey. Annual Menihership, $1.00. Send dues to Treasurer. E. R. Rodt, Medina, O., President. R. C. AIKIN, I,ovELAND, Colo. Vice President Dr. A E. MASON, Toledo, O. Secretary. KUGKNK SECOR, Forest City, Iowa. Gen, Manager and Treasurer. Board of Directors. E- Whitcomb, Friend, Neb. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. A. I. Root, Medina, O. E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph. Mo. P. H. Elwood, Starkville, N. Y. E R. Root, Medina, O. T. G. Newman, San Francisco, Cal. G. M. Doolittle, Borodino, N Y. W. F. Marks, Chapinville, N. Y. J. M. Hambaugh, Escondido, Cal. C. ir*. Dadant, Hamilton, Ills. C. C. Miller, Marengo, Ills. CHOICE ALFALFA HONFY FOR SALE. We have about 100 60-15. cans of very choice white extracted honey, in new cans and cases, two cans m a box, which we now^ offer, to move it quickly, at 7 cents per pound, f. o. b. cars Den- ver, cash with order. The Colorado Honey Producers 'Asso. 1440 Market St., Denver, Colo. Buy a Belgian Doe and Litter. The best and cheapest way for a beginner to start, is to bu}' a good doe with a litter five or six weeks old. We now have 200 does with litters, and they are going at prices asked by other large breeders for a doe alone. Our specialt\- is does \viTH litter of y"oung — proven breeders. Fine does of en prove worthless breeders, and some dealers dispose of them to the other fellow. The young that go free with our does will be worth twice the purchase price when they are 6 months old. This makes the safest and most satisfactor3- proposition for a beginner. Authentic pedigrees wnth all hares sold. We are the largest breeders of thoroughbred Belgians in Central U. S. We guarantee satisfaction on all shipments; and our guarantee is good. Book giving history and com- plete information; also book of pedigree blanks given to each purchaser. Write for descriptions and prices. A3IAZON RABBITRY, Michigan City, Indiana. Please mention the Reuiew. 156 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. We wa^pt 1 000 Readers of the Bee-Keepers' Review to have a coyy of DooHttle's 5cier?tific Queen Re2irios:. We have just printed a new edition of this fine work, bound in flexible leatherette cover, with round corner. The price, postpaid, is 6o cents; or, with the Weekly American Bee Journal the rest of 1901 { from the time yoiir new subscription is received)— both for only $1,00. Better order AT ONCK if you want a bargain. Remember we are Hezitlqua^rterj in Cbica^go for Bee-Keepers^ Supplies* Catalog and sample copy of the AMERICAN BEE-JOURNAI,, FREE. Ask for them. Address George W. YorK & Co. 144-146 Erie St., Cbiczvgo, 111. ''lease mention the Reuieai. My Bees Are Swarming and, to keep down increase, I will ship, from May ist.fiill colonies of Italian bees, with queens, in D. T. hives, or light ship- ping boxes, six Iv. frames of bees, brood and honey, one for 13.50; five for |i6.oo; ten for 1:30.00. My bees are good honey gatherers, white cappers. Having 15 years' experience, I put them up so they go through O. K. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed to all who order in May. Tested queens, |i.oo. J. N. COLWICK, 5-oi-it Norse, Tex. Please mention the Review. f^Here we are to the Front for I go I with the new Champion Chaff - Hive, a comfortable home for the bees in summer and winter. We al- so carry a complete line of other supplies. Catalog free. R. H. SCHMIDT & CO. , 9-99-tf. Sheboygan, Wis. Please mention the Review. I have several hundred QUEEN CAGES of different styles and sizes, made by C. W. Costellow, and I should be pleased to send sam- ples and prices to any intending to buy cages. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. MY GOLDEN AND LEATHER - COLORED Italian Queens Are bred for business and beauty. I furnish queens to the leading queen breeders of the U. S., and have testimonials from satisfied customers in the U. S. and foreign lands. Give me a share of your orders — they will be filled promptly. Tested queens, before June ist, $1.50 each. After June ist, tested queens, either strain, $1.00 each; untested, 75 cts. each. One-frame nucleus with queen, $1.50; two-frame, $2.50; three-frame, $3.25. J. W. MINER, Ronda, N. C. 4-00-tf Please mention the Reuieui. Has Arrived. The time has now arrived, when bee-keepers are looking out for their queens, and supplies, and your name on a postal card, will bring you prices of queens, bees, nuclei, bee supplies, and a catalogvie giving full particulars, with a full treatise, on how to rear queens, and bee-keeping for profit, and a sample copy of "The Southland Queen," the only bee paper published in the South. All free for the asking. 3-99-tf THEjnNNin ATCHI^nV CO., Beeville, Bee Co. Texas. Please mention the Review. There is .scarcely any condition of ill-health that is not benefited by the occasional use of a R. I. P. A. N. S. Tabule, and the price, 10 for 5 cents, does not bar them from any home or justify any one in enduring ills that are easily cured. For sale by Druggists, THE BEE-KEEPERS, REVIEW. 157 CnKi *o^ Q§### As T have several times mentioned in the edi- torial columns, m3r object in life is the good of bee-keepers. That I earn my living vs^hile thus engaged, makes me none the less sincere. In my younger days I taught several terms of dii-trict school. After securing a school I forgot, for the time-being, that I was earning money. I went in to teach those children, and do them all of the good that I possibly could. For weeks at a time, the thought never came to me that I was w^orking for wages. I should be doubtful of the success of a teacher who taught simply for money. Now I am working for the good of bee- keepers. As in the case of school teaching, I have become so interested that I often forget that I am earning m}' living by the work that I am doing. I should also be doubtful of the success of a bee-keeping editor who worked simply to make money. With that object in view, there are other occupations in which he could engage to better advantage. I am trying to get bee-keepers to keep more bees, scatter them around the country, and learn to manage them with the least possible labor. I am trying to get bee-keepers to organize and secure the benefits of co-operation. I am trying 1 o arouse them to the danger hanging over their heads from contagious diseases among bees, and to get them to bestir themselves and rid the country of these plagues. I am also striving to show them the importance of improving their stock — that there is just as mvxch difference in bees as in other stock. Not only this, but cir- cumstances have been such that I have been able to discover what, I am thoroughly convinced, is a strain of bees that are the equal, if not the superior, of any bees in this country; and I am trying to scatter this stock through the country. As I have said before; that I am earning my living while thus engaged does not make me any less sincere. These bees are the dark, leather-colored Ital- ians. They are gentle, industrious and hardy, and cap their honey as white as do the blacks. No bees, that have had their tongues measured, have shown a greater tongue-reach than have these bees. While there is little doubt that length of tongue and superior honey gathering qualities go hand in hand, it has not yet been PROVED, while it uas been proved that these bees are very superior, whether it is from length of tongue or not. The price asked for these bees is higher than for com . on stock, and ought to be; superior stock always sells for more than common slock or scrubs The Roots are now asking $10.00 for a queen whose bees show a tongue reach of 19-ico; $15.00 for one whose bees show a reach of 20-100; and $25.00 for one who.se bees have tongues measuring 21-100; and it is all right to ask these prices. I hope that Mr. Root will sell a lot of these queens, as, the more such queens are scattered around the country the bet- ter stock will there be. Only a queen breeder, or some one with a large number of bees, could af- ford to pay such prices, but the ordinary bee-keep- er can afford to pay the $1.50 that I ask for a queen; and, while I do not guarantee the length of the tongues of the bees that such a queen will pro- duce, it is true that the mother of these queens produces bees having a tongue-reach of 21-100. Not only this, but I guarantee safe arrival, safe introduction, if directions are followed, purity of mating, and complete satisfaction to the ex- tent that, if, for anj^ reason, the purchaser de- sires to return the queen inside of two 3'ears, he can have his mone}' back and 50 cents in addi- tion to pay for his trouble. Besides this, there is a waj' in which one can get one of the queens for only one dollar, and that is in connection with a subscription to the Revievp. For $2 00 I will send the Review one year, and one of these queens. This offer is open alike to old and new subscribers. As my older readers know, I do not breed these queens myself. They are reared bj- a breeder w^ho is neither in the North, nor in the extreme South, but whose name I do not give, simply because, if I did give i . the orders would go to him direct, and I would lose all of the ad- vertising that I have done. A man has to be sel- fish to a certain extent, ard it is all right that he t-hould. I make in the neighborhood of 50 cents on each queen that I sell, and it is right that I should, but the man who buys one will make dollars where I make cents. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Michigan. 158 THE BBE-KEKPERS' REVIEW. We want to sell you bee-keepers' supplies, to give you entire satisfaction. For these reasons we deal in Root's Goods, both wholesale and retail. Our specialties — Hives, Sections and Comb foundation. Cash paid for beeswax. i-oi-tf M. H. HUNT & SON, Bell Branch, Mich. Improved Golden, and L,eather Colored Italians, are what H. G. Ouirin rears. We have one of Root's best red-clover breeders, from their $2oo-queen, and a golden breeder from Doolittle, who says: If there is a qneen in the U. S. worth 5ioo, this one is; these breeders have been added to our already improved strain of queens, for the coming season. J. ly. Gandy of Humboldt, Neb., wrote us on Aug. 15th, 1900, saying that the colony having one of our queens had already stored over 400 pounds of honey (mostly comb). He states that he IS certain our bees work on red clover, as they were the only kind in his locality and apiary. A. I. Root's folks say that our queens are extra fine, while the editor of the American Bee Jour- nal tells us that he has good reports from time to time. We have files tipon files of unsolicited testimonials. After considering above evidence, need you wonder why our orders have increased each year ? Give us a trial order and be plea.sed, we have 3'ears of experience in rearing and mailing queens vSafe del very will be guaranteed. Instructions for introducing sent with each lot of queens. Warranted stock, one queen, 75 cts.; six, 54. 50; twelve, S>^-oo; select warranted, one, .?i.oo; six, $5.00; twelve, $9.50; tested, one, Si. 50; six, SS.co; twelve, $15.00; select tested, one, $2.00; six, $10.50; Extra select tested the best money can buv, I4.00. We have 100,000 FOLDING CARTONS on hand, and, so long as they last, will sell them with your address printed on in two colors, at $4. per 1000; or 500 for $2.75. At above prices you can't affo'-d to place honey on the market without cartoning it. Address all orders to H. G. QUIRIN, 4-01-6 Parkertown, Ohio. (Parkertown is now a Money Order Office.) Bee keepers should send for our 0/ CATALOG. We furnish a full line of supplies at regular prices. Our 8pe<-ialty is Cook's Complete hive. J. H. M COOK, 62 Cortland St , N Y. City Honey Queens. Have 3^ou noticed the change in my post office address? I am 200 miles further south; where the peach trees are in bloom, and the bees bring- ing in honej' and pollen. Here is the place for early qiieen rearing. Did you know that I am seeking to give my customers the best possible service? Did you know that I have as good, or Better Queens, than can be obtained elsewhere? Manj' have found this out, and continue my best customers. I am breeding, in separate yards, the golden, and the leather colored, honey queens, and sell- ing them at the following LOW PRICES. In March or April, tested or untested, $1.00 each; six for I5.00; one dozen, $10.00; breeders, $2.50 to I5.00 each. Bees, nuclei and full colo- nies, for sale. W. H. LAWS, Beeville, Texas. LARGE APIARIES wanted in in ba.sswood regions of Mich, or Wis, H. W. FUNK, Normal, Ills. Every bee-keeper knows the worth of A Good QueeOf knows the worth of a good strain of bees, also knows how worthless is a poor queen and inferior bees. Our bees rank with the first, and queens stand second to none. Choice, tested, Italian queens, |i.oo each. Orders filled by return mail. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., 3-91-tf lyoreauville, La. SELECTION BY INSRECTION. We send an experienced man, one who has been a bee-keeper, and is acquainted with the require- ments of the bee keepers, to inspect the lumber we buy before it is shipped. We contract for winter- sawed basswood. We accept no off-grades for our sections. We buy direct from the mills. We do not operate a saw-mill ourselves, because we believe that the ,saw-niill man can give us belter lumber for the money; because that is his business. We believe that the manufacture of boxes, sections and bee-hives requires all the energy and care that we possess. Having selected our mateiial, we employ the best known machinery for'the purpose, and the best mechanics turn out sections that are supe- rior to any other manufacture. _ INTERSTATE BOX <£ MFG. CO.. HUDSON. WIS. THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 159 ^<^j*^j*^irR*^jr^*X«'*^-«.>r>t»^^>L»H'*,»^^-sjri:.»^^r,^-ajrB^^,»^L»«'«jr«^ir Long-Tongued Oueens! Yard NO- 1- By special arrangements with THE A. I. J ROOT CO. to furnish them queens, I have J secured their assistance in procuring the J finest breeding queens that a thorough ^ knowledge of the bees of the country and J money can procure. Among them is a J select daughter of their S200 queen that J the3^ refused to quote me prices on. This J queen shows every superior quality of her J mother. Her bees show an actual reach of J 21-000 of an inch; are large, gentle, and J beautiful to look upon. J MR. E. R. ROOT vSAYvS: "You have as J . fine bees as there ai e in the United States; i? and with a direct cro.ss of their breeders i, you should be able to produce queens 1? whose bees show a reach of 25-100 of an ? inch." ' 4®"Send for descriptive price list. Watch ^ this space, and don't forget my long-tongue ^ stock is the best that money and knowl- «. edge can procure. i^ Prices: Untested queen, Si. 00; 6, $5 00. iT Tested queen, Si. 50; 6, 58. 00. Fifty select ■! breeders from long - tongued strains, $2. 50 ? to $5.00. S. *jr^^»jr^ « «^x«^j(^ ^KdKd'jf^ « « -B^i-fc^^^^^ ^.ir»^^;^ »«^jrR«^ir* ■. ? IMPORTED ITALIAN STOCK. ; i ' 5 APIARY NO. 2. J J Imported Oueens, Daughters and Grand- m ! daughters. J 5 GOLDEN, OR 5-BANDED I 5 ITALIAN. i J APIARY NO. 3. 5 ? Breeders, select tested, tested, and untest- ? 5 ed queens. ^ ' REMEMBER the bear picture goes as a ; ^ premium on six queens. 1901, unt(-sted J i. queens will be ready to mail March 25 to J ■T April ist. Send in your order at once, and J ' get in on the ground floor. Breeders, .sel- J S. ect tested, and tested queens go by return 5 K mail. K -" i I W. 0. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS, i i. QUTEN SPEC ALIST. ^ THE A. I. ROOT CO., 70 VINE ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA BEE - SUPPLIES. Direct steamboat and railroad lines to all doints. We want to save you freig^ht. JOHN F. STRATTON'S . ImporterE and Wholesale Dealers in all kinds of MUSICAL MERCHANDISE, Violins, Guitars, Banjos, Accordeons, HarmonN cas, &c., all kinds of Strings, etc., etc. 811. 813. 815. 817 East 9th St. . New Yorki Imperial Strain of Red Clover Queens. The largest queen rear- ing apiarj^ in the North; the most hardy bees- the most gentle bees; and bees that work on red clover. Ereeder direct from Italy; workers' tongues measure 26-100 — over }{ inch in length. 22 3'ears' experi- ence; hundieds of nuclei; multitudes of choice drones; orders coming every daj'. Send your or- der and pa^' when queen is ready to .ship. Can mail untested queens b}- June loth, tested, latter part of June. Prices: Untested, Si. 00; six, $5.50; twelve, :5io.oo; tested, $2.00; breeders, S5.00; fine imported queens, $6,50. Circurlar free. THB STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Dept. zoology Entomology and riiysiology. C. p. GILLETTE, M. S . PROFESSG <•. ELMER D. BALL, M. S ) £ S. G. TITUS, B S. ASSISTANTS. FT. COLLINS, Colo., Nov. 9, '00. Mr. A. D. D. WOOD, I^ansing, Mich. Dear Mr. WOOD.— Your letter and the bees are here, the latter all alive and vigorous. I have measured their tongues as j^ou request and find ihey run verj- uniformly as follows: Whole reach of "tongue," front base of sub- mentum to tip of ligula, 26-100 of • n inch; ligula alone to the dark mentum, 17-100 of an inch. There were nine specimens and all their tongues were measured. Very truly, C. P. Gillette. A. D. D. WOOD, Lansing, Mich. I am advertising for B. F. Stratlon & Son, music dealers of New York, and taking my pay in MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. I have already bought and paid for in this v^^ay a guitar and \aolin for my girls, a flute for myself, and one or two guitars for some of my subscribers. If 3-ou are thinking of buying an instrument of any kind, I should be glad to send you one on trial. If interested, write me for des- criptive circular and price list, saying what kind of an instrument you are thinking of getting. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. i6o THE BEK-KEKPERS' REVIEW. AVzipy In) proven) CO t5 Tbis Yc2ir. We have made many improvements this year in the manufacture of bee-supplies. The following are some of them : Our hives are made of one grade better lumber than heretofore, and all that are sent out under our new prices will be supplied with separators and nails. The Telescopic has a new bottom board which is a combi- nation of hive stand and bottom board, and is supplied with slatted, tinned separators. The Higginsville Smoker is much improved, larger than heretofore, and better mate- rial is used all through. Our Latest Process Foundation has no equal, and our highly polished sections are superb indeed. Send five cents for sample of these two articles, and be convinced. The Dais}^ Foundation Fastener — w^ell, it is a daisy now, sure enough, with a pocket to catch the dripping wax, and a treadle so that it can be worked by the foot. Tb^ Heddon Hive. Another valuable adjunct to our manu- facture is the Heddon Hive. Wo do not hesitate to say that it is the best all round hive ever put upon the market; and we are pleased to state that we have made arrangements with Mr. Heddon to the end that we can supply these hives; and the right to use them goes with the hives. Hooey Extractors. Our Honey Extractors are highly orna- mental, better manufactured; and, while the castings are lighter, they are more durable than heretofore, as they are made of superior material. Tb^ Progr^^^iv^ B^^-K^^p^r. Last, but not least, comes the Progressive Bee-Keeper, which is much improved, being brimful of good things from the pens of some of the best writers in our land; and we are now making of it more of an illustrated journal than heretofore. Price, only 50 cts. per year. Send for a copy of our illustrated catalogue, and a sample copy of the Progres- sive Bee-Keeper. Address Higginsville, A\o.. Ez^^i St. Louis, Ills. LEAHY AVfg. ^O., ';«■.•.•;.■• •:••■••.'.•.■••.• •:'•■■••■.'.•.■•■• •■ ::i:.»:.--a:';:i-.»:. DADANT'S ::•>* ■■■'■'■■•. Foundation I bCCtlOnS By the new Weed Process is made in the best manner, up- on the best machines, and from the best wax — that free from dirt, pollen, propolis, burnt wax, etc., that decrease its tenacity and make it offensive to the bees. Bvery inch of foundation is guaranteed to be equal to the sample that will be sent upon application. I^angstrotb on the Hon- ey Bee, revised, Smokers, Tin Pails, Sections and other sup- plies. Send for circular. Dadatit & Son, Hamilton, Ills, *:v; ■<••;■: *:v: W:<^-'- We make millions of them yearly; workmanship, smooth ness and finish can't be better. The basswood grows right here. If you want some good Ship- ping Cases, you can get them of us. A full line of Bee Supplies on hand. Write for illustrated cata logue and price list free. Marshfield Mfg. Co.,^«'«*^^]f: !»:V; m,-- !»:V: !»•;•: Our new 52-page Catalogue for 1901 is Ready. Send for a Copy; it is Free. We Manufac- ture the Finest Bee-Keepsrs' Supplies in the world. G. B.LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis., y.s A. Branches: — G. B. lyCwis Co., 19 So. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Ind. Agencies: — ly. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Ered Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah. E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo. Colorado Honey Producers' Assn., Denver, Colorado. *!;?: !»:v: *:v: 'm:< •?;.• 5ifel Q ueens. For 20 years I have made a specilaty of queen rearing. My apiary is located several miles from other bees; hence I am able to sec are the mating of my queens with drones from the most desirable colonies. Spec- ial attention is given to the se- lection of both queen-and'drone mothers from colonies that show marked industry, and cap their honey white. Safe arrival guaranteed, and every queen warranted to produce light yel- low, 3-banded, gentle workers. Should a queen prove unsatis- factory, she will be replaced, or money refunded. Queen shipped the next day after the order is received, unless other- wise requested. Ready to ship June ist. Price 75 cts. each. JAS. F. WOOD, No. Dana, Mass. :Vm';. •■•"••;• ••*..■■•' •?;'■.•■ •ifi-- •■•>;• HfiW- .•.•••.?.•;•: .••.•.-••.■•:;.• • ..•.•••."•:;•• .• . .■•■.■.•.•;•.•.••.•.•••.■?:;.•.•..•.•••.•:;•;.•..•.■« ^^^ " ' fiv f\\, fiK fiK f|K f|K fiK fiK 4^ Red Clover | QUEEN. J- OFFER NO. 35- I/- ON SEPTEMBER ist last we announced that we finally had a red- ^(J^ clover queen fully equal to the one we had years ago. The colony of ^fj^ this queen has given one of the most remarkable showings on red 'C^' ^^1^ clover of any bees we have ever had. The queen in question is an ^fj^ jtf imported one, and therefore of the genuine pure leather-colored Ital- C*^ '^i^^ ian stock. We sent out daughters from her all the season. But we >*V^ >^ did not discover her value until the clover season, second growth, '^^ ^^^^ came on, and then her colony so out-distanced all the other 450 ^fj^ ^f that she attracted attention at once. '^^ ^^^^ It must be understood that these queens are not golden yellow, ^y^ ^f neither are their bees of the five-banded stock. They are simply '^^ -^^^ leather-colored Italians, whose mother came direct from Italy. ^fj^ Vjf Since the notice appeared regarding this queen we have hardly been '^^ '^^^ able to supply all of the queens that were wanted from this stock. >*y^ j^f Many daughters of this queen we sent out before we knew her value, ^(^^^ '^^^ and it now transpires that some of the finest bees in the land are from ^fj^ jFf queens we sent out early. We are now booking orders for the coming '^^ '^^^ season, and make the following offer, but no queens will be furnished ^fj^ j^f except those who subscribe for Gleanings, and only one with each '^^ ''^^ year's subscription. All arrearages must be paid to the end of this ^rj^ j/f year. Gleanings for 1901 and one untested red-clover queen, |2.oo; '^^ ''^ij^ Gleanings one year and a tested red-clover queen, $4.00; a select test- ^fXl ^f ed red-clover queen and Gleanings one 3'ear for |;6.oo. We will begin '^^ '^fcjl^ mailing these queens in June, 1 90 1. Orders are already being entered, ^rXL ^f and the same will be filled in rotation. Do not neglect to improve '^^ '^fcj^ this opportunity and get some choice stock, and send your order early ^fXL ^f so you may get the queen correspondingly early in the season. V t A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, 0. f "^►i. j»'4^ yt^ yt^ yL. yt^ >*^ yt^ yt^ yt^ yt^ yt^ j*^ j>^ A JULY, 1901, At Flint, Michigan, — One Dollar a Year. fllDVEt^TISIflG l^ATES. All advertisements will be inserted at the rate of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in- sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch. Disconnts will be given as follows : On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6 times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times, 35 per cent. On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6 times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times, 40 per cent. On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6 times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times, 50 per cent. Clubbing Iiist. 1 will send the Review with — Gleanings, (new) ($1.00) .... $1.75 American Bee Journal. ... (new) ( 1.00) 1.75 Canadian Bee Journal ( 1.00) 1.75 Progressive Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.35 American Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.40 The Southland Queen ( 1.00) 1.75 Ohio Farmer (1.00). ...1.75 Farm Journal (Phila.) ( .50) 1.10 Rural New Yorker ...(1.00) 1.85 The Century ( 4.00) 4.50 Michigan Farmer (1.00) 1.65 Prairie Farmer (100) 1.75 American Agriculturist ( 1.00) 1.75 Country Gentleman ( 2.50) 3.15 Harper's Magazine ( 4.00) . ... 4.10 Harper's Weekly ( 4 00) 4.20 Youths' Companion (new) (1.75) 2.35 Cosmopolitan ( 1.00) 1.90 Success, (1.00) . ... 1 75 Honey Quotations. The following rules for grading honey were adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers' Association, at its Washington meeting, and, so far as possible, quotations are made according to these rules. Fancy. — All sections to be well fled; combs straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except the row of cells next the wood. No. 1. — All sections well filled, but combs un- even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white," No. 1,, dark," etc. The prices given in the following quotations are those at which the dealers sell to the gro- cers. From these prices must be deducted freight, cartage and commission— the balance being sent to the shipper. Commission is ten per cent.; except that a few dealers charge only five per cent, when a shipment sells for as much as cue hundred dollars. •^CHICAGO— During hot weather there is very- little demand for honey, and nothing coming forward. Practically no quotations until next issue. S. T. FISH & CO., June 24. 189 So. Water St., Chicago, Ills BUFFAIyO— No demand now for honey; and we don't advise shipments until October. We quote as follows: Fancy white, (old) 14 to 15; No. I white, 12; fancy amber, 8 to 9; No. i amber, 7 to 8; fancy dark, 6 to 7; beeswax, 22 to 28. BATTERSON & CO. June 24, 92 Michigan St., Buffalo, N. Y. CINCINNATI, OHIO.— The market for comb honey here is becoming a little bare, although higher prices are not obtainable. Fancy white comb sells for 16 cts. ; lower grades do not want to sell at all. Extracted is selling slow; amber sells for 63^ and higher. Fancy white clover brings 8 and 83^. Beeswax 28. c. H. w. wf;bkr, Jan. 14. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. KANSAS CITY —We beg to quote you our honey market as follows; practically no ship- ments arriving, and very little selling. We are! getting $3.50 to I3.65 per case of 24 sections No. i white; amber $3.00 to $3.25. Beeswax scarce and wanted. Will give 25 for pure beeswax. Advise \ or write us. W. R. CROMWEIylv FRUIT & CID^R CO., May. 5. 423 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. NEW YORK —There is a fairly good demand^ for amber and white comb honey. Extracted,' of all grades, is dull with a good supply. Bees- wax firm and wanted. We quote as follows: — Fancy white, 15; No, i white, 13 to 14; fancy amber, 12; No. i amber, 11; white, extracted, 6 to 6J^;amber, 5^ to 6>^; dark, 5; beeswax 29. HII^DRETH & SEGEI/KEN, 265 & 267 Greenwich St., Cor. Murray St. June 23. New York, NEW YORK— The market here is almost en- ' tirely bare of comb honey. There are a few lots of comb arriving from the South. There is no, demand as yet for comb honey. Extracted is [ plentiful on this market with little or no demand j at present. We quote as foUow^s: Fancy white, 15; No. I white, 14; No. 2 white, 12; buckwheat, io;j buckwheat, extracted, 5^. Beeswax is firm and) in good demand at 28. FRANCIS H. IvEGGET T& CO. June 24. W. Broadway Franklin & Varick Sts. CHICGAO — The new comb honey has not yet] reached this market. It would sell at 15 to 16 ifj choice white, and the ambers at 12 to 13. The] market is entirely bare with exception of a few] cases of a lot that we had held for us, expecting^ that it would be needed. Advices are that ship- ments will be started by July ist, very little] trading is being done in extracted, as large deal-] ers will not contract this sea on unless at low] figures;]some sales of amber have been made a 1 4^1 & 5 for early. R. A. BURNETT & Co., June 19. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111. m m i 1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^iSM^^^^^ lyisten ! Take my advice and buy your bee supplies i of August Weiss; he has tons and tons of the very finest FOUj^DflTIOH ever made; and he sells it at prices that defy competition! Working wax into foundation a specialty. Wax wanted at 26 cents cash, or 28 cents in trade, delivered here. Millions of Sections — polished on both sides. Satisfaction guaranteed on a full line of Supplies- Send for catalogue and be your own judge. AUG. W^ISS, Hortonville, Wisconsin. Send iis'[a list of what goods you want and get our special pri- ces. We have a com- plete stock of supplies and can make prompt shipments. Catalogue free. Page & liyoG, JVIf'g. Co. fleui Liondon, Wis. We have a Liat^ge Stock, and ean fill Oi^det's Ppomptly, Send us your orders for hives, extractors, or anything that you want in the bee-keeping line. We make only the best. Our Falcon Sections and New Process Foundation are ahead of an3'thing, and cost no more than other makes. New catalogue and a copy of The American Bee-Keeper free. W. T. Fzvlcoocr I^f%, 60., JAMBSTOWN, N. Y. g@°W. M. Gerrish, East Not- ingham, N. H., carries a full line of our goods at catalogue prices. ':^^^^^S^S^^^ Ho Fish-Bone Is apparent in comb honey when the Van Deusen, flat - bottom foundation is used. This style of foundation allow^s the making of a more uniform article, hav- ing a z'ejy thin base, with the surplus wax in the side - walls, where it can be utilized by the bees. Then the bees, in chang- ing the base of the cells to the natural shape, work over the wax to a certain extent; and the result is a comb that can scarcely be distinguished from that built wholly by the bees. Being so thin, one pound will fill a large number of sections. All the Trouble of ^^•iring brood frames can be avoided by using the Van Deusen wired. Send for circular; price list, and samples of foundation, tj. \tR^ DEUSEfJ, Sprout Brook, N. Y -.s:: 194 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Pacific Oueens Of three - banded, Italian, honey- gathering stock. Circular free, W. A. H. GILSTRAP, Gra^^son, 2-oi-6t Calif. Stanislaus Co. — If you wish the best, low-priced — TYPE - WRITER. Write to the editor of the Review. He has an Odell, taken in payment for advertising, and he would be pleased to send descriptive circulars or t.o correspond with any one thinking of buy- ing such a machine. — If you are going to— BUY A BtIZZ - SAW, write to the editor of the Keview. He has a new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to make you happy by telling you the price at which he would sell it. Supplies Cheap. Mr. L. B. Bell, formerly of Brecksville, Ohio, has accepted a permanent position in Arizona, and wishes to dispose of his apiarian fixtures. He wrote to me about it, and I told him if he would have them shipped to me I would sell them for him on commission. Here is a list of the articles and the price at which they are offered. 1 Coil Wire 60 61 Section Cases ( Wide Frame and tin sep- arators) at 25 68 Covers at .15 53 Bottom Boards at 10 30 Escapes at ... .15 50 Feeders ( Heddon Excelsior ) at 25 30 Alley, Queen and Drone traps, at . 35 All of the above are in my possession and can be shipped promptly. The hives and caaos arc well-made and nicely painted, and having been in use only two or three seasons are practically as good as new. Any one wishing to buy any- thing out of this lot can learn fuller particn lars upon inquiry. W Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint. Mich. I Names of Bee - Keepers, i i TYPE WRITTEN. 1£ The names of my customers, and of those ask- ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ- ten in a book. There are several thousand all arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) . and, although this list has been secured at an ex- pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it to advertisers or others at $2.00 per thousand names. The former price was $2.50 per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by using the manifold process, I can furnish them at $2.00, A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the names of bee-keepers in his own state only, oi-, possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom modated. Here is a list of the States and the number of names in each State. Arizona 46 Ky.... 182 N. C .60 Ark 130 Kans.. 350 NewMex, .. 26 Ala 80 La 38 Oregon 104 Calif. .378 Mo.... 500 Ohio 1,120 C0J0....228 Minn.. 334 Penn 912 Canada 846 Mich.. 1,770 R. 1 48 Conn... 162 Mass.. 275 S. C 40 Dak 25 Md . .94 Tenn 176 Del 18 Maine, 200 Tex 270 Fla. ...loo Miss.. . 70 Utah 68 Ga 90 N.Y.. 1,322 Vt 160 Ind 744 Neb — 345 Va I82 Ills HOO N J.... 130 W. Va 172 Iowa. . 800 N. H 126 Wash 128 Wis — 500 W.Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. Take notice, we are headquarters for the Albino J©ees, the best in the world. If you are looking for the bees that gather the most honey, and are the gentlest of all bees to handle, buy the Albino. I can furnish the Italian, but orders stand 50 to i in favor of the Albino. I manufacture and furnish supplies generally. vSend for circular. s. wAiiEnTinE, 3-oi-3t- Hagenstown, Md. Please mention the Review D. COOLEY, Dealer in B^^-K^^P^rs' 4-0 1 -6t Root's Goods at Root's Prices. Suppli«5, Kendall, Mich. Catalog free. ^'lease mpntion ihe Heme HEDDON CASES. I have over 100 of the Heddon, old-style section cases, that are well-made and painted, have been well cared for, and are practically as good as new that I offer at 15 cts. each. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mi THK BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 195 ■iinninBiiimii'n |iinMiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHii| ' 5 ^:ii"-a||l;i| ■:iiii>n =; Bee? Pay 1 1 Vn) Bz^rpber, I ■lim— \r) Colorado jl If you want to learn all about th(; marvelous Honey Rescour- ces of the Alfalfa Regions you should subscribe for the RocHy y^ouotziin Bee Jourr)Zi\. Monthly; 50 cents per year; sample copy free; 3 months on trial, 10 cents. Address The RocKy A\our>tain B^^ J^ournal Boulder, Colo. iiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii Of Mt. Pleasant, Mich., has his own saw-mill, and a factory fully equiped with the latest machinery, located right in a pine and basswood region, and can furnish hives, sections, frames, separators, shipping cases, etc., at the lowest possi- ble prices. Making his own foundation enables him to sell very close. Send for samples and prices before buying, and see how you may save money, time and freight. Bee-keepers' supplies of all kinds kept in stock. 12-99-it |iiiiiiiiia iii!aiii;i|iiiHiiiiiiiiMiiiiii:i:aiiiiiiiiM[ii liiii!iiiiiiimniiiiii!jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiijiiiiiiijii |!iinili ■:il!i|li iiliiiiiriiiiili!! 'iiii[Mi[miiiiHiiiiiiiiiBiiiniii!aiiiiiiii;aii!iiiii'ai[ii[iiiiBn iiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliilii ■ iiiiinniiiiinrBiiiiiiii^aiiiniii.aiiiiiiB liiiiiiiPiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiili;;! (^ iiiiiiii iiiiiiii I o /^ (A • < o a o ;r < c V) BIIIIIIB Biiiiiii 2L V) (A o o V) V) V) 3 o 5* VQ 3 m n o S' I c o H X > NO o o B I iiiiiiii Biiniiii BIIIIIIB iiiiiiii BIIIIIll |iiiiiii BIIIIIIB Biiiiiii Dittrner's Foupdatiop Retziil—Wbol^jzile— Jobbing. I use a non-dipping process that produces every essential necessary to make it the best and most desirable in all re- spects. My process and auto- matic machines are my own in- ventions, and enable me to sell foundation and WorK wax into FouMation for CasH at prices that are the lo-svest. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies, with prices and samples, free on application. Beeswax v.^antcd. GUS D1TTA\ER, Augustzt, Wisconsin, ■mill j;i!ini|i|:'iri iiiiiiiii i.i.iui j'!iriiigii'iniiigTiiiiiiBiniiiiiB'!ni!iiifl::;ii<[i:B:i:ii':'ii jhiLlliBillUIIIIBllilli:iliii{|l|llipalllijllf 411111, iBlllhlllii tiijilii 196 THE BEE-KEKPERS' REVIEW. Three Good Points Gooil StocUow Prices, FroiuBl Servicp. My stock is from J. P. Moore's long- tongue strain, A. I. Root's famous ^20c- queen, and from the stock of J. F. Mc- Intyre that filled supers when other col- onies were starving. I sell warranted queens, in any quan- tity, at 50 cents each. If a queen proves impurely mated, another is sent free of charge. All queens go by return mail, unless otherwise orderede I guarantee safe ar- rival and entire satisfaction, or return your money. h. H. ROBEY, 7-9i-3t. Worthington, W. Va. EaMy Queens. We have Italian stock the equal of any. We rear queens in fviU colonies by the best known methods. We can furnish queens early — right NOW if you want them. Tested queens, $2.00; untested, $1.00; .six forSs.oo; twelve for $9.00. Discounts on large orders. 3-oi-3t CHRIvSTIAN & HAI^I^, Meldrim, Ga. National Bee -Keepers' Association. Objects of the Association. To promote and protect the interests of its members. To prevent the adulteration of honey. Annual Membership, $1.00. Send dues to Treasurer. E. R. Root, Medina, O., President. R. C. AIKIN, I,ovELAND, Colo. Vice President Dr. A B. MASON, Toledo, O. vSecretary. EUGENE SECOR, Forest City, Iowa. Gen. Manager and Treasurer. Board of Directors. E. Whitcomb, Friend, Neb. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. A. I. Root, Medina, O. E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo. P. H. Elwood, vStarkville, N. Y. E R. Root, Medina, O. T. G. Newman, vSan Francisco, Cal. G. M. DoOLiTTLE, Borodino, N. Y. W. F. Marks, Chapinville, N. Y. J. M. Hambaugh, Escondido, Cal. C. P. Dadant, Hamilton, Ills. C. C. Miller, Marengo, Ills. H^ake Youp Own Hives ®ee *- Keepeps Will save money by using' our Foot Pow- er Saw in making" their hives, sections and boxes. Machines on trial. Send for Catalog-ue. W.F.&JKO. BARNES CO., S84 Ruby St., Rockford, Ills. i-oi 9t s^"" ./^' C/3 < ca CQ ;s -*: CD Q OS I-} I-} O H a. o Q td X ta CQ ^^peps A MONTHLY JOURNAL Devoted to tl^e Interests of Hoqey Producers. $L00 A YEAR. W. z. HUTCHINSON, Editor and Proprietor. VOLXIV, FLINT. MICHIGAN, JULY 10, 1901. NO, 7. OME OF THE ADVANTAGES OF A WELL-ARRANGED BEE-SHED. BY WM. STOL- LEY. With a well-arranged bee-shed every- thing used in the manipulation of the bees is close at hand and under shelter. The bee-keeper and the bees are always in the shade; and work can be continued even if a shower comes up. The use of a shed insures safer wintering, discour- ages swarming, and keeps all hives and fixtures in out of the weather. All of my hives are i8 or 20 years old, yet they are just as good as new. The picture that I send you was taken recently, and shows my apiary up to date. The lower tier shows 20 hives actually occupied with bees, with supers full of surplus stores nearly ready for the ex- tractor. In the upper tier I rear what queens I may need for my own use. Ten nuclei are ready now to be lowered to their proper places below. They have young laying queens and are strong enough in bees and brood to receive their first set of surplus combs. • The shed is 90 feet long and 8 feet wide, strongly built and quite well pro- tected from the winds by surrounding trees and bushes. The only fault I find with it is that it is too narrow. If I had it to do over again I should make it at least 10 feet wide — possibly 12 feet. As it is, there is scarcely room in the rear of the hives for comfortably working with the bees; and I often find it easier to work in front of the hives; even if it does in- terfere somewhat with the flying bees. Fifteen shade-boards, six feet long and three feet wide, protect the hives in front, in winter, against wind and drift- ing snow. When these boards are laid down in winter to allow the bees to have a flight, it makes a fine place for them to alight. At such times I also sweep the snow from the roof, and this, together with the shade boards, is the means of saving many bees from perishing on the snow. Grand Isi^and, Neb., July 20, iqoo. =^::;;^EEDING BACK HONEY BY A MOST NOVEL METHOD. BY FRED H. FARGO. Having for several j'ears practiced the following described meth- od to secure the completion of unfinished sections at the close of the honey gather- 200 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. ing season, it may be of benefit or inter- est to some who might like to experiment by trying the plan ; as every apiarist has generally a good many sections that if completed would bring better prices to the producer and sell better in the mar- kets. The honey to be fed back, which may consist of unfinished sections or anj^ combs of suitable honey from three to four pounds in quantity, is dailf placed in a hive (the entrance to which must be contracted to admit only one or two bees at a time) a few rods from the apiary, and not a great distance from the colony up- on which are placed the unfinished sec- tions to be completed. A section of hon- ey, bruised so that the honey is ready to run, and covered with bees, is then taken from the colony upon which are the un- finished sections, and placed in the hive containing the honey to be fed. Or we can place a section or piece of comb hon- ey on the alighting board and leave it there until sufficient, bees from this col- ony are taking -the honey, then place in the hive as above stated. These bees, thus carried from their home and placed in a hive containing honey, will work back and forth between this hive and their home, carrying the honey to the latter, and the strange part of it is that they will defend both hives from robbers. In selecting the colony to do this work, choose one containing good workers that will protect their own home against the intruding robber bees. The fact that the work of carrying away the honey is commenced by bees that are all from one colony accounts for their combining in a defense of the spoil. When a super is nearly completed, raise it up and place another of unfinish- ed sections underneath. I have had a single colony complete 125 to 150 sections in the above manner. Several hives may be arranged in this way, each colony working back and forth between its respective hives. B ATA VI A, N. Y., Mar. 2, 190:. j==^EEDING BACK EXTRACTED =<\ HONEY, SCIENTIFIC AIvIvY CONSIDERED. BY ADRIAN GETAZ. Sometime ago, thinking of feeding back, I hunted up all the information I could in our bee " ' papers and bee books. At first I was astonished to see how far apart were the results obtained. Then, after a thorough investigation, I found that the re- sults could be rec- onciled by taking into consideration the different conditions under which they were made. Besides that, these experi- ments give some valuable information re- garding the amount of honey necessary for sustaining the life of a colony of bees. Tet us first do some speculative figuring as a basis to start from, and then com- pare the figures thus obtained with the actual results. When feeding back is commenced, the first thing the bees do, is to start a great deal of brood and fill up the brood nest with hone}- . Quite an amount of honey is thus spent before anything is stored in the sections. It is evident that, in order to obtain the best results this amount (let us call it preliminary consumption) should be re- duced to a minimum. The brood nest should be contracted, if necessary-, and at any rate should be as full as possible, by exchanging combs with other colo- nies; or in any other available way. Generally the brood nest is full or nearly so at the close of the honey flow; there- fore no time should be lost in beginning the feeding back. It is also clear that the number of colo- nies should be the least possible; that is, each colony should be worked for the greatest amount, as the greater number THE BEEKEEPERS, REVIEW. 20 1 of colonies fed, the larger will be the total preliminary consumption, without any return to the apiarist (except the improvement in the condition of the col- onies). After the preliminary consumption stage is passed, and the bees begin to fill the sections, the only loss to meet is what may be called the daily consump- tion; that is, the amount necessary to sus- tain the life of the bees, produce the wax and feed the brood. Let us estimate these amounts: A col- ony wintered in the cellar does not con- sume much more than 15 or 20 pounds of honey during a period oi something like 120 days. That is only a small fraction of a pound every day. But in summer the colonies are much larger, and life more active, so the amount consumed simply to sustain the life of the bees, must be several times larger. We may put itj as the nearest guess attainable, at half a pound a day. Another quantity of honey is eaten in order to produce wax. Here we are al- most completely in the dark. The amount of honey necessar^^ to produce a pound of wax has been estimated all the way from 3 to 20 pounds. The 20 pounds, and large figures, are evidently a misunderstanding. If we take two colonies and furnish colony A with combs, and let colony B build its own combs, it is very possible that colony A may have 20 pounds of honey more than the other for each pound of wax produced. But it does not, by any means, follow that it takes 20 Dounds of honey to produce one pound of wax. The fact is, that colony A would be gathering honey rapidly, while during that time colony B would be occupied in building comb, and could not gather any surplus, simply because it v/ould have no room to store it. The ex- periments properly made have shown from 3 to 8 pounds of honey for one pound of wax. As the amount of wax necessary to complete a section of honey, or even a section of foundation is very small, we will guess at a daily consump- tion of another half pound of honey for Y/ax production. As to the consumption of honey for feed- ing brood, we may say that all the ex- periments mentioned below were made either vvlLl) ijmall hives, or on contracted brood iicGto, except those of A, I, Root. Assuming a daily production of 800 bees, there would be a weight of brood hatch- ing every day of only 1-5 of a pound, counting 4,000 bees to the pound. How much honey will it take to raise one pound of bees ? Evidently it will take more than one pound of food to raise one pound of bees, for there are some losses. These losses are not very great, however. There is the carbon dioxide, and water vapor exhaled, and there is a very small quantity of excreta left after the bee is raised. The larvae stage lasts only 5 days. But a part of the food is water and pollen. The Hon. R. L. Taylor estimates that it takes about 2 pounds of honey to pro- duce one pound of bees. I rather think the estimate is somewhat too high, but for our purpose, we can adopt it, and guess another half pound of honey daily for raising brood. So we come to an approximate daily consumption of one and one-half pounds of honey. Of course, in actual practice, there must be a considerable difference between different colonies, at different times of the year, and under different conditions. The first conclusion to be derived is the necessity of fast feeding. If the col- ony fed receives or takes only three pounds a day, there will be a loss by daily consumption of one-half of the hon- ey fed. In feeding 12 pounds a day, the loss would be only one-eighth of the honey fed. Right here, the feeders employed have probably been more or less defective, hi using a tin pan, onl}' a single line of bees can have access to the feed around the edge. Assuming the pan to be 8 b^^ ten inches, and allowing 6 bees side by side to the inch, we find that onl}- about 200 can have access to the feed at the same 202 THE BEE-KEEPERb' REVIEW. time. The feeders generally used do not give very much better results. I should think that for a colony of 20,000, or 25,000 bees, the feeder should furnish room for at least 1,000 bees work- ing together. Now for the practical results: The first met with is by Dr. Mason. He obtained more honey than he had fed. Didn't know why. The probability is that the brood-nests were full of honey when he began feeding back. Feeding always in- duces brood rearing; and to make room for the brood, his bees carried a portion of the honey "up stairs." At the other end of the line, we find Doolittle who got one pound for eyery two pounds he fed, or even less. Unfor- tunately, he gives us no details. A care- ful experiment from such an excellent observer, would be very valuable. If we suppose that each colony was fed 50 pounds, that the preliminary consumption was 10 pounds, that the amount fed daily was 4 pounds, and the daily consump- tion was i )^ pounds during the 10 days necessary to feed 50 pounds, we will ob- tain 25 pounds for net returns; that is, half the amount fed. All these condi- tions and results are undoubtedly within possibilities. A. I. Root, several years ago, made some experiments in that line. He gives, for preliminary consumption, 25 pounds. That seems enormous. But at that time he was using the ten-frame. Simplicity hives. It seems, also, that he did not contract the brood nest, or take any care towards having it pretty full before he be- gan feeding. On the other hand, he places the daily consumption (after the 25 pounds are used) at one-tenth of the amount fed. It could hardly be possible to have fed more than ten pounds every day, and that would give a daily consump- tion of only one pound. The only carefully conducted experi- ments we have are those by the Hon. R. Iv. Taylor. In his first series of experi- ments, he fed sugar instead of honey, and assumed that 4 pounds of sugar are equal to 5 pounds of honey. Without entering into details, I will say that, assuming the increase of weight of the brood nest (there were weights before and after) to represent the preliminary consumption, and computing the amounts fed and tak- en off with the number of days, we find, for daily consumption, one pound a day for one colony; i )^ for another, and 2% for the third. This last is an anomaly that cannot be explained. Mr. Taylor says he failed to notice any robbing. The average amount fed to each colony was about 3 pounds a day; entirely too little for profitable feeding back. The second experiment was made with four colonies. The increase in honey in the brood- nest was ten pounds for the first colony 5 for the second and less than I pound for the two others. The daily consumption/was, for the four colonies, respectively, i 4-9 lb., 1% lb., 1% lb. and a little less than one lb. The amount of brood was about the same at the start as it was at the end of the experiment. The amount fed averaged less than 3 pounds a day. At that rate feeding back is not profitable; as half of the honey fed, or about that, goes to supply the daily con- sumption. In the American Bee Journal for 1890, page 67S, is found an experiment by Mr. Demaree; 30 pounds of unfinished sec- tions and 138 pounds of honey were giv- en to a colony. 140 pounds of finished sections (that is, 160 sections weighing 14 ounces each) were taken off as the re- sult. This gives a loss of 28 pounds for both preliminary and daily consumption. The number of days of feeding is not giv- en, but the amount fed varied from 5 to 8 pounds daily, except the first two days, during which 25 pounds were taken. Assuming 7 pounds for an average, we would have 18 days, or a daily consump- tion of less than i}4, pounds a day, since a part of the 28 lbs. is the preliminary consumption. A special feeder was used. The experiments were repeated the fol- lowing year (American Bee Journal, 1891, page 332) with similar results. THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 203 The experts in feeding back, among whom is the editor of the Review, have obtained as much as 4 pounds of comb honey from the feeding of 5 pounds of extracted honey. The chief points, evi- dently, seem to be to have the brood-nest so full at the beginning that but little will be stored there; and to make the bees take as much food as possible. All the experiments mentioned above seem to show that a colony of bees consumes about I }^ pounds of honey per day, and if we were to feed l-hat amount only, it would be all consumed, while if w? fed 15 pounds a day, only one-tenth of it ( I Yz lbs. ) would be consumed, and the 13^ remaining pounds would be avail- able as surplus. That 1 ^ pound a day for consumption is probably not quite enough. To it, should be added what the bees may have gathered from the field. This however cannot be much. All the feeding back mentioned above was done after the hon- ey flow. The majority of writers claim that heavily fed bees quit gathering in the field, or at least slack considerably. Some, however, deny it. The difference may be due to the amount of comb. If all the comb has to be built, the fed hon- ey may be stored in it as fast as it is built, and leaves no room for outside honey. If already built, and only part- ly filled sections are given, so there is plenty of empty comb, there may be room enough for both, honey fed and honey (nectar) gathered. Let us now gather some instruction from the above facts. In the first place, it is evident that during the active season a colony of bees uses about i ^ pounds of honey for life sustenance, wax-making and brood-rearing. Supposing ten weeks of active work there would be about 100 pounds of honey. During the winter, a colony uses something like 20 pounds of honey. For the remainder of the year it takes at least ^ of a pound daily for life-sustenance and what little brood may be reared. Total, somewhere about 170 pounds yearly. That seems excessive; still, I do not see how it could be less; and in many cases it might be considera- bly more. When we see a colony giving 100 pounds of surplus, while another may give only 30 pounds, we think that there is an enormous difference between the two, yet it is not so great as it seems at first. Granting the 170 pounds con- sumption to be correct, the total amounts gathered would be 270 and 200 pounds respectively; a difference of only about one-fourth. This should be an encourage- ment for breeding a superior strain of bees, as it would not take so very great im- provement in the gathering qualities of the bees to make quite h difference in the surplus obtained. The special experiments referred to in the beginning of the articles, concerning the amount of honey necessary to produce a pound of wax, were made with bees kept in confinement and fed. It is very doubtful if the results thus obtained can be applied to bees working under natural conditions. Mr. Pender reasons thus: A good swarm of bees carry about a pound of honey in their sacs. During the first 24 hours they gather hardly auN thing. Dur- ing that time they build from one to three pieces of comb weighing about 4 ounces. Thus he thinks that it takes about 4 pounds of honey to produce one of wax. During the feeding back referred to above, Mr. Demaree made an experiment with one colony to ascertain the actual loss of honey. As soon as the colony selected had begun to work above, the super was removed and replaced b}^ another filled with sections full of foun- dation. He had to feed 41 pounds of hon- ey to get the sections completed. There were 32 sections containing 24 pounds of honey (net weight). A second super with sections having only starters was given. It took only 30 pounds of honey to fill it. A third super was then given with exactly the same results, 204 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Of the 41 pounds used in the first trial, t is very likely that some went into the brood nest. We would have then 30 pounds of fed honey necessary to produce 24 pounds in sections. The loss would be 6 pounds. A section of honey contains about an ounce of wax. The 32 sections would contain about 2 pounds of wax. Admit- ing (which is improbable) that there was enough nectar coming from the field to feed the brood and support the life of the bees, the 6 pounds of honey lost were employed to produce 2 pounds of wax. This would give 3 pounds of honey to one of wax as a maximum; for it is hard- ly propable that all of it was used for wax making and none at all for brood rearing. Perhaps the estimation of one ounce of wax per section, is too high. No de- scription of the sections used is given. Full experiments on the quantity of honey necessary to make wax, sustain the Hfe of bees, and raise brood, are very much needed. There is work for the ex- perimental station. Knoxvii,i,e, Tenn., Mar. 13, 1901. R EQUISITES FOR SUCCESS IN THE PRODUCTION OF EX- TRACTED HONEY. O. VICTOR. BY W. In the order of their importance, I will name and discuss the requisites for the greatest success in the produc- tion of extract- ed honey. ist, experience of the apiarist; 2nd, location; 3rd, stock of bees; 4th, fix- tures; 5th, manipulation. Experience of the apiarist is of the most importance, because, with- out experience, he could not select the location, bees, or fixtures; nor could he properly manipulate them. This experi- ence is often times dearly bought; as in my case (see Review, page 74, 1900). We can very much enlighten ourselves, by reading the various book and journals, but, before risking much money on bees (or any business) we should have experi- ence in that line. The cheapest way to get this, is to engage with some practical apiarist for a season, and receive his in- structions for your service, if he can spare sufiicient time to instruct you in de- tail. In selecting a location, great care should be used; and, as much as possible, acquaint yourself with the various sour- ces from which honey is expected. In the early spring we need pollen and nectar in sufficient quantity to bring our bees up to the highest possible point by the time our honey flow proper begins to come in. If we should have a heavy and protracted flow, we should then have a light flow to follow, to bring our bees back in condition for the next heavy work. We should expect at least several flows during the season; as, for extracted honey, several moderate flows are better than only one heavy one. Besides, in the former case, w^e have several chances of securing a crop. Once located, we should stick to our bush and study the flora; as the knowledge of it is won- derfully helpful in deciding upon the proper manipulations. Especial care should be given to the selection of the bees we are to use. I ought to have said, "queens," for, as Djolittle says, "the queen is the hub of the hive;" and, without good queens, of a good kind, we are wasting a part of everything we have invested. Too much care can not be bestowed on the selection of the queens that are to head our colo- nies; for on them depend very largely our success. First, the working qualities should be considered. If we have a strain that gathers five or ten per cent., or, in some cases, fifty per cent., more than other strains, we are just that much THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 205 ahead in net profit; as the food, hives, attention, etc., required by the poor stock, are exactly the same as that required by the superior. Then, again, we can in- crease our net profits by having better gueens of this better kind, in proportion, as they are more proHfic ; and in many cases we can, by watching this point, of superiority of queens, increase our net profit from 200 to 300 per cent, over stock, that to all appearance, is fairly good. I am glad to note that superior quatity and not superior appearance ^ is attracting most attention of late years. Do not understand me to say I do not like good looking l^ees, for such is not the case. If we can combine beauty and business, without making a sacrifice of business, I shall be more than pleased. We should not forget to require our bees to be kind and gentle in disposition. This quality, however, is usually com- bined with that of good business. We should also have the best, and most approved fixtures; for life is too short to waste it over illy-made and antiquated equipments. My favorite hive is the ten- frame Dovetailed, with plain, thick top- bars. My preference for the Dovetailed hive is because it is simple and plain; and for the thick top-bars because I use only nine frames in my extracting stories, and spacers are of no service to me; and are very much in the way of rapid work in uncapping. I use the Cowan, reversi- ble honey extractor, two or three frames. The latter is best where you have heavy extracting and wish to do heavy work. While I do not use or advise the use of queen excluders at all times, I consider them of sufiicient importance to have them on hand to be used if we desire to do so. Having complied with the foregoing, I will invite you to come with me into the apiary this beautiful spring morning. In seven or eight weeks we will have our best honey flow, and I must begin to day to get ready for it. The first thing, I will put out some feed; and I will get you to take two of these feeders out for me. Four will be enough for this apiary (100 colonies). I will put them about forty steps out here to the south; as the breeze will take the odor of the feed through the apiary, and the bees will find it sooner. You see, to make these feed- ers, I nail a hive top to the bottom edge of a body, and wax the joints to keep them from leaking. The floats are made of old covers, bored full of holes, and cut down to fit in the bodies loosely. Before I put wire gauze on the float the bees would crowd one another down through the holes, and drown, but now I have no such trouble. I will bring some warm water and mix the feed. To this bucket of water ( 2 gals. ) I will put about three quarts of honey. If I should make the feed too sweet the bees would go wild over it. After they get used to it, equal parts of each will do. I will put a bucket full in each feeder. Now, while the bees get to work on this, I will show you the arrangement of the apiary, which is with a view to affording the greatest comfort to the bees, as well as to myself. I would like a little more shade than I have, but I will use shade-boards later on these hives that are not protected by the trees. I face the hives southeast, because I want the morning sun and southern breeze to get a good chance at the en- trances. This facing also protects the entrances against northers. I used a level in placing these hive-stands, and have them just Y^ of an inch lower in front, and exactly level from side to side. By placing the hives in pairs, this way, I can use one hive for a seat while I work the other; or, for a stand to place my tools on. Well, just listen to that hum ! Did you ever hear bees flying nicer ? Like clever fellows, they are going after that feed. I will get the smoker and veils now, and we will see how things look on the inside of the hives. Needn't be afraid of robbing as long as that feed lasts. How do you like the looks of these combs? They were built on full s'.ieets of foundation, and are os straight io6 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. as can be. I have one more hive I want to show you. I will leave the smoker here and take off my veil. I am not the least bit afraid of being stung by these bees. The queen is the daughter of an imported queen, and a perfect beauty. I want you to be sure and see her. There she is? See that row of dots down her back ! Note her size, and general ap- pearance. Her bees are not nearly as bright as some I have shown you, but, I want to call your attention to their size and uniform marking. Put your hand on them, and see how soft and waim they feel. Don't be afraid of them. They will not sting you unless you mash too hard. You see, not a bee has left the comb; and they do not seem at all alarmed. I wish you could be here during a honey flow, to see how they roll it in. Now you see, there has not been a rob- ber about, although we have had some dozen or more hives open, and more or less honey exposed all the while. Pardon this digression; we will now proceed to prepare for the expected hon- ey flow. We should put out some feed every day for four to six days; which will start brood rearing with a rush, and give us an opportunity to examine carefully, and see that each colony has plenty of stores. On the last day we feed we should examine each colony to see if there is any brood. If we do not find any, we should then examine carefully for the queen. If we should find any that are queenless, they should be doub- led in with colonies that have a queen, or given a queen as early as possible. Having thus started brood rearing, it will continue as fast as the bees can care for it, until the first started begins to hatch. We now have about two weeks to look after our supplies, and get everything in readiness for the rush of the season, as the bees should not be disturbed until the brood we have caused them to start begins to hatch. This brings us up to within 30 to 35 days days of our honey flow. Upon our efforts at this time depends largely our success. Should we sleep too early or too late, we may see flowers bloom, wither and perish for the want of bees to give them life. We should see that the bees have all the food that they can possibly use, and not allow them, for a moment, to think they are running short. If they are not gathering some honey they should be fed as described above; both to encourage brood rearing, and to facilitate manipulations. They should have ample room, even if we have to exchange empty combs, for combs of honey, extract the honey and feed it back, and in this way keep them stimulated to the highest possible pitch of brood rearing. When the colony is strong enough, spread the brood and put in frames partly full of uncapped honey, and give the queen every possible en- couragement to lay. Each colony should be examined at least once a week, and, as nearly as possible, keep the sealed brood shifted to the center of the colony; as the cells vacated by the hatching bees will be filled sooner when in the center of the brood nest. This work should be constantly pushed for three weeks; which brings us to within ten to fifteen daj-s of our honey flow. We are now pleased to see that our queens have reached the height of their laying capac- ity, that we have eight to fifteen solid frames of brood, have seen but few swarms and very little, disposition to swarm. We now see to it that there is ample room for the wonderful amount of bees that people our hives, and for the extracted honey flow. Raise the front of the hive from the bottom board an inch to give free entrance and ventilation — and we are ready to balance our scales and reap the reward of our labors. I have the pleasure of showing you the second highest record for three days, that I have ever heard of; which is forty- four lbs., as you will see b}' lU}- record of the 1 8th, 19th, and 20th. At the top of the middle story you will see that my scales were balanced on April 13, 1S96, THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 207 and weighed 87 14 lbs. Follow the record to the 23rd, and you will see the weight is 166 lbs; a gain of 78^4 lbs. for ten days. On the top story is a record taken at different hours during the day of the 19th, which shows the hive at 8 A. M. to be 7 lbs. short of the previous day's record; as that 7 lbs. of bees are at last, but by no means least, look at the last line on the top story, and see my esti- mated gain for that day from 500 colo- nies, is 5,600 lbs ! Have I reaped a re- ward for my labor in fussing with the bees so much for the past two months ? I think I have. Wharton, Texas, Mar. 7, 1901, I f 1 4/i . I? 6 5/z.. 5.6 0 0 \ks_. '. if - 8 9 . - Jl ^:. 96 I f 2. 6 3>. 3,0 2.} '^'"^s^^'ewpj^j'^M..^ U^s 73;^ o/z work at this hour. At 2 P. M. we are still 5>^ lbs. light, although they have been at work for more than six hours. This shows that the working force of this hive, in the field at this time, is enormous. My estimate is that there must have been something like 12 to 15 lbs. at work at this hour, as, at 7 o'clock, only five hours later, we had 151^ lbs. gain over the previous day's record. And ^ i^HE PREVENTION OF SWARMING IN JAMAICA. BY H. E. VAUGHAN. I notice in the January numb.^r of the Review that you advocate the keeping of numerous colonies in several out-apiaries, and the management of the same on economical and "short cut" lines; and you invite suggestions and queries as to 2o8 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. the best manner of doing this. I live in the sunny island of Jamaica, where it is always summer, and, so far, I find the most difficult problem to tackle here is the swarming question. I work for extracted honey, as do nearly all the Jamaica bee-keepers, there being at pres- ent no market for comb, and all the authorities tell us that, when working for extracted honey, swarming can be prac- tically controlled at the bee-keeper's will. I have no doubt that this is true for Northern climates, where each year the bees are reduced during the wintering process, and when the honey flow, though short, is, while it lasts, much heavier than ours. Here we have more or less flow for at least ten months of the year; and from October or November to, say June, a fairly continuous, light flow; sufficient to promote breeding to its ut- most and yet not enough to occupy the bees busily all the time in storing (wish it was ! ) There are also two to three weeks' heavy flow from which we get our main crop, and this generally occurs about January, after the bees have had enough flow to fill their brood nests to overflow- ing with honey and bees, and get the swarming fever, then they will not be content without splitting themselves up; thus losing honey and increasing the number of hives, supers, etc., needed, besides adding to the amount of labor required. I have tried i6-frame hives; I have tried ample ventilation with great big entrances; shade boards; supers (up to three on one hive) without success. The only thing that works is to cut out queen cells and return the swarms; at the same time removing some frames of brood; but here we come to the rub. All this means labor, skilled labor, and would necessitate the keeping of a man continually in at- tendance at each apiary for nearly the whole year; besides, I think bees com- pelled to stay at home whei hey want to swarm do not work so ., 'yhov they usually "sulk" with me for a flay or two after being returned. Now, Mr. Editor, if you, or any of our Southern friends, could give a method of preventing the swarming fever from arising, under the conditions I have tried to sketch above, you would confer a fav- or on me; and, I think, on all young bee- keepers who are located in and around the tropics. I should have mentioned above that my bees are chiefly Italians with a few Italian-black hybrids. Grange Hii^i,, Jamaica, Mar. 21, 1901. 'ITH LONG TONGUES IS NEEDED A WILLING- NESS TO USE THEM. BY F. B. SIMPSON. No, Mr. Editor, your note on page 18.5 shows that you have not grasped my meaning. My contention is that a long tongue will not of itself give a bee any advan- tage, even on red clover, un- less such in- creased length is due to in- creased vigor or energy. So far as I know, no one has yet demonstrat- ed the minimum length of tongue which can be used to obtain any nectar from red clover; I therefore believe that in any good colony there will be at least a few bees having a sufficient tongue-length to get i'C'?;/^ nectar from red clover; and if they work it and reach all they can it will undoubtedly increase their tongue- length to some extent; and if this con- tinues progressively for several genera- tions, we will naturally get long tongnes, together with the ability and willingness ^ use ll' tn. On the other hand, if w'i ortea trom a queen giving bees of .23 tongue length, and get queens giving THK BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 209 I bees of only .21 tongue length, we have a degeneration of .02 instead of progres- sion; and I contend that some of such bees may have such a tongue-length which gives no indication of their ability or willingness to use it. I claim that a long-tongued bee that call but will not reach, and a short- tongued bee that simply cannot^ are equal if other qualifications are equal. Except that as a breeder, the mother of the shorter tongued one will have the advan- tage if she was bred without any idea of long tongues, and if the other was bred for long tongues and failed to produe the willingness and ability to use them. I claim that it is possible to find extra long tongued bees that won't reach; and that, other things being equal, they are infe- rior to moderately long tongued ones that will reach as far as they an. If one will experiment with glossome- ters such as I have been trying, consisting of glass tubes with an internal diameter of one-twentieth of an inch, he will get an approximation to a red ciover corroUa tube; and he will note that while many bees can reach very deep into such a tube, most of the^ hate to except when extremely hungry. He will also note that it is seldom that a bee will use its tongue in a straight line, but near- ly always with some degree of curvature, and that the tongue is continually thrust in and out instead of being held at the same length of extension; probably indi- cating that elasticity may play an impor- tant part and may not be in direct pro- portion to absolute dead tongue-length. I believe the Root method of measuring is inaccurate, yet the only practical method of comparison where the bees have to be sent to a distance. Another point which I consider of considerable importance is that with a glossometer as mentioned one will note that when the bee has reached as far as pos.='"ble, she takes the nectar from the side^oi the tube, and the meniscus (crescent shapt of sur face of liquid in small tube) is of sum- cient, depth so that the nectar in the cen- ter of the tube is often over a hundredth of an inch lower than at the edges. I can see no possibility of red clover failing to give an equal meniscus, and, if it does, the apparently paradoxical condition follows, that a bee can obtain, from red clover, nectar to an average depth near- ly if not quite one one-hundredth of an inch further than she can reach. I wish here to correct the error I made in my article on inbreeding in the June Review. When I wrote "my idea that the best bee is the best regardless of lo- cality" I had in mind all the limitations mentioned in the middle paragraph on page 173 but failed to put them on paper as they should have been if again men- tioned, for I am far from believing the way that last sentence was printed. Cuba, N. Y., June 24, iooi. EDITORIAL fterings. Unpainted Hives are recommended by Mr. Perry Ellis of Oregon. He says that his experience with them is the same as that of Mr. Doolittle. In Moving Bees, stop any cracks or broken places with uiud. So writes S. W. Hall of Wyoming. He says that it beats rags or wax, as it is quicker and just as effectual. Bottom Starters have been discard- ed by S. W. Hall of Wyoming. He sa3's that they wilt down. I have never tried them (see no use for them) but I presume that he used them too tall. Ontario will make an apiarian exhibit at the Pan A' dean Exhibition. It will •obabl o^ - "p about the middle of Jul}'. The government has a]>propriated I500 towards defraying the expense. 2IO THE BEB-KKEPKRS' REVIEW. R. Wii^KiN, one of the pioneer bee- keepers of California, and the father-in- law of J. F. Mclntyre, died May 30, 1^,01. At one time he was probably the leading bee-keeper of Southern California. ■^jr«j«^jfR *.»^i^ Mr. F. B. Simpson will next month contribute an article describing a scien- tific method of queen-breeding, and of testing queens in a decidedly novel, yet wholesale and practical method. »T"jrH ■'■jrR^'Xjr^ Smoke, says editor Hill of the Ameri- can Bee-Keeper, is a necessary commodi- ty in the apiary, but there are times when its use should be strictly avoided. In the case of robbing, a spray of water is equally effective, while a blast from the smoker may result in the loss of a colony. ^;"'>i^lL»U«/'»jr«. Eggs, those laid by a queen bee, have been sent by mail, and hatched success- fully. Gleanings reports success when the distance was not more than 100 miles — beyond that there was no success. Last spring when I called on Mr. A. D. D. Wood, of Lansing, he told me that he had had excellent success in getting eggs by mail from Mr. Doolittle. I don't know how far the distance is, but it cer- tainly must be four or five hundred miles, if not more. ii^nt»ii^^^ 11*^1^ "Chunk Honey" is something that is never seen in the Northern markets, but it is evident that it finds a ready sale in the South and West. Mr. S. W. Hall of Wyoming writes the Review that he sells all of his half-filled and broken or leaky sections as "chunk honey." He puts all that he can into a five pound pail, and then pours in enough extracted honey to bring the price to a certain figure, say, 75 cts., and sells the whole at the price of comb honey. He never has enough to supply the demand. The only drawback is the candying. Bee Parai^ysis is certainly not so prevalent in the North as in the South. Editor Hill, of the American Bee-Keeper, says he does not remember of having ever seen a case of it in the North, while he usually sees more or less of it in the South each season. ■'■^«,iij>^^'»^v» Swarming before the harvest is the way E. R. Root reports that the bees do in the South and West. When the main harvest comes they kill off their drones, stop swarming, and get down to business. Here in the North our bees are much less inclined to swarm after the beginning of a good honey flow, than when the flow is light. ■"■^KBH^Xi^jC^ "Boil. IT Down," is what Mr. S. W. Hall of Wyoming would be pleased to have us editors and correspondents do. He says that he takes the bee-journals to get new ideas, but he is obliged to scratch over so much chaff for a few grains of common sense that he is sometimes tempted to forego the reading of all of the journals, until they learn to boil it down. Long articles are sometimes nec- essary and valuable; but, if I understand the spirit of Mr. Hall's criticism, it is not to these that he objects so much as to giving space to articles that are of little or no help to real, practical honey producers. 1t»>t»^L»^^1l^ni^ CEIvIvUI^OID BASE FOR FOUNDATION. Mr. Brown of New Zealand wishes to know why we could not have the base to our brood foundation made of celluloid or vulcanite rubber, and thus avoid trouble from the sagging of the founda- tion. I believe that different substances have been tried as a base; linen, and wood, and I don't know what all; but I know that, sooner or later, they have been discarded. The expense of making such foundation would be one great ob- jection to it. The sagging that it is in- tended to overcome is more easily and cheaply prevented by the use of wires. THK BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 211 FivOODS swept away 75 colonies of bees for Mr. J. H. Kershaw, of Abilene, Texas. He is an old man, broken in health, and depending upon his bees for a living. He has half a dozen colonies left that were in a different location. If any of the brethren have a queen or two that they can send him it will be appreciated, as it will help him in increasing the re- maining- few colonies. ll.*^t« M^-H^ltint" THE INFI^UKNCE OF I,OCAI,lTY — BKK- KEEPING EDITORS OUGHT TO TRAVEIv. E. R. Root of Gleanings has been tak- ing an extended western trip, going south through Texas and coming back through Colorado. He says that this trip, in many ways, has been a revelation and a surprise. More than ever is he impressed with the influence of locality. A good bee-keeper from the North, un- til he can unlearn some things and learn new ones, is sure to meet with failure upon going into these Western regions. The trip that I took last winter through New York was one of the best things that I ever did for the Review. Not only are things different in a distant lo- cality, but a stranger looks at them in a different light than does a home body. This side-light, so to speak, brings into view features before unnoticed. "bumbi^e bee honey," and i,ong- tongued bees. I have often been inclined to smile when I have heard people talking of "bumblebee honey;" as though it were different from other honey. I would ad- mit to myself it did seem as though it had a different taste than other honey, 'but I was always inclined to attribute that to my keen boyish appetite that was al- ways present during the period of my life v»?hen I robbed bumble bees" nests. Yesterday, an old bee-keeping friend called upon me, and, as we sat out on the porch talking over the various phases of bee-keeping, he said: "I believe that there is something in this long-tongue idea. I'll tell you why. During the forty years that I have kept bees I have often noticed that there would occasional- ly be a colony or two that would store a lot of honey in the fall, when the other colonies were doing nothing, and this honey always tasted like bumble bees' honey. You know that bumble bees get most of their honey from red clover, and it is that that gives it that peculiar flavor. I am satisfied now that the reason that those colonies stored more honey was be- cause their bees had longer tongues, and worked on red clover. ' ' *T«J«T<,^,«U»'kF*^ Hive Covers are baing discussed quite a little. Tin and canvas, and even a heavy paper, have been used to cover the wood. To my mind there is nothing better than paint for covering the wood of a cover. I know that these coverings are put on to prevent leaking, but a plain, sound board will not let the water through, while a cleat at each end will effectually prevent warping. I know that, occasionally, there will be found a cover of this kind that has twisted, but the twist can be taken out by supporting the cover at diagonally opposite corners, and putting a weight upon the other two corners. It has been suggested that, a cover be made double so as to answer the purpose of a shade board. This would be an added expense; besides, a shade board, to be of much use, ought to project out quite a distance beyond the sides of the hive. A shade board is needed only during the hottest part of the season, and it would not be good policy to be hampered with a large, double cover during the whole year. For the Northern part of the United States there is nothing better than a plain board of white pine, throughly cleated and painted; and it is hard to believe that such a cover is not the best cover in anv climate. 212 THE BEK-KBEPERS' REVIEW. PUTTING A HIGH , OUEENS. Of late there ' ^ been some pretty steep figures put upon the value of queens. I don't know what is the highest price at which a queen has been sold. There may be queens the owners of which would not sell them for lioo or $200, but queens have never been sold at prices even ap- proaching such figures. Has any one ever paid more than firo.oo for a queen? If a man has paid $25.00, or 1 100. 00, or any other big price, for a queen bee, or a puppy, or a rooster, or a Jersey bull, I think it entirely legitimate to so state in his advertisements. I suppose it is equal- ly legitimate to advertise that he has a queen, or rooster, or what not, that he values at 1200.00, but don't you see that it opens the door for every Tom, Dick and Harry to put a price on their stock; and, as talk is cheap, they may as well put on a little larger price than Mr. Big Gun has put upon his. The result is that the whole thing is run into the ground, becomes a farce, and finally reaches that stage where it belittles the man ( and his goods) who employs it. I am the more free to write in this manner, as I was one of the first follows to head his adver- tisement with "|ioo- Queen." ■ji.»^«^» HOW^ THE GERMS OF FOUI, BROOD ARE, AND ARE NOT, TRANSMITTED. Some of us have been inclined to doubt the wisdom of Mr. McEvoy's advice not to boil or disinfect the hives when treat- ing foul brood. Mr. J. D. Bixby of Grooms, N. Y. reports to me an extreme case that helps Mr. McEvoy's side of the story. A man had three colonies perish of foul brood early in the season in an out-apiary. The hives were stacked up against the side of the honey house where the robbers and moths soon made short- work of the combs, the latter falling out of the rear half of each frame in one hive, thus leaving a vacant space. Later in the season the owner noticed bees going out and in the hive, and, upon examination, he found a swarm occupying the vacant space formed by the combs falling down. They built new combs, filled them with buckwheat honey, and have remained in a healthy condition. U»'>L»U»^^«TlM'«. TRYING TO SECURE TRADE BY USING PART OF A GOOD FIRM'S NAME. About the first of May, Hildreth & Segelken, who furnish the Review with honey quotations for New York city, moved to 265 and 267 Greenwich St. Shortly after their removal from their old location (120 and 122 W. Broadway) one Joseph McCaul rented the old location, and hung out a sign "Hildreth, McCaul Co., Jos. M. McCaul Prop." He also has other large signs to the effect that his business is "Headquarters for Honey, Beeswax, Maple Sugar and Maple Syrup. ' ' He is also sending out circulars to th^ THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 213 trade. McCaul claims to have DfiM one ■^lenry P. Hildretli, who has no ». .nec- tion with Hildreth & Segelken, a con- jsideration for the use of his name. Hil- dreth & Segelken have applied for an injunction restraining the said McCaul from using the name "Hildreth" in con- nection with his business. Hildreth & Segelken 's firm-name remains the same as before, and all business is carried on at their new quarters, 265 and 267 Green- wich St. ■^*^*x*^ <^jr "<. H. G. QuiRiN, of Parkertown, Ohio, sent a change of adv. for this issue of the Review, but it did not get here until the advertising pages were printed. As it icontains some changes in prices, I will give the prices here: One selected queen, 75cts.;six for $4.00; twelve for $7.00; (One tested queen, |r.oo; six for I5.00; twelve for|;9. One selected tested, $1.50; six for S^.oo. One extra selected, test- ed, the best that money can buy, $3 00. Purchasers will be guided by these prices instead of those in his ad. on page 222. ii^^t»it»^^it»u» Drone Comb is seldon built by a new- iy hived swarm for the purpose of rearing drones. As a rule, such comb is used tor store-comb the first season. I men- tion this as I see an editorial in the American Bee Journal in which one ob- jection urged against the use of starters in the brood nest is that drone comb is built, and, "as fast as it is built it will be more or less filled with drone brood — generally more — and that brood is a waste. ' ' If frames furnished with start- ers are placed in the brood nest of a col- ony just before it is ready to swarm, these frames will almost surely be filled with drone comb, and the cells filled with drone brood; but when a swarm is hived upon starters, no drone comb will be built so long as the queen keeps pace with the comb builders; but let the queen get behind, or go back to fill the cells from which the bees are batching in the center of the brood-nest, and comb is then built to stoic -v^imk^ it is quite likely to be store or drone ». """i but it is very seldom that it will be ti led with drone brood at the time that it is built. By sorting over the combs in the fall the drone comb can be taken out and used after that in the supers, or melted into wax. Contrary to the belief of some, I believe that, under such conditions, combs are built at a profit even if they are to be melted into wax. iL^^UPMMUF^P^^ An Amusing Incident, illustrative of the amount of ignorance that one may possess regarding bees, was related to me this morning by a lady customer. A young man who had recently married her niece was visHing at this lady's home when a swarm of bees came out. This young man went out to watch the proceeding, when he soon shouted: "Bring a cage. Auntie, I've got the queen, I've got her ! " and came running for- ward with his handkerchief wadded up in his hands. Fearing for the safety of her queen, the lady was quite outspoken regarding the apparently careless manner in which she was being treated. With much solicitude, the handkerchief was taken to a place of safety, and carefully , unrolled, when out hopped — a little tree toad. INTRODUCING QUEENS. Arthur C. Miller has an article on queen introduction, in the May issue of the American Bee-Keeper. It is written in approval of the Simmins, fasting meth- od. That is, the queen is confined alone, without food, for half an hour before she is released, the releasing being done at evening. I once introduced 10 queens by following that plan, and succeeded with all of them. The editor asks "why at night?" I might say that, for one thing, there is no danger of the queen flying away when released after dark. The theory of the fasting method is that the queen is hungry and humble, and not inclined to run, but rather to linger 214 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. and graciously receive the proffered food. Never mind, Bro. Miller, about the theory, what we want is a certain, sure method that is quick and practical. We want one that will allow us to introduce the queen without keeping her caged two or- three days, and one that is as safe as are the methods of mailing queens; so that we can guarantee safe arrival and safe introduction. For three years now I have been guaranteeing safe introduc- tion, replacing all queens that are not safely introduced, and while I have not had to replace very many queens, I did not strike a "dead-sure" method until I tried tobacco smoke. For two months last fall, and so far this summer, I have been instructing my customers to employ that method, and, so far, not a queen has been lost. If this goes on to the end of the season, and several hundred queens are introduced all over the country, in different localities, under different con- ditions, and managed by different bee- keepers, and no queens are lost, I shall be ready to swing my hat and shout "eureka." I wish that all my subscribers w^ould give it a trial, even if the queens are not bought of me. About two days before the queen is to be sent I send a postal card saying that the queen will be sent about such a date, and then the card goes on to say: — As soon as you receive this notice, re- move the queen from the colony to which you expect to introduce the new queen. When she arrives, put her away in a safe place until after sundown, just at dusk, then light your smoker, and when it is well to going put in a pipeful of smoking tobacco, put on the cover, puff until you get an odor of tobacco, then puff one or two good puffs into the entrance of the hive. Wait two or three minutes, then puff in another good puff, remove the cover, drive the bees down with a puff of smoke, open the cage, and allow the queen to run down between the corabs, following her with a puff of smoke, and put on the cover. Half an hour later, light up the smoker again, putting in the tobacco as before, and puff two more good puffs in at the en- trance. If no honey is coming in, feed the colony a pint of syrup each night from the inside of the hive, but don't disturb the brood-nest for four or five days. ■%f^m^^m^^>-iiWii^ CAUTION NECESSARY WHEN TRANSFER- RING BY THE MODERN METHOD. The Heddon method of transferring, which is called the Modern Method by its author to distinguish it from the old style of prying apart the hives, cutting up the combs, and fatting them into the frames, is simply that of driving or drum- ming out the queen and most of the bees from the box hive, and hiving them on the old stand upon frames filled with wired foundation. Twenty-one days later all of the brood will have hatched, when the bees are again driven out and united with the first drive. This leaves the old hive free from brood, when the old combs may be melted up into wax. It is far superior to cutting out and patching up a lot of old, irregular, crooked combs; but caution must be ex- ercised as to the number of bees that are left upon the old combs of brood. Other- wise, if a cool night follows the driving, some of the brood may suffer and die. Mr. J. D. Bixby, of Grooms, N. Y., writes me that he transferred five colo- nies on a warm sunny day during bass- wood bloom, in the year 1898, leaving what he supposed was a sufficient quan- tity of bees to care for the brood, but the temperature fell to 60° the next night, and the result was several combs of chill- ed brood. So little of the brood hatch- ed that at the end of 2 1 days there were scarcely enough bees in the five hives to make one good colony. The next year, about the middle of May, when rasp- berries were in bloom, he tried this plan on .seven colonies, leaving about a quart of bees with each old colony. There was not so much brood to care for as there would have been in July, and ho thought he was leaving plenty of bees, but the THE BKE-KKErCRS' REVIEW. 215 result was much the same as before. About July 1st, he transferred eight more colonies, leaving more bees in the old hive, and this time the result was good. Mr. Bixby does not say how he removed the bees from the combs, whether he brushed them off, or drummed the bees out. I mention this because I think that he would be much more likely to get off more bees when brushing them than when drumming them. Mr. Heddon's instructions are to do the work "about swarming time," and to dt'iun out the bees. When these precautions are tak- en, the bees that are drummed out are practically the same as a natural swarm, and the old colony is left in about the same condition as though it had cast a swarm. When bees swarm naturally there is no loss of brood from its being chilled. ■^^l»*T»J«'R1iKlt" THE BUFFAI^O CONVENTION. Gradually the time for the Buffalo con- vention is drawing nearer — only two more months — and for that reason all in- formation on the subject is welcome. The following from the secretary has just come to hand, and will prove of in- terest to any one who expects to attend. Please say in the Review that the next con- vention of the National Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in the audience room of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, N. Y. on the loth, nth and 12th of September, next, com- mencing on the evening of the loth. The place of meeting is in the Buffalo I,ibrary building, corner of Washington and Clinton streets, near the business center of the city. Railroad rates will vary in the different pass- enger association territory, from one cent per mile, each way, to one and one-third fare for the round trip. Any one can readily learn the rate on inquiring at their railroad station. The Buffalo bee-keepers will try to provide entertainment at reasonable rates for all attending the convention who will notify Mr. Sidney S. Sleeper, Holland, N. Y. by Sept. 2nd, of their wish for entertain- ment. In a letter just received from Mr. Sleeper he says: "We want all to come who can, for we wish to make the Buffalo meeting the most pleasant and instructive one that was ever held m America. We will have the co-operation of all the sciences as well as the school board, and he names some professional men who will be present to help; and in a long letter from Mr. HershiSer he closes by saying "call upon me for whatever further assistance I am able to ren- der," and several others have offered to do all they can to provide for the comfort of the dele- gates. As stated in my previous convention notice in the Review, there will be no set program and no papers, but the time will be occupied in asking, answering and discussing questions; except that on the evening of the 12th there will be a joint meeting of our association with the American Pomological vSociety to discuss the Mutual Re- lations of Bee-Keepingand Fruit Growing;" and Prof. Beach of the New York Agricultural Ex- periment Station, and Prof. Fletcher of the Cen- tral Experimental Farm of the Dominion of Canada will help talk for the bees at that .ses- sion; and it is hoped that much good will result to the fruit growers and bee-keepers from this joint session. If any bee-keepers who can not attend the convention have any knotty or other questions they would like to have answered at the conven- t on, and will send them to me, I will .see that they are presented to the convention. In my previous notice in our bee-keepers' publications I said "any one not being able to be at the con- vention, having any question, or questions they may wish to have discussed, can send them to the Secretary at any time," and the editor of one of the journals wrote me, in substance, that, "with such a request in all the journals 3'ou will be deluged with questions." That notice was given in the April journals and I've not \^et re- ceived a single question. Perhaps all the bee- keepers who read the notice, (and perhaps 30,000 or more saw it) expect to be at the conven- tion, or perhaps they are so well informed th^y don't care to ask any questions. A. B. Mason, Secy. FEEDING BACK. This issue of the Review contains two quite interesting articles on the subject of feeding back extracted honey to secure the completion of unfinished sections. The method of feeding that is described by Mr. Fargo is decidedh^ novel. If one had broken pieces of comb hone}', that method might be all right; but for the feeding of extracted honey I think that I should prefer a regular feeder that could be set upon the top of the hive in which the work is being done. Mr. Getaz goes at the matter in a scien- tific manner. I presume that he is cor- 2l6 Tlii:, LUK KKEi'KRS' REVIKW. rect in most of his deductions — perhaps all of them. There are one or two points in which I think a little farther consider- ation may not be out of the way. For in- stance, he speaks of the amount of hon- ey used in the preliminary feeding, that is, honey that will be stored away in any empty cells that there may be in the brood-chamber. If the feeding is begun just as the flow from basswood is begin- ning to slack up, this preliminary feeding will not amount to much if the brood- nest is properly contracted. If we wait until the harvest has been over a week or two, it will then require several pounds of honey to put the colony in trim again. The moral is to watch things closely, if you intend to feed back, and have every- thing in readiness to begin the work just as soon as you are certain that basswood has slacked up for the last time. Con- tract the brood nest to the capacity of five Langstroth combs. Don't have more than that A less number is better so far as results in the work of complet- ing sections is concerned, but is like- ly to result in a weakened colony unless the colony is strengthened by adding to it cases of sections, bees and ail, from other colonies. My preference is to con- tract to either three or four Langstroth combs, selecting those that contain the most brood. I keep the queen on these combs by the use of an excluder. At the close of the feeding season I have found these combs simply solid sheets of brood — there would not be a half a pound of honey in the brood nest. Mr. Getaz estimates the average, daily consumption at i yi pounds per day. This is, perhaps, a fair estimate; but it must not be forgotten that, even though no feeding were being done, there would still be some consumption; although pro- bably not so n)ncli, as the feeding acts as a stimulus. The point that he makes in regard to the limited capacity of some feeders is well taken. When a tin pan is used, however, a piece of burlap is put in as a float, which allows standing room for a large number of bees. The feeder that I use, the Heddon, has a series of upright slats that would certainly afford standing room for more than 1,200 bees at one time. In the Northern States, where there is a dearth of honey from the middle of July, when basswood closes, to the last of Au- gust, when buckwheat begins to yield, there is a period of some five or six weeks of hot weather in which, so far as profitable results are concerned, extract- ed honey can be fed back for securing the completion of unfinished sections. Asa rule, however, I think that the aver- age bee-keeper, will find it more profita- ble to sell in his local market such sec- tions as are nearly completed, but not finished quite enough to ship. The others he better extract, or else let the bees carry off the honey, and then save them for use the next spring. In my experi- ence, a set of partly drawn combs in the spring has been the equal, or resulted in the securing, of a case of finished honey. If the bee-keeper, at the close of the basswood harvest, finds himself in pos- session of a lot of unfinished sections, and plenty of extracted honey, he can, if he wishes, by following the right methods, feed back the extracted honey and secure the finishing of the sections at a profit. Some have regarded feeding as an un- pleasant task. It is if there is a lack of proper utensils and methods. The first thing to be considered is the feeder, I know of nothing better than the Heddon. It covers the whole top of the hive. It is not likely to leak, but, if it does, it leaks inside the hive. It can be removed as easily as a super, and that without expos- ing the feed. It can be filled without daubing the bees, or disturbing ihem, or exposing feed. It has abundant capacity both for bees and feed. It is par excel- lence. It is the one feeder that I ever thought enough of to make any. Thin the honey by adding boiling water. Get it about the consistency of nectar. Draw it off into a large sprink- ling pot, from which the rose has been THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 217 removed. Walk along at dusk, by the colonies that are being fed, slide back the cover a little from one end of the res- ervoir and fill the reservoir from the spout of the sprinkler. The feeding is a very short, clean task — nothing dauby, nor mussy about it. I think that I have enjoyed feeding back as much as I did any work in the apiary. There is a certainty about it that is very gratifying. So many pounds of unfinish- ed sections, so many pounds of extracted honey, and so many pounds of finished sections. Of course, the result is not al- ways the same, but is so, approximately. For instance: Suppose that I had 100 pounds of unfinished sections, and 100 pounds of extracted honey, I could feel sure that I would have 160 pounds of fin- ished honey. Black bees do the best work; hybrids next; then come the dark Italians. I^ight Italians do very poor work in feeding back. Sort over the sections, making two grades of them as regards their comple- tion.^ Contract the brood nests of the colonies that are to be employed. Set the cases of sections around, one on a hive, but not on the hives containing the colonies that are to be employed in feed- ing back. The bees will go up and occu- P3^ the sections. Now gather up the cases, bees and all, and put two cases on each hive. This is done to secure populous colonies, as they do the best work in feeding back. I have never had trouble from the bees quarreling. Put a case of nearly finished sections next to the brood nest, and those that are not so nearly fin- ished on top, and then the feeder. Note the peculiarities of the different colonies. One will take down the feed and draw out the combs much better than will some of the others. Another colo- ny will be a poor "feeder," but will cap the honey much better than some other colonies will cap their honey. As the work progresses, and fewer colonies aie needed, throw out those that do the poor- est work. REQUEENING COLONIES. Is it Advisable, and, if so at What Time of the Year Should it be Done? Mr. Edwin Bevins sent to Mr. C. P. Dadant the following query in regard to the requeening of colonies: — Mr. C. P. Dadant:— In the American Bee Journal of Feb. 14, I had an article, one paragraph of which related to the introduction of queens in the fall. I said that I requeened one-fourth of my apiary last fall, and that most of the work was done in October, and the early part of November. I also said that one reason why I liked to do this work so late in the season was because the colonies were in almost every instance broodless (the printer made me say "too deep" for broodless), and that because the bees had no means for starting queen-cells I did not have to be so particular about the time of giving the new queens. I had requeened some broodless colonies as late as November in years before, and did not see but that they did as good work the following season as any other colonies in the yard. On the same page (102) are given Dr. Mason's views regarding the best time to requeen an apiary. He says that just as the honey-flow is closing up, and before it closes, is the best time to requeen an apiary, and gives as a reason that the bees must have the vim and energy they have when the honey-flow is on. Now, if I am very much in error in preferring to do the work later in the sea- son, I would like to know it, and the reason why. I write this to request that you give your views and experiences on the sub- ject of the best time to requeen an apiary, in the columns of the American Bee Journal. I want particularly to know what disadvantages, if any result from late requeening? Through the American Bee Journal, Mr. Dadant makes the following reply:— Perhaps I am hardly fit to pass an opinion. I will frankly acknowledge that I never did but once change queens in any of my colonies late in the season, either during or after the flow. I have always allowed the bees to do their own "requeening." except in cases where the queens were infertile or of impure blood. At the time when we were breeding Ital- ians for sale, this had auite an impor- tance. But since we have been keeping 2l8 THE BEK-KEKPERS' REVIEW. bees only for honey, we have had less reluctance in allowing the impurely mated queens to live, if they are prolific. My reasons for notrequeening an apiary, when the queens become old and possibly near their decrepitude, date back a good many years. I will have to tell you how this came about. The much lamented Mr. Ouinby, about 1 868 or 1870, invented what was called the "queen-yard." It was a shallow^ square box, set in front of the alighting- board of each hive, walled with tin about four inches high, and with a tin edge pro- jecting inward horizontally all around, to prevent swarming. The queen's wings were clipped so that she could not possi- bly jump over the walls of the queen- yard, and as the tin projection prevented her from climbing out, she was practical- ly a prisoner in the front yard of her own hive. This was securing the same result which is now secured with the queen-trap but with the greater convenience for the bees, of having nothing in the way of their flight or of their free access to the hive for ventilation, etc. The only ob- jection was that the queens' wings must all be clipped. We used this queen-3'ard largely, and it was owing to this method of clipping queens' wings that we ascertained how readily the bees would supersede their old queens without the knowledge of the apiarist. Often, jes, in many cases, we found that the clipped queen had been re- placed by a vounger one, without our really suspecting the change. And yet, at that time, we were very prone to ex- amine the hives from end to end on the slightest pretext. We spent more time then on one hundred hives than we would think of spending on 400 to-day. But I must say that it paid, in dollars and cents; for the extra attention was rewarded by extra results. The reader will now perceive why we did not practice requeening. We found that in many instances we might be des- troying young queens which the bees had reared in anticipation of the old age and failure of the mother. But requeening is certainly a very good method, if it is not carried to extremes, for inferior stock may thus be replaced by selected stock from the very best col- onies. Only I would not limit this to any particular moment, but would do it whenever I had a stock of good queens to spare. The methods pursued by Dr. Mason and Mr. Bevins, as mentioned at the head of this article, both have their good points. The only objection that I can find to that of Mr. Bevins is the possibility of a short- age of drones, if we wait until the season is nearly over. One time, ^^ears ago, we had occasion to sell ten tested Italian queens after the end of the harvest, some time late in October. We had no queens except in full colonies, but as the price was high, we did not hesitate to remove that number, expecting the colonies to rear young ones, and they did. But by the Lime our queens were ready for fer- tilization the drones must have been too scarce, although we had taken pains to keep all we could m a few queenless col- onic^, for not one of our young queens was fertilized, and the following spring we had ten drone-layers of the very best quality in ten of our very best colonies. And, by the way, let me here remark that this is a very good way to have early drones. We took advantage of this to rear early queens, and the}^ were all pure- ly mated before the impure drones hatched in our neighborhood. The pos- sibility of the queens failing to mate seems to be the only really strong argu- ment against requeening an apiary late in the fall. There is perhaps another objection arising from the difficulty of manipulat- ing hives much in cool weather, and when robber-bees are as alert as they generally are at that season. But these objections fail to embarrass a practical apiarist, because he will take his time, and use enough precautions to avoid dis- turbances. In out-apiaries, however, where a man can give his personal super- vision only at times, I should not like to do much of this handling after the honey crop has ended. I would suggest that the most econom- ical plan to requeen would be to rear queens more or less during the entire season, and requeen as we go. If, how- ever, we choose to do it all at one time, I would hardly wait till all the brood was hatched out, unless the season was partic- ularly favorable, and we could make sure of securing a sufficient number of drones as late as desired. Since Mr. Bevins has succeeded, it shows that the thing can be done, and it has the advan- tage of not disturbing the bees during the crop. If the queen is removed be- before the end of the harvest the brood that hatches out will give room for hon- ey in the brood-chamber, and quite a por- tion of the crop may be placed there, out of the reach of the apiarist, unless he re- sorts to the extractor. My own opinion of the matter is just this: — There are systems of management THE BEB-KKEPERS' REVIEW. 219 in which it is wise to replace all queens that are lacking in prolificness; but in this locality my remedy would be to re- place the system with one that did not call for extra prolificness on the parts of tlie queens. It is the same old story over again, of using large hives and then working every scheme to secure queens that will fill the combs with eggs, instead of using hives of such a size that queens of ordinary prolificness will keep the combs filled at the proper time. There is still another way of looking at it: It is intensive versus extensive bee- keeping. A man with a few colonies may requeen them each year, and force up the product, per colony, to a large figure, or he may put in the same amount of time with a larger number of colonies not run at such a high pressure, and se- cure as great, or greater profits. I would introduce queens for the sake of improving my stock, but it would be an exceptional case in which I would in- troduce queens simply to exchange old queens for young ones. To buy queens costs a lot of money; to rear them costs a lot of time; I think both better be invest- ed in an additional apiary. I don't ob- ject to having young queens in the hive in the spring; and if the management is such that this comes about naturally, with little or no extra labor on the part of the apiarist, well and good; but to go to the work of rearing a lot of extra queens, and then hunting up the old queens — well, I wouldn't do it. There is one point that Mr, Bevins brings up that it might be well for us to remember, and that is the ease with which queens can be introduced, or rather the certainty with which they will be accepted, after all of the brood has hatched in the fall. The bees, when the old queen is removed, are then hopeless- ly queenless, and will almost invariably accept a queen. Neither is there any loss of brood while the queen is being intro- duced, as is sometimes the case earlier in the season. Work with the bees at this time of the year is not usually very pleas- ant, and, as suggested by Mr. Dfldant, must be accompanied by the necessary precautions to prevent trouble from rob- bers. One thingmore: The handling of bees so late in the fall that they have clustered closely is not likely to leave the colony in good condition for winter. I remember introducing four queens for a neighbor once so late in the fall that the bees were closely clustered and "dump- ish." Every one of those four colonies died before spring, while the rest of the colonies in the apiary came through in fair condition. After the bees have set- tled down for winter, I believe we better leave them alone. YELLOWSTONE PARK. Extended tour, leisurely itinerary with long stops in the Park. Private coaches for exclusive use on the drive. Pullman sleeping and dining cars. Established limit to number going. Escort of the American Tourist Association, Reau Campbell, General Manager, 1423 Mar- quette Building, Chicago. Colorado and Alaska tours also. Tickets Include all Expenses Everywhere. Train leaves Chicago via Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul R'y. Tuesiay, July 9, 10.00 p. m. BARGAINS!! No. 2 Sections, 500 for $[.00; 1,000 $1.75; 5,000 for $7.50. Fence-separators, I. P, & S., per 100, 50 cts. Double-tier, 24-lb, shipping cases, with three- inch glass, in lots of 50, eight cents each. Daisy Foundation Fastener, without lamp, fifty cents each. Doolittle Wax Extractor, $2.00. A full line of Supplies at greatly reduced prices. Address The Cascade Bee Hive Co., (W. H. PUTNAM. AGT.) River Falls, Wisconsin. Bee - Supplies. Root's goods at Root's prices. Pou- der's honey jars. Prompt service. Low freight. Catalog free. Walter S. Ponder, 512 Mass. Ave,, Indianapolis, Indiana. Only exclusive bee-supply house in Ind. 220 THE- BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. We waipt 1 000 Readers of the Bee-Keepers' Review to have a coyy of DooJittle's 5cientific Queen Rezvring. We have just printed a new edition of this fine work, bound in flexible leatherette cover, with round corner. The price, postpaid, is 60 cents; or, with the Weekly American Bee Journal the rest of 1901 ( from the time your new subscription is received)— both for only $1,00. Better order AT ONCE if 30U want a bargain. Remember we are He2i5. Catalog and sample copy of the AMERICAN BEE-JOURNAI^, FREE. Ask for them. Address George W. YorH & Co. 144-146 Erie St., Cbiczv^o, III. ''lease mention the Rpuieiv. SEASONABLE REMARKS. Of all the bees I have tested, I find the Hutchinson ''Superior Stock" superior for gentleness and industry, and hence I am breeding largely from a choice breeder of this strain, and having the young queens mated in a Golden yard. As is w^ell known, I have made the breeding of Goldens a specialty, and spare no pains in trying to improve them by careful se- lection of both drone and queen mothers, The season has been favorable for secur- ing perfect development, and I am now prepared to fill orders for queens prompt- ly, at 75 cts. each; 6 for I4.00; or I7.50 per doz. Money order office Warrenton, N. C. W. H. PRIDGEN, 6-oi-tf Warren Go.. Creek, N. C. f^Here we are to the Front for I go I with the new Champion Chaff - Hive, a comfortable home for the bees in summer and winter. We al- so carry a complete line of other supplies. Catalog free. R. H. SCHMIDT & CO. , 9-99-tf. Sheboygan, Wis Please mention the Reuiew. I have several hundred QUEEN CAGES of different styles and sizes, made by C. W. Costellow, and I should be pleased to send sam- pJes and prices to any intending to buy cages. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. MY GOLDEN AND LEATHER - COLORED Italian Queens Are bred for bvxsiness and beauty. I furnish queens to the leading queen breeders of the U. S., and have testimonials from satisfied customexs in the U. S. and foreign lands. Give me a share of your orders — they will be filled promptly. Tested queens, before June ist, $1.50 each. After June ist, tested queens, either strain, $1.00 each; untested, 75 cts. each. One-frame nucleus with queen, $1.50; two-frame, $2.50; three-frame, $3.25. 4-00'tf J. W. MINER, Ronda, N. C. Please mention the Reuiew. Has Arrived. The time has no-w arrived, when bee-keepers are looking out for their queens, and supplies, and your name on a postal card, will bring you prices of queens, bees, nuclei, bee supplies, and a catalogue giving full particulars, with a full treatise, on how to rear qvieens, and bee-keeping for profit, and a sample copy of "The Southland Queen," the only bee paper published in the South. All free for the asking. 3-99-tf TH£j:^NNI£) ATCHI^nY CO., Beeville, Bee Co. Texas. Please mention the Reuiew. RIMNS There is scarcely any condition of ill-health that is not benefited by the occasional use of a R. I. P. A. N. S. Tabule, and the price, 10 for 5 cents, does not bar them from any home or justify any one in enduring ills that are easily cured. For sale by Druggists. THE BEE-KEEPERS, REVIEW. 221 l^ r^V\ o^ As T have several times mentioned in the edi- torial columns, my object in life is the good of bee-keepers. That I earn my living while thus engaged, makes me none the less sincere. In my younger days I taught several terms of district school. After securing a school I forgot, for the time-being, that I was earning money. I went in to teach those children, and do them all of the good that I possibly could. For weeks at a time, the thought never came to me that I was working for wages. I should be doubtful of the success of a teacher who taught simply for money. Now I am working for the good of bee- keepers. As in the case of school teaching, I have become so interested that I often forget that I am earning my living by the w^ork that I am doing. I should also be doubtful of the success of a bee-keeping editor who worked • simply to make money. With that object in view, there are other occupations in which he could engage . to better advaritage.; r , I am trying to get bee-keepers to keep more bees, scatter them around the country, and learn to manage them with the least possible labor. I am trying to get bee-keepers to organize and secure the benefits of co-operation. I am tiying lo arouse them to the danger hanging over their heads from contagious diseases among bees, and to get them to bestir themselves and rid the country of these "plagues. lam also striving to show them the importance of improving their stock — that there is just as much difference in bees as in other stock. Not only this, but cir- cumstances have been .such that I have been able to di.scover what, I am thoroughly convinced, is a strain of bees that are the equal, if not the superior, of any bees in this country; and I am trying to scatter this stock through the country. As I have said before, that I am earning ray livii g while thus engaged does not make me any less sincere. These bees are the dark, leather-colored Ital- ians. They are gentle, industrious and hardj^, and cap their honey as white as do the blacks. No bees, that have had their tongues measun d, have shown a greater tongue-reach than have these bees. While there is little doubt that length of tongue and superior honey gathering qualities go hand in hand, it has not yet been PROVED, while it has beeu proved that these bees are very superior, whether it is from length of tongue or not. The price asked for these bees is higher than for conin on stock, and ought to be; superior stock always sells for more than common stock or .scrubs The Roots are now asking $10,00 for a queen whose bees show a tongue reach of 19-100; $15.00 for one whose bees show a reach of 20-100; and $25.00 for one whose bees have tongues measviring 21-100; and it is all right to ask these prices. I hope that Mr. Root will sell a lot of these queens, as, the more such qvieens are scattered around the country the bet- ter stock will there be. Only a queen breeder, or some one with a large number of bees,, could af- ford to pay such prices, but the ordinary bee-keep- er can afford to pay the $1.50 that I ask for a queen; and, while I do not guarantee the length of the tongues of the bees tjlat Such , a-" queen will pro- duce, it ig txu,^„that the mother .of ^ these queens produces bees having a tongue-reach" of ,21-100. Not only this, but I guarantee safe arrival, safe introductionV.if directions are followed, purity of mating, and'complete .satisfaction to the ex- tent that, if, for any reason, the purchaser de- sires to return the queen inside of two years,; he can have his monej^ back and 50 cents in addi- tion to pay for his trouble. ' ' Besides this, tJTere is a way in which one can getoneof the queens for only one dollar, and that is in connection with a subscription to the Review^. For $2 00 I will send the Review one year, and one of these queens. This offer is open alike to old and new subscribers. As my older readers know, I do not breed these queens myself. They are reared h\- a breedtr who is neither in the North, nor in the extreme South, but whose name I do not give, simply because, if I did give i . the orders would go to him direct, and I would lose all of the ad- vertising that I have done. A man has to be sel- fish to a certain extent, ard it is all right that he fchould. I make in the neighborhood of 50 cents on each queen that I sell, and it is right that I should, but the man who buj-s one will make dollars where I make cents. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Michigan. 222 THE BEE We want rJr LO ^U /sfaciion. For these reasons we deal in Root's Goods, both wholesale and retail. Our specialties— Ifives, Sections and Cotnh T nidation. Cash paid for beeswax. I'Oi-tf M. H. HUNT & SON, Bell Branch, Mich. Improved Golden, and I^eather Colored Italians, are what H. G. Quirin rears. We have one of Root's best red-clover breeders, from their $2oo-queen, and a golden breeder from Doolittle, who says: If there is a queen in the U. S. worth Jioo, this one is; these breeders have been added to ovir already improved strain of queens, for the coming season. J. ly. Gandy of Humboldt, Neb., wrote us on Aug. 15th, 1900, saying that the colony having one of our queens had already stored over 400 pounds of honey (mostly comb). He states that he is certain our bees work on red clover, as they were the only kind in his locality and apiary. A. I. Root's folks say that our queens are extra fine, while the editor of the American Bee Jour- nal tells us that he has good reports from time to time. We have files upon files of unsolicited testimonials. After considering above evidence, need yovi wonder why our orders have increased each year? Give us a trial order and be pleased, we have years of experience in rearing and mailing queens Safe del ver^^ will be guaranteed. Instructions for introducing sent with each lot of queens. Warranted stock, one queen, 75 cts.; six, I4.50; twelve, $8.00; select warranted, one, $1.00; six, $5.00; twelve, $9.50; tested, one, $1.50; six, $8.co; twelve, $15.00; select tested, one, S2.00; six, $10.50; Extra select tested the best money can buv, $4.00. We have 100,000 FOLDING CARTONS on hand, and, so long as they last, will sell them with your address printed on in two colors, at $4. per 1000; or 500 for $2.75. At above prices you can't affoi-d to place honey on the market without cartoning it. Address all orders to H. G. QUIRIN, 4-01-6 Parkertown, Ohio. (Parkertown is now a Money Order Office ) Bee keepers should send for our 0/ CATALOG. We furnish a full line of supplies at regular prices, Our specialty is Cook's Complete hive. J. H. M COOK, 62 Cort/andSf , N Y. City Honey Queens. Did you know that I am seeking to give my customers the besi pos.sible service? Did you know that I have as good, or Better Queens, than can be obtained elsewhere? Many have found this out, and continue my best customers. I am breeding, in separate j^ards, the golden, and the leather colored, honey queens, and sell- ing them at the following LOW PRICES. Untested queens, 75 cts, each; six for $4.00. Tested queens, $1.00 each; six for $5 00. Write for discounts on quantities. Breeders, of either variety, the very best, such as I would use to re- stock an apiarj^ $2.50. Breeders that produce faultless, five-batided bees, $5 00 each. W. H. LAWS, Beeville, Texas. "lease mention tlip Rhui> LARGE APIARIES wanted in in basswood regions of Mich, or Wis, H. W. FUNK, Normal, Ills. Every bee-keeper knows the worth of A Good QueeOf knows the worth of a good strain of bees, also knows how worthless is a poor queen and inferior bees. Our bees rank with the first, and queens stand second to none. Choice, tested, Italian qtieens, |;i.oo each. Orders filled by return mail. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Send for price list. J. W. K.' SHAW & CO., 3-91-tf Loreauville, La. P/etise mention the ,'^euiew. THE LIGHTNING. CUT-OFF SAW. A recent addition to our equipment enables us to turn off twice as much work in a given time as our cutter could do before. This saving in labor enables us to use a better grade of material. We send our inspector to the mills that cut for the eastern market. We select the grade of pine that will -"ut up clear. The defects are cut out, and we give you the material, that is without defects, at less than the price of clear lumber. Our basswood for sections is sawed to order. The contract specifies white, winter-sawed, from bolts, second growth. The waste is reduced to the minimum. The bolt- sawed lumber is better and cheaper than the longer lengths, and this enables us to put better work into the process. The purchaser gets the benefit. INTERSTATE BOX & MFG. CO., HUDSON, WIS. ly ^^»g^g:^^o ^ .REVIKW. 223 Jiu nil By spc-^^^i a.. " _ ments .1. j. - -^ '^ S ROOT CO. to furnish them queens, I have J secured their assistance in procuring t". J finest breeding queens that a tliorougi. . knowledge of the bees of the country and J money can procure. Among them is a J select daughter of their $200 queen that J they refused to quote me prices on. This J queen shows ever}^ superior quality of her J mother. Her bees show an actualreach of ^ 21-000 of an inch; are large, gentle, and J beautiful to look upon. ^ MR. E. K. ROOT SAYvS: "You have as j fine bees as there a- e in the United States; i? and with a direct cross of their breeders f? you should be able to produce queens ■? whose bees show a reach of 25-100 of an k inch." ' 4®"Send for descriptive price list. Watch S. this space, and don't forget my long-tongue ? stock is the best that money and knowl- ? edge can procure. * Prices: Untested queen, Si. 00; 6, $500. i? Tested queen, $1.50; 6, $8. 00. Fifty select k breeders from long - tongued strains, $2.50 S. to I5.00. ^ r «^n^Ti K IMPORTED ITALIAN STOCK- ? J Imported Queens, Daughters and Grand- j^ J daughters. > \ GOLDEN, OR 5-BANDED ] J ITALIAN. I j* APIARY NO. 3. ] K Breeders, select tested, tested, and untest- ■ ««, ed queens. i \ ' i, REMEMBER the bear picture goes as a J 5" premium on six queens. 1901, unt. sted ; queens will be ready to mail March 25 to 5 iT April ist. Send in your order at once, and ; K get in on the ground floor. Breeders, sel- " i^ ect tested, and tested queens go by return ■ (T mail. ! (■ . " W. 0. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS. | QU'EN SPEC ALIST. ? M K THE A. I. ROOT CO., 10 VINE ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA BEE - SUPPLIES. Direct steamboat and railroad lines to all doints. We want to save you freig^ht. JOHN F. STRATTON'S , Importers and Wholesale Dealers in all kinds of MUSICAL MERCHANDISE. Violins, Guitars, Banjos, Accordeons, Harmon[« cas, &c., all kinds of Strings, etc., etc. 811. 813. 815, 817 East 9th St. . New York. mperial Strain of Red Clover Queens. The largest queen rear- ing apiary in the North; the n ost hardy bees- the most gentle bees; and bees that work on red clover. Breeder direct from Italy; workers' tongues mea.sure 26-100 — over i^ inch in length. 22 years' experi- ence; hundieds of nuclei; multitudes of choice drones; orders coming everj' day. vSend 3'our or- der and pay when queen is ready to ship. Can mail untested queens by June loth, tested, latter part of June. Prices: Untested, $1.00; six, 55.50; twelve, ijio.oo; tested, $2.00; breeders. S5.00; fine imported queens, $6,50. Circurlar free. THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Dent, zoology Entomology and riiysioiogy. C. p. GILLETTE, M. S . PROFESSO \ ELMER D. BALL, M.S.') E S.G.TITUS, BS. | ^^^'^^^'VfS. FT. COLLINS, Colo., Nov. 9, '00 Mr. A. D. D. WOOD, I^ansing, Mich. Dear Mr. WOOD.— Your letter and the bees are here, the latter all alive and vigorous. I have measured their tongues as 3'ou request and find ihey run very uniformly as follows: Whole reach of "tongue," from base of .sub- mentum to tip of ligula, 26-100 of •n inch; ligula alone to the dark mentum, 17-100 of an inch. There were nine specimens and all their tongues were measured. Very truly, C. P. Gillette. A. D. D. WOOD, Lansing, Mich. I am advertising for B F. Stratton & Son, music dealers of New York, and taking my pay in MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. I have already bought and paid for in this way a guitar and violin for my girls, a flute for myself, and one or two guitars for some of my subscribers. If you are thinking of buying an instrument of anj^ kind, I should be glad to send you one on trial. If interested, write me for des- criptive circular and price list, saying what kind of an instrument you are thinking of getting. W. Z. Hutchinson, FUnt, Mich. 224 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. A\2ii}y lrr)provcnier}t5 Tbis Yca^r. We have made many improvements this year in the manufacture of bee-supplies. The following are some of them : Our hives are made of one grade better lumber than heretofore, and all that are sent out under oi r new prices will be supplied with separators and nails. The Telescopic has a new bottom board which is a combi- nation of hive stand and bottom board, and is supplied with slatted, tinned separators. The Higginsville Smoker is much improved, larger than heretofore, and better mate- rial is used all through. Our Latest Process Foundation has no equal, and our highly polished sections are superb indeed. Send five cents for sample of these two articles, and be convinced. The Daisy Foundation Fastener — well, it is a daisy now, sure enough, with a pocket to catch the dripping wax, and a treadle so that it can be worked by the foot. Tbe Heddoo Hive. Another valuable adjunct to our manu- facture is the Heddon Hive. W^o do not hesitate to say that it is the best all round hive ever put upon the market; and we are pleased to state that we have made arrangements with Mr. Heddon to the end that we can supply these hives; and the right to use them goes with the hives. Honey Extractors. Our Honey Extractors are highly orna- mental, better manufactured; and, while the castings are lighter, they are more durable than heretofore, as they are made of superior material. Tb^ Progr^^jiv^ B^^-K^ep^r. Last, but not least, comes the Progressive Bee -Keeper, which is much improved, being brimful of good things from the pens of some of the best writers in our land; and we are now making of it more of an illustrated journal than heretofore. Price, only 50 cts. per year. Send for a copy of our illustrated catalogue, and a sample copy of the Progres- sive Bee-Keeper. Address Higginsville, t\o.. Ez^St St. Louis, Ills. LEAHY A\fg. (30., : i':'^ •:•*••.■••■•■,; •:•.■••.■•••■•■,• •:•.■•■•.'••■•■,• •:•.■••■.'.•.■••,• •:•.■••.■.••■•■.• •:•■*:.•.'••.••■,! •:•"•.•.■••■•',! •:'."•.'••■•',' •••.■••.'•••■•*.• •••."•.■.•.•.•.' •••.'••.'.•.•.•• li:'.-*,'.*:.'.' •:•.■•■•.■•••■•',• . •;?;•.• •.•::;•.•.•.•.•.■ •.•.•:;•.■.•;.•.• •.•;:;•.•.■;.•.• ••;:;•.•.•.•.•.■ •.•.•:;•.•.•;.•.■ •.•;:;•.•.■.•.•-• •.•::;•.■.■;.•.■ •.•.•:;•.•.■.■.•;• ••;:•.•.•.•;.•.. ••.•:;•.*.•,•.•;. >.•:;•.?.• .•.•;. :•;:;•.•.•;.•.• •,•;:;•.•.•.■.•.• pi= ^! v«J Foundation | bCCtlOnS I • ••:• :*•■•. •■■•'•.: By the new Weed Process is made in the best manner, up- on the best machines, and from the best wax — that free from dirt, pollen, propolis, burnt wax, etc., that decrease its tenacity and make it offensive to the bees. Every inch of foundation is guaranteed to be equal to the sample that will be sent upon application. I/angstrotb on the Hon- ey See, revised, Smokers, Tin Pails, Sections and other sup- plies. Send for circular. Dadaiit & Son, Hamilton, Ills, ••.■.•;• *:v: *:v; *:v: *•;': We make millions of them yearly; workmanship, smooth ness and finish can't be better. The bass wood grows right here. If you want some good Ship- ping Cases, you can get them of us. A full line of Bee Supplies on hand. Write for illustrated cata logue and price list free. Marshfield Mfg. CO.,^-^«**^]f; •Vm'y. •■->.■• ■(••v: Hit? •:;;•/v.••■••.:.V.^:•v•..;:/.v:~.v.•■;•v;;T.v.••J•v/^■:•v••.;^V.^•:•v•••.:"^^^ '.*'■»:■»' " " ' I'i-rl y ueens. For 20 years I have made a specilaty of queen rearing. My apiary is located several miles from other bees; hence I am able to sec are the mating of my queens with drones from the most "desirable colonies. Spec- ial attention is given to the se- lection of both queen-and-drone mothers from colonies that show marked industry, and cap their honey white. Safe arrival guaranteed, and every queen warranted to produce light yel- low, 3-banded, gentle workers. Should a queen prove unsatis- factory, she will be replaced, or money refunded. Queen shipped the next day after the order is received, unless other- wise requested. Ready to ship June ist. Price 75 cts. each. JAS. F. WOOD, No. Dana, Mass. ;■,••••:•.■..•;• Our new 52-page Catalogue for 1901 is Ready. Send for a Copy; it is Free. We Manufac- ture the Finest Bes-Keepsrs' Supplies in the world. G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis., 0. Si. Branches: — G. B. lyCwis Co., 19 So. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Ind. Agencies: — It. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Fred Fonlsrer & Sons, Ogden, Utah. E. T Abbott. St. Joseph, Mo. Colorado Honey Producers' Assn., Denver, Colorado. .•:•■•: •■-"-•;• ■■.■-•;• ■*:;': ■f»:v: *:v: mh .:>:• !»•:•.•: ^ ^^^4- If you have never seen a ^fi^- >!**" BALL-BEARING COWAN HONEY-EXTRACTOR, ''ij*^ .^^ . Here is your chance. i^ yjf*^ We expect that HUBER ROOT, the youngest member of the ^((^ «^| . Root Co., will be the man in charge of the exhibit. He will be i^ '^^^ pleased to meet all our old friends, and make new ones whenever T^g^lT ^^^ possible. j^ ^^ Gleanings in Bee-Culture ^^^ ^m§^ Will contain a very interesting series of articles on Queen-Rearing, :*2S^ ■^1 giving New Methods and Short Cuts. There will also be a \ ''O^ series on ^jf y^r BEES IN IvAW, ^ij^ '^fcj^ E. R. Root will tell of his trip through Texas, Colorado, Oregon, ^jf jti^ and California. Better subscribe now. ^'^^ ,^L Six months' trial for only 25 cents. iy 31 The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. % ^r (U.S.A.) ''ij*^ Jl^^ ' g^^^GEO. W.YORK & CO., 144 & 146 Erie St.. Chicago, 111., are -Jj^ Xlj^ headquarters for ROOT'S BEE - KEEPERS' SUPPI.IES IN CHI- "^(J^ ,^ CAGO. Send to them for their free Catalog. kg^ ^»i^'t.^^'t^^'4^ >♦_ J'£^ J*^ >i'* J'* J" J" J'« ■«i* vi^i- OCTOBER 1901 AtDVE^TISIflG f^flTES. All advertisements will be inserted at the rate of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in- sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch. Discounts will be given as follows : On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6 times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times, 35 per cent. On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent ; 6 times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times, 40 per cent. On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6 times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times, 50 per cent. Clubbing liist. 1 will send the Review with — Gleanings, (new) (51.00) .... $1.75 American Bee Journal. ... (new) ( 1.00) 1.75 Canadian Bee Journal ( 1.00) 1.75 Progressive Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.35 American Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.40 The Southland Queen ( 1.00) 1.75 Ohio Farmer (1.00) ...1.75 Farm Journal (Phila.) ( .50) 1.10 Rural New Yorker ( 1.00) 1.85 The Century ( 4.00) 4.50 Michigan Farmer ( 1.00) 1.65 Prairie Farmer (100) 1.75 American Agriculturist (1.00) 1.75 Country Gentleman ( 2.50) 3.15 Harper's Magazine (4.00). ... 4.10 Harper's Weekly ( 4 00) 4.20 Youths' Companion (new) (l .75) 2.35 Cosmopolitan ( l.OO) 1.90 Success (1.00) . ... 1 75 Honey Quotations. The following rules for grading honey were adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers' Association, at its Washington meeting, and, so far as possible, quotations are made according to these rules. Fanoy.— All sections to be well filled ; combs straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except the row of cells next the wood. No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un- even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or with but few cells unsealed; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white," No. 1,, dark," etc. The prices given in the following quotations are those at which the dealers sell to the gro- cers. From these prices must be deducted freight, cartage and commission— the balance being sent to the shipper. Commission is ten per cent.; except that a few dealers charge only five per cent, when a shipment sells for as much as one hundred dollars. NEW YORK— Demand for all grades is fairly good, while receipt are liberal. We quote as follows: Fancy white. 14 to 15; No. i white, 13; No. 2 amber, 12; fancy dark, 10 to 11; Beeswax 27. FRANCIS H. I^FGGETT & CO. Oct. I. W. Broadway Franklin & Varick Sts, BUFFAIvO— Fancy honey getting some better, but dark moves slowly. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15 to 16; No. i white, 13 to 14; fancy amber, 10 to 12; No. i amber, 9 to 10; white ex- tracted, 5 to 6; beeswax, 22 to 28. BATTFRSON & CO. Oct. 2, 92 Michigan St., Buffalo, N. Y. CHICAGO— Good demand for comb honey. Fancy white, selling at 15; anything extra fancy would bring 16; amber, 12 to 13; dark, 10 to 11; extracted, as to quality and package, selling from 5 to 7; beeswax, 30. S. T. FISH & CO., Sept. 30. 189 So. Water St., Chicago, Ills. CINCINNATI, OHIO— The honey market is rather dull on account of the warm weather. Extracted sells only to manufacturers at from 5 to 6 cents. White clover from 8 to 9. Fancy white comb honey sells from 135^ to 15^^. C. H. W. WEBER, Aug. 10. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, KANSAS CITY. — New crop is just coming in, and is being taken freely. Shipments and cor- respondence solicited. All orders filled prompt- ly. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 14 to 15; No. 2 white, 13; fancy amber, 12; No. i amber, II to 12; No. I dark, 10; white, extracted, 8 to 9; amber, 7^ to 8; dark, 6% to 7; beeswax, 25 to 28. W. R. CROMWElyly FRUIT & CIDER CO., July 30. 423 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. NEW YORK — Comb honey is in good demand; arrivals sufficient to supply the demand; though not over stocked; extracted is dull with plenty of supply of all grades; beeswax weak. Fancy white, 15; No. i, white, 13 to 14; fancy amber, 12; No. I amber, 11; fancy dark, 10 to 10 J^; No. i dark, <)% to 10; white, extracted, 6 to 6%] amber, 5/^ to 5%; dark, 5 to 5^; beeswax 27. HII^DRETH & SEGEI^KEN, 265 & 267 Greenwich St., Cor. Murray St. S ept. 30. New York CHICAGO — White comb honey is selling at 15 cents per pound, with occasionally a little more being obtained for fancy; that which does not grade No. i selling at from 13 to 14; with the light amber at 12 to 13; dark honey of various kinds selling at 10 to 11; extracted is in moderate demand at from 5^ to 6^; tor the various grades of white, some fancy white clover and basswood bringing 7; light amber ranging from 5 J^ to 5%; dark at 5 to ^%\ beeswax firm at 28 to 30. R. A. BURNETT & Co., Sept. 18, 163 So. Water St., Chicago, Ills. WAiVT^X)— To buy your honey. State your lowest cash pric=, kind and quantity. EDW. WII^KINSON, Wilton, Wis. WAiVT-EX) — Very white, comb honey in no- drip cases; also extracted honey. State price, de- livered We pay spot cash. Fred w. Muth, Front &Walnut Sts.. Cincinnati, Ohio Reference, German National Bank, Cin'ti, O. i i Listen ! Take my advice and buy your bee supplies i of August Weiss; he has tons and tons of the very finest FOUHDflTIO]^ ever made; and he sells it at prices that defy competition! Working wax into foundation a specialty. Wax wanted at 26 cents cash, or 28 cents in trade, delivered here. Millions o f Sections — polished on both sides. Satisfaction guaranteed on a full line of Supplies- Send for catalogue and be your own judge. A TIG. W:EiISS, Hortonville, Wisconsin. Send us a list of what goods you want ^ and get our special pri- m ces. We have a com- ^ plete stock of supplies W and can make prompt ^i! shipments. Catalogue ( free. Page 8t liyon. m flexjU liondon, Wis. ^| l«f'g. Co. We have a Ltat^ge Stock, and can fill Oirdet's Pt^omptly. Send us your orders for hives, extractors, or anything that you want in the bee-keeping line. We make only the best. Our Falcon Sections and New Process Foundation are ahead of anything, and cost no more than other makes. New catalogue and a copj^ of The American Bee-Keeper free. W. T. Fz^lconer t\1%* 60., Jamkstown, N. Y. g^^-W. M. Gerrish, East Not- ingham, N. H., carries a full line of our goods at catalogue prices. ^^o pish^Bone Is apparent in comb honey when the Van Deusen, flat - bottom foundation is used. This style of foundation allows the making of a more uniform article, hav- ing a very thin base, with the surplus wax in the side - walls, where it can be utilized by the bees. Then the bees, in chang- ing the base of the cells to the natural shape, w^ork over the wax to a certain extent; and the result is a comb that can scarcely be distinguished from that built w^holly by the bees. Being so thin, one pound wdll fill a large number of sections. All the Trouble of wiring brood frames can be avoided by using the Van Deusen wired. Send for circular; price list, and samples of foundation. J. Vfl|^ DEUSEfi, Sprout Brook, N. Y li i I I I" 290 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Honey Queens. Did 5'ou know that I am seeking to give my customers the best possible ser\nce? Did you know that I have as good, or Better Queens, than can be obtained elsewhere? Many have found this ovit, and continue my best customers. I am breeding, in separate j^ards, the golden, and the leather colored, honey queens, and sell- ing them at the following LOW PRICES. Untested queens, 75 cts, each; six for $4.00. Tested queens, Si. 00 each; six for §5.00. Write for discounts on quantities. Breeders, of either variety, the very best, such as I woiild use to re- stock an apiary, $2.50. Breeders that produce faultless, five-banded bees, $5. 00 each. W. H. LAWS, Beeville, Texas. Please mention the Reuieu — If you are going to- BUY A BtFZZ - SAW, write to the editor of the Keview. He has a new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to make you happy by telling you the price at which he would sell it. Supplies Cheap. Mr. L. B. Bell, formerly of Brecksville, Ohio, has accepted a permanent position in Arizona, and wishes to dispose of his apiarian fixtures. He wrote to me about it, and I told him if he would have them shipped to me I would sell them for him on commission. Here is a list of the articles and the price at which they are offered. 1 Coil Wire 60 61 Section Cases ( Wide Frame and tin sep- arators) at 25 68 Covers at 15 53 Bottom Boards at 10 30 Escapes at 15 50 Feeders ( Heddon Excelsior ) at 25 30 Alley, Queen and Drone traps, at 35 All of the above are in my possession and can be shipped promptly. The hives and cases are well-made and nicely painted, and having been in use only two or three seasons are practically as good as new. Any one wishing to buy any- thing out of this lot can learn fuller particu lars upon inquiry. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, FlJQt, Mich. I Names of Bee - Keepers. I S TYPE WRITTEN. E M m BBHEBBBBEHBBHBHBBHBEBBBB-BB The names of my customers, and of those ask- ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ- ten in a book. There are several thousand all arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) . and, although this list has been secured at an ex- pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it to advertisers or others at $2.00 per thousand names. The former price was S2.50 per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by using the manifold process. 1 can furnish them at $2.00. A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or, possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom- modated. Here is a list o^ the States and the number of names in each State. Arizona 46 Ky . . 182 N. C 60 Ark. .. 130 Kans 350 NewMex. ... 26 Ala oO La 38 Oregon 104 Calif. .378 Mo... 500 Ohio 1,120 Colo.. 228 Minn.. 334 Penn 912 Cam da 846 Mich.. 1,770 R. 1 48 Conn 162 Mass.. 275 8. C 40 Dak .. v;5 Md . . 94 Tenn 176 Del.. . 18 Maine, 200 Tex 270 Fla. . .loo Miss.. . 70 Utah 68 Ga.. ..90 N.Y.. 1,322 Vt 160 Ind .744 Neb 345 Va I82 Ills ...V'OO N. J....130 W. Va 172 lo'wa. . 800 N. H 126 Wash 128 Wis 500 W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. Bee - Supplies. Root's goods at Root's prices. Pou- der's honey jars. Prompt service. Low freight. Catalog free. Walter S. Pouder, 512 Mass. Ave,, Indianapolis, Indiana. Only excluswe bee-supply house in Ind. Please mention the Reuieui. BARGAINS!! No. 2 Sections, 500 for $1.00; 1,000 $1.75; 5,000 for $7.50. Fence-separators, I. P, & vS., per 100, 50 cts. Double-tier, 24-lb, shipping cases, with three- inch glass, in lots of 50, eight cents each. Daisy Foundation Fastener, without lamp, fifty cents each. Doolittle Wax Extractor, $2.00. A full line of vSupplies at greatly reduced prices. Address The Cascade Bee Hive Co., (W. H. PUTNAM. AGT.) River Falls, Wisconsin. Pleaf mention *he Reuieui. THE BKE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 291 ■iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiBaiiiiiiBaiiiiiiiiii Bee? Pa.y ||| iiiiiili Ip Colorz^do 11 If you want to learn all about the marvelous Honey Rescour- ces of the Alfalfa Regions you should subscribe for the Bee ^ouro^l. Monthly; 50 cents per year; sample copy free; 3 months on trial, 10 cents. Address The RocKy A\ount^io BouM^r^ Colo. aiiiiir Wn7 Bainr)bcr, Of Mt. Pleasant, Mich., has his own saw-mill, and a factory fully equiped with the latest machinery, located right in a pine and basswood region, and can furnish hives, sections, frames, separators, shipping cases, etc., at the lowest possi- ble prices. Making his own foundation enables him to sell very close. Send for samples and prices before buying, and see how you may save money, time and freight. Bee-keepers' supplies of all kinds kept in stock. 12-99-it ■ iiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiimii ■iiiii!iiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiii!i'ii!!i!^!''"ll!l'iiniiiiNgiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiB» iiL.i:, iiui{i,i.iMiiii,i.B"""''^,'|ijjy'iiiii[hriiiiinii;iniiiiiiiiiiiiii.i'iiii,i! . i^ , r i If tbc Review Is mentioned when answering an advertisement in its columns a favor is conferred upon botn the publisher and the advertis- er. It helps the former by rais- ing his journal in the estima- tion of the advertiser: and it en- ables the latter to decide as to which advertising mediums are most profitable. If you would help the Review, be sure and say " I saw your advertisement in the Review, ' ' when writing to advertisers. Dittroer's Foupdatiop Reta^il—Wbol^jaile— fobbing. I use a non-dipping process that produces every essential necessary to make it the best and most desirable in all re- spects. My process and auto- matic machines are my own in- ventions, and enable me to sell foundation and WorK wax into Foundation nir Casli at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies, with prices and samples, free on application. Beeswax wanted. GUS DiTTA\ER, Augusiziy Wisconsin. > L [ L L [ I 1 i i i i j ! 1 ■iijiii Iiiiiiii iiiiiiii Iiiiiiii |iiiiii| Iiiiiiii |iiiiii| iiiiiiii Iiiiiiii Iiiiiiii iiiiiiii Iiiiiiii |iiiiii| Iiiiiiii iiiiiiii i'liijii |iiiiii| Iiiiiiii Iiiiiiii iiiiiiii !''-! iiiiiiii Siiiii piii'i Iiiiiiii piiiiii iiiiiii llllilll liiiiiii liiiiiii |iiiiii| iiiiiii| iiiiiiii 1 iiiiiiii iiiiiiii |iiiini iiiiiiii iniiiii jiiiiiia iiiiiiuiiBiiiiiiiiia.miiimiiii ihuiuusiiiiiiiiiaiiiHiiiiaiuiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiii ■iiiiiiiiiBiuiiiiiia.iiiiiiiiaiiiiiuiii 292 THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW. Has Arrived. The time has now arrived, when bee-keepers are looking out for their queens, and supplies, and your name on a postal card, will bring you prices of qneens, bees, nuclei, bee supplies, and a catalogue giving full particulars, with a full treatise, on how^ to rear queens, and bee-keeping for profit, and a sample copy of "The Southland Queen," the only bee paper published in the South. All free for the asking. 3-99-tf THEjnNNin ATCHI^HY CO., Beeville, Bee Co. Texas. Every bee-keeper knows the worth of A Good QueePf knows the worth of a good strain of bees, also knows how worthless is a poor queen and inferior bees. Our bees rank with the first, and queens stand second to none. Choice, tested, Italian queens, Jii.oo each. Orders filled by return mail. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., 3-9r-tf Loreauville, La. Please mention the Reuieiv. National Bee -Keepers' Association. Objects of the Association. To promote and protect the interests of its members. To prevent the adulteration of honey. Annual Membership, $1.00. Send dues to Treasurer. E. R. Root, Medina, O., President. R. C. AIKIN, lyOVELAND, Colo. Vice President Dr. A B. MASON, Toledo, O. vSccretary. EUGENE SECOR, Forest City, Iowa. Gen. Manager and Treasurer. Board of Directors. E. Whitcomb, Friend, Neb. W. Z. Hutchinson, FLnt, Mich. A. I. Root, Medina, O. E. T. Abbott, vSt. Joseph. Mo. P. H. El wood, Starkville, N. Y. E R. Root, Medina, O. T. G Neavman, San Francisco, Cal. G. M. DOOLITTLE, Borodino, N. Y. W. F. Marks, Chapinville, N. Y. J. M. Hambaugh, Escondido, Cal. C. P. Dadant, Hamilton, His. C. C. Miller, Marengo, Ills. I^ake Youp Ovs/n Hives. ®ee ** Keepeps Will save money by using- our Foot Pow- er Saw in making- their hives, sections and boxes. Machines on trial. Send for Catalog-ue. W.F.&JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St., Rockford, Ills. I oi-gt IP OS Q <« J Q o o ee- peps A MONTHLY JOURNAL Devoted to i\\e Interests of Hoqey Producers. $L00 A YEAR. W. Z. flUTCKINSON, Editor and Proprietor. VOL. XIV, FLINT. MICHIGAN, OCTOBER 10, 1901. NO, 10. REPARATIONS FOR WIN- TERING BEES IN NORTH- ERN CIvIMATES. BY H. G. SIBBALD. Although the \^intermg of bees is a very old subject, and has been written upon time and again, debated and thresh- ed out at conventions until one would think nothing more need or could be said; all surely know now how to winter bees. But is it so? Do we not, from time to time, especially this last season, hear the cry: "My bees wintered poorly; lost nearly half; the balance were not strong; and so we did not get much honey." Wintering bees successfully, that is, so that few colonies perish, and all come out strong, with bees healthy, well pre- served, and in condition to rear a family and see them well to do in the world, is of vital importance; and on it, more than anything else, depends the honey crop. Seeing, then, the importance of this work, let us leave no stone unturned that might help us to obtain the desired end. Being well prepared is half done; and a little labor spent in preparation is well spent; therefore, as early as August ist, examine each colony; see that each has a good laying queen and sufficient honey for a rainy day. About September ist to 15th, contract all colonies down to about six or seven average combs; following them with a division board. If these combs a'-e filled with sealed stores, they are ready for winter. If they are not, the bees must be fed until 25 to 35 pounds are stored and sealed. Our bees will be found crowded; no chance for moisture, cold or dampness to settle in their living room, and they are ready to pack if to be wintered out side. Place two or three inches of some of the many packing materials recommended (only be sure it is very dry) around the sides of the hives, put five or six inches on top, see to it that a water proof cover is provided, prop the hives up well and very little more is needed — a good wind- break is advantas^eous. To winter inside (which is my favorite way if a good cellar can be obtained) leave the bees on the summer stands un- til about November 20th, when the cold rough weather generally sets in, in this climate. The cellar has already been prepared; partitioned off, if much larger than re- quired, stands ready to place hives on, 296 THK BBB-KEBPERS' REVIEW. well aired, dry and sweet as possible. The stands that are to receive the hives are raised at one side so that the hives are two or three inches higher behind than in front when placed on them. After carrying them in as gently as pos- sible, pry up each hive behind, ^ of an inch from the bottom board, blocking it there; this allows a current of air to pass under the combs and keeps all dry and sweet. Tier up as high as convenient, and continue until all are in; having adopted some plan so that each can be placed back on its own stand; for a win- ter is as few nights to the bees, and they know their stands and will mix more or less if not given their own street and number. Early in the winter the cellar need not be closed very tight, plenty of ventilation allowed, but as soon as decided cold weather sets in, close up all tight, and very little if any ventilation is necessary. I have never seen the need of artificial heat. Once or twice through the winter sweep up the bees on the floor — it will keep it sweeter and better. If prepared and wintered as above, few vacant stands and few Door colonies will be found when the time comes to set out. CiyAUDE, Ont., Sept. 10, 1901. OME THEORIES REGARD- ING QUEEN-INTRODUC- TION. BY B. F. JONES, M . D. You remember that in the last October number of the Review I wrote you my method of introducing queens with tobacco smoke, after failing fre- quently with other methods. It has the advantage over other methods of being direct, short and quick. I see by the June issue that you have adopted it, and, so far, have not met with a failure, which I am pleased to hear, and hope that by a little effort I may be the means of saving a great deal to the bee-keepers of the world. Now let us reason why it is a suc- cess. In m}^ student days, at college, one of the Professors asked for volunteer diag- nosis from the class, after the symptoms had been elicited from the patient. Sev- eral were offered; and, to me, none seem- ed correct; so I ventured one. Immedi- ately the Professor "closed the case," and began the discussion, rejecting all the others. Coming to mine, he asked for a reason for the "faith within me." I was right, but could not give a reason. This taught me to go to the bottom of things, and, before acting, reason them out. Now, as to introducing. It is a well knowm that fact the bees of a colony rec- ognize each other by the sense of smell. Smoke a colony with ordinary smoke, when robbing is in order, and the colony cannot resist an attack, because of the inabilitv to recognize the robbers. To- bacco has a two-fold effect. It is a power- ful narcotic, besides, owing to its pun- gent character, it renders all of one scent much more so than ordinary smoke. Then, again, from its narcotic effect, the bees are so stupefied as to stop all efforts at quarreling, or in resenting the intru- sion of a queen; and by the time the effect has subsided they are all of a hap- py family. At the beginning of my bee-experience I clipped my queens by holding them in one hand, using the scissors with the other. All young queens were so treated as soon as found laying. I soon found a large proportion (half or more) missing, and either cells started or a new queen, with wings, reigning. This set me to thinking; and I finally arrived at this conclusion: the handling of the queen so changed the scent that the bees did not recognize her; they killed her and then raised a new one, I then clipped all without touching them, while they were running over the combs, a proceeding which can be accomplished with perfect ease after a little practice. The result was what I anticipated. Now for more proof. On page 522, Gleanings, is this statement: "When one THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 297 practices clipping for a series of years he will be suprised how many colonies he will come across that have changed queens unbeknown to him. Half of the queens reared in 1899 were found super- seded this spring in a large apiary in New York. We have had a similar ex- perience in our yards. Unless a queen has been clipped, one can not be sure of her identity." Moral — Don't touch the queens except with the point of the scissors, and only clip one entire wing. This is not all the proof that can be of- fered in defense of my position, as I have frequently seen it mentioned that some have thought they would discontinue the practice of clipping because they found so many queens missing, and that, too, before old age or failing could possibly be the cause. Idaho Fai^i^S, Idaho, July 20, 1901. NTRODUCING QUEENS — LATE INTRODUCING AFTER BROOD IS GONE, NOT ALWAYS SUC- CESSFUL. BY J. A. GREEN. I notice in a recent number of the Re- view that the tobacco smoker method of introducing queens is not meeting with all the success hoped for from the earlier experience with it. This is no more than was to be expect- ed; as I believe no infallible method of introducing queens, under all circum- stances, will ever be discovered. The method that works perfectly during a good yield of honey does not produce the same results when honey is scarce. Sometimes what succeeds well in the hands of one man is more or less of a failure when another tries it; although he attempts to do exactly as the first man did. Theorizing on the subject does not al- ways help us. The editor of the Review, in writing on the subject some time ago, considered late in the fall a very favorable time for introducing queens; arguing that the fact that the bees were entirely destitute of brood, and, consequently, of any means of rearing another queen, which would render them more kindly disposed toward a newcomer. This looks plausible. I believed it myself last season, and, so, when, late in the season, I found myself with more time than usual on my hands, and a queen breeder agreed to let me have a number of queens in settlement of an old account, I consider- ed the time opportune for requeening a part of my apiary. Accordingly, about fifty queens were introduced at the very end of the season; so late, in fact, that cold weather caught me before I had a chance to look over the colonies to be sure the queens were safely introduced. I had not much fear on that score, for I believed the time one of the best that could be found, and I used a method of introduction that I considered almost infallible; having introduced a large number of queens during several seasons with less than two per cent of losses. But when I came to look over my colonies in the spring, I found a considerable num- ber of queenless colonies and drone lay- ing queens among the colonies that had had queens introduced so late. The drone layers may have been the fault of the queen breeder, but I had to admit to myself that I was wrong on the subject of late introducing; and another cherished theory had to be given up. Since then I have experimented some- what with the tobacco smoke method, but not always with success; the percent- age of loss being considerabl}- greater than by the caging method. The method, which I have used with excellent success for several seasons, is as follows: Take a stick about j4. of an inch thick, V of ^^ inch wide, and four or five inches long. Wrap once around one end of this a strip of tin or heavy paper, at least 1)2 inches wide. Over this wrap a strip of wire cloth three or four inches long. Secure this bj' twist- ing wire around it in two or three places. You have now a, tul?e, oblong in cross 298 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. section, one end lined with tin, the rest of wire cloth alone. Fill the tin part with Scholz or "Good" candy, ramming it down solidly. Fit a wooden plug to the other end. Put the queen into this cage alone. This I consider important. The size and shape of this cage make it easy to put it almost anywhere in a bee-hive without disturbing its interior arrangements. T generally put it be- tween the top bars of frames of brood in the lower section of a Heddon hive, which brings it into the center of the brood nest, but it may be laid on top of the frames, or shoved into the hive through the entrance, in an emergency. Now let the colony alone for four or five days at least. You can delay or hasten the release of the queen by mak- ing the tube of candy longer or shorter. If you wish, you can lengthen the time required to eat out the candy by covering the end with pasteboard, but I consider this too uncertain in its results to be rec- ommended. RivERSiDK, Cat,., Sept. 25, 190 1. [Friend Green, your experience is in- teresting, but it would have been much more conclusive if you had known, positively, that the queens were fertile, laying queens when you tried to introduce them. The fact that some of them turn- ed out drone layers in the spring seems to indicate that at least some of them were virgin queens. The man so lacking in honor that he made you wait for your pay until you were glad to take queens late in the fall, may have had the same failing when he filled the order. — Ed. Review. ] S IvOCAIvlTY OF THE MOST IM- PORTANCE? PREPARATIONS FOR WINTER. BY C. S- DOWNER. There seems to be a general impression that location makes most of the differ- ence between success and failure. In a great measure this is true. It makes a difference whether your bees can gather honey two weeks or two months. Or whether you have a winter of a few weeks, or from five to seven months, to provide against. But location may not be the chief question in every instance. There are several points to consider in weighing the advantages of any field. I. — The sources of honey. It is ot the first importance to know luhere your bees will find sweets to gather; also the time to expect it. 2. — Distance from market, and cost of transportation. Consider whether you must pay freight 100, or 1000, miles on your product; as well as on supplies. Or whether you are near a shipping ])oint, or must haul your honey b}^ wagou ten or twenty miles to the railroad. 3. — The home-market. If you can sell your honey at home you save the cost of shipping-packages, trans- portation, commission, etc. 4. — Pros- pect of having a clear field. A location which gives an average yield, but is not crowded with bees, is preferable to one that may give a heavy flow but is already overstocked. In nine cases out of ten the apiarist will be wise to make the most of the location he is in, rather than remove to a distant one at great ex- pense, even though it be a favored sec- tion. Theie are few of the choice locali- ties which are not well stocked with bees; especially if near transportation lines and well known. In regard to hives: get the catalogs, study them, read of the experience of others, compare their location with your own, and you will be able to decide for yourself what hive is best suited to your own purpose. And you will have the best success with the hive you prefer. Some of the most successful bee-keepers are using a shallow brood chamber which allows of manipulation and tiering up. For winter, build of rough lumber a long bee house facing south, and line it with clean paper to make it wind-proof. Set your hives along the south side, also facing south. Never face a hive any THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 299 other way but south or east. Make a door the full length of the building, of a 12-inch board, hinged to open at will, to let the sun shine on the entrances of all the hives. Put on each hive a rim eight inches deep; lay four or five sticks, half an inch square, on top of the frames. Over these lay one or two pieces of sheet- ing or similar material, large enough to reach to the outside of the hive. Place on this a cushion, six inches thick, filled with fine shavings, excelsior, chaff, or any porous material which will not pack hard. If the cushion does not fit tight in the rim, fill up with same material, but leave an inch or more space between the cushion and cover. The object of the porous cover is to let the moisture from the bees pass off, but retain the heat. It is of the utmost importance to have the sun shine on the entrance, or they will not fly, even though the day be mild. Leave them in the bee-house until warm weather, opening the horizontal door on warm days, closing tightly at night, and your bees are protected from cold winds and storms. In producing comb honey, caging the queen in a rim over the super to start work in the sections is one of the very best methods, but the cage should be constructed in such a manner as to allow the bees free communication with the queen. If you shut her into a wire cloth cage they will proceed about the same as if she were entirely removed. Make your cage of Tinker-zinc, large enough to hold a supply of food. As they can communicate with her freely they do not realize that she is caged at all. Release her in twelve or fourteen days, place a frame or two filled with foundation in the center of the brood chamber, and she will fill it with eggs as fast as the bees draw it out.' Study carefully your own location, and apply the knowledge gained from the experience of others, and you will have the best chance for success. South Haven, Mich., Aug. 28, 1901. OMMENTS UPON SOME CRITICISMS. BY FRED- ERICK B. SIMPSON. Before perusing the following article, the reader should turn over to the Extracted Depart- ment and read Mr. Doolittle's article on page 312, as this article is practicalU- a reply to the Doolittle article— to understand this article, Mr. Doolittle's should be read first — Ed. Review. As it becomes necessary for me to answer some of the comments on my former articles, I will discon- tinue the pub- lication of my ideas on se- lection, until such time as my critics give me an oppor- tunity; and, as I feel that any merit which may grow out of what I have written, will be due to the arguments brought forth from others, rather than to any intrinsic merit of my own writings, I trust the opportunity will not come too soon. Since writing the following answer to Mr. Doolittle's article, the editor has in- formed me that the article in question will be reproduced in this number, so I have omitted the bulk of the quotations and revised the matter accordingly. About that 10,000 acre forest (I wish Mr. D. would let me have the plains or a prairie; I think the horses would do better). I, of course, can not speak for other breeders of horses, but as for my- self, if I could breed horses, test them, select them and weed out the culls, and, above all, judge them b}" their produce, and if there would occur in the mating of horses the same amount of "natural selec- tion" of the male as, according to the well nigh unanimous opinion of author- ities (which Mr.D. entirely neglects men- tioning), there occurs in bees, if in short, we could produce, select and test horses in the same numbers and at the same expense as bees, I can assure 300 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Mr, Doolittle that I would very cheer- fully allow Nature to select the individ- ual male; but I would require the pedi- gree on both sides of every female from which I reared either males or females And the bee breeder must likewise know the pedigree of every queen mother; and, at least, of the mother of the drones with which his queens will probably mate. It is a principle of biology that in abso- lutely normal, natural conditions, a queen will mate with that drone for which she has the greatest affinity; that the greatest affinity will exist between the most unlike (within the species); and authorities practicallv agree that mating takes place in such a manner that the weaklings and unfit will be distanced; therefore, I entirely agree that inbreed- ing to a harmful extent cannot take place under absolutely normal conditions. But I do not believe that "under the present state of affairs there cannot well be inbreeding with our bees" Nature is not always absolutely normal; nor are bees reared by man always so; doubtless the above statement is true for Borodino and thousands of other places, but why should an authority of Mr, Doolittle 's renown take so narrow a view of the suject? Am I mistaken in my belief that there are bee - keepers so located that they have the only Italians within mating distance of their apiary; and if they rear queens and "select" them for color and continue to do so for years, is it not reasonable to suppose that some queens will either mate with their x - brothers, or else with drones that are sons of daughters of these x- brothers; and if this continues is there any reason why the stock so selected will not eventually become so decided- ly inbred as to have materially degenera- ted in fertility, vigor and size ? This be- ing the case, and in view of the many un- qualified recommendations in the bee- journals to inbreed, is not a warning on this subject a timely one ? "Suppose that any queen could possi- bly mate with her own brother. Does not Mr. S. know that it would only be her mating with her half brother ?" No: Mr. S. does not know that; nor does Mr. D, ; for if he did he would not attempt to prove it untrue on pages 73 and 74 of "Scientific Queen Rearing" (2nd. Ed.) Mr. S. is ignorant on this subject, but he agrees in the main with the pages above mentioned, and objects to the half-broth- er contention. If drones produced sub- sequent to mating are affected by that mating, the drone which did the mating must become their father to a certain ex- tent, as it is not clear how he can have any influence on the queen's offspring except in the capacity of parent. This designation is not strictly accurate, but as nearly so as possible without becom- ing too technical. I do not know what influence this will be, and, therefore, as X is the usual mathematical term to apply to a single unknown quantity, I will call the relationship x - brother. But if no other article indicated that there is some need of knowledge of in- breeding, Mr. Doolittle's does; as he appears to think it necessary to mate brother and sister in order to get bad effects. Ill effects can come from more remote inbreeding in the domestic ani- mals, and it is well known that among people the marriage of cousins is usually followed by bad results. I am fully convinced from my own ex- periments and observations that the big tent will not do, simply because while results would be valuable they could not be sufficiently so to compensate anyone for building the enclosure large enough, first, to satisfy the drones, and, second, of such size as to get the benefit of all possible natural selection under practi- cally normal conditions. I feel certain that the system which follows would give a sufficient percentage of good re- sults so that the expense would be far less per queen than a tent big enough to accomplish the same in all cases. Now, as to its being useless to talk about the mother of the drone with which a queen mates, let us see how useless it THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 301 is. As I have said before, if I went into queen breeding as a life work I would so locate that I could control the flight of all drones having any large amount of Italian blood. But if I was already in the queen business and situated at Borodino, or in any similar locality in this respect, I would make an effort to get a dozen or more queen breeders to combine with me, and each send a best breeder and suffi- cient nuclei to some locality where there were no bees possessing Italian blood, and to there employ a man to rear queens from each breeder and drones from just one additional one, and by great care in keeping a large number of drones on hand, and keeping them in a vigorous condition (very likely they could be kept in more vigorous condition than the wild bees if fed and if queens were reared by the aid of feeding between honey-flows), allowing no drones to fly until the queens of the first batch were nearly old enough to mate, and mailing queens to breeders as soon as laying commenced; we could very likely rear three queens for each nucleus before any native queen could produce hybrid drones old enough to mate with our queens; after which we would have to stop operations until we found another locality; because in order to be on the safe side it would be well to assume that drones from the same mother may vary in hybridity from near- ly pure black to nearly pure Italian, in the same way that the color of work- ers vary. Of course this would result in many mismated queens, but from my own observations I feel certain that a sufficient quantity of purely mated ones could thus be obtained to fully compen- sate for the outlay; and is it not possible that those thus purely mated would rep- resent a more perfect affinity and there- fore a better combination of individuals than if the native drones were not pres- ent? Of course this would not control the mating of queens for sale generally, but it would seem a sufficient step in ad- vance to justify the outlay. But like anything else that is of value, the pro- portionate expense will be considerable, and the man who begrudges the mutilat- ing of a comb, or the spoiling of a sec- tion box, in queen rearing must become more liberal before he can gain this ben- efit. Economy is excellent; I am an ad- mirer of thrift; but the bee breeder who wishes to put himself on the same basis as breeders of other stock must show ped- igrees and records, at least in the moth- ers of his queens and the mothers of the probable mates of those he sells; and he cannot expect to do this with- out more outlay than if he does not do it. The public will not raise the price of queens in order to pay in ad- vance for this benefit; the queen breeder must first put forth the effort, and, if suc- cessful, will it not naturally follow that he can create a demand for "bred" queens, and also get a price which will compensate him for the extra effort ? I am working on several systems of mating that give me hopes of success, but it will take hundreds of experiments to determine the exact factors. But as to Mr. D's I500. That would not buy any of my plans if I should succeed, so in such an event I would ask the gentleman to hand his money over to the X. B. A. For I believe that in this respect bee- keeping is a profession, and as I have no liking for quackery, anything that I can find out to help the bee-keeper will be given to the public at the earliest date that I can prove it practicable and safe by a sufficient number of results. Contrary to the impression Mr, D. seems to have, I have not commenced to write for the bee journals practically un- prepared. My opportunity for bee-keep- ing began but recently, but my technical knowledge of the anatomy, life history, biology and kindred studies relating to the subject, have taken me some sixteen years to acquire; although be it known that I do not say it in a bragging way, for I do not consider it any feather in my cap that it has taken me so long to learn so little. I will not quote from ni}' article con- sidered valueless by Mr. Doolittle, as in 302 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. that cotribution itself I was careful to clearly state the limitations of the case; nor will I consider the fact that ]Mr. Doo- little's criticism might be construed as being given in a spirit of personal re- taliation on account of my correcting [^not criticising) his figures, in the same way as you would correct a person for making an error of fact b}^ saying "the sum of two and two is three." Neith- er will I make personal allusion to the suggestion of the value of the writings of another contributor who agrees with me that biology can be helpful to the bee - keeper; the readers do not want personalities; it is not wlio says it, but what they say. But when a man reaches the point where he is an acknowledged authority, with that distinction there is a responsibility and a duty towards those who think a thing is right because he says it^ and he should so carefully prepare what he writes that it will be apparent that he says what he does because it is right. I am now referring to the fact that the editor of a bee-journal entitled the "Progressive" has delivered himself of the following: "I wish to say that his, "whereas the real cause of quality is %\i\\\i\A selection .,''' and, "which qualities should be proved to be hereditary in each pedigree," as given in his "inbreeding article, are equally of little value, as applied to bees. And all the illustrations which have been given in the bee-papers during the last 30 years, no matter by whom given, as com- paring the breeding of horses, cattle, sheep, poultry, or swdne, with that of breeding queen-bees, have been equally valueless, for there is no common ground (on which to stand) between them. As to what has appeared in journals, I will leave that to those who are better acquainted with contemporary bee jour- nalism during the past thirty years, as it is a very grave reflection on the editors of the bee journals if they have publish- ed so much useless material (including the editors of the two journals who pub- lished my inbreeding article entire. ) Why does the writer of the above "hand pick" drones? Why does he choose them from "my best breeder not nearly akin to the queen mother" ? On what grounds does he base the idea that the drone is the stronger element and has greater influence than the queen ? It is at present impossible to know these things from the bees themselves; and does it not look reasonable to believe that the writer knows from the breeding of other ani- mals that it is best to use good individ- uals and not to inbreed closely ? And as to the drone having m.ore influence, I wonder if that is not a relic of the days when the farmer-horseman gave the name of the sire of his horse and neglected the breeding of the dam entirely, thinking her of comparatively little importance ? Now why are there not more intelli- gent people making intelligent experi- ments in apiculture than there are ? I do not know; but I do know that when a man who is among the highest authori- ties on practical, economic beekeeping so belittles himself as to reject aid from any source except that in his own line of study and teaching, he is doing a great deal to keep out of bee-keeping those who are especially fitted to aid in making the future advance in beedom more rapid than the past. The progress that has been made in practical, economic bee- keeping has undoubtedly been great, and to those who have made it so, all honor is due; it is a grand thing that men can keep bees so cheaply as to make a living from them, it is no less great that queens can be so cheaply reared that a poor man can afford to own good ones. But the fact remains that the breeding of bees has not advanced in proportion to the other elements of bee-keeping, nor will it ever do so if it depends upon know- ledge obtained from bees alone without any outside aid. Is it not true that those who have given us the most theoretical knowledge (andofteu practical also) have been fitted by special training in some vocation other than bee-keeping ? I do not say this to the discredit of the prac- tical man, often of great experience; bee- keeping and bee breeding will continue THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 303 to advance if left to him alone, but is he taking advantage of all his best opportu- nities unless he permits the aid of those who know a little about the applica- tion of biology to the breeding of the domestic animals ? Mr. Adrian Getaz, in the Sept. Review, after pointing out what he considers a great error on my part, states "I do not see that the lengthening of the tongues of the workers through their own efforts could have any effect on the eggs of the queen, or the bees born from them." In the absence of any proof, I can only give my opinion on this subject. Bees, like all other animals, are undoubtedly affect- ed by climatic conditions and by environ- ment, and in the course of time they can undoubtedly vary through the influence of these causes. If the eggs of the queen and the larv^ from them are not influ- enced by the workers, we must then con- clude that the only way in which climate and environment can effect the race will be through the queen at swarming and at mating time, and through the drone. It might seem plausible in case of the drone, but in the case of the queen it would seem hardly possible during so short a time. It would also be hard to reconcile the swarming as well as the superseding im- pulse with this idea, as it seems improb- able that they originate in the queen. Then, too, in all the higher orders of animals, the male and female usually have an influence nearly equal upon their offspring. I know that it is usually thought that the male has the greater, but I can cite many cases in horses where the dam had far the greater influence; and I think it safe to conclude that it will average very nearly equal and will vary each way in individual cases. I feel certain that the workers must in- fluence the eggs as well as the brood, but as to how it is done I cannot sa}^, as I don't know. But if we take an egg capa- ble of producing a worker which can by her own efforts lengthen her tongue, and instead, allow this egg to produce a queen, is it not likely that this queen's eggs will have a tendency to possess the same capability of producing the same kind of a worker as she would have been ? It might be possible that a bee which would later become very long tongued might show some tendenc)^ towards it while a nurse, which, would possibly in- fluence both the feed for the larvse and that of the queen. As I have said above, I do not pretend to know how this is done, but give these ideas in the hope that others will be on the lookout for any light on the subject. Cuba, N. Y., Sept. 16,1901. ^ ^HE INFLUENCE THAT WORKERS MAY EXERT UPON THE QUEENS THEY REAR. BY J. W. JACKSON. A writer in the September, 1901, num- ber of the Review, on page 271, says: — "Mr. F. B. Simpson| made a big, bi£' slip in his contribution on long tongues- He says: 'And if they (the bees) work it (the red clover) and reach allthev can, it will undoubtedly increase their tongue length to some extent; and if this con- tinues progressively for several genera- tions, we will get naturally long tongues.' This means that if some bees (workers) lengthened their tongues through their efforts to reach the nectar in red clover, we may expect that their daughters or the next generation will have longer tongues, and so on. The misfortune is that the bees of the second generation are not the daughters of the bees (work- ers) of the first. The}' are the daughters of the ^7/^6'^;/ . And I do not see that the lengthening of the tongues of the work- ers through their own efforts could have any effect on the eggs of the queen, or the bees born from them." Here is matter for consideration. "There is more in heaven and earth, Horatio, than is dreamed of in your philosophy." I have read somewhere i^the expression of the experience of some veteran bee- 304 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. keeper) that the nature of the queen was affected by the nature of the bees with which she associated, and last year I had a colony of bees that were excellent workers, and the queen was quite prolific but the bees were very vicious; so I kill- ed the queen, and raised one in that hive from the eggs of a very mild queen. The progeny of the queen raised by a vicious colony from an eg^ taken from a docile one, while not as fierce as the bees that raised her, are much more so than any others from her mother or sisters. While the worker bees are not the mothers of the bees of the following queen, they are generally the sexually undeveloped sisters of their mother, and if such bees are not affected by their aunts' habits, so to speak, through their mother's relationship to them, I can see very little in the laws of breeding, especi- ally bee-breeding, where man seems to be able to control only the female side; and the drones seem to have no tongue- reach at all; for they make no honey. Which side, then, do they take after, the drone or the queen, the father or the mother? Neither have tongue-reach, neither make honey. Drones have no stings, queens do not use them on human beings. Neither the father, nor the mother of the worker bees build comb, where then do the latter get that instinct? In breeding bees, it will prob- ably be well to believe that the habits of the workers affect, to some extent, the nature of the queen raised by them. OpEIvOnsas, IvA., Sept. 23, 1901. OME LABEIv POINTERS. BY JOHN H. RISING. For several years I have been studying and revolving in my mind, various ideas in regard to properly labeling our various pro- ducts. At the beginning, allow me to say that I have seen no label that to my tnind properly fills the bill. Some labels have too much, others to little, while many more are worse than none at ail. I am inclined to the belief that our goods, properly put up, do not need any unusual amount of bright colors to attract atten- tion. Canned goods, such as peas, beans, apples, etc. , in tin cans, are more attrac- tive in bright colors. I was strikingly impressed with this idea on comparing American and Spanish goods in Cuba. Nicely cased comb honey, the bettei grades of extracted in glass, do not need as showy or large labels as poorer grades of extracted in pails. People can see for themselves and will pay little attention to labels. For the very reason mentioned above, I would not give any information as to the honey industry. People care little for our business. We must tickle their pal- ates— there is where our business ability comes in. If I were going into the label business heavily, and had a neat and attractive apiary, I would have a good cut of the same on my label. That would interest people. Catch and hold the people's eye. That is what we are after. There- in lies our returns. Colors must be de- termined upon after we have decided on the label. Red and black are about the most attractive and lasting. As to size of label, that is a point to be determined, each for himself, and ac- cording to circumstances as well as utility. Gaskii^i,, N. Y., July 30, 1901. EDITORIAL fferings- Cement coated nails ought not to be used for nailing on the thin covers of shipping cases of comb honev. If they are used, they ought to be much smaller in size. As generally used, the cover is split all to pieces in being removed. THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 305 The Officers elected at the Buffalo convention are as follows: President. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich.; Vice Presi- dent, O. L. Hershiser, Buffalo, N. Y.; Secretary, Dr. A. B. Mason, Toledo, Ohio, ■»L«U»-»^^t»«'«J^ GasoIvINE, so says Mr. J. B. Rapp, in Gleanings, may be used instead of bisul- phide of carbon for killing the bee moth's larvae. He puts the combs into a box or a barrel, pours in a pint or so of gasoline, closes it up tight for 24 of 36 hours, and the work is done. He thinks it kills the eggs as well as the larvae. «'*j(H^Xi«'»,«'«jr*. Convention Goers should, before leaving home, make a note of the exact place at which the meeting is to be held — note down the street and number on a card and put it in their pocket. Several at the Buffalo convention had neglected this point, and spent several hours in a vexatious search before they finally found the convention hall. ir«j<'«,*^j(^*'^M^ Congratulations ought to have been extended long ago to Bro. York and his readers because he has dropped that "dipt" system of spelling. A phonetic system of spelling would undoubtedly be a great achievement, but such is utterly impossible without a radical change, without increasing the letters of the alphabet until there is a letter for each sound, and, until that is done, any at- tempt at changing our spelling will simply result in making confusion worse con- founded. Once more Bro. York, con- gratulations. ^^^i^B'^jr^^'jp^". Beet and Cane Sugar are one and the same thing; at least, so says Mr. Mel- vin R. Gilmore, Superintendent of the American Beet Sugar Association at the Pan American Exposition. I had a long talk with him, and he told me that they are not only chemically the same, but they have the same physical characteris- tics. Cane sugar is called cane sugar because it was first discovered in the cane sugar plant, but the same substance is found in several different plants. I men- tion this because we often see cautions in the journals not to use beet sugar for feeding bees — that it is detrimental to them. "The Review has a freedom about it that is very delightful. After reading an issue I feel just as though I had sat down and had a real good visit with you." This is what a subscriber told me while I was away on my trip to the Buffalo convention. That is one of the things for which I labor — to make my readers feel, after reading a copy of the Review, that we have been having "a real good visit. ' ' Of course, the primary object of the Review is to teach, encour- age and help bee-keepers; if, at the same time, it can win the friendship, yes, more than that, the love of its readers, I shall feel that it is a grand thing. Mr. O. ly. Hershiser showed me, at the Pan American, a new style of glass jar that he had just gotten up for putting honey on the market. It is of flint glass, and square, like the Muth jar, but instead of being closed with a cork it has a screw cap after the style of the Mason fruit jar. There is a cork lining inside the top of the cap which makes the whole thing self-sealing. The cost is only a trifle more than for corks, tin foil caps and waxing, and, considering the lessening in labor, is really about as cheap. Mr, Hershiser is making arrangements to have this style of jar put upon the market. The Directors (six of them) at the Buffalo convention put in one whole day, the afternoon of one day and forenoon of the next, in discussing some of the knotty questions regarding the manage- ment of the National Association. The Association has been growing in num- bers of late. Its membership is now nearing the 1,000-mark, and there are several hundreds of dollars in the treas- 3o6 THB BEB-KEEPERS' REVIEW. ur}'. It is spreading out, so to speak, and new features, new responsibilities and new dangers are arising, 'iliebe must be met and considered. This meet- ing took Bro. Root and myself away from what was probably the very best part of the convention. Our time w^as probably well spent, but it is likely that we missed many good things that we would otherwise have noted down and published in our journals. «^jr «. *^^L»^^^L» DISINFECTING HIVES IN WHICH THERE HAS BEEN FOUE BROOD. At Buffalo there was quite a discussion as to whether it was necessary to disin- fect the hives when treating colonies in- fected with foul brood. Mr. McEvoy said there was no more necessity of boil- ing the hives than for boiling the bees — not so much, as the latter are constantly running over the combs containing the disease. Several thought that if any in- fected honey should become daubed up- on the hives when shaking off the bees, it might cause trouble, but Mr. McEvoy showed that it would all be cleaned up by the bees, and, together with what other honey that was in there sacs, would be stored in the comb that was built dur- ing four days, at the end of which time the comb is all cut out and removed, thus getting entirely rid of the diseased honey. The Keystone Co. of Philadelphia, that had an advertisement in the last Re- view, is probably not a reliable firm. Mr. Reeves of New Jersey wrote me that he called at the supposed place of business, and found it unoccupied. The last oc- cupant was a man by the name of Powers. The most dilligent inquiry failed to locate the Keystone Co. I wrote to the Philadelphia postmaster. He wrote that the firm was not now located at its former place of business. It had gone elsewhere and left an address to which to have mail forwarded, but the law did not allow him to give out this ad- dress. If I had been defrauded I could report to the Inspectors of the post- office department. I had had corres- pv>nJeiice with this firm several times during the past year; the best of refer- ence was given, and I never suspected that this firm was not reliable. Where I failed was in not writing to the refer- ence given. ■'RK'^ ■■-■^t^lL"^^ The StereopTicon Views given one evening at the Buffalo convention were an agreeable break in the steady "grind" of heavy discussion. E. R. Root, by means of his pictures and his talk, practi- cally took us with him over the great West, and showed us wherein it differs, apiculturally, from the East. Your hum- ble servant illustrated and described some of the apiaries and implements of which he took photographs in his recent Cana- dian trip. By the way, these Canadian slides were made by a friend and fellow townsman of mine, the Rev. J. G. Haigh, who is an amateur photographer and slide maker. Although an amateur he is by no means a novice. He uses the best of materials, and his work in the line of slide making is the equal of that of professional slide makers — superior to that of some of them. When E. R. Root looked over the slides that I brought, he said: "There are few slides in my collection the equal of these. ' ' Any one wishing slides made will find it to their advantage to correspond with Mr. Haigh. His address is Grand Traverse St., Flint, Mich. •«.»^^ <-«^«,*njr* Priority OF Location is something that was discussed quite a little, j^ears ago, in the bee journals — how could a man secure the right to a certain loca- tion, and prevent some other man from coming in with another apiary, and thus take away one-half of the nectar. E. R. Root found this question being settled quite satisfactorily out West. The West, in many places, is a country of ranches. One man, or a stock company, owns a ranch that may contain several square THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 307 miles. The owners of ranches are will- ing to sell, at very reasonable prices, the privilege of keeping bees on their terri- tory. The owners get money for some- thing that they never before received any pay. It seems to them almost like find- ing money. Sometimes a man can lease a range for $25 a year; and get a^contract for ten years. Sometimes there is com- petition, and as much as I50 per mile has been paid for one season. To buy up a bee range here in the East would be well nigh impossible, as the bee-keeper would have fifty or one hundred farmers to deal with; and if one of them stood out and would not sell, the whole thing would be a failure; as this one farmer might put out an apiary, or allow a friend to do so, or finally decide to sell to some one else. Wni^-lLW^l^M^^t" Progression should be the watch- word in any kind of business. If we are not going ahead it is quite likely that we are going backwards. Bee-keep- ing is no exception. I fear that some of us do not realize that bee-keeping as a business, as a specialty, is of com- paratively recent origin. Naturally, a large portion of the energies of bee- keepers have been turned towards the learning of "how to do things." These matters of manipulation, artificial swarm- ing, hiving of swarms, extracting, secur- ing of comb honey, wintering, etc,, have occupied the pages of the journals almost to the exclusion of anything else. They probably will always be fit subjects for discussion; but we have now reached a stage where we ought to reach out; to take broader views. The Review has urged upon specialists the importance of keeping more bees; now it is investigating the subject of breed- ing, in its relation to bees. This is a field that has been greatly neglected. We know that there is a great difference in the different strains of bees. I^et us learn, if we can, how these differences were brought about; how they can be prepetuated. If there is any way where- by we can improve the quality of our bees, let us know it. If there is not, let us know that\ and turn our energies in some other direction. Those readers who have been accustomed to read bee jour- nals only for instructions "how to do things," must try and be patient if some pages of the Review are devoted to argu- ing some of the fine points in breeding. Good may come from it. ■'«,#R*^jr««T^«'«. Beksv^ax Production is something that Harry Howe of Cuba thinks might be engaged in at a profit in Cuba. He writes to Gleanings that the net price of honey in Cuba is only i 4-5 cents, while beeswax is worth 27 cents. No wonder that he thinks of turning honey into wax. Many have been the experiments, and diversified have been the results, in try- ing to decide how many pounds of honey are consumed in the secretion of a pound of wax. The amount of honey that may be consumed in the production of a pound of wax when bees are at work, normally, storing honey, and the amount that would be consumed if they were confined and fed honey, would probably vary greatly. This a subject upon which some experiments are badly needed. I know that when bees are fed they become "fat," so to speak, and secrete large quantities of wax. If given no opportu- nity to build comb they plaster the bits of wax all over the inside of the feeder, on the top bars of the hive, on the wood of the sections, and anywhere they can get a chance. One trouble in feeding bees honey to have them work it up into wax, would be that brood rearing would be largely increased. It would probably be necessar}^ to confine the queen to a cer- tain portion of the hive in order to pre- vent the rearing of too much brood. If there were a demand for bees, or a use for them after they were reared, it might be all right to let the queen have full sway. I should dearl}^ love to experi- ment along this line. To me there was always a fascination about the feeding of bees. 3o8 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. A Pan American Number is some- thing that several magazines and periodi- cals have gotten out. Perhaps the next issue of the Review will attain to that distinction. It certainly will aim to show up the apiarian part of the Exposi- tion as well as it is possible to do with camera and pen. While at the Exposi- tion I made a photograph of the Canadian exhibit, two of the New York exhibit, one showing the apiary where the bees work out through one of the big upper windows, another showing the product of one colony in this apiary, also one of the W. T. Falconer Mfg. Company's dis- play of supplies, and another showing that of the A. I. Root Co. Mr. O. I.. Hershiser, Superintendent of the New York exhibit, will furnish the "write- up." ■^jr«^^j<'«.«^ji«. Advertisements in the reading col- umns is something of which I do not ap- prove, but, under the present conditions, I am going break over my custom in this respect. Some two months ago the breeder who furnishes me the Superior Stock queens withdrew his own adver- tisements that he might catch up with orders and fill those of mine that were waiting. He had nearly caught up with orders, and was ready to fill those of mine that had been waiting, when a cool spell ot weather led a large share of my customers to either cancel their orders, or ask me to wait about filling them until next spring. I wrote to my breeder, ex- plaining the circumstances, and he re- plied that while he did not blame me any, nor my customers, he was sorry things had taken the turn that they had. He writes that from now on, to the close of the season, he can furnish queens that are especially valuable, in that they were reared during a good flow of honey, and fertilized at a time when only select drones were flying. He says that last year he mailed queens up to the first of December with the best of success. Safe arrival is guaranteed. If any of my cus- tomers who have canceled their orders, or any who have put them over until next spring, or if there are any new customers who wish to order queens now, I shall be glad to hear from them. Queens can be sent at once. I give this notice here, not so much for any gain that will come to me, but to try and help out a man who gave up his own retail trade to try and help me out, and who now has queens on hand as the result. I would have put this in the advertising columns, but when his letter came the advertising pages for this month were alread}^ printed; and next month would be too late to do any good. ^^M^^n^^^nj^n. Finding the OueEn how many ways there are of doing it. Here is the latest as described to me in a letter from Mr. Henry E. Horn, of Riverside, California. He says : "Blow some smoke into the entrance to alarm the colony. Two or three puffs will be sufficient. Take off the cover and watch the behavior of the bees. Those at a distance from the queen will come up between the frames and walk across the top bars. Keep close watch. Finally, at a given point, a dozen or two will stop and sort o' smell down between two certain frames. If these two frames are taken out together, the queen will be about the first thing seen when they are separated. This method never fails with me; but some little ex- perience is necessary in order to catch on to the trick. If I had to manipulate hiving-boxes, screws, supers, and things, I'm afraid that I should seldom make the acquaintance of my queens." «njrR*T»jri^ii,»^^ Nominations in advance of the elec- tion of a General Manager, and the Direc- tors of the National Bee- Keepers' Associa- tion, would be very desirable. As it is now, when a member receives a voting- blank, he does not know for whom any other member will vote. In his despera- tion, he votes for the man, whose term of office is about to expire. As a result, each officer succeeds himself, year after THE BEE KEErERS, REVIEW. 309 year. Should it ever become desirable to electa new man, it would be well-nigh impossible with the present system. This question was discussed by the Directors present at Buffalo, but they were unable to devise a plan that seemed wholly satisfactory, and it was finally de- cided to have the matter taken up in the bee journals for discussion. Suggestions from the readers of the Review will be welcomed. The foregoing was sent to E. R. Root, one of the Directors, for his criticisms, or suggestions. He considered it brief and to the point, and passed it on to Bro. Abbott, who is chairman of the Board of Directors. He penciled on the back of the sheet the following: "While it is de- sirable to keep the same parties in office as long as they attend to business, and give satisfaction, yet it is important not to have too many Directors in one locality, and to place in office men who will attend the annual meeting as often as possible." The suggestion that we put in Direc- tors and a General Manager who will at- tend the annual conventions as often as possible, is worthy of consideration. At the Buffalo convention, six of the Direc- tors were present ( one more would have given us a quorum) and we did more busi- ness than could have been transacted in weeks or months of correspondence. There is nothing like a face to face dis- cussion of a knotty question. Other things being equal, we should give our preference to those men who are usually present at the annual convention. •^^^■^jT^Ii'^-" SUPPI.Y AND Demand are the two great factors that control prices. When I was over in Canada last summer, I noticed that the prices of comb and ex- tracted honey were nearly alike. It seemed to me that there was not enough difference between them. Extracted honey was selling at from 8 to 10 cts, while comb honey was bringing only a shilling. But very little comb honey was being produced. There was no in- ducement. In talking with some of the Canadian visitors at the Buffalo conven- tion I found that the price of comb honey had been fairly booming this fall — it is now about 23 cents. It was ever thus. When prices go down, production is lessened; when they go up it is increased. Then there is always a reaction. If prices go down and production is lessen- ed, the scarcity that results always brings up the price again. If prices go up as the result of scarcity, production is in- creased until they are again brought back. Thus, all things seek a level. When the price of anything goes away above what it usually is, we may, as a rule, look for it to drop back again, and probably go below par. I had an uncle who was a farmer, and when any farm product was unusually high, he dropped its production the next year. He said that everybody would go into its pro- duction and the price would go down. Then, again, if potatoes, for instance, were very low, he would, the next year, put in a large acreage. Nine times out of ten, he would hit it. While I am not much given to trying to strike the mar- ket in this way, I do believe that low prices ought not to discourage a man, and drive him out of some branch of business for which he and his surround- ings are eminently fitted. If a man's locality, hives, fixtures, bees, experience taste and market are all fitted for the production of extracted honey, let him stick to it, even if prices do go down. By the time that he has changed everything over for comb honey, and learned how to produce it, the price for extracted may have again advanced. Do that for which you are the best fitted, all things con- sidered, and prices, in a long term of years, will be remunerative. UTj^ritW^^jiw^^ FIVK DOIylvARS A DAY RETAII,ING HONEV. At the Buft'alo convention, while S. A. Niver and myself dangled our legs from the top of a table, he told me how he managed to retail from 100 to 150 pounds 3ro THK BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. of extracted honey at 15 cts. a pound in one day. It is done by peddling from house to house in some vil- lage or small city. He carries the honey in square gallon cans in a push cart, such as grocers sometimes use in delivering goods. He says the flies don't bother the cart as they do a horse, and it never runs away; besides, it costs less. His sample of honey and a spoon are carried in a lard pail, having a cover. He raps at a dooi, and, to whoever answers his call he says: "I am giving away samples of honey. Will you have the kindness to bring me a saucer or a plate; also a spoon." To this request there is usually a willing response, while the query of "Don't you want to buy some honey?" would send the questioner on his way with a "No, not to day." When the plate appears, two or three spoonfuls of honey are dipped out upon the plate; no one is allowed to lick the spoon carried by the peddler — that is used to dip out the samples, and for noth- ing else. People don't care to eat honey dipped out with a spoon that has been stuck into the mouth of the general public. The amount of honey in the pail is kept at such a point that the spoon can be dropped back into the pail and the han- dle of the spoon will stick up above the honey and rest against the side of the pail. All these may seem like small points, bu<^^ they all count. As the honey is dipped out UDon the plate the prospec- tive customer begins to taste of it; the children crowd around and beg for a taste, and then beg of their mother to "buy some." i\s a rule a sale is made. Some little platform scales are carried in the cart, and used in weighing the honey into the pails, pitchers or jars that are brought out to be filled. Just notice that with this plan the consumer furnishes the package. One sale often attracts the attention of a neighbor who comes over to see what is going on — result, an- other sale. The same ground is gone over repeatedly, at certain definite inter- vals, until customers come to look for- ward to the visits of the "honey man." Such honey as Mr. Niver can buy of Mr. Coggshall at 6)2 cts. a pound, is sold at 15 cents a pound, at the rate of from 100 to 150 pounds a day. Re- member, however, that the man who does this bears the name of S. A. Niver — everyone is not thus equipped. In other words, Mr. Niver has few equals as a salesman. 1:XTRACTED. THE INFLUENCE OF THE DRONE. In Mating with the Queen Does he Influence the Drone Progeny? In his article in this department, Mr. Doolittle attempts to show that, under the existing conditions of things, there is no danger from the inbreeding of our bees. In speaking of the mating of a queen with a drone from the same mother as herself, he asks: "Does not Mr. Simp- son know that it would be only her mat- ing with her //f?//"- brother?" Mr. Simp- son, in his contribution in this issue of the Review, calls attention to the fact that Mr. Doolittle gives, in his book, some very good reason showing why the drone does leave some effect even upon the drone progeny of the queen with which he mates. Here is what Mr. Doo- little has to say, in Scientific Queen Rearing, on this very interesting and im- portant subject: — One other item that I wish to notice at some length, before closing this chapter on drones, is this: From the fact that worker-bees can lay eggs that will hatch drones, and that virgin queens can also lay eggs which will also produce drones, the theory has obtained very largely among bee-keepers that the drones from a fertile queen must of necessity be of the same blood as they would have been had this queen produced drones before she was fertilized. In nearly every book written on bees, that I have read, where this subject is touched upon we find words to the effect that, "a pure queen, how- THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 311 ever mated, must produce a pure drone of her own variety." Mr. Alley's "Queen Rearing" is an exception to this, I am happy to note. Now I am not prepared to say how, nor wherein, the drones are changed by the mating of the queen; but this I do know, that drones are contaminated, to a certain extent, by the mating of a queen of one blood with a drone of another blood. Any one can prove this, for in four gener- ations, by mating the queen each time to these pure (?) drones, a bee can be produced which no man can tell from a hybrid. That this contamination does not show in the first cross, is the reason, I believe, that the theory has been ac- cepted, by nearly all, as the truth. To illustrate: Take a pure black queen and after she has mated with a fine, yel- low Italian drone, let her rear all of the drones produced in an apiary containing only black bees. Of course, the drones from this queen will all be black to look at, the same as they would have been had she mated with a drone of the same blood as herself. Now rear queens in this apiary, from any of the pure black mothers in it, and these young queens will mate with the drones from this mis- mated queen. These young queens will apparently produce all black workers and drones, the same as they would have done had these drones come from a pure black mother, mated with a pure black drone; but when we rear v^ueens from these young mothers, now and then one will show a little yellow, which would not have been seen, had not the drones from this mismated queen been the least bit contaminated. To detect any slight con- tamination of blood in our bees, we must always look to the queen progeny, for the queen is the typical bee of the hive; hence they will show an impurity where the workers and drones would not. Now, take one of these young virgin queens showing a little yellow, and have her mated with a pure yellow Italian drone — the same as was done with the first queen. From this one rear all of your drones again, while you rear queens from her mother, which young queens would be sisters to the one now produc- ing drones. Having one of these last young queens fertilized by the desired drones, next rear qaeens from her, and you will find that some of these queens will show quite a little yellow on them; yet so far the drones and workers show little if any difference. Take one of the yellowest queens from this last lot, and have her mated with a yellow drone again, going over the same process of mating as before, and you will get queens in this third generation which will (many of them) be quite yellow; while the workers and drones will show "yellow blood" about them by occasional "splotches" of that color. Now follow out the same line of breed- ing once more, and you will get both workers and drones, which any queen- breeder in the land will call hybrids — calling them rightly so, too. These hy- brids could not possibly come about bv this way of breeding, only as drones from a mismated queen are contaminated; for so far we have used no drones except those which were pure black, according to the parthenogenesis theory, yet we have a hybrid bee as the result. Worker-bees and drones do not show a little variation of purity, as much as does the queen, hence if we would know of the stock which we have, we must rear queens from them. Failing to do this, we often decide that we have pure drones for breeding purposes, because these same drones look all right. If I have made this matter plain, and I think that I have, it will be seen how much value it would be to the scientific breeder of queens, if he could select just the drone he wanted, and then have a valuable virgin queen mated with that drone. In this way we could accomplish as much in securing the "ciming bee," in two years, as we now accomplish in a life-time. Let no one be longer deceived about pure drones from a mismated queen; for if such drones are allowed to fly in your yard you cannot expect any satisfactory degree of purity from queens reared therein. I have been forced to this con- clusion by many careful- conducted ex- periments, as already described. SHALLOW FRAMES. Some of Their Advantages in the Production of Comb Honey. Considering the manner in which a great many tried to "down" the Heddon hive when it was first brought out. it is quite refreshing to find in Gleanings the editorial that I copy below. Ver? clear- ly, forcibly and ably does Bro. Root set forth some of the verj^ arguments that were used in favor of the Heddon hive when it was first introduced, but were 312 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. tossed aside by many because — well, they came from "Heddon." Bro. Root says: — The tendency among expert bee-keep- ers is toward a shallower frame than the standard Langstroth. Some others pre- fer the Langstroth because it has always given good results. But the other class consider that the frame given us by the father of American bee-keeping is a little too deep. They desire a frame just shal- low enough so that there will be no honey or very little at least, stored in the brood- nest. Said Mr. Vernon Burt, "With my shallow frames I often have no more honey in them than the size of a silver dollar; and I estimate that, if my colonies had all been in the shallow hive, I should have secured 30 lbs. more per colony." This is a strong statement, but Mr. Burt says he is ready to verify it bv showing the piles of honey that have come off the shallow frames and the amounts that have come off the deeper ones. While he does not claim the bees would store any more honey in one hive than in an- other, if we include both the super and the brood nest, yet he says that, instead of there being from 25 to 30 lbs. of honey left in the brood-nest, which he does not want there, that amount all goes into the supers where he does want it, and where he can command the very best market price obtainable. When I asked Mr. Burt if it was not desirable to have honey in the brood nest, he said it was not, ac- cording to his practice. "I prefer," he said, "to sell my honey, what I do get, at 12 and 15 cts., and then buy syrup at 3 or 4 cts.; and I not only make a good trade, but I give the bees a much better feed. While good honey does very well most winters, yet there are occasional ones when the syrup-fed colonies come out much better. "No, sir." said he, very emphatically, "I do not want any honey in the brood -nest in late summer. I prefer to feed sugar syrup, for then I know my bees have the very best food for winter." Hive a swarm in two sections of the Heddon hive, having starters only in the frames. Three days later remove the lower section of the brood-nest. By this plan, if the swarm is hived on the old stand, the supers transferred from the old to the new hive, and the old hive set side of the new until the eighth day, then moved to a new location, the bee- keeper, in this locality, will get all of the white honey in the sections, the old hive will contain a colony that will be in first- class condition for winter, while, by unit- ing two of the half-story colonies at the end of the season, and feeding, there will be another first-class colony for winter. FERTILIZATION OF QUEENS. Selection of the Drones; Inbreeding; a Reply to a Correction. The Review is earnestly trying to help bee-keepers to improve their bees by bet- ter methods of breeding; for this reason, every scrap of information on the subject is worthy of consideration. That is one reason why I copy the following article from the American Bee Journal. Another reason is that it contains some criticisms by Mr. Doolittle on an article written by Mr. Simpson, and the Review wishes to be entirely fair — to give each side and everybody a hearing. Then again, as Mr, Simpson replies in this issue to the arguments contained in the following article, it is necessary to a full under- standing of his arguments, that the fol- lowing should be read in order to under- stand Mr. Simpson's reply. Mr. Doo- little wrote as follows: — Frederick B. Simpson is one of the comparatively new writers for the bee- papers, yet his articles are full of life and "spice." I have read them with much interest, and hope he will continue to write more and more, especially so as he may gain more and greater light on many of the vexatious problems with which apiarists have to deal. I judge from his writings that he is more thoroughly con- versant with the vexatious problems re- lating to horses, than he is with those re- lating to bees. But if his life is spared he will doubtless learn all about many, if not all, of the bee-problems. And I bid him "Godspeed," that he may know of the height and depth, of the length and breadth, of this most fascinating, as well as often most vexatious, pursuit — bee- keeping. On page 485, I find these words from his pen: "In the American Bee Journal for June 20, Mr. Doolittle gave us some figures, but as he failed to notice that the mother of the drone THB BBK-KEEPBRS' REVIEW. 3^3 with which a queen mates is entitled to probably the same share in the results [g^reater, in tny opinion — G. M. D.] as the queen's mother, and also that the mother, or mothers, of the drones with -which the breeding queen's daughters mate are also entitled to some share, his figures are of little value." Just SO. And even at the risk of ap- pearing "sassy" I wish to say that his, "whereas the real cause of quality is skillful ^^/^r^/c;/," and, "which qualities should be proved to be hereditary in each pedigree," as given in his "in-breeding" article, are equally of little value, as ap- plied to bees. And all the illustrations which have been given in the bee-papers during the last 30 years, no matter by whom given, as comparing the breeding of horses, cattle, sheep, poultry, or swine, with that of breeding queen-bees, have been equally valueless, for there is no common ground (on which to stand) be- tween them. Suppose Mr. Simpson, with all of his horse knowledge, was obliged to turn his highly bred mare out into a 10,000 acre forest, filled with twice that many stallions of all grades, sizes and colors, she going way out of his sight and hear- ing before she met even a single one of them; of how much value does he think would be any words he could say about his "skillful selection^'''' the "hereditary in each pedigree," or about the "mother of the stallion with which his mare mat- ed?" The fact is, the breeder of queen- bees is "all at open sea" in this matter of the selectioJi of drones, and all talk along the line of what drone any queen mates has no value attached to it whatever. I have had a standing offer, out for years, of $500 to the man or woman who would give me a practical plan whereby I could mate a queen-bee to any individual drone, with the same certainty that a horse-breeder could mate his stock. And I know of several other queen-breeders who would give from that to twice that amount. Here is your chance Mr. S. And not only a chance to get the $$$$$, but also to receive the heartfelt gratitude of thousands of bee-keepers of the pres- ent age, and those who are to come after us during the centuries yet to come. And, until this problem is worked out, it is useless to talk about "hereditary," "variations, how started, intensified, and established," or anything of the kind. And the "great big tent" plan, lately ag- itated, should it prove successful, would not at all meet the requirements of the Simpson horse-breeders, nor claim my $500; for that would be like turning out the mare, in the supposed case, into a forest containing from 50 to 1000 stallions, with the simple guarantee that they were raised from o?ie mother. Some would be weaklings along some or all lines, lack- ing of proper form, proportions, etc., and would be something that no careful stock- breeder would ever listen to, although it might be somewhat of an improvement over the first, or what we now have. Those who have accused the present race of queen-breeders of simplicity, and lack of insight into matters which goes towards making a scientific breeder of other stock, have failed, in that they have not taken this mating question into con- sideration as they should. I know that there are queen-breeders of the present time who have put as much thought into it, and spent as much time to thoroughly equip themselves for their business, as any breeder of any of our domestic ani- mals. And because they could not con- trol the mating of their queens, is no sign why they should be classified with the ig- noramuses in breeding domestic animals. This last is not thrown at Mr. Simpson, for he has treated the queen-breeders of the present very fairly, as far as I have seen. And now I wish to say a word about that "in-breeding" matter. The reason, Mr. Simpson, why "the regular contribu- tors to the bee-papers have not shown any desire to give us any specific aid on this subject," is, because, under the present state of affairs, there can not well be any in-breeding with our bees. With thou- sands and millions of drones, from scores and hundreds of hives, within a circle of five to ten miles in diameter, all congre- gating together, as the stallions in the forest, there is very little chance that any queen could possibly mate with a drone from her own mother. But suppose she did? Does not Mr. S. know that it would be only her mating with a iialf- brother ? The drone is "the son of his mother,''^ while the queen is the daughter of her mother and father. And as the drone is always, practicallv speaking, the son of his mother, in-breeding could be carried on for several generations, even with a full control of both queen and drone, before we could practicalh' mate a brother and sister. And with the pres- ent conditions of mating, and with no chance at all of having "our sa}^ in the matter, " it is simply folly for bee-keep- ers to talk about in-breeding, or to say very much regarding the mating of their queens any wa}^ as to what drone she mated with. The very best I have been able to do on the drone-side, has been to keep a lot of drones from my best breeder, not near- 3^4 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. ly akin to the queeii-mother, till fall, after other drones were killed off, then "hand-pick" them, culling out all the in- ferior ones, when I had some reasonable assurance that queens reared at this time would mate wnth some of these drones, providing that some other colony within the circuit of the flight of "drone and queen," did not have a failing queen, or was queenless, in which case there would probably be hundreds of drones from such a colony to where there were tens of my hand picked specimens. I spent much of the time during the later seventies and early eighties in try- ing plans for the control of fertilization, thinking them out nights and trying them days, besides nearly all the plans advised by others, and after having to write "'A' failure'''' after each experiment, I settled down to try to do the best I could from the queen side, which thing I have been doing ever since. But I am free to admit, with Mr. Simpson, that, if I could have had complete control over the drone which mated with any queen during all these years, there would have been more "value in the figures" than there is at present; although a yield per colony of from 60 to 80 pounds of comb honey from red clover this year, with lit- tle or nothing 20 years ago, proves that I have not labored entirely in vain. QUEEN REARING NUCLEI. What Size of Frame and Nucleus is De- sirable. Considerable attention is being given of late to the matter of getting queens fertilized in very small nuclei; so small in some instances that they must depend upon a full colony for their heat. On this point Dr. Miller advances, in Glean- ings, some views that are worthy of con- sideralion. He says: — The greatest part of the cost of rearing a queen has been considered the time oc- cupied in the nucleus to get her to laying; and, like others, I have made effort to- ward seeing how few bees might be suc- cessfully used in a nucleus. But is not the cost of nuclei magnified? If I am not mistaken, a colony with a virgin queen will work just as vigorously as one with a laying queen, and a field-bee will carry just as much nectar to a nucleus as to a full colony. If that is correct, and if a cell is given at the time of removing a laying queen from a nucleus, then there will not be more than two days when the nucleus wnll not be in good storing con- dition, and when too much honey is in a nucleus a full frame can be exchanged for an empty one. Of course there will be some loss from the larger proportion of bees required to keep up the heat in a small nucleus. But I suspect that the gain from fewer bees in a nucleus is over- rated. The Doctor's views are all right for putting into practice during a good honey flow, provided the bee-keeper has bees enough to form all of the nuclei that he needs; but there are other conditions. Perhaps I can best illustrate by giving my own experience. In this latitude, but little can be done in queen rearing until the fore part of May. As a rule, I start my first batch of queen cells about May 7th. The nuclei are started the latter part of May. Not much honey comes in during May. There are willows, soft maples, elms, hard maples and dande- lions, but there is seldom enough honey coming in, unless it is at fruit bloom, so that the bees will not rob if given an op- portunity. The nuclei must be made strong enough so that they can defend themselves. They also need to be quite populous at this season of the year in order to prevent loss from chilled brood if there should come a cool spell. The most of my queen rearing was done with the American frame, which is a foot square. I usually started ui}' first nuclei in the spring by using three frames of bees, brood and honey. Trying to start with weak nuclei brings in too many losses from robbing and chilled brood. Better have fewer nuclei and no losses. The fore part of June brings warm weather and the flow from white clover. As Dr. Miller says, strong nuclei will now store a lot of honey. The flow from white clover is followed by that from basswood. From the first week in June to the middle of July, we have a flow of honey. It is then that we get our har- THE BBB-KKBPBRS, RBVIBW. 315 vest if we get one at all. During this time, if a man has bees enough to form all of the strong nuclei that he needs, there is not much, if anything, gained by having weak instead of strong nuclei. A good, strong nucleus will store as much honey, in proportion to its strength, as any colony in the yard. From the middle of July to the end of the season, bees seldom store much sur- plus in this locality. In rearing queens it often happens that the nuclei and cell- building colonies must be fed. It will readily be seen that under these condi- tions weak nuclei are an advantage. Numbers are not needed to secure heat, nor for the storing of surplus, as there is none to store. A nucleus strong enough to defend itself is strong enough, and does not require so much feed as a stronger one. The latter part of June I begin reducing the strength of my nuclei by division, thus increasing them in num- ber. By the close of basswood I have them reduced to as weak a condition as it is safe to make them on account of robbers. I don't wish to establish or divide any nuclei after basswood closes, as such will not defend their hive as will those that have been established for some time. Then there is another point: Suppose a man has a good demand for queens, but onl}' a few bees from which to rear them, and there are reasons why he can not add to his stock of bees, in this case it will pay him to use as weak nuclei as possi- ble. The size of frame to use in queen rear- ing is quite important. A large frame or comb is used at a loss. In order to cover it, the bees must spread out very thinly. Take the large Ouinby frame, for in- stance, a quart of bees could cover only a small space on each side. Three-fourths of the comb would not be used. The same amount of comb put into four combs would be quite nicely covered by the same number of bees, A small comb is certainly an advantage in queen rearing, but I am not yet convinced that it is an advantage to use something smaller than a standard size. At the Pan American Mr. Frank Banton had on exhibition a nucleus hive in which the combs were one-third the size of the regular Langs- troth comb. By means of pieces of fold- ed tin that slipped into grooves in the edges of the frames, three frames could be fastened together, at the close of the season, thus making a regular Langstroth frame. Just after the Buffalo conven- tion I visited Mr. Frederick Simpson, of Cuba, N. Y., and found him using nuclei in which there were four combs in each nucleus, and the combs were one-half the size of a Danzenbaker frame. There was an arrangement whereby these half-size frames could be stuck together and made into full-size frames. These small frames possess decided advantages in queen-rear- ing, especially so for forming nuclei early in the season, but, taking every- thing into consideration, the fussing of taking them apart, and the putting of them together, and the expense of odd sized hives, I am inclined to the belief that the advantages of these compound, adjustable frames are out weighed by the disadvantages. Mr. Alley makes a prac- tical success of small frames, but he does not attempt to unite the nuclei into full colonies in the fall. He simply shakes off the bees upon the ground, and stores away the combs for use another season. This may seem like a wasteful proceeding, but it must be remembered that the bees in queen rearing nuclei, at the end of the season, are mostly old bees that would die of old age long before spring. Better destroy them in the fall and save the stores that they would consume before they died. I have practiced keeping laying queens in small nuclei in which each nucleus was composed of three, pound sections. They answer very well for keeping queens on hand ready for shipment. A good queen will fill up the combs in a day, and soon the nucleus is ready to swarm out. The only way to overcome this difficulty is to cover the entrance with a small piece of queen-excluding zinc. I 3i6 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Great Clubbing Offers. My friends, how many of yon are reading some of the many, most excellent magazines of the day ? If 3^on are reading none, you are missing a great treat. Perhaps you regard them as luxuries. Possibly they are in some instances. They cer- tainly help to fill out our lives, and give to us broader views. They are like windows that allow us to look out over the wide world. This life is not wholl}' one of dollars and cents — at least it ought not to be. Enjoyment, pure and simple, enjoy- ed just for the sake of enjo^mient, is desirable and beneficial. To many there are few things that are more enjoyable than the bright pages of a really good magazine. To those who wish to give the magazines a trial, and to those who are al- ready reading them, I can offer some of the lowest clubbing rates that have ever been made. Here is what I have to offer: Success, Current Iviterature, McClure's, Home Magazine, and the Review, for only S4.00 Success, Current lyiterature, McClure's, Cosmopolitan, and the Review, for only 4.00 Success, Current Iviterature, McClure's, Pearson's and the Review, for only 4.00 Success, Current I^iterature, Cosmopolitan, Home Magazine, and the Review for only 3.75 Success, Current I,iterature, Pearson's, Home Magazine, and the Review, for only 3.75 Success, Current I^iterature, Pearson's, Cosmopolitan, and the Review, for only 375 Success, Current I^iterature, McClure's. and the Review, for only 3.75 Success, Current I^iterature, Home Magazine, and the Review, for only 3.50 Success, Current lyiterature, Cosmopolitan or Pearson's, and the Review; for only 3.50 (Review of Reviews; new subscriptions, will be sent in place of Current lyiterature, in any of the above combinations, if desired.) Success, McClure's, Home Magazine, and the Review, for only 3.25 Success, McClure's, Cosmopolitan, and the Review, for only 3.25 Success, McClure's, Pearson's, and the Review, for only 3 Success, McClure's and the Review, for only 2 Success, Home Magazine, and the Review, for only 2 Success, Cosmopolitan, and the Review, for only 3 Success, Pearson's, and the Review, for only 2 All of the foregoing are monthly magazines, and the regular subscription prices are as follows: Success, $i.oo; Currentf Literature, $3.00; Review of Reviews, $2.50; McClure's, $1.00; Home Magazine, $1.00; Pearson's, $1.00; Cosmopolitan, $1.00. A little figuring will readily show that the offers are unprece-l dentedly low; and I am very glad, indeed, that I can makefc them. Address, W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, MichJ ► THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 317 I Long-Tonped Queens! \ 5 Yard NO- 1 ? 5 By special arrangements with THE A. I. J 5 ROOT CO. to furnish them queens, I have J 5 secured their assistance in procuring the J 5 finest breeding queens that a thorough *• 5 knowledge of the bees of the countrj^ and J 5 money can procure. Among them is a J 5 select daughter of their S200 queen that i % they refused to quote me prices on. This J 5 queen shows every sviperior quality of her J 5 mother. Her bees show an actual reach of J i 21-000 of an inch; are large, gentle, and i i beautiful to look upon. i i MR. E. R. ROOT SAYvS: "You have as J i fine bees as there aieinthe United States; i! C and with a direct cross of their breeders S. 5 you should be able to produce queens i. 5 whose bees show a reach of 25-100 of an i. 5 inch." ' ■ 4®°"Send for descriptive price list . Watch ^ m this space, and don't forget my long-tongue j 5 stock is the best that money and knowl- 5 edge can procure. queen. Si. 00; 6, $5 00. 6, $8.00. Fifty select - tongued strains, S2.50 Prices: Untested queen, $1.00; 6, $5 00. r to $5.00. < ■.(-■jT^^^jTR «'R«i»^iljrm ^^■jrTU'Bjl^ » ■ •m^U^^l'^^ ■■Jra^^Lr«^«-«jrR«^ir^ K 5 IMPORTED ITALIAN STOCK- APIARY NO. 2. Imported Queens, Daughters and Grand- daughters. GOLDEN, OR 5-BANDED ITALIAN. APIARY NO. 3. Breeders, select tested, tested, ed queens. and untest- j^ rmi^^^jr* ■n^Tfc'lt"^^ ItJra^li^^^ "t ^mJ^^'M^^^ «^«j<^^^M^ •* ■^-»«T<^». ji 5 REMEMBER the bear picture goes as a ; % premium on six queens. 1901, untested \ 5 queens w^ill be ready to mail March 25 to J 5 April ist. Send in your order at once, and ^ % get in on the ground floor. Breeders, sel- 5 5 ect tested, and tested queens go bj' return ^ 5 mail. f^ i <^ i W. 0. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS, i J QU'EN SPEC ALIST. ^ THE A. I. ROOT CO.. JO VINE ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA BEE - SUPPLIES. Direct steamboat and. railroad lines to all doints. We want to save you freight. Please men Hon the Reuieiv, WANTED: Comb and extracted honey. Will buy your honey, no mat- ter what quantity. Mail sample of extracted, state quality of comb honey and price expected delivered in Cincinnati. I pay promptly on re- ceipt of goods. Reference, Brighton German bank, this city. C. H. W. WEBER, 2146-2158 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio- A Superior Red Clover QUEEN For 2S Cts. AN OFFER FOR NEW SUBSCRIBERS. We arranged with one of the oldest and best queen-breeders (having many years' experience) to rear queens for us this season. His bees average quite a good deal the longest tongues of any yet measured. The Breeder he will use is direct from Italy, having imported her himself. Her worker-bees are large, somewhat leather-colored, very gentle, and scarcely requiring veil or smoke. They stored red clover honey last season. All queens guaranteed to arrive in good condition, and all will be clipped, unless otherwise ordered. Send us $1 25 and we will mail you the weekly American Bee Journal for one year and one of our Superior Long Tongue Red Clover Queens — untested Italian. We want many 7ieza subscribers, hence this liberal offer. Sample Bee Journal and Catalog of Bee Supplies on application. GEO. W.YORK & CO., 144-146 E. Erie St., Chicago, 111. Please mention tht Review. I am advertising for B F. Stratton & Son, music dealers of New York, and taking my pay in MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. I have already bought and paid for in this way a guitar and violin for my girls, a flute for myself, and one or two guitars for some of m}^ subscribers. If you are thinking of buying an instrument of any kind, I should be glad to send you one on trial. If interested, write me for des- criptive circular and price list, saying what kind of an instrument 3-ou are thinking of getting. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. 3i8 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. We want to sell you bee-keepers' supplies- to give you entire satisfaction. For these reasons we deal in Root's Goods, both wholesale and retail. Our specialties— Jffives, Sections and Comb F'oundation. Cash paid for beeswax. i-oi-tf M. H. HUNT & SON, Bell Branch, Mich. SALESMEN AND Agents Wanted. BIG WAGES— Our famous Puritan Water Still, a wonderful in- vention— not a filter. 22;ooo already sold. Demand enormous. Everybody buys. Over the kitchen stove it furnishes plenty of ||g^ distilled, aerated drinking water, pure, d e 1 i c i o VI s and safe. Only method. Distilled water cures dyspepsia, stomach, bowel, kidney, bladder and heart troubles; prevents fevers and sickness. Write for booklet, new plan, terms, etc. FREE. HARRISON Mfg. Co., Harrison Bldg, Cincinnati, Ohio. Please mention the Reuiew. — If you wish the best, low-priced — TYPE - WRITER, Write to the editor of the Review. He has an Odell, taken in payment for advertising, and he would be pleased to send descriptive circulars or 1 ;0 correspond with any one thinking of buy- ing such a machine. f^Here we are to the Front for igoi with the new Champ/on Chaff - Hive, a comfortable home for the bees in summer and winter. We al- so carry a complete line of other supplies. Catalog free. R. H. SCHMIDT & CO. , 9-99-tf. Sheboygan, Wis Please mention the Review, There is scarcely any condition of ill-health that is not benefited by the occasional use of a R. I. P. A. N. S. Tabule, and the price, lo for 5 cents, does not bar them from any home or justify any one in enduring ills that are easily cured. For sale by Druggists. I have several hundred QUEEN CAGES of different styles and sizes, made by C. W. Costellow, and I should be pleased to send sam- ples and prices to any intending to buy cages. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Bee keepers should send for our 0/ CATALOG. We furnish a full line of supplies at regular prices, Our specialty is Cook's Complete hive. J. H. M COOK, 62 Cortland St, N. Y. City Please mention the Reuiew. CARTONS. There have come into our possession, in a roundabout way, 100,000 folding car- tons for putting up pound sections for sale. We have five different widths for the 4X X 4,^4 sections. We would like to sell these cartons and get them into cash, and will put a price upon them that will enable bee-keepers to buf them and keep them over for another season if they have no use for them this year. We will sell 500 cartons for only $2.50; or for $4.00 we sell 1,000 cartons and print on the bee-keeper's address. Without the address we will sell 1,000 for only I3.50. Address all orders to H. G. QUIRIN, 4-01-6 Parkertown, Ohio. (Parkertown is now a Money Order Office.) Mr. Quirin has sent me a sample carton. It is certainly a good, strong, well made article; and where the market demands a carton, bee-keep- ers can not do better than to send an order to Mr. Quirin.— Ed. Review. Please niention the Reuiew, THE BEE-KKEPERS' REVIEW. 319 5-^^^^C ^^^^; i LONGEVITY, i W 1 nave never made any great claim for the Ion- w) m g^vity of the Superior strain of bees that I am sell- ))f^( M ing, but from the reports that I have been getting W M this year I am inclined to believe that this quality M 'M ought to be added to the other desirable traits that M ® they possess. Here is a sample of the letters I get : © M Warsaw, N. Y., Sep. 4, 1901. M ^ Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, ^^ )m Dear Sir, I enclose |2.oo for the W \w Review and a queen. Three years ago I lost my breeding qu^en in the w^ VU/// spring, and sent to you for one of your year-old queens. I did not w// (^ expect to use her more than one season, but she proved so much bet- ^ (/^ ter than I supposed she would, that I have kept on using her until I /wK /M now have nearly my whole apiary requeened from your stock. I be- /M Jf^ gan last spring with 35 colonies; they increased to 75, and I shall ))\N<^( W have between 3,000 and 4,000 pounds of honey — not bad for a village W/ %^ location where 250 colonies are kept; besides there being other apia- ©^ w//// ries near by. One of my neighbors is so well pleased with my bees &/) ^ that he offered to trade apiaries with me, giving me two colonies for ^\ f/rk one, but I declined. The bees of this queen that I got of you have Mi /M been trying hard for the last two or three months to supersede her, W W but I keep the cells cut out, and shall try hard to carrj- her over into W W/ her fifth year! W) Resp. yours, W. W. SHERWIN. I M If you send in your order this fall, it will be M ^)|^ booked, and will be among the first that will be M ®) filled in the spring. If you wait until spring be- M w/ fore ordering, there may be 200 or 300 orders ahead w// j^ of yours. The price of a queen alone is $1.50; or w) M I will send a queen and the Review one 3^ear for %l >1 only $2.00. M II W, Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. || 320 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. AVapy Irr)provcrr)cot5 Tbis Yczir. We have made many improvements this year in the manufacture of bee-supplies. The following are some of them : Our hives are made of one grade better lumber than heretofore, and all that are sent out under our new prices will be supplied with separators and nails. The Telescopic has a new bottom board which is a combi- nation of hive stand and bottom board, and is supplied with slatted, tinned separators. The Higginsville Smoker is much improved, larger than heretofore, and better mate- rial is used all through. Our Latest Process Foundation has no equal, and our highly polished sections are superb indeed. Send five cents for sample of these two articles, and be convinced. The Daisy Foundation Fastener — well, it is a daisy now, sure enough, with a pocket to catch the dripping wax, and a treadle so that it can be worked by the foot. Tb^ Heddon Hive. Another valuable adjunct to our manu- facture is the Heddon Hive. Wo do not hesitate to say that it is the best all round hive ever put upon the market; and we are pleased to state that we have made arrangements with Mr. Heddon to the end that we can supply these hives; and the right to use them goes with the hives. Honey Extractors. Our Honey Extractors are highly orna- mental, better manufactured; and, while the castings are lighter, they are more durable than heretofore, as they are made of superior material. Tb^ Progr^^^iv^ B^e-K^^per. Last, but not least, comes the Progressive Bee-Keeper, which is much improved, being brimful of good things from the pens of some of the best writers in our land; and we are now making of it more of an illustrated journal than heretofore. Price, only 50 cts. per year. Send for a copy of our illustrated catalogue, and a sample copy of the Progres- sive Bee-Keeper. Address Higginsville, f\o,. Ez^Si St. Louis, Ills. LEAHY A\f$. <30., ':::•^^"i^9J•V.•:^"i^9S•V/^:'■"•^9■'•\'^ •'.•••l::.^.^:••i•.•.::.V.^:•V■••.V..•/.•.:•■i•■•*::.^.^:••i••■.:^V.^:«■•i::.V.^:•V- ;v ^ • •i^••^.••'^ •";^■•^.••• ^ •";^••^.•^ ^^";^••^^•^ %*.";^'-'«.*-- ^•■■I;^■•^.••• •• • •l^•• ••••• ^ •" DADANT'S Foundation I beCtlOHS I By the new Weed Process is made in the best manner, up- on the best machines, and from the best wax — that free from dirt, pollen, propolis, burnt wax, etc., that decrease its tenacity and make it offensive to the bees. Every inch of foundation is guaranteed to be equal to the sample that will be sent upon application. Z,angstrotb on the Hon- ey Bee, revised, Smokers, Tin Pails, Sections and other sup- plies. Send for circular. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Ills, W:-:-- ffVii'- ::■.•;• *•;?: lf»?v: We make millions of them yearly; workmanship, smooth ness and finish can't be better. The bass wood grows right here. If you want some good Ship- ping Cases, you can get them of us. A full line of Bee Supplies on hand. Write for illustrated cata logue and price list free. Marshfield Mfg. ^0.,^^''"%'^^' •■.•.•;• •■.-•;• *:•: I'm;, •*;*•■••• •"-■■•;• •■••?.■'• Our new 52-page Catalogue for 1901 is Ready. Send for a Copy; it is Free. We Manufac- ture the Finest Bee-Keepsrs' Supplies in the world. G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertowa, Wis., D.S.A. Special Agency: — C. M. Scott Co., 1004 E. Washington St, Indianapolis, Ind. Agencies: — 1). C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah. E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo. Colorado Honey Producers' Assn., Denver, Colorado. ■'*'.::*' •:#■••••;*••■•■•: •••"••':'•"•'•: ■■••'•■;*•••••: "•'•'• •';'••••■•: •.■•■••■;■••:.•.•• •^•i^•."■•v:«^•^•."•.v:■.*■^•^•."•■•V•■••.•i^•.-■•v,•::•.••s,•.^^^ :•;>w!l.^:••/f^^.»/A•••.fK•«.f•^:••.?^^!^.v:•;>.^^.,£^ December 1901. At Flint, Michigan, — One Dollar a Year, All advertisements will be inserted at the rate of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in- sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch. Discounts will be 'given as follows : On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6 times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times, 35 per cent. On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 percent ; 6 times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times, 40 per cent. On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6 times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times, 50 per cent. Clubbing Ltist. 1 will send the Keview with— Gleanings, (new) ($1.00) .... f 1.75 American Bee Journal (new) ( l.O(i) 1.75 Canadian Bee Journal ( 1.00) 1.75 Progressive Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.35 American Bee Keeper ( .50) 1.40 The Southland Queen (1.00) 1-75 Ohio Farmer ( 1.00). ... 1.75 Farm Journal (Phila.) ( .5u) 1.10 Rural New Yorker ...(1.00) 1.85 The Century ( 4.00) 4.50 Michigan Farmer (1.00) 1.65 Prairie Farmer (100) 1.75 American Agriculturist (1.00) 1.75 Country Gentleman ( 2.50) 3.15 Harper's Magazine (4.00). ... 4.10 Harper's Weekly ( 4 00) 4.20 Youths' Companion (new) (1.75) 2.35 Cosmopolitan ( 1.00) 1.90 Success (1.00). ... 175 Honey Quotations. The following rules for grading honey were adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers' Association, at its Washington meeting, and, so far as possible, quotations are made according to tJiese rules. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled ; combs straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except the row of cells next the wood. No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un- even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or with but few cells unsealed; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white," Mo. 1,, dark,'' etc. The prices given in the following quotations are those at which the dealers sell to the gro- cers. From these prices must be deducted freight, cartage and commission— the balance being sent to the shipper. Commission is ten per cent.; except that a few dealers charge only five per cent, when a shipment sells for as much as one hundred dollars. CHICAGO— Honey has not been as active the past ten days as we had hoped for. We are sell- ing white comb on a basis of 14 to 15c; Amber 12 to 13c. Extracted 5% to eVzC Beeswax 29 to 3'oc. S. T. FISH & CO., Dec. 2. 189 So. Water St., Chicago, Ills CINCINNATI, OHIO— There is a good deal of extracted honey offered, and prices, if any- thing, are a little lower. Dark sells at 5c. ; light- er for s% and 6 c; fancy, 6% to 8c. The prices on comb honey keep up. Fancy sells at 15 to i6c; lower grades i2i^c to i4%c. C. H. W. WEBER, Dec. 2. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. NEW YORK— Comb honey continues in good demand. There is enough stock arriving to supply all wants, prices ruling as follows: Fan- cy white, 15c; No. i v^hite, 14c; No. 2 white, 13c buckwheat, loc: extracted, rather dull. Prices ruling from 5 to 6 cents according to quality. FRANCIS H. IvEGGETT & CO. Dec. 3. W. Broadway Franklin & Varick Sts. BUFFAEO — Trade in honey is moderate for all grades, although fancy holds firm. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15 to i6c; No.i w^hite, 13 to 14c; Fancy amber, 10 to 12c; No. i amber, 9 to loc; Fancy dark, 8 to loc; white ex- tracted, 5 to 6c; amber, 4 to 4>^c; dark, 4c; bees- wax 25 to 30c. BATTERSON & CO. Dec. 2. 92 Michigan St., Buffalo, N. Y. KANSAS CITY.— Honey market is active, and demand good. Receipts are light. Would ad- vise shipments of fancy white, comb. We want beeswax. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15 to 16; No. I white, 11: to 143^; fancy amber, 14; No. I amber, 12; fancy dark, 10 to 11; No. i dark, 9 to 10; white, extracted, 8 to 9; amber, 7 to 75^; dark^ 6% to 7; beeswax, 23 to 25. ' W. R. CROMWEI/Iy FRUIT & CIDER CO., Oct. 28. 423 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. NEW YORK — Comb honey is in good demand, and prices are likely to remain firm during De- cember. Extracted is rather quiet, and prices are generally shaded iu round blocks. Bees- wax dull. We quote as follows: Fancy White, 15 to i6c; No. I, white, 14c; fancy amber, 12c; No. I, amber, 12c; fancy dark, 11 to 12c; No. i dark, loc; white, extracted, 6>^ ; amber, 5% to 6c; dark, 5 to sJ^c; beeswax. 27 to 28c. HII^DRETH & SEGElyKEN, 2658: 267 Greenwich St., Cor. Murray St. Dec. 8; New York CHICAGO — The hone^ market is of a slow na- ture, with little change in price of any .of the grades. At this season of the year manj^ of the retailers have laid in a supply sufficient to carry them over the holidays. Choice grades, of white comb honey sell at 141^ to 15c; good to No. 1,13^ to 14c; I^ight am-' ber, 12^ to 13c; dark grades, including buck- wheat, 10 to i2c; extracted, white, 5^ to 7c; am- ber, sjjf to sKc; dark, 5 to sJ^, the scale of pri- ces varying according to quality, flavor and package. Beeswax, steady at 28c R. M BURNETT & Co., Dec. 7. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, Ills* WAiVT-^J)— Very white, comb honey in no- drip cases; al.so extracted honey. State price, de- livered. We pay spot cash. Fred w. Muth, Front & Walnut Sts.. Cincinnati, Ohio Reference, German National Bank, Cin'ti, O. 1 m \VA \IA m m VA I I VA i I A i Listen ! Take my advice and buy your bee supplies of August Weiss; he has tons and tons of the very finest poUHi^ATioH ever made; and he sells it at prices that defy competition! Working wax into foundation a specialty. Wax wanted at 26 cents cash, or 28 cents in trade, delivered here. Millions of Sections— polished on both sides. Satisfaction guaranteed on a full line of Supplies- Send for catalogue and be your own judge. AUG. W:E:ISS, Hortonville, Wisconsin. We have a Liat^ge Stock, and ean fill Opdeps Promptly. Send us your orders for hives, extractors, or anything that you want in the bee-keeping line. We make only the best. Our Falcon Sections and New Process Foundation are ahead of anything, and cost no more than other makes. New catalogue and a copy of The American Bee-Keeper free. W. T. Fzilcooer ^fg. Go., Jamestown, N. Y. g^^'W. M. Gerrish, East Not- ingham, N. H., carries a full line of our goods at catalogue prices. Sections $1.50 Jan. ist we commence making ex- tensive improvements in our factory and warehouse. The following rcgu. lar No. 2 eections are on hand, and we desire to sell them before beginning the improvements, as they will be in the way. In order to sell them quick- ly, we make the low price of $1 50 per 1,000 in any quantity. 420 M, 4^ X 4X X. I 7-8 inches. 28 •' 4i4:x 41^x2 31 " 4^4 X 4^4 XI 15 16 " 35 ;' 4^ X 4!^ X 7-to.the-foot. 24 " 4^ X 4}( X i^ inches. 2 ■' 4^ X 4^2 X 7-to the- foot. 43 " 4^ X 4i^^x 7-to-the-foot, 25 '• 3 5-8 x 5 X i^ no bee-way. 16 " 4 X 5 X ij^ no bee-way 52 " 414 X 4}{ s. 1% no bee- way. Page & liyon, IWf'g. Co. Jieux Iiondon, Wis. S^S^S^S^ 1^0 pish-Bone Is apparent in comb honey when the Van Deusen, flat - bottom foundation is used. This style of foundation allows the making of a more uniform article, hav- ing a very thin base, with the surplus wax in the side - walls, where it can be utilized by the bees. Then the bees, in chang- ing the base of the cells to the natural shape, work over the wax to a certain extent; and the result is a comb that can scarcely be distinguished from that built wholly b}^ the bees. Being so thin, one pound will fill a large number of sections. All the Trouble of \riring brood frames can be avoided by using the Van Deusen zvired. Send for circular; price list, and samples of foundation. J. VPir* DEUSEN, Sprout Brook, N. Y l\ I m i i i I 354 THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW. We want to sell you bee-keepers' supplies, to give you entire satisfaction. For these reasons we deal in Root's Goods, both wholesale and retail. Our specialties — Hives, Sections and Comb Foundation. Cash paid for beeswax. I'Oi-tf M. H. HUNT & SON, Bell Branch, Mich. Honey Queens. Did 5^ou know that I am seeking to give my customers the best possible service? Did you know that I have as good, or Better Queens, than can be obtained elsewhere? Many have found this out, and continue my best cvistomers. I am breeding, in separate yards, the golden, and the leather colored, honey queens, and sell- ing them at the following LOW PRICES. Untested queens, 75 cts, each; six for $4.00. Tested queens, $1.00 each; six for $5 00. Write for discounts on qviantities. Breeders, of either variety, the very best, such as I would use to re- stock an apiary, $2.50. Breeders that produce faultless, five-banded bees, $5 00 each. W. H. LAWS, Beeville, Texas. Supplies Cheap. Mr. L. B. Bell, formerly of Brecksville, Ohio, has acceDted a permanent position in Arizona, and wishes to dispose of his apiarian fixtures. He wrote to me about it, and I told him if he would have them shipped to me I would sell them for him on commission. Here is a list of the articles and the price at which they are offered. 1 Coil Wire 60 61 Section Cases ( Wide Frame and tin sep- arators) at 25 68 Covers at 15 53 Bottom Boards at 10 30 Escapes at .. 15 50 Feeders ( Heddon Excelsior ) at ..25 30 Alley, Queen and Drone traps, at 35 All of the above are in my possession and can be shipped promptly. The hives and cases are well-made and nicely painted, and having been in use only two or three seasons are practically as good as new. Any one wishing to buy any- thing out of this lot can learn fuller particn lars upon inquiry. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich, Colorado Apiary for sale. For $1,400 I will sell my apiary, con- sisting of 115 colonies, all requeened from select queens giving big records last summer, 150 new, lo-frame, Dovetailed hiv^s, na-kd, painted and furnished ^vith foundation, two supers with each hive, one Rauchfuss solar v^ax extractor, 11,000 No. I, I.,ewis sections in .supers and fur- nished with double starters of foundation, .seven pounds of foundat'on to the 1,000 sei tions, and one 16 X 24 tent with malched floor. The apiary is located lour miles west of Denver, one mile from car line, and six miles from the mountains in a splendid alfalfa region. The premises, con- sisting of a five-room brick hou.se, artesian well, bearing- fruit trees and strawberries, can be rent- ed at $100 a year Address J. B. DODDS, Edgewater, Colorado. I [lames of Bee - Keepers, i TYPE WRITTEN. M EHHEEBHfBBHBElBBBBBHBBHBHHHE' The names of my customers, and of those ask- ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ- ten in a book. There are several thousand all arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) . and, although this list has been secured at an ex- pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it to advertisers or others at $2.00 per thousand names. The former price was $2.50 per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by using the manifold process, I can furnish them at $2.00. A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or, possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom- modated. Here is a list of the States and the number of names in each State. Arizona 46 Ark 130 Ala 80 Calif. . 378 Colo 228 Canada 846 Conn. . . 162 Dak 25 Del 18 Fla loo Ga 90 Ind 744 Ills flOO Iowa. .' 800 182 350 38 500 334 N. C 60 New Mex 26 Oregon 104 Ohio 1,120 Penn 912 R. 1 48 S. C 40 Tenn 176 Tex 270 Utah 68 Vt 160 Va I82 W. Va 172 Wash 128 Wis 500 W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich Ky.... Kans . . La Mo.... Minn.. Mich.. 1,770 Mass.. 275 Md... Maine Miss.. N. Y.. Neb.. N. J.. N. H. .. 94 , 200 . 70 1,322 • 345 .. 130 . ..126 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 355 Great Clubbing Offers. My friends, how many of you are reading some of the many, most excellent magazines of the day ? If you are reading none, you are missing a great treat. Perhaps you regard them as luxuries. Possibl}^ they are in some instances. They cer- tainly help to fill out our lives, and give to us broader views. They are like windows that allow us to look out over the wide world. This life is not wholly one of dollars and cents — at least it ought not to be. Enjoyment, pure and simple, enjoy- ed just for the sake of enjoyment, is desirable -and beneficial. To mau}^ there are few things that are more enjoyable than the bright pages of a really good magazine. To those who wish to give the magazines a trial, and to those who are al- ready reading them, I can offer some of the lowest clubbing rates that have ever been offered. Here is a list of magazines, together Avith the regular prices at which they are published : Review of Reviews . . . $2.50 Cosmopolitan $1.00 Current Literature 3.00 Leslie's Popular Monthly i.oo New England Magazine 3.00 The Household i.oo Leslie's Weekly 4.00 Good Housekeeping ... i.oo North American Review 5.00 The Designer i.oo Success I.oo If you subscribe for one or more of these magazines, in con- nection with the Bee - Keepers' Review, I can make the fol- lowing offers : Success, and the Bee-Keepers' Rev'ew, for only Si-75 Success, and any one of the above Si.oo magazines, and the Bee-Keepers' Review, for onh- 2.50 Success, and any two of the above |i. 00 magazines, and the Bee-Keepers' Review, for oniy 3.00 Success, and any three of the above $T. 00 magazines, and the Bee-Keepers' Re\'iew, for only 3.50 Success, Review of Reviews (new), and the Bee-Keepers' Review, for onlj' 3.00 Success, Review of Reviews (old) , and the Bee-Keepers" Review, for only 4.00 Success, Current lyiterature (new), and the Bee-Keepers' Review, for onlj^ 3.00 Success, Current I^iterature (old), and ihe Bee-Keepers' Review, for only 4-Oo Success, the New England Magazine, and the Bee-Keepers' Review, for only 3.00 Success, Review of Reviews (new), any one of the above Si. 00 magazines and the Review for only 3.50 Success, L,eslie's Weekly, and the Bee-Keepers' Review, for only 3-75 Success, Review of Reviews (new), I^eslie's Weekly, and the Bee-Keepers' Review, for only 4.75 Success, North American Review (new), Review of Reviews (new), and the Review, for only 5.00 Magazines will be sent to one or dift'erent addresses as desired. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. 356 THE BEE-KEHPERS' REVIEW. Has Arrived. The time has now arrived, when bee-keepers are looking out for their queens, and supplies, and your name on a postal card, will bring you prices of qneens, bees, nuclei, bee supplies, and a catalogue giving full parl'culars, with a full treatise, on how to rear quetn.i, and bee-keeping for profit, and a sample copy of "The Southland Queen," the only bee paper published in the South. All free for the asking. 3-99-tf THEjnNNin ATCHI^BY CO., Beeville, Bee Co. Texas. Every bee-keeper knows the worth of A Good QueePf knows the worth of a good strain of bees, also knows how worthless is a poor queen and inferior bees. Our bees rank with the first, and queens stand second to none. Choice, tested, Italian queens, |i.oo each. Orders filled by return mail. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., 3-9 1 -tf lyoreauville. La. National Bee -Keepers' Association. Objects of the Association. Please mention the Reuiew. To promote and protect the interests of its members. To prevent the adulteration of honey. Annual Membership, $1.00. Send dues to Treasurer. E. R. Root, Medina, O., President. R. C. AIKIN, I^ovELAND, Colo. Vice President Dr. A B. MASON, Toledo, O. Secretary. EUGENE SECOR, Forest City, Iowa. Gen. Manager and Treasurer. Board of Directors. E- Whitcomb, Friend. Neb. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. A. I. Root, Medina, O. E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo. P. H. Elwood, Starkville, N. Y. E R. Root, Medina, O. T. G Newman, Snn Francisco, Cal. G. M. DooLiTTLE, Borodino, N Y. W. F. Marks, Chapinville, N. Y. J. M. Hambaugh, Escondido, Cal. C. F. Dadant, Hamilton, Ills. C. C. Miller, Marengo, Ills H^ake Voup Own Hives See *- Keepers Will save money by usiti^'- our Foot Pow- er Saw in making- their hives, sections and boxes. Machines on trial. Send for Catalog-ue. W.F.&JNO.BARNESCO., 384 Raby St., Rockford, Ills. I 01 9t - OS o T ^^peps ee- A MONTHLY JOURNAL Devoted to th[e Interests of Hoiqey Producers. $L00 A YEAR. W. z. HDTCEIKSON, Editor and Proprietor. VO; . Xl\/, FLINT, MlCHiGAN, DECEMBER 10, 1901. NO. 12. 'HY AND HOW I USE THE HEDDON HIVE. BY F. J. MILLER. In the winter of 'Sg-'go, I d ecidedto again start bee-keeping in the spring, with 20 colonies. I had kept a few in the city, as amusement only but from the experience I was sufficiently impressed with the hive-ques- tion to devote a lengthy perusal to all I could get on the matter in current issues of the leading bee journals, as well as by pur- chasing complete volumes of Gleanings back to '74. These were carefully scan- ned for articles bearing on the various hives and methods of management. This led to a careful study of Heddon's "Success in Bee Keeping. " Then came a decision, to be made in time to make up hives for the colonies I intended to purchase, as well as for the increase; as I purposed transferring all colonies to the hive of my selection whatever it might be. After going carefully over the ground, I selected the Heddon hive, from the fact that I could see a system of short cuts in management that I could not get from the hanging-frame hive; quite an item, as the bees were to be five miles from my business in the city, and the work was to be done mornings and evenings, with no person to hive a swarm, or look after the bees in any way during my absence. As time has gone on, I have found this hive equally desirable for the busy man who looks for short cuts during a rush. I clip all queens; having no greater difficulty than with any other hive. Then, for filling the hive with bees, I know of no system so effectual as to exchange the two cases forming the brood chamber, placing the one from underneath on top, not even requiring us to handle a frame for this work. Then, as the swarming season approaches, I examine for queen- cells by simply dividing the brood-cham- ber, by inserting my hive-tool between the two joints of the brood-chamber, at one corner, usually taking the end that will allow the sunshine best to strike the inside of the hive while open. I now grasp the upper brood chamber, by the end hand-hole, with m}- left hand raise it gently, puffing in the necessar}- smoke, giving a slightly drawing forward motion, 360 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. canting the hive from corner to corner, drawing it forward on the bottom brood chamber, probably one inch, and resting it against the left knee. I now grasp the end of the hive with the right hand, and place the left on top of the cover, press- ing gently to prevent the supers from sliding off the raised brood chamber. As I raise all up to a sufficient angle to allow of looking under, I can tell in a momenl if they have queen cups, open, or capped cells. If open cells, bruise them, closing the hive; if capped, I form a division by setting one chamber at the side of the old stand, giving each a brood chamber of combs, and it matters not which one contains the queen, all will be well until the next visit. This method of opening is continued until the third super is on the hive; from that time on I lift the supers down, or all but one, and open as before. During the swarming season this examination takes place with each hive at each visit to an out yard, about every four days. In extracting, this frame proves itself as worthy as it has done all through the season's work up to the present time. If properly wired it is impossible for it to sag, and every comb completely fills the frame if the apiarist has done his part. Uncapping is more quickly and easily done than on deeper frames. Some pre- fer thicker combs. They may be easily had. I have never used them; have pre- ferred to retain the interchangable fea- ture, often using an extracting super from the top of some hive to form a second brood chamber where it may be needed. Examination for brood is quickly made by dividing the brood chamber. There is no necessity for the removal of a cover or frame in fall management, unless a col- ony is to be requeened. I have but poorly covered the ground in my description of the benefits to be derived from the use of this hive, but the more I use it the more I am convinced of its superiority for the specialist. London, Out., Nov. i, 1901. N-BR EEDING, GETAZ. B Y ADRIAN This is perhaps the most impor- tant point to consider in our efforts to improve our races of bees. In-breed- i n g means using ^^ " " male and female r e p r o d u ctors of close parentage, even brother and sister, or father and daughter. The more alike are the male and female parents, or the more closely rela- ted they are, the more surely will their characteristics and peculiarities be transmitted to their offspring. On the other hand, if the male and fe- male parents are different in their pe- culiarities, color, qualities, size, etc., all sorts of variations may be expected in their descendants. Now, suppose we have an extraordin- arily good queen. If we can safely breed together her descendants, drones and queens, and keep up the process through the successive generations, the qualities of that queen will be transmitted to her descendants. Not only transmitted, but also intensified and fixed. The word "fixed" means that the offspring will invariably possess the peculiarties of their parents. If, on the other hand, in-b^eeding can not be practiced, we will havejjnow and then to introduce some queens or drones of outside and comparatively inferior stock. Their offspring will necessarily be mferior and irregular cpinpared to those of pure stock. In a word, every introduction of outside blood will be a step backward in our efforts to create a superior race of bees. Needless to say, that it would be a serious drawback. nature's way. The chief argument against in-breed- ing is that "it is not Nature's way. " In THE BEE-KEEPERS, REVIEW. 361 the state of Nature, mating between close parents is the exception, rather than the rule. In many plants, the female flow- ers are not on the same plant as the male. In others, the pollen is so situated that it can not fertilize the flower. Other pollen must be brought from some other plant by the wind or insects. The larger animals roam about, and find for mates all but their close relations. Oueen-bees, ants and wasps mate away from home. WHY IS IT so? Why is in-breeding injurious, or why is it avoided by the laws of Nature ? I think I can give one reason, and I will explain it by an illustration. To make it easier to understand, I'll take it in the human race. Suppose we have, say, three families of people, and it is arranged that no one shall marry outside of his own family. Suppose, also, that one family has a tendency to weak lungs; the other to weak stomachs; and the third to weak eyes. What would the result be likely to be ? Why, the probability is that the tendency to having weak lungs would increase in the first family, as the genera- tions go by, until the last member would die of consumption. The last family mentioned would finally become blind; while the second would die out of liver or stomach troubles. Now, suppose that, instead of having them marry in their own families, we let them inter-marry and mix together. Then some of the children may inherit some of the defects of the father and some of the mother. Some, perhaps, the defects of both parents; and some none of the defects at all. Those that have inherited mostly the good qualities, will remain. The fittest will survive. We do not know exactly how the pres- ent species of plants and animals have originated, but we know beyond a doubt that they have undergone many trans- formations, and that those best adapted to their environments have survived. The above illustration may give an idea why those propagated by mixing have survived, rather than those propagated by in-breeding, THE BREEDER'S WAY. Now, lam going to make a very bold proposition. While, in Nature, in-breed- ing would bring bad results, it does not necessarily follow, that the same will oc- cur in the hands of a skillful breeder. In the above illustration, I took three families with defects; but the breeder of bees or other stock need not use defective stock or defective individuals. He can throw out all the subjects that are ob- jectionable for some reason or other. Suppose we were to take a colony of bees upon an isolated island. If we allow them to multiply just as they please, or if we raise queens indiscriminately, the defects that those bees may have, will surely be prepetuated, as well as their excellencies. But, if we select only the drones and queens that possess the good qualities in the highest degree, and the defects in the least degree, we shall sure- ly improve the good qualities, and even- tually eliminate the defects altogether. We have made one step. But the question may be asked: "Is that all that there is of it ? " Granting that one of the evils, or, perhaps, the chief evil, of inbreeding is the transmission of defects, granting, also, that this can be avoided by a proper selection, is it not possible that in-breeding may yet be an evil in it- self? To this, all that can be answered is, "What do the actual facts show?" In breeding bees, we, as 3^et, have no facts to show, owing to our inability to con- trol the mating of queens; but we have numerous instances in other kinds of stock. Even a superficial knowledge of physi- ology will show, beyond any possible doubt, that the same general laws govern all the living creation; plants, insects, animals, and even the human race. Of course, there are differences, and they must be taken into consideration, but the underlying laws, the fundmental princi- ples, are the sam§ throughout; and if in^ 362 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. breeding can be practiced successfully with horses, cows, chickens, etc., we have all reasons to believe that it can also be practiced with bees; at any rate, until positive proof of the contrary is furnish- ed. ACTUAL FACTS. In 182S, a French Merino sheep breeder had in his flock a lamb with smooth silky wool. He undertook to cross him with the ewes of his flock, but very few of the offspring showed the silky wool. How- ever, when he was mated with those of his own daughters that also showed silky wool, all the lambs thus produced had also the same kind of wool. Thus was created the stock of silky wool Merino sheep. The whole race descended from that one lamb. Concerning the Durham cattle, Chas. Colling had a bull which served the whole herd, including his mother, all of his daughters, grand daughters, etc., for six generations. This was the founda- tion of the present Durham race of cattle. There is, at Lyons, in France, a large establishment which furnishes guaran- teed reproductors of the different breeds of stock. As the object is to have perfect- ly pure stock of the highest grade, the closest kind of ni-breeding has been practiced. First, because an immense number of animals of each kind would have to be kept to avoid in-breeding; and, next, because the introduction of outside stock would have given irregular and often inferior animals. On the Jersey stock the process has been followed seven years; and on the Friesian twelve years. All the animals are as perfect as they can be, and every- one raised is almost the perfect image of its ancestors. The same can be said of the Merino sheep. Absolutely no tendency to run out or degenerate has been observed. In the different races of pigs, the results are not so conclusive. The best races, that is, those that fatten the most and the quickest, cannot be submitted to close jn-breeding without losing, to some ex- tent, their reproductive powers. The mating becomes difficult, and the females have too little milk. Concerning the Belgian hares and other breeds of rabbits, the results have been unexpected. All the breeds with brown or gray-brown hairs have maintain- ed themselves throughout. Those having some white hairs, either in spots or mixed, have invariably drifted toward albinoism; that is, toward a uniform white color accompanied with red eyes. The celebrated stock of Toulouse geese has not changed a particle. The whole lot at the establishment is exactly like the original stock chosen eleven years ago. Some of the chicken breeds have also denoted a tendency toward albinoism. Those having white feathers finally be- came entirely white when closely in- bred. Needless to say, that the animals hav- ing any defect have been invariably set aside. This is absolutely necessaay to successful in-breeding. In regard to the in-breeding of swine, as noted above, the same peculiarities have sometimes been noted in the breeding of cattle. Bates, one of the founders of the Short- horn race of cattle, practiced the closest kind of in-breeding during thirteen years; but the fecundity of his stock suf- fered, and he was compelled to introduce new blood three times, to maintain the fecundity. It is hardly to be supposed that the in-breeding in itself was the cause of the trouble. If so, it would have manifested itself in the Jerseys, Friesians and other milking breeds, as well as in the Shorthorns. On the other hand, the same defect appearing also in the highest fattening breeds of swine, seems to show that the excessive tendency to take on fat is in- compatible with a full development of the reproductive faculties. This could be expected, considering that an excessive disposition to fatten is something of a disease itself. THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 363 To obtain the best results in fattening, or creating a stock disposed to take on fat quickly and in abundance, it is necessary to keep the animals confined and very quiet, even in the dark, and fed with the richest food. Such treatment must be, in itself, almost enough to destroy the energy and the reproductive powers. Concerning the tendency toward al- binoism in some of the Belgian hares, the manner in which they are kept may have something to do with it. If, instead of being shut up in more or less dark pens, they were in the open air and the sun- light, that tendency might not exist. Considering that our best breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, swine and fowls have been obtained, I might say created^ by chosing the best specimens, and then perpetuating them by the closest kind of in-breeding, I think we are perfectly safe in following a similar course in our efforts to create a superior race of bees. Knoxvii,i,k, Tenn., Nov. 3, 1901. PRELIMINARY STUDY OF QUEEN REARING FROM A SAFE STANDPOINT. BY FREDERICK B. SIMPSON. With great pleasure, I note that Mr. Getaz (Nov. Review) has resumed his courteous man- ner of discus- si on, and as the points men- tioned are closely related to this subject, I will begin with them. In regard to the effect of food, I do not confine its in- fluence to the egg only, but also to the laiva; although I there limited myself to the subject in hand and did not give my ideas fully. It is accepted by many in- telligent biologists, that one of the prime causes (many go so far as to consider it the sole cause) of the origin of variation, lies in the influence of food, temperature, moisture, etc., upon the germ cells (in this case, the vital elements of unlaid eggs.) Or more plainly, the physical and men- tal (or instinctive?) qualities of a mare wull effect to some extent the unborn colt. If she is starved, worried or cruel- ly treated, she will so affect the nourish- ment of the colt she carries, as to modify his development, and cause him to vary from what he normally would have be- come. Likewise, if the queen accom- plished the entire elaboration of the food that becomes eggs, this food would be totally modified by her own condition. This however is only very partially the case, for it is generallv conceded that the Q:^'g producing food is elaborated al- most entirely in a stomach other than her own (in the worker's.) Consequently, is it not reasonable to believe that this food will be modified by the qualities develop- ed, undeveloped or latent, of the posses- sor of this stomach ? And that these characteristics will thus be to a certain extent transmitted by means of the ^^% food as well as by the larval food ? We know there is an evident change m worker-larval food on the third or fourth day, but we have no proof that there is not a continuous, though probably un- equal, change in the food going on con- tinually during the feeding of the larv£e. From all we can learn, the spermatozooa of a black bee is identical with that of an Italian, physically and microscopically — yet w^e know that there is a biological difference; and can not there also be a proportionate difference in the food at different ages, although we can not see the difference in the food itself ? The nutritive substance upon which embryo bees are developed, is furnished tothe queen by the workers, as is also the food to the larvee which nourishes it, and which, during the five to seven days it is fed, forms the entire nourishment (unless we except atmospheric oxygen) 364 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. on which the development of the perfect bee depends. The workers maintain the existence of the colony, and upon them the influen- ces of food, climate and management have their effect. And it seems almost a fact to me, that the workers must trans- mit this effect in some measure, to the embryo and larval bees. Of course, it is futile at this time to attempt to say how much this effect amounts to, for it is un- doubtedly extremely slight in comparison with the hereditary properties of the combination of the germ cell with the sperm cell. Yet, by the very nature of the bee, I feel sure that this effect must be greater than that of the mater- nal (during gestation) influence among the higher animals. The more study we give the subject, the more we must be impressed with the almost automatic and involuntary nature of the queen, by rea- son of the influence of the workers on her conduct, and while giving the queen her just due as the mother bee, I think we can get a clearer conception of the great importance of this food question, which has no parallel among the higher orders of animals, if we will temporarily (without of course attempting to dispute them) take the opposite view from that of the authorities, and consider the queen as a worker with abnormally (perfect sexually) developed ovaries, and aborted as to worker qualities; especially as to the brain. Although a general believer in the "survival of the fittest," and ad- mitting its partial influence upon tongues, yet I cannot consider it as adequate in accounting for increase in tongue-length, nor as reasonable to me as the idea of worker-influence; for if it is suflicient, why do we not find considerable increase in tongue-length among the black (wild) bees which owe their very existence al- most solely to the ' 'survival of the fittest, ' ' especially in long-corolla-tube-localities ? What little data I have on this point is on the other side. Then, again, if, as Mr. Getaz states, un- der the heading "Horatio's Philosophy," a habit can so easily be commenced, why is it not logical to suppose that it could be as easily transmitted ? And likewise if bees can obtain the "cross" habit so easily can they not with the same ease ac- quire the "defensive," and thus render themselves more "fit," without regard to their breeding ; in which case the mother's relation to the "survival of the fittest" must of necessity be principally confined to the transmission of the possibitity of varying in habits and characteristics; which proposition does not seem tenable. I think Mr. A. C. Miller and myseif agree on most of the essentials, and I re- gret that Mr. S. E. Miller wrote in a manner which seemed to put us in op- position to each other. I am working on a number of points that I expect to abso- lutely prove oneway or the other; and I will then give them to the public. But I am giving my ideas on other subjects for the purpose of giving the public a chance to prove them, as it is unlikel}^ that I will ever have the opportunity. And the style I have adopted, although perhaps too advisory, seems clearer than the ex- position of principles in the abstract with- out examples. NATURAI, OUEEN REARING. In Nature at her best, and in her most normal condition, and as least affected by the commercial requirements of man, we will find a model of queen rearing which will well repay study. There will certainly be differences of opinion on this subject, so I therefore use brackets where I offer a suggestion or opinion different from what is usually accepted. Nature supplies a colony with the re- productive power to sustain itself; in ad- dition to which it supplies an additional reproductive power for the sustaining of the species. Unlike those species such as moths and butterflies, there is apparently no very great mortality among the larvae (there is undoubtedly some, but in nor- mal nature it is probably comparatively slight), it being Nature's method to limit the production by means of the wiping out of entire colonies; usually through THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 365 the rigors of climate, rather than great mortality among the individuals in their preparatory stages. Usually (especially in Northern locali- ties) a colony headed by a young queen, does not swarm. In strictly natural swarming at its best, a queen that has passed through at least one winter lays drone eggs at an appropriate time, and the population increases until things are most favorable for the welfare of a swarm. Most mammals at maturity nat- urally produce individuals of both sexes, although they may produce them before maturity; whereas, their reproductive capability after maturity normally (in the great majority of cases ) is not con- fined to the bringing forth of a single sex. (Can we not logically reason by by analogy, that the yonng queen's col- ony does not swarm, because she is not suflSciently mature to naturally produce drones, and that where this rule does not hold good and swarming occurs with a young queen it may be due to unusual precocity ? In short, that Nature wants a mature queen to head her increase ex- pedition. ) ( It seems to me that in the North a queen requires a winter in which to mature, whereas in the South it would doubtless be dilTerent, but the point I wish to make is that Nature does not nor- mally rear queens until the queen mother has matured, as she does not usually swarm until that time, ) I believe it is usually accepted that golden queens pro- duce lighter workers after wintering; but I have no data as to whether they contin- ue to become lighter annually; if they do not, this maturity idea might explain the difference. The only use of drones has been agreed to be for reproduction. The production of drones would therefore be the first sign of "increase," and may not the entire economy of the colony from that time until swarming, be based on eventual swarming ? This statement is for the purpose of showing that the work- ers may know of the intention to swarm, early enough to have some effect upon the food which forms the eggs that will eventually be selected either as eggs or larvae for rearing queens. Just before swarming, the queen falls off very considerably in egg laying, (Is it not quite possible that the egg pro- ducing food which is denied her forms a part, at least, of the royal jelly for the queen larvae; and might not the number of natural swarming queen cells give us a comparative idea of the prolific- ness of the queen compared with others that prepare to swarm at the same time?) In Nature, the queen's worker daughters are the only nurses for her royal daugh- ters; and as the healthy mother supplies the most appropriate food for her infant, is it not likely that the queen's own daughters will supply the most appro- priate food for her royal daughters ? For Nature never uses wet nurses. Note that the feeding of queen larvae is nor- mally done in the presence of a queen capable of laving. (Possibly such pres- ence acts as a stimulus for the elabora- tion of the best royal jelly.) On the other hand, the virgin queen does not emerge in the presence of a queen capa- ble of normal laying. That is, the sur- viving virgin, after the swarm leaves, is secondary to no other member of the hive. So far as I can learn, her treat- ment is little different from that of the young workers up to the time she be- comes hard to introduce, when I believe a critical time occurs, and she is fed with a nutriment especially adapted for the perfection of her generative function. While I consider this an important mat- ter, and that her worker sisters ma}- be able to exert some influence through this nourishment, yet I consider it extremely slight in conparison with the possible in- fluence upon the larvae. For in the lar- val state we have a development and changing of organs, whereas, in the per- fect insect we have more of an awakening of the quiescent organs into functional activily. The young queen begins lay- ing on the "old stand" with her sisters as nurses and maintainers of the colou}^, and we know^ that if there is any influence ex-. 366 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. erted through the nurses and r .. bee=i, it will be in keeping with their breeding, and not in opposition to it, and therefore the naturally reared queen will very possibly give us a truer idea of her quali- ty sooner than when starting her laying among a mixture of alien workers. And in this connection, in might be well to note that several successions of workers may have to hatch before we can get a true idea of the quality of an introduced queen. The fact that this virgin, and also after she begins laying, is secondary to no other queen to which the workers have access, may be an important factor in the perfection of her functions. (Pos- sibly the fertilization of queens from the presence of a laying queen may account for the "imperfect contacts" reported by one observer, and they may likewise in- dicate a generative weakness from that cause — the nurses having a plurality of royal charges — although the close con- finement of young queens may be respon- sible for this. ) Nearly all of the above conditions will apply equally to the superseding of queens; and I believe that queens reared from the first batch of supersedure cells are usually equal to those from swarming cells. (I mention the T^r^/ batch because we generally credit the bees with suffi- cient intelligence to rear queens while the mother bee is capable of producing the best quality, but we can get very lit- tle idea as to just how many batches may be reared before the failing of the queen may affect the offspring, therefore there is safety in the first batch. ) If it is accepted as probable that the workers affect the queen larvae or eggs, by the influence of their qualities upon the food, it must naturally follow that different colonies will affect the develop- ing queens differently. That if an effect is produced through the food for the queen we will have an antagonism, if the subsequent food comes from a different colony, and that the greatest tendency towards uniformity would be obtained by rearing queens in the same hive in which the eggs were laid, and by having them nourished by their worker sisters. If it is accepted as probable that it may take some time for a queen to mature after emerging, it would be well, if we attempt to follow Nature, to select queens that are known to be of full age, proba- bly the majority of breeders will agree upon the second year as the best age, but if queens are made to "do their duty in a full colony," it will probably be found safe to use a queen of any age over a year, when she is fonnd in a colony that is strong enough for commercial queen rearing. My idea as to the system of govern- ment obtaining in a colony (which I give simply as a personal opinion which is necessary in order to understand what follows) is, that each bee has communi- cation with all the other members of the hive, and knows what they are doing; that the order of precedence is probably according to age, so that each bee, when old enough to labor, does that work for which it is best fitted by age; unless there are a sufficient number doing that work, in which case it does that which it is needed for in the order of its fitness. That as it grows older it replaces some bee that is a little older, and its work is done by one a little younger. That when the supply of larval food is greater than the demand, and when the mortality is not sufficient to supply appropriate work for the large number of young bees, their combined idleness, coupled with the sur- plus amount of food they possess, causes unrest in the shape of the swarming im- pulse. The principle I wish to derive from this, is, that a normal colony con- tains no lack of bees of any one age — that there is a proper balance of all ages, and very likely every bee is doing that for which it is best adapted, and the quality and quantity of work, or its re- sult, which any bee does, is in direct proportion to its "age-fitness" for the do- ing of that work. From this it would follow that it would be safer to gradually contract a large colony to preserve com- THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 367 parative strength, aud to be content with successively small batches of queen cells, within safe limits, rather than to strength- en colonies by destroying their balance by the introduction of alien bees that would naturally tend to contaminate the influence of the food, and, for a time, at least, cause an interruption of the domes- tic tranquility. I have been conducting some interesting experiments on the mixing of bees, and I hope to conclude them next season, as they tend to show another very important cause why bees should not be mixed. I think the key- note of commercial queen rearing is in the transfer of eggs or larvse — I believe that the majority will agree that such a procedure is necessary. So far as safety of the larvae is concerned, I consider the Alley plan the best, but it requires the use of queenless bees, which I consider less natural than just hatched larvae, primed with the smallest necessary quan- tity of royal jelly elaborated by their sisters. The Alley plan of using strips of comb seems to me safest, although with practice the "cradle and all" method seems nearly equal, and I use each, ac- cording to whether the comb is old or new. If the thinness of the base is ob- jectionable (in the Alley plan) it could very likely be remedied by several coat- ings of warm wax, and I prefer to go to the extra trouble of removing the surplus larvse and eggs with a brush or v^uill rather than make the bees clean out the phosphorus from a match. For reasons above implied, I do not believe in the use of nurseries for hatching queens, nor do I think upper stories are the safest, and I have adopted, for my own use, nuclei composed of six, half - length, shallow frames. I consider the three- (shallow) frame nucleus as a very safe limit of size; first, in order to have sufficient bees to minister to the queen's needs at a critical time in the perfection of her generative function; second, to give her room for sufficient exercise and development of her muscles, and third to have sufficient o mbs to allow her to lay one egg to the cell without constant manipulation. As soon as the space becomes too small for the third requirement I tier up. In or- der to make the quickest and best selec- tion among nuclei, it would evidently be desirable to form those nuclei from bees that are sisters to the respective queens contained in such nuclei; but, of course, this would be commercially impossible; so we will have to form them from other colonies; but, as above indicated, it is safe to let each nucleus come from one col- ony and not mix them, especially if the queen is about to hatch. I do not claim that smaller nuclei cannot well be used, and in an emergency I would very likely make three, two- (half) frame nuclei out of each little hive, and then make a sub- sequent selection; but except under great stress of circumstances I would see that each queen had three frames before she had been laying long. I am in accord with Dr. Miller on this subject, and I be- lieve it is poor economy to keep fewer bees at the expense of greater manipu- lation. The reason why my queens "must do their duty in a full sized hive" is because it is the easiest way for me to make "other things equal" so that I can annually judge from a honey producing standpoint, and also judge their compar- ative longevity from the same point of view; besides which I do not want to take the trouble of manipulating sufficiently to keep them doing a reasonable amount of duty in a nucleus. I am treating the nucleus from a selection standpoint, and not in relation to preparing a queen for journey, in which case the ideal meth- od would probably be to gradually re- duce the number of bees and amount of space until they equaled the size of the shipping case; which of course can only be roughly approximated in practice. There are numerous questions which should be scientifically solved, and which when answered w'ould materially affect commercial practice. But few of us can give much attention to these subjects, while, as Mr. C. P. Dadant has said, (in substance) it would be well if we all tried 368 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. to produce fixed traits in our bees. The commercial queen breeder is a business man with a certain number of patrons who depend on him for his product, and when conditions are perfect he can pro- duce queens in the way he considers most perfect, but when they are not he must exhaust his ingenuity in devising the best method to suit the circumstances; and it is entirely out of my province to criticise such methods, especially in con- sideration of the fact that I have pur- chased the most excellent queens, not- withstanding that they have in many ca- ses been reared by methods diametrically opposite to those in which I believe. But the ideal breeder would be an equal blending of artist (practical business man) and scientist (truth seeker) and we find that many possess both qualifications in a considerable degree. Therefore, this medley of opinions, questions, theories and citations, is for the purpose of induc- ing queen breeders to determine in their own minds just what would be the closest approach to normal nature at her best; and to annually rear a few queens by the method so determined; and at the same time rear a few from the same mother by their commercial method; with a view to comparing the results which might event- ually suggest valuable improvements. A comparison of commercially reared with swarmiug and supersedure queens is very desirable, and also especially in cases where the colony can be broken up into nuclei after swarming or supersed- ure, allowing the young queens to begin housekeeping with their sisters. Bat with a view to comparison with the com- mercial method I consider it highly im- portant to use a plan contemplating the transfer of larvae, eggs or cells. The dif- ficulty with most comparisons, is that they are not made at the same time, and many are not continued long enough. It must be understood that there may be important differences almost too slight to be noticed, and it may take several gener- ations to bring them out clearly, but with our present knowledge it will very likely be far easier to hold and fix slight improvements in quality than very great ones, and this with greater uniformity. Most arguments are two sided, as, for in- stance, if the "X" strain has for years been reared by black nurses, may not their superior energy be due to the influ- ence of the "black food" which has given them qualities not natuial to the "X" strain ? Or, on the other hand, might not the "X" strain be so superlatively superior that they would have shown even greater quality had they been nourished by their own sisters?. There is one quite considerable object- ion to the above indicated method, and that is from the fact that bees are not so readily inclined to build cells in the Dres- ence of a vigorous queen, except under the swarming impulse ; but after weigh- ing both sides of the question I think it will be found that the advantages are in excess of the objections, and if the queen excluding division board or full sized ex- cluder is so applied that the queenless portion will be in a part of the hive in which the queen has recently laid, queen cells in good quantity will soon make their appearance. The danger of a queen being superseded through neglect to re- move a cell, will only appeal to those whose system of management is faulty. In partial support of the foregoing, I will call attention to the silkworm, which, although of another order of insects, and of very different habits and qualities, is" (if I am not mistaken) the only insect besides the bee, which man has ever at- tempted to breed on a large scale. The silkworm, by being kept under very arti- ficial conditions, has developed some hereditary diseases to such an extent that in France and Italy alone, during a peri- od of only thirteen years, this cause re suited in a loss of over six hundred mill- ion dollars; and the most practicable remedy was found in restoring the breed- ing stock to conditions in the open air as near the natural ones as possible. [Here is a correction from Mr. Simpson that came to hand too late to appear in THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 369 the November issue — Ed. Review.] At last, thanks to Editor York (Ameri- can Bee Journal, page 691), my error has been specifically pointed out, and I am glad to correct it, for I did not say what I meant. I said "I believe that long tongues are of no value only so far as they represent an increase of vigor," I meant to say ' ' I believe that long tongues are of no value except in those cases in which they represent an increase of vigor. ' ' Mr. Doolittle's measurements (Nov. "Pro- gressive ") tend to confirm this position. Cuba, N. Y.. Nov. 22, 1901. =;;^ XPERIMENTS IN MATING =<^ QUEENS IN CONFINEMENT. __^ BY W. E. FLOWER. One of the most difficult problems that confront the bee-keeper, is how to get his queens purely mated. With this end in view, many experiments have been tried with varying re- sults; espec- ially is this so when he is located near a forest where common or black bees are sure to be found. During the past forty years many bee-keepers have tried to mate queens in confinement in green- houses, tents, and all sorts of places, from a ten-foot room to a lamp chimney. Several months ago there appeared an article on this subject in the Review, in which the writer claimed to have suc- ceeded in having queens mated in a large pen or tent covered with netting. The plan or method given seemed to me to be so reasonable that I resolved then and there to give it a trial, but, owing to a press of other work, I was unable to get the tent built until some time in August. The tent described in the Review was about thirty feet high, and about the same in length and breadth. As such a tent would be both costly and difficult to build, I thought a much smaller one might possibly answer; so I built one against one end of my barn, making it 12 feet long, 10 feet high, and 6 feet wide. The frame being of shingling lath around the bottom, I placed a 12-inch board, edgewise, on the ground, sinking it 2 inches into the ground so that no bees could escape underneath. Six feet above the board the tent was covered with mus- lin. Above that, and over the top, mos- quito netting was used for a covering. Through the board around the bottom, about three inches from the ground, I cut entrances for the hives. Over these en- trances, on the outside of the board, I nailed queen-excluding zinc, using for this purpose the old fashioned, or Chica- go, zinc, such as Mr. Alley first used up- on his queen-traps when he first made them. This zinc has the smallest perfo- rations of any that I ever remember to have seen, and I frequently noticed that some of the workers had to wiggle and squirm pretty hard to get through, so I do not think it possible for even a virgin queen to pass through it; as I have caught virgin queens in the Alley trap when cov- ered with this zinc. On the inside of this tent I arranged seven, three-frame nuclei with the entrances of the hives directly opposite the entrances cut in the board, the hives being placed tight against the board, and securel}- fastened there so that no bees could possibh' es- cape except through the zinc covered en- trances in the board. In the arrangement of the hives, inside the tent, my plan differs from that given in the Review; there the hives were on the outside of the tent. My reason for putting them on the inside was this: if, w^hen opening a hive, a queen should take a notion to fly out from the top, as they sometimes will, she would still be inside of the tent. At the back end of each 370 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. hive I bored two or three >4-inch holes to permit the queens and drones to fly inside of the tent. These rear entrances were kept closed for a week or ten days after the hives had been placed in position, in order to get the workers accustomed to using the front or outside entrance; the idea being to try and prevent the workers from flying in the cage, so as to leave it entirely for the queens and d~ones, I succeeded in getting queen cells started in full colonies, and also secured an abundance of drones by catching them with the Alley trap and putting them in the hives in the cage; but this I am now convinced was a mistake, as they worried themselves to death trying to get out through the zinc at the front entrance. I was fortunate enough, upon looking through some of my strongest colonies, to find several frames contain- ing sealed drone brood. This I trans- ferred to the hives in the cage, and soon had a fine lot of drones born in captivity. They soon learned the ropes, flew freely in the cage, and invariably returned to the hives at night; but, strange to say, many of the workers would come out in the cage, and cluster in little knots or bunches in the corners of the cage, and stay there until they died; but the drones seemed to know how to find their way back to the hives. The first lot of queens hatched out and disappeared. Just what became of them I do not know. I did not bother looking for them, but gave each colony a frame containing eggs and brood, and they proceeded to rear another lot of queens In due time these hatched, and 07ie was fertilized and commenced to lay. The others, some of which I saw, not having commenced to lay, and the drones having died off, it being too late for further experiments this season, I doubled up the nuclei for winter. While the thing has not proved an en- tire success, neither can it be said to have been an entire failure. There are several things to be looked at in connec, tion with these trials. First, the lateness in the season; then I am inclined to think I made the nuclei too strong so that too many workers flew in the eage. Who can tell whether the drones were of the proper age ? While I am somewhat dis- appointed in the result, yet I am greatly encouraged, and if my life is spared, I shall certainly try again next year, w^hen I hear the "Hum of the bees on the apple tree bloom." ASHBOURNE, Pa., Oct. lO, I90I. =^;::;\ ffect of the nurse bees =<\ ON THE LARV.E. BY ARTHUR C. MIUUER. On page 271 of vSeptember Review, Mr. Getaz says: "Mr. F. B. Simpson made big, big slip ' ' in in his statement that the efforts of work er bees to reach nectar i n deep tubed flowers will, after several generations, result in longer tongues. Mr. Getaz seem- ed so well informed on biological mat- ters, I was rather surprised that he failed to see that Mr. Simpson's statement was not only not a slip but was in the realm of probability. But Mr. Simpson himself, though feeling " certain that the workers nmst influence the eggs as well as the brood," frankly says he doesn't know how it is done (October Review page 303. ) I will endeavor to show how this is per- haps accomplished, and call attention to factors which we have not heretofore taken into consideration. The larval bee is a bee in embryo, and bears the same relation to the perfect bee that the fetus of the higher animals does to their mature form. In the latter, the embryonic animal is nourished from the blood of the mother; in the former, the worker takes the place of the mother of the higher THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 371 animal; but, instead of nourishing the larva from the blood, she does it with digested food — chyle; a substance ready to be absorbed into the blood and used in building tissue. There is good physio- logical ground for believing that the nature of the chyle is governed by the physical conditions and needs of the system in which it is formed. In the higher animals it is believed that great changes may be made in the development of the embryo through the mother, by means of food and environment. (This branch of the subject has been the cause of many and weighty discussions, and I can only refer to it most superficially. ) If the worker bee has been struggling to obtain nectar, and in doing so has stretch- ed and exercised the tongue and ils as- sociated parts, the food in the stomach, it is believed, will be prepared to especially rebuild those parts. Now if such chyle is given to the larva it is not illogical to believe that it will tend to develop the same (tongue) parts of the embryonic bee. Again, if the queen receives the chyle from such a worker it may be that it will have its effect on her and through her on the developing eggs. We have long rec- ognized, and unquestioningly accepted, the fact that food causes the differences in a growing larva, determining whether it shall produce worker or queen. The change has been attributed to the quantity and quality of the food. Perhaps, and probably, it is something more subtle, I think I have proven beyond doubt that partial development of the ovaries and the consequent production of eggs can be brought about in mature and formerl}^ normal workers; producing what we term " fertile workers." It takes dire need of a " mother " to cause this change. Again, we find that queens reared at unusual seasons of the year, though the larvae appear to be properly nourished, often prove poor, small and short-lived, or defective in some way. Much of our reasoning on this subject must be done by analogy. It is right for us to judge thus, for the bee is an animal, and is subject to the same basic laws as govern the development of higher forms of animal life, the difference being but in degree. It may be claimed that the nurse bees do not go to the field except for a short period during the latter part ^f the time they act as nurses. I think this is an error. Certain young bees may be found regularly gathering honey and pollen on the same trip, and I believe they are nurse bees. I also believe that bees act as nurses much longer than we have been accustomed to think. Also under some circumstances and conditions old bees can and do act as nurses, and it is not improb- able that some honeys heavily charged with pollen may tend to increase chyle formation in the regular field bees, in which case they would give of their sur- plus to the queen or other bees if it was demanded ^ otherwise it would go to the larvffi. In explanation of the expression, "if it was demanded," I wish to call particular attention to the following: Except in the exercise of the latent " mother in- stinct" in feeding larvae, a worker-bee never voluntarily gives food to any other bee, either queen, drone or worker. Food alwaj's has to be asked for — sometimes apparently taken by force. A bee want- ing food (other than honey or when honey is not accessible) " holds up " all comers until one is found with a supply. As soon as the latter can be persuaded to give, she opens her mouth and the hungry bee puts her tongue well into it. The giving bee at the same time generally curves and contracts her abdomen, much as if to sting, which is probably necessary to enable her to disgorge the food when the stomach is not full. The curving of the abdomen is not always done. The tongue of the giving bee during the opera- tion is curved back under the "chin" nearl}^ as close as it is normally carried when not in use. The abdomen of the taking bee palpitates as when taking nectar from the flow^ers or honey from a 372 THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW. cell. I have often seen a drone seize the worker by the " cheeks," tip up the worker's face to a convenient angle, and hang on until either she had no more to give or he had gotten his fill. The sud- den show of tongues when a queen or or other bee is getting food thus is purely a case of trying to get dainties, and is not an offering of food to their royal mother or distressed sister. I do not wish to be understood as assert- ing that the theories on food influences as embodied in this article are indisput- able, but simply that I believe them to be well founded. Neither do I consider my remarks more than superficial allusions to a deep and complex subject. The statements regarding the way bees obtain food from each other are, I think, new, and as I have carefully studied the subject I do not hesitate to affirm the accuracy of my observations. The dis- coveries of these facts I believe will prove to T^e far reaching, particularly in regard to the nourishment of caged queens. Since the foregoing was written I have found in scientific works allusions to the same subject, but I do not know \>y whom the fact was first established. Providence;. R. I., Nov. i, 1901. EDITORIAL 0*8. Officers elected at the Colorado con- vention are as follows: President, J. U. Harris, Grand Junction; Vice Presidents M. A. Gill, Tongmont; Treasurer, Mrs. R. H. Rhodes, Ft. Eupton. C01.ORADO, and its Characteristics as a Honey Producing Country, is the title of an article written by the editor, that will appear in the next Review. It will occu- py several pages, and be embellished by a number of pictures taken by the editor during his recent trip to that State. Harry S. Howe is another one of our bright young bee-keepers who has launch- ed his bark upon the entrancing seas of matrimony. On October 11, he was mar- ried to Miss Maria Cabrera, of Castora, Cuba. May the bride be among women what fair Cuba is among islands — a queen. ■'<^*.*'«1<^«H^«. When Renewing, please criticise the Review. Tell what you like about it, and what you don't like. Tell which corres- pondent is your favorite, and why. Tell which department you find the most helpful, the Extracted, the Editorial, or that of original correspondence. It would be of great help to me to know what my readers regard as faults of the Review, as well as its excellencies. All correspondeuce on this subject will be considered as confidential. iL»«^ ^^nt»^tw^t» Ludicrous Incidents often happen even in a bee convention. At the Denver meeting, the President was tilting back- wards and forwards in his tilting arm chair, when he put a little too much en- thusiasm into his backward tilt. A hor- rified look on his face, and frantic efforts to recover his equilibrium, were of no avail — over he went, with arms and legs sticking in the air. He rose to his feet laughing, and the audience laughed with him, and all passed off as smoothly as though arranged according to program. 'k^U'a^^H.BH.*^ Reporters' "Breaks," when they attempt to write up a bee convention , are often amusing to a bee-keeper. Here is one made by a Denver reporter at the re- cent Colorado convention. Among other things, he said: "Over 150 members were present, and only a few looked as though honey had soured on them. Eike all industries, that of bee-keeping pro- duces a characteristic face. An expres- sion of pugnacious patience, ready to combat the stings of outraged drones, is the general cast of countenance, and makes a bee-keepers' convention a most interesting and entertaining affair." THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 373 Pond LiiyiES furnish honey, according to the report of Mr. Ira V. Reeves, of Pinckney, Mich. He says that there is an old mill pond of lo acres near his place, in which the lilies begin blooming in June, and continue until September. From July 20th to August 20th the pond is one solid mass of bloom. The lilies furnish a light amber honey having a flavor something like that of apple. One year, one of his colonies filled 140 sec- tions from the pond lilies. Have I any other subscribers who have had experi- ence with pond lilies ? ^.■^L'llWVll^^L" BisuivPHiDE OF Carbon will, accord- ing to most of the testimony given at the Buffalo convention, destroy the vital- ity of the eggs of the bee moth, as well as the larvae. The combs must be in a close room, or in closed hives, so as to confine the gas that is given off by the bisulphide of carbon. This substance should be placed at the top of the room or stack of hives, as the fumes are heavier than air, and settle down. This gas, like that of gasoline, is explosive, and all lighted matches, lamps, etc., must be kept away while the bisulphide is being used. •■■j^ B'^jr",*^*'*, The Michigan State Bee-Keepers' Association, will hold its annual conven- tion at Petoskey, Jan, ist and 2nd, 1902, This promises to be the largest attended meeting of the Association in years. You are invited to attend. Reduced rates on all Railroads. Tickets can be bought on the 30th of Dec. or on the ist of Jan., good to return not later than the 4th. There will be no set programme, but another of our open Congress meet- ings. Those who have attended in the past know what that means — —those who don't, should come and find out. A novel design for badge has been ordered in honor of "PETOSKEY." The editor of the Review expects to be present, and would be glad to meet as many as possible of his friends. EXTRACTED. FOUL BROOD IN MICHIGAN. A Report of the Work that has been Done by Michigan's Efficient Foul Brood Inspector. Some of my readers know how we worked, and struggled, and succeeded, in securing the passage of a foul brood law in Michigan, and secured the ap- pointment of our best man for the posi- tion of Inspector. Mr. Rankin has finish- ed up his work for this year, and makes the following report: — To the Honorable Dairy and Food Com- missioner: Sir — I herewith submit my report for the work done during the months of July, August, September and October, as State Inspector of Apiaries. I have visited in all 206 apiaries, having in them a total of 3,286 colonies. I have been compelled to burn only one colony. These apiaries were scattered through the counties of St. Joseph, Hillsdale, Lenawee, Washte- naw, Jackson, Calhoun, Barry, Eaton, Ingham, Livingston, Oakland, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer, Genesee, Shiawassee, Clinton, Ionia. Muskegon, Montcalm, Gratiot, Saginaw, Tuscola, Sanilac, Oceana, Mason, Lake, Manistee, Wex- ford, Benzie, Kalkaska and Antrim. I have found the disease more preva- lent in the older sections of countr}-, that is, there is more disease in southern and central Michigan than in the northern part of the State. In the north it is con- fined to localities and is not of very long standing. In almost ever}' case it can be traced back to the bringing in of diseased bees or fixtures from the south. In the southern part however the disease is scattered promiscuously and breaks out in yards, infecting many colonies, with- out any apparent source of contamina- tion. I have found many bee-keepers who are perfecth' ignorant of the disease, and even when it is present in their vards, and a large proportion of their bees are diseased, they fail to see that anything serious is wrong. These bee-keepers, of course, belong to the class who keep a few bees as a side issue and are not post- ed in modern apiculture. Then, again, I have found the disease present in the 374 THE BBB-KBBPBRS' RBVIBW. apiaries of specialists in bee culture, who are unfortunate enouejh to be located in the same vicinity with one of these other bee-keepers who are not posted. The uninformed man will not listen to the ad- vice and pleadings of the specialists, but will leave diseased colonies to die, and be robbed out by the bees from the larger yard; in this way working ruin on the helpless specialist, who cannot control the action of his ignorant neighbor. Then oftentimes when this specialist re- sorts to the protection of the law to com- pel his neighbor to clean up the diseased yard he is looked upon by the people of his vicinity with the utmost contempt. The most active agents in spreading the disease are, first, that of robbing out colonies which have become weak and run down; and, second, that of using old hives in which the bees have died from the disease. A grave difficulty arises when treating the bees to overcome foul brood in that it is a very hard matter to impress upon the uneducated man the necessity of care- ful work and the nature of bacteria. He will neglect some small but important matter, or fail to take some necesst^ry precaution in order to insure success. As a consequence, the treatment is frequent- ly a failure. This is not always the case, however; many apiarists are eager to learn all that is to be known about the disease, and bv careful, persistent work have stamped it out of their yards. The treatment used by many apiarists has been to kill the infected colony with sulphur, remove the hive to a cellar, and cut out and save for home use all good honey, scrape clean and disinfect the hive, finally burning all refuse, scrapings and inside furniture. This method of treat- ment entails much less work than at- tempting to cure the colony, and the honey and also the hive is saved. The needs are great, and many locali- ties where the disease is known to exist have not been visited at all. Many of the localities visited this summer must be covered again at the beginning of next season to insure the effectual stamping out of the disease. I have met with the most heartv co-operation on the part of the intelHgent apiarists of the State. They have not only manifestsd an interest in the work, but in many cases have materially assisted in the eradication of the disease in their locality. Respectfully submitted, John M. Rankin. There is one point in the foregoing to which I wish to call attention, and that is the cutting out and keeping for home use of hone}'- that probably contains the spores of foul brood. I suppose the honey is perfectly healthful as human food, but I should never sleep well nights if I knew that foul broody honey was in the house, and being used daily on the table. The dishes in which it is served up for use on the table will be washed; the water will not be hot enough to kill any germs that may be in the honey, and then this infected water will probably be thrown out on the ground. It is not likely that there will be enough honey in the water to attract the bees, but they are often seen sipping up water where it has been thrown out, especially in times of drouth. Perhaps I am unduly particular on this point, but it seems as though it was worth consideration. It is very evident that Mr. Rankin is doing good work — I only wish that we had as good a man as he is at work in each State in the union. THE LIFE OF THE BEE A Beautifully Written Work for the General Public. When I visited Mr. F. B. Simpson last September, he asked me if I had read Maurice Maeterlinck's new book, "The lyife of the Bee." He had read and greatly enjoyed it; and, upon finding that I had not read it, very kindly presented me with his copy that I might have it to read while on the train going home. Be- fore darkness came down over the land- scape, I had read the book about half way through; since then other duties iiave been so pressing that I have not yet finished the reading. Perhaps it is just as well, as I now find, in the American Bee Journal, as a most beautifully written review of the book, that I take pleasure n copying into the Beview. In going over this review, and comparing it with the portions that I had marked in the book for notice, I find that, as far as I read the book, the points that I wished to notice, THE bee-kei:pers' review. 375 and the ones taken up in the Bee Journal review, are almost identical. I presume it is safe to assume that we would have similarly agreed on the last half of the book. The book was not written for the in- struction of bee-keepers. The up-to-date bee-keeper would probably not find an idea that would assist him in the manage- ment of his bees. The book is written for the general public — especially for those who enjoy fine literature. The book is beautifully written, and may be read with a great deal of enjoyment. It is more nearly correct than most of the books written about bees for the general public; and it seems a pity that the author should state that he had verified all of the scientific statements that he makes, or else that they were so fully accepted in the text books as to need no further verifications, because, as the writer in the American Bee Journal says: "The practi- cal bee-keeper will hardly forbear some doubt as to the accuracy of some of the supposed facts." The book is attracting the attention of literary people, and is being noticed in the magazines. Of course, these literary reviews do not touch upon the scientific inaccuracies, as the writers are not versed in bee-keeping. Fortunately, most, if not all, of the errors in the book are not of a nature to do bee-keeping an injury, while a perusal of the book by the general public will give aid in bringing about a more exalted opinion of bee-keeping. Here is what the American Bee Journal says : — "The Eife of the Bee;" by Maurice Maeterlinck, translated by Alfred Sutro, is a unique work. It is not intended to supplant or to supplement any of the text-books as a text-book. The author says: "It is not my intention to write a treatise en apiculture or on practical bee- keeping." The man who has mastered the contents of one of our excellent text- books will learn nothing new from this work. But he will find the everyday facts about bees, with which he is already familiar, painted in such exquisite fashion that they will seem almost new to him. The book contains 427 pages, with an undue amount of white paper, for the page measures 7/^4 by 5 inches, while the printed portion is only 4% by 2%. One wonders at such spelling as "labour," "favour," "savour," and "waggon" in a book fresh from the press, and still more to find "swarm" used for "colony," and "hive" with the same meaning. But these are minor mat- ters, and we must remember that the book is a translation. The author savs: "I shall state noth- ing, therefore, that I have not verified myself, or that is not so fully accepted in the text-books as to render further verifica- tion superfluous. My facts shall be as ac- curate as though they appear in a practi- cal manual or scientific monograph." Yet the practical bee-keeper will hardly forbear some doubt as to the accuracy of some of the supposed facts. Dzierzon's hive, "still very imperfect, received masterly improvement at the hands of Langstroth;" when, as a matter of fact, Langstroth completed his invention be- fore ever hearing of Dzierzon's hive, and no after-improvement was made. (Page Our author will delight the heart of the Rev. W. F. Clarke, when he teaches that the bees "ensure the preservation of the honey by letting a drop of formic acid fall in from the end of their sting. " (Page 43-) Sixty or seventy thousand as the num- ber of bees in an average swarm will stretch the credulity of the average bee- keeper, to say nothing of our good friend, the editor of Gleanings in Bee-Culture. (Page 46.) In speaking of preparation for swarm- ing, the author says: "The bee-keeper has only to destroy in their cells the young queens that still are mert, and, at the same time, if nymphs and larvee abound, to enlarge the store-houses and dormitories, of the nation, for this un- profitable tumult instantaneously to sub- side, for work to be at once resumed, and the flowers revisited; while the old queen who now is essential again, with no suc- cessor to hope for, or perhaps to fear, will renounce this year her desire for the light of the sun." (Page 56. ) Beautiful as is the language in that sentence, and much as the practical bee-keeper would like to believe it, he will hardly believe it a general rule that when preparations for swarming are made, all he has to do is to destro}' queen-cells and give more room to secure the abandonment of all further thought of swarming for the sea- son. 376 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Do swarming bees carry with them "a certain amount of proplis," as stated on page 58 ? G. M. Doolittle must change his practice if he believes the teaching on page 87, that the workers accompanying a queen sent by mail should be "selected as far as possible from among the oldest bees in the hive." On page 100, we are told the workers will never sting a queen. The bees of an issuing swarm "have abandoned not only the enormous treas- ure of pollen and propolis they had gathered together, but also more than 120 pounds of honey." (Page 132.) After a swarm is sufficiently settled, the queen begins to lay. "From this mo- ment up to the first frosts of autumn, she does not cease laying; she lays while she is being fed, and even in her sleep, if in- deed she sleeps at all, she still lays." (Page 215). When a young bee has gnawed open its cell, "the nurses at once come running; they help the young bee to emerge from her prison, they clean her and brush her, and at the tip of their tongue present the first honey of the new life." (Page 236). Other errors can be found for the seeking. Beauties can also be found, and with less seeking. In fact, they abound. Take a passage, selected almost at a ran- dom, from page 234. A swarm has issued and the old home seems deserted: "And for all that the moment may ap- pear gloomy, hope abounds wherever the eye may turn. We might be in one of the castles of German legend, whose walls are composed of myriad phials containing the souls of men about to be born. For we are in the abode of life that goes before life. On all sides, asleep in their closely sealed cradles, in this infinite superposition of marvellous six- sided cells, lie thousands of n3'mphs, whiter than milk, who, with folded arms and head bent forward, await the hour of awakening. In their uniform tombs, thdt, isolated, become nearly transpar- ent, they seem almost like hoary gnomes, lost in deep thought, or legions of virgins whom the folds of the shroud have con- torted, who are buried in hexagonal prisms that some inflexible geometrician has multiplied to the verge of delirium." A considerable portion of the book is taken up with philosophizing about things remotely connected with bee- keeping, if connected at all, many suc- cessive pages having no reference to bees, and the philosophy is by no means of the most optimistic character. The last 60 pages are occupied with a plea for evolution, the whole 60 pages being to the man who seeks practical instruction about bees an utter void. As arguments to show progress in the development of bees is cited, the fact that flour will be used in place of pollen, cement in place of propolis, and the fact (?) that black bees transported to California, where summer is perpetual, after one or two years "will cease to make provision for the winter?" But when the author confines himself to bee-talk, his work is commendable in the extreme for its exquisite beauty. If the publishers were to cut out perhaps a third of the book, giving only the part relating directly to bees, it would no doubt be more relished by bee-keepers in general. The book is published by Dodd, Mead & Co., 372 Fifth Ave,, New York, N. Y. Price $1.40, postpaid. General Index to Volume XIY. INDEX TO SUBJECTS. A B C of Bee Culture, New Edition of 85 Advertising 16 Advertisements 308 Adel Bees 276 Amateur Bee-Keeping 104 American Bee-Journal Office, Fire in 17 American Bee-Keepers' Frontispiece in Nat- ural Colors 242 American Bee-Keeper 15 Amusing Incident, An 213 Artificial .Swarms 121 Basket for Cappings in a Solar Wax Extrac- tor 276 Barrells, Testing 84 Barrels for Honej' 47 Bee Moths not an Unmixed Evil 14 Beeswax, the Effect of vSlow Cooling upon the Color of 15 Beeswax, Slow Cooling of 88 Beeswax as a I^vibricant 273 Beeswax production 307 Bee-Shed, Some of the advantages of a Well Arranged 199 Bee-Keeping as a Business 152 I'ee^Escapes .... 241, 278 Bee- Escapes, Position for 278 Bee-dress Worn by David Coggshall 17 Biology may help us, How a Study of 333 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 377 Black Brood 22 Blankets vs. Cushions 275 Box, a Hiving . ... 277 Bottling Honey 26, 89 Bottom Boards 247 Breeding Bees, Contribution Towards a Sys- tematic Method of 235 Bumble Bee Honey and I^ong-Tongued Bees, 211 Buffalo Convention 215 Business Methods 115 Business, The Importance of Courage in 52 California Bee-Keeping, Some Features of 5 Cautionary Isabels 278 Celluloid Rase for Foundation 210 Cellar upon the Approach of Spring. Keeping the Bees Quiet in the t2 Cellar for an Extracting Room, Using a. .47 Cement Coated Nails bad for Thin Covers 304 Chaff Hives 13 Chapman's Article 85,118 Changed Conditions, Wake up Bee-Keei ers to, 21 Chicago Convention 343 Chunk Honey 6, 11, 210 Cleaning up Combs at the End of the Season, 15 Cities and Villages, Kee ing Bees in .y. . . . 150 Contagious Diseases Among Bees, and Secur- ing I,a\vs for their vSuppresion 120 Colorado a great Honey Coun ry 114 Covers, Bottoms and Frames 247 Colorado Convention 344 Coggshall's. A Visit to 23 Coggshall Extracts, How 21 Coggshall, Bee- Dress Worn by David 17 Comb Honey, Vs, Extracted May be Consid- ered Even in Out-Apiaries 147 Courteous, Be 344 Comments Upon Some Criticisms .... 299, 336 Cooling upon the Color of Beeswax, the Ef- fect of Slow 15 Comments on the Chapman Article. 118 Corking Honey Bottles 25 Criticisms Inspired bj^ the Rast Review 140 Criticisms and Praises 142 Dark Combs Color the Honey, Do 241 Deep Top bars 114 Diseases of Bees and I,egislation 148 Doors for the Extracting Room 48 Drawn Combs in Sections 276 Drone, The Influence of the 300 Drawn Comb not Built by a Newly Hived Swaim 213 Editors of Three of the Eeading Bee Jour- nals, the 71 Edit rs of Bee Journals 244 Eggs by Mai', Sending 210 Equalizing Colon ' es 274 Evening in the Apiary 1 16 Extracts, How Coggshall 21 Extracting Combs, Thick 273 Exactness in Hive Construction 276 Extracted Honey, Requisites for Success in the Production of 204 Fallacies, Popular 264 Faith in your Business, Have 273 Fancy Comb HoncN^ in a Poor Locality, Pro- ducing 177 Feeding Back 270 Fertilization of Queens in Confinement 49,55 Feeding back Extracted Honey 200, 215 Fertilization of Queens 312 Finding Queens 84 Fire in American Bee Journal Ofhce. 17 Flint, The Home of the Review 167 Fly-Escapes 243 Foundation into Heddon Frames, Fastening, 280 Foundation Full Sheets of 278 Foul Brood, Disinfecting Hives in which there has been 306 Foul brood 151, 176, 241 Foul brood Late in the Season, Treating. . 241 Foul brood Law, A Few Words About Mich- igan's 176 Foul brood bill as it Passed the Michigan Legislature 1^7 Foul brood bill. Work for 51 Foul brood Law, ?vlichigan's Needed .... ... 20 Foul broody Colonies May be Used with Safety, vSome Store-Combs from 10 Frames, Shallow 311 Freeing Combs from bees 14 Gasoline for Killing bee Mo h's larv-te 305 Getting bees off the Combs 24'^ Glocuse, Detecting 47 Goold, Shapley Muir Co 242 Groups of Four, Hives in 276 Grass in a bee Smoker . . 272 Granulated Honey out of the Combs, Get- ting 47 Heredity 80, 336, 345 Heredity, Need of a better Understanding of the Laws of So Heddon Hives 243, 274 Hive. Tool 244 Hive Covers 211 Hiving Swarms on Solid Combs of Honej-, 148, 274 Hives for Packing bees in Winter 242 Hiving Swarms 274 Home of the Review 232 Hopeful Field, The Most 279 Hope for the Future lies in I-^ proved Imple- ments, ^Methods and Stock 105 House-Apiaries 248 Improvement of bees 275 Introducing Queens 15, iSi, 213, 268, 297, 333 Introducing Queens by the LTse of Tobacco Smoke 181, 268 In-breeding 170,234,336,345 In-breeding, Instances in Which Nature Abhors 234 Inversion of brood Combs iSi Irons in the Fire, Too Manj^ 277 Keysto*- e Co 306 Keeping bees in Cities and Villages 150 Killing the Queens Each .Summer 72 Knowledge of Conditions, and ^Methods of Manipulations, of more Importance than Ne\v Fangled Traps 104 Lateral Communication in the Supers Leads to a better filling of the Sections 144 Labels for Honey Packages 212, 274, 304 Late Introducing After brood is gone not al- ways vSuccesssul 297 Loading Combs on a Wagon, the best wa\' of, 114 Long-Tongued bees 115. 183, 185,208, 211 Long-Tongue bees— A Timelv Warning 115 Long-Tongues is needed a Willingness to use Them,"with 20S Love for bee-keeping. Old 243 L ocality of the ^Most Importance, Is 29S Locality', Influence of 18, 82, 211 Locailt3\ Working According to 72 ISIating'Oueens in Confinement 45 Mating of Queens, X'nderstanding the .Struc- ture an^ Habits of bees ma\- Assist us in the 112 Measuring bees' Tongues 19, 48 Minnesota Convention 343 ^Michigan Convention 18 :Migral;ory Bee-Keeping 14, no ]\Iore bees. Keep 279 ]Mud for Stopping Cracks When Moving bees, 209 Nominations in Advance of Election 308 Nuclei, Queen-Rearing 314 Old Queens as breeders 274 Ontario's Apiarian Exhibit at the Pan Amer- ican 331 Organization, How it was Secured, and What it has Done Among New York Bee-Keep- ers 40 [ Organiz'f on Among bee-keepers 4S Out. Apiaries on the ^Migratory Plan no Out-Ap aries. The Cuccessfuf Production of both Comb and Fxtracted honej' in 109 Out-Apiaries in Good Localities, Establish 77 Out-Apiaries, Starting 148 Out- Apiaries and Have the Chiidren grow up in the business, Start 143 378 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Out-Apiaries not Profitable for every bee- keeper in all lyocalities 139 Out-Apiaries, vStart 136 Paralysis, bee 210 Past and Present Conditions and Ho'w to Meet the Future 78 Pacific t^ee Journal 272 Packing Colonies for Winter 14 Pan American Kxposition, Apiarian Exhibits at the 327 Pan American, Apiculture at the 87 Paper Sacks, Extracted Honey in 2S0 Pear Blight and bees 272 Pedigreed Queens 275 Phonetic impelling 305 Pickled brODd ..." 84 Politeness in business 279 Portico for fastening bees in the Hive 275 Protection in Wint r and Spring 39 Prevention of Swarming 168, 207 Price on Queens, Putting a High 212 Progression 307 Priority of Eocation 306 Progress of the vScience of Bee-Keeping 43 Quiet in the Cellar upon the Approach of Spring Keeping the bees 12 Queens in the Heddon Hive, Finding. . . 277, 2S0 Queens, Old .... 345 Queen-Introduction, Some Theories Regard- ing 296 Queen, Finding the 308 Queens in Confinement, mating 45 Queens, finding 84 Queens and Their Influence upon vSwarming, 149 Queens, Putting a High Price on 212 Queens each Summer, Killing the 72 Rankin J. M 182 Retailing Honey, Five dollars a day 309 Record of Each Colony, Keeping a 273 Requeening Colonies 217 Reads, the Man who 13 Rocky Mountain Bee Journal 47, 1 15, 149 Screw Cap on a Honey Can, Starting. .... ..9, 274 vScrew-top Glass Jars". 305 vSelection 264, 275 vSecretion of Wax 117 Shares, bees on 148, 179, 180 Simpson. Mr. F. B 181,344 Slow Cooling of beeswax 88 Smoker, Lighting a 243 Smilax, Under the 343 Smoke, Don't use too Much 210 Solar Wax Extractor 273 Spraying frnit Srees 14 Stand Each Year, Putiing The Same Colony on the vSame 241 Storing Comb Honey and Empty Combs. ... 245 vStereopicion Views 306 Strong Colo'iies at the Proper Time, Need of " Having 82 Sugar, beet and cane 305 vSugar Honey 86 Supply and Demand 309 Super, How to get the bees of Two Queens to Work in one ~ 240 Success in bee Culture Comes from Exhaust- ing the Field with the Eeast Expenditure of capital and Eabor 137 Supers not Sufficiently Exact nor Decisive, Experiments with free Communication in, 7 Swarms, Early 277 Teaching children Apiculture 42 Temperature for Wax Secretion Secured by food consumption 270 Theories are Useful and Why 268 Tin Pails for Storing and Shipping Honey 45 Tongues, A Fine Point Regarding Eong 279 Tongues, Eeng h of Bees' 86 Transferring by the Modern Method, A Cau- tion Necessary When 214 Uncapping, Supporting Combs when 84 ITnpainted Hives, 58, 107, 141, 2o9 Variations, How they are Started, Intensified and Established 174 Variability 345 Wake up, Bee-Keepers, to Changed Condi- ditions 21, 84 Wax from Cappings 241 Weddings 277 Weak Colonies 116 Wire Cloth Supports for Combs in Solar Wax Extractors 241 Winter-Protection and vSpring Manipulation, 137 Wintering Bees in Northern Climates, Prep- arations 295, 298 Wintering Bees on their Summer vStands 263 Wintering Bees, Packing-Rox for 242 Winter Breeding, How to Prevent 263 Wisconsin State Bee-Keepers' Association 15 Workers may Exert upon the Queens they Rear, the Influence that 303 Workers through the Queens Influence her Progeny-, Can the .... 335 Yellowzones 85 York's Father, Death of Bro 85 INDEX TO CORRESPONDENTS. Barber Ira 12 Bonnev C. P 42 Burrell H. D 168 Chapman S. B 72 Clare F. B 77 Coverdale Frank 147 Cook A.J 86 C aig Martha 331 Crane T . E 105 Dadan't C. P 78, 217 Davitte J. S 45 Davenport " 280 Doolittle G. M 82, 107, 183, 245, 310, 312 Downer C. vS 298 DufF Peter N 103 Fargo Fred H 199 Fowls < halon 26 Free W. J 39 Getaz Adrian. .. 200, 270,334,345 Gilstrap W. A. H 43,139 Greiner F. 40 Green J. A 297 Hamilton James 177,240 Handy. E. 140 HallRusselJ 5 Herman F. G 249 Heddon James 137 Hershiser O. E 87,327 Hickox W 180 Hilton Geo. E. 176 Howe Harry ..142 Hutchinson W. Z. 71,167,231 Hyde H. H 6 Jackson J W. 305 Jackson Mrs. Geo 143 Jones B . F 296 Koeppen Chas 104 Eathrop Harry 136 Martin J . H 179 McEean N. W 55 McEvoy W 10, 151, 263 Miller Arthur C 58, 80, 112, 141, 174, 268, 333 Miller C. C 314 Miller S. E 234 Ponder Walter S 25 Post C. W no Rising J . H 304 Root E. R 19, 185, 244, 311 vSchoU Eewis 11, 144 vSimp,son F. B 170, 208, 235, 264, 299, 336 vSibbald H. G '. 295 Smith R. H 109 Somerford W. W 247 Stachelhausen E 122 vStoUey Wm 199 Thompson F. E 7, 152 Tyrrell E. B 135 Vaughan H . E 207 Victor W. O 204 Wallenmeyer J. C 89 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 379 Bee? PZiY \r) Colorzicio If you want to learn all about the marvelous Honey Rescour- ces of the Alfalfa Regions you should subscribe for the RocHy /fountain Bee w^ouro^l. Monthly; 50 cents per year; sample copy free; 3 months on trial, 10 cents. Address The RocHy A\ount2^io B^e Jourrjz^l BouM^r, Colo. WrT7 B2irr)ber» Of Mt. Pleasant, Mich., has his own saw-mill, and a factory fully equiped with the latest machinery, located right in a pine and basswood region, and can furnish hives, sections, frames, separators, shipping cases, etc., at the lowest possi- ble prices. Making his own foundation enables him to sell very close. Send for samples and prices before buying, and see how you may save money, time and freight. Bee-keepers' supplies of all kinds kept in stock. 12-99-it ■ ^■">")i"Hiiniiiii (Sa^Iiforoia. Hooey. Big Yields. L-zvrge Interests. Honey Trust Or- gZiOizipg. fiew Fields Being p ened. fiew A\arHet5 Be- ing Encouraged. Seniiiaiiiiii iimiiiiniiiaNiiiiiniiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiaiiii 38o THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. l#€#s Every bee-keeper who has had experience with several strains of bees knows that some are far superior to others — that there is scrub stock among bees, just as there are scrub horses, cat- tle, sheep and poultry. I^et me give my own exper.ence: Years ago, while living at Rogersville, I mad^ a specialty of rearing queens for sale. Before engaging in this work, I bought queens, and Italianized, not only my own bees, but all within three miles of my apiary. In buying those queens I think I patronize,! nearly every breeder in the United States; and, even in those years of inexperience, I was not long in noting the great difference in the different strains of bees. The queens from one particular breeder produced bees that de- lighted me greatly. They were just plain, dark, three-banded Italians, but, as workers, I have never seen them equaled. They seemed posses- sed of a steady, quiet determination that enabled them to lay up surplus ahead of the others. Easier bees to handle I have never seen. Their honey was capped with a snowy whiteness rivaling that of the blacks. In addition, they were hardy. If any bees came through the win- ter, it was colonies of this strain. They came as near being ideal bees as any I have ever posses- sed. All this was more than twenty years ago; but, several times since, I have bought queens of this breeder, and I always found this strain of bees possessed of those same good qualities- industry, gentleness, hardiness and a disposition to cap their honey white. I frequently corres- ponded with this breeder, and with those who had bought queens of him, and, finally, I became thoroughly convinced that he had a strain of bees far superior to the general run of stock. Whether this supv.riority results from length of tongue, about which there has been so much talk the past year, I do not know, but I do know that no bees have been found with greater tongue-length. This breeder had always advertised in a quiet, unassuming sort of way, nothing in proportion to what the quality of his stock would have war- ranted, when, two years ago, I decided that I could help him, and benefit my readers, at a profit to myself, by advertising these bees in a manner befittingly energetic. I put the price at $1.50, but the conditions were such that it was impossible for any loss to fall upon a purchaser. The queens sent out were young queens just be- ginning to lay, but I guaranteed safe arrival, safe introduction, purity of mating, and satis- faction to the extent that, any time within two years, a purchaser could return the queen for any cause whatever, if he w^as not satisfied with her, and his money would be refunded, and 50 cents additional sent to pay him for his trouble. I have sold several hundred queens, sending them to all parts of the United States, and I have been asked to i-eturn the money in just one INSTANCE. I don't mean by this that no other complaint has been made, for there have been others, but in the other cases purchasers have very kindly allowed me to send other queens in place of those that did not prove satisfactory, Even with the best of stock and management there will occasionallj^ be a poor queen. Possi- bly long journeys by mail have some bearing upon this part of the question. lyosses in ship- ment are not serious; losses in introduction are not serious, unless it is during the dearth be- tween the svimmer and fall honey- flows; mis mated queens are not w^orth considering, they don't exceed one percent.; but all of these losses have cheerfully been made good. As to testimonials, regarding their superior- ity, I could fill page after page with them. I have occasionally published a few, but w^hat is the use ? Any one can try this strain without taking a particle of risk. From the very first, the demand has been greater than the svipply. The opening of the season usually finds me with at least 200 orders on hand. Any one wishing to try one of these queens next year, ought to order it this fall, as orders are booked and filled in rotation. I am still offering them at the same price and under the same conditions as before, viz., $1.50 for a queen alone, fuHy guaranteed as above stated, or a queen and the Review for one year for only $2.00. This offer is open to either old or new subscribers. If you wish to try one of these queens next spring, better send in your order when you send your renewal to the Review — remember, $2.00 pays for both — and then you will get the queen early in the season. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. THE BEii-Kl^Hri:-. .REVIEW. 381 jrmj^*^ii^ ir»jrm,«^jr^ ^ ii.r>Lrit^^r •» -"tb^ »jr».>r»^rB^4T^^«. ^>riF»^^;i^ Long-Tongued Queens! Yard NO- i- By special arrangements with THE A. I. ROOT CO. to furnish them queens, I have secured their assistance in procuring the J finest breeding qvieens that a tliorough ^ knowledge of the bees of the country and J money can procure. Among them is a i select daughter of their S200 queen that J they refused to quote me prices on. This J queen shows every superior quality of her J mother. Her bees show an actual reach of i 21-000 of an inch; are large, gentle, and J beautiful to look upon. J MR. E. H. ROOT SAYvS: "You have as J fine bees as there a e in the United vStates; J and with a direct cross of their breeders (T you should be able to produce queens k whose bees show a reach of 25-100 of an ' inch." * 4®='Send for descriptive price list. Watch fT 5 this space, and don't forget my long-tongue k 5 stock is the best that money and knowl- S. i edge can procure. * 5 Prices: Untested queen, $1.00; 6, $5 00. ^^. i. Tested queen, $1.50; 6, $8.00. Fifty select ^ S. breeders from long - tongued strains, $2.50 " «. to Ss.oo. «. ^ IMPORTED ITALIAN STOCK- : APIARY NO. 2. Imported Queens, Daughters and Grand- ^ daughters. p GOLDEN, OR 5-BANDED ? ITALIAN. 5 APIARY NO. 3. 5 Breeders, select tested, tested, and untest- ' 5 ed queens. iT .■ «, 5 REMEMBER the bear picture goes as a ; 5 premium on six queens. 1901, unt. sted J 5 queens will be ready to mail March 25 to 5 J April ist. Send in your order at once, and 5* % get in on the ground floor. Breeders, sel- 5 5 ect tested, and tested queens go by return 5 5 mail. !i * tf i W. 0. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS. \ J QU-EN SPEC ALIST. % THE A. I. ROOT CO., JO VINE ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA BEE ' SUPPLIES. Direct steamboat and railroad lines to all doints. We want to save you freight. Please meii.on the Reuiew WANTED: Comb and extracted honey. Will buy yourhonej^, no mat- ter what quantity. Mail sample of extracted, state quality of comb honej- and price expected delivered in Cincinnati. I pay promptly on re- ceipt of goods. Reference, Brighton German bank, this city. C. H. W. WEBER, 2146-2158 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, AN OFFER FOR NEW SUBSCRIBERS. A Warranted Red Clover QUEEN For 30 Cts. We have arranged with one of the oldest and best queen breeders (having many years' experience) to rear queens for us next season. His bees average quite a good deal the longest tongues of any3'et meastired. The Breeder he will use is direct from Ital}-, having imported her himself. Her worker-bees are large, somewhat leather-colored, very gentle, and scarcely requiring veil or smoke. Thev stored red clover honey last season. All queens guaranteed to arrive in good condition, and all will be clipped, unless otherwise ordered. Send us $1 30 and w-e will mail you the weekly x\merican Bee Journal for one vear and one of our Superior Long Tongue Red Clover Queens — warranted Italian. We w^ant many ?iew subscribers, hence thi.s liberal offer. Sample Bee Journal and Catalog of Bee Supplies on application. GEO. W. YORK & CO., 144-146 E. Erie St., Chicago, 111. ^lease mention tin Reuipiu. 1 am advertising for B F. Stratton & Son, music dealers of New York, and taking my pay in MUSIOAL INSTRUMENTS. I have already bought and paid for in this way a guitar and violin for my girls, a flute for myself, and one or two guitars for some of my subscribers. If you are thinking of buying an instrument of any kind, I should be glad to send you one on trial. If interested, write me for des- criptive circular and price list, saying what kind of an instrument you are thinking of getting. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. 382 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. Printed Stationery. If you don't use letter heads and en- velopes with your name, address and business printed upon them, there must be some reason for it. If your corres- pondence is not very extensive, perhaps 70U think it is not worth while to incur the expense of printing; if so, let us have a little talk about it. In the first place, when you do write a letter, you need a printed heading for exactly the same reasons as the man who writes loo letters in a day. A neatly printed letter head gives to the reader a favorable impression of the writer — that he is a man of busi- ness, or some importance. Then there are so many careless, or forgetful pen- man, or those who sign their names with a flourish, that the sight of a neatly printed name and address on a letter, is a great source of comfort to the recipient — none knows this better than the man who receives large numbers of letters. A man writes his name a great many times, and it looks perfectly plain to him, but it is not always plain to one not ac- quainted with his signature. Then, a man may forget to sign his name, or to address the envelope, or to put on a pos- tage stamp; if his name and address are printed upon both the letter and envelope, the troubles arising from these neglects are largely remedied. Sometimes the writer is thereby saved from serious loss or annoyance. Now a little explanation as to the price at which I can furnish printed note heads and envelopes. Since my daugh- ter who has set my type for several years, has married, I am obliged to pick up whom I can to set the type. The trouble is that there is not work enough on the Review to keep a compositor busy more than half the time, and I wish to make work enough so that I can keep a good man busy all of the time. I have bought a new press of the latest style, for doing job work, and engaged Mr. Hartshorn, (my daughter's husband) who has had experience as a printer, to set my type and do job work, and I wish to secure enough to keep hiui busy. I have no rent to pay, and my principal object is to receive work enough to keep him busy all of the time, rather than to make any great profit on his work; hence I shall make special prices on small lots of printed note heads and envelopes — so low that a man who does not write more than one letter a week can afford to use printed stationery. I have bought sev- eral new fonts of type especially adapted for this kind of work. It is called Engravers Gothic, and is the neatest thing in this line that I ever saw, I will send loo sheets of paper with your name, address, and business, printed at the top, all made into a pad so there will be no loose sheets, and loo envelopes, with your name, address and business printed in the upper left hand corner, postpaid^ (remember that) for only I1.25 ! It makes no difference where you live in the U. S,, this lot of printed stationery, enough to write 100 letters, will be de- livered to you for only $1.25, The pa- per used will be the best white wove, 7- Ib. Wawasa, and the envelopes extra sup- erfine, white wove, XXX, high cut. The material is the best of its kind, and the work will be strictly first class. I will also club the Review with this lot of stationery. I will send you the Review for one year, and this lot of 100 sheets of paper, and 100 envelopes, post- THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. 383 paid, for only |2.oo. This will furnish you printed stationery, of the finest.kind, for writing 100 letters, at a cost of only one ceiit each. If you want 500 sheets of paper, and 500 envelopes, I will furnish them for only $2.75 but they must be sent b}' express at your expense. If you order 500 sheets of paper and 500 envel- opes, at the price given, I will send you the Review one year for only 75 cents extra, or $3.50 in all. If you wish for bill heads, statements, cards or circulars, I shall be very glad to correspond with you, and give prices. Orders will be greatly appreciated; and I shall take great pleasure in filling them — in sending you the fresh, clean, beauti- fully printed sheets. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Michigan. THE CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILROAD. Many people unacquainted with the geography of the West imagine that be- cause the names "Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul" are used in the corporate title of the railway owning the Short Line between Chicago and Omaha, they must go via. the cities of Milwaukee and St. Paul to reach their destination — and if it be Omaha or west thereof. This is a mis- taken idea. On a map the line running directly east and west would look like this: Omaha- -Chicago. There is nothing more simple than that, and it is less than 500 miles between Chicago and Omaha. Two through trains daily in each direction with the best Sleeping Car and Dining Car Ser- vice, and all regular travelers know and appreciate the merits of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway's Short Line between the East and the West. Time tables, maps and information furnished on appUcation to Robert C. Jones, Michigan Passenger Agent, 32 Campus Martins Bldg., Detroit. — If you are going to — BUY A i^iizz - SA\sr, write to the editor of the Keview. He has a new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to make you happy by telling you the price at which he would sell it. — If you wish the best, low-priced — TYRE - WRITER. Write to the editor of the Review. He has an Odell, taken in payment for advertising, and he would be pleased to send descriptive circulars or to correspond with any one thinking of buy- ing such a machine. f^Here we are to the Front for igoi with the new Champion Chaff - Hive, a comfortable home for the bees in summer and winter. We al- so carry a complete line of other supplies. Catalog free. R. H. SCHMIDT & CO. , 9-99-tf. Sheboygan, Wis Please mention the Reuieui. Bee " Supplies. Root's goods at Root's prices. Pon- der's honey jars. Prompt service. Low freight. Catalog free. Walter S. Pouder, 512 Mass. Ave,, Indianapolis, Indiana. Only exclusive bee-supply house in Ind. Please mention the Reuieiv. One pound, square, flint glass, HONEY JARS with patent, air-tight stoppers, at $4.50 per gross. Shipped from New York or from factor3^ Send for catalogue to J. H. M COOK, 62 Cortland St., N. Y. City Please mention the Reuieiv IMNS There is scarceh- anj- condition of ill-health that is not benefited by the occasional use of a R. I. P. A. N. S. Tabule, and the price, 10 for 5 cents, does not bar them from anv home or justify an^' one in enduring ills that" are easily cured. For sale by Druggists. 384 THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. A\aoy Iroprovcroept? Tbis Yeair. We have made many improvements this year in the m-inufacture of bee-supplies. The following are so Tie of them : Our hives are made of one grade better lumber than heretofore, and all that are sent out under our new prices will be supplied with separators and nails. The Telescopic has a new bottom board which is a combi- nation of hive stand and bottom board, and is supplied with slatted, tinned separators. The Higginsville Smoker is much improved, larger than heretofore, and better mate- rial is used all through. Our Latest Process Foundation has no equal, and our highly polished sections are superb indeed. Send five cents for sample of these two ai tides, and be convinced. The Daisy Foundation Fastener — well, it is a daisy now, sure enough, with a pocket to catch the dripping wax, and a treadle so that it can 1 e worked by the foot. Tb^ Heddon Hive. Another valuable adjunct to our manu- facture is the Heddon Hive. Wo do not hesitate to say that it is the best all round hive ever put upon the market; and we are pleased to state that we have made arrangements with Mr. Heddon to the end that we can supply these hives; and the right to use them goes with the hives. Hooey Extractors. Our Honey Extractors are highly orna- mental, better manufactured; and, while the castings are lighter, they are more durable than herfct<:fore, as they are made of superior material. Tb^ Progr^^^iv^ B^^-K^ep^r. Last, but not least, comes the Progressive Bee -Keeper, which is much improved, being brimful of good things from the pens of some of the best writers in our land; and we are now making of it more of an illustrated journal than heretofore. Price, only 50 cts. per year. Send for a copy of our illustrated catalogue, and a sample copy of the Progres- sive Bee-Keeper. Address Higginsville, A\o.. Ez^^t St. Louis, Ills, LEAHY /Af5. <30., •:•■:^■♦••;:•:••V^•^;•i•••;i.^•;.;•i;••:;^•^••i;.■:i.^•^;•i••"i.^•^;•••••:^^ ::*■•*. ■■■'■'■■•. ■■■'■■■:• ■!»:V: ■*:V- !»>•: ■^^.'l ■■■'■'■■•. ■M:::> ■;«"■■■•'•■.:.■.••€•■■■•■•■.■.•■•■; :v^v>■*••j*v^:.^®^v^•ii^; ^•>.V> *•*: :■•■•■•■. • .■«•.•.; •.■•:;.: • '■'.*• •.'•■"-: .•.*•'■-•• Our New Catalogue, describing and listing the Fin- est Zfine of Bee-Keepers^ Supplies in the World, will be ready about the first of the 3'ear. If 3'ou have not been receiving a copv annually, send us your name and address and one will be mailed you free. Prices will be the same as last season with the exception of the narrow, plain sections with no bee ways, which ^will be 25c, per M less. . G. B. J^ewis Co., Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. •?;*■-• • ".>'.■• '?••■; •"■-?:• •V.;'* •:;■•■ •'.'.•'■»■■ Winter Losses are not always the result of the same cause. They may come from starvation; from poor food; from improper prepara- tions; from improper protection; from a cold, wet, or possibly, a poorly ventilated cellar, etc, , etc. Successful wintering comes from a proper combination of different conditions. P'or clear, concise, comprehensive conclu- sions upon these all-important points, consult "Advanckd Bee Cuir^ -7r E. R. Root has just returned from a 6000-mile trip through some of the best bee locations in the world, and has already begun his series of write-ups, accompanied with fitie photos, in Gleanings in Bee Culture. The following editorial appears Aug. ist, and will give_ something of an idea of what he will describe: Some little time ago I promised to tell about the bee-keepers' paradises in Texas. I have this on the docket, and it will appear as I take up my line of travels. But since running across that paradise I have run into two or three others. There is one west of the Rockies, in Colorado, that is not yet overstocked with bees or bee-keepers; another one in Central Idaho — in fact,- 1 do not know but the whole State. These will be described in turn. The fact is, millions of capital are being invested in irrigation; irrigation means alfalfa; al- falfa means a paradise for bees. But I found all along my trip that alfalfa-growing preceded bee-keeping by two or three years, for it seems to take about that length of time before the bee-keepers find these gold mines that have been hitlVerto unoccupied. If you are dissatisfied with your present location, and for finan- cial reasons, or on account of health, will be compelled to leave, sub- scribe for Gleanings in Bee Culture, and learn something about the great South and the great West. There are many locations in the West that are not yet occupied — splendid bee locations. If you wish to learn about them, send 25 cents for a six-months trial subscription, or $1.00 for one year, and one untested Italian queen. Or send |2.oo and we will send Gleanings one year and one of our celebrated red- clover queens. THE A. !. ROOT CO.. ' MEDINA, OHIO., U. S. A. >* J»'* ^'* .5'*^ .^'t^ .^ L. ^^t^ ^'t^ yt^ >t^ yt^ ^'L. J>^. •• • « • * mH^«tl