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LIBRARY

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LMTOMOIOGY

VOL. 11,

FLINT, MICMM, JMAEY 10, 1889.

NO. 1.

Different Hives for Different Purposes; The
Best Hive for Financial Honey Producers,
For Wintering Bees, and for Summer
Management; A Most Compre-
hensive Article.

K. li. TAYIiOK.

'IVES must vary to meet the demand
of various methods; and, as the meth-
ods of scarcely two honey producers
are alike in all respects, it follows
naturally that honey producers differ greatly
in their ideas respecting the charactei-istics
of the "best " hive. So, when one sets down
a certain hive as the one to be preferred
above all others, in order to judge of the val-
idity of his claim, it is necessary to know
for what purpose he wants the hive and how
the necessities of his circumstances require
him to handle it. Therefore, when I point out
what seems to me to be the requirements of
the best hive, I wish to be understood as giv-
ing ray judgement in reference to those only
who are in somewhat similar circumstances
with myself. I pursue the business of honey
production for financial profit. I keep a
considerable number of colonies, so that,
even with the hive that gathers the least pro-
polis, and that requires the least handling of
frames and dummies and other "convenien-
cies," I have sufficient scraping of bee-glue.
handling of frames, etc., to do, so that it is
not necessary for me to adopt a hive that
gathers more bee-glue, or requires more
handling of frames, merely because it is a

Eleasure to do that kind of work, as I already
ave a chance for all that kind of enjoyment
that I have time for. Again, if. like the ma-
jority of so-called bee-keepers. I never made
any pretence of intelligent management,
never peeping into a hive except to ascer-
tain if the colony were still alive, and only
puttir g on and taking off boxes by guess, I
should say that any kind of a hive was quite
good enough. So, also, if it were my busi-
ness to rear queens, or bees, or both queens
and bees for sale, the character of the most
desirable hive for that purpose wonld be de-
termined by other considerations.

What are the characteristics of the hive ad-
apted to the most profitable production of
honey on a considerable scale?
I reply, first: It must be reasoaubly well

calculated to secure the prosperity of the col-
ony itself during the entire year.

Second: It must be well calculated to se-
cure the largest possible amount of the
most salable honey in the most salable con-
dition. ,

Third: It should be so constructed as to
require fpr necessary manipulating the
least expertise of time and labor, (a) In the
movipg of hives either with bees in them or
when prepared for bees, (b) For the con-
traction and expansion of the hives, (c) In
the finding of queens, (d) In the making of
internal examinations.

In my opinion, after' an experience of
more than three years with the New Heddon
hive, otherwise known as the sectional hive,
beginning with a few but having now about
four hundred occupied by bees, there is no
other hive that, in answering these require-
ments, can at all compare with this hive.
For present purposes it is only necessary to
say that this hive has a horizontally divisible
brood chamber. The sections are exactly
alike, so that either may be placed above,
and they may be interchanged at any time.
Each section has a set of eight, closed-end
frames, 5% in depth by 18 1-16 inches in
length, thus giving it the capacity of five L.
frames. The hive is 1-16 of an inch longer
inside than the frames, and when the two
sections are adjusted there is a bee-space be-
tween the two sets of frames, and the frames
are firmly fixed by thumb screws operating
through the sides of the hive against the cen-
tre of the closed-ends.

Beginning with the first of the above re-
quirements, let me give the reasons which,
to my mind, account for the superiority
which I claim for the hive.

I have been especially pleased with its
wintering qualities, which I attribute mainly
to the bee-space between the frames of the
two sections. It gives the advantages some-
times claimed for the old box hive. It is
well known that bees are not adapted to liv-
ing solitary, nor even in very small clusters;
and the lower the temperature the quicker
and more completely the vitality of the bees,
either singly or in small groups, yields. Ev-
ery experienced bee-keeper knows that the
larger frames of eight inches or more in
depth are veritable death-traps in the fall,
winter and spring. At a high temperature
the bees are dispersed through the hive, and
when the temperature runs down, the bees
seek the central cluster by the nearest, waj;.

V.I ,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

without reference to obstructions, and muU
tituiies, particularly if the fall of tempera-
ture be sudden, bring up in the centre of the
broadside of a comb outside the cluster, aud
soon perish, or at least lose their vitality.
In our changeable climate this is repeated
over and over again until the colony is great-
ly depleted in numbers and reduced in vigor.
But in the sectional hive the direct way to
the centre of the cluster is always open, so
that the lives and vigor of advonterous bees
are preserved. Colonies thus wintered build
up with remarkable rapidity in the spring;
not only by reason of unimpaired vigor, but
also jfrom the following fact, which should
not be overlooked: In early spring, while
cold nights are the rule, even when botli sec-
tions are used, the colony has all the advan-
tages of a hive contracted to the capacity of
five L. frames; because the aforesaid bee-
space facilitates the spreading of the brood
laterally in the upper section, to which
the heat of the cluster ascends. Thus the
heat of the colony is used with much less
waste than where it rises and spreads out at
the top over unoccupied combs; while the
bees are compelled, on deep combs, to force
their brood downuHird against adverse cir-
cumstances. As a result, at the season of
apple bloom a large proportion of the hives
are so full of bees that the sections may be
interchanged, which places the comb unoccu-
pied with brocxl in the centre of the lirood-
nest, thus giving an impetus to brood rdariug
at a time whei it will count in the time of
■Whitj clover and bassNvojd. At the same
time, if any honey is being gathered, a case
of sections may be put on; aud they will be
at once occupied, as the fames just below are
fall of brood.

In like manner, it is difficult to see how
any hive constructed on dilferent principles
can equal this in the completeness with
which it meets the demands of my second
point. Properly handled, the bees always
go into the supers promptly, if any honey is
coming in; indeed, generally if it is not. It
is well calculated for easily giving an im-
pulse to brood rearing, as indicated above,
when that means useful workers, and at a
time when brood rearing means vsele.'^s
workers and a large curtailment of the sur-
plus, it may bi» restricted by merely putting
one section of the brood chamljer anywhere
above the qneen-excludinij liouey-board; and
whether full sized or contracted the brood
chamber is always r/s midc arni as /o/k? as
the super.

But some one may ask, what of the boe-
spaco through the centre of the brood-cham-
ber? I have already given my reasons for
considering it an advantage, but will reyily
by asking: What of the IfiO cubic inches
more or less between nnd outside the end
bars of the hanging frames of other hives.
for the bees to keep warm and in which to
lounge and escai)e going into the sections?

It only remains to discuss this hive in its
relation to economy of time and labor; and
with a little thoutrht anyone of experience
will perceive its advantages without extended
exp anation. (a) The great gain arising from
fixed frames is patent. There is no loss of
time or temper in shipping Ikx^u to n^ out.

apiary, in moving hives, or in hiving swarmB,
arising from a necessity for opening the
hives to adjust or to fasten the frames, (b)
Contraction or expansion is accomplished
by simply removing or adding a section of
the hive — the work of a miimte. (c) As a
rule, queens may be found much more rap-
idly in this hive than in any other, and the
hive need not even be opened up. A little
smoke and two or three shakes will usually
deposit her with the bees on the ground in
front of the hive stand, (d) It is very sel
dom necessary to handle a frame in making
any desired internal examination. Raise
one end of the upper section and the secrets
within may be read at a glance as from a
book. Ail queen cells even, if the combs are
good, may be easily destroyed with the blade
of a knife; while honey for extracting may be
reuioved and freed from bees as easily as
cases of comb honey. Moreover, if desired,
the frames are manipulated as readily as
those of any other hive.

Lapekij, Mich.,

Dec. 20; 1888-

Inversion; Contraction; Interchanging; The
"Shake-Out" Function; Honey-
Boards; How all These fit
the Heddon Hive.

JAS. HEDPON.

Y THE way bee-hive discussions have
been carried on in the past, in other
journals, you have, Mr. Editor, done
a brave, yes, a daring deed, in making
hives the subject for an isssue of your paper.
But, sir, do you stop to realize that the brav-
ery demanded of a man who has invented,
tested, found praise-worthy, and had the te-
merity to praise, a hive, n.ust be tar greater
than yours when he writes about it, hewing
to the line aud letting the chips fall where
they may?

Mow, 1 suppose most of your readers are
aware that a lew years ago, (which might be
called "recently." as applied to the inven-
tion of any hive that has come to stay) I dis-
covered new methods and mechanical cloth-
ing for carrying out admitted valuable func-
tions HI bee-liives and tlieir manipulation.
Believing as I do that these new functions
are superior to all that have goue before,
notwithstanding I have ;; patent in the
liiunci States and D. A. -l(^ti<s has mw in
Canada upon the clothinij ui the functions,
notliii.g is left for me bul to hew to the lino
as I see it, and never mind the chips.

'J\) begin witii, I am conlident I shall
nevor use another In-ood-frame t liat is not
reversible, separately, t'r in sets, by the case.
It piijs to have them reversi))le if they are
never inverted but once, for the purpose of
having the condis solidly and completely fill
the frames. Again. I would not. think trl
raising eitlier coml) or extracted honey, with-
out i)racticing the contracting system. That
is, practicing contracting the hive at that
season of the year when I don't want to rear
bees to become well nigh useless after I had
j^oue to t^e expeiaae of doing so. 'I'here it>

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

no Hj'stem of contrnctioii so porfoot, rapid
and safe as that made possible by tlio iiso
of the horizontally divisible brood chamber
which is of the capacity of the ten frame
Lan^'stroth hive and the exact length and
wi Mil of tlio eii,'lit frame li. hive, composed
of two cases, each containing a coin)>lelo set
of shallow frames resi mi,' upon a bottom
board containing a bre space in its top sur-
face, and perfectly iiiterchaiit;eable witli
eacii otiier. During the breedinj,' season and
the surplus honey season combined, that
is, during tliat season when the two before
mentioned seasons lap u[)on each otluir,
wlion tlie complete brood chamber is used,
a very important and most useful fuiuition
rests in the ease with wiiich we can alternate
or interchange the separable halves of this
brood chamber. This interchanging, gives
us larger (piantitius of brood than can ptwsi-
bly be obtained in any otlier practical way.

My its use we can keei) the brood always
close up to the surplus receptacles, and when
the ui»i)er iialf is found to contain consider-
able honey, alternating it to the bottom
causes tlui bees to take the honoy out of it and
place it in the suri)las receptacles, which
gives more room for tlu^ queen, aiui stimu-
liiim her to renewed activity, 'riu* splendid
l)racticability of this urrungenient is that the
manii>ulation can l^e performed so ([(lickly
that n(jt even a robber b(^e, if sucli are about,
can get a tasle; antl sucli nuini|)ulati()n in an
apiary of two or tliree hundred colcmies can
!)e done in so few hours, by twopersi)ns,tiuit
tli<^ job lias no terror foi' the bee-keejier.

t^ufc this is by no means all; betrause the
brood chamber is thus divisble, all ijuei n
cells can be clipped out without removing a
frame; (jueens can be found almost instantly
without renu)ving a frame or exposing any
honey to the most determined rol)ber. So
quickly aiui safely can a case of this brood-
chamber bo divested of its entire force of
bees by revolving niid shaking, in tiui hands,
that we (!an work for extracted lion(*y with-
out exposure to robbers, and with luithing like
tiie laborious work out in the sun to which we
have hitherto ))een subjected; nearly all of the
manipulation can be done in doors. Nor
is this all. It is th(^ first system of brood-
chamber arrangement by which "lixed
frames" that are always solid and in position
can be used; offering to the apinrist the
greatest comfort and safety wh(in shipping
bees or moving them in and out of reposito-
ries, about the yard, or in handling the hivi^s
in various other ways; not sul)jecting the bee-
keeper to the serious ol)jection of slow and
tedious manipulation of the frames, crush-
ing of bees, and other serious loss in franut
adjustment, l)ecause(jf discarding tiu^ lateral
movement of tiie franuw. Non(> of thesii oii-
jections exist, witli tlie arrangement above
doscril)ed. Tlie screw pressure u*ed in hold-
ing the frames in p<)rfect p.wition, aiding in
the reversibility of the cases, is at once the
cheapest aud most pi rftict arranirement for
frame compression y<vt discovered. Tlie
method of adjustment to the i)oltum board,
and the bottom-board to the boltom-stand,
gives the hive nearly every advan1iii.;<> f)f the
tight bottom hive, wiiile it has all tlm iidvan-
tfl^os of tlio loobo bottom oo<*.

This l)rood chamber is particularly adapted
to the break-joint, bee-sjiace honey-board,
wliich I inventinl nearly ten years ago, and
on wiiicli 1 have a patent in combination with
tlu^ hoi'izontally divisible brooil diamber.
The invention consists of iUo bee-space in
its surface, and the arrangement of the slats
and openings bc^tween tliem, so that they
bre.nk joints with the top l)ars and tlie open-
ing between tiitMii in the iirood rianuw below.
I have for several .veai's made tiiese boarils
queen-excluding, by slipping strips of jier-
forated zinc in saw kerfs niaile in the eilgeof
the slats fi)rming tlie general surface,
wiiich arrangement makes a very complete
honey-board.

Any of the surplus storing cases of the
day are perfectly adai>ted to this hive.

DowAoiAO, IVlion.

Dec. IH, I8«8.

Detachable Bottom-Boards; Square Joints;

Wide Hives; Eight L. Frames all the

Year; No Use for Inversion; A Word

in favor of Oil Cloths.

UK. C. 0. MILI.Klt.

"Wr DON'T think it improper to discusa the
W) subject of hives, although I don't sup-
J^ pcjse wt< can ever settle upon a hive that
will suit all. I don't even know just the
hive that would suit me, but I will mention
some things that I liki^ or ilislik<>, premising;
that in a dilVerfiit jilace or with different
plans I might liiic a iJilferent liiv(\ 'I'he sub-
ject is too large to admit of full discussion
in a single paper, so I'll just make a ft^w
sallies upon ditfertwit points without pretend-
ing to any ordisr. As i hav(i out apiarieH, f
must have a hive that will bear transporf.a-
iion well, so I must have the bott()m-i>()ard
fast, but it is so imiioifant, I think, to have
llui bottom dilfercnl: in wint,(<r, that I believe
I should prefer a liottom-board fastened on
with clasps or screws, so that in wintcu'a space
of two inches or so could be under the frames.

1 want sijuare joints, and think it desirable
to iiave hives Iniived at the <v)rners, or better
still, doiible-iialved.

I don't know wlijit width is best. On some
accounts a biood-i^hamlxM' measuring lil'teeu
inches oi' more inside is desirable. KiSjiecial-
ly is this the case in sjyring, when a divisi^in
board can be [iiif in and two colonies can bo
l)Ut in on(( iiive till warmiw wtiatluu- comes,
or till they need more room. I am, however,
growing toward a pi'ofenMicc* for a hive that
will hold eight liangstroth frames, twelve
inches or less in width, and if \ had a few
hives of thatsi/e I think f should try leaving
them full si/,e, HUinmer mid winter; for it is
a ((uestion in in.\' mind whetli(»i', take it all in
all, we gain enoiigii to pay for tlm trouble of
of changing tiie cajjacity of brood-chambers
at any time in t iiti year.

If eight Iranie hiv(>s are used, a single
lioard, strongly cleated at the ends, makes a
good cover. If the hives are much wider I
tliink 1 should prefer tin over the cover, hav-
ing the cover made light and I'm afraid it
would have to t,tO.CBCO()e ou the hive.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Some cheap and couveuient way of fasten-
ing a cover on a hive is a desideratum.
Possibly the old plan used by Mr. Koot —
having the cover hinged on — might answer.

I don't think I want to make any provision
for inversion. I don't know of any special
need for it, except getting frames filled out
and that can Ije done by having foundation
come down to the bottom-bar.

If I could winter bees in a chaff-hive as
successfully as they are wintered in other
localities — at Medina, for instance — I should
use chaff -hives, for the inconvenience entail-
ed by their use would be overbalanced Ijy
avoiding the necessity of bringing them
home every fall.

Returning to bottom-boards: mine i)roject
in front to make the alighting-board, and,
as the grain of the bottom runs cross-wise, I
have been much annoyed by the alighting-
board splitting off. Unless there were some
provision against its splitting, I would not
have it project more than an inch or so.

No bevel-joints for me.

You say, Mr. Editor, "There is no excuse
for raising the cover." Do you mean that
you want nothing between the top-bars of
the brood-frames and the cover? I couldii't
endure it to be obliged to break apart the
brace-combs every time I wanted to open a
hive; so I must have at least a sheet of some
kind between the top-bars and the cover,
having a bee-space between the top-bars and
the cover.

Thoroughly seasond stufif is important,
and I don't know of any yrood better than
pine.

Maeengo. III.,

Dec. 24, 1888.

Trials of Hive Inventors; Size for Hives; Verti-
cal Contraction Preferable; Hive Pro-
tection; Get Away Quilts; A Kick
at the Shake-Out Function.

J. H. MAETIN.

jjHE EDITOR of the Review has, in-
deed, a delicate task upon his hands,
in the discussion of hives, but, if the
writers will follow the liberal ideas lie
has outlined, there will be no animosity
raised, and there may be closer friendships
in the future.

We do not hear so much as formerly about
the "coming hive." And, judging from the
experience of tliose who have lately brought
new hives before the public, there seems to
be written over the door of the hive depart-
ment of the Temple of Apiculture the follow-
ing weird inscription:

BEWARE !
Leave all Feace Behind Who Enter Here.
If the writer of this had the coming hive
completed, he would hesitate long before
hurling it into the arena of contention. A
new hive, whatever its merits, is sure to
awaken the animosity of other hive manu-
facturers. And, in our discussions, if manu-
facturers could discuss tlio question with the

same impartiality that the users do, there
might be some hopes for an early adoption
of more uniformity and the discovery of the
coming hive. The users are, however, the tri-
bunal before which the fate of these various
improvements will, eventually, be decided:
and though the judgement may be delayed,
it is nevertheless sure to come.

Without entering into minute details, let us
see what principles have been most thorough-
ly established.

For the most ecomomical production of
comb, or even extracted honey, a brood
chamber of not far from 1000 cubic inches,
with provisions for enlargement or contrac-
tion, is an accepted, settled principle: as to
the methods of adjustment, the two principal,
lateral and vertical, have their strenuous
advocates. The writer prefers vei'tical be-
cause more simple and the work more rapid-
ly accomplished, and he finds the most enthu-
siastic advocates of lateral adjustment can
go no further than the removal of their clum-
sy, sticky dummies, and then, for surplus,
either comb or extracted, adopt vertical ad-
justment. The vertical principle does not
contract the surplus surface, and allows the
use of the queen-excluding honey-board with
better effect.

After we get above the brood chamber
there is no principle more thoroughly estab-
lished than tiering up. The side storing
relic of the past hns a few advocates, but
they are mostly those who run a few colonies
for comb honey and have time for manifold
manipulation. Their occassional fusilades
do not affect the great army of large pro-
ducers who keep step to the simple tiering
up principle.

Another principle begins to loom up, and
will in the near future occupy more of our
attention; it is migratory bee-keeping, or the
moving of bees a few miles to catch a par-
ticular honey flow. The hive in this case
will play an important part, and must admit
of rapid preparation for shipment. The
closed-end frame admits of this as no other
can. and it seems there is to be a vei itication
of Father Quinby's prediction that a closed-
end frame would be the frame of the future.

In relation to the minor points of bee
hive cojistruction. I prefer rabbeted corners
as being adapted to more firm nailing. I
would not dispense with a loose bottom
board, for with it a rim can be put under the
brood chamber, which I regard as most essen-
tial for safe wintering in any style of hive.
In cellar wintering many object to the carry-
ing in of many colonies. The hive in weight
and construction should be adapted for this
purpose: and the work can be rapidly done.
iV person might reasonably growl over carry-
ing his bees in and out every day. Still, the
labor of carrying in ten colonies of bees eacli
day is no greater than caring for ten cows;
and the latter are ctired for with no thought
of complaint.

The principle that the bees need protec-
tion either from cellar or packing, has also
been most thoroughly established. Chaff,
shavings, sawdust, etc. are largely used for
packing, but the times demand a packing
more conveniently applied, and which will
admit of the easy manipulation of the hive.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The writer of this is experimenting with
hair felting. Tliis material is used exten-
sively for retaining heat in steam pipes, boil-
ers, engines, etc. As everybody knows from
from practical experience, our dumb ani-
mals are securely protected by their extra
growth of hair for winter, and we humans
are made most comfortable with fur gloves,
and caps and hair overcoats. This felting
is manufactured in thickness from one-half
to one inch, and I think a bee hive enveloped
in the inch felting would be as securely pro-
tected as if enclosed in three inches of chaff.

If the bees are wintered in the cellar it is a
question whether this felting would beneht
the colony while in the cellar. I think it
would. But if wintered out of doors, or, to
retain heat after setting out in the spring, it
would be necessary to have an outside case.
This I cheaply supply with a new manufac-
ture of oilcloth, light and flexible and thor-
oughly water-proof. The advantages of
such packing and covering are obvious. It
can be stored compactly, and all litter
avoided. Though now only in an experimen-
tal stage, I hope good results therefrom.

There is another thing we are happy to see,
and that is that the progress of the age is rel-
egating to the waste heap all quilts, rags and
enameled cloth. The two former are breed-
ing and lurking places for ants, bugs and
other vermin. A simple board with bee-
space is more economical in material and
manipulation.

Now, on the next point, I am going to kick.
The shake out principle of a shallow frame
hive is a delusion and a snare. When every
frame is full of honey, and weighing over
thirty pounds, I defy the Editor, or any other
advocate of a shallow frame hive, to shake
out the bees. Mr Editor did you ever do it?
Yea, Mr Editor, did you ever see any one do
it? And, if you did once, do you tliink you
would have any arms left if yoia followed it
all day? Smoke will drive them nearly all
out, but sha,ke never, except in brood cases
and cases of empty comb.

When I see the Review, I hope to receive
much enlightenment upon this hive question,
and am not so bigoted but that I am willing
to receive instructions from its many able
correspondents.

Habtfoed, N. Y.

Dec. 18, 1888.

The Best Hive Wanting— The Heddon Hive—
The Ten-Frame L, Hive a Favorite.

OlilVEB FOSTER.

'^i^ HAVE bees in about ST.'j modified L.
OK) hives, and in about HO of the new Hed-
^^ don hives. I have used some the latter
two years. I have used the L. hives
eleven years; and, during this time, I have
also tried five or six other kinds.

I am like Dr Miller, in that I never saw a
hive that suited me. I am inclined to think
that neither the hive nor the system of man-
agement of the honey producer of the near
future have yet appeared. While it is true

that we already have too many diflEerent
hives, until we get one that is better adapted
to the honey producing specialist than any
we now have, we should do all in our power
to encourage invention in this direction.

Were it not for the expense of the Heddon
hive, and the dilnculty in handling the
frames, we could hardly ask for an improve-
ment while we follow the system for which
it was intended. It is best adapted to those
who produce comb honey exclusively and
do not care to keep up the grade of their
stock; but where a bee-keeper rears all his
queens from his very best, which is very
desirable, he hardly finds it praticable to
"handle hives instead of combs."

Should foul brood break out in an apiary
of 2U0 or 300 of these hives the apiarist would
almost helpless, owing to the extra time it
would take to make thorough examinations.

Making the brood frames shallow and
spacing them at a fixed distance apart is a
move in the right direction; but, in my judge-
ment, the Langstroth method of hanging the
frames in the hive, has never been improved.

The closed ends I find objectionable. If
we shove them together squarely, bees are
crushed between them. If we slide one down
against the side of the other, and there are
protuberances of honey or brace combs, bees
are ground together between the projecting
surfaces. I think the end bars should have
bee spaces between them and some sort of
projections to hold them at the proper dis-
tance apart. I see no reason why the shallow
frames cannot be so made that they can be
as easily handled as the L. frames and yet
retain all their real advantages.

At present I prefer the ten-frame L. hive,
modified as I have it, for all purposes. I
think with the proper managment, as good
results can be secured with less capital and
labor, but the system of management must
be different. I have used with the best of
satisfaction the Doolittle method of expand-
ing the brood nest in the spring so as to keep
all the combs nearly full of brood. I use a
chaflf filled dummy two or three inches thick
and large enough to fit the hive loosely all
around except at the rabbets where the bees
pass. I keep plenty of honey on the outside
of the dummy. By this method a weak col-
ony, which would otherwise perish, may be
saved with profit. When the honey harvest
comes we have the brood just where we want
it, in six to eight combs, with no necessity
for contraction or removal of brood. It is at
this point that economy of time is of greatest
importance.

From this on I follow the plan given by
Dr. Miller in his "Year Among the Bees."

I can see no objection to having the brood
all under one side of the super. There is an
advantage: when work is fairly begun in the
side of the super over the brood, turning the
super half way around accomplishes the
same object as tiering up, starting the famil-
iar impetus much sooner than would be
possible by tiering up.

As for winter i)rotection, whatever is used
should be independent of the hive proper.
We cannot afford to be cumbered with chafif
or sawdust during the busy season. The chaff
dummies, however, are just the thing for

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

gauging the size of the brood nest while the
supers are on.

Mt. Vebnon, Iowa.

Dec. 22, 1888.

Wide Frames in Foil Hives.

H. K. BOAEDMAN.

'r BRIEF review of my experience in
adjusting sections on the hives will
show that I favor wide frames in full
hives. Notwithstanding, you decide
in your editorial introduction that this is not
the best way. And now I am going to pro-
test against your way of pre-judging a sub-
ject. It is not the way to get the fullest ex-
pression from your correspondents. It re-
quires some courage in a modest man (like
myself) to pick up the gauntlet and espouse
a cause that has already been decided. (Lost)
As you say, the two jn-incipal methods of
adjusting sections on the hives are by cases
and by wide frames in hives full. The case
to hold sections was among the first meth-
ods employed by me to secure honey in small
frames or sections. This was before I had
ever seen or heard of securing honey in sec-
tions. I used small frames, nailed. I called
them frames as I had never seen them used
inside of large frames which afterwards gave
them the name of sections. They were of
the same width as the brood-frames, and ad-
justed in a case the size of the top of the
hive. Little did I then think that I was
coming so near future methods that would
compete for precedence. I afterwards used
these sections in the brood frames in full
hives, spacing them % apart, just the same
as they were in the cases. Thus you see I
had the open-side sections. But there being
nothing to hold the frames at a uniform dis-
tance apart, I had some little trouble in get-
ing the combs built uniform in thickness —
separators being unheard of at this time — ;
but, with all the imperfections of this early
method, I am doubtful if I have ever been
able to secure as large yields of honey by
any improvement since. This might be a
suggestion favorable to open-side sections.
Following the use of these sections in full
hives I adopted the wide section in wide
frames, with wooden separators, which has
given me better results, under all circum-
stances, than any other style of surplus fix-
ture that I have tried. But hearing so much
in favor of the cases, and that, too. from
prominent bee-keepers, I was not satisfied
without giving them a trial. Accordingly, I
procured a sufficient number to give the
matter a fair test, and put them to use by
the side of the wide frames. I was some-
what elated by the results of the first year's
experiment; and the next year I procured
more cases, so that I had 800 or 400. My
home-apiary was run almost exclusively with
the cases; while, in my out-apiaries I have,
after a few unsatisfactory attempts with the
cases, used the wide frames almost exclu-
sively. I can easily understand how anyone
who has used either system only could prefer
it; but I am at a loss to know how any prac-

tical apiarist, after giving both methods a
fair trial, could abandon the wide frame sys-
tem in favor of cases; especially in large api-
aries or where out-apiaries are managed by
hired help. The wide frames in full hives,
as I use them, require less attention during
the honey and swarming season than the
cases.

My surplus fixtures, whether in hives or
cases, are all prepared early in the season
and, as far as possible, adjusted upon the
hives at the beginning of the honey season.
And here appears one of the special advanta-
ges of the wide frames: I feel satisfied when
a hive full of sections is adjusted upon each
colony that, except in rare instances, no fur-
ther attention in regard to surplus will be
needed until the end of the season. That is,
unless a colony swarms, when the surplus is
to follow the swarm.

In order to get the benefit of the case sys^
tem — tiering-up as needed and only as fast
as needed — I found the management quite
different. The crop of surplus is frequently
all gathered in a few days; and often the
swarming mania breaks out in perfect mad-
ness at the same time. Now, in order to do
justice by the case system, I found it neces-
sary to make examinations of the surplus
departments almost constantly; and, in an
apiary of 100 colonies, at such a time, the
work and care of properly adjusting the
cases on the hives would keep one man pret-
ty busy most of the time. Of course, the
cases could be piled on all at once without
regard to the prospects, or the progress of
the colonies; but, in so doing, the principal
advantages of the case are defeated. With
the wide frames in full hives, at such a time,
the whole at ention of the bee-keeper can be
given to the swarming; and I have often
found that this alone furnished enough to do
and to think of without watching the prog-
ress of the surplus. So I do not agree with
you that the use of cases better enables the
bee-keeper to manage an apiary during a
regular "honey shower", as you term it, but
the wide frame system does.

There was one important result that I felt
quite confident of securing by the use of the
case; I thought I should be able to have the
sections all finished up more closely, and not
have so many left unfinished at the end of
the season to carry over to the next year.
But in this I have been disappointed, as
much the largest per cent, of unfinished sec-
tions have, each year, been from the cases.
Again, in removing surplus from the colonies
I defy competition with wide frames by hives
full by any style of surplus arrangement
with which I am acquainted.

I have always taken great pains with my
surplus comb honey after it has been remov-
ed to the honey house, giving it all as good
a chance as possible, but the surplus in the
wide frames has always shown a decided ad-
vantage in curing and ripening, in the same
room.

And now I have one more imperfection to
point out in the case and a coriesponding
advantage in the wide frame. You know,
and so does every practical bee-keeper, that
the partly filled sections that are to be car-
ried over to the next season must be extract-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ed and cleaned up by the bees before they
are put away for winter, and the most ar-
dent champion of the case does not pretend
that sections in cases can be extracted as
readily as those in frames. I have changed
sections from the case to the frame and
from the frame back again to the case until
it seemed to me that this alone was quite
enough to suggest a preference for the wide
frame system.

I use wooden separators which are all re-
moved from the frames and cleaned of pro-
polis; as are also the frames, and the sections
that are carried over.

I shall, for the present, adjust my sections
on the hives in wide frames by hives full,
and use wooden separators, until I learn of a
better way.

I think, perhaps, that I would use cases,
but not without separators, if I had only a
small apiary and plenty of time to look after
it; as, under the circumstances, by putting
them on with sufficient caution, not getting
more surplus room than needed; there would
be an economy in surplus fixtures, especially
in short or poor seasons like the last three.

I have no doubt but the kind of hives used,
or the locality, has something to do with the
success or failure of certain methods or fix-
tures; and it is not unlikely that my hive is
better adapted to the methods and fixtures I
prefer than some other hive would be.

East Townsend, Ohio,

Dec. 1, 1888.

While we sympathize most sincerely with
our modest friend, it does not seem advisa-
ble to drop the introductory editorials, or
"leaders." " Leader " is a very appropriate
name, as they lead all the discussions in the
proper direction. To simply announce the
special topic in advance would be insuffi-
cient; as one correspondent would discuss it
from one point, and another from a diiTerent
one, while it is the mission of the Review to
bring together the views of the beat bee-
keepers upon the same points. As we strive
most earnestly to be strictly impartial and
honest in the writing of cur editorials, so we
sincerely desire that all correspondents will
freely express their views, regardless of their
agreement or disagreement with our own.

We are pleased to learn, from so good au-
thority as Mr. Boardman, that no loss results
from giving the bees an abundance of room,
and that from the start. We have never used
wide frames in full hives, but we have been
led to believe that the bees would commence
work first in the lower sections, and that in
completing the upper sections these lower
ones would become travel-stained. If the
honey flow comes with a rush, and is soon
over, it is quite clear that all the sections
will be filled and completed so quickly that
none will be stained. Neither is there any

difficulty in comprehending how tiering-up,
with cases, might result in more unfinished
sections at the end of the season than the
plan of putting on a full hive of sections and
leaving them undisturbed until the end of
the season. These matters must be man-
aged with judgement. All the advantages
claimed by Bro. Boardman for wide frames
in full hives, unless it be that of extracting
unfinished sections at the end of the season,
can be secured with (lases; while they are less
expensive, easier handled, quicker emptied,
better adapted to feeding back, they furnish
the most practical means of tiering up, and,
by putting two together, their capacity is
equal to a full hive.

Moisture; Diarrhoea; Etc.

G. W. DEMABEE.

'HILE reading the November issue
of the Review, I felt inclined to
make some observations on the
above subjects. Referring to the
question of "Moisture;" I believe tliat noth-
ing that possesses life can exist without it.
It is a question then, not of moisture simply,
but of normality as pertains to bees in their
winter confinement. What excess of mois-
ture, above that of normal condition, be-
comes injurious to bees in winter confine-
ment? This seems to me to be the question.
And I think it is safe to say that an excess
of moisture is injurious to bees at all times,
and especially when in winter confinement.
No doubt but temperature may be so regu-
lated as to counteract the bad effects of too
much moisture, but this does not change the
facts. A cellar neither too dry nor too moist,
that is, in a normal condition, must necessa-
rily be best for the health of the bees and
for the convenience of the apiarist; because
such a cellar is more easily managed as per-
tains to temperature etc. But I may refer
more particularly to the effects of excessive
moisture under the heading of:

SO-CALLED DIAREHOeA IN BEES.

Some of our most accurate writers on bees
object to the word "Dysentery" as descrip-
tive of the winter troubles formerly known
by that name. They insist that diarrhoea is
the proper term. So far as my observations
go I do not see how either of these medical
terms can apply accurately to a case of simple
retention on the part of the bees; voluntary
on their part to the extent of their powers,
to avert destruction as a resultant filthy con-
dition of the brood-nest, and wherein, aside
from the deadly eft'ects of the filth, a simple
discharge brings about a permanent cure.
I am not to be understood as saying that
long retention may result in poisoning the
system, but no physician would call such a
condition diarrhoea or dysentery. The re-
tention of the faeces when in confinement is
not a disease, it is natural with bees. Did

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

they not possess the power of retention to a
very high degree, climatic causes would cut
down their limit of operation to a small por-
tion of the earth's si;rface. It is clear, then,
that confinement necessitates retention of
faeces; and must necessarily be at the bottom
of all causes. Still, it is a fact that one col-
ony will hold out much longer than another,
and this proves that a number of causes con-
tribute to aggravate the trouble. When bees
consume pollen from any cause, it helps to
load the ii testines; and, as Messrs. Dadant
say, it helps to make the retention of the
fsBces more difficult.

I know by experience and experimentation
that, aside from confinement, a cold, damp
atmosphere is, perhaps, the greatest cause of
trouble. My experiments of last winter
showed that my cold, damp, vegetable and
fruit cellar would, in the short period of ten
days, bloat the bodies of the bees; and I could
reduce them to their natural size in about six
hours by subjecting them to a high tempera-
ture in my office with no obstruction over
the tops of the frames except a wire cloth
cover. My experiments taught me that bees
may "unload" by exhalation, in which case
they manage all the pollen they may have
consumed. That bees are under the neces-
sity of exercising their powers of retention
under certain conditions, when no pollen is
near them, I know to be true; and this de-
stroys the pollen theory, for its advocates,
those who fully embrace it, assert that pollen
is the one cause. On the, 17 th of last August
I shipped, to an amateur bee-keeper, two ex-
tra fine queens. His P. O. is a fourth class
concern, and the package was dumped into
a drawer and forgotten by the P. M. until I
traced it up at the expiration of 45 days.
The package was returned to me unopened,
and, upon examination, I found that the
bees had consumed every grain of the soft
candy and died apparently of dysentery. (?)
Both cages were bedaubed with the "signs;"
one of them badly. These bees were ca-
ged at the close of our summer drouth
at a time when brood rearing had ceased
and when little pollen was being used. The
worst case of so-called diarrhoea I ever saw
I discovered in a colony that had been fed
on pure syrup late in November. After a
long confinement they came out for a cleans-
ing flight, and many of them came out drag-
ging their bodies, as it were, and voiding,
upon the front of the hive and on the alight-
ing board, a mucilagenous, dirty-looking
fluid, without the yellow stain of pollen.
These cases, and those cited by Mr. Doolittle
and others, are important because they dis-
prove the pollen theory.

Now a few words in reply to my friend,
the editor of the Review. He asks what it
is that the Judge of all the earth has fur-
nished that causes dysentery? Here it would
seem that friend Hutchinson believes that
all suffering and misfortune come through
or by reason of natural law. I have always
thought that suffering and misfortune are
the results or penalty of violated law. Bees
are natives of a warm climate; and, if moved
to a cold climate, with no compensation by
artificial means, they suffer the penalty of
violated law; and the penalty may be dysen-

tery, or death in some other form. Reverse
the matter friend Hutchinson, send your
bees down to Kentucky, supply them with
plenty of natural stores, and if a single col-
ony out of 100, yes, or 1,000, is injured by
dysentery it will be the only one ever known
to perish from that cause in this part of Ken-
tucky. Why the differenc? The answer is
climate.

Chbistianbueg, Kt.,

Dec. 2, 1888.

It would seem that a warm, dry atmos-
phere in a bee repository, by facilitating the
processes of respiration and perspiration,
would lessen the likelihood of the bees' sys-
tems becoming clogged; but when their in-
testines become loaded — packed — with pollen
the bees cannot "sweat it out under their
arms."

While Mr. Demaree is probably correct in
regard to the inaccuracy of the terms em-
ployed to designate the condition that arises
from a long retention by bees of their faeces,
it is doubtful if a more desirable term could
be found; and certain that its adoption could
not be secured. There is one comfort, a
brand new, scientifically accurate cognomen
would not rob this trouble of its terrors.

For years Mr. Demaree has combatted the
pollen theory, pleading for natural stores.
But now, when hard pressed by the force of
stern, logical reasoning, he, in the excite-
ment of defense, inadvertently lets fly a shaft
of truth. He says: "Bees are natives of a
warm climate; and, if moved to a cold cli-
mate, with no compensation by artificial
means, (Italics ours. Ed.) they suffer the
penalty of violated law; and the penalty may
be dysentery or death in some other form."
This is exactly the ground taken by the ad-
vocates of the pollen theory. It is well
known that bees in warm climates do not
suffer from the retention of their faeces, sim-
ply because the frequent flights allow them
to unload the intestines. In higher latitudes,
where they are sometimes conflned for
months and months, their intestines become
loaded to repletion, and disease is the result.
Time and again has it been shown that the
mass filling the intestines is almost wholly
pollen; but the moment it is suggested that
it is the consumption of pollen in confine-
ment that causes dysentery, a few will hold
up their hands in holy horror, exclaiming:
"The Judge of all the earth makes no mis-
takes. In his all-seeing wisdom He has pro-
vided pollen and honey as food for bees, and
bees feed on the food provided for them
without harm."

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The + Bee-Keepers' + Review,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTOHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS:— 50 cents a year in advance, two
copies for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 35 cents each; all to be sent to one
POST OFFICE. In clubs to different post offices,
KOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FLINT, MICHIGAN, JANUARY 10, 1889.

OBOWDED OUT.

That is what has happened to several ex-
cellent articles. The review that we hoped
to begin, in this number, of Mr. Jones' se-
ries of articles on " Practical Bee-Keeping,"
will have to wait until next month. This
subject of bee-hives is a large one, as, with
all the space that has been given to its dis-
cussion, but little more has been done than
the shedding of sufficient light to enable us
to see in which direction the apicultural
hive-finger is pointing. But that is some-
thing.

SECTION SUPEBS AT THE MICHIGAN STATE
CONVENTION.

Section cases were well represented at the
last Michigan State Bee-Keepers' Meeting.
There was the side-opening case of Frank A.
Eaton. H. D. Cutting exhibited his side-
opening case. There was a case from Dr.
Tinker. W. D. Soper showed a T. super in
which the wood separators were about % inch
thick. This places the sections so far apart
that they may be of the same width all the
way round. Our friend Cobb of Grand
Rapids was present with his case which may
be adjusted to any size, inverted by the case
or by the single frame, or the outside rows
changed to the inside.

VENTILATION — COST OF QUEENS — CONTEACTION
— THE POLLEN THEOBY.

We have again to thank Bro. Hill of the
Guide for his interest in the Review and its
topics of discussion.

First, friend Barnum, of N. Y., sums up,
in a very fair and sprightly manner, the
views of our correspondents upon "Ventila-
tion." Then the editor remarks that, as the
result of theorizing, bee-keepers went too far
a few years ago in the matter of ventilation —
gave too much — and now there has come a

re-action, and there is danger of their going
too far in the opposite direction. We agree
with Bro. Hill in thinking that too much ven-
tilation was given in the past, but differ in
thinking that the views expressed in the
October Review are the result of a re-action.
They are conclusions resulting from actual
practice, instead of from theorizing, and, as
such, will stand the test of time.

The editor of the Guide objects to our sug-
gestions in regard to preventing the accumu-
lation of pollen in the brood-nest in the fall.
He says queens cost so much that we can't
afiford to have no old ones; and that contrac-
tion of the brood-nest is an objectionable
feature. Queens are not so very expensive
when reared in the home-apiary and fertil-
ized in the colonies of which they are to be-
come sovereigns. Some of our best bee-
keepers advocate keeping only young queens,
and this upon other grounds than the one
under discussion. ''Contraction" is a debat-
able subject, but, as we expect to make it
the special topic of an early number of the
Review, we will postpone all discussion
upon this point until then.

Mr. Hill also has a few words to say about
the "Pollen Theory;" but he does neither it
nor its author justice when he intimates that
Mr. Heddon's bees, fed on sugar, died of
dysentery. Mr. Heddon lost sugar-fed bees,
in an old cellar, from cold ; but there were
no signs of dysentery whatevei:

mistakes in bee-keeping.
It is pleasant to tell of success. Mistakes
are mentioned with reluctance. Yet, these
acts may be of equal value for imparting in-
formation. Mr. J. M. Smith, of Wis., is noted
as a horticulturist. The crops of berries and
cabbages that he raises are something won-
derful. His contributions to the press are val-
uable; but we never read one containing more
information than the one in which he recoun-
ted the mistakes of his horticialtural life.
We can easily imagine with what pleasure
and profit we could read similar "confes-
sions" from our most successful apiarists.
We believe that our readers are of the same
mind, and we request that each bee-keeper
who reads this will look back over his api-
cultural life, re-calling the mistakes, and if
any are found, the publication of which
would lead others to avoid them, let him send
us an account of the matter, and we will
gather together these accounts, and publish

10

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

them in the Feb. Review; tho special topic
of which is to be: "Mistakes in Boe-Keeping."
Remember this: the class of mistakes we wish
to describe are those that are now being made,
or likely to be made: a pabljcation of the
mistakes of a dozen years ago, mistakes that
have long since been corrected, would be of
little value. Should there be any in our
ranks who have made no mistakes them-
selves, they may be able to point out the
mistakes of their less fortunate brothers,and
such accounts will be equally welcome. As
a commencement, we will say that om- great-
est mistake has been in keeping too few bees.
The next in order is that of rearing
queens instead of devoting our whole ener-
gies to the production of comb honey. In our
locality there is more money in honey than
in queens, and we have known it for some
time, but there is a fascination about queen-
rearing that we have not yet been able to re-
sist— may never be able to. We believe that
many bee-keepers are now making the mis-
take of not keeping enough bees. We say,
keep as many as it is profitable to keep: us-
ing such hives, fixtures and appliances as
will allow the apiary to be jnanaged with the
least labor. There is another mistake made
by many bee-keepers, that of judging by
results alone. As that excellent bee-keeper,
Mr. R. L. Taylor, said, in the April Review,
"The greatest actual results do not prove the
method of management by which they were
produced to be the best. Time, and labor,
and thought, and care, and material, and
capital, are all money, so the greatest results
numerically may be obtained at a loss, while
the least apparent result may yield a profit."

the OHAEACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HIVE.

Before saying one word in the way of sum-
ming up on the hive question, we wish to
call attention to the fair, honest and gentle-
manly way in which this discussion has been
carried on ; not only in our paper, but in the
Apicidturist. If bee-hives can be discussed
so harmoniously, we need not hesitate for
fear of unpleasant strife, to take up any
topic.

While there will probably always be users
and advocates of large hives, of chaflf hives,
and of hanging frames, it is evident that the
present tendency is toward shallow, fixed
frames ; small brood-nests : and a system of
management that requires but little if any

frame manipulation. With such hives the
bees must be wintered in the cellar or the
winter protection be such that it can be re-
moved in the summer. Such hives allow
the principle of tiering up to be carried to
its highest perfection ; contraction of the
brood-nest is equally perfect, the top of the
brood-apartment always being the same
size ; in short, such hives allow of " short
cuts," of a sort of wholesale management
that an attempt to follow with other hives
brings in a whole lot of loose pieces and an
endless amount of manipulation. It is
pleasing to notice the unanimity with which
beveled corners, telescopic joints, cloths and
quilts, and fast bottom boards are being
discarded. We wish to notice in detail a few
of the points mentioned by our correspon-
dents. Mr. Foster objects to the Heddon
hive because it is more difficult to remove
and introduce queens. W^e have never used
a hive in which this can be accomplished
more readily, and are at a loss to understand
how Bro. Foster arrived at such a conclusion.
Next he objects to it because of the difficul-
ties attending examinations for foul brood.
Admitting this to be true, what would our
friend think if a hive were recommended
upon the ground that : " It was an awful good
hive to manage foul brood in." We would
suggest that Dr. Miller make his bottom
boards with the grain running in the oppo-
site direction. A cleat across the front end
will prevent warping. The Doctor also says
that he would have something between the
brood frames and the cover. He can't en-
dure to break the brace combs every time
he opens a hive. As a general thing, our
honey boards are left on the year round,
when, of course, there is no trouble in re-
moving the cover. Whenever it is necessary
to open the brood-nest, and this is seldom,
then the honey-board must be removed ; and
its removal is essentially the same thing as
removing a cover when no honey-board or
quilt is used. We insert the blade of a
pocket knife under each edge and give it a
little twist to break the propolis, then the
honey-board is given a little twist to break
the brace combs, and off it comes. We
don't know how our friend, the Doctor, re-
moves quilts, but whenever we have witness-
ed the operation it is something as follows :
Turn up one corner of the quilt, blow in a
little smoke, turn it back a little farther,
blow in a little more smoke, set down the
smoker, strike a beut-over-straddled-out-atT

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

11

titnde, then carefully, slowly, gingerly, peel
off the quilt : every snap, and sputter, and
tear, of the propolis and brace combs, as they
give way, jarring and irritating the bees-
why, we could take off three honey-boards
to one quilt, and with less irritation to the
bees. Perhaps our genial friend can do
better with quilts than we can ; we think he
could, because we have never used them —
seeing others use them satisfied us. J. H.
Martin makes a few inquiries about the
"shake-out"' function. No, Bro. Martin,
we do not walk up to a hive, grasp a super
and proceed to shake out its inmates without
first driving down most of them with smoke.
We then ahake out nearly all that remain :
in short, a super of honey for the extractor
is freed from bees in exactly the same man-
ner as we perform the same act with a case
of sections.

We have still on hand several articles upon
" Bee-Hives," some of which may appear in
the Feb. Review ; in the meantime, if there
are any who feel that the subject has not
been exhausted, or that it has not been
fairly handled, let them remember that the
columns of the Review are always open to
any amount of logical reasoning; and let
us all remember that the general purpose
cow, the general purpose horse, the general
purpose sheep, the general purpose fowl, the
general purpose bee, the general purpose
hive, the general purpose anything can never
successfully compete with the special pur-
pose article.

eXT-RKOTEO.

"According to Nature."— Advantages of
Shallow Frames. — Specialization.

Y A STRA.NGE coincidence the editor
of the Reviev,' and the Ajjicultuvist
both hit upon "Bee Hives" as a special
topic for their .January issues. This number
of the A23iciilturist is most excellent, and
contains several articles that we would be
glad to copy entire, but some short extracts
from a few of them is all our space will
allow.

"'Modern apiculture has been called un-
natural. That is not the way to put it. By
a seemiiifj violation of Nature, man actually
turns her to his advantage. He flattens the
brood nest. Then the bees, to retain the
natural form, fill the frames to the top bar.

With tlie upper surface of the brood-cluster
thus enlarged and pushed up to the top bar,
the bees will enter the supers more readily.
Bees work best nearest the cluster, and the
only way to get rid of the honey they will
store in the upper part of the frames, is to
flatten the brood-nest. As a rule, this arbi-
trary shaping of the brood-nest will not in-
terfere with brood production. If the queen
cannot do as she would like, she will do the
next best thing — go into the farthest verge
of the hive if necessary. In cold weather
bees draw up into a compact cluster, which
six inches of depth accommodates. . . .
. . Six years of experience has taught
me that 1^2 inches space per frame is too
much. An inch in thickness for each comb
and a bare bee space between them is right
if we wish the combs filled with brood to the
top bars." — Geo. F. Rabbins.

" I began bee keeping with frames 18
inches deep ; have gradually cut them down
to iy%. In doing so I have met numerous
advantages and no very serious disadvan-
tages. I think I have gone far enough, but

do not care to go back I like

these shallow hives with frames at fixed dis-
tances, because by their use nearly all the
operations of the apiary may be carried on
without handling frames and withoat the
use of superfluous fixtures. They can be
carried, hauled or shipped from place to
place without any fear that the frames will
slide together, killing bees and queen, or
producing crooked combs. They give that
control over the size of the hive and the dis-
position of the stores that in other hives is
only to be gained by the use of a multitude
of appliances and the expenditure of much
more time. No doubt some forms of such
hives have been somewhat overpraised and
advantages claimed that are not completely
borne out in practice, but the principle is a
valuable one and the shallow, fixed frame
hive has come to stay In win-
tering outdoors in these hives I use a rough
outer box about eight inches larger each way
than the hive, and pack with leaves. So
prepared they have wintered bees even better
than deeper hives under the same conditions.
A great deal of paper and ink have been
wasted in the effort to prove that bees ought
to winter better in deep hives, but theory is
one thing and fact another. My experience
has been that bees v/intered better in Sim-
plicity frames than they did in deeper ones ;
and now actual comparison, side by side,
shows that they winter still better in a shal-
low frame Our business is not

what it once was. In years of plenty we are
met by a host of competitors that, ten years

aco did not exist The only

chance for the specialist is in greater special-
ization. He must have his methods so sim-
plified, so systemized, and his appliances so
adapted to their purposes that he can do a
larger business than now and yet neglect
nothing. The use of the shallow hive, with
frames at fixed distances is, I think, a long
step in this direction."— J«;/it^.s' .-1. Green.

M. A. Kelley argues for closed end, stand-
ing frames. Z. T. Hawk says that specialists
are a bar to the adoption of a "standard"

12

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

hive or frame. The L. frame is the next
thing to a standard, but a large and growing
number of apiarists believe that a frame of
some other size and construction best an-
swers their special needs. He is one of this
number, preferring standing frames 7 inches
deep and 16'^^ long, used in a case. J. E.
Pond stands up for the L. frame in a double
walled hive. G. H. Larrabee uses and likes
the L. frame and chaif hive, but some of the
reasons given in favor of the chaff hives are
not very weighty. Eugene Secor says that,
all things considered, the eight frame L.
hive is the hive for him. J. M. Hambaugh
prefers large hives. The bees swarm less,
and he gets more honey. G. W. Demaree
explains the beauty of the tiering up system,
with shallow supers. Dr. C. C. Miller favors
the eight-frame L. hive. R. L. Taylor de-
scribes the "New Heddon Hive" and its
method of management, in substantially
the same manner as he does in this issue of
the Review, but, mind you, he doesn't call
it the Heddon hive, he mentions it as the
sectional hive. Considering that this hive
has been written about, and described, and
re-described, yes, and alpiost quarreled over,
for the last two or three years, it is a trifle
amusing, to say the least, to read the fol-
lowing from the editorial pen : —

" Mr. Taylor's opinion of what constitutes
the best hive differs very much (?) from the
other ten whose views are found in the list.
If I understand the principle and construc-
tion of the hive as described by Mr. Taylor,
it does not seem to me that it would do for
general use. However, we must credit Mr.
Taylor uiith iJresenfing soynefhing new (f) in
bee-hives.'" Italics and '?'s ours.— Ed.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

Wc manufacture Bee-Ket pers' sup-
plies of all kinds, best quality at
Wowest prices. Hives, MxtionR,
Foundation, Extraoiors, Sninkcrs,
Crates. Veils. Keerttr.s. Clover
Seeds, Buckwheat, etc. Im-
k ported Italian Queens.
Queens and Bees. Sample
Copy of our Ben .li.urnal,
"The Western Bce-Keoper,»
I and latent Catalogue mailed
' Free to Bee-Kcepers. Address
JOSEPH NYSEWANOER,
1»ES MOINES, IOWA-

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as follows:

On 10 linos nnd upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent.;G
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, S times, 10 per cent.;e
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 80 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; 6
times, 30 per cent.; 9 times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

Eaton's Improued Section Case.

Latest and best. Bees and
Queens. Send for free price
list. Address,
FRANK A. EATON,

Bluffton, Ohio.

Plenae mention the Review.

The Queen Breeders'

JOURNAL.

£, i, PRATT, Pub, Marlboro, Mass.

A 16 page Monthly devoted to Queen Rearing.
Price 50 cts. a year. Send your name on a postal
and receive a sample copy of this bright, new,
journal. Address, The Q. B. Journal.

1/5 Main St. Marlboro, Mass.

New Price List for 1889 is now ready. Send for

it before buying elsewhere.

l-S9-4t W. D. SOPER, Box 1473, Jackson, Mich .

Salesmen 'Wanted

Salary and Expenses Paid,

OR

Liitoeral Oonaniissions.

Outfit free. Permanent positions guaranteed.
Experience unnecessary. Special advantages to
local men who devote a part of their time.
L. P. THURSTON & CO.,

EMPIRE NURSERIES,

Rochester, N.

the Retiiciu.

Y.

The Canadian Bee Journal.

FIEST $ WEEKLY IN THE WORLD!

Just now we wish to increase our subscription
list bv doubling it, hence, we make a special of-
fer. For every yearly subscription received we
will send free, by return mail, books relating to
bee-keeping, to the value of $1.00. They are as
follows: "Queens and how to Introduce them;
"Bee Homes and how to Build them-" "Wintering
and Preperations therefor;" "Bee-Keepers Dic-
tionary;" '.'Foul Brood, its Cause and Cure; and
Rev W. F. Clarke's "Bird's Eye View of Bee-
Keeping." Samples of the C. B. J free.

American currency or stamps, also postal not^es
and money orders taken at par.

THE D. A. JONES CO., Ltd.,
7^8-tf. Beeton, Ont., Canada.

Sections & Foundation.

Cheaper than ever. Our beautiful sections
Only ^3. OO r»©r 1 ,000.

Dealers will do well to get our prices. JAPAN-
ESE BUCZWHEAT, ALSIEE CLOVES, Etc, Send for
Price List and Samples. M. H. HUNT,
l-89-6t (Near Detroit.) Bell Branch, Mich.

Phase mention the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

13

Heddon's Hive.

If you wish for a hive adapted to the most
profitable production of honey on a large
scale, use the "New Heddon." It is being en-
dorsed and adopted by the leading bee-keepers
of this country. If you wish to learn how to
secure the greatest ainoui't of honey with the
least expenditure of capital and labor; also to
become convinced of the important part that
the hii-c occupies in tlie problem, read Mr.
Heddon's new book:

Success in Bee-Culture.

Price Tifty Cents.
Circulars free.

Address JAMES HEDDON,

Doxvagiac, Mich.

Leahy's + Foundation,

- WIIOLKSALE AND KETAIL—

My Poundatiou is reoommpuded b.v lutndreds
of Bee-Kpepers, as liaving no equal. It is kept
for sale by .J. Jordine, Ashland, Neb.; MoeLler
Manufacturing- Co., Davenport, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Sod, Cole Brook, Oliio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton. Ohio; J. Callam & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. I will take one lb. Sections in ex-
chancre for tliin Foimdation on reasonable terms.
8(»'cial pri'-es to dealers. Sf^nd for Catalogue of
other supplies. R. B. LEAHY «& CO.,

1-S9tf Higginsviile, .>Io., IJox 11.

Please rrention the fieuieui

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS, eTg7

We make the best bee-hives, shipping-crati s,
sections, etc., in the world; and sell them the
cheapest. Wo are offering our choicest, white
•II4X4I4 sections, in lots of 500, at $3.50 per 1,000.
Parties wanting 3,000, or more, write foi special
prices. No. 2 sections, $2.00 per 1,000. Cata-
logues free, but sent only when ordered.

G. B. LEWIS, & CO.. Watertown, Wis.

Please mention the Reolew,

40 CENTS A YEAR FOR THE

Taiiadian Honey Producer,

Published by E. L. GOOLD k CO , Brantford, Can,
It will give you all ttie Canadii»n Apricultural
news, also Bee-Koeping news from IJritain,
France and (ierniany. Articles of value from
prominent bee-keepers. Samples free.

l-88-tf. Please mention the Review.

htenl Flat-Bottom Comli Founiation.

High Side Walls, 1 to 14 square feet
to the ground. Wholesale and Re-
tail. Circulars and Samples free.
J. VAN DEIT.SEN & SONS,
(SOLE MANUFACTURERS),

SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

Ple.tse mention the Review.

Cild Reliable Hmgham Smoker and binguam &
Hetherington Honey ICjiives. They last eight
years, never clog up or go out.

Bing'l'am & ITptherinijtcn vJanapping Eaife.

l^'ctf.

Patented I.: .,y £0, 18T9.

Send card for free circular, descriptive of the
•t^t and cheapest tools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

Abronia, Michigan.

Please mention the Rcuieiii

1-8S tf

Stoughton, Wis., ' Dec, 15, 1888.

American apicultuhist, Wenham, Mass., • i- * 41 "At,x"

1 hereby renew my subscription to the API.
I cannot afford to do without it. It is more til\n up with the timks. That single article of Dr.
Tinker's, in the December issue, is worth, at least, $5.00 to me. i. W. U\nij.

THE AMEEICAN APICTILTURIST IS SENT FOE 75 CENTS A YEAR.
One of Alley's drone and queen-traps sent, by mail,to each subscriber for 35 cents: regular price 65ct8.

I-B9'tf Please mention the Keoi\iw.

14

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Home-^PJ^adc,

I^00T-I=>0\?VEI^ ,

BUZZ-SAI.

Since coming to Flint, where buzz-saws run by
power are near by, we have 6o little use for our
foot-power buzz-saw that we have decided to sell
it. This machine is one that we made ourselves
five or six years ago. It is of good size, and sub-
stantial, and could be run with power if desira-
ble. The frame is of oak; the saw mandrel of steel,
one inch in diameter and ten in length; the saws
eight inches in diameter. Besides the regular saws
there is a thick one just right for making the
openings in queen-excluding honey-boards; also
a thin one for cutting the grooves for tlie zinc in
the edges of the slats of the wocd-zine honey-
boards. There is an arrangement for cutting mi-
ters of different angles; also one for holding up
the end of a long Ijoard while cutting pieces from
the opposite end. The treadle comes up behind
the operator, whicli makes the work of treading
far easier; the motion being more like that of
walking. If necessary, in heavy work, two men
can tread at the same time.

As this m^achine has been used only in making
our own hives, it is, in reality, just as good as
new; and is well worth $40.00; but, as we now
have so little use for it, we offer it for ;g25.00,
which we consider a bargain.

This saw was illustrated and descriljed a few
years ago in Gleanings; and anyone who tliinks of
purchasing will l)e furnished, upon application,
with the numbers of Gleanings containing the
description.

Addl-ess. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Michigan.

~ BTArBUBNETT,
Commission Merchant,

161 South Water St. Chicago.
Fruit, Vegetables, Butter, Eggs, Poultry,
Game, Wool, Seeds, Honey, Etc.

Refer to Editor REVIEW, to North Westsin National Bnnh
Chicago, or to any Commercial Agencij.

Please mention the Revisw.

OOBB'S

Divisible, Intercltangeable, Reversible

(Patented Dec. 20, 1887.)

M descriptive circular and price-list,
Address THOS. M, COBB, Patentee,
Box 194, Grand Rapids, Mich.

(One sample case sent for fifty cents.)

THE BEE-KEEPERS' ADYAKCE

— AND—

Ponltrymen'S Journal.

To induce you to become farniliar with our pa-
per we make the following: offer. To every per-
son who is interestcfd in Bees and Poultry, that
sends us $1.00, we will mail Scribner's Lumber
and Log Book, lliO pages, well bound, price 35 cts.;
(!^has. A. Green's ^ Books, under one cover, price
80 cts.; Foster's Book: "How to Produce Comb
Honey.", price 5 cts.; Hilton's Book: "How I Pro-
duce Comb Honey.", price ."5 cts.; also a marker
for marking fowls or chicks, price 15 cts.; togeth-
er with "'the advance" one year. Send for sam-
ple copy of "THE advance" to

J. B. MASON & SONS,

Mechanic Falls, Maine.

Offers supplies as cheap as the cheapest; yet, I
can save you from

3.10 TO SIO.OO

on every order. Send a bill of what you need
and get my discounts. All goods shipped direct
from Boot's factory. References: Bank of Ma-
zeppa; Ed. Gleanings. A. F. BRIGHT,

Mazeppa, Minn.

P. S. Bees, Queens and Brown Leghorns very

cheap. Circular free. 1-89-tt

The peculiar process by which we make

0.ne^Piece Sections

Secures the most satisfactory results. The accuracy of work-
manship and the very low percentage of loss by

?cakage in iFolding

.Makes them the Wonder of all who use tliem.
Send for prices: and estimates on large lots. Address as in

the cut. i7rtt.w mention the Review^ 1-88 Ct

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

15

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

Can furnish You a Full Line of Bee-Keepers' Suppliea.
HE MANUFACTURES

Popolar Stfb of Hives, Frames, Sectioo- Cases, [tc, [tc,

AND DEALS IK

Foundation, Smokers, Honey Extractors, and all Necessaries for the Apiary.

AOit'ese Plainly

7-88-12t.

Also one of llie Laiiest PRICE LISTS of ttie Season Mallei Free.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box I087.

Please mention the Review.

Comb Foundation. \ Barnes' Foot Power Machinery.

We have a complete out-fit for its iiianufacturee
Our mills all run by steam power, and we have
the very beet facilities for purifyinj; wax We
make it as thin as you want it for sections. We
make a specialty of makinir brood foundation for
square frames, thick at the top with a gradual ta-
per to very thin at the bottom, thus securing the
greatest amount of strength for the (juality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retail, address

A. G. HILL,

C-«8-tf. Kendallvillc, Ind.

Please mention the Reuiew.

!!«i!BEES or HONEY,

we will with pleasure send a sample copj' of the

SEMI-MONTHLY CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, Comb Foun-
dation, Section Honey-Boxes, aU books and jour-
nals, and everj'thing pertaining to Bee Culture.
Nothing Pat<^nted. Simply send your address
plainly written to. A. 1. KOOT,
1-88-tf. Medina, Ohio

Please mention the Reuictv,

[le-page Weekly— $1.00 a Year.]

Cheapest we<__
Sample free.

IS the Oldest. Largest and Cheapest weekly
bee paper In the World. " ' ""

PUBLISHERS>.Vi,,"W
O^-T *. s-:.- West Mftdteou St.. CHICAGO, ILL.

SUPPLIES

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAL,

without steam power, by using: outfits of thesf

Machines, can bid lower, and save

more money from thrir jobs, than

by any other means (or duijigr t hci c

work.' I.AT31ES, SAW-, MOU-

TIKERS, TENOKEIfs, ETC., Sold

on trial. Illustrated I'rioeList Free

W. F. &JOHN BARNES CO.,
No. G8«- Suby St., Uockford, 111.

Bee-Keepers, Look Here!

In order to keep my machinery running du-
ing the doll season, 1 will allow Ten Per Cent. Dio-
eount, until further notice, on Sections, Shipping
Crates, Bee-Feeders, Chaff Hives, Single bee-
Hives, Frames. Etc.

Supply Dealers should get my prices on Sec-
tins. J. 1)/L. iCIN-ZIB
10-88-tf Kochester, Oakland Co., Minh.

Phase mention the Review.

retailT

AND

Wholesale

Wo furnish Kverything: needed in
the Apiary, of practical construction, and at the
lowest price. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address ou a postal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

E. Kretchuier, Coburg, loiva.

2-S8-t.f. Plaase mention the Rciiiew

J^E-KEEPERS'TUIDK

Every Farmer and Bee-Keeper should have it.

FifteentliTliousanSjWMlyEeyM!

MUCH ENLARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is up to d.\te. It is both peaotioal and

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, $1.50. To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by freight, 50 per cent. off.

Address A. J. COOK,
\0,88-tf Agricultural College, Micliigaiu

16

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

DISGOUXyfTS

Will be allowed as usual, during tbe fall and
winter months. Prices quot-ed on application.

Superior WorlmaiistiiD aM Material.

Shall be pleased to make estimates on any lifet of
goods wanted. Correspondence solicited. A full

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

MANUFAOTUllED BY

•W. T. FALCONER, Jamestown, N. Y.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for 1888 of Italian Queens. Bees, Eggs
for hatching from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) Japanese Buckwheat, and two choice
new varieties of Potatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY by getting ray price list be-
fore you purchase.

CHAS. D. DUVALL,
2-88-tf. Spencerville, Mout. Co., Md.

Please nici:t'on the Rmu'ew.

Honey - Extractor,

Square Gl <ss Honey-Jars, Tin Buckets,

Bee-Hives, Honej'-Sections, &c., &c.

Perfection Cold-Blast Smokers.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.

P. 8.— Send 10-cent stamp for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepers. -.i-SS-tf.

ITALIAN QUlENS AND SUPPLIES

FOTl 1888.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BKOWN,
1-88 tf. Augusta, Georgia.

Please mentfon the Reuieiu.

THE ^'^REVIEWr.'''

SPECIAL FEATURES,

One special feature is that of reviewing current
apicultural literature. This is not done in the
usual, st-ereotyj;ed, conventional, platitudinal
manner, but all the bee-journals are read, and
when a valuable idea is found it is seized upon
and made the subject of a short, crisp, terse edi-
torial. Errors and fallacious ideas are treated in
a similar manner. Another feature is that of
making each issue what might be termed a "spe-
cial number." A "leader," or introductory edito-
rial, upon some special topic appears in the num-
ber preceding the one devoted to its discussion.
This gives correspondents a cue to follow in pre-
paring their articles for the coming number. No
pains are sjjared to secure, as correspondents,
IJractical, successful bee-keepers who are able to
write, from experience, articles that are a real
help to honey producers.

Price of the Review, ni) cts. a year. Samples
free. Back numbers can be furnished.

Tbe Proiiuctioii-8f Gomb Honey.

Although this neat little book contains only 45
pages, it furnishes as much practical, valuable in-
formation as is often found in a book of twice its
size. It is "boiled down."

It begins with taking the bees from the cellar
and goes oyer the ground briefly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is off the hives; touching
upon the m.>st iniortant points; and especially
does it teach when, where and how foundation
can be used to the best advantage; when combs
are preferable and when it is more profitable to
allow the bees to build their own combs.

Price of the book, 25 cents.

For 05 cts. We will send the Review one year
and "The Production of Comb Honey." For
$1.00 we will send all the numbers of the Re-
view for the past year (1888), the Review for
this year (1889) and the "The Production of Comb
Honey;"or, for tiie sanu^ amount ($1.00), we will
send the Review for two years from Jan. let,
1889, and "The Production of Comb Honey."

Stamps taken, either U. 8. or Canadian.
Address W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

NEW YORK. FOREIGN ORDERS SOLICITED. NEW JERSEY

EASTERN * DEPOT

(Bees.) FOR {Queens.)

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers,

Exclusive JTanufactiu-or of the

Stanley Automitic Honey-Exlractor.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BAS8W00D SECTIONS

One-Piece, Dovetail, or to nail. Any quan- •
tity, any size. Complete machinery— finest
work. Send for Handsome Hlustrated Cata-
logue, Free.

E. R. NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

f/Hnsr; iiifntkm thu Ra;irw. ■ ■■ ■

MA88.

CONN,

3<0»t/.

VOL. II,

FLIHT, MICMM, FEBRUARY 10, 1889.

NO. 2.

Too Large and Hasty a Venture with Cy-
prians and Foundation as the Result of
Undue Confidence in Our Leaders.

E. M. HAYHUBST.

fjRIEND HUTCHINSON:— If I were
to comply with your request, and re-
count my mistakes as a bee-keeper,
for only the past live' years, yovi would
trouble to find room for my paper,
poor, weak humanity ! How easy it
is for us to look back and see how much
better it would have been to have done thus,
and so, instead of doiny as we did.

Perhaps the greatest mistake I have made
as a bee-keeper has been placing too much
confidence in the judgment of our leading
authorities, and not carefully experimenting
for myself on a small scale tirst, before
adopting their plans or suggestions. The
latter course would have saved me some
severe losses. In fact, I have met with such
great disappointment in this way that I am
likely to go to the other extreme, of being
too incredulous.

As an illustration, take the "Cyprian bee
craze. I bought one of friend Jones' im-
ported queens, and raised a number of fine
queens from her. The first part of the next
season I raised all my drones from these
queens, so that nearly, if not quite all, of my
early queens were mated by pure Cyprian
di"ones. Of these queens I sold over three
hundred Cyprians and about four hundred
Italians, before I discovered, just as swarm-
ing commenced, that the Cyprian bees were
the most vicious and vindictive stingers, in-
stead of the "gentlest btes in tlie world," as
had been stated, in substance, several times,
over Mr. Benton's signature. So, right at
the beginning of my heaviest trade, I had to
stop nearly all shipping, take time to de-
stroy all Cyprian drones, and raise Italians
in their stead ; also throw away hundreds of
jnature Cyprian queen cells, and re-stock
(entirely with Italians. The direct loss to me
was over !S^;>r)().00 in cash, besides contingent
losses amounting probably to nearly as much
more, saying nothing of the disappointment
and inconvenience of my kind patrons, and
the wear and tear of my own temper ( no
small consideration), I tell you I teas in a
"stew " for about six weeks. I cannot think
of that time now without a shiver. Nearly
,all of this loss and vexation might have been

saved if I had been a little more cautious.
It would have been all right to have gotten a
Cyprian queen and tried this variety — my own
interests required this — but I should have
carefully tested them myself before raising
so many for the market. I now have no dei-
sire whatever to invest in any new race Or
strain, preferring to hold to the honest,
steady-^oing Italians.

At a time when wife and I felt as poor as
Job's turkey, and could ill afford the outlay,
I sent to Bro. Root for over 100 lbs. of
foundation. This was at the beginning of
the foundation history. If I remember cor-
rectly, Bro. Root stated that his foundation
was " iwacflij irorkcr size.''^ I did not meas-
ure it, but put the whole lot into brood
frames, and as as rapidly as possible gave
them to the bees. I was surprised to find
that the queens avoided the combs thus
made, not laying an egg in them as long as
they could find any unoccupied natural
comb. I afterwards was greatly disappoint-
ed to find about as many drones as workers
produced in them. By applying the rule, I
discovered that the cells wer( neither worker
nor drone size, but about half way between.
All this big stock of combs was utterly
worthless for the purpose I wanted them,
and had to be melted and re-worked. How
much more sensible it would have been if I
had listened to Bro. Root's oft-repeated ad-
vice to his readers to go slow and experi-
ment, buying only a few pounds of the
foundation and carefully testing it to see if
it were suitable for my purpose. But in re-
calling this bit of experience, I have this
iuiDii'Dse satisfaction: I rather got ahead of
Bro. Root fhnf time. The one lesson settled
me ; but it took him several years to learn
that thirty cells, instead of twenty-six or
twenty-se^'en. to each six inches was the nat-
ural size of worker comb, although I tried
hard to convince him at the time.

By these and many minor crazy specula-
tions, I am learning that it is best for me
to observe the rule so often suggested by
most of our best writers, namely, to demon-
strate by careful experiment whether the
ways given by them are suited to my ways
and circumstances, before adopting them
extensively.

By the way, where would we, the rank and
file, be, were it not for the noble band of
leaders, such as Langstroth, Root, Miller,
Cook and others, who have so fully and al-
most gratuitously given us the benefit of

18

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

their costly experience. Without their help
I would never have made a success of bee-
keeping.

As I look at it now, it is a mistake for us
to set our bees out of the cellar early in the
day. For this reason : When they are taken
suddenly, after a louy confinement in the
dark, cool cellar, into the warm, dazzling
sunshine, they become so eager to get out of
their hives, that they only slightly mark the
location ; and sometimes they will congre-
gate in great numbers in a few hives, thus
greatly weakening other colonies. One sea-
son I had a number of colonies nearly ruin-
ed in this way. Last spring I carried the
bees out in the evening. That night the
weather turned cool and they did not have a
chance to fly for several days. But when
they did, they started out gradually and in a
natural way, carefully marking their loca-
tions : and I never had my bees in better
shape than they were then.

Kansas City, Mo. Jan. 1.'), 1889.

Bee-Keeping no Bonanza — Reserve Funds
Needed — Proposed Legislation Not
Understood— Plans That Fail-
Poor Queens.

DB. C. O. MILLEB.

lEIEND HUTCHINSON: — Yours of
Jan. 7 received. Your selection of
" Mistakes " for Feb. Review is an ex-
cellent one, and your selection of me
to occupy that number and fill it with mis-
takes does credit to your judgement. In case
the matter I send is found more than the
February number will hold, you can add
extra pages or run it over into Marcli.

I made the mistake of supposing that I
could make more money than I have done at
raising honey.

I made the mistake of supposing that a
year of poor yield in honey would bring up
prices where they were a few years ago,
when I could readily get 22 cents or more
for all the honey I could put on the market.

I made the mistake of supposing that a
man with a fair knowledge of bee-keeping
and with enough ahead to carry him through
one year, could safely give up all other bus-
iness and depend entirely upon his bees for
a living. An entire failure for the past two
years, and a partial failure for the two years
preceding, show that it would be less of a
mistake to consider it necessary to have
three years living ahead before giving up
other business.

I made the mistake of supposing that the
proposition of a measure intended for the
benefit of bee-keepers and the public at
large, would meet the general approbation
of bee-keepers. I think flwy made the mis-
take of supposing that the measure was in-
tended to be selfish, unfair and restrictive,
and they in their liberality wanted nothing
to hinder any one and everyone from enter-
ing the ranks of bee-keepers.

After seeing how anxious they were that
every one should be a bee-keeper, I made
he mistake of suppofing that they would be

prompt in coming forward to the defense of
any one in danger of being driven out of the
ranks, but out of the thousands of bee-
keepers only a few hundreds are willing to
pay the small sum of one dollar each for the
protection of their brethren, as shown by
the reports of the Bee-Keepers' Union.

Several times I have studied out plans that
I thought would work well with bees, and
had such confidence in them that I did not
wait to test them on a small scale, but put
them in use on a large scale, and the plans
didn't work out among the bees just as they
did in my head, and I lost by it. It was a
mistake not to try it first on a few hives, in-
stead of on a hundred.

I have made the mistake of raising some
very poor queens by giving the bees no un-
sealed brood whatever, except some just
hatched, or eggs alone, and then supposing
they could not raise queens from anything
but very young larvte. As a matter of fact,
they are very likely in such a case to raise
some queens from larvse entirely too old.
First they start some that are all right from
part of the young larvte, and the remainder
of the young larvte are continued as workers.
In two or three days more they take a notion
to start some more queen cells, and they
may take that notion every day as long as
they have anything unsealed. The remedy
is to destroy all unsealed larvie after 24 or
48 hours that have not already been started
as queens — at least, that's one way of
remedying it.

The idea that I could easily fill up a whole
number with mistakes must have been a
mistake.

Maeengo, III.

Jan. 10, 1889.

Too Few Bees— Overstocking— Treating Foul

Brood — Too Large Hives — Planting for

Honey — Editorial Errors.

jas. a. green.

jHE familiar adage of Josh Billings,
that " Eggsperieiice is a good skule,
but the tuishion is purty hi," shows the
estimate tlie world has always placed
on this way of ac(iuiring knowledge. It is
not the successful experience that is expen-
sive, but the mistakes.

True, there are excei)tioiis. ■ Often an ap-
parent success is prowni by its results a
costly failure. But the lessons that sink
deepest into the mind are those of defeat.

^\e may, if we will, leani almost as much
from the experience of <jlhers as from our
own. and at much less cost. This is a larac-
tical age, and it is one of its special bless-
ings that in almost any branch of industry
we may so easily and cheaply learn from
the experience of others what would cost us
so much more to acquire from our own. So
the topic chosen for discussion is a good one,
and I trust will prove profitable.

With the editor, I am ready to confess
that I have been making a great mistake in
not keeping enough bees. With the appli-
ances we now have one man can profitably
care for a great many more bees than I
would have admitted five years ago. In the

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

19

present condition of our business it is im-
peratively necessary for those of us who
make our living solely by bee-keepiny to in-
crease m some way the net profit, if we
would receive an adequate return.

To my mind, the only feasible way of
doing this is by increasing the amount of
business done. I have been aware for
several years that I was not keeping bees
enough, but with foul brood menacing me
at every step, cutting down my numbers and
making my work doubly arduous in almost
every direction, there was little incentive to
add to what might have to be destroyed. I
am happy to say that I am now through with
the pest, no signs of it having appeared the
past season.

Right here I made a serious mistake in
following the advice of those who taught
that the disease could be cured simply by
medical treatment. Costly experience taught
ine that safety lies only in the destruction or
complete disinfection of hives, combs and
honey.

Another mistake I have been making is
that of keeping too many bees in one place.
This decision is foiced uiron me against my
will and contrary to experiments I once
tuought conclusive. Seasons and localities
differ, but I now think that, taking the
average of seasons, my locality will not
profitably support over seventy-five colonies,
and I may find a less number more profit-
able. By this I do not mean that this num-
ber will exhaust my field; but simply that I
will get enough more honey to pay for divid-
ing any greater number into two apiaries.

I have at various times met with loss from
not having enough material made up ahead.
As the fate of the battle may depend on the
reserves, so the presence or lack of material
ready for immediate u^e, may mean to the
bee-keeper all the difference between success
and comparative failure. Believing that
bees will draw out foundation much quicker
and better when it is freshly made than after
it has been exposed to the air, even for only
a few weeks, I have always tried to have my
foundation made and placed in the boxes as
short a time as possible before I expected it
to be used. While I still think the fresh
foundation much sui)erior, I do not think
the advantage suflicient to pay for the worry
and chance of loss incurred by being obliged
to make foundation and put it inio tli3 sec-
tions just before or during a honey flow.

In years past I am sure I lost a great deal
of honey by using too large hives. These
large hives, it is true, would sometimes show
very large results when the colony had a
prolific queen and did not swarm ; but
smaller colonies, or those newly hived, would
show but small results compared with what
might have been secured by proper con-
traction. On the other hand, I tiiink I have
lost heavily by improper contriction. In
this locality we generally have a honey flow
in September. Frequently this U the best of
the season. To prepare for this, queens
should be given ample room as soon as the
early yield is over, and every effort made to
build colonies up as strong as possible for
the fall harvest. Because of this fall yield,
too, I think I have done wrong in trying to

prevent swarming as much as I have. Per-
haps this was all right with the hives I once
used, but with hives properly contracted at
the right time, a honey flow of this char-
acter can be most profitably managed by al-
lowing a moderate increase.

An error into which I never fell to any
great extent is that of planting for honey.
At one time I furnished neighboring farmers
with seed buckwheat free. I soon found
though that buckwheat and heartsease
bloomed at the same time. Whenever these
little patches of buckwheat yielded honey,
so did the hundreds of acres of heartsease
that cost me nothing. Moreover, the hearts-
ease honey was so far superior to that from
buckwheat, that I was not long in deciding
that I would much rather not have any buck-
wheat planted near my bees.

When the Chapman honey plant was
brought before the public, I lent myself
anew to the delusion of planting for honey,
sufficiently to try it on a small scale, but un-
less it turns out better the coming season
than I expect, I will never bother with it
again.

These are some of the most important
mistakes I have made recently in bee-keep-
ing. I trust their recital may be of value to
others in enabling them to avoid these or
similar errors.

Addenda— If the Editor please. As to
what I consider the mistakes of others —
such, for instance, as doing away with
foundation in the brood-chamber, publish-
ing favorable reports on feeding back, arti-
ficial comb, &c. — perhaps I had better keep
still or I n>ight get myself into trouble.

Dayton, III. .Jan. 18. 1889.

Nearly 3,000 copies of our little book on
"The Production of Comb Honey" have
been sold; and we have yet to learn of a per-
son who has failed when /a(Yft/')r?Z(/ following
its teachings in regard to the non-use of full
sheets of foundation in the brood-nest when
hiving swarms. Friend Green, you will do
us all a kindness by giving the details of
your failure. If you have also failed in
"feeding back," tell us about that, too.
About artificial comb, see editorial columns.

Bee-Keeping a Real Business — Too Few

Bees — Complicated Fixtures — Figuring

Profits— Following Nature — Too

Limited Experiments.

JAMES HEDDON.

fT SEEMS as though the genii must aid
you, friend Hutchinson, in selecting
those subjects for discussion which will
prove of the most value to the practical
bee-keeper. This one, " Mistakes in Bee-
keeping," cannot be excelled, from that
point of view. But about tlie first thing you
do in your introduction is to steal all of our
best thunder before we begin. But you say
you don't want us to deal so much with the
mistakes of the past as with those of the

20

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

present. Now, have not you forgotten that
the mistakes of the past with us old special-
ists are the mistakes of the present, and per-
haps of the future, with some of yoiir
readers '? But this will do for the overture,
and we will commence with what we believe
to be the crowning mistake among bee-
keepers, namely, that of looking upon the
business as a kind of royal road to wealth :
or, at least, a good living, with little labor,
and, some believe, little "brains, after they
have once "caught on" to a few secrets.
Honey production will be successful only
with those who are wide-awake, both mental-
ly and physically, and are best adapted to
the pursuit.

Second : Keeping too few bees has really
been quite a great error in the past, and will
undoubtedly prove a great mistake with
many in the future, if we ever have a good
honey year and good prices.

Third : A terrible mistake is in adopting
methods and implements which reijuire
much time and care in manipulation. Tlie
successful honey producer, in the future,
will be found among those who use hives
and lesser implements which can be success-
fully manipulated instantly.

Fourth : Another common error, and I
believe I was the first one to point it out,
some ten or twelve years ago, is in comput-
ing income from a hive or colony, or from
the number of pounds of honey and price
per pound. More th;>n a dozen years ago,
in a convention at Kalamazoo, I delivered
nearly these words: "Now that I have
found a field well stocked with honey re-
sources, and with no other apiarist with
which to divide these sources, how can I,
with the least capital and labor, secure from
this field the greatest amount of surplus
honey, in the nicest marketable shape?"
That is the question, and all other proposi-
tions not relating directly thereto are mis-
takes.

Fifth : A most common error is endeav-
oring lo adapt hives to bees, to such an ex-
tent as to almost totally ignore the adaptabil-
ity of the hive to the bee-keeper. Some of
the laws governing the instincts of bees we
must not violate. But scores of supposed
necessities to these instincts ai'e just as well
violated, so far as the bees are concerned,
and ever so much better so far as the bee-
master is interested.

Sixth : ( )ne of the grossest and most ex-
pensive mistakes made by bee-keepers is in
taking for the basis of their reasonings the
idea that they must follow nature in order to
procure the best results from bees. If
nature showed a high degree of intelligence,
and with that intelligence a s])ecial desire to
create honey for the grocery store, the mat-
ter would be different : but as we know that
certain violations of nature's laws, as we call
them, have changed the little South Ameri-
can root into the fine Peachblow potato, the
little bush hens into our elegant Plymouth
Rocks and Cochins, the wild pony into the
standard bred horses of to-day, and so I
might go on through the vegetable and ani-
mal world, so we shall never have the best
success until we learn just where we can ad-
vantageously, to a certain extent, cross

nature's methods : transplanting them with
those of man's intelligence (which, by the
way, is also a part of nature), and bring
about the splendid results with bee-keeping
which has been brought about with other
lines of animal and vegetable life.

Seventh : Another fatal mistake and one
common with beginners in bee culture, at all
times, is jumping at a conclusion that they
can very readily make a great improvement
UTion some invention or device of older and
more experienced bee-keepers. Well do I
remember how myself and others went right
at it to improve the Langstroth hive, and the
first five or six alterations I made damaged
the hive every time. Not until I had been a
specialist ten or twelve years, and had made
all of these mistakes, was I able to make
even a slight improvement. Every bee-
keeper should always be looking for im-
provements, but his modesty and good sense
should teach him not to expect to find tliem
until he knows considerable about the busi-
ness, and when he thinks he has it. experi-."
ment very carefully, and rei)eat the experi-
ments, before he flashes his new conceits
upon the world. »^

Eighth : Egregious mistakes have been
made, and erroneous conclusions arrived at,
through experimenting on too small a scale.
There are certain kinds of experiments
which will demonstrate truths just as well
upon a small, as upon a large scale : while
there are others that nothing but a large
scale and repetition of experiments will con-
vey any definite knowledge to the experi-
menter.

Now, Mr. Editor, I have written about just
a few mistakes, but T know that others will
write about many that I have omitted, and
no doubt to better eft'ect than I could do,
therefore I will close with what I have given
above, hoping and believing that I shall re-
ceive more than I can give upon this subject.

DowAOiAO, Mich.

Jan. 10, 1889.

" Too Many Irons." — Lack of System. — One-
Piece vs. Four-Piece Sections.

OLIVER FOSTER.

^I^ERHAPS the greatest mistakes I am

ij*^ making are in getting "too many

,^^ irons in the fire,'" iii not using more

forethought on my work, and in not

being more systematic and methodical.

Where one has several branches of business
in connection with bee-keeping, the demand
for system is increased, while the difficulties
in bringing it about are multiplied.

Those who make an exclusive specialty of
comb honey, or of extracted honey, or of
queen rearing, or bees by the lb. or supplies,
can be very systematic about their work,
especially if they settle down on some meth-
od and do not try to improve it. But those
who, like myself, combine all these branches
and are constantly exiierimenting on all
lines and changing plans, often find the most
carefully planned system demoralized.

My aim is toward a general i)lan that may
be constantly amended without destroying
its symmetry.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

n

With a view to settling the question raised
in the Dec. Review as to the comparative
strength of one-piece and four-piece sections,
I asked for and received samples of the four-
piece sections as used by the editor of this
paper.

They are beautiful white poplar sections,
the best I have seen. I think I venture
nothing in saying that better four-piece,
dovetailed sections cannot be made.

I concede that they are a little nicer look-
ing than the basswood. but the fact that the
honey does not look as white in them, offsets,
to my mind, this advantage.

To test the strength, I hung the two sam-
ples of dovetailed sections over a horizontal-
ly projecting ei.d of a 2x:* inch strip of wood
and proceeded to hang weights from the
centre of the bottom bar. They each pulled
apart at 12 lbs. weight.

I then took three of my basswood one-
piece sections (not selected), from a box
where they had been made up and drying all
summer. I nailed the one dovetailed corner
Land hung on weights as before — the weights
being nails dropped into a pail which was
suspended from the bottom bar of the sec-
tions by a hook.

One V groove corner gave away at 22 lbs.
The other two sections supported a weight
of 41 lbs. each, when the bottom bars broke
in the middle.

What this has to do with "mistakes" I
leave the reader to decide.

Mt. Veenon, Iowa, -Jan. 20, 1889.

Friend Foster suppose that, instead of
hanging up a section on a peg and seeing
how heavy a weight it will sustain, we try
and see how far we can press it " out of
square " without breaking it. Don't you see
that such tests as these are of little value ?
The proof of the pudding is jn the eating ;
so the proper test of a section box is its
legitimate use in the apiary, the honey-room,
and the market.

Non-Specialty.— Too Great Haste for Increase.
— Too Much or Too Little Manipulation.

E. L. TAVLOE.

fHE SUB.JECT you have chosen for the
February Review is a very interesting
one, and no doubt the discussion of it
will prove very profitable. Lack of
time prevents my taking such part in it as I
would desire.

The point you make, that of keeping too
few bees, is a good one : but you will observe
that it is aimed straight at the non-specialist.
Nevertheless, it seems undeniable that there
is great economy in having as few things as
possible to do and as much of them as can
be managed. The per cent, of cost in doing
a small amount of business in a given line
is, as a general rule, much greater than in
doing a large amount, and very frequently
makes all the difference between success and
failure ; and, moreover, time is not long
enough to do everything, nor to learn every-
thing. He who is strictly a non-specialist is

much of a slave. He has something to do
every week of the year and scarcely gets
time to lift up his head and look around to
see what he is accomplishing and how he is
doing his work. He does not get time to
love and take pride in anything which, like a
quarry-slave, he is driven to do. He does
not work long enough at any one thing to
learn to take delight in it. Everyone has
the largest success as a specialist. Terry is
known the world over because he is a spe-
cialist in the production of that plebian
tuber, called the potato ; the name of Cook
is familiar everywhere because nothing avails
to turn his eye from the one thing — ento-
mology. There may be excuse for having
many irons in the fire for reasons of taste,
but none for reasons of profit.

But this very argument is perhaps likely
to lead to the commission of another mis-
take which is often made by the enthusiastic
and ambitious novice, that of attempting to
increase the number of his colonies too
rapidly. I suppose no other mistake is so
disastrous as is this on account of its fre-
quency and results. To the beginner this is
very tempting ground, and numerous in-
stances have come under my personal ob-
servation where from too much dividing all
have been lost during the succeeding winter,
and the business abandoned in disgust.

The beginning should be small, and practi-
cal knowledge and skill should keep pace
with the increase of colonies.

Mistakes in the matter of manipulation
deserve frequent notice. They are made
both ways : they may be too little or too
much. In my own practice it has been de-'
creasing with each season ; partly from ne-
cessity and partly for economy, and the
question still is. am I not manipulating too
much 'i That is, would it not be more profit-
able to increase the number of my colonies
by fifty per cent and at the same time not
increase the amount of labor bestowed upon
them ?

But, on the other hand, to the novice in
bee-keeping, manipulation is a training-
school, and he makes a fatal mistake when
he concludes that the learning he may get
from books can supply the place of that to
be got from this school. By far the most
practical and useful knowledge is that se-
cured through one's own eyes in actual ex-
periment. The learner must remember that
he is a learner, and that thorough knowledge
is the only guaranty of final success. To
such an one there should be manipulation in
season and out of season. For the present
the object is to ol)tain knowledge, experience,
and a taste for the business, not a money
profit. Either from indolence, fear, or a
pressure of other work, this is a very com-
mon mistake, and herein lies the reason that
the non-specialist must, as a rule, fail in the
business of bee-keeping.

I have only room to confess, in conclusion,
that so late as a year ago I made the mistake
of trying to winter over fifty colonies out of
doors, but the lesson I got prevented a repe-
tition. I must also, in fairness, admit that,
as I now see it, I have not committed any
other serious one for several years.
Lapeee, Mich., Feb. 1, 1889.

22

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Getting Bees Cheaply from the South.

BYKON WALKEB.

(Ol^INCE the last issue of the Review we
"^Sl have passed two days at the hospitable

^"^ home of that enterprising bee-keeper,
Mr. Byron Walker, of Capac, Mich. Our
readers will remember that he is the man
who secures such wonderful yields of fall
honey, but this same honey is death to his
bees ; and in the spring he finds it advisable
to go South and bring home bees by the car-
load : or else send them by express in light
shipping boxes. At our request he furnishes
an aticle on this subject ; and any one who
for any reason wishes to secure a large lot of
bees very cheaply in the spring can do no
better than to profit by the experience of our
friend as given below : —

I will mention some of the most serious
drawbacks that I have had to contend with
in getting bees from the South. First, the
cost of transportation. This is a serious
objection ; at least, where the shipper is
obliged to ship full colonies by express ;
since Southern hives are commonly much
heavier than those of Northern make. The
cost of such shipment often equals the first
cost of the bees. Of course, where light
shipping boxes can be had, or a car-load is
shipped, this item of freight can be cut down
largely. In the one case, however, the cost
of the boxes is in addition to that of the
hives, which are likely to be of no use to the
purchaser.

At this time of the year a difference of
60° in temperature in thirty-six hours of
travel is not uncommon, hence it is obvious
that the ventilation that might be all right
for the colonies at the time of shipment,
may be far too great before they reach their
destination.

The difficulty of securing a large number
of strong colonies on frames of a required
size, and also of getting suitable help at
points desirable for shipment, are other
hindrances that the shipper is likely to meet.
Then, too, there is often quite a variation in
the size of frannes and hives, that are s»p-
2J0SPd to be of one size. A diffei-ence of
half an inch or more in one or more dimen-
sions, is not an unusual thing. I will also
mention the necessity of having help at the
Northern home-yard to care for the bees as
they arrive.

On the other hand, I will notice two im-
portant considerations that strongly favor
the scheme in (piestion. The first of these
is, that strong colonies of bees can be bought
in the South at one-lialf or less what
they would cost in the North : prices ranging
from !|1.()0 to $1.M pei- colony in box hives :
and from !|2.00 to ){;;!.( !(l in frame hives. As
a great many colonies are kept throughout
the South, notably in tlie states of Ai-kansas,
Tennessee, Mississip[)i and North Cai-olina,
and as but few Southern bee-keepers find
their apiaries a source of much pi-ofit, there
is no end to the bees that are offered for sale.

The second consideration arises from the
fact, that for every hundred miles travelled
South in the spring, other things being equal,
there is a gain of from eight to ten days in
the time when fiowers begin to bloom, and
bees to swarm. From twenty-four to thirty-
six hours by rail, will show a gain of from
six to nine weeks in climate. Last spring I
found fruit trees in full bloom the first week
in April, in the latitude of Memphis, and
two months afterward I found them in tlie
same stage of advancement five hundred
miles further north. It is hardly necessary
to point out the use that one shipping bees
from the Soutli can make of this fact.
However, let us suppose that two persons,
desiring to secure two hundred strong colo-
nies, have finally bought one-half that num-
ber at some convenient place for shipment,
where they can eventually take advantage of
this difference in climate. And further, that
they hold excursion tickets good for sixty
days, that the privilege of the location, bee-
house, and fixtures have been secured for
that length of time, and that it is then about
the middle or last of March. With favorable
weather, the very strongest colonies will be
preparing to swarm, and as increase is the
chief object, the management must be such
as to attain that end. The swarming ten-
dency should be encouraged, and a large
number of young laying <iueens secured as
soon as possible : while the upper stories
with combs are to be used in hiving natural
swarms and building n\-> artificial ones.
Where the extra stories and combs, (common
at the South where the L. hive is used), are
not available, frames of wired foundation,
and shipping boxes will have to be substi-
tuted. By this method the exi)ert bee-master
can double the number of colonies in five
weeks or less, besides securing considerable
surplus ; and in the meantime preparations
for shipping can be completed.

Certain poii:ts with regard to buying bees
and preparing them for shipment deserve
attention, as tliey have a bearing on the
hindrances referred to above. The first step
necessary where a man is planning a trip of
this kind, is to make known his wants
through the advertising columns of the bee
journals, at least six weeks before the time
fixed for starting, inviting correspondence
with parties having bees for sale at the
South. In conducting this correspondence
he can't be too particular in having it cover
every essential point that may enter into the
value of the colonies offered for sale, the
sources of honey fiow, the facilities for hand-
ling and preparing for shipment, freight and
express rates, the standing of the party with
whom he is i)roi)Osing to deal: and. (as
strong colonies only will pay for the purpose
wanted), let him insist on knowing liow
many frames of brood well covered with
bees at a certain time, are to be considered a
strong colony. It doesn't pay to travel 500
miles or more from home in pursuit of an
unknown quantity. By this course a toler-
ably correct oi)inion may be formed of the
inducements offered shipjiers in different
localities. Having decided on a shipping
point, and arranged for excursion tickets, it
remains to secure a supply of wire-cloth,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

smokers, and wire-nails of all sizes from one
inch upwards.

Now. if the shipper aims to secure an early
flow at tlie North from fruit or other bloom,
but little attention can be paid to obtaining
either honey or increase at the South, but
preparations for shipping must be pushed to
completion before the flow from poplar and
the gums render it impracticable. In this
case, the risk of sliipping by car lot is much
less than it would be after this flow. A
stock car is commonly used in shipping bees,
but for early shii)nient I think a box car
with doors at the ends as well as sides pref-
erable, as it affords protection from the
cold, sure to be present at night, and likely
to be met by day toward the northern part of
the route. Such a car is also protection
against the showers of cinders that come
with an unfavorable wind. Of course, in
loading, the combs must run parallel with
the track, and it is very desirable that a
space be left the whole length of the car
rather wider than the width of a hive : then
by having the second tier of hives rest on
racks built clear of the tier below, it is pos-
sible to handle any colony that may need at-
tention, and sprinkle them all when desired,
by means of a fountain pump.

If the apiarist prefers to ship by express in
small lots, he should endeavor to buy at
enough lower prices to nearly cover the ex-
pense of hives, and ship in cages prepared
for the purpose. If these are made of thin
Cottonwood, a timber plentiful in most parts
of the South, they need not weigh over five
or six lbs. complete, and yet be plenty
strong enough to cor tain a poiiulous colony
with all its brood, and stores enough to
last for a week. The cost of material for
these, including wire-cloth +or top and one
side, is about 18c., while the saving in express
charges is about .50 per cent. If the shipper
were to begin shipping in lots of ten, at the
end of the first month, and average five
shipments a week, allowing one week for the
return of cages, there would be time enough
if fifty cages were used, to ship 200 colonies
within the limit of a sixty days ticket ; but
it would be well to have an extra ten for use
in emergency. The cages should be two
inches deeper than the frames to be shipped,
and part of one side, as deep as the frame,
should be cleated and hinged as an aid to
rapid handling at each end of the route.
Where two or more persons are engaged in
shipping in such cages, one can go north
with the first lot, pave the way for the rest,
and care for all on their ai-rival. Printed
cards tacked to these cages requesting that
the bees be sprinkled with water during the
heat of each day, and that the wire-cloth
sides of cages be turned against each other
in case of cool weather, might serve a good
purpose.

Whatever plan of shipping is adopted,
where natural stores are used, too much
pains can't be used to provide each colony
with pure water. This can be supplied in
combs. At least two should be given a col-
ony. Care should also be taken that all
combs are properly fastened to the
frames to which they belong, as well as
frames to their proper places. As a number

of queens are likely to be lost in shipping, it
is important that a suijply of extra ones be
kept constantly on hand.

In case the shipper has a good many weak
colonies to build up in the home yard, or a
(piantity of combs to cover, a great saving in
the first cost of bees, and also in cost of
shij)ment, can be made by buying a lot of
bees in box hives, shipping the natural
swarms in cages, driving such coloiues as
fail to cast swarms, and taking all the bees
left in the hives, as soon as the worker brood
is all hatched, and shipping all in cages.

In conclusion. I will venture to estimate
the cost of 2(K) colonies delivered at some
point 500 miles north of the shipping point,
ten days before clover bloom, where secured
by the plan given above : First cost of 1(X)
colonies, $800: freight by car lot, $70:
railroad fare of two men, $'>0 ; board of
same twelve weeks, |8o : wire-cloth, nails,
and cartage, *2.") : lumber and sundries, $20 :
total, $.oi'50. They would cost at the North
$1,0.')0. Besides the surplus, this would
leave $500 as the wages of two men for two
months.

Capac, Mich., Feb. 2, 1889.

A Light Shallow Hive for Summer Only.

OHALON FOWLS.

l^^pjHE CAPITAL invested in my apiary
(^VP ^'^ l'ii"gely in the brood combs. I have
J^ more than one thousand fine brood
combs built on foundation in Simplic-
ity wired frames. I must therefore use hives
that will take tliese combs as far as they go.
I have chaff and Simplicity hives, but for
convenience in raising comb honey I use the
old style Heddon hive and case.

While I have practiced contraction for some
years, and do yet with moderate sized
swarms, I find that reversing the combs
gives the most important result of contrac-
tion: viz., forcing the brood right up to the
top of the frames. This may be done on the
first day of the honey flow, and the sections
will be entered promptly at the beginning of
the season.

For new swarms I use a hive that I have
tested during two seasons, and like very
much. It takes eight frames ■i''-^ inches
deep, made without bottom bars. In short,
it is a Heddon case without the divisions.
( )f course, a queen-excluding honey-board is
used.

I don't winter bees in these "flats."
When the season is over I shake the queen
and part of the bees into a hive having the
regiilar sized frames supplied with stores. I
then clap on a lioney-board, then on top of
that set the flat hive containing the rest of
the bees, where it is left until all the brood
hatches, when the "flats" are gathered up
and put away to put new swarms in the next
season.

Of course, where no increase is desired, it
is an easy matter to unite with the old stock
that has the young queen and stores.

To those who iirefer a light, summer hive
for new swarms, this hive has the following
points in its favor: Cheapness, best method
of contraction, and two of the small frames

24

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

will exactly fill an L. frame, in which shape
they may be used for raising extracted
honey, while the little hives are just right to
hold packing on top of a Heddon hive.

Obeblin, Ohio, Dec. 29, 1888.

Very well, Bro. F. and now let us have
your objections to keeping the bees the year
round in these "fiats" as you call them, thus
cutting down labor and expense, besides
gaining various other advantages. Also,
why not raise extracted honey in them by
tiering up, instead of putting two in an L,
frame?

Wanted, a Super for Open-Side Sections.

J. F. m'iNTYRE.

^3IINCE the December Review came to
<^^ hand, I have been doing some hai-d

j^^/ thinking, trying to decide what kind of
a case to use for liolding open-side sec-
tions without separators. I was quite taken
with Oliver Foster's excellent article, and
concluded not to decide until I had seen his
pamphlet, "How to Kaise Comb Honey." I
sent for it, and have studied it thoroughly,
and to his case I find three objections. First,
the absence of a bee-space ; second, the
necessity of applying the " clamp " to pre-
vent the sections from falling out when re-
moving supers : third, it is patented.

I will describe a case I have decided upon,
and would like your ci'iticism. It is a plain
box, without top or bottom, the size of the
top of the hive, and bee-space deeper than
the height of the sections. Next, there are
two pieces of tin % of an inch wider than
the height of the sections and as long as the
inside width of the case. These pieces of
tin go inside the case against the ends, the
upper edges of the tins being turned back }-2
inch over the end pieces of the case, and
tacked fast. The lower edges of the tins are
turned up at right angles, J^ of an inch, to
form a support for the sections. These tins
are not fastened at the bottom, and are ex-
pected to spring out sufficiently to press the
sections snugly togetlier. The other sup-
ports are U instead of T tins, turned with
their open sides down, and resting upon
wire staples driven into the sides of the case
% of an inch above the bottom. This leaves
the bee-space below the sections, which may
be a slight objection.

FiLLMOBE, Califobnia, Jan. 14, 1889.

We are obliged to plead guilty to some
very careless reading; for, until our Califor-
nia friend called our attention to the matter,
we had supposed that Oliver Foster used
cases having a bee-space. Fiiend Foster
occupies a warm corner in our heart, but
candor compels us to say that we believe
that t]u' case must have a bee-space, and that
at the top. If our Iowa friend wishes to
make any defense, his reply will find a wel-
come in the Review. We are sorry to see

the Foster case condemned because it is pat-
ented. We expect to see the day when bee-
keepers will never think of bringing such an
objection against an implement. A patent
neither injures nor improves an article.
Excuse us Bi-o. Mclntyre, but, to us, it looks
like selfishness to condemn an article be-
cause it is patented.

And now for a little criticism of the case
proposed by our far away f liend of the Pacif-
ic coast. We look upon the tins at the ends as
a useless expense and complication. We
think the sections can be brought close
enough together without them. Next, we
have a perfect horror of loose pieces about
hives and supers. Were we using the T super
we would have the T tins nailed fast; and, of
course, we would have the U tins in this case
securely fastened in some manner. Our
next objection is, that the bee-space is at the
bottom instead of the top. To raise honey
in cases, by tiering-up, there must be a
honey-board. To give this board rigidity
and strength there must be a thick rim
around the outside. This furnishes a bee-
space: hence, the bee-space in the cases
must be at the fop. Again, when the bee-
space is at the to]), there can be no better
cover than a simple, plain board; while if
the bee-space is at the bottom there must be
the added complication of a bee-space in the
cover. The place for the bee-space is in the
honey-board, and not in the cover, and this
means cases with the bee-space at the top.

T/(<' case for holding open-side sections is
yet to be invented. We must admit that, at
present, we know of nothing better for this
purpose than wide frames.

One-Piece Sections — Using Up Basswood
Timber— A Reply to Dr. Tinker,

S. PATTEESON.

"^^I^R. TINKER makes a strong appeal
TrrCl* ^° bee-keepers not to use one-piece
^ij^ sections, using as an argument that it
destroys the basswood bee pasturage.
It is true that the manufacture of one-piece
sections uses up some basswood, but not
one-tenth of the amount of that used for
other purposes. Parties having basswood
are going to sell it, and it may as well be
used for sections as for other purposes.
The Dr. refers to Mr. Boardman, of East
Townsend, as one who realizes the loss of
the basswood as a honey producer. Be
that as it may, Mr. Boardman continues to
use the one-piece sections, and will, no
doubt, continue to do so in preference to
going back to that nearly obsolete make-
shift— the four-piece section.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

25

The Dr. says :

"But the one-piece section is always a
frail affair, and it is next to impossible to
make them true. On the contrary, the four-
piece, if properly made, is much the strong-
er, and it is easily made perfectly true, both
in size and width. Again, unless the former
are securely clamped in tlie super, they will
speedily assume a diamond shape and be-
come both unsightly and difficult to crate."

Now, if I admire one thing more than an-
other in Dr. Tinker, it is liis nerve in mak-
ing the assertion contained in the foregoing
quotation — one so contradictory to what the
majority of bee-keepers know from their
own experience to be true. Probably nine-
tenths of the sections used are one-piece.
Will the Dr. explain why so much stupidity
in a class of men that are admitted to be
progressive ':*

Beklin Heights, Ohio. Dec. 31, 1888.

The p Bee-Keepers' + Keview,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS : — riO cents a year in advance, two
copies for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 35 cents each; all to be sent to one
POST OFFICE. In clubs to different post offices,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FLINT, MICHIGAN, FEBRUARY 10, 1889.

TAE ADVANCE.

The Bei'-KcepevH' Advance has shed its
bright, yellow cover, and gathered itself to-
gether until it is about the same size as the
Review, except that it has twice as many
pages. It is printed from new type: has a
cut of its editor: also a full-page, illustrated
title page. ( )h yes, and it is now stitched and
trimmed. Taken all in all, it is decidedly
an "Advance."

Since the above was written, a private let-
ter from Bro. Mason informs us that he has
bought the Bee-Keepers' Magazine, and will
consolidate it with the Advance. We offer
our most sincere congratulations.

SAVE the BASSWOODS,

After there was more matter in type than
could possibly find room in this issue, there
came to hand quite a long article from Mr.
H. R. Boardman, in which he pleads most
earnestly and eloquently for the preservation
of the basswoods. Had this timber been used
only for making one-piece sections the case
would not be so serious, but its use for this
purpose was followed by the making of

frames, cases, crates, etc., etc.; and its use
by bee-keepers seemed to make known its
value for other purposes, and a wholesale
destruction has followed. He looks upon the
cutting off of the basswoods as the killing of
the goose that lays the golden egg, and as one
of the greatest mistakes of which bee-keep-
ers have been guilty.

HONOH TO WHOM HONOE IS DUE.

Different periodicals, notably those devo-
ted to rural pursuits, have, at different times,
gotten out "special numbers;" that is, some
one number is principally occupied with
the discussion of some special topic. Mr.
Alley, of the Ajjiculturist, is inclined to
blame the Review for having made a
specialty of "special numbers" without hav-
ing given hitn credit for the idea. We think
that Mr. Alley was the fiist apiciiltui-al ed-
itor to get out a "special number;" and the
Review most cheerfully accords to him
whatever honor there may be due for such
action; but when asked to give him credit
for having been the first to originate the
"special number" idea, the Review says
Nay; and that most emphatically.

THE AMENDE HONOKABLE.

I have much admired the fairness and
kind spirit of the Review, and would be no
true friend did I not raise my voice against
the first departure. I can but think that
friend Heddon made a mistake in closing
his article in the December number with
such an unkind thrust at Doolittle, even if it
were true: and I think W. Z. H. made a mis-
take in admitting it, thus breaking his envi-
able record. Dr. C. C. Miller.

The foregoing came on a postal, and its
perusal caused pain; but it was the pain of
the surgeon's knife cutting away an exci'es-
seiice, and we hereby acknowledge our grat-
itude to the Doctor. When reading over the
"copy," those uncomplimentary references
regarding Mr. Doolittle and his methods
were marked out. Afterwards they were re-
considered; and, finally, they were reluc-
tantly admitted upon the ground that they
were used as arguments to show how unde-
sirable were the views and methods of Mr.
Doolittle. But courtesy ought to have exclu-
ded them; and, by the way, any man ought
to be honored for standing by his convic-
tions, even though opposed by the whole
world. Mr. Heddon is the editor of a polit-
ical i)aper, and he wrote that article just

2o

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

after the heat, worry and excitement of a
presidential campaign; and when he came to
read it over afterwards, as we sat around
the stove at the liotel in Jackson, the next
morning after the Michigan State bee-keep-
ers' convention, lie said: "Did I say that
about DoolittleV" The reply was: "You
certainly did: and it came pretty near being
thrown out." "Well," said he, "That's a
little too rough, isn't it?" Bro. Doolittle,
we beg your pardon.

MR. WEED AND HIS ARTIFICIAL COMB.

In answer to an inpuiry asking why sam-
ples of comb had not been sent, no stamps
returned, and no explanations made to those
who had sent postage for specimens of the
artificial comb, Mr. Weed replies as follows:
Detroit, Mich., Feb. 5, 1889.

Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson: —

Dear Sir, I have
just returned home and read your letter.

I admit that letters of explanation ought
to have been sent to those sending stamps,
but it was simply a neglect, amid a great
press of other business. I hnd that, during
my absence, machinery .has been completed
that is, I believe, absolutely perfect: and, by
working late to night, I hope to send you
some of the product on the morning train.

As for Newman's "dig" at the Review, I
should like a few lines of space in the next
Review for a reply.

If you can spare a day, after we get to
running smoothly, I will pay the expenses of
a trip to Detroit, so that, in some future
issue of the Review, you can describe the
working of the machine.

Yours Truly, E. B. Weed.

Friend Weed, if you will send samples of
comb, with proper explanations, to those
who have sent stamps, we think no further
explanation or defense will be needed. The
proper reply to' Bro. Newman is a piece of
perfect comb large enough to be of practi-
cal use. This is the one unanswerable argu-
ment with which to meet all opposition.

large hives.
It is impossible to notice, let alone pub-
lishing, all the articles on hives that have
been received. A. L. Leach, of D wight. 111.,
very kindly sends an account of his experi-
ence with hives of different sizes. His pref-
erence is a large hive; and the reasons are
that the bees swarm less and more honey is
secured. That bees swarm less in large
hives we are ever ready to admit, and that

more honey ^jp»' colony is often secured no
one doubts; but that a large hive, one with a
large brood-nest the year round, is the one
with which to secure the "greatest amount
of honey with the least expenditure of capi-
tal and labor" is not believed by many of
our most practical, dollar and cent bee-keep-
ers. The only advantage we can see in
large hives is their tendency to prevent
swarming: but, unless this tendency is suffi-
ciently great to practically prevent swarm-
ing, little is gained. If there is sufficient
swai'ming to require constant watching by
some one, there may as well be many swarms
as few. A slight, yes, one-half, decrease in
the number of swarms would not comijensate
for the disadvantages of large hives.

WHICH are the best BEES ?

This seems like an old, hackneyed subject,
long since worn thread-bare : but from the
many postals that come to this office bearing
the above query, it is evident that it may be
profitably discussed. As, in the discussion
upon bee-hives, it was necessary, before de-
ciding upon the merits of a hive, to know
for what purpose it was intended, so a dis-
cussion in regard to the merits of the differ-
ent varieties of bees will be of little value
unless the locality and the results desired
are considered. The Syrians are great
breeders. So long as there is a droi) of
honey in the combs they rear brood. In
climates blessed with winter's frosts and
snows this is an undesirable trait ; but in
sunny Cuba, where the honey flow comes in
the season corresponding with our winter,
this very characteristic proves of value in
securing populous colonies at the beginning
of the harvest. We believe it was A. W. Os-
born who thus reported. The Syrians also
till the cells so full of honey, and cap it so
poorly, that it gives it a peculiar, dark, watery
appearance. In raising extracted honey this
is not objectionable. The Cyprians have
proved so firey in disposition that they have
been almost universally discarded. The Sy-
rians have something of the same style, only
in a less degree, and, in their purity, are not
needed in our Northern states. A few cling
to them when crossed with some other va-
riety, but we fail to see why, as they have no
good qualities not possessed by the Italians.
The Review circulates chiefiy in the northern
part of the United States, and in Canada ;
so let us try and decide what bee is the best

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

21

for this portion of the country. In our
opinion there are only three varieties worthy
of consideration, viz.: Italian, black and
Carniolan. As yet, the latter is on trial.
It is claimed for it that it possesses all the
good qualities of the black bee with the
added ones of gentleness and ijrolificness ( ? ).
A word right here about prolificness. Ab-
normal, or unusual prolificness is of no
value — it is an objection. Did queens cost
large sums of money, there would be a shade
of sense in desiring prolific queens ; but, to
the practical honey producer, they cost ab-
• solutely nothing ; and by using hives that
are not too large, queens of ordinary pro-
lificness will keep the combs sufficiently
tilled with brood. This is a point upon
which the Italians are unexcelled. During
the spring month"- they push breeding with
wonderful rapidity : but as soon as the honey
harvest begins in earnest, bpeeding is reduced
more than one-half. Now that we are speak-
ing of Italians, it is a significant fact that,
in «(•«;■/;/ all the "crosses" that have been
advocated, the Italians are one of the factors.
They are the standard variety of this country,
and for the production of extracted honey
are probably unexcelled. There seems to be
about them a peculiarly quiet, steady, ener-
getic determination, possessed by no other
variety. When honey is coming in slowly,
and must be sought for far and wide, it is
then that the Italians carry off the palm.
But as producers of comb honey they have
two very disagreeable traits. They are loth
to store honey outside of the brood apart-
ment, and fill the cells too full of honey. A
producer of first class comb honey cannot
afford to ignore the splendid comb building
qualities of the blacks, and the willingness
with which they will work in the supers ;
neitlier can he dispense with the great energy
of the Italians. It is needed to bridge over
the poor seasons. The proper way is to
cross the two varieties ; then by continued
selection retain the good qualities and weed
out the poor ones. It is practical to do this
without any mating of queens in confine-
ment. Simply rear the queens from the best
stocks ; the drones ditto : keeping the drone
comb out of all undesirable colonies, and
giving some of the choice stocks an abund-
ance. This will fill the air with choice
drones, and the chances of a queen's mating
with an undesirable drone will be very slight
indeed. This is the only practical method
of improving our bees. The time has passed

when a man will bring down a shower of
abuse if he advocates the crossing of bees :
in short, our best authorities recommend it.
'• Which are the best bees?" is to be the
special topic of the March Review, and we
should be glad to hear from all who have
had experience in this line, particularly
would we like to hear from those who have
tried the Carniolans.

" PKACTICAL BEE-KEEPING."

As mentioned in the December Review,
Mr. D. A. Jones is writing, and publishing
in the C. B. J., a series of articles on "Prac-
tical Bee-Keeping."

It is seldom that a work of this kind is
above criticism, and the fault we have to
find with this one is that, especially in the
opening chapters, too much space is taken
up in giving well known facts — those found
in nearly every text book. But there might
be more objectionable features than this,
and we shall probably find plenty that is
new.

Like every practical bee-keeper, Mr. .Tones
sees the advantage of learning the business
the same as other kinds of business are
learned — by actual work in a well managed
apiary. He says a student ought not to ex-
pect pay the first year. — He urges the teach-
ing of the elementary principles of apicul-
ture in schools. We believe that our schools
should teach those branches only that are
needed in all the walks of life; and not med-
dle with the bees, hens and pigs. — In men-
tioning the desirable spots for locating the
apiary. Mr. Jones speaks of the orchard.
Mr. Allen Pringle; who is reviewing these
papers, objects on the ground of too much
shade. After ti-ying both shade and open
exposure, he prefers the latter. He says the
bees build up faster in the spring, and work
more hours: that the expense of providing
some cheap shade in very hot weather is tri-
fling compared with the advantages accru-
ing from the sunshiny location. We agree
with Mr. Pringle. — Mr. Jones tells us, and
we know it to be true, that bees may be kept
near a highway without making trouble to
passers-by, if there is some barrier, as a row
of trees or a high fence, between the bees
and the street. In passing over the obstruc-
tions the bees fly so high that they are above
the travellers on the road. It is not neces-
sary that the fence should be absolutely tight.

28

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

because the bees are not inclined to fly
through small openings. When a fence is
not high enough, four-feet lath, nailed six
inches apart to the top of it, with a strip
along the top of them to keep them in place,
will cause the bees to pass over. — ( )ur author
advises using only one style of hive, while
his reviewer ( Mr. Pringle ) argues for the use
of several kinds. The principal reasons
given for having different kinds being *'a
scattering of chances, as it were, in the va-
ried seasons, and in the contingencies of
wintering." This time we are with Mr.
Jones. Give us the best hive there is for our
particular needs, and in the "scattering of
the chances" we will take our chances. —
Mr. Jones says that one of his yards is a sol-
id bed of sand; and he finds that, while it
has its drawbacks in windy weather, the bees
are always ahead of the others in breeding
up in the spring. He attributes this to the
heat being retained by the sand and reflected
upon the hives. — Wind-breaks are desirable,
and all of the apiaries owned by Mr. Jones
are surrounded by board fences eight feet
high. — Many writers have advised beginners
to buy bees in box hives and transfer them
to movable-comb hives. ■ We are glad to see
that Mr. Jones is so sensible as to advise
against such a course. He says the novice
had better buy bees in good movable-comb
hives, and let alone the troublesome job of
transferring until he has attained some
skill, — When writing of black bees Mr. Jones
says: " Some apiarists claim to have a race
of large, brown bees: but these are, I think,
the ordinary bee bred in localities favorably
situated to assist the bee-keeper's eff'orts in
breeding for selected stock." There is cer-
tainly a difference in black bees, and we
have secured this larger, browner strain in
box hives, from the apiary of some old-
fashioned bee-keeper who had made no at-
tempts at selection. — From personal obser-
vation, and otherwise, Mr. .Jones infers that
the bee indigenous to Italy was the black or
brown. He believes that the light-colored
races originally caihe from Palestine and
Syi'ia: that coasting traders in honey and
wax brought them to Italy, where the dark
natives were, to a great extent, crowded out
by the hardy and vigorous Syrians. On the
cessation of this trade, in-and-in bi-eeding
was practiced for hundreds of years, and
this has produced the Italians of to day. —
Mr. Jones looks upon the so-called "Albi-
nos" as merely bright strains of Italians. —

It has been urged as an objection against the
Italians that they do not work so readily in
the supers as do the blacks; but, with our
improved methods, says Mr. Jones, this and
other objections are overcome. — Speaking of
the Syi'ians, he says: "Their former admi-
rers have, in a great measure, become dis-
gusted with them, on account of their ex-
ceedingly irritable disposition. They are
great breeders, the queens being wonder-
fully prolific, but they frequently consume
all their stores in brood rearing." — On the
whole, he does not recommend pure Syrians
or Cyprians as adapted to the northern part
of America. In the South, Texas or Florida,
there may be localities to which they adapt-
ed, but for more northern localities there are
more suitable bees. — As yet, Mr. -Jones has
found no pure race possessing all good qual-
ities with none of the bad. He has tried
crosses of the various races, and is convinced
hybrids give better results than pure races.
He does not consider the Cyprian a desira-
ble bee; but with the Syrio-Italians and the
Syrio-Carniolans he has achieved splendid
results. He cautions us against deciding
that the goal has been reached because a
first cross is of extraordinary value, for it
seldom duplicates itself. — In crossing vari-
eties, he urges that particular attention be
given to securing the best of drones, as the
male has the most influence on the quality
of the progeny. — But few persons, if any,
have had greater experience with the differ-
ent varieties of bees than has Mr. .Jones, and
his views are certainly worthy of attention.

(To be continued.)

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as follows:

On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent.; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.; 6
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; 6
times, 30 per cent.; 9 times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

/|iiiMS'B|BS'iP'''''iWfJ

Eaton's Iniproued Section Case.

Lati'st and best. Bees and
(^iioiMis. Send for free price
list. Address,
FKANK A. EATON,

Bluffton, Ohio.

Please mention the Revie

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

29

BEE KEEPERS BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS, ETC.

2-89-12t.

.slioukl send fur my circu-
lar. It describes tlie best
Hives, tlie best Cases, the
best Feeders anii tlie best
Melliods. Address,

J. M. shUcK,

DJiS MOINES, lO r. .1

Please mention the Reuiew,

New Price Lifst for 1889 is uow ready. Send for

it before bnyinK elsewhere.

l-MUt W. D. SOPER, Box U73, Jackson, Mich.

r/e

tl„' R^u

Leahy's + Foundation,

— WHOLESALE AND KETAIL —

My Foundation is recommended by hundreds
of Bee-Keepers, as havins no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jordine, Asliland, Neb.; Moeller
Manufacturing ("o., Davenport^ Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Son, Cole Brook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. Callani & (^o., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. 1 will take one lb. Sections in ex-
change for thin Foundation f)n reasonalile terms.
Special prices to dealers. Send for Catalosne of
other supplies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

l-!-",) tf WigjjiiisviXle, Mo., Box 11.

P/p

■'-'Hon Hip Reu

VIBGIN QUEENS.

The l)u]k of the traffic in ([ueens, in the near
future, will probably be n virgins. Every per-
son sending tlirect to the office of the

Canadian Bee-Journal

one dollar in advance for one year's sul)sciii tion
(eitlier new or renewal ) will receive a beaulilul,
virgin queen, value sixty cents, as soon as possi-
ble in the season of 1889. Queens will be sent in
rotation, as tlie cash is received. American cur-
rency, stamps, and money orders at par.

THE D. A. JONES CO.,

Beeton, Ont., Canada.

Please mention tlw Review,

fatent rial-Bottom Comb roundation.

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square feet
to the ground. Wholesale and Re-
tail. Circulars and Samples free.
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,
(sole mandfactuhers),
SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

r/e-sv nipnlton the Reuiew.

l-8«-tf.

We make the best bee-hives, shipping-crates,
sections, etc., in the world; and sell tliem the
ch':'apest. We are offering our choicest, wliite
4 1.1X4I4 sections, in lots of .500, at $8.50 per 1,000.
Parties wanting 3,(J00, or more, write foi special
prices. No. 2 sections, $2.00 per 1,000. Cata-
logues free, but sent only when ordered.

G. B. LEWIS, & CO.. Watertown, Wis.

Please mention the Reuiew.

The New Q. B. Journal

^ontalns matter of great importance to all
Bee-keepers. It is neat, witty, brief, and to
the point. Articles from the best writers. Send
for a free sample. 50 cts ayear. Address,

E. L. PRATT, Marlboro, Mass.

40 CENTS A YEAR FOR THE

Canadian Honey Prodncer,

Published by E. L GOOLD & CO , Brantford, Can.
It will give you all the Canadian Apricultural
news, also Bee-Keeping news from Britain,
France and Germany. Articles of value from
prominent bee-keepers. Samples free.

l-88-tf. Please mention the Review.

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog ui) or go out.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Enife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

Send card for free circular, descriptive of the
best ami cheapest tools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

1-88 tf. Abronia, Michigan.

Please mention the Review

Stoughton, Wis., Dec, 15, 1888.
American apicultuhist, Wenham, Mass.,

I hereby renew my subscription to the "Api."
I cannot afford to do without it. It is more than vp with the times, that single article of Dr.
Tinker's, in the December issue, is worth, at least, $5.00 to me. T. H. DAHL.

THE AMERICAN APICULTURIST IS SENT FOR 75 CENTS A YEAR.
One of Alley's drone and queen-traps sent, by mail,to each subscriber for 85 cents: regular price 65 cts,

1-89-tf Please mention the Review.

30

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

A. I. HOO^

Offers supplies as cheap as the cheapest; yet, I
can save you from

3.10 TO SIO.OO

on every order. Send a bill of what you need
and get my discounts. All goods shipped direct
from Root's factory. References: Bank of Ma-
zeppa;ED. Gleanings. A. F. BRIGHT,

Mazeppa, Minn.

P. 8. Bees, Queens and Brown Leghorns very

cheap. Circular free. 1-89-tf

•mainHKj atii uotjiiaiu osvfirl

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

We manufacture Bee-Keepers* sup-
plies of all kinds, best quality at
\ lowest prices. Hives, Sections,
Foundatiou, Extractors, Smokers,
Crates, Veils, Feeders. Clover
Seeds. Buckwheat, etc. Im-
■ ported Italian Queens.
Queens and Bees. Sample
Copv of our Bee Journal,
'The Western Bee-Keeper,"
^ atid latent Catalogue mailed
►^ Free to Bee- Keepers. Address
JOSEPH ]SYSEWAM>EK,
1>ES MOLNES, IOWA,

Plea!'

the Reoie

— i

ei

A. T. COOK'S

Siiccial Mroiliictioii Box of M^.

¥1 IK THE

Family harden.

The following is a list of the seeds: Beet, Cab-
bage, Carrot, mixed. Sweet Corii, Celery, mixed.
Cucumber, Garden-Dock, Musk-Melon, Water-
Melon, Parsnip. Pumpkin, Pop Corn, Tomato,
three varieties. Radish, Spinach, Squash, Ruta-
baga, Sunflower, Amaianthus, Agrostemma, Pe-
tunia, Sweet William, Mixed Flowers, over 200 va-
rieties. In all there are 2.') packets, besides "ex-
tras," amounting at regular catalogue rates to
$1.75. We have made arrangements with A T.
COOK, the seedsman, so tliat to every one who
will send us $1 00 we will mail this box of seeds
and the "Advancii." for one year. The seeds alone,
7.5 cts. Address THE ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls, Maine,

Pleas

ntion the Review.

OOBB'S

Divisible, Interchangeable, Reversible

HONBY-CASi:.

For

(Patented Dec. 20, 1887.)
descriptive circular and price-list,
Address TH08. M, COBB, Patentee,
Box 194, Grand Rapids, Mich.

(One sample case sent for fifty cents.)

ri.n<;p i:--ntion the Reuieui.

Sections & Foundation.

Cheaper than ever. Our beautiful sections
Only ^3.00 Fer* 1 ,000.

Dealers will do well to gpt our iirices. JAPAN-
ESE BUCKWHEAT, ALSIKE OLOVEE, Etc, Send for
Price List and Samples. M. H. HUNT,
1 8y-(5t ( Near Detroit. I Bell Branch, Mich.

Please mention tlie Reuiew.

APIARIAN SUPPLIES.

DR. TINKER

Offers for l-^i^9 a superior line of supplies. His

"Wliite Fopla-r Sections,

and perforated zinc are still in the lead for per-
fect work. His two-rowed zinc strii)s for the
wood-zinc honey-boards are unequaled. His

NONPAREIL BEE-HIVE

represents the la'est improvements, suited to the
best management yet devised. At the Columbus
Centennial it was awarded the

FIRST PREMIUM

over all the leading hives (jf the day. His sec-
tion super for open-side sections, and every part
of liis hive is new. Samples of sections and zinc,
five cents. Price list free.

Address Dr. G. L TINKER,
2-.Sf)-tf New Philadelphia, Ohio.

Ple.ise meiil.^i tiie Review.

The peculiar process by which we make

One-piece Sections

leenres thf most satisfactory results. The accuracy of work-
munship and tlic ver>- low percentage of loss liy

i^cal^agc in F'olding

Makes thrm the Wontler of all who use them.

ir prices; and estimates on large lots. Address as in

Please mention the Review. 1-89 tjt

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

31

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

Can furnish You a Full Line of Bee-Keepers' Supplies.
HE MANUFACTURES

Popular Stfles of Hives, Ffames, Section -Cases, [tc, Etc,

AND DEALS IN

Foundation, Smokers, Honey Extractors, and all Necessaries for the Apiary.

Aa^l'-ess Plainly

7-88 -12t.

Also one of Ihe Largest PRICE LISTS of tlie Season Mailed Free.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box I 087.

Please mention the Review,

Comb Foundation.

We liavp a complpte out-fit for its manufacturee
Our mills all run by steam power, and we liave
the very best facilities for purifying wax We
make it as tliin as you want it for sections. We
make a specialty of makiuK t)rood foundation for
square frames, thick at the tojj with a gradual ta-
per to very thin at tlie Ijottom, thus securing the
greatest amount of strength for the quality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retail, address
A. G. HILL,

Kendallville, Ind.

6^8-tf.

Please mention the Reuiew.

FRlENDS,;,u™;eEES or HONEY

anywayintprestedin"*-^^ I I W H I- I ,

we will with pleasure send a sample copy of the

SEMI-MONTHLY CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, Comb Foun-
dation, Section Honey-Boxes, all books and jour-
nals, and pverytliing pertaining to Bee Culture.
Nothing Patented. Simply send your address
plainly written to. A. 1. liOOT,
1-88-tf. Medina, Ohio

Please mention the fleview.

^^M^U^^^^^^^^

[16-page Weekly— $1.00 a Year.]

S the Oldest. Largest and Cheapest week
bee paper in the World. Sample free.

Hoi/IAS G.Newman^ Son

AJlW*»*,i,.,|llil,^ PUBLISHER S:t:; ., , Tm
923 & 02.'; '^est Madison St., CHICAGO, ILL.

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAU

with out steam power, by using outfits ot thi
Machines, can bid lower, and save
more money from their jobs, than
by any other means for doing- tlieir
«ork. LATHES, SAW>, M«»!{-
TISERS, TENONEKS. ETC., Sold
on trial. Illustrated I'riee-List Free

W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO.,^
No. 0S6- Suhy St., Rockford, 111

Bee-Keepers, Look Here!

In order to keep my machinery running du-
ing the dull season, 1 will allow Ten Per Cent. Bis-
count, until further notice, on Sections, Shipping
Crates, Bee-Feeders, Chaff Hives, Single i ee-
Hives, Frames, Etc.

Supply Dealers should get my prices on Sec-
tins. J. :m:. K:iisr2iE3

lO-88-tf Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich

Please mention the Reuiew.

pec SUPPLIES wllSL

■^ ■— "■ We furnish Everything needed in
the Apiary, of practical constructitm. and at the
lowest price. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a postal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

E, Kretchtner. Cobttry, town.

2-88-tf. Please mention the Review

BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Bee-Keeper should have it.

FitatliTlioimiKlWliollyReml!

MUCH ENLARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is UP to date. It is both practical and

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, $1..')0. To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by freight, 50 per cent. off.

Address A. J. COOK,
lO-88-tf Agricultural College, Michigan,

32

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

DISCOUNTS

Will be allowed as usual, during the fall and
winter months. Prices quoted on application.

Snprior Woiimaiisliii] and Material.

Shall be pleased to make estiinaten on any list of
^oods wanted. Correspondence solicited. A full

line of

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

MANUKACTUHED BY

W. T. FALCONER, Jamestown, N- Y.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for 1888 of Italian Queens, Bees, Eggs
for hatching from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) Ja))anese Hackwheat, and two choice
new varieties of Potatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY by getting my price list be-
fore you purchase.

CHAS. D, DUVALL,
2-88-tf. Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

Please mention the Review.

Honey - Extractor,

Square Gl-ts.s Honey-Jars, Tin Uuokets,

Bee-Hives, Honey-Sections, &c., &c

Perfection Cold- Blast Smokers.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & RON,

Cincinnati, O.

P. S. — Send 10-cent si^amp for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepers.

d-88-tf.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOE- 1888_

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BROWN,
1-88 tf. Augusta, Georgia.

Please mention the Review.

THE "REVIEW."

SPECIAL FEATURES.

One si)('cial feature is that of reviewing current
apicnltm-al literature. Tliis is not done inthe
usual, Mtcreoiyped, conventional, plutitudinal
manner, but all the iDee-journals are read, and
when a valuable idea is found it is seized upon
and made the subject of a short, crisp, terse edi-
torial. Errors and fallacious ideas are treated in
a similar manner. Anotlier feature is that of
rnaking each issue what might be termed a "spe-
cial number." A "leader," or introductory edito-
rial, upon some special topic appears in the num-
ber preceding the one devoted to its discussion.
This gives correspondents a cue to follow in pre-
paring their articles for the coming number. No
pains_ are spared to secure, as correspondents,
practical, successful bee-keepers who are able to
write, from experience, articles that are a real
help to lioney i>roducer8.

Price of the Review, .oO cts. a year. Samples
free. Back numbers can be furnished.

The Production of Comb lioney.

Although tliis neat little liook contains only ih
pages, it furnishes as much practical, valuable in-
formation as isf)ften found in a book of twice its
size. ltis"boileil down."

It begins with raking the bees from the cellar
and goes over the ground briefly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is off the hives; touching
ui)ou the most imortant points; and especially
does it t-each when, where and how foundation
can be used to the best advantage; when combs
are preferable a^iii when it is more i)rofitable to
allow the beqs to build their own combs.

Price of the book, 25 cents.

P'or tl.'i cts. we \\ill send the Review one year
and "The Production of Comb Honey." For
$1.00 we wjll senfl all the numbers of the Re-
view for the past year ilSys), the Review for
this year (1889) and the "The Production of Comb
Honey ;"or. for th(^ same amount (.fl.OO), we will
send tlie Review for two years from .Jan. Ist,
1HS<), and "The Production of Comb Honey."

Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Address W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

NEW YORK. FOREIGN ORDERS SOLICITED. NEW JERSEY

EASTERN ^ DEPOT

(Bees.)

(Queenx.)

MASS.

3'89^tf-

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers.

Exclusive ^Manufacturer of the

Stanley Automatic Honey-E:!tractor.

DADANTS FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BASSWOOD SECTIONS

One-Piece, Dt)vetail, or to nail. Any ((^uan- ':
tity, any size. Complete machinery — finest
work. Send for Handsome Illustrated ( 'ata-
logue. Free.

E. R, NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y

Please mention the Review.

(X)NN.

VOL, 11.

FLINT, MICHIfiM, MARCH 10, If

NO. 3,

Italians Take the Lead in Beauty, Gentle-
ness and Industry.

E. M. HAYHUEST.

f PREFER the Italians on account of
their disposition, good looks and indus-
try. ~ I have yet to be convinced that
docility and beauty are incompatible
with thrift and industry. By Italians, I mean
the highly bred, pure strains which we now
have in this country; not the ordinary im-
ported stock. Where intelligently cultivated,
these strains prove to be extremely beauti-
ful, gentle, and most industrious; the three
qualities most to be desired in bees. They
have other good qualities, but. as I look at it,
these are side issues hardly worth consider-
ing when comparing Italians with other va-
rieties, in which any one of the above are
wanting. Our native blacks, or rather brown
bees, in their purity, are quite docile; but
they lack the beauty and enterprise of the
Italians. I have known cases where strong
colonies of these bees were loafing listlessly
about their hives in a starving condition,
while my Italians were making a fair living.
As far as my experience goes, crosses often
inherit the industry of the better variety, but
generally without the quietness, and it re-
quires "eternal vigilence" to keep that indus-
try from being misdirected. I have often
had my attention called to enormous yields
from individual colonies of hybrids, in
which a careful examination would show
that the honey was stolen from other hives.
A friend once stated to me that, the worst that
can be said against the Italians is, they
do not cap their honey so immaculately
white as do the pure blacks. It appears that
this is due to the fact that they fill their cells
full of honey, while the blacks leave a small
space between the cap and the honey. This
cannot affect the taste of the honey, and I
have heard a number of persons say that
they admired the rich appearance of comb
honey stored by the Italians. Can we not
educate most of our customers to such a pref-
erence? But suppose that we cannot, and
have to sell our honey for a trifle less, be-
cause it lacks the snowy whiteness: admit
that the statement is true, that the Kansas
City market makes ^2 cent difference be-
tween the work of the Italians and blacks,
this would amount to only s.")0 on a crop of
10,000 pounds. Now, I would willingly lose
this amount for the satisfaction of working

with my gentle beauties, and I believe they
would very much more than make it up in
increased yield. While I keep bees largely
for the money that there is in them, I also
have an eye for beauty: and would much
rather handle a colony of handsome, golden
Italians, instead of blacks, simply for the
sake of said "eye." I have never seen the
Carniolans.
Kansas City, Mo., Feb. 20, 1889.

Italians Great Workers, but Poor Designers.

T. F. BINGHAM.

lARLY in the "(jO's," Italian bees gave
much trouble by their persistency in
building combs, and storing honey,
around and above hanging, or Lang-
stroth, frames. This tendency led me to the
construction of closed-end frames, and to the
discarding of a honey board. The trouble
was not a small one,^ as, unless pieces of
comb starters, reaching like ladders to the
top of the surplus boxes, were used, the
bees could not be readily induced to cluster
in the top of the box and construct regu-
lar and handsome combs. They not only
persisted in building comb in the shallow
space around the frames, but alf o reared an
Egyptian pyramid up into the surplus boxes,
having cells radiating to all points of the
compass. This not only injured our surplus
and sales, but it rendered the honey-board
and frames almost immovable after a
season's long flow.

Had Mr. Langstroth had only Italian bees,
he would probably have invented closed-end
frames, and had no occasion to use a honey-
board, neither would he have had so large a
hive in one section.

Italian bees carry this tendency to store
honey close around the brood, to all imagin-
able extremes: often filling the brood
frames almost solid with sealed honey: no
matter how much room is given above, they
will not transfer it to the boxes. Here the ex-
tractor came to the rescue, and circumvent-
ed again this instinct, as did the closed-end
frames.

One other feature, also, in the early days
of the Italians, militated largely against
them: viz., the second generation was so
largely made up of hybrids, having uncon-
trollable tempers.

The absolute necessity of smoke, in almost
unlimited quantities, to control the hybrids,

34

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

was the one great factor which led to the
lony line of experiments resulting in the
production of the Bingham smoker. Thus
another of the drawbacks to these beautiful
bees was brought within the easy control of
the bee-keeper.

It will now be seen that comb foundation
in the supers, by furnishing the starter lad-
ders, and designs for combs, has reudered
the comb-buikiing instinct subservient to the
desired end: while closed-end frames, in
small shallow hives, the honey extractor and
the smoke, have practically overcome the
objectionable features of this best and most
productive race of bees.

It will be seen that Italian bees are better
workers than designers. The genius of the '
keeper has been taxed to furnish designs
(foundation) and many other devices to
enable them to compete with the easy ways
of their brown, but more artistic sisters.

Abbonia, Mich., March 1, 1889.

Carno-Italians, Ahead of Everything.

8. li. WATKINS.

fTRIEP the Cyprians one season, but
gave them up on account of their vin-
dictive temper. They are no better
honey gatherers than the Italians. The
black bees do well, in certain locations, and
if forage is close at hand, they gather almost
as much honey as any race of bees. In the
mountains (Sierra Nevada), 14 miles above
Placerville. they do well as long as honeij
comes in jjleiitifulhf, but after the honey crop
ends they soon dwindle down and will not
protect themselves against robbers. A few
miles higher in the mountains, all bees do
well, there being continual bloom the entire
season, and all colonies keep strong in bees.

My favorite, among all races of bees that
I have tried, is the Carniolan, crossed with
the Italian. For this location I want a bee
that will defend itself against robbers, yet,
not be to cross to handle, and I have found
it in the Carno-Italian. I prefer to raise
Carniolan queens and have them mated to
Italian drones. The Carno-Italian bees
are a trifle crosser than the pure race of
Carniolans.

Pure Italians will not enter the surplus
boxes as readily as the mixed races.

After comparing Carno-Italians and pure
Italians, colony for colony, as regards the
size of colonies, amount of brood, honey,
etc., I find the Carno-Italians far ahead.
Every colony of this kind is just boiling over
with bees.

I have bought several Carniolan queens of
different eastern breeders and they have all
turned out well. The queens being very pro-
lific and the bees easy to handle.

I examined a colony of Carno-Italian bees
yesterday, and found eight frames full of
brood. They had about fifty lbs. of honey.

Mr. T. Eversult, a bee-keeper of this place,
thinks that the Carniolans and their crosses
are superior to all other bees that he has ever
tried. My colonies are in better condition,
as regards the number'of young bees at this
time of the year, than they have ever been

since I have kept bees. This is probably
owing to the large number of Carniolan
colonies that I have at present. I have had
two years of exi)erience with Carniolans, and
I am fully convinced that they possess very
desirable characteristics as regards white
comb building, non-robbing dis])osition,
gentleness and prolificaess. I believe they
will play a prominent part in the near future
in apiaries where Italian bees are now the
favorite.

Plaoebv.lle, Cal.,

Feb. 2S, 1889.

Carniolans Work Even in Cold Weather; Can
be Handled Without Smoke.

E. E. EWING.

EXPERIENCE with the Carnio-
lans has not been extensive', but suf-
ficient to induce me to replace all
others with this variety. On cool
days, they are out and away as lively as
though the tempei-aturewereup to 70^. Early
in the morning and late in the evening they
are busy, while the blacks and Italians keep
close in the hive. They are equal in working
qualities to tlie best Italians, and can be
handled, I believe, at all times without
smoke — not a colony here and there, but the
whole yard.
Rising Sun, Md., Feb, 1.5, 1889,

The Best Bees are a Cross Between the
German and Italian.

JAMES HEDDON.

I HEN IT is the best bees, is it, ttiis time?
^p Uo you know, Mr. Editor, that you
make it V( ry hard for me to write upon
the different subjects you introduce?
Your "leader" just takes in all of my points
before I can get at them. I have nothing to
say upon this suV>ject except that every i)oint
you make, if I mistake not, is exactly what I
think about the best bees. Rut I wish to
further add that it is exactly what I have
been saying and practicing for the last dozen
years.

Do you remember when I first came out
and declared in favor of crosses between the
best strain of German bees — the large brown
— and the long, leather-colored Italians;
and how half a dozen held up tlieir hands in
holy horror and cried, ''Hybrids?"

You no doubt recollect that I opposed
wasting time trying to accomi)listi fertiliza-
tion in confinement; both because it was ap-
parently so far off, and because I could see
no great need for such accomplishment; as
the very system you mention, which I was
then practicing, worked so nicely. That is,
keeping my drone combs among my choice
colonies and rearing queens from equally
choice stock. Yes, you have been over all
the ground, and I will say nothing more
about it, except that, after ten years of care-
ful experimenting, no one can get me to
bring any Cyprian, Syrian or ('arniolan bees
into my apiary. I want none of them, I
remember Josh Billings' advice to travelers:
"When you lind a really good hotel never

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

35

exchange it tor a better one." I fought so
hard, among my neighbors, against these
imported bees, tiiat none of them were ever
brought into this locality. I am thankful
that such was the case. My neighbors are
also thankful that I succeeded in my labors
with them. No matter where you live, nor
whether you raise comb or extracted honey,
no bee in this world, so far as known to bee
keepers, can, in my judgment, e<iual a wise
and judicious cross between the best strain
of Germans and Italians.

DowAGiAc, Mich., Feb. 13, 1889.

Italians, Blacks, Syrians, Carniolans and

Their Crosses— The Four-Piece Section

The Best.

H. D. CUTTING.

fOV ASK, which are the best bees? I
'' think location, and the flora from
' ^L,' which the nectar is obtained, has
much to do with the problem. If in
a location where honey comes in slowly, from
a long season, then Italians show at their
best. But if honey is near by, and in great
quantities, the blacks will store at least (iiie-
Niinl more than the Italians, and in much
liner condition.

The blacks have some undesirable (luali-
ties, but I must say that, if we had done as
much to breed up the good qualities and elim-
inate the bad, as we have with the Italians,
we would hear less complaint about black
bees.

I have tried a cross between the Italians
and Syrians. Such bees are splendid work-
ers, but it is hnsiiK'ss to handle them.

I have tried the Carniolans two seasons.
They are good honey gatherers, very quiet
until after the honey season, then they pre-
fer to be let alone. They are excellent comb
builders. One colony, or \fock, the past
season, filled a hive, four stories high, with
comb, (from 1.2 sheet of .foundation. )

I shall buy several Caruiolan (lueens this
season to mate with Italian and Syrian
drones and try the different matings. We
must not jump at conclusions, but test them
for several years under different conditions,
before we saj' which are the best bees.

I don't like to dab my fork into some other
man's plate of hash, but the article In the
last Review, by S. Patterson, of Berlin
Heights, Ohio, calls for a few words. In re-
gard to Mr. Boardman, I think he is right in
trying to preserve our basswoods.

Mr. Patterson refers to "that nearly obso-
lete make-shift, the four-piece section."
Does Mr. Patterson know that many of our
largest honey producers use and prefer the
four-v>iece section:' In looking over my
order book, for several years back, I find
that I sell more than eight times as many
four-piece sections as I do of the one-piece.
Five years ago I sold over :'.0,0(H) one-piece
sections, since then the trade in one-piece
has dropped off, until now I have but few
calls for them. I used the one-piece in my
own yard for several years, and they were
from the best makers, but they never gave
the satisfaction that the four-piece di'i, I

have a machine for putting together four-
piece sections that cost only .$1.00. It drives
them up solid and square, and they stay sf<,
which cannot be said of the one-piece. I
think if Mr. Patterson will investigate, he
will not find as much "stupidity" as he
thinks among the "jji-ogressive" bee keepers.
I don't make sections of any kind, and don't
sell any, except to my local customers, but I
am on the side of the four-piece, white
poplar, section rrcri/ fintc.
Clinton, Mich., Feb. 25, 1889.

Blacks, Italians, Carniolans. — The Latter are

Preferable, as They are Quiet, Amiable,

Industrious, and "Winter Well.

.lOHN ANDREWS.

qJCT LL( )\V me to go back nearly thirty
3^) years, when I began my work with
black bees, learned to winter them
successfully, and obtained good
yields of honey. After the excitement over
the Italians had run a few years, I thought I
would get rich very fast if I could change
my black bees for Italians; and, one summer,
I bought more than thirty Italian queens,
getting them from three different breeders,
and reared queens and changed the others as
soon as possible. When taken from the cel-
lar the next spring, there were only forty
live colonies left out of one hundred. But I
bred them up as rapidly as possible in order
to save my empty combs, and in the years
that followed did not lose so /y^ro// in win-
tering. I kept Italians about ten years; part
of the time having bees in three or four
places.

Five years ago this coming spring I sent
for an imported Carniolan queen. Last sea-
son, in company with Mr. Lockhart, I
changed the bees all over for the fourth time
since commencing with Carniolans, buying
both imported and home-bred stock, and for
myself and Mr. Lockhart I can say that we
consider the Carniolans ahead of any bee
we have tried. They hang to the combs as
well as the Italians; fight robbers and moths,
but are easily handled, and uncommonly
quiet in winter. This winter our bees are
in a temj)erature of 48° to '>0°, yet they are
as quiet as any ))lack bees we ever wintered.
The one Italian colony in the cellar has gone
down to a small cluster, losing as many bees
as the whole 121 (Carniolans have lost.
Patten's Mills, N. Y., Feb. IC, 1889.

Carniolans are Gentle, Industrious, Good
Comb Builders, and use Little Propolis.

l)K. S. W. MOBKISON.

'^ BEGAN in 187(i with black bees. Four
dt) years later I replaced them with Ital-
,Jy ians. From 1880 to 1884 I became ac-
^ quainted, in my apiary of fifty colonies,
with the habits of Italians. During the
same time, and also later, I have watched
the habits of several strains of Cyprians and
Syrians, including Benton's strain of "gen-
tle" Cyprians, from select, imported queen.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

In 1885 I imported a Carniolan queen, and
at once supplanted every Italian queen by
daughters reared from the imported Carnio-
lan. During the next three years I imported
a large number of Carniolan queens, of se-
lected stock only, and each year re-queened
my whole apiary, which has, for several
years, averaged fifty colonies. My course
indicates my preference.

I discarded the blacks because of their
restlessness when being handled, and their
inability to defend themselves against the
moth. I condemned the Syrians and Cypri-
ans because of their irritability. Italians
are gentle, industrious, quiet when handled,
moth proof, and prolific; but I have not
found the Carniolans lagging behind in any
of these good qualities; in fact, they are
more gentle and industrious. Especially do
they get out earlier, and find the honey be-
fore any other variety of bees gets there.
There is not half the trouble with robbing in
a Carniolan apiary, In my experience with
Italians, robbing was often very annoying;
sometimes almost uncontrollable. I don't
know whether it is because Carniolans are
afraid of getting hurt, or because they de-
fend themselves better, but I do know there
is greater freedom from robbers. Carnio-
lans do not swarm any more than Italians,
use less propolis, and make whiter combs.

OxFOBD, Pa., . Feb. 14, 1889.

Carniolans and Italians — Crosses Needed for
Comb Honey — An Explanation,

CHALON FOWLS.

JHE QUEEN breeder may prefer a
\^ variety of bees that is very gentle, and
quiet on the combs, but the man who
i-aises comb honey for his living, is
after bees that make the most and whitest
comb honey, even if they are a little firey.

I have had all of the three varieties men-
tioned, both pure and crossed. The Carnio-
lans I have not /</ //•/// tested for honey, as
the last three seasons have been too poor, but,
there are some other points I have noticed.
The bees are very quiet on the combs, like
the best Italians, but arc easily shakm off;
not over prolific; and no more inclined to
swarm than many colonies of Italians and
hybrids in my yard. In one point I think
they excel the Italians, and that is in hardi-
ness. I do not believe they would cross well
with blacks; as I once had an untested Carni-
olan queen whose bees evidently had a dash
of black blood in them, and they were the
worst bees to boil out of the hive that I ever
saw.

As to the Italians and their crosses, I will
say that, for building fine looking comb, a
cross with black or Carniolan blood seems
best; but I would insist on having the dark or
leather colored Italians to breed from. I
have had light, straw colored Italians, that
were jierfecflij wurthlcss as honey gatherers.

In reply to your foot note on jjaL'e 24, I
will say, I was thinking of wintering the
bees on their summer stands, and the little
combs would be new, and I think nld combs
essential.

By the use of the queen-excluding honey-
board the "labor'" is next to nothing, and I
save the "expense" of buying bees in the
spring.

I mentioned that two of the little combs
would just fill an L. frame, simply to show
people that they could tnj them, and could
save the combs in case they did not like
them.

Obeblin, Ohio, Feb, 27, 1889.

The Adjustable Case for Open-Side Sections.

OLIVEE FOSTEB.

MS THE Review very kindly offers
space for a reply to the objections
brought against the Adjustable honey
case, I will be brief and candid.
With regard to the bee-space, it may be
that, since recent developments, the advan-
tages of a horizontal space between the tiers
of sections outweigh the objections, but I am
satisfied that my bees do better work with
the least possible separation between their
combs; therefore I think that, if we admit the
bee space, nothing in the shape of wooden
slats should be added to this space; and, to
diminish the deposit of propolis, the supports
ui)on which the sections rest should be as
few and as small as practicable.

I have used the Adjustable case with such
a bee-space and nuw make them so when
desired.

As for the clamp, it is now found unneces-
sary, and indeed useless, except when first
filling the case with sections. Aside from
this once clamping, I have handled the last
two crops of honey withont the clamp, and
have never had a section drop out. Some
large honey producers do all the pressing by
hand.

I do not thing that my case is better for
open-side sections than anything that can be
invented; and I invite criticism and im-
provement, but think the latter has not yet
been offered.

Mt. Veenon, Iowa,

Feb. 22, 1889.

The Carniolans and Their Good Qualities.

C. L. FISHEE.

fF EVERY bee-keeper would give the
Carniolan race of bees the fair trial that
I did, in the same yard with Italians,
blacks, and their crosses, they would be
compelled, in truth, to rei)ort the superiority
of the Carniolans. With me. they are the
surest to winter, and less liable to dwindle
in the spring. They build up very rapidly in
spring, and are ready for the earl.\ lioney
flow: they enter the sections readily and
work in them through the honey season,
often neglecting to supply themselves with
winter stores.

They proved their honey gathering quali-
ties in the past poor season, giving a fair
surplus, while the other races gave none.
They caj) their honey very white, even the
dark grades, and leave their sectioi.s cleaner
than do the other races. Tliey are very gen-
tle and cover tlie combs well while lieing
handled. They are as good as Italians to

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

37

defend their hives. It has been said of them,
that they are excessive swarmers. To that
I will say, that, being so much more prolific
than the other races, they must do something
to relieve the pressure: and if they are pinch-
ed for room to breed and store honey, they
will naturally find relief by swarming: iDut if
they have store room, and the queen is not
limited for room, all works well with them.
I have had many swarms of Carniolans build
up numerous enough to occupy a three story
hive, and work like beavers the whole season.
They were too numerous to winter in a com-
mon hive, and I divided them with swarms
that were weaker. At present the Carniolans
are not as popular as the Italians, but I pre-
dict it will not take them as long to work
their way into general favor as it did the
Italians.

Some may say that I write this as a dead-
head advertisement. Not so, I am entirely
out of the bee l)usiiiess, having sold all my
bees last September, antl accepted a position
in my father's mill as sawyer, filer and
stone dresser.

South Deekfield, Mass., Feb. 20, 1889.

Beginning With too Little Experience— Too
Easily Discouraged.

K. r. HOLTEEMAN.

fMADE the mistake of engaging exten-
sively in bee-keeping (seventy-nine col-
onies, sirring count ) with the exi)erience
of only one season as a guide. I now
would advise having at least two season's ex-
perience, three would be better, with some
successful bee-keeper, before attempting, all
alone, to manage much of an apiary.

The season in which T starterl in bee-keep-
ing, proved a poor one. I had bought bees
in box hives, at $,").00 per colony, transferred
them, and then discovered that I had made
a mistake in the selection of a hive. I be-
came discouraged, and finally sold out.
This was a mistake, as the next season prov-
ed a good one: and, had I kept the bees, pre-
pared them for winter, and wintered them,
they would have richly repaid me for all the
losses of the poor season.

I have learned, if it can be avoided, it is
better not to go into bee-keeping after an
unusually good season: also that it is a mis-
take to leave the business after a bad season.

Bbantfoed, Canada, Jan. 18, 1889.

Size and Proportion of Hives.

C. B. ALDKICH.

IWENTY-THREE years ago I com-
menced keeT)ing bees in the Langs-
troth hive. I began with 12 colonies,
and in six years they had increased to
100 colonies. At this time I bought five col-
onies in a different style of hive. The bees
in these hives were treated, and wintered,
the same as the others: and the next season
they swarmed in May and June, and I secur-
ed seventy-five i)ounds of surplus honey per
Colony (spring count) from them: while
those in the Langstroth hive did not swarm

until a month later, and furnished but little
surplus. This set me to thinking, and I de-
cided that it was the size and shape of the
hive that made the difl'erence. With this
idea in view, I constructed the hive I now
use; and, as I have more than iM) of them in
use, and have tried them to my satisfaction,
getting all my swarms, and the most of the
surplus in June, I feel warranted in giving
this hive the preference.

The hive with which I have achieved such
results is fourteen inches square, and twelve
inches deep, inside. It has a loose bottom
board: and, to allow tiering-up, each hive is
made to fit upon any other hive. I will not
mention the minor details of construction,
believing that size and proportion are all-
important.

A hive large enough to hold siifiicient win-
ter stores, is the hive to use, so far as size is
concerned; then, when the honey harvest
commences, it is unnecessary to contract the
brood-nest to force the bees into the supers.

MoEBiSTOWN, Minn., Dec. 24, 1888.

Our northern friend is the only one of our
correspondents who has advocated a deep
frame. This is one reason for giving place
to his communication: another reason is
that his experience so clearly shows the in-
fluence that the hive has upon apicultural
success or failure.

Inferior Hives; "Too Many Irons;" Selling

Honey ; Late Increase ; Entering

an Occupied Field.

J. H. MABTIN.

j 1ST AKES in bee - keeping. ' '
!J^ Well, here we are. And such
a theme ! Could I but retrace
the steps of my life, and re-
count all of the mistakes,
" It would harrow up thy soul.
Freeze thy young blood.
Make thy two eyes, like stars,
Start from their spheres.
Thy knotted and combined locks to part,
Anil each jiartirular hair to stand on end,
Like the (|uills of the fretful porcupine.''

But no, I will not "harrow tip thy soul;" I
will simply deal with my recent, apicultural
errors.

My first mistake was the adoption of a
hive requiring much manipulation, and in
which my efforts at wintering bees were
more or less unsuccessful. To remedy this,
I am now changing as rapidly as possible to
a style of hive with which I have had better
success in every way. "First be sure you
are right, then go ahead."

It is a mistake to have other business that
interferes with bee-keeping. If the apiarist
has only fifty or one hundred colonies in a
single apiary, some other pursuit may be
managed in connection with bee-keeping,
but with 200 or more colonies, and these
kept in more than one apiary, the bee-keeper
has all he can attend to without burdening
himself with additional cares, "A burnt

38

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

child dreads the lire." I received a " scorch-
er " ill the following manner : In the fall of
188(), in company with a friend, I went into
the business of evaporating fruit. I had l.^O
colonies of bees, located in two apiaries. In
September I had but little to do with the
bees, thinking that, if feeding should be re-
quired, it could easily be done at night,
or early morning. The rush of apples came,
and we were busy day and night until nearly
the first of December. The bees were neg-
lected, and in the severe winter that followed
a hundred colonies were lost. ( )ur evai^ora-
ted apples were held over, and tinally sold
for four cents a pound — three cents Jess
than the cost of evaporating. Now, when I
hear advice about "working in some other
business with bee-keeping," I "grit" my
teeth and say: "Not any for me if you
please."

It is a mistake for a bee-keeper to send all
his honey to a commission man. If thei'e is
a business that will "work in" with bee-keep-
ing, it is that of peddling honey in winter.
Tea, coffee, etc., can also be carried along to
good advantage. Much honey can thus be
distributed in the rural districts and the city
markets relieved of much of their surplus.

If a bee-keeper owns fifty colonies, it is a
mistake to purchase bees in box hives be-
cause they are cheap. It is often quite a
temptation to buy such lots at an auction or
other sale. If there is any occasion to buy,
it will prove more profitable in the end to
get bees in good, practical hives. ,

It is a mistake to make artificial swarms
out of season. There has been much advice
in the past in relation to making large in-
crease after the honey season. It is better to
make the increase early, and be saved the
vexations of building up weak colonies that
will seldom winter well.

Some bee-keepers wait until they get
their bees through the winter before they
make up new hives, put up sections, etc.
This is a fatal mistake. The dish is sure to
be bottom up when the big yield comes.
Let the spare time in winter be spent in get-
ting ready for the summer harvest.

It is a mistake to think that bees can be
moved into muj neighborhood. Other bee-
keepers will often be eiicoutered who will
look with positive disfavor upon all such en-
terprises. Any neighborhood can be ami-
cably entered by the ijurchase of a small api-
ary in that locality. It is, however, a mis-
take to enter a locality that is partly stocked.

Among the minor errox-s, might be men-
tioned that of using sawdust around the
hives. In dry weather there is danger of
damage from fire that may be started from
the smoker. For the same reason, all quilts
and cloths ought to be relegated to the
waste heap.

I have, heretofore, raised extracted honey
almost exclusively, and shall do so the com-
ing season, hut I begin to feel that it is a
mistake not to produce more comb honey ;
and a few more cases of sections than usual
will be introduced this season.

Your point in relation to keeping too few
bees is well taken. It is the hosts of work-
ers that l)ring in the tons of surplus. My
Hpiai'ies now consist of L'OO colonies, if the

coming season proves to be a good one, I ex-
pect to increase the number to viOO, and es-
tablish another apiary.

Hartfokd, N. Y., Feb. (;, 1889.

A Review of "The Production of Comb

Honey;" The Best it Has Yet Received —

The Harm of Discussing " Feeding

Back" and Artificial Comb.

JAS. A. GBEEN.

^RIEND HUTCHINSON : — When I
called it a mistake to do away with
foundation in the V)rood chamber, I
never for a moment thought that com-
plete failure was even a necessary or even a
probable result, when all your instructions
were followed. I have followed your
methods myself, with very good results and
no very great failures. What I meant was
that, taking everything into consideration,
the disadvantages of the plan outweigh the
advantages, to my mind. Admitting that
there is, sometimes, at least, something to
be gained by making the bees build their
brood comb, let us look at some of the
drawbacks.

Ill the first place, the hive in which a new
swarm is j)laced must be exactly level, else
the combs will be built partly outside the
frames. This, especially, with frames at
fixed distances, is not to be tolerated. You
may say it is easy to have hives level, but,
with a large number of hives, in two or three
apiaries, especially if they are on a side liill,
I think you would find it no easy matter to
have all hives always exactly plumb.

Secondly, I think that, witli an empty brood
chamber, bees are much more likely to ab-
scond than when some sort of a start is given
them. I had trouble enough in this way last
summer, being obliged to hive some swarms
twice a day for nearly a week, before they
would "stay put." This was with a con-
tracted brood chamber, but I would rUher
use even empty combs than give w\) that. I
know that to transfer the old supers to the
new hives has a tendency to prevent this, but
it is not always effectual, and what are you
going to do, if, as was the case last season,
the bees swarm before any honey comes in
to amount to anything, and when but few
supers have any honey in tliem?

Tlieii comes the drone oiiib question, and
it is the ugliest of them all. With a large
swarm, a sudden rush of lioney, or an old
(pieen, a great deal of droiiy comb will be
built. Of course, we can cut this out, but I
think it would pay better not have any built.
I do not think it profitable to try to keep
only young queens, or to use hives different-
ly prex>ared according to the age of the
queen, A'c. Even supposing you get your
combs built straight, and the drone comb
cut out, and replaced witli worker, your
combs are not worth as mucii as if built on
unsupported foundation, and not nearly as
much as if on wires. We should have an
eye to the pratlnfl, as well as tiie jiioccss.
Hrood combs, I know, are not the principal
product of an apiary, but I consider them
valuable nevertheless.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

39

All the fixtures that I shall hereafter use,
must be adapted to a sort of wholesale man-
agement: and as far as jiossible, so arranged
that hurrj', unskilled assistants, or even care-
lessness, cannot materially affect results.
When a swarm is hived it is worth something
to knoiv that the frames will be tilled with
straight and sub>tautial worker comb with-
out any lookiui,' after: and I would rather use
the time so saved in caring for a few addi-
tional colonies, which \t'ill amply make up
any difference in results.

1 want my apiary so that the whole thing
can be picked up at short notice at any
season and hauled or shipped with safety to
the contents of the hives: so I shall use wired
frames. Perhaps I shall never move my bees
much, but I think it worth while to be pre-
pared for it. I may find sometimes that my
bees are gathering nothing, while eight or
ten miles away nectar is plentiful.

Remember, all my objections are from the
standpoint of the large producer, and may
concern but little the one who has only a few
colonies with abundant time to look after
them. Perhaps in them all, I am only re-
counting my mistakes again, but if I ever
find it out, I will own up.

With regard to "feeding back," I am not
sure but it is a mistake to even discuss the
subject. The idea that honey is often adul-
terated, is quite prevalent, and acts as a
great injury to our business. I believe
though, that this is largely the fault of bee-
keepers themselves, through unnecessary
zeal in keeping the subject of adulteration
stirred up. Whether or not this be true, it
especially behooves us to keep silent on any
point which tends to give credence and color
to popular misconception. The old and
natural belief that it was impossible to adul-
terate or imitate honey in the comb, receiv-
ed a severe blow through the ''scientific
pleasantries," so widely circulated through
the newspapers, that comlj honey was being
manufactured without the intervention of
bees. The use of foundation helped along
the belief in the fraud, but it was usually
not difficult to convince an intelligent person
tliat the thing was impossible. But now, just
as the editor of one bee journal has secured
the retraction of a damaging falsehood,
along comes the editor of another with still
more damaging truth. AVe can no longer
claim that it is impossible to manufacture
comb, or that it would be unprofitable to
feed bees for the purpose of producing
honey, for the editor of a prominent bee jour-
nal declares it both practicable and profit-
able. The next reporter who wishes to write
a sensational article on the manufacture and
adulteration of honey, may speak from the
card as it were. He may not tell the whole
truth, or he may tell what appears to him to
be truth. ''Nothing lies like the truth;" and
an incomplete or garbled presentation of the
Review's position on these points would be
worse than the "Wiley lie." I speak thus
not from any desire to find fault, but from
my honest convictions.

While feeding back extracted honey to
secure the completion of unfinished sections,
might be made profitable by some men
under some circumstances. I very much '

doubt that the majority of bee-keepers could
make it pay. I was not very successful in
my experiments, simply because the weather
was too cold. Tliere is no incentive here to
resort to such means to get sections finished,
until the honey season closes, about the last
of (September. Last season our honey crop
was cut short by the weather becoming too
cold for the bees to leave the hive. No one
can make feeding back iirofitable at such a
time. I believe that at any time it would be
found more profitable to adopt a system of
management that will reduce the number of
unfinished sections to as low a point as pos-
sible, then by extracting or selling at a low
price, dispose of all that contains honey.
Dayton, III., March 2, 1889.

In our opinion, the above is the best review
that has ever been given our little book
"The Production of Comb Honey." Very
wisely, our friend brings forward his weakest
objection first. That the hives must be suf-
ficiently level to bring each comb within its
own frame, is an objection that is easily
overcome. That the combs may be built
true inside the section!^, necessitates a reason-
ably level hive. So far as swarming-out is
concerned, ice have never been able to detect
any difference between swarms hived upon
foundation, and those simply given starters.
With small brood-nests and young queens,
we do not get three per cent, drone comb.
(On this point, seethe review of ''Langs-
troth Revised," in this number. ) With old
queens there will be more or less drone comb
constructed, and we know of no />*-oc^/co/
way of avoiding it, There may be some-
thing peculiar about our management, that
we have not yet discovered, or in the stage of
the proceedings at which our swarms issue,
(never before a start is made in the supers)
but this is certain, that no one could wish
for finer combs than we secure with the
methods we advocate. They would, of
course, be more easily broken down when
first built, than would those built on founda-
tion. Did we think of moving colonies be-
fore the combs had acquired sufficient
strength, we would have the combs built in
frames liberally wired. Friend Green says
it is worth something to kiioir, when a swarm
is hived, that the frames will be filled with
good, straight, worker comb, without any
looking after: and, even if he doesn't get
quite so much lioney by filling the frames
with foundation, he prefers to do it, and use
the time saved, by having no drone comb to
look after, in caring for a few more bees.
Good. That's a gem of a thought. Those
who can't hive swarms upon starters only.

40

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

and get straight, nearly all, worker-comb,
can keep a few more bees. They may not
make quite so much profit, but the idea is a
good one.

We agree exactly with our Illinois friend in
thinking that the majority of bee-keepers
would probably fail in " feeding back," and
that for the masses that plan would be best
that would leave the least unfinished work at
the end of the season. Nevertheless, where
the honey harvest stops the middle of July,
and does not begin again until about the first
of September,as is the case here,the bee-keep-
er who thoroughly understands the business,
can very profitably employ those "scorching
hot" six weeks in securing the completion of
his unfinished sections of white honey.

But we must take issue with our good
friend upon the expediency of discussing
"feeding-back," comb foundation, or even
artificial comb, through the medium of the
apicultural press. Bee journals are devoted
to the interests of bee-keepers, and anything
affecting their interests ought to be fully
discussed. Our friend says that foundation
helped along the "scientific pleasantry."
Would it have been wise for the l>ee journals
to have tabooed its discussion? We believe
that the Review can best serve its readers by
giving them the truth, withholding nothing,
and giving it to them while it is yet news, in-
stead of waiting until it has become ancient
history.

THE BEE -HIVE.

This sprightly little monthly has not slip-
ped its cable, but it has slipped two or three
cogs, (issues) and also slipped off its cover-
that expensive feature of a magazine. The
.January, February and March numbers
came up bright and smiling.

The 4- Bee-Keepers' + Review,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTOHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS:— 50 cents a year in advance, two
copies for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for i-2.U0;
ten or more, 35 cents each; all to be sent to one
POST office. In clubs to different post otiices,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FLINT, MICHIGAN, MARCH 10, 1889.

TWENTY PAGES AGAIN.

' One excellent article followed another, ad-
vertisement after advertisement came in,
and, as the month drew to a close, there were
so many things that, so it seemed, must go
in this issue, that we finally decided to add
four extra pages, making twenty in all. The
extra work makes this number a little late;
but we know that our readers will be suffi-
ciently appreciative to overlook the delay.

" GBEAT IS TRUTH, AND WILL PKEVAIL."

Last July, when we were laboring so hard
to show Bro. A. I. Root the inconsistency of
his course in regard to patents, we were
much "refreshed" by his promise not to
"talk any more about patents," for the pres-
ent. Even if he did think it wicked to sell
" rights," no great harm would be done if he
kept still about it. This was only a few
short months ago, yet twice, since then, have
we been "saddened and somewhat discour-
aged "because he has introduced the subject
and used his influence to try and revive the
sentiment among bee-keepers that there is
something wrong about patents.

HONEV-BOARDS, AND WHO INVENTED THEM.

Awhile ago something was said in the A.
B. J., as to*whom belonged the honor of hav-
ing invented the slatted, wood-zinc, honey-
board. A little later, the C. B. J., very
cautiously, gingerly, broached the subject,
but lacked either the knowledge or courage
to be outspoken. Now, this whole matter
can be put into a nutshell, and done in such
a manner as to give everyone due credit and
satisfaction. Mr. Heddon invented the slat-
ted, break-joint, bee-space honey -board.
The grand feature of this honey-board, the
one before which all the other features pale
into insignificance, is its bee-sjKtce. As
every hive with hanging frames is, to that
extent, a Langstroth hive; so every honey-
board with a bee-space is, to that extent, a
Heddon honey-board. Just who first used
perforated zinc in connection with bee hives,
is not jjositivcly known; but to Mr. D. A.
Jones belongs the honor of introducing it
into this country. Dr. Tinker took strips of
this perforated metal and slipped them into
saw-kerfs made in the edges of the slats
of the Heddon honey-board. The honey-
board is Mr. Heddon's: the perforated zinc
was invented by sonielwdji else; and to Dr.
Tinker belongs the honor of combining the
■ two in the peculiar manner shown in the
wood-zinfc honey-board.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

41

SENDING PAPEKS AFTEB THE SUBSOBIPTION HAS
EXPIKED.

Without knowing it. we sometimes touch
a chord in the public heart, and set it all a-
quiver with sympathy. This was the case in
the December number, with the editorial
under the above heading. Letter followed
letter in approval of this course. ( )ne man
wrote: "What would we think of the mer-
chant that would send twice the amount of
goods ordered?" Another bee-keeper had
received the December number as a sample
copy, and was undecided whether to sub-
scribe or not until his wife called his atten-
tion to the fact that the Review would stop
coming when the time was up, when, to use
his own expression, " That fetched him." He
said, farther, that he had threatened to make
a solemn vow, that he would subscribe for no
paper that made a practice of sending papers
after the time is up. There is something
about human nature that resents having even
a good thing /orcet7 upon it. We notice with
pleasure that the Advance will no longer
send out papers after the subscription has
expired. In our opinion, this is the only
correct, and business-like — yes, the only
7'lght way of doing.

CONTKAOTION OF THE BKOOD-NEST.

The brood-nest is contracted to prevent
the production of brood at a time when the
resulting bees would come upon the stage of
action at a time when there would be no
honey to gather — when they would be consu-
mers instead of producers. It is also con-
tracted to compel the bees to store the honey
in the sections instead of in the brood-nest.
There are several reasons why this is desira-
ble. The honey from clover and basswood
is white, fine-flavored, and brings a higher
price than that gathered later : hence it is
more profitable to force this higher priced
honey into the sections, and allow the bees
to fill brood combs, later on, with winter
stores from such sources as yield honey
that brings a lower price. When it is desira-
ble, either because of its cheapness, or of its
superiority, to use sugar for winter stores,
contraction of the brood-nest can be so man-
aged as to leave the bees almost destitute of
winter stores, which does away with the
trouble of extracting, and leaves nothing to
be done except to feed the beeg. Such, in
brief, are the advantages of contracting the

brood-nest, Where the honey flow lasts
nearly the whole season, with no long peri-
ods of scarcity, and the quality of the honey
is uniform throughout the season, and no ad-
vantage is found in substituting sugar for
honey as winter stores, we see little need of
contracting the brood-nest ; and would ad-
vise that it be of such size that an ordinarily
prolific queen can keep the combs well filled
with brood. But where any of the first men-
tioned conditions exist, the bee-keeper who
neglects "contraction" is not employing all
the advantages that are available. It has
been urged, against this practice, that it re-
sults in small colonies at the end of the sea-
son; and that the bees may become popu-
lous in time for a fall flow, or for winter,
some who contract the brood-nest during
the white honey harvest enlarge it again in
time to have plenty of workers when they
are needed. When bees are wintered in a re-
pository of the proper temperature, we have
never found that unusually populous colo-
nies were any more desirable than smaller
ones. This is one advantage of cellar-win-
tering, the population may be reduced to the
minimum during the consumptive, non pro-
ductive, part of the year. In contracting the
brood-nest, more advantages are gained
if it is contracted vc rtically. All dummies,
loose pieces, and complication is avoided;
and, what is of greater importance, no part
of the super extends out over dummies, but
there is brood under all the sections. We
have, for several years, practiced contrac-
tion of the brood-nest, and have read nearly
all, if not all, that has been published upon
the subject, and, in the foregoing, have
tried to treat it fairly : nevertheless, we re-
quest all who have had experience in this
line to favor us with an account of it, and
we will devote the April Review to a discus-
sion of "Contraction of the Brood-Nest."

A VEET KIND NOTICE — " THE DOVETAILED
HIVE."

The last number of G/t'a)n'»(/,s has an ex-
cellent picture of the Review editor, accom-
panied by some very kind words. We thank
Bro. Root most heartily for this courtesy.
Naturally, this little sketch was very interest-
ing reading to us, but not more so than the
description of a new hive that Bro. Root de-
scribes and recommends, and has begun to
manufacture. It is not quite our ideal, but,
with the exception of a few points that can

42

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

be easily changed, it is so far superior to the
old, ten-frame, telescopic jointed, metal rab-
beted, raised-covered Simplicity, that we are
ready to hold up both hands in its support.
It is called the "Dovetailed Hive," because,
not only the hive, but the supers, are dove-
tailed at the corners. We look upon this as
one of the minor points in hive construction.
Plain, square joints, firmly nailed, give suf-
ficient strength; and, in our opinion, noth-
ing more is needed. Dovetailing is an un-
necessary expense. This new hive is practi-
cally the old, eight-frame, Heddon hive,
with loose bottom board; but Bro. Root has
made one or two mistakes, which we feel
sure he will be glad to have pointed out. He
has made the brood frames flush with the
top of the hives. To overcome this error, he
proposes using a honey-board with hvo bee-
spaces; one above, the other below. It is now
a well established principle that a bee-space
is necessary between all the disconnected
parts of a hive, from bottom board to cover.
Now, this bee-space must be upon the same
side of every part, else confusion and compli-
cation are the result. The next error is in
trying to use wide frames without top-bars,
( "section holders" he calls'them )in a T super,
with the T tins removed. The T super is
two shallow for this purpose. To overcome
this error he removes the top bars to the
wide frames, and reduces the bottom bars to
only 3-l(}. To this there are two very serious
objections. The bottom bars, being so thin,
will sag terribly, and this will bring them
so near the slats in the honey board, that
they will be stuck fast with propolis. When
the first super is partly filled, and is raised
up to put under an empty one, the bottom
bars of the upper one will be sagged, be-
cause there is the weight of honey upon
them, those in the lower one will not be sag-
ged, because they do not, as yet, have upon
them any weight; the result will be that the
bottom bars of the upper "section holders"
will almost, if not quite, touch the tops of
the sections in the lower super, and all will
be completely stuck tight with propolis.
The other objection is this, 3-16 is not large
enough for a bee space, 5-16 is the bee space.
When we go below this the bees begin to ob-
ject by using propolis, and the lower we go
the greater the objection, and when we get
down to 3-1(3 the bees will completely plaster
the opposing surfaces, even connecting them
in places with little mounds of wax and i)ro-
polis. For the love of bee-keepers, Bro.

Root, put a bee-space in the top of youi*
bottom-board, in the top of your hive, in
the top of your honey-board, and in the top
of your supers, and stick to the T super.

THE BEST BEES.

•Judging from the reports in this number,
we were entirely correct when intimating
that we Northern bee-keepers had no use for
Syrian or Cyprian bees. Italians, Germans
and Carniolans are the three varieties from
which to choose. Before attempting to make
a decision, let the bee-keeper well consider
his honey resources; together with all the
accompanying conditions. Let him also de-
cide whether he is to produce comb or ex-
tracted honey. Let no bee-keeper be caught
by that phrase, "general purpose" bee. The
bee-keeper who thoroughly understands his
resources, knows exactly what he wishes to
accomplish, and chooses the best hive, the
best bee, and the best methods, to secure
the desired ends, will far outstrip the
"general purpose" bee-keeper, with his
"general purpose" hive, "general purpose"
bee, and "general purpose" methods. For the
production of extracted honey, the Italian
bees stand without a superior. Were it not
for the difliculty of dislodging them from
the combs, they would, for this purpose, be
well nigh perfect. In search of honey, they
will fly far and wide. Though the recom-
pense be slight, they toil on. If the yield of
honey is abundant, and the source of supply
near by, the blacks will bring in as much
honey as any bees — some say more — and.
once the nectar is in the hive, they handle it
in a manner that is truly artistic. The Ital-
ians are the better field icorkers; the blacks
the better hoitse-kee2)ers. In this respect the
Italians are like man, while the Germans
resemble woman; to carry the simile still
farther, they omjht to marnj. In plain Eng-
lish, the best results will be secured, espec-
ially in raising comb honey, by uniting these
two varieties. Don't let the union be brought
about in a hap hazard way, but understand-
ingly, according to the plan given by us last
month, and mentioned again by a corres-
pondent this month. For raising extracted
honey, we would use Italians or hybrids; in
the production of comb honey, we would
employ blacks or liybrids. Now then, after
we have thus conclusively shown, that a
judicious cross between the Italians and
Germans, is the best "bee for business," up

THE BEE-KEEPERS' J REVIEW.

43

step the Caruiolans, claiming to possess all of
the good qualities of both the blacks and Ital-
ians,with one or two additional virtues tlirown
^u. It is asserted that they are the most gentle
bees known: that they remain quietly on the
combs when handled, but are caftih/ sJuikcu off:
that they are industrious; good com!) builders,
capping the honey very white, and using but
little propolis; that they are hardy; i^rolific:
and just perfection itself. But we must not
forget the disposition to praise neic things.
The Carniolans have been here only a few
years; still, it is a significant fact, that al]
who have tried them are pleased with them.
So far, no word of fault has been uttered
against them. But we are by no means ready
to advise every bee-keeper to immediately
discard his Italians or Germans, or their
crosses, for Carniolans. We have done our
level best in securing testimony upon this
subject, and we take pleasure in laying it
before our readers, but, at the same time, we
advise caution, investigation, and the laying
aside of all prejudice.

'PRACTICAL BEE-KEEPING.

(('ontinued from Feb. No. I
Mr. Jones favors the traffic in virgin
queens. That they can be furnished very
cheaply there is no question, but that they
are difficult to introduce we know from expe-
rience. A newly hatched queen is easily in-
troduced. As the hours go by the probabili-
ties of acceptance are lessened. With us,
the percentage of loss has been great when
the queens were three or four days old.
Then there is the risk of loss in mating; and,
unless the locality of the i)urchaser can fur-
nish excellent drones, the queens will find
undesirable mates; and, as pre-potency is on
the side of the male, there will be little
"value received." — After much experiment-
ing, Mr. Jones concludes that old bees build
more perfect cells than do the young bees. —
Of the various methods of cleansing wax,
he knows of no better plan than melting it
over water, and then keei)ing it in a place
sufficiently warm to prevent solidifying for
at least twelve hours. This allows all pro-
polis, pollen and dirt to settle to the bottom.
For rendering wax he prefers steam; but the
steam must not be allowed to play directly
upon the wax or it will be injured. — To de-
tect adulteration in wax. draw the thumb
nail over the surface. If genuine, the nail
sticks slightly. If adulterated, the wax be-

comes slippery and gives out the smell of>
tallow or other adulterant. — The directions
for making foundation are very full. Pref-
erence is given to the Vandervort mill.
Soap suds made from good white soap has
proved the best lubricant. ( )ld foundation
should be dipped in warm water (about 120° )
before using. This restores it to its original
softness. There is no necessity for drone
foundation.— Mr. Jones favors the Parker
machine for fastening foundation into sec-
tions.— Considerable space is given to the
description of sections with grooves upon
the inside for holding the foundation in
place. We do not believe such sections will
ever come into favor in this country. As
Mr. Pringle says, we desire something bet-
ter.— We are astonished to see that Mr.
Jones objects to apicultural patents. We
supposed he willingly accorded to mental
labor a legal right to its own.— (Jn one other
point we are compelled to differ. He say^ that
in reality there is not much difference in hives
except in the variation of the size of brood
chambers. This is only otw way in which
hives differ, while there are several important
variations that may be mentioned. For in-
stance, there is the difference in shape as
well as in size; hives may be single-walled
or double-walled; with fast bottom boards
or loose ones: the brood chamber may be all
in one body or it may be divisible; the hive
may be invertible or it may not; may be ar-
ranged for side storing or adapted to tiering
up: the frames may be of the hanging style
or they may be of the standing variety ; then
there are the so-called minor points, that
are often of importance, such as square or
bevel corners; telescopic or square joints;
hives arranged for a simple, flat, board
cover, or those having ' a quilt over the
frames, and over this a costly, raised cover.
^Vhy, Bro. .Jones, we don't see how you ever
came to make such an assertion.
(To be continued.)

ARE THERE TOO MANY BEE- JOURNALS?

Recently, in noticing the advent of a new
bee paper in Switzerland, Bro. Newman of
the A. B. J., remarks as follows: —

"This makes the third periodical on bee-
keeping now being published in our small
sister Republic, where one is ' an abundance.'

It seems a strange infatuation, that leads
to such a multiplication of bee-i)eriodicals.
Where one good bee paper could live and be
a real benefit to the pursuit, two or three
will spring up and none of them be able to

44

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

make their influence felt, because of their
weakness, by reason of the splitting up of
the subscription patronage. What would
support one would starve three.

This is a ('((/(( »n7// which is threatened in
every bee-keeping country. The power for
good and influence for right, which one
strong and vigorous publication would
maintain, is frittered away by reason of an
unhealthy increase of bee-papers. It be-
hooves all to look this matter squarely in
the face, and refrain from lending their in-
fluence to an increase in this line, which is
detrimental to the entire craft.

Until a few years ago, England had no
bee-paper — now she has three; two too
many ! A quarter of a century ago in
America there was but one (the Aiiwi-ican
Bee Juurtial), now their names are le-
gion, and as a result some of them are sick
and dying : others are only half supported,
and the influence of all, by reason of the
multiplication, is much impaired.

All this is the result of the suicidal mania
for publishing a bee paper ; and if it is not
soon stopped, the time will come when
many of them will die, and their owners will
be poorer but wiser men.

It is quite time to call for a halt on such
reckless increase — which is just as detri-
mental in the field of literature as it is in
the apiary. In both cases, too much increase
will destroy the business, and ruin those who
should be benefited by the investment."

The last twenty-five years have witnessed
wonderful progress in the arts and indus-
tries. Bee-keeping has not lagged behind.
With this progress came an increase in jour-
nalism, and in the publication of books, but
the production of apicultural literature has
not been multiplied to any greater extent
than has that devoted to other rural indus-
tries. It is true that many bee papers have
been born only to struggle and die ; but the
same is true of many a venture in all the
fields of journalism. It is true that compe-
tition is one factor in the combination of
causes that has brought failure to so many
journalistic efforts, but there is more than
one kind of competition. Bro. Newman has
mentioned one kind, the competition of
numbers, but that of (ftiality is passed unno-
ticed. We believe that, in the field of apiul-
tural journalism, more failures have come
from the superior qualities of competitors
than from their numbers. This competition
among bee journals is really a benefit to bee-
keepers. It acts as a spur to the editors:
and, in their efforts at vieing with one an-
other, better journals are produced. Too
many bee journals have been started with no
intention of competing in the race for qual-
ify ; the primary object being simply that of
furnishing an auxiliary to a supply trade —

a sort of side issue. Others have been
started with no conception of the obstacles
to be met and overcome. Many a journal
has gone to the wall because the editorial
work was done in a listless, dreary, half-
hearted way that actually courted failure.

"Tis not wealth, nor rank, nor state,

But its ' git up and git ' tliat makes men great."

To succeed in apicultural journalism,
there must be a thorough, practical, working
knowledge of bee-keeping ; a personal ac-
quaintance with apiarists and with the hobby
of each : and the journal must stand first in
affections of its editor. In the highest and
truest sense, it must be his " baby." For it
he must be willing to rise early and work
late ; to wear plain clothes, yes, imtched
clothes, if necessary : to live on simple fare ;
and there must be no hesitation as to wheth-
er he can afford this or that for his journal ;
he must simply pull out his pocket-book and
lay if an the altar. Neither will it answer
for him to sit in his office week after week
and month after month ; he must work with
the bees, get out among bee-keepers, visit
conventions and apiaries, and know what is
going on ; in short, he must leave no stone
unturned in his efforts to bring his journal
up to the highest standard. This is only a
jKtrt of the price that must be paid for suc-
cess in apicultural journalism, and he who
cannot pay it willingly, cheerfully, yea,
proudlii, would better adopt some other
style of wooing the fickle goddess.

LANGSTKOTH ON THE HONEY-BEE, EEVISED BY
iiSlffiffik^L. DADANT.

Before us lies the difficult, delicate, yet de-
lightful task of reviewing " Langstroth on
the Honey-Bee, Revised by Dadant." (The
work is also published by Dadant & Son,
Hamilton, 111. Price, $2.00.) It has .521
pages, and 1!)7 engravings, besides K! full-
page plates; some of the latter being excel-
lent pictures of noted apicultural leaders.
The paper is good, the press work excellent,
and the composition free from typograph-
ical errors. The book is well bound, and,
across the front cover, in a diagonal direc-
tion, lies a strip of foundation, done in gilt,
above which appears, in letters of gilt, "The
Honey-Bee." Mechanically, the book is
above criticism. — About five years ago. Fath-
er Langstroth consulted with Messrs. Dadant
& Son in regard to the revision of his book.
At that time all agreed upon the prin-

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

4n

eipal points. The Dadants then began re-
viewing the work, bringing it up to the pres-
ent. They retained the original as much as
possible, but found it necessary to introduce
more new matter than was anticipated, hence
the work is largely Dadants.' A letter from
Father Langstroth informs us that he was
unable to assist in the work of revision.
We do not mention this to lind fault, but to
point out upon whom rests tlie responsibility
for the views expressed.— Chapter I is devo-
ted to the "Physiology of the Honey Bee."
We have never dissected a bee; never examin-
ed any part of one with a microscope; nor
made any of those line experiments to which
scientists are given. ^Ve do not say this to
be-little such experiments, all honor to the
men who make them, but our station in life
has been such that we have been obliged to
make all our experiments from a dollar and
cent point of view. Of course, we have read
all that the text books haVe to say upon the
physiology and natural history of the bee,
and know just enough to know better than
to set ourselves up as a critic upon these
points. Messrs. Dadant say: "We have
found it advisable to give a short descrip-
tion of the principal organs of this interest-
ing insect ; and abridged passages taken
from various scientific writers, whose works
have thrown an entirely new light on many
points in the physiology of the bee." So far
as our knowledge allows us to judge, we
should say that this part of the work is well
done. The original matter is brief, concise,
explicit; the selections excellent. — Before
going farther, we wish to state that, in this
review, we shall, as a rule, pass unnoticed
all well known and established facts ; giving
our attention to what there is new, and to
those points upon which authorities differ.
Practical subjects will be given the prefer-
ence.

Chapter II treats of "The Building of
Bees." It is probable that, during the hon-
ey season, the young bees secrete wax invol-
untarily. If there is no place for the scales
of wax, they are gathered in small knots here
and there. Although old bees secrete less
wax, it has been proved that they do produce
small scales. Prof. Cook says that, during
the active storing season, when comb build-
ing is in rapid progress, nearly every bee
taken from the flowers has wax scales in the
wax-pockets. It is this point that we so
strongly urged in our own little book, viz.,
that, during the honey harvest, the bees are

involuntarily secreting wax; and, unless they
are given an opportunity for utilizing this
secretion, it is wasted. But there is also an
" other side " to this question; and Messrs.
Dadant most forcibly urge the use of drawn
combs in whicli to have the surplus stored.
For the sake of showing how comijletely we
agree with the Authors, we think we may be
pardoned for giving a short extract from
"The Production of Comb Honey:" —

" When bees are gathering honey slowly, the
natural wax secretion probably furnishes suf-
ficient material, and there is probably abun-
dant time, for the building of comb in which
to store the honey. As the flow of honey in-
creases, the wax secretion is increased by an
increased consumi)tion of honey. Whether
it is profitable to allow this increased con-
sumption of honey depei ds upon the price
of wax compared with that of honey, and the
amount that is re(iuired of the latter for
the production of the former. But, as the
flow of honey increases, a point is finally
reached where the bees cannot secrete wax
and build comb with sufficient rapidity to
enable them to store all the honey they
might gather. A\ hen this point is reached,
and. possibly, a long time before, it is prof-
itable to use full sheets of foundation in the
sections. But the flow of honey can be, and
sometimes is, so increared that the bees can-
not keep pace with the bountiful harvest,
even with foundation in the sections, and
then drawn combs would be an advantage."

We most thoroughly agree with the Da-
dants as to the conditions under which newly
hived swarms build drone comb. So long as
the queen keeps pace with the comb builders,
the result is worker comb. If she is old, her
powers failing, and the comb builders out-
strip her, they at once begin making drone
or store comb. The reason probably is
that storage can thus be furnished more
quickly and with less material. If the brood-
K nest is so large that the bees begin hatching
from the first-built cells, and the queen re-
turns to re-fill them, before the brood-nest is
filled with comb, drone comb will be built
from the time the queen deserts the comb
builders for the centre of the brood-nest. If
the honey flow ceases when the brood-nest is
partly filled with comb, and then begins
again just as the brood begins hatching, the
new comb resulting from the returning har-
vest will be of the drone variety. If the bee-
keeper wishes to prevent the consti-uction of
drone comb, when allowing swarms to build
their own brood combs, let him avoid old
queens and large brood-nests ; at the same
time giving every opportunity for storing
honey in the supers.

(To be continued,)

46

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ADVERTISING.

From one year's experience as a publisher,
ten as an advertiser, and a still longer pe-
riod as a careful observ'er, we wish to say a
few words about advertising. But few
lines of business that involve the sale of
something can be successful without adver-
tising. Other things being equal, the more
extensive, persistent, and judicious the ad-
vertising, the greater the success. It is not
always merit that wins. A most excellent,
but poorly advertised, article is often crowd-
ed to the wall by an inferior competitor, the
advertising of which is directed by a master
hand. To advertise costs money. How to
secure the best returns for the money ex-
pended is the problem. To simply adver-
tise is no trick; to ad\eTtise J luliciuitsly is an
art. There are, however, a few simple rules
that may be mentioned. For instance, peri-
odicals furnish the best medium. Those
journals should be chosen that circulate
among the class of people that are interested
in the article ottered for sale. There is a
still further discrimination to be made.
Flashy, trashy papers, those made up from
poor material, sold at a nominal price, or
given away to Tom, Dick and Harry, such
papers have little value as advertising medi-
ums. The circulation of a paper is a most
important point, but while considering this
we must not entirely overlook the lesser fac-
tor of what kind of people are its readers.
That is, what are they financially, morally,
socially? Of what (jrade are they? If an
advertiser will carefully examine a period-
ical, remembering that "birds of a feather
flock together," he can easily decide as to
whether its readers belong to the class that
he wishes to reach. Papers that publish
original and interesting matter, that are
clean, and free from "trash," that are
sought for and read by a progressive, push-
ing, wide awake, industrious class, these are
the periodicals in which to advertise useful
articles. Having decided upon the journal
that shall be patronized, the next thing to be
considered is the advertisement itself. The
stj/le is important. Some people are born
story tellers: they have such a "taking way "
of " putting things " that we are at once in-
terested and listen with pleasure. In the
same way, some have a happy faculty for
writing advertisements. Everything is said
so approi)riately, so well put, so " pat," that,
in spite of ourselves, we read, admire, and
Oin/. The wording, arrangement, and dis-

play are all im])ortant: but it is impossible
to lay down specific rules. The best that
can be said is think; he <> rig ina I; striye to
bring out something new, something unique,
something stamped with intliriiluaUty. Let
it be character i-ather than size that attracts
attention. Mr. Wanamaker. Philadelphia's
great merchant, is looked upon as the most
successful advertiser in this country. He
has the faculty of grasping every passing
event and tui-ning it into an advertisement.
When beginning life as a tailor, he secured
the job of making some uniforms. The
profits attending the transaction were f 8S.(X).
He spent the whole amount in a unique
newspaper advertisement. From the time of
its appearance he dates his success. It at-
tracted attention; orders poured in; the tide
was turned. Mr. Wanamaker says: " To
discontinue an advertisement is like taking .
down your sign. If you wish to do business,
you must let the public know it. Standing
advertisements, when changed frequently,
are better and cheaper than reading notices.
They look more substantial and business-
like, and inspire confidence. I would as
soon think of doing business without clerks
as without advertising." There is one point
in these remarks of Mr. Wanamaker that we
wish to notice, and that is the discontinuing
of advertisements. As a publisher, we find
the task a delicate one, but it must be per-
formed. There are few things more unsatis-
factory, to all concerned, than spasmodic
advertising. An advertisement is inserted a
few times. Immediate returns are exi)ected.
They do not come. The advertisement is
discontinued. High rates are paid, as there
is little discount on short time advertise-
ments. The advertiser feels as though he
were being robbed, while the publisher loses
a customer. As dealers in apiarian supplies,
who have succeeded? Settle this. Having
done so, glance over the advertising columns
of the bee journals. Invariably, it will be
found that they are constant, persistent, ad-
vertisers. It cannot be urged that such a
course is so verij expensive, as the discounts
are such that a yearly advertisement cos*
but little ^nore than one for a few months.
We can but admire the manner in which
gi-eat business houses advertise: how day
after day, month after month, year after
year, they continue to ding, ding, ding, the
merits of their wares into the ears of the
people: fairly conrpelling them to listen.
There is a sort of arithmetical progression

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

47

about a continued advertisement. Each in-
sertion adds to its effectiveness. There is
one other point in Mr. Wanamaker's advico
to which we wish to add emphasis, that of
frequently changing the subject matter of
an advertisement. We have often wondered
at the way in which some advertisers allow
their advertisements to run on and on, month
after month, year after year, in the stniii' old
form. There are, of course, instances in
which this is all right: but, as a rule, it is
well to make frequent changes. Even
though the fp.cts be stated in the most inter-
esting way imaginable, the story soon be-
comes old: let it be served up in a different
style, and again it is relished. Continue the
process, and readers fall into the habit of
lookiu'^ for this particular advertisement, to
"see what there is new tliis time." We re-
memember reading of a wholesale house
that, upon giving a customer credit, imme-
diately subscribed for his local papers, and
watched his advert isimj. jjf he did little ad-
vertising, or if his advertisement remained
luiclidu'jed, credit was given charily, or en-
tirely withheld. If he proved a liberal ad-
vertiser, chitiKjinii his advertisement fre-
quently to suit the times, unlimited credit
was given. Here is a moral worth heeding.
A\'hen an advertiser seeks his customers at a
distance, transacting the business by mail,
there is one thing more to be considered.
He must enjoy the confidence of the people
to whom he appeals for custom. A queen
breeder who has done but little advertising
complained last season that he had not sold
enough queens to more than pay his adver-
tising bills. Another breeder of whom we
solicited an advertisement for the Reviev,-
replied: "What's the use? I have more
orders now than I can fill this season." The
man so V)urdened with orders has been be-
fore the public for years as a writer, breeder
and advertiser. The practical (luestion is.
how can this contideuce be secured? To an-
swer is not difficult. A business reimtation
is usually a plant of slow growth, and the
only course is to begin its cultivation at
oii<m. First, and foremost, begin to adver-
tise, and continue to do so, according to the
principles just laid down. Mr. AVanamaker
truthfully says that a standing advertise-
ment inspires confidence. If you know of
any valuable facts connected with your line
of business, give them to the public over
your signature. Nothing more (luickly fa-
miliarizes a man's name with the public,

and that, too, in a favorable manner, than
seeing it appended to excellent, well written
articles. Of course, all cannot write articles,
but all can fhiuk: can use all honorable
means of bringing, and keeping, their names
before the public. And when a little custom
does come, with it comes the golden oportu-
nity. Treat each customer in such a man-
ner that he will return again and again, and
will always be glad to speak a good word for
you and your business. " There is no adver-
tisement like a pleased customer." Perhaps
the general reader will think that too much
space has been given up to this subject, but
he must remember that, were it not for the
advertisements, no journal could be furnish-
ed at less than double present prices: that
advertisers pay well for the space they use:
and it is no more than fair that their inter-
ests receive some consideration. Adverti-
sers will ever find us ready to aid them in
their efforts at getting up new and attractive
advertisements, and in so managing their
advertising that it will benefit all concerned.

EXTRKOXED.

Why Some Bee - Keepers Prefer Blacks to
Italians.

'^IP^AST SEPTEMBER, our valued corres-
Oj) pondent, J. A. Green, contributed to

Gleanings, an article upon the above
subject. As it contains some excellent
points, not touched upon by our other cor-
respondents, we take pleasure in reproduc-
ing it, somewhat condensed: —

"I believe that nearly if not quite all who
prefer the black bee and its crosses are pro-
ducers of only comb honey, or. at least, ad-
vocate the securing of most of the croj) in
that shape. That the Italians are superior
for extracted honey, is, I think, unques-
tioned.

Two points of superiority are claimed for
the black bee. First, ilmt it will more read-
ily enter the suriilus receptacles, especially if
nut close to the brood. Prooably there is
some truth in this, or it would not be so
strongly insisted on: but I have never ob-
served any diH'erence worth mentioning: and
with proper management I kuow there is
practically none whatever.

Second, it is claimed that the blacks pro-
duce whiter comb. There is a difference in
Italians in this res[)ect. I have had Italians,
all of whose honey had to be graded as No.
1', at two cents per pouud less than that of
colonies alongside, just because of its dark
and watery appearance, due simi>ly to the
way it was cajiped. Such queens are prompt-
ly superseded. \\ hiteness of comb stands

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

hicrh in the list of qualities for which I am
breedincT, and its realization is much more
desirable than yellowness of bees, though i
am working for that too.

The two points referred to are the only
ones in which the blacks may be fairly
claimed to be superior to the Italians under
onUimry management. When we consider
their positive defects, the Italians easily bear
off the palm under such management. NVith
coinin ^ij^frms of management, though,
these very defects of the blacks are so utilized
that they become aiils to manipulation, ihe
black bee is easily frightened, and readily
driven off the combs by smoke or other
means. They are also easy to shake froni
the combs. In handling "hives instead of
frame-," a system that must come more and
more into use, these qualities are valuable;
and, if the frames are not so easily handlea
as the ordinary style, highly desirab e.

The blacks are not so liable to fall up the
brood-chamber with honey, thus crowding
the queen. This is a very desirable feature
when contraction is practiced. This very
quality, though, is apt to bring theni out in
tiie fall with an empty brood-chamber.
Some consider this an advantage, though i
think most would prefer bees that look
ahead a little more, and do not require to be
fed every fall. Of course, if the fall honey
is not suitable for wintering, which is pro-
bably the case at some times in some locali-
ties, it is brst that there should be as little as
possible below. • .

To sum up. if you are producing comb
honey exclusively, on a large scale, practic-
imr contraction, handling hives instead of
frames, and wintering on sugar, blacks may
suit you best; but under other circumstances,
and for an 'all-purpose' bee, the Italian is
preferable." James A. Gbeen.

Dayton, 111., Sept. 25, 1888.

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as foUows:

On 10 lines ind upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent.; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.;0
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.;b
times, 30 per cent.; t) times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

SECTION PRESS.

PRICE $2.00.

W^ ANTED:

You to send for my
- ilJustrated price list
of apiarian fiuppJie^ for 1880 ; also five -ents for
my pamphlet: ''^^^ ' ^'^'^^'^'^ZlToI^,

P/r,,- n,..„tion th,' ncfiew.

3-'9-3t

Midi.

If Our Bees

will, we will h;ivf
Descriiition and pric
issue.

■winter wpII, nnd tlie
prospects ar'> that tli^y

;(mie to sell in tlit' sprins.

's will h" siven in tht' April
W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

For puttins together cnf-pit'ci- spctions. Every
section square; and a smart bt)y or girl can told
100 in six minutes. Try one and you will never
regret it. Send to your supply dealer, or to

WAKEMAN & CROCKER, LockpORT, N. Y.
3-89-6t Please mention the Reuieiv.

SEIsTT FR.EE.

Our descriptive circular of Eclipse, Langstroth
and New American bee-hives, smokers, bee-veils,
Italian bees, Italian queens, books on bee cul-
ture, etc. F. A. SNELL,
3_vc).3t Milledgeville, Carroll Co., iU.

Pleuse mention the Reuieui.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

— We manufacture Bee-Keepers' sup-

plies of all kinds, best quality at
Mowest prices. Hives, Sections,
Fomidatiou, Extractors, Smokers,
Crates, Veils, Feeders, Clover
Seeds, Buckwheat, etc. Im-
, ported Italiau Queens.
Queens and Bees. Sample
(nnv of our Bee Journal,
"The Western Bee-Kceper,"
aud latent Catalogue mailed
Free to Bee-Keepers. Address
JOSEPH NYSEWANDEK,
DE8 MOIJiES, IOWA.

Creameries and Churns.

Send for Circulars. Wholesale prices given
where we have no agents.

FLINT CABINET CBEAMERY CO.,
Flint. Mich.
We have known the members of this firm from
boyhood, and are also thoroughly acquainted
with the features of their wares, and it is with
pleasure that we vouch forjhe reliability of the
one and the merits of the other. Ed. Review.

Pleai

jiention the Reuii

SEND FOR

IlEDDON'S CIRCULARS

■ Address,

JAMES HEDDON,

Dowagiac, Mich.

Phase weniion ti.e Review.

Flint

FT.INT. MICH. Expenses less than at

an othVr sHiool in'Miohipr.an. S*-ial

, ouvM'S including,' I'reiniralor.y, Teafliers,

Snenlifle. Ulerarj. Iliu-I»r Enu'lish, fommer-

I Hoiution, Music, Kineirl, Ponninnshi|),

• - riling, Tflegra-

xpcnses for a,

nly «t80.60.

liter at any

tion. Fall Term

Shon-iiand, Tyiic'
iilij-. NiTOshai.v
term of 10 w c-k>
Students m a y
time. No vaca

„,»,H A.COUST 28, isss nr« .„,„
vl-mher 6. '88. Seconal Winter Tern. J
15. '89. Sprine Term March 20. Sit. bum
Term .lime 4, '89. UusurpassetUocatlon. J
p..,tP-'» builduio. Seiiil for OataloOT
<i. S. Uimbiill, JI, A. , Prln., Flint, Mich.

Normal
College

Please mention the Reuiew.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

49

E^arly Queens

April. May.

1 untested queen $1 00 $1 00

S nnt(>ste(l (lueens 3 00 2 .")0

1 tostcil (jueen 3 00 2 50 ^

(Q 3 tested <iueen8 7. TO 6 00 jW

"^ Safe arrival guaranteed. Write for w-i
f^ wholesale prices.

O South Carolina is the best state in (-!•

ff\ the South for early qui'ens. Tiie cli- Qj

,Jfj mate l)elns so well atlapted to queen ^,

,— ( rearing, and its being so near the north- >_*,

1-^ ern markets — only four or five days he- Qj

tJj ing required for a queen to reacii the Jt

f^ most northern state or Canada. Try Jj

those of that prompt and reliable fn

breeder, W. d. ELLISON, ^

Stateburg, aumter Co., S C.

3-89-3t Please mention the Reuiew.

Patent riat-Eottom M roundation.

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square feet
to the ground. Wholesale and Re-
tail. Circulars and Samples free.
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,
(sole manufacturers),
1-88-tf. SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

P/H.ist- mention the Rpwew.

The Canadian Honey Producer.

If you wisli to see what t lie best writers have
to say upon the most important topics, send 40
cents for a year's subscription to "The Canadian
Honey Producer." Or sencl HO cts. and receive
this journal one year and, in the swarming sea-
eon, or earlier, a Virgin queen of entirely new,
and carefully selected blood. Stamps taken, ei-
ther U. S. or Canadian. E. L. GOOLD & CO.,

iirantford, C;uiada.

Ths New Q. B, Journal

/^ontalns matter of great importance to all
Bee-keepers. It is neat, witty, brief, and to
tlie point. Articles from the best writers. Send
for a free sample. .lO cts ayear. Address,

E. L. PRATT, Marlboro, r^ASS.

Leahy's + Foundation,

— WHOLESALE AND RETAIL —

My Foundation is recommended by hundreds
of Bee-Keepers, as having no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jordine, Ashland, Neb.; MoeUer
Manufacturing Co., Davenport, Iowa: B. P. Bar-
ber & Son. Cole Brook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. CaUam & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and.others. I will take one lb. Sections in ex-
change for thin Foundation on reasonable terms.
Special prices to dealers. Send for ( 'italoirue of
other supplies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

l-89tf riigjjinsvitle, Mo., Box 11.

Eaton's Improved Section Case.
Lati'st and b<\st. Bees and
k Queens. Hend for free price
"list. Address,

FRANK A. EATON,

Bluffton, Ohio.

Please mention the Reuiew.

Colonies Nuclei SI

Bee Supplies,

Honey, Etc. Catalogue Free,

OLIVER FOSTER, Mr. Vernon, Iowa.

3-39-3t Piease mention the Reuiew.

i OU[[NS,

2-89-12t.

eEE KEEPERS

.Should send for my circu-
lar. It describes the best
Hives, the best Cases, the
best Feeders and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. shUcK,

DKS MOINES, JOIf.l

Please mention the Reuiew.

Sections by the Bushel!

I will hereafter pack my sections in bushel
boxes; so, when you buy 500 sections, you will also
get a box worth I-t cts. Sections, $3.00 per thou-
sand Price list free.
;^-'9-tf W. D. 80PER, Box 1473, Jackson, Mich.

rie.nH ment.on ihu Reuiew

Z^C"u.nta.iz:L ZF^eiii-

Uses any kind of ink; filled by action of India
rubber reservoir; will not leak; carried in the
pocket with safety; finely made and finished in
hard rubber; gruai-anteed for one year, but, with
care, will last a life time. Original price, includ-
ing pen, holder, case and filler, $1. We have se-
cured an unlimited quantity of these pens at
bankrupt prices, and we propose giving to each
subscriber or renewal to our journal, sending us
ten cents to pay postage, one of these pens free.

Our paper is a 32 page, handsomelv illustrated,
journal, at .50 cts. a year, devoted to Poultry, B^es,
and Pet Stock, The pen alone, 40 cts; we are giv-
ing away the paper, not the pen.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls. Maine.

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog up or go out.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Enife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

Send card for free circular, descriptive of the
best and cheapest tools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

1-88 tf. Abronia, Michigan.

Please mention the Review

50

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

Can furnish You a Full Line of Bee-Keepers' Supplies.
HE MANUFACTURES

Popular Styles of Hives, Frames, Section -Cases, [tc. Be,

AND DEALS IN

Foundation, Smokers, Honey Extractors, and all Necessaries for the Apiary.

AOifess Plainly

7-88-121.

Also one of the Larpsl PRICE LISTS of tlie Season Mailed Free.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box I 087.

Please mention the Reut'ew.

Cromb Foundation. ' Barnes' Foot Power Machinery.

We havi^ a complete out-fit for its manufacturee
Our mills all run by steam power, and we have
the very best facilities for purifyins wax We
make it as thin as you want it for sections. We
make a specialty of making brood foundation for
square frames, thick at the top with a gradual ta-
per to very tliin at tlie bottom, thus securing the
greatest amount of strength for the quality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retail, address

A. CHILL,
6.88-tf. Kendallville, Ind.

F"RIENDS;ipEES or HONEY,

any way interested m '

we will with ]>leasure send a sample copj- of the

SEMI-MONTHLY GLEANINGS IN BEE GULTURE,

with a descriptivo ]irice-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, ( 'omb Foun-
dation, Secticm Honey-Boxes, all books and jour-
nals, and everything i)ertaining to Bee Culture.
Nothing Patented. Simply send your address
plainly written to. A. I. KOOT.

1^8-tf. Medina, Ohio.

Please mention the Review.

^^A^5^^^®A

^.

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAL

with out steam power, by using outfits of the
Machines, can bid lower, and save
more money from their jobs, than
by any other means fordoingtheir
uorlc. LATHES. SAW.-, MUll-
TISEIJS, TENONEKS. ETC., Sold
on trial. IUusti:ited Price-List Free

W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO.,
No. (}H(5. Euliy St.,ilockford, 111.

LOOK imRESI

Nice, white, one-piece, V-groove sections,
$:i.'JO per thousand. If more than 4,000 are taken
at one time, only $3.00 per thousand. Complete
hive for comb lioney, only $1.:!0. Price list free.

J. 1^. KiiisrziHi

10-88-tf Roclipstcr, Oakland Co., Mich.

fU.u-,c mention iiie Reuieui.

RETAIL

AND

Wholesale

We furnish Kverythlngr needed in
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THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

51

FOR 1889.

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THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

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VOL. II.

FLINT, mCHIGM, APRIL 10, 1889.

1.4

Contraction of the Brood-Nest Profitable — It

May Even Cause More Honey to

be Stored.

JAS. A. GKEEN.

f) DISCUSS this question properly, I
feel that I ought to have, at least, one
more season's exiierience with con-
traction on a large scale during a good
honey season. I have practiced contraction
for several years, but three of these were
poor years for honey, and, before this, my
e5<perience with it extended to only a few
cali)nies. Still, contraction has so uniform-
ly shown sui)erior results, that I have no hesi-
tation in declaring it invaluable to the honey
producer. Yet, it must be properly handled,
or it will be found that the system is not
without its drawbacks. I have not found it
profitable to contract except during the early
honey flow from white clover, basswood, &c.
If the brood-nest is kept contracted all sum-
mer, I find at the end of the season, in most
cases, the brood-nest crowded with honey,
with but little brood, and a small colony of
bees. Probably the result would be different
in some localities, and also when" the bees are
of the black variety. As I do not consider
such colonies in the best condition for win-
tering, I prefer to increase the size of the
brood-nest as soon as the early yield is over.
This allows the queen room for breeding,
and the esgs laid at this time hatch out in
time for the fall harvest. The honey for
winter is stored in the upper part of the hive,
and where a double brood-chamber is used,
the upper section will contain nearly all of
it, and the bees are put in good shape for
packing or putting into the cellar by simply
taking away the lower section after the brood
has aU hatched.

The vertical contraction that is permitted
by the use of the double brood-chamber is
preferable in every respect to contracting
horizontally, as is necessary when deeper
frames are used. If deep frames have any
advantages at anv season except first cost
over a frame six inches in depth or there-
abouts, my experience has failed to show
them.

With me, contraction has proved most prof-
itable witli a swarm just hived. I am not
altogether sure that it is any real advantage
under any other circumstances during the
honey season.

We are told by some that no more honey
can be secured by contraction than without
it; that the only advantages are, getting
honey in the sections that would otherwise
be stored in the brood-chamber, preventing
the rearing of brood when it is unnecessary,
&c. Hives, they say, do not make honey.
"Bees will store as much honey in a nail keg,
&c., &c." With these I cannot agree. It is
true that it is the bees that gather the honey,
but it is not true that bees work equally well
under all circumstances. We have all seen
how two colonies side by side, apparently
exactly alike in every respect, will differ
widely in the amount of work they will do.
No doubt this is usually attributable to a
difference in constitution, but sometimes the
backward colony will take a start and work
with a vigor that soon puts it alongside or
even ahead of its rival, showing conclusively
that the difference between them was a dif-
ference of conditions, which we did not
understand. In other words, when the con-
ditions are not right, bees sometimes work
in only a half-hearted way, when if the con-
ditions were favorable they would work with
a vim.

Contraction sometimes seems to supply the
necessary element to make . the bees work
with all the vigor of which they are capable.
It may be because of the honey saved that
would otherwise be fed to brood, or, it may
be that nurse-bees are sooner released as
workers, or it may be something else, but I
feel very sure that in some way, contraction
is, sometimes at least, the cause of more
honey being gathered and stored in the hive
than would be had without it.

Dayton, III.

April 1, 1889.

The Benefits of Contraction.

E. L. TAYLOK.

(QJlNCEI first began the production of
•^^ comb honey, I have largely practiced

1^^ contracting the brood-nest, and con-
tinue to look upon the practice with
great favor, but I can readily see that it
might not be desirable in all situations. With
me, the main crop comes in June and July
from clover and basswood, and is, of course,
excellent in appearance, of the finest quality,
and so, readily salable. The only surplus I
can hope for after that, comes in August and

54

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

September, ahd is almost invariably meagre
in quantity and difficult of sale on account
of its poor quality and appearance. It be-
comes an object, therefore, to secure as much
as possible of the former in a salable condi-
tion, even at the expense, if necessary, of the
latter. And again, swarming comes almost
entirely during the early honey flow, and it
is then that the desire for brood rearing is at
its height. The (luestion at once presents
itself, are brood and honey in the brood
combs, or, honey in the sections, the more
profitable? For myself, I have no hesitation
in deciding that the latter must have the
preference.

It may be that some will question whether
this is a necessary alternative, and ask
whether I may not have the brood and honey
in the brood combs and the honey in the
sections too? (Jr whether, in any event, both
the brood and the honey in the brood
chamber are not necessary, and therefore
profitable y

In determining the proper answers to these
questions, it is well to consider, first, what
would be the probable difference in the re-
sult in I'espectto the amount of comb honey?
In contracting the brood chamber, I decrease
it the capacity of five L. frames, and I am
unable to estimate that these could be filled
with brood and honey at an expense less
than a twenty-five pound case of comb honey
of the value of, say $;?.7."), an amount of prof-
it on a single colony well worth a diligent
eft'oi't to secure. Whether that amount of
honey extra, stored and used in the brood
chamber at that season of the year, is, in my
locality, of any advantage at all, is to my
mind, very problematical. This extra brood
can be of no use during the white honey
flow, and at the advent of the fall season the
lives of the bees hatched therefrom are well
nigh run, and as they must have food du-
ring the intervening season of dearth, they
will probably have used most of that portion
of the twenty-five i>ounds that was left after
receiving what was necessary to nourish them
in their earlier stages.

Then a failure to contract the hive for a
swarm may work harm in another way.
There are, we will say, yet two weeks of good
honey gathering, and for six or eight days
the bees may confine their operations to the
brood chamber, and then, loth to go into the
sections, waste several days, perhaps the rest
of the season, in idleness: while, with con-
traction, work in the sections begins at once,
and continues without interruption.

I have said sufficient to indicate that with
me, at least, neither the extra brood nor
honey can yield much profit, for, ordinarily,
little of the honey remains, and the brood
reared in five L. frames is sufficient to keep
the colony strong. But there is another point
which, at the risk of being charged with in-
consistency, I will call attention to. If not
forced into the sections at once, many colo-
nies, and especially Italians, will so clog the
brood-nest with honey, that it assumes the
dimensions of one's two fists. Of course
such extreme contraction is injurious and
can be easiest avoided by a proper reduction
of the brood-nest at the time the swarm is
hived.

I have only time to say further that I con-
tract by dividing the hive horizontally, using
the new Heddon hive. JSo statement is need-
ed to show that this is much the better way.
After the early crop is gathered, and before
the fall flow begins, I eidarge the hive to its
full size. This gives loom for what may be
gathered in the fall to be stored convenient
for winter use and at the same time leaves
plenty of room for all the brood a colony is
likely to rear at this season of the year. This
plan suits me all around. I want the honey
there for winter, I want all the brood I can
have at that time, and I want a full sized
hive to winter in. From my own experience
there comes no uncertain utterance with
respect to the desirability of brood and hive
room.

Lapeee, Mich. April 2, 1889.

The Somber Side of "Contraction"— A Con-
servative, Conscientious Article.

DK. C. C. MIIiLEE.

! HE CONTRACTION to be talked about.
I understand to be contraction during
the honey harvest for the sake of get-
ting honey put in supers instead of in
the brood combs. It is practiced mainly, if
not entirely, by raisers of comb honey. I
have raised comb honey with ten Langstroth
combs in the hive, eight, seven and six, and
in hundreds of cases with four or five, in
some cases with three, two, and even with
but a single comb. In the latter case no
queen was in the hive. Strong reasons will
probably be given for and against contrac-
tion, and some of these reasons are apt to be
carried farther, on each side of the question,
than facts will warrant.

So long as there is abundance of room in
the brood combs, I have not found the bees
anxious to leave this empty space unoccupied
in the brood-cliamber to commence work
upon empty sections. If, however, room in
the brood-chamber be limited, as soon as it
is all occupied, if the honey flow continues,
the bees in usf store in the sections. ( )ne ob-
ject of contraction, there, is to force the bees
into the sections. I do not lay any particular
stress on this. Bees will commence work in
sections sooner if coaxed in than driven. A
section i^artly or wholly filled, and then the
honey extracted in the fall and the section
cleaned out by the bees, makes a (xtif which,
put into the central part of a super the fol-
lowing summer, will, at least in my case,
start the bees at work in the super just as
soon as it is at all desirable to have them
there. The seasons of 1887 and 1888 were, in
my locality, failures. I put on supers giving
each an emptied section as bait, and in near-
ly every case work was commenced in the
supers, A very few colonies succeeded in
filling a suiter, some worked a few sections
nearest the bait, but the large majority filled
and sealed the bait section and left all the
empty sections unworked. The brood-nest
was contracted in most of these cases, but is
it at all likely that this contraction was just
effective enough to start the bees in the bait
and no other section?

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

55

The objection has been urged that when
the brood-nest is contracted the queen is apt
to lay in the supers unless a queen-excluder
is used. I have not used a queen-excluder
between the brood-chamber and the sections,
merely a Heddon slat honey-board, and 1
have had no trouble with the queen going
into the supers. I think not one section in a
thousand has had eggs laid in it. Possibly
the case might be ditterent if I did not use
separators.

1 think the two principal reasons in favor
of contraction are, tirst, the white honey is
all forced into the sections, giving that much
more tirst-class honey to be sold, and leaving
the brood-chamber to be tilled up with a
poorer class of honey, or with sugar syrup;
and, second, the partial suppression of breed-
ing, so that a large quantity of bees will not
be raised too late to be of any service in
SGCuring the harvest. As to the second reason,
I am skeptical. It is true a bee does not go
to work m the field till about 37 days after
the egg is laid, from which it hatches, and
from this it might be hastily concluded that
where the white honey harvest lasts only
about live weeks, the laying of the queen
during that time would only be the means of
brmgiug forth a lot of consumers ready for
work just after there ceased to be any work
for them to do. But it must not be forgot-
ten that, although 37 days may ordinarily
elapse from the laying of the egg before the
bee is ready for field work, it forms an im-
portant element in the ///rework from the
very moment of emerging from its cell, and
the more bees there are for hive work, the
more can be spared to go into the field. Al-
though it is laid down as a general rule that
a worker does not go to the field till l(i days
old, it must not be supposed that is a fixed
time without regard to circumstances. I have
seen workers that I know were only five days
old carrying in pollen. A queen had been
given sealed brood without any bees, and five
days later I saw the young workers carrying
in pollen. In this case there were no older
bees, and is it not possible that a large force
of young bees in the hive might be the means
of sending to the field, workers of no greater
age than five days? In any case, every egg
laid as much as 21 days before the close of
the honey harvest may be counted as an ad-
dition to the working force. It looks to me
reasonable that the fewer eggs laid during
the last 21 days of the honey harvest tlie bet-
ter, providing no after harvest comes. Still,
the bees don't always go by my reasoning,
and I must confess that I have observed a
number of cases ii- which the queen had un-
limited room right through the whole season,
and although at the beginning of the season
the colonies were not up to average strength,
they accomplished more than average results.
So I am rather forced to the belief, without
seeing any good reason for it, that it may
give a large yield to let the queen have full
swing throughout the season.

Whether it is best to force all the white
honey in the supers, leaving the bees to be
fed later, or to fill up on fall flowers, may
depend somewhat on circumstances. If de-
pendence is placed on fall flowers, then is it
not important to have as strong a force as

possible to store this fall honey? If so, con-
traction may defeat us. If we are to depend
on feeding, then we must count on the extra
labor, and I seriously doubt whether bees
thus fed, will in general be in as good condi-
tion for winter as those which have been
allowed to store their own supplies directly
from the flowers. From this it seems pos-
sible that, even if a larger crop of white
honey may be secured this year by contrac-
tion and feeding, it may be so much at the
expense of next year's crop, that, in the long
run, contracting may be unprofitable.

All things considered, I am somewhat in
doubt as to the whole matter. I do not know
that contraction is never profitable, and I do
not know that it is never unprofitable, but I
know that it involves labor, and like others,
I want a minimum of labor, and as I am
doubtful as to its good results, I am growing
more in favor of the simple plan of letting
the bees have full room in the brood-nest all
the year round.

Marengo, III. April 1, 1889.

Contracting the Brood - Nest. One of the

Greatest Advantages of all Modern

Manipulation.

JAMES HEDDON.

f BELIEVE it was once settled that the
writer of these lines was the first to
make public the system of contracting
the brood chamber, as a system, and
for the purpose at that time described, and
since enjoyed by hundreds of our most suc-
cessful honey producers. This was done in
a bee paper, now dead, but at that time pub-
lished in Ohio.

Later, a fuller and more comprehensive
description and plea for the system, I placed
in the American Bee Journal for 1SS5, see
page 437. The article was illustrated by an
ill-shapen cut representing my modification
of the Langstroth hive as being shorter from
front to rear than from side to side, when
exactly the reverse was true. Later, Mr. G.
M. Doolittle wrote an article in favor of the
system.

As usual, in your introduction, you have
made many of the salient i)oints in favor of
this splendid system. Still, I will quote, with
your permission, quite extensively from my
article above referred to. Before so doing,
however, it may be proper to say that my at-
tention was first turned toward the system
by the advice of a friend who had practiced
it for several years quietly and to himself. I
quote the article as follows:

" During the past three years I have been
carefully testing a hive-contracting system,
and I have found it of great value, as regards
both summer and winter success. It has be-
come a permanent system in my apiaries
when running for comb honey, and now,
after testing it for three seasons, I feel pre-
pared to speak of what I know.

I hive all swarms, whether first or second
swarms, upon five Langstroth frames of
foundation, filling up the rest of the space
in an 8-frame liive, with two contractors or
' dummies.' I find that the queen uses these

56

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

five combs to such an extent that I get as
much brood in them as in any seven comb?-
where the whole eight are used. The five
combs become five sheets of nearly solid
brood, and where they are reversible, quite
all brood. Certain it is that this contraction
in no way tends to increase the amount of
honey stored, but to a great exte nt tends to
increase the amount stored as surplxs, and
decrease the quantity stored in the brood-
chamber.

This contraction also keeps much bee-
bread out of the hive, leaving it in the field,
which is by far the best and most economi-
cal reservoir for it, in this locality. With
this treatment, a prime swarm commences
work in the cases at once ; I usually place
one case on the hive when hiving a swarm.
A second swarm usually commences in the
surplus cases in two or three days after be-
ing hived.

In autumn, when the honey harvest is over,
the little brood-chamber contains but little
honey and pollen (almost none at all if the
bees are German). I now have much honey
in the supers that, without contraction,
would have been in the hive, and I am now
ready to feed the colony sugar syrup for
winter. When fed, the bees are in a condi-
tion where all their stores are accessible, and
to winter with almost absolute certainty, if
they are kept warm enough. Whether the
brood-chambers are almost honeyless, or
partially stored, depends upon the nature
and duration of the honey-flow, and the
blood of the bees. Most bee-keepers are
aware of the fact that Italians are more
prone to load the brood-chamber, regardless
of the surplus department, both early and
late in the season, than are the German bees.

W^hile the system is so nearly perfected
that with any bees I bring nearly all of the
colonies out at the close of the season, so as
to take one-half or more of their winter and
sxjring stores through the feeder, I have it
complete as far as Germans and most hybrid
colonies are concerned. I am now at work
with assurance of perfecting the system, so
as to bring out all brood-chambers, with any
bees, in a perfect stai-vation condition ; our
honey all gone into the market, and our
colonies all ready to receive the winter food
prepared by the bee-master, as their whole
winter and spring stores. I believe that
sugar syrup is better than honey as spring
stores, till the weather is quite warm, and
till the bees can fly daily.

I keep the bees on these five combs, after
placing them on the summer stands, until
the spreading of the brood and the advance
of the sun north of the equator calls for more
room, when I remove the contractors, replac-
ing three combs which are put in the posi-
tions occupied by the contractors, or among
the combs of brood, spreading them, accord-
ing to the weather and force of the colony.
When this colony swarms, I hive its swarm
on five combs, as above described, and then
on the twentieth day after swarming, I go to
the old hive and find, as a rule, a young,
fertile queen, eggs in the centre combs, and
three or more combs with considerable honey
and no brood, which I remove, replacing
them with the contractors. This old colony

is soon in the supers, having a five-comb
brood-chamber tilled solid with brood.

1 have had colonies, after casting three
swarms, at work in the supers within five
days after contracting. I think that the ad-
vantages of this contracting system will be
seen ; or it may be called an enlarging sys-
tem ; that is, enlarging the brood-chamber
for about six weeks during the time that the
queen is not only the most prolific, but when
such prolificness gives us bees to become
field-workers, just when we most need them.
I think that it will also be seen, too. with
what advantage reversible frames may be
added to this system. I make the contrac-
tors by making a wide frame just the same
width all around, and just the size of the
standard Langstroth brood-frame. It is no
division-board, as it has all the same bee-
spaces as has the brood-frames, and thus
manipulates very easily. When the frame is
made, I nail a ^s inch board ui)on each side,
and in the middle I place a little cubic block,
a little smaller than the width of the frame ;
by nailing each side to this block, they will
be just a little concave.

'Through all the summer days' the con-
tractors are kept at the same distance from
the sides of the hive and adjacent combs, as
the combs are kept from each other ; but in
winter I move them back close to the sides
of the hive, thus aiding as non-conductors,
and giving a little more wintering room;
these two points I consider non-essentials,
however.

Some of the contractors I fill with chaff,
some with sawdust, and I also have oUO made
of solid wood, but these are only 7-8 of an
inch thick, and each i)air replaces but two
combs, leaving six instead of five. When six
are used the spaces of the honey-board ex-
actly break joints with the spaces below, as
with eight combs; but with five combs I
move the honey-board sidewise as much as
it will go and still rest solid on the hive, and
then I leave the break-joint featvire of the
honey-board perfect as before. It was by the
use of this five-comb system that I first got
my best test of the great value of the break-
joint feature of the honey- board. I never
knew how much more, queens and comb
would get up through where they ought not
to, till after I i)laced a lot of honey-boards
on some contracted hives, and in such a
manner that the slots corresponded vertically
instead of breaking joiiits v\itli each other.

My first thought was to have these con-
tractors, broad-frames tilled with sections,
but experiencr taught me, first, that we did
xrot need any more surplus room with a
Langstroth hive and complete 'tiering-up'
system; second, it adds complication to have
storing in sections going on in the brood-
chamber ; and third, the honey stored there
is not fit for market, at least none that I
have ever seen comes np to my standard. If
it were only started there, and finished in a
better place, it might do, but as such a sys-
tem complicates labor still more, why should
we use the place, when we have all the room
we want without it, and in a far better and
handiei position? I have not been troubled
with the queen entering the sections, when I
used the honey-boards in proper position,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

57

though most of them are not queen-exclud-
ing, the slots being ^ of an inch, or double
bee-space."

In your introduction in last issue it seems
to me you use the word "vertical," when you
mean "horizontal." For the very reasons
which you give there, and knowing as I did
from several years experience, the advan-
tages to be derived from contraction, I was
led to the invention of my new hive, the
crowning feature of which is one brood-cham-
ber in two horizontally, divisible parts, or
sections, all about which your readers well
know. With this arrangement contraction
can be accomplished almost instantly with-
out any exposure to robbers, no loose pieces
to be handled, bringing the brood close up
to the honey-board, and, when the surplus
cases are adjusted, there is brood under the
whole, there being no " dummies " as form-
erly. I have found this a great advantage,
not mentioning the important gain by the
alternating of its brood sections.

Before closing I wish to say a word in
regard to your editorial on page 40, concern-
ing niy honey-board. If I were compelled
to give up either, the bee-space or break-
joint principle, I am not sure but that I
should give up the bee-space. It is like,
" Which would you rather lose, your father
or your mother?" "We would rather keep
them both.

May I lisp one more word concerning
" best bees V " I was somewhat astonished
at the number of bee-keepers who favored
the Carniolans. If the truth could be known
I would be willing to wager that the major-
ity of those who have Carniolans have more
German than Carniolaii blood in their bees.
I used to say that, if the best strains of
brown German bees could be introduced
under a new nan.e. that their praises would
be sung by hundreds who would now discard
them for worthless Italians. If. there is any
bee having a single quality superior to the
combination of the best Italians and Ger-
mans, I want to see its work. It may
be true. I am open to conviction.

DowAGi\c, Mich.

March 18, 1889.

Bro. Heddon, we cannot agree on all
points. Were we to make use of the near-
ness and dearness of our relatives in com-
paring the merits of the bee-space and the
break-joint principles in honey-boards, we
should look upon the latter as a cousin, and
the former as a parent.

It has been asserted that the Carniolans
are simply a strain, or variety, of black, or
German bees; but they cerfai)thj possess
characteristics, and desirable ones at that,
not possessed by the German bees as we now
have them in this country.

AVe believe that we employed the word
"vertically" in the proper sense when using
it in connection with contraction of the
brood-nest. A brood-nest contracted ^'hor-
izontaJly," would be squeezed up at the sides^

Size of Brood-Chambers, also a Little Criti-
cism of Friend Green's "Review."

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

LC CORRESPONDENT says, "I have
more bees than I wish to keep, con-
sidering that, in all probability, they
will double by swarming during the
present season. ^Can I not work them all till
I get iive frames' of brood in each, and then
double them so that each hive will have ten
frames of brood? In this way I would have
my original number in the fall, if each gave
one new swarm, and get the bees in just the
best possible shape for the harvest. What
think you of the plan? I used the L. frame."
In answering tlie (luestion, there are several
points to be considered, such as getting all of
the bees to stay in the new location, which
the doubled-up colony will occupy; what
is to become of the extra queens, etc., etc.?
But the main one, as I consider it, and the
only one which I shall dwell upon in this
article, is, will the bees be in the "best pos-
sible shape for the harvest?" as the corres-
pondent says they will. I claim they will not,
and, as such a claim is not worth a cent un-
less it is backed up by suitable evidence, I
will at once proceed to give what I consider
sufficient proof that I am right. In the first
place, one queen will lay only about so many
eggs, or keep about such an amount of comb
space occupied with brood for any length of
time, that space amounting to about seven L.
frames, taking our queens as they average.
A few may do better, many will not do as
well. Now, our correspondent is going to
give the brood product of two (lueens, or
seven-tenths more brood than the average
queen can produce, to one colony, expecting
to reap large returns in honey, basing this
expectation, I presume, on the amount of
bees he will have in that hive twenty-one
days later. As far as the bees are concerned,
his calculations are all right, but there is
another factor which comes in right here,
which spoils the bright outlook; for, when the
brood hatches from the outside combs, the
queen will fail to fill them with eggs again,
so that storing in the brood-chamber will
commence upon the hatching of the first
bees, and before the bees commence to
work in the sections to any amount. With
so large a comb space below, the bees will
soon crowd the queen, in preference to ex-
tending their operations in the sections.
There is a limit regarding the size of a brood
chamber, beyond which we must not go, if
we would reap the best results in comb
honey. I know of nothing so damaging to
the prospect of a good yield of honey, except
a failure of the llowers to secrete any, as let-
ting the bees begin to store honey in a large
brood chamber, or any other,before they get
well at work in the sections. To avoid this
storing of honey in the brood-combs, before
the bees went to work in the sections, I cut
the size of my hives down to a comb capacity
of about 7,1.2 L. frames,! using !> of the Gallup
size, and if at the beginning of the harvest I
find some few of the queens do not keep this
amount of room occupied with brood, the
size of the brood chamber is contracted tilj

58

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

they do. To best explain what I wish to, I
will say that my plan of working for comb
honey is as follows, and this plan I have
adopted after an experience of nearly twenty
years, trying during that time nearly all of
the plans devised. I work the brood up to
the fullest capacity of the queen, or till the
hive is full, previous to ten days before the
honey harvest. Understand that the number
of frames in the hive, be *he same G, 7, 8 or
9, Gallup size, are to be full of broud, not
part full. When all combs in each hive are
thus filled, and the honey harvest is only
eight or ten days in advance, the sections are
put on, into which the bees will go to store
the first pound of honey, for they have no
other place to store it. This storing will
continue till the bees swarm, at which time,
while the bees are out in the air, I go to the
hive, remove the sections, take out the
frames of brood and the few adhering bees,
and place them in a light box I have for
carrying combs about the apiary. I now
place in the hive five empty combs and two
dummies, one on either side, placing the
sections back in place again as they were be-
fore I took out the combs of brood. If I do
not have the coins, I use frames with foun-
dation starters in: still, I think better results
can be secured by using the combs. As, of
late years, I have all of my combs built by
nuclei, I always have the combs on hand.
The swarm is now returned or allowed to re-
turn, as I keep all queen's wings clipped, so
that they return about as soon as I can get
the exchange, spoken of above, accomplished.
I next take the combs of brood and place
them in an empty hive where I wish the
colony to stand, and the next day give a just
hatching queen-cell or a very young virgin
queen to them. AVhile the queen is becom-
ing old enough to commence laying,the bees
are hatching from the combs rapidly, so that
by the time she does so,I have a strong force
of bees of an active age in this hive, while
the cells from which the bees have hatched
are well filled with honey. The sections are
now put on this hive, and if the honey flow
holds out a few days longer, these sections
are quickly filled with the nicest kind of
honey, for with these bees and this young
queen the case is different than with the old
colony. Now, instead of the Ijees crowding
the queen with honey, the queen crowds the
honey out of the brood nest into the sections,
and after years of experimenting I have
come to the conclusion that there is nothing
gained by contracting the brood chamber to
the old colony after it has cast a swarm. By
the time the young queen gets about what
comb filled with brood that will be required
for the prosperity of the colony in the future,
the honey season draws to a close, so that she
only keeps this brood along, hence a host of
useless consumers are not reared, as would
be the case with the swarm, were the brood
chamber not contracted with them. For this
reason the brood chamber to the swarm is
contracted, while the other is not. Now, if
the correspondent will work his l)ees as
above, giving each colony not more than S
L. frames at any time, I think lie will be
better satisfied with the results than he would
be by the plan he proposes. The point I

wish to emphasize is, secure the largest
amount of bees possible for one queen to
produce in time for tlie honey harvest,
having just as few at all other times as is
consistent with the accomplishing of this
object.

As to Bro. Green's article, criticising your
position, it is faulty in his not taking into
cohsideration the cost of foundation, wire,
and the extra work of putting it into the
frames. The time he claims will be saved to
care for other colonies, will cost him pretty
dear if he takes this into account. It will
cost about lUc. per frame for the foundation,
to say nothing of the time required to get
frames ready for the bees. If I were to use
foundation in full sheets at all, I would do
so by putting it in upper stories to have it
drawn out, after which I would use it with
swarms as spoken of in this article. As
my nuclei do most of my comb building, I
get all worker comb, and, as I believe, much
cheaper than to buy and fuss with founda-
tion.

BoEODiNO, N. Y. March 23, 1889.

Contracting the Brood-Nest and Preventing
Increase by Removing the Queen — Local-
ity and its Influence on Methods
of Wintering.

p. H. ELWOOD.

R. SAMUEL CUSHMAN writes me
(jlU for more particulars as to the work-
ing of colonies having their qiieeLS
removed, and requests that my an-
swers to his questions be sent to the Review
for pitblication. The plan already given in
the Review in brief is to remove the queen
just before the bees would swarm naturally.
With the queen should be taken one or more
sheets of brood with enough adhering bees
to protect the l)rood and queen. All queen
cells liable to hatch within eight days are to
be broken out, and eight days later ihe
(jueen cells are to be again broken out.
Eight d;iys after this, or sixteen days after
removing her, the queen is usually returnee'.
Mr. Cushman asks if the great stimulus or
increased working energy arising from nat-
ural swarming, is not lost by this method,
substituting instead that lack of energy
which we are told is always the result of
leaving colonies hopeles:-ly queenless. I
have discovered no stimulus (juite ecjual to
natural swarming. For the same strength a
natural swarm will work with greater energy
than any artificial metliod 1 liave knowledge
of. Notwithstanding, ill a contest with our
tpieenless stock, a natural swarm falls be-
hind from lack of numbers before thx ex-
piration of three weeks. The natural swarm
from the modern small hive, usually i.one
too strong at the start, is rapidly losing,
while the queenless stock is ns rapidly in-
creasing in strength from the hatching
brood. In the experience of Capt. llether-
ington and myself, it has been noticed that
the first eight day's work of tlie (lucenless
stock, while raising (lueen cells, is the jx^cr-
est. The second eight day's work when
hopelessly queenless, is much better. If
during this second period the colony is per-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

59

mitted to raise another crop of cells, the
result will not be nearly so good, thus prov-
ing that a colony hopelessly queenless, will
work with greater energy than one of like
strength still possessed with the swarming
impulse. The third period of eight days
after re-queening, is when the greatest
energy is shown, and is the nearest approach
to the energy of natural swarming that I
have observed. During this period with the
largely increased strength of the old stock, it
far surpasses the natural swarm in results.
The loose honey occupying the nearly brood-
less comb, is rapidly transferred to the sur-
plus receptacles, and with honey coming in
plentifully from the fields, very satisfactory
progress is made. Thus it will be observed
that our colonies are increasing in both
strength and working energy during our
white honey harvest of three or four weeks.
This is in conformity to the honey flow,
which, with us is usually enough white clover
to stimulate swarming, followed by a heavier
flow on basswood. The strength and energy
of natural swarms may also be compared to
an inclined plane, but with them the large
end of the wedge comes firgt. This would
better fit a heavy flow on clover, followed by
a lighter one on basswood. Methods must
be adapted to the honey flow, and this
method has never been recommended for all
localities. It is presented as a reliable non-
swarming system, but where a heavy increase
is desired some other plan must be adopted.
In amount of crop it has notsufl'ered in com-
parison with other systems of manipulation
in the hands of skillful apiarists near us.
Mr. Cushman asks whether removing the
queen is more effective than contraction. It
is contraction, for the brood removed con-
tracts the brood-nest just that much. At first
in removing queens I preferred to contract
to five frames lO^oxlG inside, but for the last
few years I have preferred to. leave six
frames. With horizontal contraction I have
had no experience. I can see many advan-
tages and some disadvantages in this in con-
trast to the old way. He inquires whether I
would practice this method with fifty colo-
nies in a home yard provided I had plenty of
time to care for them. I think it peculiarly
adapted to these conditions. Not more than
one day in the week ought to be spent in
caring for this number, and by removing the
queens it could be done and not have a
swarm in the air. The bee-keeper could also
keep the Sabbath as a day of rest and wor-
ship. A home yard run in connection .with
some other business may be the bee-keeping
of the future. Should prices of honey go
much lower, bee-keeping at arm's length (in
distant apiaries ) will not be profitable.

Mr. Cushman here cliauges the subject and
makes some inquiries about wintering: 1 —
Do you find that carting bees from distant
apiaries is better than leaving them packed
on their stands the year round, where they
have pure air at all times, and can fly freely
in suitable weather? 2 — In your opinion,
what is the reason that extensive bee-keepers
in Vermont, follow out-door wintering, while
you and Hetherington cart hives back and
forth spring and fallV H— Does it not increase
the labor to such an extent as to balance any

saving in stores from cellar wintering? 4 —
Can you not, in your climate, safely winter
bees in well-made outer cases, in which
packing may remain the whole year, provid-
ed you were using a top-opening or hanging
frame hive? 5 — If you were using a hanging
frame hive like the Hoffman, would it make
any difference? (> — Do your bees dwindle
much when set out in the spring, and do they
not then need as nmch protection as is afford-
ed by a chaff hive?

In answer to these questions I will say that
the out-door method of wintering has been
most thoroughly tried in these high lands
south of the Mohawk, and has been aban-
doned. Fifteen years ago I knew hardly any
bees in this immediate vicinity wintered in-
doors; now, I know of none wintered out.
Out-door wintering has proven a compara-
tive failure with all kinds of wood and straw
hives, and with all kinds of packing, includ-
ing permanently packed hives. It will do
finely for some winters, but unfortunately
we cannot pick out these winters in advance.
I have known our bees to be confined to the
hive for five mouths without a flight. I
formerly thought those Vermont bee-keepers
knew very much more than we about winter-
ing bees out-doors. Since visiting them, I
conclude they know only a little more than
we on this subject; (I would not have you
understand by this that they would not bear
acciuaintance well ) ; I now think the differ-
ence in climate makes a large part of the
difference in results. The winters in Addison
Co., Vt., are shoi'ter than ours with more
mild days and less cold winds. The Cham-
plain Valley is almost a continuation of the
Hudson Valley, making a favorable opening
for warm soutli winds. The high Adiron-
dacks at the west break the force of the pre-
vailing northwest wind, therefore the climate
is milder than the latitude would indicate.
They have some very cold days, but severe
cold is not disastrous if not long continued.
The mild days, even if not warm enough for
bees to fly, are beneficial in giving the bees
oijportunity to change honey and position in
the hive, etc. The Mohawk Valley runs east
and west and it seems to be a great funnel
for supplying the central part of New Eng-
land with fresh air. The prevailing winter
winds are northwest and they are hardly ever
idle; severity of cold is not always correctly
measured by the thermometer, but is often
dependent upon the force of the winds, the
amount of moisture in the air, etc. ; so, also,
severity of climate is not always dependent
upon distance from the equator, but upon
elevation and local conditions. We get very
little south wind here. Frequently we hear
the south wind blow on the hill top a couple
of miles south, while with us there is a cold
east wind and freezing weather. Four miles
south bees are flying and a genuine thaw
goes on. We consider a closed-end frame
much better for wintering and springing
bees than an open-end frame. For moving
bees the closed-end is very much better.
You can handle them like bricks. The Hoff-
man frame is partly closed at the end, which
is quite an improvement. I lately saw the
Quiuby closed-end frame hung on rabbets,
and the owner said after using them for

'60

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

•years with Hoffman and other hanging
frames, each kind in a hundred or more col-
onies, that they were far superior to either
for convenience and intrinsic worth. Our
bees do not dwindle so much in spring as
When they were wintered on their summer
stands packed in chaff. I should prefer a
somewhat open outside case so that the
moisture might more freely pass off. Absor-
bents after remaining in the hive during the
winter are usually somewhat damp and are
of doubtful benefit for spring protection. A
wet overcoat would be much the same pro-
tection to a man. Absorbents are also a
detriment in shutting off the sun. Honey
and wax retain heat well, and in a well-made
hive, a good supply of honey, when well
heated up, makes comfortable quarters for a
swarm until the next sunshiny day, jvovided
that day is not too far off. At any rate, after
trying both for years, I prefer this occasional
warming up to the shade and dampness of
the chaff hive. However, for the latitude of
Rhode Island, and even farther north, some
form of outdoor wintering will probably be
best, care being taken in constructing outer
cases that they be so open that the sun and
wind may dry out the packing. We do not
put our bees in the cellar to save honey, but
to save bees. The honey saved together with
the saving of work in weighing, feeding,
looking up queens, uniting, etc., at home,
instead of at a distance, helps to offset the
extra work of carting back and forth. The
immediate labor of setting in and out is
rnore than counterbalanced by the saving in
hives. It is surprising what a saving it is to
keep them in the cellar. Capt. Hetherington,
one day last fall, with less than a-half dozen
men to help him, put in seventeen hundred
swarms. They didn't wear any of the har-
nesses described in our bee journals. His
teams wore the harness.

Stabkville, N. Y. March 28, 1889.

large Combs With Passageways— " Contrac-
tion and Quilts" Undesirable.
Stimulative Feeding.

J. A. BUCHANAN.

fT WOULD be a herculean task to re-
count the scores of mistakes I have
made since engaging in apiculture. My
passionate fondness for the pursuit
seems nevier to abate, even under the most
trying circumstances: yet it is my decided
opinion that I made the greatest mistake of
my life by engaging in the business.

The first frame hive I adopted was the old
style, eight-frame, Quinby, which was equal
in capacity to a ten-frame L. hive. Since
that time I have tested hives and frames of
every conceivable size and shape, but none
have given better satisfaction, either in win-
tering bees or in amount of honey secured,
than has this old Quinby hive. In dropping
this hive, if I made no mistake, I am sure I
have made no more money by adopting other
styles. Passageways were made for the bees
by cutting out of the combs, vertically, nar-
row strips, a little forward of the center.
Then strips of wood were placed in the sides
of these openings, leaving a bee-space only,

which prevented the bees from closing them-.
These passageways were valuable, not only
for the bees to return directly to the main
cluster when sudden changes came, but they
also permitted the queens, especially of weak
stocks, to pass to the opposite side of a comb
in extending brood in cool spring weather.
These openings extended from within one
inch of top bar to within one and one-half
inches of the bottom bar. Bees kept in such
hives always seemed to have plenty of stores
and did not need such close attention as do
those in small or shallow-frame hives. This
brings me to the subject of contraction.

Expert bee-keepers tell us that we make a
great mistake if we don't contract the brood-
nest to the laying capacity of the queen, and
force all the honey into the supers, supply-
ing the needs of the colony with sugar syrup
as the safer food for wintering. Some ex-
periments, that I have conducted on this
line, convince me that the claim is based on
a false assumption. If it will hold good in
more northern latitudes, let its advocates
hold fast to it; but when we count the cost
of feeders, the preparation and feeding of
sugar, loss in weight by consumption of
syrup for the purpose of elaborating wax in
sealing the syrup, together with some loss of
vitality in the bees that perform the labor,
time required to sell the extra amount of hon-
ey, when all these points are considered, I be-
lieve the scheme will be found uni)rofitable.
But we are asked to believe that this fall
feeding induces the bees to rear more brood,
which, maturing late, is a great advantage,
as these young bees winter better. Another
mistake. I find bees hatched during Sep-
tember, or even some earlier, winter best.
These older bees are hardened off; and when
cold weather comes they settle down to the
quiescent state more perfectly.

On the subject of ventilation, I have some
facts to record, which seem at variance with
much that has been offered on the matter.
*'See that the quilts and cushions are tucked
down closely over the frames in the early
spring, that the heat may be retained for the
rapid spreading of the brood," is the oft re-
peated advice given by many. Last spring
I was called to examine three colonies that
had been wintered on the summer stands,
having the supers, (seven wide frames filled
with sections which were partly full of comb
and some honey,) left on just as they were
in the fall. This was at the beginning of
apple bloom. When I raised the caps and
saw the bees hanging in festoons all through
the sections, and noticed that new comb was
being built, I could but view the sight with
wonder and astonishment. To tell the truth,
I just felt a little jealous over the affair. You
see I had been so busy all the spring "tucking
down quilts" to get up steam and start brood
rearing in my apiaries, and I felt completely
licked by this careless old bee-keeper, who
had left his bees in such horrible plight.
There were more bees in one of his hives
than in any three of my best. I know another
bee-keeper who practices leaving the supers
on all winter, and his bees swarm very early
and winter perfectly.

Generally, the advice is not to stimulate
bees in the early spring by feeding. If I had

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

61

ten colonies, five weak, and five strong, I
would stimulate the strong by feeding, and
when an abundance of young bees had matur-
ed, I would shake one or two frames full of
these young bees in front of the weak
colonies, letting the old bees, that know the
way, go back. These young bees will not
quarrel with the bees of the weak stock, nor
kill the queens. As the season grows warm-
er, brood from the strong hives may be given
the weak ones, when all will soon be made
strong. The mistake is made in attempting
to stimulate the weak stocks.

Holliday's Cove, W. Va. Jan. 27, 1889.

No Variety of Bee is Best in all Respects,
But the Blacks are Hard to Beat.

BYBON WALKEK.

fN ATTEMPTING to write briefly in
relation to which are the best bees, I
shall confine my remarks wholly to the
merits of the blacks, Italians, and hy-
brids; since with these only, have I had any
experience. When I began keeping bees,
some fifteen years since, I purchased twenty
colonies of black bees; and then, following
the instructions of the leading apicultural
writers of the day, having bought as many
Italian queens as I had colonies, I proceeded
at once to Italianize my apiary. For reasons
unnecessary to mention here, I was not en-
tirely successful in the attempt. The result
was a sore disappointment at that time, as
my heart was set on keeping only the b<'f<f
bees, those that could be handled with im-
punity, even though no veil were used, and
that would gather a large amount of surplus,
when the inferior blacks would starve, etc.,
etc. Well, I finally concluded" to make a
virtue of necessity, and so postponed the
completion of my scheme until another sea-
son. This naturally led to a comparison of
the traits of the two races, and since my
capital at that time was very limited, I was
obliged also to keep in view, general results.
The third season found me in charge of an
apiary of two hundred colonies, composed
about equally of blacks, Italians, and hy-
brids; and from then till now, with the ex-
ception of two summers, when I had less
than one hundred colonies, I have kept from
one hundred and fifty, to two hundred and
fifty oolonies in my different yards each
season; and as these were chiefly bought
from dift'erent states each spring, the races
in question being each year well represent-
ed in possibly a dozen or more different
localities during this time, the chance for
comparison has been a tolerably good one.
I must confess that, at the outset, I was
strongly impressed in favor of the Italians;
but as I gradually ceased to kick against the
pricks, and got my financial eyes wide open,
the fulfillment of my original purpose was
indefinitely postponed. It would be idle for
any one at this time, to claim that either of
these races in their purity, possess all of the
most desirable traits in a measure that would
entitle them to be called the best bees.

Who would question the superior disposi-
tion of the Italians, the greater facility with
which they can be handled while performing
the ordinary operations of the apiary, with
perhaps the single exception of displacing
the bees from their combs for extracting or
other purposes; or that they excel in the
vigor and tenacity with which they defend
their homes from invasion? On the other
hand, who will call in question the claim
that the blacks are superior as comb build-
ers, and that they impart a superior finish to
the comb honey? In short, that as comb
honey producers, they can be handled with
far better results than Italians?

I am aware that there is a marked differ-
ence between different strains of the latter,
but the best that I have been able to secure,
are still quite inferior to the blacks in this
respect. There is one point you mention in
introducing this subject as an excellence
peculiar to the Italians, that I caimot but re-
gard as a defect, with a location similar to
mine. I refer to the tendency to suddenly
reduce the amount of brood rearing one-half,
at the beginning of the honey flow. Does
not this mean that the honey which should
have been stored in sections, to the extent of
this reduction, will now be stored in the
brood nest, unless the apiarist is to the
trouble to correspondingly lessen its size?
In either case, does it not often result in
crowding the queen so as to cause swarming,
at a time when increase of swarms is sure to
result in a largely diminished yield of the
best comb honey: and further, if, as is often
the case with me, the late yield is by far the
better, and the interval between it and the
early flow is but a short one, will it not often
result in such colonies being so far diminish-
ed in strength as to be in poor condition for
taking that flow? Finally, will not the close
of the late flow, often find the brood nest
almost entirely filled with honey, even with
plenty of room in the sections, and the
colony so far reduced as to preclude building
up again during the season? Such have been
the practical results with me in hundreds of
instances. Indeed, only last fall I shook off
from their combs, over thirty colonies that
were in this condition, and yet each of these
colonies had an ordinarily prolific queen at
the commencement of the honey flow.

With regard to hybrids, I have for years
past endeavored to follow the plan you men-
tion for improving our stock, but constant
winter losses have prevented giving it a fair
trial. Thus far, I have failed in securing a
strain that combines in any great measure
the good qualities of the two races. Results
have been by no means uniform. Hybrids
with'me, however, are commonly energetic
workers, better comb builders than the Ital-
ians, and better home protectors than the
blacks. In conclusion, were I to follow bee-
keeping chiefly for the amusement to be de-
rived from the occupation, I would no doubt
regard the Italians, or, possibly the Carnio-
lans, as the most desirable bees; so, also, if
my location were better adapted to queen
rearing and increasing stock than securing
surplus comb honey; provided, of course, I
could find sale for queens and bees at prices
my conscience would permit me to ask for

62

i'iJE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

them; but situated as I am in a location ad-
apted to the production of comb honey,
which requires, however, on an average, the
purchase of one hundred or more colonies
each spring to keep up my stock, I can't
afford to pay from twenty to twenty-five per
cent, more for a strain of bees that will
(other things being equal) bring me a crop
of honey bearing an inverse ratio in value,
to their cost as compared with black bees.
Nor have I during fifteen years trial in as
many locations, found a season or locality so
poor as to prove their superiority over the
blacks, for the purposes for which I am
engaged in bee-keeping.
Cap AC, Mich. March 8, 1889.

How the Carniolans Winter.

JOHN ANDREWS.

^AVING studied the habits of the
Carniolan bees for five years, I will,
for the benefit of those who are
thinking of trying them, make a few
statements in regard to their behavior in
winter.

They will winter in a warmer atmosphere
than Italians, and keep more quiet. During
the last two winters I have had one colony of
Italians in the cellar with the Caruiolans,
and, each year,the Italians died in February,
while not a colony of Carniolans died, unless
they starved. I have learned by sad exper-
ience, that Carniolans need more stores in
winter than the Italians. They go in with
more bees in the fall, and come out with
more bees in the spring, and I feel that the
extra honey is well used.

This winter I have kept the temperature at
.50°. At this writing, a few show signs of
being uneasy; and four colonies have been
taken out for a flight: each one had from
four to six combs of eggs and brood, and a
nice lot of lively young bees.

Patten's Mills, N. Y. March 20, 1889.

The * Bee-Keepers' + Eeview,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTOHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS : —50 cents a year in advance, two
copies for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 35 cents each; all to be sent to one
POST OFFICE. In clubs to different post offices,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each,

FLINT, MICHIGAN, APRIL 10, 1889.

THE EXTBAOTOK IS HEBE TO STAY.

Several times some one has said that the
honey extractor has been detrimental to bee-
culture. We are willing to admit that this
is a debatable subject, but to discuss it
would be wholly useless, as the extractor is
here, and here to stay. No amount of argu-
ment would drive it away.

POPULAEITY AT HOME.

It is pleasant to know that our correspon-
dents enjoy the confidence and esteem, not
only of their readers, but of their immediate
neighbors. One of our best correspondents,
Mr. R. L. Taylor, was elected State Senator
last fall, and now another one, Mr. .James
Heddon, has been elected Mayor of the city
of Dowagiac.

EXTEA PAGES AGAIN.

Is the Review going to grow into a larger
magazine? It will if we continue to be
blessed with such quantities of correspon-
dence so good that it muKt be published, and
advertisements keep coming in at the rate
they have for the past two months. Friends,
it is with a thankful heart that we again
give you four extra pages.

ME. WEED UNBELIABLE.

No large samples of comb have as, yet,
come from Mr. Weed. We have borne with
him, and published his excuses, and waited
for him to send sample or explanations, until
patience has ceased to be a virtue. Com-
plaints still come that he neither explains
nor returns stamps. Certain it is that he
made small pieces of comb, and equally cer-
tain it is that there is a " hitch " somewhere
in attempting to make large pieces — but
there is no excuse for keeping stamps and
making no explanation.

PEOSPECTS FOB A GOOD SEASON.

Some correspondents in Gleanings call at-
tention to the fact that a good honey sea-
son always follows a wet season. The rea-
son given being that the clover secures such
an excellent growth. They say that, accord-
ing to this "sign," the coming season will
be a good one. We have now had two poor
seasons, and, if there is anything in the law
of "chances," the harvest ought to be a
bountiful one. We should not hesitate to
put money into the bee-business this spring;
in fact, we would sooner invest in bees this
spring, than just after two good seasons.

THE " DOVETAILED " HIVE.

Mr. Root has made, in this hive, the
the changes that we suggested. He has sent
us a hive. At the risk of appearing too crit-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

63

ical, we will say that the supers seem "bung-
ling," clumsy, and heavy to us, as we are ac-
customed to handling those made of % stuff.
If Mr. Root would adopt the seveu-to-the-
foot sections, he could then make the sides
of the supers thinner. The ends might also
be made thinner, and then narrow strips
tacked across the ends, at the top and bot-
tom of the super, to make it as long as the
hive. Or the supers might be made shorter
than the hive and the end pieces of the
honey-board made correspondingly wider.

Journal" was dropped. Bro. Newman be-
lieves that the present is an auspicious time
for its revival and he has brought forth
" Vol. IV. No. I." with its name changed to
the "Illustrated Home .Journal." It is
a monthly, at $]r>0 a year, and is nicely
printed on fine paper, and filled with
choice miscellaneous matter suitable for the
family and iireside. Bro. Newman has al-
ways been a warm friend of ours, and of the
Review, and we sincerely hope that he will
prosper in this new venture.

PKOF. cook's little PAMPHLET : " THE SILO
AND SILAGE."

As a rule, we do not intend to "notice"
anything outside of bee-culture, but we can-
not resist the temptation to say a good word
for Prof. Cook's last boot: "The Silo and
Silage." It is very readable, being written
in the Professor's best style, and tells in a
plain, straight-forward way how to build a
silo, how to raise the corn, and how to put it
into the silo. The Author writes from expe-
rience, and we doubt not that many a farm-
er could make money by following his ad-
vice. The price of the book is 25 cts. Ad-
dress Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural College,
Michigan.

MB. HEDDON's " OFFICIAL ''' OKGAN.

An editorial in the March Ajjicultui'Lst
contains the following : —

"Why should not every bee-keeper have
his official organ? Bro. Heddon has his ;
and, although published in the state of
Michigan, I believe Bro. Heddon is not there
to conduct its affairs, yet, when he desires to
lash a fellow who does not puff ' my new
system,' he pitches into him as vigorously as
though he were editor-in-chief."

If we are to judge by the freedom with
which Mr. Heddon is allowed to defend him-
self, then a perusal of his article in this
same number of the .Ijiiciiltwisf would lead
us to suppose that his "official organ" was
published in Mass. instead of Mich.

BBO. NEWMAN S NEW VENTUKE.

Years ago, Bro. Newman, of the A. B. J.
was engaged in the publication of the "Chi-
cago Illustrated Journal." Upon taking
hold of the A. B. J. the "Illustrated

"PKAOTICAL BEE-KEEPING."

( 'ontinued from March No.
Mr. -Jones describes the ".Jones Deep Frame
Hive." The frames are 10^4 inches wide,
and 1232 deep, and twelve frames are used in
a hive. But few double-walled hives are used
in Canada: many colonies are, however, win-
tered in clamps. The Heddon hive is illus-
trated and described. What Mr. .Jones calls
his "Combination Hive" is simply a hive
with his deep frame laid upon its side, which
is a move in the right direction. With this
hive are used the reversible honey-boards
and reversers. For "all purposes" this is the
favorite hive of our Author. He pleads for
a square frame, because the queen can then
keep the brood more nearly in a globular
shape. We must once more call attention to
the fact that we ought not to build hives with
a view entirely to suiting the instincts of the
bees. It is true that bees prefer to have their
brood in a globular shape, but it may be
more profitable for us to compel them to flat"
ten it. We must keep in view the end. — Mr.
•Jones would advise the painting of hives.
He uses a dark drab mineral paint. Hives
last longer and look better when painted;
besides, many of the operations of the
apiary require hives alike in appearance; and
old hives have a different color from new
ones when both are unpainted. We think
this one of the strongest arguments in favor
of painting. Hives ought to be painted
white, as white reflects the heat, while dark
colors absorb it. — In speaking of the Root
"Dovetailed Hive," Mr. Jones says he thinks
a mistake was made in leaving out the metal
supports. We think not. — A brief descrip-
tion is given of the Richardson Hives. — The
Barnes foot power saw is also illustrated and
described. — Mr. Jones next describes the
operation of transferring, but we have all
read it time and again in the text books.

64

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

"Modern Transferring," that of driving the
bees out and hiving them upon sheets of
foundation, then driving them again when the
brood is hatched, Jiilling the queen and unit-
ing the bees with the bees first driven, then
extracting the honey from the old combs
and melting them into wax, this excellent
method, that was originated, we believe, by
Mr. Heddon, is given by copying from
Gleanings, an article of Mr. Heddon's.

To be continued.

THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTBOL OF INCBEASE.

The bee-keeper who has a large number of
colonies is interested in learning how to pre-
vent or control increase. Under such con-
ditions, surplus is more desirable than in-
crease. By using large hives, and raising
extracted honey, swarming can be practi-
cally prevented : but, in the production of
comb honey, swarming is the rule as soon as
colonies become populous and work in the
sections is well urder way. In localities not
overstocked, and blessed with a harvest
from white clover, basswood and fall
flowers, better results are secured by allow-
ing one swarm from each stock. After-
swarming can be practically prevented by
the Heddon method, that of hiving the
swarm upon the old stand, transferring the
supers to the new hive, setting the old hive
by the side of the new one for a week, then
moving it to a new location. This throws
all the working force into the new hive
where the sections are, and leaves the parent
colony so weak in numbers, just as the
young queens are hatching, that few colo-
nies cast second swarms. Did the young
queens always begin hatching on the eighth
day, this method would be infallable : but,
occasionally, they hatch sooner ; oftener,
however, an after-swarm is the result of
their not hatching until the eleventh or
twelfth day ; when enough bees have hatch-
ed to make a small swarm. As a rule, how-
ever, after-swarming is prevented by this
method. E. A. Manum prevents after-
swarming entirely by cutting out all queen
cells, except one, on the fourth day, and
again upon the eighth day. There's too
much labor about this ; we would rather
have an occasional after-swarm. Mr.
Manum, however, does not wish to weaken
the old colony, while we have no objection,
so long as the new swarm is correspondingly

strengthened. Certain it is that after-
swarming can be, and is, practically prevent-
ed, but the prevention of first swarms is a
more difdcult problem. The reports in re-
gard to the Simmins non-swarming system
are very meager and conflicting. We had
hoped to give it a trial last season, but sick-
ness prevented. We did, however, try the
plan of replacing the old queens with young
ones. Of twenty colonies so treated, only
one swarmed, and the queen in this one did
not prove a good layer, the bees seemed dis-
satisfied, and swarmed out. Of course, the
honey producer cannot afford to buy ijueens
in the spring, at $1.00 each, for all of his col-
onies ; but, if some method could be devised
for cheaply re-queening an apiary, with
young queens, in the spring, we believe
swarming could thereby be nearly, if not
quite, prevented. By removing the (lueen,
a few of our best bee-keepers prevent
increase, and at the same time stop
the rearing of brood at a time when
its production means a lessened sur-
plus. Then there are those who allow their
bees to swarm, yet so manage that all
increase is prevented. Dr. Tinker has been
calling attention to such a method. When a
colony swarms it is hived upon the old
stand, the sections transferred to the new
hive, all the bees shaken from the combs of
the parent colony and allowed to run in
with the swarm : the brood of the old colony
is then placed over the queen-excluding
honey-board of some colony that has not
swarmed, and the supers of this colony
placed over the brood thus added. As the
brood hatches, the combs become filled
with honey, when they can be removed and
the honey extracted, or they may be piled up
on a few colonies, and kept for use in win-
tering the bees. Well, we think we have
said enough to introduce the subject of
"Increase, its Management and Control,"
and we most cordially invite our readers to
pick up the thread where we have dropped it,
and help to make the May Review brimfull
of information upon this most important
subject.

HONEY PBODUCEBS' EXCHANGE.

The United States Honey Producers' Ex-
change was organized in January, 1888. Its
officers are as follows : President, P. H. El-
wood : Vice President, I. L. "Scofield ; Secre-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW^

65

'tary, G, H. Knickerbocker ; Treasurer, C. G.
Dickinson. Its object is to furnish its mem-
bers prompt, reliable information as to the
honey crop throughout the United States.
Six or more reporters are appointed in each
honey-producing state, and they forward
their reports to the Secretary on the first
days of June, July, August and September.
The Secretary compiles these reports, and,
on the tenth of the month, forwards to each
member the reports from the whole Uuited
States, The membership fee is fl.OO, and
sending that amount to the Secretary, G. H.
Knickerbocker, Pine Plains, N. Y., entitles
one to the reports for one year. Great pains
are taken to secure reliable men for report-
ers ; and, as fast as possible, their num-
ber will be increased until every honey
producing county will be represented by a
reporter. The Exchange has the support
and endorsement of such Veil known men
as Dr. Miller, Dadant, Grimm, Manum,
Crane, Cushman, Vandervort, Mason,
Tinker, Pond, Gary, Root, Hetherington,
Martin, Barber, Isham. Doolittle, Clark, As-
pinwall, VanDeusen, Heddon, Taylor, Cook,
Hilton, Cutting, Valentine, Demaree, Shuck,
Foster, Secor, Wilkins, Rassmusseu, and
many others equally as well known : and the
Review most heartily adds its support. The
selling of our product needs more study just
now than does its production, and anything
that helps in that direction ought to be en-
couraged.

OONTEAOTION OF THE BKOOD-NEST.

There seems to be but little to say in the
way of summing up. There is no doubt but
that contraction of the brood-nest is profit-
able in the production of comb honey in
localities where there is an early harvest of
white honey, followed by a dark fall crop; in
short, it is advisable under exactly the condi-
tions that we mentioned in our introductory
editorial of last month. Dr. Miller intro-
duces one point that we failed to notice, viz.,
that a young bee in the hive is a help, though
the harvest may close before the bee is old
enough to join the field laborers.

By removing the queen, P. H. Elwood, and
others, not only prevent increase, but put a
stop to brood rearing more effectually than
it can be done by contraction; and, when the
queen is returned, the honey that has accumu-
lated in the brood-nest is rushed into the
sections, to make room for the queen. This,

of course, compels £he bees to handle some
of the honey twice over, but we don't care
anything about that, it's the resell fs we are
after. We have never tried that plan, but
feel sure that we would prefer contraction,
as being less laborious, where the prevention
of increase is not also desired. In the pro-
duction of extracted honey, contraction is
not so important, as the honey can be ex-
tracted even though it is stored in the brood-
nest; still, it is more convenient, and the
work more easily and quickly performed,
where the brood is in one apartment and the
surplus in another. The time when we have
found contraction the most desirable, is in
hiving a swarm. The sections are transfer-
red to the swarm, and the bees forced into
them at once by contracting the brood-nest.
Work is speedily re^^umed in the supers, and
the sections finished up; whereas, with a large
brood-nest, the honey would be stored in it
instead of in the sections, the latter being
left untouched until the harvest is nearly
passed and gone.

LANGSTBOTH ON THE HONEY BEE, REVISED
BY DADANT.

Continued from March No.

Chapter III treats of the "Food of Bees."
During its sojourn in the honey-sac, nectar
undergoes a chemical change. Most of its
cane sugar is changed into grape sugar.—
Whether the cappings over honey are air-
tight is an undecided question. The Dadants
are of the opinion that they are not, but they
admit that the difference of opinions may be
due to the fact that the cappings are very
fragile, and crack imperceptibly, when ex-
posed to the variations of temperature out-
side of the hive.— In some localities, the use
of flour as a substitute for pollen, before it
can be gathered in the spring, is a great ad-
vantage.—When rearing brood, bees need
water, but, when bees are shipped, ( without
brood we presume) they do not need water;
at least, Messrs. Dadant did not succeed in
getting bees alive from Italy until, very re-
luctantly, the shippers consented to send
them without water.

Chapter IV discusses "Bee-Hives." Some
space is given to the hives of olden time.
Earthen hives, straw hives, the Huber Leaf
hive, the Gravenhorst hive, the Berlepsch
hive, etc., hives that have seen their day,
are given a brief description. Then follow

66

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

descriptions of the Langstroth, Simplicity,
Heddon, and others. The hive preferred by
Messrs. Dadant, is a Lanstroth, with hang-
ing frames 11}4 deep by 17% in width, thir-
teen frames in a hive. Half dep.h upper
stories are used for extracting supers. The
bottom board is loose. All through the
chapter runs a vein of opposition to
small hives. The objections are that the
queen is not allowed suificient room to de-
velope her fertility; the bees are more inclin-
ed to swarm, and that not so much honey is
secured. We see nothing gained by "devel-
oping the fertility of the queen." Were
queens expensive there would be reason in
trying to secure as many eggs as possible
from one queen, but, as they cost the honey
producer practically nothing, why not have
enough of them to keep all of the brood-
combs full of brood without any fuss and
bother about "developing their fertility?"
Our 111. friends say: "The harvest is in pro-
portion to the number of bees in the hive;"
ive say it is in proportion to the number of
bees, and it makes no difference, within cer-
tain limits, whether the bees are all in one
hive, or in two hives. A. colony must be
large enough to keep up the requisite heat
for brood-rearing and comb building, and
yet be able to spare the proper proportion of
field workers, and when it is sufficiently pop-
ulous for this, and the hive is adapted to the
size of the colony, nothing is gained, so far
as the storing of honey is concerned, by in-
creasing the size of the hive and the number
of its occupants. For years we were engag-
ed in the production of extracted honey and
the rearing of queens, and we have many
times noticed that, in proportion to the
number of combs, the two-frame nuclei
stored as much honey as the full colonies.
But there are other considerations aside
from the storing of honey. These diminutive
colonies could not generate sufficient heat to
pass the winter, at least, not in northern
climates; besides, in working for comb
honey, the manufactiire and handling of so
many small supers would largely increase
the expense and labor. If the hives are too
large, wide boards, that are more expensive,
are needed in their manufacture, they are too
heavy to be handled with ease, and some of
the queens fail to fill all of the combs with
brood, leaving from !|1.00 to $2.00 worth of
honey in the outside combs as dead capital.
There is a golden mean in these things, from
which we cannot largely depart without loss.

The Dadants say, be sure and have the hive
large enough so that the queen can lay to her
utmost capacity; we say, be sure that the
hive is small enough so that the queen will
keep the combs full of brood. That bees
swarm more when kept in small hives, we
have always admitted; but they will swarm
enough with large hives to need an atten-
dant. We are not a little surprised to see
our Authors assert that the honey-board has
been discarded of late years. If there is any
one implement in bee culture that is the
most rapidly gaining in favor, it is the
honey-board. In closing the chapter on
hives, beginners are cautioned to be very
careful in buying patent hives. Why, we ask,
any more caution when investing in a patent-
ed hive, than in one unpatented?

To be continued,

Why More Honey is Secured by Proper
Contraction.

tlOlRANK CHESHIRE, in .his excellent
(if\) work, "Bees and Bee Keeping," gives
"^^^ ' most clearly and concisely the reasons
why contraction of the brood-nest, at the
proper time, leads to the securing of large
quantities of honey. . He says: —

"It would be easy to give a long catalogue
of distinguished honey-producers, who all
declare in favor of small brood-chambers
when comb honey is the object. In the early
part of the season the queen should receive
every encouragement to deposit eggs, for the
great spring laying is the foundation of all
surplus; but, as the summer advances, and
the duration of the yield is measured by five
or even six weeks ( the date depending upon
the flora and latitude), the production of
large breadths of brood is fatal to high re-
sults. Let us imagine that the brooding,
feeding, and sealing of a single bee, from the
egg upwards, costs as much to the colony as
storing four cells with honey — an estimate
which careful attention to this problem has
shown me to be moderate, even for ordinary
yields. Then the production of one pound
of bees, i.e., two pounds nearly of larvie, will
reduce the honey stored by Hilb. ; if the comb
has to be built, by ^probably 81b. It is be-
cause a bee in a fair yield is able to reciuite
the colony with many times its cost that a
large population means surplus, but if the
one pound aforesaid is produced at the end
of the honey yield, the expenditure has been
made without a possibility of return. The
supposition that tremendous laying on the
part of the (lueen is requisite right down to
grey autumn, is most shallow."

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

61

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as follows:

On 10 lines ind upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent.; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
85 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.;ti
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; 6
times, 30 per cent. ; 9 times, 40 per cent. ; 12 times
50 per cent.

WE MANUFACTURE THE

Standard Simplicity Portico aM Cliaff Hiyes.

Frames, crates; sections, comb foundation, and
a jjeneral line of bee-keepers' supplies always
on hand; also bees, queens, and full colonies.
Send for '■^\'^ pajje catalogue.

OLIVER HOOVER & CO.
4-S9-12t Snydertown, Nort'd Co., Pa.

North Shade Apiary.

Full colonies and nuclei at 50 cts. i>pr com)),
in good 8-frame L. hives. No charge for hives.
Tested Italian queens, S2.00 each. No queens for
sale, except to go with ))eep. Will ship in light
shipping boxes instead of liives when so ordered.
My brood-frames are Siniplicty, L. size.

Discounts :— $25 to S:10, lO per cent ; $30 to $50,
15 per cent ; $50 to $75, 20 jier cent ; $75 to $100, or
larger orders. 25 per cent otf from above iirices.

Conditions :— All colonies will lie well stocked
with lirood and bees, all healthy iind bright. De-
livered f. o. I), cars at Alamo, in the bi-st possible
shipping order. No foul brood ever known near
here. Will fill all orders first week in May. Re-
mit by Am. Exi>., money order, registered letter,
draft on New York or Chicago, or l)y P. O. money
order on Kalamazoo. Address -
O. H. TOWNKEND,
4-89-lt Alamo, Kalauiazoo Co., Mich.

fWe once l)ought about $75 worth of ))ees of
friend Townsend, and we were never more fairly
treated; or better satisfied with a purchase.
Ed. Review.)

Every

Bee->.eeper

SHOULD TRY

The Success Hive

Tr-U-S

To Its

NAME.

Safe winterer, easy in manipulation, durable,
cheap, and, for large yields of honey, is unsur-
I)assed.

Sections, Section Cases, Coml] Foiinf,a ion.

and all apiarian supplies, at greatly reduced
prices. Send for new circulars, free.
L. H. & W. J. VALENTINE,

(Successors to S VALENTINE & SONS)

4-89-tf Hagerstown, Wash. Co., Md.

FOH SAI-E

A complete Langstroth hive, in the flat, for
75 cts Sections in bushel boxes, $3.00 per M.
Extra nice Foundatif)n; heavy, for brood, 40 cts.;
thin, for surplus, 45 cts. Japanese Buckwheat,
Alsike Clover seed. Shipping Crates, and all
things used in the apiary. Direct all orders to
4-89-tf W. D. SOPEK, Box 1473, Jackson, Mich.

BEES FOR SALE.

Our bees have wintered well, and we have
some splendid c.,l,,nies. We wish to sell some
of them, and ol ,.r them at the following prices:
Single colony, KlOO; five colonies, $5.50 each- ten
or more, ct)lonies, #5.. 0 each. All have queens of
last year s rearing The frames are Langstroth
eight in a hive The hives are the same as the
old style of Heddon hive, except that the bottom
boards are loose. They are like Mr. Root's new
Dovetailed Hive." We could also spare a few
colonies in the new Heddon hive, at an advance
ot titty cents per colony upon the above prices
We have a few colonies in a single section of the
new Heddon hive. These we would sell for $4 00
each. Purchasers of colonies in the new Heddon
hive, will be furnislied free with a permit from
Mr Heddon to use the hives. The bees are
Italians and hybrids, mostly the former. Those
who prefer Italians, will please state their pref-
erence when ordering, otherwise either kind will
be sent indiscriminately.

Choice Tested Queens at $1.00 Each.

Last year, to determine to what extent the
introduction of young queens would prevent
swarming, we sent South for young (lueens and
introduced them, selling the old queens at $1.00
each. We were so weU pleased with the results
that we shall repeat the operation again this
spring. Our queens were all reared last season
and are fane tested Italians, right in tlieir prime
yet, in order to have them go off quickly, we
otter them at $1.00 each; and we can send them
right ott, just as soon as purchasers wish them
Young queens, riglit from tlie South, can be fur-
nished, at the same price, to those who prefer

tfit-m. W, Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

TU HEAD THE APRIL ISSUE OF

THE AERICAN APICULTOM,

Mailed free to all who will send their full ad-
dress plainly written upon a postal card.

Address, AMERICAN APICULTURIST,

1-89-tf Wenham, Mass.

Please mention the Reuiew.

M lOtli Year in eiieen-Reaft 1889.

Italian Queen-Bees

Tested queen, in April, May, and June $1.50

Untested " " " " 80

Sent by mail and safe arrival guaranteed. Also
nuclei and full colonies. Eggs of Pekin ducks-
White and Brown Leghorns, and White-crested
Black Polisli chirks, $l.rjO per dozen.

W. P. HENDEKSON,

4-99-t3t Murfreesboro, Tenn.

Ph-ase mention the Reuiew.

FLINT, MICH. Expenses less than at

other school in MiehiK.in. Special

ises Including I'repiiralorj, Teachers,

iilifie, Literary, Hiu:her English, Commer-

Klveution, Music, Fine / ri. Penmanship,

Shori-hanti, T<]ii'.
,.h,. Ne es.u y
termot'lOw eus

Students in .ay

lime. No vaca- a^
open. AUGUST 2S, ISS'*
nber 0. 'ciS. t;ecoi "

normal

. Ter

.VO. Sprini Term Jlarch '-'6. '89. Summer
■| erm Jrnie 4, '89. Uu3uT-|iassfUoc;ition. Ele-
r.■.tIl•■^« Imildinr. S. n.i fiT l':it:ilo?iie ti)

(;.S.i::inb:i!I,JI,A.,l'rin.,Flint,.nich.

itins:, Telegra-
expenses for a,
only $80. 50.
enter at any
tion. FallTenh

College

Please mention the Reuiew.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Pure Italian Queens,

J, F, Caldwell, San Marcos, Tens,

will be sent post paiil on receipt of your cash

orders. ^ -i m /Vw

April May to Oct.

Select tested $3 75 *)! 25 $2 75

Tpsted 2 75 1 7.T 1 50

r2IJntested 9 50 9 00 8 50

Address J. P. CALDWELL,

4-89-3t ^^^ Marcos, lexas.

Please mention the Review.

SECTION PRESS.

FBICE $2.00.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOI^ 1889.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. HROWN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georgia.

Please mention the Reuieiv.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for 1889 of Italian Queens. Bees, Eggs
for hatching from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) Japanese Buckwheat, and two choice
new varieties of Potatoes. . ,. .,

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY l)y getting my price list be-
fore you purchase.

CHAS. D DUVALL,
2.88-tf. Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

take the lead as egg producers.
"Slielling out eggs" is their business.
$1.00 per 13; $1.1)0 per 26.

Bees & Queens. Circular Free.
A. F. BRIGHT,

4.,Si|-tf Mazeppa, Minn.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Coml

Foundation. See Aduerfisement in Another Column.

Italian Bees, Queens,

And EGGS from Light Brahma and Wyandotte
Poultry. Eggs, two dollars for thirteen.

One untested queen, $1.' 0; three for f 2.C0.

J^=' Price List Free.
4-S9-t)t H. G, FRAME, North Mancliester, Ind.

"Vou'pe A Humbug

About advertising, although your reasoning has
made a strong iiii|>i'i'wsion upon my mind." So
writes Ur. Milh'r; and then lie goes on and tells
us to advertise Ids Ixmk, and if he sells enough to
pay for the adv. he will "own up" that he is
wrong and we are right. His book is "A Year
Among the Bees," and costs 7-Jcts. Next month
we shall begin to advertise it; in the meantime,
should you wish to get t lie start of us, send for
the book at once, and be sure and tell the Dr. you
saw it mentioned in the Review .
Address, Dr. C, C, MILLER,

Marengo, 111,

PATEHTC

For putting together one-piece sections. Every
section square; and a smart boy or girl can fold
100 in six minut<>s. Try one and you will never
regret it. Send to your supply dealer, or to

WAKEMAN & CROCKER, LOCKPORT, N. Y.
3-89-St Please mention the Review.

■ Our descriptive circular of Eclipse, Langstroth
and New American bee-hives, smokers, bee-veils,
Italian bees, Italian queens, books on bee cul-
ture, etc. F.A.SNELL,
3-89-3t Milledgeville, Carroll Co., 111.

Phm.,- mention the Review.

Leahy's + Foundation,

—WHOLESALE AND RETAIL—

My Foundation is recommended by hundreds
of Bee-Keepers, as having no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jordine, Ashland, Neb.; MoeUer
Manufacturing Co., Davenport, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Son, Cole Brook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. CaUam & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. I will take one lb. Sections in ex-
change for thin Fcmndation on reasonable terms.
Special prices to dealers. ScncI for Catalogue of
other supplies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

1-89-tf Higginsville, J>lo., Box 11.

SEND FOR

HEDDON'S CIRCULARS

Address,

JAMES HEDDON,

Dowagiac, Mich.

Please mention the Review.

CARNIOLAN QUEENS

A SPECIALTY. Largest and purest Carniolan

apiary in America.
jp^^ Send for Descriptive circular and price
list. Address,

ANDREWS d- LOCKHART,
4-»^9-tf Patten's Mills, Wash. Co. N. Y.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

— We manufacture Bee-Kut'pers' sup-

plies of all kinds, best (Quality at
\lowest prices. Hives, SecCiona,
Fouudatiou, Extractors, Smokers,
Crates. Veils. Feeders, Clover
Seeds, Buckwheat, etc. Im-
k ported Italian Queens,
Queens and Bees. Sample
Ciipv of our Bee .Toumal,
"The Westorii Bec-Kceper,"
' and lutrHt Cataloeiie mailed
' Free to Bee-Keepers. Address
JOSEPH NYSEWANDER,
WES MOLNES, IOWA.

Please mention the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

69

Early Queens

April. May.

1 untested queen $1 00 $1 00

3 untested queens 3 00 2 ."lO

1 virgin queen $(5.00 per doz (>0 tiO Vv

(rt 1 tested <iueen 3 00 2 50 M

.. 3 tested iiueens 7 r>0 ti 00 ^^

(ij 8afe arrival guaranteed. Write for ^^

r\ wholesale prices. ^^

ffk Soutli Carolina is tlie best state in qj

,zi the South for early (lueens. The cli- J|_^

i_^ mate l)eins so well adapted to (jueen )_k.

1— * rearing, and its being so near the north- Qj

tJi ern markets— only four or five days he- {T

W ing required for a queen to reach tlie Jj

most northern state or Canada. Try jjj

those of that prompt and reliable

breeder, W. J. ELLISON,

Stateburg, Sumter Co., S. C.

3-89-3t Please mention the Reulew.

Falenl riat-Eotlom Comb roundation.

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square feet
,_,,^,._„.„ to the jjound. Wholesale and Re-
||«.SKvvv.vs-.9 (^j2_ Circulars and Samples free.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

(SOLE MANUFACTURERS),

l-8S-tf. SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

The Canadian Honey Producer.

If you wish to see wliat the best writers liave
to say upon the most imiiortant topics, sen<l 40
cents for a year's subscription to "The Canadian
Honey Producer." Or send 60 cts. and receive
this journal one year and, in the swarming sea-
son, or earlier, a virgin queen of entirely ne\v,
and carefully selected blood. Stamps tRken, ei-
ther U. 8. or Canadian. E. L. GOOLD & CO.,

Brantford, Cciiiada.

Ths Ngw Q. B, Journal

f^ontains matter of great importance to all
Bee-keepers. It is neat, witty, brief, and to
the point. Articles from the best writers. Send
for a free sample. •'50 cts ayear. Address,

E. L. PRATT, Marlboro, Mass.

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, AND DADANTS'

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column,

Creameries and Cliiirns.

Send for Circulars. Wholesale prices given
where we have no agents.

FLINT CABINET CREAMERY CO.,

Flint. Midi.
We have known the members of this tirm from
boyhood, and are also thoroughly acquainted
with the features of their wares, and it is with
pleasure that we vouch for the reliability of the
one and the merits of the other. Ed. Review.

Plcn-^- - .-r-l-n thf Reninm

Eaton's Improved Section Case.

Latest and best. Bees and
(lueens. Si'ud for free price

li-t. Address,

FRANK A. EATON,

Bluffton, Ohio.

ntion the Review,

Coloniss Nuclei I

Bee Supplies,

Honey, Etc. Catalogue Free.

OLIVER FOSTER, Mr. Vernon, Iowa.

3-89-3t Piease mention the Review.

i OU[[|IS,

2-85)-12t.

BEE KEEPERS

[Should send for my circu-
lar. It describes the best
Hives, the best Cases, the
best Feeders and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. SHUcK,

DES MOINES, IOWA

lention the Review.

New Heddon Hives for Sale.

QO NEW HIVES, aU complete, at $3.00
^ J each, to close out the business. Individ-
ual right furnished purchaser.

Address, E. D KEENEY,

4-S9-tf Arcade, N. Y.

Uses any kind of ink; filled by action of India
rubber reservoir; will not leak; carried in the
pocket with safety; finely made and finished in
liard rubber; guaranteed for one year, but, with
care, will last a life time. Original price, includ-
ing pen, holder, case and filler, %\. We have se-
cured an unlimited quantity of these pens at
bankrupt prices, and we propose giving to each
subscriber or renewal to our .iournal, sending us
ten cents to pay postage, one of these pens free.

Our paper is a 3'i page, handsomelv illustrated,
.iournal, at 50 cts. a year, devoted to Poultry, Bees,
and Pet Stock, Tiie pen alone, 40 cts; we are giv-
ing away the paper, not the pen.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls, Maine.

J-89-6t

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog up or go out.
Bingham ft Hetherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented May 20. 1879.
Send card for free circolar, descriptive of the
best and cheapest tools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

1-88 tf. Abronia, Michigan.

Plfiise mention the Review.

10

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

%m THAT HE STILL LIVES,

and feels able to till all orders promptly during the rush, no matter how fast they may
pour in. He will work all night if necessary. He answers all letters relating to
business the same day they are received. He sells tools at what they cost him. He keeps

A Full Line of Bee-Keepers' Requirements,

and he yives away a 48 page book : "A Glimpse of Bee Culture," which also contains
his prices. It is worth asking for! Do you want it? Then simply write "Yes" on a
postal card and sign your full address.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box I087.

Aoil-ess Plainly
7-88-12t.

Please mention the Reu

Gomb Foundation.

We have a complete out-tit for its niannfactnree
Our mills all run by Hteam power, and we have
the very best facilities for purifying wax We
make it as thin as yon want it for sections. We
make a specialty of making Ijrood foundation for
square frames, thick at the top witli a gradual ta-
per to very tliin at tiie bottom, thus securing the
greatest amount of strength for the quality of wax
used. For prices, wlioiesale or retail, address

A. G. HILL,
6-88-tf. Kendallville, Ind.

The Revised Laugsfrofh, and Dadants''

Foundation. See Advertisement In Another Column.

FRIENDS,fn: BEES or HONEY,

any way interested m '

we will with pleasure send a sample copy of the

SEMI-MONTHLY GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, Comb Foun-
(lation. Section Honey-Boxes, all books and jour-
nals, and everytiiing pertaining U> liee Culture.
Nothing Patented. Simply send your address
plainly written to. A. 1. KOOT,

l_88-tf. Medina, Ohio.

^^iMSS^^REOAlHrv^

[16-page Weekly— $1.00 a Year.]

TS the Oldest, Largest and Cheapest weekly
J- bee paper in the World. Sample f ree.

lollies 'G,NewAn^^? Soto

iJ*'r* % P U B LI S H ER S.''lr; .,, ^^^,
923 & 025 West Madison St.. CHICAGO, ILL.

Barnes' Foot Power Machinery.

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAL,

with out steam power, by using on tfl ts of these

Machines, can hid lower, and save

more money from thiir ijobs, than

by any othermeans for doingtheir

work. LATHES, SAVV-S, MOK-

TISERS, TENONE8J8, ETC., Sold

on trial. Illustnited l-'rice-List Free

W. F. &JOHN BARNES CO.,^
No. es(;- Kul>y St., Kockford, 111

I^OOK IIIZRi:!

Nice, white, one-piece, V-groove sections,
$?,.'^0 per thousand. If more than 4,000 are taken
at one time, only $3.00 per thousand. Complete
hive for comb honey, only $1.30. Price list free.

J. Is/I. KZIKTZIB,
10-88-tf Ilochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

Please: mention the Reuiew.

RETAIL

AND

. . I I Wholesale

■^ " ■■ We furnish Everything: needed in
the Apiary, of practical construction, and at the
lowest price. Satisfacticm guaranteed. Send
your address on a postal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

JE. Kretchiner, Cobnrg, Iowa,

2-88-tf. Please mention the Review

RFC SUPPLIES

BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Bee-Keeper should have it.

FifieeiilliTlioimi, WliollyReyM!

MUCH ENLARGED!

C'ontains many more beautifid Illustrations
and is up to date. It is both practical and

SCIENTIF'IO.

Prices; By mail, $1.50, To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by freight, 50 per cent. off.

Addi-ess A. J. COOK,
10-88-tf Agricultural College, Michigan.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

71

Dadants' Foundation

Is kept for sale by Messrs. T. (i. Newman & Son,
Chicago, 111.; C, F: Mutli cV- Son, Cincinnati, ().;
jas. Heddon. Dowagiac, Jlioti.; F. L. Dougherty,
Indianapolis, Ind.; Chas. II. Green, Waukesha,
Wis.; Chas. Hertel .Jr., Frneburg, lU.; E. S. Ann-
stronjj, Jerseyville. 111.; E Kretchmer, Coburg,
Iowa.; M. J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kans.; Ed R.
Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Va.; J. B. Mason t\: Son, Mechanic
Falls, Me.; Dr. G, L. Tinker, Few Philadelpliia, O.
D. A. Firller. Cherry Valley, 111.; .Jos. Nysewau-
der, Des Moines, Iowa; (t. B. Lewis tV Co., Water-
town, Wis.; P. L. Viallon, l?ayon (loula. La.; B.J.
Miller & Co., Nappanee, Ind.; J. Mattoon, Atwa-
ter, O.; Goodell & Woodworth, iM'f'tr Co.. Rock
Falls, 111.; J. A. Roberts, Edgar. Nel).; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa: Geo. E. Hilton, Fre-
mont, Mich.; J. M. Clark &Co, U09 ir>th St.,
Denver, Colo.; E. L. Goold .V Co., Brantford, Ont.,
Canada; J. N. Heater, Columbus. Neb.; O. (i.
Collier, Fairbury. Neb.; (i. K. Hubbard, Fort
\Vayne, Ind.; and numerous other dealers.

We guarantee Every Inch of our Comb Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every Respect.
Every one wlio buys it is pleased witli it. nV nte
us for FREE Samples, Price List of Bee-Supplies,
and Specimen Pages of the new

Revised Langstroth Book

EDITION OE 1889.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON,

4-8y-l2t Hamilton, Hancock Co., lU.

Please mention the Review.

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS, ETC.

We make the best bee-hives, shipping-crates,
sections, etc., in the worlil; and sell them tlie
cheapest. We are offering our choicest, white
4i,ixl>4 sections, in lots of TiOO, at S3..i0 per 1,000.
Parties wanting 3,000, or more, write f oi special
prices. No. 2 sections, S"2.00 per 1,000. Cata-
logues free, but sent only when ordered.

G. B. LEWIS, & CO.. Watertown, Wis.

VIRGIN QUEENS,

The bulk of the traffic in queens, in the near
future, will probably be n virgins. Every per-
son sending direct to the t)ffice of tlie

Canadian Bee-Journal

one dollar in advance for one year's subscription
(either new or renewal) will receive a beautiful,
virgin queen, value sixty cents, as soon as possi-
ble in the season of 1889. Queens will be sent in
rotation, as the cash is received. American cur-
rency, stamps, and money orders at par.

THE D. A. JONES CO.,

Beaton, Ont., Canada.

COBB'S

Divisible, Interchangeable, Reversible

(Patented Dec. 20, 1887.)
■Pn-p descriptive circular and price-list,
i^Ui Address THOS. M, COBB, Patentee,

Box 194, Grand Rapids, Mich.

(One sample case sent for fifty cents.)

Please mention the Reuiew.

Sections 8c Foundation.

Cheaper than ever. Our beautiful sections
Only ^3.00 Fer 1 ,000.

Dealers will do well to get our iirices. JAPAN-
ESE BUCKWHEAT, ALSIKE CLOVEK, Etc, Send for
Price List and Samples. M. H. HUNT,
1 89-t)t (.Near Detroit. I Bell Branch, Mich.

Please mention the Review.

Apiarian Supplies.

Dr. Tinker

Offers for 1889 a superior line of supplies. His

"Wtiite Fopla-r Sections,

and perforated zinc are still in the lead for per-
fect work. His two-rowed zinc strips for the
wood-zinc honey-l>t)ards are une<iualed. His

NONPAREIL BEE-HIVE
represents the latest improvements, suited to the
best management yet devised. At the Columbus
Centennial it was awarded the

FIRST PREMIUM
over aU the leading hives of the day. His sec-
tion super for open-side sections, and every part
of his hive is new. Samples of sections and zinc,
five cents. Price list free.

Address Dr. G. L. TINKER,
2-89-tf New Pliiladelphia, Ohio.

The peculiar process by which we make

One-piece Sections

Secures the most satisfactory results. The accuracy of work-
manship and the very low percentage of loss by

Breakage in Folding

Makes them the wonder of aU who use tliem.
Send for prices; and estimates on large lots. Address as in

the cut. Please mention thi .'ieuieui. 1-89 6t

12

THE BEl

tEPERS' REVIEW,

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

QUALITY and workinaii.ship unsurpassed.
iVe are prepared to furnish bee-keepers with
supplies proniiitly, and with {iiocids of uniform
excellence as heretofore. Our hives all take the
Simplicity frame. The "falcon" chaff hive
and the " (^hautaa<iua" hive, with dead air
SPACES, are both givint; universal satisfaction.
We manufacture a full line of BEE-KtEPERs' sup-
plies, including tlie

"Falcon" Brand of Foundation.

JE&°° VVe gladly furnish estimates, and solicit
correspondence. Send for illus'rated price list
for 1889. free.

The W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
4-88-tf Jamestown, N. Y.

Please mention the Reuiew.

Honey - Extractor,

Square OLis.s Iloney-.Jars, Tin Buoket.s,

Bee-Hives, Honey-Sections, &c., &c.

Perfection CoUl-itlast Smolters.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Ul.NCINNATI, O.

P. 8.— Send 10-cent Btamj] for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepers, d-88-tf.

XX/'fllWn^XrTkn ^ou to send for my

■ » -'Tk-i-^ X Cl^B illustrated price list
of apiarian supplies for 1889 ; also five cents for
my pamphlet: ''HOW i PRODUCE comb huney."
GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

Pleae^ mention the Reuiew.

3-S9-3t

52

Pure Golden Italian

colonies of bees for sale. Tiie combs

are built on foundation, in wired L.

frames. Price, $5.00 per colony. Hybrids $4.. 'iO.

Bees will be siiipped either in Langstroth or in

Simplicity hives, at purchaser choice.

J. R. REED, Milford, Jeff. Co., Wis.

An Old Bee-Book Revised, and Dadants'

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

THE "REVIEW."

One of the distinctive features of the Bee-
Keepebs' Review is that each number takes up
some special topic, and discusses it most thor-
oughly Each issue is, to a certain extent, a lit-
tle pamphlet, giving the best that is known upon
tlie subject taken up Below is a list of the
topics discussed in 1888: —
Jan. "Disturbing Bees in Winter."

"Temperature, in Wintering Bees."
"Planting for Honey."
" Spring Management."
"Hiving of Bees."
"Taking Away the Queen."
"Feeding Back."
"Apiarian Exhibits at Fairs."
"The Food of Bees in Winter."
"Ventilation of Bee-Hives and Cellars."
"Moisture in Bee-Hives and Cellars"
"Sections and their Adjustment on Hives.
The Jan. No. for the present year discusses
"Bee-Hives;" while the Feb. issue is devoted to
"Mistakes in Bee-keeping."

Price of the Review, .50 cts. a year. Samples
free. Back numbers can be furnished.

Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

"The Production of U Honey.

Although this neat little book contains only 4.5
pages, it furnishes as much practical, valuable in-
formation as is often found in a book of twice its
size. It is "boiled down."

It begins with taking the bees from the cellar
and goes oyer the ground briefly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is off the hives; touching
upon the most imortant points; and especially
does it teach when, where and how foundation
can be used to the best advantage; when combs
are preferable and when it is more profitable to
allow the bees to build their own combs.

Price of the book, 25 cents.

For ft5 cts. we will send the Review one year
and "Tlie Production of Comb Honey." For
$1.00 we will send all the numbers of the Re-
view for the past year (I88.SI, the Review for
this year (1889) and the "The Production of Comb
Honey;"or, for the same amount (ipl.OO), we will
send the Review for two years from Jan. 1st,
1889, and "The Production of Comb Honey."
Stamps taken, either U. S. orC^anadian.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

NEW YOEK.

FOREIGN ORDKRS SOLICITED,

NEW JERSEY.

EASTERN * DEPOT

(Bees.) FOR (Queens.)

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers,

Exclusive Manufacturer of the

Stanley Auloniilic Honey-Extractor,

DADANT'S FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BAS8W00D SECTIONS

((^uan-
-hnest

MASS.

3-89-tf.

One-Piece, Dovetail, or to nail. Any
tity, any size. Complete machinery
work. Send for Handsome Illustrated Cata-
logue, Free.

E. R. NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y

Please mention the Reuieui.

CONN.

firr[|)|§(?^^

VOL. II,

FLffl, MICHIGAN, MiY 10, 18[9.

NO. 5.

Controlling Increase.

JAS. HEDDON.

fT CA N be done, but can it be done in a
practical, profitaljle manner? We say
no. Not in the present state of the
science and art of l)ee keeping.

To the man wlio has a large numbe* of
colonies, and wishes to no into our business
on an extensive and profitable scale, this is
one of the most important of all apicultural
prol)lems. It would be of immense advan-
tage if we could find a practical system of
preventing increase, so that, after we had
fixed things, neither increase nor a desire for
increase (which if forcibly checked creates
sluggishness on the part of the colony) would
ever take place. Such a method as this, is
what we are looking for. But we are not
looking for, nor need we be at all anxious
for. a method which merely tends to decrease
swarming, not even if it does away with nine-
tenths of it. We cannot afford to lose the
other tenth. When we can i)revent it all,
and that too, without disgruntling the bees,
we can adopt an entirely new apiary sy.stem
of honey production.

Now, Mr. Editor, we have come to another
place where we will have to agree to disagree.
I am going to pitch right into you. You say
that l)y using large hives and raising extract-
ed honey, swarming can be practically pre-
vented. I say no; not in this locality, which
I believe is a fair sample of hundreds of
others in the same latitude. It is not prac-
tically prevented so long as a swarm is issu-
intr now and then.

Next, you take up the Heddon method of
preventing after-swarms, and then you find
fault with that. You say that it does not
always work because the new queens some-
times hatch before the eighth day. If I
remember right, I did not say eight days,
but six days, and in my experience I have
never known bees enough to hatch out be-
tween this d-.xy and the time the young queens
hatched, to cause any second swarming.

Next you mention Friend Manum's method
of clipping out, on the fourth day, all the
queen cells except one, and say it is too much
labor. That is not the worst of it. Many
times that one cell hatches no queen at all;
at other times, a worthless one.

The "Simmins non-swarming system," is
merely a rehash of the old Gallup & Adair
long-idea hive. You need not give it any

trial, for it has been tried and discarded by
hundreds of bee-keepers years ago. The
principle is correct, but the practical use of
it is too cumbersome and damaging to be
tolerated.

The replacing of old queens by new ones
works very well but not absolutely. It is too
much work for the practical honey producer
who expects to raise his honey at an expense
less than its market price. But we do not
want a system which nearly prevents swarm-
ing. W^e want an absolute system. A partial
system will soon become so partial that you
will lose too large a force from your apiary
if not watched; and it is to get rid of watch-
ing the apiary that we most desire the non-
swarming system.

As to preventing increase when swarming
is allowed, the best way to do that is to hive
the swarm on the old stand, placing all the
surplus boxes on the swarm. Place the old
colony near the new one. After a few days,
turn the mputh of it the other way and throw
a carpet over it in such a manner as to catch
in the new hive the out and out-going bees.
After one day, move the carpet and allow the
bees to fly: then in a few days move the hive
to an entirely new position, catching more
of the bees in the new hive. The next morn-
ing bring it back to the new hive again, and
so work it till the bees are all in the new hive.
Then you can do what you please with the
combs in the old hive. With queen exclud-
ing honey-board, the hive may be piled on
top of the other, something my students
have done many times, and the new queens
hatched out may be allowed to fly out at the
top.

Our method, in running three large
apairies, is to keep a good man in each one,
discourage swarming, when increase is not
desired, (which is nearly all the time with
us) by plenty of surplus room, shade, etc.
Then what swarms do issue, hive them and
make the most of them, and that means a
good deal. It means enough to make two
more good long articles, to describe the
7nodiis oi^erandi.

DowAGiAC, Mich. April 22, 1889.

Bro. H., if a man owns a large apairy, and
prefers surplus to increase, he lyractically
prevents swarming, if, by some simple, in-
expensive management, only one colony in
ten swarms. In other words, if his object is
to augment his surplus at the expense of in-

1i

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

crease, then it is a success. If his object in
preveuting increase is, chiefly, that the
apairy may be left alone except at intervals,
then, I agree with you, that no method can
be called a perfect success that does not
entirely prevent swarming.

It is true that, in your instructions for pre-
venting after-swarms, you say remove the
old hive to a new location on the fifth or
sixth day; and when removed thus early,
there is no danger of a swarm issuing before
the hive is moved; but it was to lessen the
probabilities of a swarm issuing at about the
eleventh day, that we have usually moved the
hive on the seventh day after swarming. As
we said before, this method, as a rule, is
successful; but it has failed occasionally
with us.

By all means, Bro. H., give us those two,
" good, long articles, " describing your
method of making the most out of swarms.

Preventing Increase by a ten Day's Removal

of the ftueen at Swarming Time.—

Some Criticisms.

O. C. MILLEE.

|LL GIVE you what I think is about
the best plan I ever tried to prevent
increase, pi-DriUed the bees are allow-
ed to swarm. Have all queens clip-
c^. When a swarm issues, cage the queen,
and give her to the bees to take care of.
Some time within three days, lift out all
frames of brood, giving each frame a shake
so as to leave about half the bees on each
frame, and put these frames of brood in an
empty hive which we will call No. 2 ; calling
the old hive No. 1. You may fill up No. 2
with the number of frames you desire it to
have for the. remainder of the season, or you
may put in only the frames of brood, the
rest of the space to be filled up afterwards.
In No. 1 leave one frame containing eggs
and brood, and if you wish to raise some ex-
cellent queen cells give it eggs or larva^ from
a choice queen. Besides the one frame
with brood, No. 1 will have two or three
combs with no brood, and you may till it up
with dummies or put in a division board and
a single dummy, leaving part of the hive va-
cant. Don't leave in No. 1 one of the frames
with queen cells, but if you leave one of the
frames that has already been there, be sure
it has eggs and young brood, and be sure
you destroy all queen cells upon it. Pay no
attention to the queen cells in No. 2, but
leave them on the combs, although I often
enjoy picking otf the sealed ones. Now put
back the supers on No. 1, and cover up, and
then put No. 2 o)i the top of the supers. Put
the queen on top of the frames of No. 2, and
let her run down among the bees, cover up,
and the work is done for the present. No.2,
being weak in bees, and having a fertile

queen, will make short work of destroying all
queen cells,— much surer than you will, for
you inat/ miss some obscure ones.

Ten days after the day of swarming, or as
near that as convenient, lift off the the hive
and supers, lake away No. 1, put No. 2 in its
place and ))ut on the supers. It, at the time
of filling No. 2, you took only part of the
frames from No. 1, and No. 1 and No. 2 con-
tained, between them, all the frames belong-
ing to No. 1, then at this tenth day after
swarming you can destroy all queen cells on
the brood frame in No. 1, and put back all m
No. 2. If you desire to start a nucleus to
raise a queen, all you have to do is to take
No. 2 to a new location, and it is all right.
You may ask, what will become of the
bees that have marked their location at No. 2
while on top of the pile ? Well, when they
come back from the field they will feel all
lost, and will finally settle in a cluster on the
super at the front, and by and by a bee or
two will wander down in front till the en-
trance to No. 2 is reached, when a call is set
up, and the whole cluster will march noi-
sily down.

On page <!(> you speak of the Dadants ob-
jecting to the use of the honey-board, and
express surprise at it. Please remember,
Bro. H., that the Dadants kept bees before
you were born as a bee-keeper, and that you
probably never used what they call a honey-
board. Uheu I first used movable combs, a
honey-board was on each hive. It was a sort
of cover, with holes through it, on which to
place boxes. Afterwards, Bickford gave us
the quilt, and the honey-board was thrown
aside forever. Still later, Heddon gave us
the skeleton honey-board, which is uidispen-
sible with me to place between brood cham-
ber and super. So I have discarded the
honey-board forever and adopted the skele-
ton honey-board, to be used, probably,
always.

Replying to a remark of yours sometime
ago, about the difference between taking off
cloths and honey-boards, I've only time to
say that my experience is unlike yours, and
that I had rather take off two quilts than one
honey-board.
Maeengo, III. April 17, 1889.

W' e have heard and read of the old-fash-
ioned honey -boards mentioned by the Dr.,
but we don't remember having seen one. As
the Dr. says, they were discarded long ago.
Now-a-days, when the word "honey-board"
is used, we understand it to mean a slatted,
or skeleton, or perforated metal arrange-
ment used between the supers and the brood-
nest to prevent the attaching of brace-combs
to the bottoms of the sections : and, also,
when queen-excluding, to keep the queen out
of the supers. This is the kind of honey-
board to which we, very naturally, supposed
Messrs. Dadant referred : but perhaps the
Dr. is correct. There is a passage farther
along in the book that would strengthen his
position. It reads as follows : " All apiarists,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

•75

or uearly all, who have tried the oil cloth
and honey-board simultaneously, have dis-
carded the latter forever, except in some
cases of comb honey production, when a
skeli'foH honey-board is used between the
stories." We were very much surprised, in-
deed, to think that so well-informed bee-
keepers as the Dadants should say that the
honey-board was being discarded ; and we
shall be very glad to know that they had ref-
erence to the honey-board of olden times,
and not to the modern, slatted, break-joint
invention of Mr. Heddou's.

And now Dr., for the pleasure of an ar-
gument with you about removing quilts and
honey-boards. When the frames and (luilt
are new, the latter fits down quite nicely
and smoothly : but the bees put propolis at
all accessible points of contact. When the
quilt is removed, it is seldom replaced
in iwactlij the same position. The small
attachments of propolis -adhering to the
quilt rest upon the tops of the frames.
This raises the quilt a little above the
frames, and the bees are not slow in im-
proving tlie opportunity for plugging in still
more propolis. The next time the quilt is
removed and replaced, the opportunities for
propolising are increased. The (luilt finally
becomes stiffened with its coating of pro-
polis, and refuses to fit down into the hol-
lows and depressions between the little knobs
and mounds of propolis and wax, and the
opportunities for using propolis are all that
a reasonable bee could ask. Now we can't
take hold of the quilt and break these at-
tachments all at once : the quilt lacks the
rigidity necessary for this operation, hence
it must be peeled off; and, as we said in a
former issue, every snap, and sputter, and
tear of the propolis, as it gives way, jars and
irritates the bees. A honey-board does not
rest upon the frames, but is held bee-space
above them, hence no propolis is ever
placed between the frames and the honey-
board. The connections between the frames
and honey-board are always of comli, which
can be broken without a jar. As we have
before explained, there is only one jar in re-
moving a honey-board, ( and that is not of
such an irritating nature as the tearing loose
of a quilt) and that is in loosening the
honey-board from the edge of the top of the
hive. We accomplish tliis by inserting the
blade of a pocket knife between the hive
and honey-board, and giving the knife a
slight twist. After the board is thus loosen-

ed, all that is needed to effect a separation is
a slight twisting movement, similar to that
made in unscrewing the cover to a fruit jar,
which breaks all the comb attachments at
once, without a particle of jar. When the
honey-board has been removed, we lay it,
upside down, in front of the hive, until the
manipulations are over, when we pick up the
board and strike one end forcibly upon the
ground in front of the hive to dislodge the
adhering bees. The bees that are sipping
honey from the broken brace-combs upon
the tops of the frames are driven down with
a few sharp puffs of smoke, and the honey-
board put back histinifly. We are sorry that
the Dr. cannot manipulate a honey-board so
easily and quickly as he can a quilt, for we
honestly believe that the latter is " going,
going, going."

Management of Bees for Profit, and
Prevention of Increase.

E. A. MOBGAN.

^REVENTIMG increase in the number
of colonies does not mean preventing
increase in the number of bees, as this
would be exactly the opposite of what
we do to gain the best results.

As early as 1882, 1 realized that all my pro-
fits were going into increase of colonies, and
I longed for a plan whereby I could turn
swarms into honey. I purchased non-swarm-
ing queens, gave room, cut out queen cells,
etc., but when the honey fiow began, away
went the honey crop into extra swarms and
very little surplus.

In 1883 I had KMI strong colonies, and only
20 spare hives, and I decided to make these
hold my increase. I succeeded in doing this,
to my entire satisfaction, and my crop of
white honey that season averaged 111' lbs.
per colony.

Now for the plan, the object of which is to
prevent swarming in a measure, but more
especially to avoid increase in the number of
colonies, which is always attended by a loss
of surplus honey and an expense for new
hives, combs, etc.

I use the ten frame L. hive, which is broad
and shallow, and I find it the best all things
considered. I strive to keep hardy prolific
queens; such as can fill eight to ten L. frames
with brood, and keep them so. This hive
gives room for the most prolific ([ueen, which,
if crowded in a small hive, is too willing to
swarm out, while it can be contracted, if so
desired, by a division board. At the begin-
ning of the honey season all hives should be
full to overflowing with bees. Many inquir-
ies are heard, asking, how shall I get my
bees to go into tlie sections? My plan is to
have the hive so full of bees that they go into
the sections for room. With a colony in this
condition when wiiite clover opens, the combs
will very soon begin to whiten along the top

16

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

bars. This is the time to put on sections
with either comb starters or foundation,
and the V)ees will make a rush for them, and
honey will be stored rapidly. If left in this
condition swarming would be the result. We
are to watch the super, however, and before
it is quite full, raise it up and place another
under it, and the bees will continue to till the
upper one, and, at the same time, be filling
the lower one. When this one is ready to
raise up, the upper one will be ready to come
ott, and a third placed on the hive with the
second raised up, always giving extra room
before it is quite needed. If the hive is
standing in the sun, a shade board should be
placed upon it. Managed in this way
throughout the season, swarming is hardly
thought of, not one colony in a dozen cast-
ing a swarm, as all their energy is bent upon
honey gathering, and the working force is
being worn out about as fast as the young
bees hatch. The queen is kept busy, the
brood combs are full of brood, and all the
white honey goes into the sections.

But, should a swarm issue, as it will be
sure to do if hot weather with rain continues,
we proceed at once to jn-ofit by it by hiving
it in such a manner that no time is lost.
This we accomplish as follows: As soon as
all the bees are in the air we turn the hive
clear around so that it faces in the opposite
direction from which it did, setting it just off
the stand. We now place a new hive on the
same stand the old one occupied, and put in
five frames, with starters in them, then take
three combs of brood and larvae (selecting
the youngest) from the old hive and put in,
and fill up with a division board on each side.
The supers are then ti-ansferred to the new
hive, and the swarm hived in it. The old
hive is allowed to remain till evening, by
which time the flying force will be back in
the hive on the old stand. We then open old
hive and shake and brush all remaining bees
down in front of new hive, when they will all
run in. W^e now have all the bees of the
swarm, and all those left in old hive, back
on the old stand. This colony is now done
swarming for the season. There is a strong
field force; the bees have gained a new im-
petus by swarming; the work goes on rapid-
ly; no loss of time; no increase; and a double
surplus will be taken.

We now return to the old hive and extract
all the honey in combs without brood, and
also in those with sealed brood, saving those
without brood for other swarms and giving
those with brood, after cutting out queen
cells, to colonies not overflowing with bees,
or else removing frames of honey in others
and giving frames of brood in their place.
Or, they may be given to nucleus colonies,
that are being built up: for every bee-keeper
ought to have a few nuclei in which he can
save queen cells from choice strains, and
thereby have extra queens at any time.

We proceed in this manner with every
swarm that issues. At the end of the season
we find many colonies have not swarmed,
while all have given an extra large surplus
in comb honey. After July 10th, the supers
can be contracted to close the white honey
crop, leaving few unfinished sections. These
can be extracted and kept for the next

season, or saved for the fall crop. Anyone
wishing increase can manage an apairy as
above until .July 2,5th, then divide or increase
by the nucleus system and let them fill up on
fall flowers.

Chippewa Falls, Wis.

April 24, 188<J.

Accompanying the above was a kind, en-
couraging letter, and we feel sure that our
Wis. friend will not object to our giving the
following extract:

" Since following this plan I liave made
money easily at bee-keeping; before, I barely
paid expenses. In Sept. last, I moved from
Columbus, Wis., to this place, and settled
permanently. I now have <;0 swarms of bees
in the strongest shape at this date I ever had.
I look for a grand honey season. I am now
within the great Basswood belt of Wis., and
intend to make it count.

By the way, I have twenty hives marked
H., which my record book explains as Hutch-
inson queens, or strains, and I want to say
here that they are the best bees I ever owned.

I like the Review, and my wish is that you
may receive the support you so richly de-
serve. Resp. yours,

E. A. Morgan.

Pj eventing Increase by Kemoving Queens,
Requires Judgment.

E. FRANCE.

'^OiRIEND HUTCHINSON.— Your card
ip^ of May 1st, is received. I have read
^i^l all of the -Tune Review for 188S, and I
don't see as I can add anything to my
article, or make any suggestions. I will say,
however, that we CHged 150 queens last year,
a few days before the t)asswood honey flow,
and the results were no swarming, and a
much larger amount of surplus honey. In
fact, nearly all of the 11,000 lbs. of honey
that we did get; were the result of caging
those ir>0 queens.

The profits of this caging, or taking away
of the queens, depends altogether upon cir-
cumstances. In one case it would be an
advantage; in another, a decided loss. A bee-
keeper must have a thorough knowledge of
his honey resources; must know just when
and where his honey i^ coming from; and
then he mnst know just vvlmt the bees will
be likely to do under diti'erent circumstances.
Two years ago, our bees liad a large amount
of winter stores, enougli to lust them until
the basswood harvest. Tiioy used tlie honey
to raise brood, and by the time that the bass-
wood honey was ready to be gathered, the
hives were full of bees, and their combs full
of brood, with no room to store liouey. in
tliis case, the (pieans ought to have been
caged ten days before the basswood harvest
commenced. Then there v/oiild liave been
room for honey, in the combs, where the
brood had hatched out. Ihe year of 1888 we
had to feed some in the spnng to get the
bees through to clover. Then they got jnst
about honey eiioui/h from the clover to keep
them in good breeding conditinn, and again
our hives were running over with bees. \\'<'

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

n

did not wish to increase the stock, so, two
weeks before the basswood opened, we cayed
ir)0 (jueeus of the strongest colonies. Excel-
lent results were secured. It would have
been l)etter if we had caged more queens.

Now, if the bees have plenty of room to
storo honey, a }?ood deal more than the (lueen
can fill with brood, or if tlie clover yields a
yood crop, so the bees keep one-half of the
comljs full with honey, then in that case, they
won't yet so strong, and there is no in-ofit in
caginy queens.

\Ve work mostly for extracted honey: and
we believe in a large hive. We use the L.
hive, three stories high — some of our other
hives are larger.

In looking over the June Review for 1888,
I find an article by James Nipe, about a
solar honey ripener, which interested me
very njuch; as I ha'-'e been thinking very
much of building a large green house, to be
used during the extracting season, for eva-
porating thin honey. I would like the opin-
ion of other large extracted honey producers
on this subject; for, do the best we can, we
will sometimes get honey to thin to keep
sweet. Can it be ripened in a green-house?

Platxeville, Wis. May, 4, 188',).

Preventing Increase Although the Bees do
Swarm.

JOHN S. BEESE.

I D. REVIEW.— Your request for my ex-
perience on the management and con-
trol of increase brings to mind a pri-
vate letter from a practical bee keeper
of much rei)utation, in which he says, "The
greatest developments iind advancements in
bee keeping in the near future will be in
the manipulation of hives at a proper time
to secure the surplus." 'J'his idea must be
understood to apply to all manner and
kinds of hives, as this friend does not use a
divisible brood chamber, but a hive after his
own idea.

My experiments for the past two seasons
have been somewhat restricted, owing to the
sliort duration of a very jioor honey season ;
so I will tell you about some things I diil
piuctice, and some I wanted to.

In hiving swarms on four empty L. frames,
with starters and some old combs of honey,
I)ollen and brood, I found there was too
much drone comb built : and my conclu-
sions were that the queen occupied this old
comb for her temporary abode, wliile the
bees built comb to suit their fancy. No
pollen went into the sections when tins comb
was present, while with others that were
hived on live empty frames, with starters,
some little pollen was taken into the sections,
but vwry little drone comb was built in the
bruod cliamber, and in som'i hives none.
This is a great saving of foundation and
will be practiced again this setisou.

My method of management has been
something as follows: The oil combs of
brood from the hives that swaiined (adhere-
iiig bees being shaken off add left witli
swarm ) were used in various ways ; some
were given to weak colonies, some to form

nuclei, and others given to some fair condi-
tioned colony to care for until after the
honey season, when they were needed in the
hives they came from to fill out the full
number of combs for winter.

Will try again, this season, hiving swarms
on four or five empty L. frames, with start-
ers, and confine the queen to these frames
with queen excluding division board, and,
instead of dummies at the side, will put
back frames of brood and pollen— (drone
brood, if any)— which ought to catch the
pollen that might go into the sections, and
enough stores for winter.

Another plan that I expect great things
from is this : Hive the swarm in a shallow
extracting case ( I2 depth L. frames with
starters) placed under the brood case from
which the swarm issued, queen excluding
honey board between it and the brood nest,
and supers for surplus over all, drone and
queen trap adjusted to old brood chamber,
just above the queen excluding honey board,
to catch the drones and young queens as
they attempt to leave the hive^ This will
leave the old brood chamber intact and to
be loaded with honey after the l)ees hatch.
Now as the season of honey fiow begins to
wane, the old queen, or a young one if you
have done the right thing, is returned to the
old brood chamber and the shallow case
with its brood is to l)e left, or placed else-
where to hatch its bees, when it can be
stored for a similar use next seasou. This
plan will require very little time and trouble,
and was inaugurated in my bee yard in
1887 ; but. as I intimated, has not been
thoroughly tested.

My time and space for bee keeping being
so very limited has caused me to try many
plans to make the whole thing as nearly
automatic as possible, and was the cause of
my inventing the Automatic bee-escape
which does its work so nicely and leaves the
surplus free of bees to be removed when
convenient.

WiNCHESTEIi, Ky.,

May 1st, 1889.

Increase, its Control and Management.

H. K. BOAKDMAN.

"^i^N the production of extracted honey
flj) there is usually little cause for anxiety
,jjL) about the control or management of
increase, as the extractor is the most
perfect non-swarming invention in use in
the apiary. But in the production of comb
honey, on a large scale, where several out-
apiaries are employed, the management of
increase becomes a very important question,
and in these times of low prices for honey,
it is a question seriously affecting the pro-
duction of honey on a large scale.

The liome apiary, with extra care, is very
strongly indicated as the profitable method
of future bee keeping.

In the management of a singly apiary,
with time to care for it, I doubt if there is
any better way, unless the apiary is already
too large, than that suggested by the instinct
of the bees, viz.: let them swarm without
let or hindrance the first time. As you sug-

78

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

</est, I would hive thoin upon the old stand
to catch tlie force of workers. 1 would also
say that I would hive them upon empty
frames, and then deiiend entirely upon the
new colony for surplus, depleting tlie old
colony of bees to such an extent that swarm-
ing would be out of tlu^ (piestion. This may
be done by removing it to a new stand after
six or sn-vii days, or the youny bees may be
shaken off the combs in front of the new
colony and then the hive chaut^ed over to the
other side of the old stand from where it
stood before. There are some reasons why
I like this plan better than depending entire-
ly ui)on removing' to a new stand. I can see
and know just the condition the old colony is
left in by handling: over the combs : there is
no f^'uess work, and I can jud^-'e very nearly
in regard to its future possibilities. Ihen,
if no increase is desired, or if these colonies,
one or both, are, at tlie close of tlie lioney
season, below the standard desired for win-
tering', they are conveniently situated to be
united. .

I have sometimes found it convenient to
forestall swarming' by shaking or drumming
out the bees, and afterwards treating' the
same as a natural swarm. I have in this
way anticii)ated the action of a colony that
would soon send out a swarm, thus doin^ the
work at a time of comparative leisure, at
niorniny: or late in the day, thereby making
my work easier and avoidin<f the confusion
of an additional swarm at a time when my
hands would pi-obably bi? full.

A^'aiii, for instance", if I have a small out-
apiary where 1 deem it too expensive to em-
ploy an assistant to watch for issuing;
swarms, and the colonies are all strong;, this
method may be adopted and the uncertainty
of swarming' scuttled for the season. Of
course, if a ipieen is superseded in one ot
the new colonies a swarm mifxht issue.
East Townsend, ( )nio, April 2tl, 1S8!).

colony upon this plan, and no swarm has
issued from it. Everyone knows how busy a
new swarm is the first week after hiving,
well, the colony in this hive works just like
that all the time. I have noticed that the
busiest colonies are those buildint: comb m
the brood chamber. This se. ms to say, allow
your bees to indulge in comb buildiuu.
Sykaouse, N. Y. Aug. 17, 1S88.

Simmins Non-Swarming System a Success.

F. A. SALISBUin.

^^^AST YEAR Mr. Salisbury reported
pjs most excellent success with the Sim-
^^ mins lion- swarming system. He
again makes a similar report which we give
below. We regret that our friend has not
experimented upon a larger scale; one hive is
all he has tried.

After another season's experience with the
Simmins non-swurining hive, I can unhesi-
tatingly say that it is an entire success: I
having this year secured from this colony,
whiciC by the way, was weak at the begin-
ning of the season, sixty p->unds of (-onib
honey, ten of extracted, and one pound ot
beeswax. No foundation was used in the
sections; all the comb being built below, cut
out, and fastened into the sections. I know
that bees worked after this plan have more
ambition to work and store iioney, than
those furnished foundation m the sections.
This is the third season I have managetl this

The Simmins System— The Comb Building
Space Must be Underneath.

W. A. HAlllilS.

'on MAY recollect that, when I sent
-^T you a statement of my e^perlment
■ Sfc' with the Simmins non-swarming sys-
tem, during the season of 18F(), that 1
stated that I had wiittento Mr. Simmins on
the subject. Ijater I received from him a
letter giving full directions, and a diagram
of the hive as arranged, so that everything
was made very clear. He also showed nie
why I failed. . , • x

Accordingly, 1 changed six of my hives to
meet the case, and watched them careluUy
the past season. The result has satisfied me
that the method is a failure in my locality
with hives arranged with the frames all on
one llooi: The l)ees in every instance built
combs and filled them with honey, in prefer-
ence to placing it in the sections, crossing
the combs from one frame to the other, thus
tying them together and causing a great deal
of trouble. The bees also swarmed, some ot
them before all the comb was built out. In
one case, after the combs were filled, 1 re-
moved them and replaced them with another
set, when the same result followed.

In another case, where I placed a hive with
starters Hiiih'r the brood-nest, very liltle
comb was built tliere. It seems to me that
the only thing worth trying, is to follow out
the idea of placing a brood-nest with starters
uiKlcnii'dlli.

New Yokk. N. Y. Jan. 14, 1881).

How to Prevent Increase, Get the Most

Surplus, and Leave the Bees in Good

Condition for Winter.

HENUY HASTINGS.

•^ HAVE kept bees thirty years, and I will
dl) tell how I manage them to prevent in-
JL crease, secure the most comb honey
from clover and basswood, and leave the
bef'S in the best )>ossible condition for winter.

I pick my bees, with forest leaves, upon
their summer stands, r.efore packing them,
I see to it that they have abundant stores to
last them until apple bloom, and I don t dis-
turb them until that time. I then examine
them and clip the (lueons that are not
clipped. . ^ 1, 11 i e

t)ur honey lii'rvest begins about the first ot
June, and lasts six weeks. Swarming com-
mences abt)ut ten days after the onening of
the honey How. When a colony swarms, I,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

79

reniofe the quern, let the bees go back to the
old hive, cutting out all iiueen cells but one,
or cutting out all of them and introduc-
int^ a viri,'iu queen. I would like to have all
of the old que^nis out of the hives by the
twentieth of June. I yuv/cr to have the col-
onies without eggs for fifteen or twenty days,
because the bees that are hatched the last of
July and fore part of August, are of no value
here. They are too old to winter, and we
have no fall flow to amount to anything.

The bees till up the brood-nest with honey
when without a laying (pieen, but, as soon as
the young queen begins laying, they will
move a share of it into the sections, and the
rest I wish to remain.

The bees that hatch the last of August and
fore part of September, are of the best age
for wintering well.

I would not have a hive smaller than ten
Gallup frames, and I have more than fifty
that are larger.

Kenton, ( )nio. Oct. 10, 1888.

Golden Italians Versus Imported Italians
and Other Strains.

L. L. HEAKN.

^ HAVE been very anxious to see
the Review for March 10th, a copy
of which is just to hand, which we
have read with no little interest.
Our experience has been with our native
brown bee, and the imported and American
bred Italians. We consider either the im-
ported, or American lired Italians, far supe-
rior to our native bees; and, like friend E. M.
Hayhurst, we greatly prefer the latter.

About twelve years ago we had a large
swarm of our native bees come out, and they
were hived, and in seven days they filled
every frame in the hive with nice new comb,
and then they came out and "skedaddled'^
without leaving a single cell with honey in
it. We have frequently had them come out
late in the season, and build enough comb to
winter two colonies, and yet have but little
honey for winter; while the Italians were
more discreet, and filled the comb as it was
built; so, taking into consideration, the
"good looks," industry, docility, thrift and
disposition of the Italians to expel the moth,
as compared with our native brown bees with
which we have had an experience of nearly
thirty years, we would just say we would
not receive the latter as a present if compell-
ed to keep them ourselves.

We notice one thing that strikes us very
forcibly, and that is, a majority of persons
keeping other strains of bees prefer a cross
with the Italians. Friend Root once said
that any cross of our brown bees with the
Italians made an improvement on them (the
browns). Just now we would say, take his
word for it, especially with the second cross;
either this, or order with your smoker, a
cannon large enough to blow them to the
North Pole.

Yes, gentlemen, we have "been there" and
know whereof we speak. < )ur plan is to kill
every mismated queen as soon as discovered,
unless it is very late in the fall season. And,

if Friend Root will excuse us for "stepping
on his toes," we would like to call his atten-
tion to some other facts, in Feb'y Glecouiujs,
page i;};"), in answer to the question by Mr. J.
T. Rush, whether or not he considered that
imported queens produced better workers
than American bred Italians that show the
three brands. His answer is as follows: "To
the question which you propound no uni-
formity of answers may be expected from
different ones. We think that stock direct
from imported queens, as a general rule, is a
little more hardy and vigorous than that pro-
duced from queens inbred so many times
in our own country. The great tendency
with our breeders is to run for color, i. e.
'nice yellow bees,' ' four banded bees,' etc.
What we want is not color, not bands, so
much as bees for business, bees that will pro-
duce big crops of honey. Our experience
has been rather in favor of the leather color-
ed Italians as honey gathei^ers, and these we
generally get from imported mothers. Stock
bred from queens reared in this country for
several generations is pretty sure to be
lighter colored; and in this tendency to run
to color, as we have already intimated, we are
afraid has been a sacrifice of the real bread-
and-butter bees."

Now, we have been taught, whether right
or not, that "consistency is a jewel." If
these light colored bees are not equal to the
darker ones, why, Mr. Root, do you say in
your price list, "If we select the largest and
yellowest, and those that produce the hand-
somest bees, the price will be three times
that of an untested (lueen?" And, in Gleati-
hius, Mr. G. M. Doolittle, if we mistake not,
is said to be one of the most successful raisers
of comb honey in the U. S. A., and friend
Doolittle says he never owned but one im-
ported Italian queen.

Now gentlemen, what have you all done
with your favorite strains in way of raising
a crop of honey? We will tell you the best
we did last season. We had a swarm come
out in June, and in twenty-seven days they
filled a Simplicity brood chamber with brood
and honey, and made 88 pounds in section
boxes, and gave out a large swarm. About
this time the honey flow ceased, and no more
was made until Sept. Late in the fall we
took from this same colony rii pounds in
section boxes, beside leaving ten brood
frames, each of which was two-thirds filled
with honey, and all this from our four-band-
ed bees. This was far above our average,
but we are satisfied we secured at least twice
as much honey per colony as other parties in
this county who keep other strains of bees. As
to being hardy, they are equal to any we
have tried. We reduced by doubling up in
the fall from eighty-three to forty-six colon-
ies, and to-day, Ai>ril 18th, we have forty-six
colonies in good condition. Now, with all
due respect to Friend Root, we beg leave to
differ from him, and would like to see his
explanation.

We consider our industry an honest one,
and shall stick to our favorite four-banded
golden Italians, and shall do all we can to
still improve them, and we find the demand
for them rapidly increasing.

Fbenchville, W. Va. April 18, 1889.

80

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The 4- Bee-Keepers' + Review,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

"W. Z. HUTOHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS:— 50 cents a year in advance, two
copies for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for $2^00;
ten or more, 35 cents each; aU to be sent to ONK
POST OFFICE. In clubs to different post ofliceB,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FLINT. MICHIGAN, MAY 10, 1889.

Twenty pages again this month.

THE C. B. J. ADDS A POULTEY DEPARTMENT.

Our enterprising friends of the Canadian
Bee-Journal have enlarged their paper and
added a poultry department which is under
the charge of Mr. W. C. G. Peter of Angus.
Mr. Peter has started out well ; in fact, if
he keeps on as well as he has begun, Bro.
Jones will have to look well to liis laurels, or
they will be over-shadowed by those of the
new poultry editor.

LETTING THE SWAKM GO BACK, AND EEMOV-
ING THE "queen.

We wrote to Prof. Cook, asking if he
could help us any in discussing the special
topic of this month. Here is his reply :—

"Don't think I have anything new to
offer. I believe that putting the swarm
back, killing the queen, and destroying all
queen cells except one, is the best plan I
have ;tried. This re-queens the whole
apiary."

THE "western APIABIAN."

We have received the prospectus for a
monthly bee paper, of twenty pages, having
the above heading for its title. Placerville,
California, will be its home, and .Tune is to
furnish the birthday. Its editors, Watkins
& McCallum, say that the culture of bees in
the Pacific and Western States requires a
somewhat different system of management
from that practiced in the East, and we ex-
pect that this new paper will be devoted
more particularly to the needs of Califor-
nian and Western bee-keepers. Price .TO cts.

All bee-keepers are invited to attend. State
and District bee-keepers' Societies are invi-
ted to appoint delegates to the meeting.
Full particulars of the meeting will be given
in due time, Anyone desirous of becoming
a member, and receiving the last annual re-
port, bound, may do so by forwarding $1.00
to the Secretary, R. F. Holterman, Brant-
ford, Canada.

BEARING QUEENS IN FULL COLONIES WITHOUT
DEPRIVING THEM OF THEIR QUEEN.

For several months, Bro. Alley of the Ajii-
culfiirist, has been promising his readers a
little pamphlet which would give them the
information mentioned in the headlines of
this item. He has kept his promise. The
plan is simply that of taking advantage of
the disposition, upon the part of the bees, to
to build queen cells if they desire to swarm
or to supersede their queen. This method
will succeed only with old queens, or those
more than a year old. When the eggs and
cells are prepared according to the instruc-
tions given in the "Bee-Keepers' Handy
Book," and given to the proper colonies du-
ring the honey harvest and swarming season,
queen cells are usually built. They must be
removed as soon as sealed, and given to a
queenless colony, or swarming will result.
After the honey harvest is over, the necessary
excitement is kept up by feeding ; but it is
occasionally necessary to deprive a colony of
its queen in order to get some cells started.
One colony can be made to " start " enough
to keep the whole apiary busy finishing them
up. If you wish for details, subscribe for
the "ApV Subscribe anyway.

THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION.

The American, International, Bee-Keepers'
Association will meet in the Court House,
Brantford, Canada, Dec, 24, 25 and 26, 1889.

THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INCREASE.

There are two classes of bee-keepers who
desire to prevent increase in the number of
their colonies. The first, and by far the
larger class,own only large home apiaries, and
prefer surplus to increase. This class can
allow swarming if, by some simple manipu-
lations, the number of colonies is kept the
same, and the bees induced to devote their
energies to the storing of honey. The second
class are the possessors of out-apiaries; and
they desire not only to prevent increase, but
to suppress swarming. This accomplished,
the out-apiaries can be left alone, except at
stated intervals. What appears to us as the
best plan, where swarming is allowed, is to
hive the swarm upon the old stand and thea

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

81

make some disposition of the brood left iu
the old hive. This ou^ht to be so managed
that the hatching thousands will be added to
tlip force of some colony working in the
supers. The plan of shaking the bees off iu
front of the newly hived swarm, handling
the comb singly, then giving the combs to
nuclei, or weak colonies, or exchanging them
for combs of honey found in other colonies
(by the way, these combs of honey ought not
to be found in the brood-nests at swarming
time), may be better than allowing the
number of colonies to increase, but it's too
laborious. If the Heddon hive is used, and
one section can be picked yp at a time, and
the bees shaken out, and the brood then
placed over the queen-excluding honey-board
of some other colony, where the bees can
hatch and join the sivatin from this colony,
if the matter can be managed in some such
wholesale manner as this, it may be feasible.
The plan of allowing the swarm to return to
the old hive, removing the queen, and after-
wards cutting out all cells but one, has been
highly recommended. ( )ur Friend Robert-
son, of Pewamo, Mich., has practiced this
with excellent results. It has this in its favor:
The colony is re-queened; but, as an offset,
there is the labor of cutting out the cells,
with the possibility that one may be left, or,
that the one left may not hatch. With the
prices at which honey sells, there must be as
little as possible of this "puttering" work.
The cutting out of queen-cells, handling of
combs singly, changing them about, etc.,
must be dropped for more wholesale, short-
cut methods. We must "cut corners" at
every turn. The plan mentioned in this
issue, by Mr. Heddon, of so manipulating
the old hive as to eventually get all the bees
into the new hive, is in this line. But this
plan, or any other that allows the swarm to
build its brood-combs, will eventually result
in a surplus of combs. It is possible, how-
ever, that they would be secured at a profit.
Quite a number of bee-keepers have succeed-
ed to their satisfaction in preventing after-
swarming, also in preventing increase, while
but very few have succeeded in preventing
swarming. Probably the only certain
method that has been used to any extent, in
this country, is that of removing the queen.
This entails the work of cutting out queen-
cells, but. if the queens are removed just be-
fore the bees are ready to swarm naturally,
and the honey harvest is only from clover
and basswQod, it is a "dead sure thing." W^e

have considerable liope that swarming may
be prevented by furnishing the bees with
young queens. The plan of having queens
reared and fertilized in the same hive where
the old queen is still busy laying eggs, may
help us in this direction. One comb might
be partitioned off with perforated zinc. The
bees would build queen cells upon this comb,
and when a queen had hatched and became
old enough to mate, an opening could be
made, in the back of the hive, for the queen
to fly out. When she began to lay, the old
queen and the perforated metal could be re-
moved. Perhaps a colony with a queen of the
current year might swarm if the hive stood
in the sun, and the bees were crowded for
room; but would it if managed as thorough-
going bee-keepers now manage their bees?
We experimented last year with twenty col-
onies, and the results were highly satisfac-
tory, as we have already reported. We shall
"try it again" this year; and should be glad
to have others do so.

SHADE FOB BEE-HIVES.

Shall we shade our bees? If so ; why,
when, how? Some bee-keepers do not shade
their hives ; others do. Why do they do it?
Is it really necessary? Do they thereby
prevent any loss? Do they secure any more
honey? These are pertinent questions. The
temijerature of a colony of bees in summer,
when brood is being reared, is nearly 100°.
Until the temperature, in the sun, reaches this
point, shade is of no benefit; rather is it an in-
jury, as it deprives the bees of the warmth
of the sun at a time when it would be of
some benefit. When the temperature in the
sun goes above 100°, and begins to climb up
to 110°, 120°, 130°, 140°, then the effort upon
the part of the bees is to loiver instead of
rai^e the temperature in the hive. Crowds of
them stand at the entrance, and, with their
wings, drive strong currents of air into the
hive. We have read, and been told, that the
bees leave the combs of honey well-nigh for-
saken when the temperature is very high,
the reason given being that the combs can
be kept cooler when not covered with bees.
We have also read that the bees would "hang
out," that is, cluster upon the outside of the
hive, instead of working, if their hive were
left unshaded during a hot day ; that they
were thus compelled to desert their hive to
save their combs from destruction. We
have always kept o((r hives shaded, hence we
cannot speak from experience upon this

82

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

point ; but good authorities say that it
is true ; and if it is, then it would seem
that shade, in very hot weather, is both
desirable and profitable. We have noticed
that weak colonies, nuclei, for instance,
seldom make any demonstration of discom-
fort from heat, even when left unshaded,
while strong colonies will sometimes puff
and blow like the runner of a foot-race.
Why is this? Is it because the populous col-
ony is suffering from the accumulation of its
own heat — that generated by itself — that
cannot escape fast enough? If this be true,
why isn't a chaff hive the most insufferably
hot place imaginable for a colony of bees in
hot weather? We have never used chaff
hives, but those who have say that no shade
is needed, that the thick walls of chaff are a
sufficient protection against the sun. We
should think they would be, but what about
the internal heat, that is hindered in its es-
cape by the walls of chaff? We have never
heard that bees in chaff hives suffered from
the heat, as those in single-wall hives, stand-
ing in the sun sometimes do : or, at least,
are reported to. Possibly the point is just
here ; the bees in the chaff hives have to con-
tend with their own hef^t only, while those
in single-wall hives have that from the sun
in addition to their own. Let this be as it
may, we know that a colony can be kept the
coolest in a thin-wall hive surrounded by
shade. How do ive keep cool in hot weather?
We wear thin clothing, and lie in a hammock
in the shade. A colony of bees is a living,
heat-producing body, and can be kept cool
in the same manner that we keep our bodies
cool, viz., let its clothing (hive) be thin,
with a free circulation of air upon all sides,
above and below, and protect it from the
sun in the heat of the day. As we are discuss-
ing in this issue the management and con-
trol of increase, it may be well to mention
how well bee-keepers are agreed that the ab-
sence of shade hastens and encourages
swarming. The color of the hive has quite
a bearing upon the necessity for shade.
Black absorbs heat, while white reflects or
repels. We have seen the combs melt down
in an old, weather-beaten hive that stootl in
the sun ; we never knew conibs to melt in a
hive painted white ; and some assert that
there is no necessity for shading hives that
are painted white. There is little danger
of combs melting in white, unshaded hives,
but the great American question is, will it
pay to shade them? Shade is not needed in

the spring, fall, morning or evening. The
only time that it is needed, if it is needed, is
in the middle of our hottest days ; and what we
wish decided is will it pay to shade them
then? If shade is needed, there is nothing
cheaper nor better than a light board 2x8 ft.
in size. We make them by nailing the
thick end of shingles to a piece of inch
board four inches wide and two feet long.
They cost five cents each, and in the fall we
tack them together and make packing boxes
for packing the bees. Formerly, we used
stones, or bricks, to keep the wind from
blowing the boards off the hives ; but we
now use nothing of the kind. It is less
work to pick up and replace the occasional
board that is blown off, than it is to handle
the weights so much. Some bee-keepers
shade their hives, others do not ; let's dis-
cuss this subject in the .June Review, and try
and decide, if we can, whether or not the
practice is necessary.

LANGSTEOTH ON THE HONEY BEE, KEVISED
BY DADANT.

Continued from April No.
Chapter V has for its heading, the "Hand-
ling of Bees." "A honey bee, when heavily
laden with honey, never volunteers an attack,
but acts solely upon the defensive." In ex-
planation of the fact that the bees of a swarm
are sometimes very aggressive, it is asserted
that, occasionally, "some improvident or un-
fortunate ones come forth without a suffi-
cient amount of the soothing supply, and are
filled with the bitterest hate against any one
daring to meddle with them." Be this as it
may, we know that a good smoking will
quell the spirit of hatred, filling the bees
with submission whether they are filled with
honey or not. — Our Authors see no advantage
in the use of Apifuge. — They have found
cold water the best remedy for a bee-sting.
They also mention the leaves of plantain,
crushed and applied, as a good substitute.
W^e have found the tincture of plantain,
made by soaking the leaves in alcohol, the
best remedy for bee stings. We seldom use
it upon ourselves, unless stung near the eye:
but when a child or visitor is stung, it is very
pleasant to be able to soon relieve the pain,
and prevent the swelling almost entirely.
Attention is called to the fact that, after be-
ing stung many times, the system becomes
inocculated witli the i)oison, and a sting has
but little effect. This is true, but we doubt

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

S3

if this condition is a desirable one, so far as
health is concerned. For health's sake, we
believe it advisable to avoid stings as much
as possible.

Chapter VI takes np the subject of
" Natural Swarming." Messrs. Dadant say:
" There are no signs from which the apairist
can predict the issue of a first swarm." —
They also assert that, unless the weather is
very hot, a swarm that has clustered will not
leave for, at least, one or two hours. — The
only thing our Authors have known to stop a
departing swarm, is throwing water among
the bees. Our experience is the same; and
for throwing the water we ask for nothing
better than a Whitman fountain pump. — In
hiving a swarm, if any combs are given the
bees in the brood-nest, it is better to Jill the
brood-nest with them, because the giving of
a few combs furnishes the queen a place to
lay, and the comb built, while she is thus
engaged, will be of the drone variety. The
Dadant' s would use either combs or founda-
tion in the brood-nest when hiving swarms,
because they consider such an addition a
help, enabling the bees to store more honey.
We would use "starters" only in the brood-
nest, but we would give the bees abundant
help in the way of foundation or comb in
the SHj)er.s.—The Dadants do not favor the
plan of clipping the queens' wings. If two
swarms cluster together, they may be advan-
tageously kept together, so say our friends.
If more than two swarms cluster together,
they are to be shaken down in a pile and
directed into different hives. Watch is to be
kept for queens and all of them caught that
are seen. When the bees of a hive show un-
easiness, they are to be given a queen. If
there are not enough queens to go round, then
more are to be hunted for in balls of angry
bees upon the bottom boards of the hives.
We have been through all this, and the still
more aggravating experience of seeing swarm
after swarm go away to the woods by getting
an unexpected start. We know there are dis-
advantages in having clipped queens, but we
can overcome them easier than those attend-
ing undipped queens. — As this number of
the Review is discussing the control of in-
crease, it will be appropriate to quote quite
largely upon this subject. " In the majority
of instances, swarming is caused by the want
of room in the comb." " When the bees are
disposed to swarm, the heat of the sun
hastens their preparations." " The hatching
of a great number of drones is also an invi-

tation to the swarir.ing fever." " The giving
of comb must be attended to just before the
crop begins." "The breeding room must be
large enough to accommodate the most pro-
lific queen." "The hive must be located
where the sun will not strike it in the hottest
hour of the day." "Drone comb must be
carefully removed." " Hives must be thor-
oughly ventilated." " If the above directions
are followed, tlie natural swarms will not
exceed five per cent." " The prevention of
swarming, when comb honey is raised, is not
so successful, because the apiarist cannot
furnish his bees witli empty combs."

"Artificial swarming" is the title of the
tenth chapter, and in it we find little to criti-
cise, or that is particularly new. There is
one paragraph, however, that we must quote.
It reads as follows: "The forcing of a
swarm ought not to be attempted when the
weather is cool, nor after dark. Bees are
much more irrascible when their hives are
disturbed after it is dark, and, as they cannot
see where to fly, they will alight on the
person of the bee-keeper, who is almost sure
to be stung. It is seldom that night work is
attempted upon bees, without making the
operator repent his folly." We have "been
there" several times, and, although we have
not always had cause for repentance, when
we did, the repentance was sufficiently bitter
to make us give up the practice, unless
actually forced into it.

To be continued.

DOOLITTLE ON QUEEN REARING.

Queen breeders have no cause for com-
plaint in regard to the supply of* literature
devoted to their delightful branch of apicul-
ture. A few years ago, Mr. Alley, one of our
oldest queen breeders, published a book
largely devoted to the rearing of queens : the
present year has witnessed the birth of the
Queen Breeders' Journal ; and now that old
veteran, G. M. Doolittle, has written a book
of 17(! pages, devoted wholly to "Scientific
Queen Rearing." The price is $1.00; and
when we say that the publishers are Thos. G.
Newman & Son, Chicago, 111., no more need
be said in regard to the typograpical neat-
ness and general make up of the book. It
contains twenty' illustrations, besides the
best looking picture that we have ever seen
of its Author. — Upon our desk lies a copy of
this book, just fresh from the press ; and all
are invited to step up and look over our

84

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

shoulders. — Mr. Doolittle says that he has
secured, on an average, §500 per year in rear-
ing and selling queens: and, while he does not
say whether he would have made more
money had he devoted his whole time to
honey production, he does say, in substance,
that the iiueen biisiness is too fascinating to
be abandoned. We know exactly how he
feels. — He places great stress upon the im-
portance of the queen, and expatiates upon
the bountiful yields resulting, largely, from
the possession of extra, double-superfine
XXX queens. Others have done the same.
We expect it will be called heresy, but, many
times, when reading extravagant expressions
about "the whole of bee-keeping centering
upon the queen." etc,, we have felt like ex-
claiming : "Other things being equal, one
queen is as good as another I " This may be
putting it stronger than the case will bear;
besides, it does not e.ractly express our
views. Perhaps we cannot make our mean-
ing clear, but we will try. It is not so much
what a queen is herself, as it is what her an-
cestors were; or rather what her bees are.
That is, she may be an insignificaut looking
specimen, may have been reared in a man-
ner wholly at variance with the established
principles of queen rearing, may be one of
those short-lived affairs whose days are soon
numbered, yet, if she comes from the right
stock, her bees, whatever may be the number
of which she becomes the mother, are junt as
good bees as ca II be prod need. Do not mis-
understand us. To be sure, we must have
queens that are sufficiently prolific to keep
the brood-nests full of brood at a time of
the year when this is desirable : and possess-
ed of a longevity that will enable them to
perform this feat two or more seasons ; hav-
ing this, what more is needed? As a rule, the
honey producer need trouble his head very
little about the rearing of queens : the bees
will attend to that, and furnish just as good
queens as are needed. If his queens don't
fill the brood-nests in the proper season,
how much more practical to simply reduce
the size of the brood-nests until the queens
do till them, instead of ransacking the earth
for more prolific queens, or else by twisting,
turning, and shifting about of combs, en-
deavor to make one queen lay an increased
number of eggs. Mr. Doolittle cites cases
of enormous yields from single colonies, and
gives the credit, largely, to the queen. No
bee-keeper would be so fooUsh as to pur-
chase the queens of these colonies, expecting

that, in the future, he would secure such
wonderful yields. But, friends, trying to
secure the greatest possible yield from the
bees of one queen, is not practical bee-keep-
ing. Dollar and cent bee-keeping works for
the greatest profit, and cares not whether
one queen lays all the eggs, or if it's the
work of a dozen. This whole subject is too
large to do it justice in the brief space allot-
ted to this review ; it needs to be made the
special topic of a whole number ; and, if
queen breeders and others show sufficient
interest in the matter, we will devote some
future number to its discussion. — Mr. Doo-
little still pleads for the necessity of "fol-
lowing Nature." While we are confident
that the methods employed and advocated
by our friend are such as will result in good
queens, we cannot repress a smile, as the
perusal of chapter after chapter shows how
completely he has, by artificial means,
taken matters into his own luotds. It is not
a question of whether or not we shall inter-
fere with the plans of Nature, but, will this
interference bring about desirable resultsf
Thousands of instances might be mentioned
where, guided by his reason, man's disturb-
ing hand has so turned the course of Na-
ture's steps that her bountiful treasurers
were unloaded within easy reach ; when, had
her path been undisturbed, no treasures
would have been yielded up. — No coloi-y,
says Mr. DooUittle, ininiediatelu begins the
construction of queen cells upon the remo-
val of the queen ; hence it is better to allow
a colony to remain queenless about three
days, then remove all the brood, and give
the colony eggs or larvte from which to rear
queens. A colony from which all the brood
has been removed should not be allowed to
build more than one batch of cells, as the
nurses become too old. — A larva in a worker
cell has all its wants supplied for the first
day and a half, and is developed towards a
queen just as fast, up to this time, as it
would have been in a queen cell : in fact,
Mr. Doolittle says that a larva 'M hours old
can, by being transferred to an embryo queen
cell, be changed into a queen that will be in-
ferior to none. — Mr. Doolittle makes what
might be called "dipped " queer cells. He
dips thfe end of a rake tooth in melted wax,
lets it cool a little, dips again not (luite so
deep, then again not quite so deep as the last
time, continuing this until an embryo, cup-
shaped, queen cell is formed. As he can
make 200 an hour, this is not so big a job as

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

85

it appears. These cells are "stuck on a
stick." a larva and some loyal jellj' transfer-
red to each cell, the stick fastened into a
frame of comb, an opening being made in
the comb beneath the cells, and the frame
hung in a colony prepared for cell building.
The bees proceed at once to nurse the larv;¥
and finish up the cells. When "ripe," the
cells are picked off the stick as easily as we
pull cherries from a braach. — Except in the
cooler weather of spring and fall, Mr. Doo-
little places the ripe cells ( when they are not
given immediately to nuclei) in a queen
nursery. Each cell is placed in a cage fur-
nished with food, the cages fitted into a
frame, and the frame hung in a colony of
bees. In the fall and spring a lamp nursery
is used, as a colony does not always furnish
the necessary heat. His objection to a lamp
nursery is that it requires such close watch-
ing to prevent the queens from killing one
another. We overcome this objection by
placing each cell, that is nearly ready to
hatch, in an apartment by itself, the same
as Mr. Doolittle does with the queen nurs-
ery.— One of the important features of Mr.
Doolitile's book is that of showing, in de-
tail, a system of management whereby ex-
cellent queens may be reared and fertilized
in a hive containing a laying queen ; and
that, too, with no interruption to the regu-
lar business of the hive. The principle is
not new, as it was discovered soon after the
introduction of the queen-excluding honey-
board. On page 518 of GlecDtinr/s for 188.5,
we find the following from Mr. Heddon.

"I have also discovered that two queens
can l)e kept in the hive, one on each side of
the excluder. In fact, wherever I have used
the excluder, as soon as I put eggs and
young larva? above it ( where the queen could
not go), queen cells were started in quan-
tity. In several instances last season, young
queens were hatched. In two such, where
we had put the queen above ( to test the ex-
cluding power of the hoard) she remained
above, and a young queen was reared,
hatched, and fertilized, below. This point
is going to be of value to us in the future.
I think it is going to be one of the valuable
features of the honey-board."

We believe, however, that Mr. Doolittle is
the first queen breeder who has taken advan-
tage of this principle in so extensive a man-
ner, or who has so thoroughly mastered the
details. He prepares his stick of embryo
queen cells, stocks them with larvte accom-
panied by a little royal jelly, fastens the
stick into a frame of comb, then hangs it in
the upper story of a hive having a queen-

excluding honey-board between the two
stories ; the queen, of course, being in the
lower story. He has even had queen cells
built in a section box, by putting the pre-
pared cells in it, and putting it in a super
over a queen excluder. He has also had
queens fertilized and begin laying in a sec-
tion box so situated, but he does not recom-
mend it, as it spoils the section for first
class honey. By dividing off an upper story
into several apartments, using perforated
zinc for the divisions, and having an en-
trance for each apartment, a queen may be
allowed to hatch and become fertilized in
each apartment, while the old queen is at
the same time doing duty in the lower story,
there being a queen-excluding honey-board
between the upper and lower stories. — All
are cautioned not to shake the bees from a
comb having queen cells upon it. Drive
the bees off with smoke, or else brush them
off. — We think, liowever, that Mr. Doolittle
exercises more caution than is needed to
prevent the chilling of brood and unhatched
queens. It is possible that we are mistaken,
but we have never seen any brood chilled un-
less it had been exposed to a low tempera-
ture several hours. — Mr. Doolittle makes
what he calls "queen cell protectors." They
are small tubes of wire cloth, slightly cone-
shaped, and into one a queen cell can be
slipped uiitil only the point projects. The
open end of the tube is then stopped up, and
the cell, thus protected, is hung in the nu-
cleus from which a laying (lueen has just
been taken. Th'e cell is thus protected
against the attacks of the bees, (they will not
bite through the tough, hard end that
projects) and in from 24 to 48 houi-s there is
a hatched virgin queen in the nucleus. We
fail to see what has been gained. A nucleus
that has been queeuless that long will al-
most certainly accept a newly hatched queen.
Why not let the queen hatch in the nursery,
and then give it to the nucleus that has
been queenless 24 to 48 hours? — To be able to
introduce a virgin queen five or six days old
to a nucleus from which a lajiug queen has
just been taken, would be a great gain. Mr.
Doolittle says it can be accomplished by
taking away all the combs, and giving the
bees the queen in a cage from which they
can liberate her by burrowing through a
hole filled with " Good " candy. The combs
must not be returned until the queen begins
laying. There's too much labor about this ;
it would be more profitable to increase the

5^

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

number of nuclei. Mr. Doolittle himself
admits that it is not profitable. — It might be
well for us to remember, however, that when
a colony or nucleus has been queenless long
enough to build and seal over queen cells,
that it will accept a virgin queen even if she
■is old. — In forming nuclei, Mr. Doolittle
prefers to shake the bees into a box, keep
them confined a few hours until they "beg"
for a queen, then give them a virgin queen
and hive them upon a frame of honey and
one of sealed brood. There is too much
work about this, and we fail to see any ad-
vantages over the plan of making a colony
queenless a few days, and then dividing it up
iiito nuclei, giving each nucleus a hatched
queen or a cell. The^ e queenless bees will
adhere to a new location sufficiently well
when given a queen or a cell. — We are sorry
to be obliged to disagree with our friend
upon so many points, but here comes one
upon which we can agree most heartily, and
that is in regard to the importance of having
the ijueens mated with drones from the best
stock. Mr. Doolittle tries to have all drones
reared bv choice stocks. He furnishes them
plenty of drone comb, keeping up their
strength, if necessary, by giving them
worker brood from other colonies. Drone
comb is withheld from other colonies. He
doesn't like drone traps ; they answer the
purpose, but it is more economical not to
rear drones that must be destroyed. — Mr
Doolittle asserts that, from many carefully
conducted experiments, he is forced to the
conclusion that the drone progeny of a
(lueen is affected by her mating. This is a
point we connot criticise. — A chapter is
given up to the subject of queen introduc-
tion, and we believe that we agree wholly
with the Author upon this subject. A queen
just taken from a hive runs but little risk of
rejection compared with one that has been
away from the bees several days. Our Au-
thor's favorite plan of changing a queen
from one colony to another in the same
apiary, is to take two combs with the adher-
ing bees, having the (luten between them,
and hang them in the hive from which a
queen has been removed and to which the
queen is to be inti-oduced. He condemn:-- the
Peet cage, both for shipping and intodiicing.
The space is too large for a shipping cage, al-
lowing the bees and qut en to be banged about
too much from one side of the cage to the
other when the mail bag is thrown from a
train in motion ; while it does not cover suffi-

cient comb surface when used as an intro-
ducing cage. Mr, Doolittle's favorite intro-
ducing cage is of wire cloth, 3x7 inches in
size, and % inch deep. It is a sort of shal-
low, wire-cloth box. It is used the same as
the Peet cage. The plan recommended by
Mr. Doolittle for making nuclei, also fur-
nishes a safe plan for introduction. — Pow-
dered sugar should be used in making
"Good" candy, the sugar and the honey both
warmed, and it must be kneaded and mixed
so stiff that it will not change its shape if
laid upon a flat surface.— In catching bees
to send away with a queen, use those from
six to ten days old. — The sudden check in
egg production caused by taking a queen
from a full colony for shipment, frequently
injures her prolificness. It is the sudden
check in laying, rather than the hardships of
the journey, that causes the trouble. This
Mr. Doolittle has proved by caging queens
several days, when some of them lost their
fertility in a degree. Some of the cages were
subjected to rough usage, but this made no
difference. — Like nearly all who have tried
the Syrians and Cyprians, Mr. Doolittle dis-
carded them. He also tried the Carniolans
slightly (two queens), but was not impresed
in their favor. From his account, we should
think he did not have pure Carniolans. He
will try them again. Thus far, he has found
nothing equal to the Italians. — There are, of
course, a great many points that it is impos-
sible to notice, even in so extended a review
as this, (rf// details are necessarily omitted)
and we will close by most heartily urging all
queen bi-eeders to read the book. Address
the publishers.

ADVERTISING RATES

are fifteen cents i)er line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as follows:

On 10 lines ind upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent. ; 6
times, 15 per cent. ; 9 times, 25 per cent. ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.; 6
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.;6
times, 30 per cent.; 9 times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

Coloniss Nuclei I

Bee Supplies,

Honey, tic. Cataloguv Free.

OLIVER FOSTER, Mr. Vernon, Iowa.

3-89-3t Please mention the Reuiew.

i OUE[NS,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

87

f^rh Queens. Untest(>d in May, $1AX);
^\\U>^ three, $2.50. June to Oct., 75ct8.c
three, .f'i. 00. Send for free, annual, i)rice list of
nuclei, bees liy the lb., tested queens, and bee-
keepers' supplies. JNO. NEBEL & SON,
5-89-6t High Hill, Mo.

NOW

Ready to Mall, Free, My

new Price List of Pure Italijui
Bees, Poland China Swine. White
and Brown Leghorn Chickens, and
Mallard Ducks. Eggs for hatching. Also White
and Black Ferrets. N. A. KNAPP,

5-89-tf Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

Please mention Ine Review.

100 Tons of Comb Honsy

Will undoubtedly l)e put upon the market this
season in our

FOLDING PAPER BOXES.

Catalogue free ! Send for it ! Sample box 5 cts.

Frices Defy Competition!
A. O. CRAWFORD,

S(juth Weymouth, Mass.

5-89-tf

Please mentli

CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

I am now l)ooking orders for June. Tested,
$l.rO; untested, $1.00. i, doz., $.^.0 . Fourtli
year of rearing Carniolans exclusively.

SEND POSTAL FOR CIRCULAR.

5-89-tf S. W. MORRISON, Oxford, Pa..

P/ease mention the Review.

WE MANUFACTURE THE

Staiart Sinmllcity Portico and Chaff Hiyes.

Frames, crates; sections, comb foundation, and
a general line of bee-keepers' supplies always
on hand; also bees, queens, and full colonies.
Send for 3(5 page catalogue.

OLIVER HOOVER & CO.
4-89-12t Snydertown, Nort'd Co., Pa.

Plense mention th-i >'ieuieuf.

ITALIAN 7.'o QIJEENS

Imported Italian queen. $4.r.O ; tested, SL.'jO;
untested, 90 cts., three untested, $2.,')0. Single
frame nucleus, $1.00 ; 2-frame, $'1.00 ; with un-
tested (lueen, f2,.'j0. Etc. Write for what you
want. Keady now to ship without delay. Safe
arrival guaranteed. No foul brood here. Make
money orders payable at Clifton.

S. EC. COIj-WICKl,
5-89-3t Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La.

We have a large niiml)er of untested queens
ready for mailing Imported mothers. Light
and large. Warranted (jiieens, $1.00; six for $.").00.
Untested, S5 cts., or $9.00 a doz. Tested, $1.00
each. In June, untested, 75 cts., three for $"2.( (),
or $8.00 a doz. Make money orders payable on
New Iberia, La. .5-fe9-2t

Please mention the Review.

BEES FOR SALE.

Our bees liave wintered well, and we have
some splendid colonies. We wish to sell some
of them, and oflVr them at the following prices:
Single colony, $ti.00; five colonies $5..')0 eacli: ten,
or more, colonies, $.").' 0 each. All have (jueens of
last year's rearing. The frames are Langstrotli,
eight in a hive. Tlie hives are the same as the
old style of Heddon hive, except that the bottom
boards are loose. They are like Mr. Root's new
"Dovetailed Hive." We could also spare a few
cohiuies in the new Heddon hive, at an advance
of fifty cents per cfilony upon the above prices.
We have a few colonies in a single section of the
new Heddon liive. These we would sell for $4.00
each. Purchasers of colonies in the new Heddon
hive, will be furnislied free with a permit from
Mr. Heddon to use the hives. The bees are
Italians and hybrids, mostly the former. Those
wlio prefer Italians, will please state their pref-
erence when ordering, otherwise either kind will
be sent indiscriminately.

Choice Tested Queens at $1,00 Each.

Last year, to determine to wliat extent the
introduction of young queens would prevent
swarming, we sent South for young queens, and
introduced them, selling the old queens at $1.00
eacli. We were so well pleased with the results
that we shall rei)eat the operation again this
spring. Our queens were all reared last season,
anil are fine tested Italians, right in their prime,
yet, in order to have them go off quicMy, we
offer them at $1.00 each; and we can send them
right off, just as soon as purcliasers wish them.
Young queens, right from the South, can be fur-
nislied, at the same price, to those who prefer

them. W, Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

TO READ THE MAY ISSUE OF

THE UERICAN APICDLTDRIST,

Mailed free to all who will send their full ad-
dress plainly writien upon a postal card.

Address, AMERICAN apiculturist,
«-«9-tf Wenham, Mass.

Please mention the Review.

M lOtti Year ill Uneeii-Eeariiig. 1889.

Italian Queen-Bees

Tested queen, in April, May, and June $l..'iO

Untested " " " " 80

Sent by mail and safe arrival guaranteed. Also
nuclei and full colonies. Eggs of Pekin ducks-
White and Brown Leghorns, and White-crested
Black Polisli chicks, $1.!';0 per dozen.

W. P. HENDERSON,

4-99-6t Murfreesboro, Tenn.

Please mention the Review.

Short-hand, Type-
ph}'. NiTess\(i,v
term of 10 w il;s
Students in ay
time. No vaca-
opens AUGUST "JS. 18S3, F
nber 6. '88. Secona Win

FM>T. MICH. Expenses less than at
any other school in Miehigan. Special
courses including' Preparnlory, Teachers,
SiMi-nlifio, Literary, Hitcher English, Commer-
iilion, Olusie, Fine rJ, FennianHhi|i,
- Hrilinf, Telegra-
cxpenses for u,
only $80.50.
enter at any
tion. Fall Term

, Tern

Term
Ki.'SO. Sprini; TermMarcti 26, '80. Summer
Term June 4. '89. Unaurpa3?e.Uocation. Ele-
r.ntnew builcims. Send for Catalomie lo
G.S.kimbBll,n,A.,Prln.,FliDt,JIich.

College

Please mention the Reuie

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The Spightest

Four-Banded, Golden Italian Bees & Queens,
and the Reddest Drones.

Tested queen, $2.00

Selected t^-sted 3.00

Untested in May, 1-25

" in June and after, 1.00

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

L. L. HEARN,

5.89-tf Frenchiulle, Mercer Co., W. Va.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOE. 1889.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. UKOVVN,
1-88 tf. Augusta, Georgia.

Please mention the Reuiew.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for l.sw'.t ( if Italian Queens, Bees, Eggs
for hatching from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) Japani'si" Hiickwheat, and two choice
new varieties of Potatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY by getting my price list be-
fore you purchase.

CHAS. D DUVALL,
2.88-tf. Spencerville, Mont Co., Md.

take the lead as egg producers.

"Shelling out eggs" is their business.

151 on per 13; $1.50 per 2().

Bees & Queens. Circular Free.

A. F. BRIGHT,

. 4-SM tf Mazeppa, Minn.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Comt

Foundation. See Aduertisement in Another Column.

Italian Bees, Queens^

And E(t(tS from Light Hrahma and Wyandotte
Poultry. Eggs, two dollars for thirteen.

One untested queen, $1.' 0; three for .f 2.<"0,

jL^g^Price List Free.
4>9-t)t H. G. FRAME, North Manchester, Ind.

16, GOO Pounds!

W(^ believe tliat's the amount of honey Dr.
Miller secured one sea.son. Oh yes, he's sccur< d
less iu some years since then; but it wasn't hi.s
fault if the flowers didn't yield. However, tlie
mau wiio can so manage an apiary a.s to set ure
t'le above amount of hon'^y, must certainly 1 ave
a thorough knowledge of boe-ki ep'ng. The Lr,
is thus fortunate, and he has jjut a part of his
knowledge into a delightfully written b.iok, enti-
tled, "A Year Among the Bees." Tlie pric" is 7i
(•cuts. Send for it Tiie Dr. didn't write tliis
ad. He couldn't have done it. He's too modest.
Head his book and you will agree us.

Addvesii, Dr. V, V. MILLER,

Marengo, 111.

SECTION PRESS.

PRICE $2.00.

For putting together one-jiicce sections. Every
section square; and a smart boy or girl can fold
100 in six minutes. Try one and you will never
regret it. Send to your supply dealer, or to

WAKEMAN & CROCKER, Lockport, N. Y.

3-89'Gt Please mention the Reuiew.

SEISTT FR.H1E.

Our descriptive circular of Eclipse, Langstroth
and New American ))ee-hiveB, smokers, bee-veils,
Italian bees, Italian queens, books on bee cul-
ture, etc. F. A. SNELL,
3-89-3t JMilledgeville, Carroll Co., 111.

Leahy's + Foundation,

— WHOLESALE AND RETAIL —

My Foundation is recommended by hundreds
of Bee-Keepers, as having no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jordine, Ashlancf, Neb.; Moeller
Manufacturing Co., Davenport, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Son, Cole Broolc, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. ( 'allam & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. I will takeone 1)). Sections in ex-
change for thin Foundation on reasonable terms.
Special prices to dealers. Send for Catalogue of
other supplies. R. B.LEAHY&CO.,

1-89 tf Higgin.sville, Mo., Box 11.

SEND FOR

HEDDON'S CIRCULARS

Address,

JAMES HEDDON,

Dowagiac, Mich.

the Review.

CARNIOLAN QUEENS

A SPECIALTY. Largest and purest Carniolan

apiary in America.
|j?f= Send for Descriptive circular and price
list. Address,

ANDREWS & LOCKHART,
4-^<.t-tf Patten's Mills, Wash. Co. N. Y.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

We manufacture ISee-Keepers' sup-
plies of all kinds, hest quality at
\lowest prices. Hives, Sections,
Fouudation, Extractors, Smokers,
Crates, Veils, Feeders. Clover
Seeds. Buckwheat, etc. Im-
, ported Italian Queens.
Queens and Bees. Sample
Copv of our Bee .Journal,
.^ "The Western Bee-Keeper,"
L \ and latOHt CutaIos;iio mailed
V* Free to Bee-Keepers. .Address
JOSEPH NYSEWANDEB,
D£8 MOUVES, IOWA.

Please mention the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

89

Eaply Queens

to

C
O

to

April. May.

1 untested queen $1 00 »1 00

:! untested ciueens 3 00 2 50

1 virgin (]upen .$6.rOper dt)Z 60 fJO

] tested (lueen 3 00 2 .50

;) tested queens 7 50 ti 00

Safe arrival guaranteed. Write for
wholesale prices.

South Carolina is tlie best state in
the South for early (inoens. The cli-
mate lieing so well adapted to (jueen
rearing;, and its beiuK si i near the north-
ern markets -only four or five days be-
ing required for a (lUcen to reacli the
most northern state or Canada. Try
those of that promiit and reliable
breeder, W. J. ELLISON,

Stateburg, Sumter Co., S. C.

3t Please mention the Review.

Jl

Patent Flat-Sottom Mi foundation.

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square feet
to the i)ound. Wholesale and Re-
tail, t'irculars and Samples free.
J. VAN DKUSEN & SONS,
(SOLE MANUFACTURERS),

]-88-tf. SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

The Canadian lonev Producer.

If you wish to see wliat the best writers liave
to say upon the most important topics, sen(l 40
cents for a year's subscrijition to "The Canadian
Honey Producer." Or send tiO cts. and receive
this journal one year and, in the swarming sea-
son, or earlier, a virgin queen of entirely new,
and carefully selected blood. Stamps t-nken, ei-
ther U. S. or Canadian. E. L. GOOLD & CO.,

Brantford, Canada.

Ths Nsw Q, B. Journal

Contains matter of great importance to all
Bee-keepers. It is neat, witty, brief, and to
the point. Articles from the best writers. Send
for a free sample. 50 cts ayear. Address,

E. L. PRATT, Marlboro, Mass.

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, AND DADANTS'

Foundation. See Advertisement in Anotlier Column.

Creameries and Churns.

Send for Circulars. Wholesale prices given
where we have no agents.

FLINT CABINET CREAMERY CO..

Flint. Mich.
We have known the members of this firm from
boyhood, and are also tlioroughly acquainted
with the features of their wares, and it is with
pleasure that we vouch for the reliability of the
one and the merits of the other. Ed. Review.

Pleas

Reu

Eaton's Improved Section Case.

Lfit est and best. Bees and
(^)n('ci)s. Send for free price
li^l. Address,
I FliANK A. EATON,

Blufifton, Ohio.
Please mention the Review,

NON - SWARMERS.

I now have my second lot of young queens
(pure Italians I bred from a qtieen tliat has, for
three years, refused to swarm. Price $1.00 each.
Safe arrival guaranteed. The cliances are greatly
in favor of their being purely mated. The bees
are very gentle and fine honey gatherers.

R. B. WILLIAMS,

5-89 tf Winchester, Franklin Co., Tenn.

Sections 8c Foundation.

Cheaper than ever. Our beautiful sections

Only ^3.00 Fer 1 ,000.

Dealers will do well to get our prices. JAPAN-
ESE BUCKWHEAT, ALSIEE CLOVEE, Etc. Send for
Price List and Samples. M. H. HUNT,
1 89-6t (Near Detroit.) Bell Branch, Mich.

Please nwntion the Review.

BEE KEEPERS

SlKJiikl send for my circu-
l:ir. It describes the best
Hives, the best Cases, the
best Feeders and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. shUcK,

I)ES MOINES, lOnd

2-89-12t. Please mention the Review.

The Success Hive

Tr-ue

To Its
NAME.

Every

Bee-keeper

SHOULD TRY

Safe winterer, easy in manipulation, durable,
cheap, and, for large yields of lioney, is unsur-
passed.

Sections, Section Cases, Coiiil) FoiiiK'a'.ion,

and all apiarian supplies, at greatly reduced
prices. Send f(jr new circulars,free.
L. H. & W. .J. VALENTINE,

[Successors to S VALENTINE & SONS)

4-89-tf Ilagerstown, Wash. Co., Md.

IF^cia2::Lta.ir:L ZPesn..

Uses any kind of ink; filled by action of India
rubber reservoir; will not leak; carried in the
pocktt with safety; finely made and finished in
hard rubber; guaranteed for one year, but, with
care, will last a life time. Originat jjrice, includ-
ing pen, holder, case and filler, $1. We have se-
cured an unlimited (luantity of these pens at
bankrupt prices, and we propose giving to eacli
subscriber or renewal to our journal, sending us
ten cents to pay postage, one of these i)en8 FHEE.

Our paper is a 3- page, handsomely illustrated,
journal, at .'50 cts. a year, devoted to Poultry, Bees,
and Pet Stock, The pen alone, 40 cts; we are giv-
ing away the paper, not the pen.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls, Maine.

A complete Langstroth hive, in the flat, for
75 cts Sections in bushel boxes, .S:iOO per M.
Extra nice Foundation; heavy, for brood, 40 cts.;
thin, for surplus, 15 cts. Japanese Buckwheat,
Alsike Clover seed, Shipping Crates, and all
things used in the apiary. Direct all orders to
4-S9-tf W. D. SOFER, Box 1473. .Jackson, Mich,

90

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

SAYS THAT HE STILL LIVES,

and feels able to till all orders iD-omptly during the rush, no matter how fast they may
pour in. He will work all night if necessary. He answers all letters relating to
business the same day they are received. He sells tools at what they cost him. He keeps

A Full Line of Bee-Keepers' Requirements,

and he yives aivay a 48 page book : "A Glimpse of Bee Culture," which also contains
his prices. It is worth asking for! Do you want it? Then simply write "Yes" on a
postal card and sign your full address.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box 1 087.

AaJ'-ess Plainly
7-88-12t.

ntion thi-R^ui,

Comb Foundation. \ Barnes' Foot Power Macliinery

We have a complete out-fit for its manufactiiree
Our mills all run by steam power, and we have
the very best facilities for purifying wax We
make it as thin as yon want it for sections. We
make a specialty of makin«l)rood foundation for
pquare frames, thick at ttie top with a gradual ta-
per to very tliin at the l)ottom, thus securing the
greatest amount of strengtli for the quality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retail, address

A. G. HILL,
6-88-tf. " Kendallville, Ind.

The Revised Langstroth, and Dadayits''

Foundation. See Advertisement In Another Column.

FRIENDS,J'.r,;;;BEeSorHOHEY

any way interested in J

we will with pleasure send a sample copy of the

SEMI-IVIONTHLY CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, ( -oml) Foun-
dation, Section Honey-Boxes, all books and jour-
nals, and cvi'iytliing pertaining to Hce Culture.
Nothing Patented. Simply send your address
plainly written to. A. I. KOOT,

l_88-tf. Medina, Ohio.

[16-page Weekly— $1.00 a Year.]

IS the Oldest, Larg-est and Cheapest weekly
beepaper in the World. Sample free.

4-**'y *■'%:' P U B LI S H ER s:%,: ,„ W^\

92-3 & 025 West Madison St.. CHICAGO. ILL.

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAL,

withoutsteani power, by using outfits of these

Machines, can bid lower, and save

more money from their jobs, than

by anyothermeans fordoiiiptheii-

work; LATHES. SAVV>, .WUK-

TISEIJS. TKNONEHS, ETC., Sold

on trial. Illustrated Price-List Free

W. F. & JOHM BARMES CO.,

No. GS6- Suby St., Rookford, IIL

No. 1, white, V-groove sections, only $3.00
per thousand. No. 2, $2.00 per thousand. Com-
plete hive for comb honey, only $1.30. Price
list free.

J. ly-1. KZIKTZIB,
10j^8-tf liocliester, tJakland Co., Mich.

hlcase mention the Reuiew.

BEE

SUPPLIES

RETAIL

AND

Wholesale

We furnish Kverythiiig needed in
the Ai>iary. of [iractical const ructitm, and at the
lowest price. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a postal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

li^. KretrhiHer, Cobtirf/, Iowa.

2-88-tf. Please mention the Reuiew

BEE-KEEPERS^ GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Bce-Keeper should have it.

FitMtiTlioiMKlY/liolly Revised!

MUCH ENLARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is UP to date. It is both rn.vcTicAL and
soiENTino.

Prices; By mail, $1.50, To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by freight, ."iO per cent. off.

Address A. J. COOK,
lO-f8-tf Agricultural College, Michigan.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

91

Dadants' Foundation

In kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman iV Son,
Chicaso, 111.; 0, F. Muth <\: Son, Cinciimati. ().;
Jas. Heddoii, Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Doughnity,
Indianapolis, lud.; Chas. H. Green, Waukesha,
Wis.; ('has. Hertel Jr., Freehnrg, 111.; E. S. Arm-
strong, Jerseyville, 111.; E Kretchmer, C'ohurg,
Iowa.; M. J. Dlckason, Hiawatha, Kans.; Ed R.
Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Va.; J. B. Mason* Son, Mechanic
Falls, Me.; Dr. G, L. Tinker, Few Philadelphia, O.
D. A. Fuller. Cherry Valley, 111.; Jos. Nysewan-
der, Des Moines, Iowa; (J. H. Lewis &{'o., Water-
town, Wis.; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goida, La.; B..J.
Miller & Co., Nappanee, lud.; J. Mattoon, Atwa-
ter, O.; GoodeU & Wood worth, M'f'tr Co., Rock
Falls, 111.; J. A. Roberts, Edgar. Nel),; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; Geo. E. Hilton, Fre-
mont, Mich.; J. M. Clark* Co, 1409 ]r)th St.,
Denver, Colo.; E. L. Goold & (Jo., Brantford, Ont.,
(Canada; J. N. Heater, Columbus, Neb.; O. (j.
(■Jollier, Fairbury. Neb.; G. K. Hubbard, Fort
Wayne, Ind.; and numerous other dealers.

We guarantee Every Inch of our Comb Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every Respect.
Every one who buys it is phrased with it. vV rite
us for Free Samples, Price List of Bee-Supplies,
and Specimen Pages of the new

Revised Langstroth Book

EDITION OE 1889.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON,

4-89-12t Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111.

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS, ETC.

We make the best bee-hives, shipping-crates,
sections, etc., in the world; and sell them the
cheapest. We are offering our choicest, white
-fi.ixti.i sections, in lots of .^00, at .fS.iiO per 1,000.
Parties wanting 3,000, or more, write foi special
prices, No. 2 sections, ?'2.00 per 1,000. Cata-
logues free, ))iit sent only when ordered.

G. B. LEWIS, & CO.. Watertown, Wis.

VIRGIN QUEENS.

The bulk of the traffic in queens, in the near
future, will proliably be n virgins. Every per-
son sending direct to the office of the

Canadian Bee-Journal

one df)llar in advance for one year's subscription
(either new or renewal) will receive a beautiful,
virgin queen, value sixty cents, as soon as possi-
ble in the season of 1889. Queens will be sent in
rotation, as the cash is received. American cur-
rency, stamps, and money orders at par.

THE D. A. JONES CO.,

Beeton, Ont., Canada.

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog up or go out.

Bingham & TTctherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented May 20. 1879.
Send card for free circular, descriptive of the
best and cheapest^tools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

1-88 tf. Abronia, Michigan.

New Heddon Hives for Sale.

To the purchaser of my 29 new Heddon hives
(never used), at !ti:'..00 each, I will give a new four
comb, Stanley, Autoiiuitic honey extractor, f . o. b.,
worth $20. E. D KEENEY,

4-S9-tf Arcade, N. i.

r/eii^e m^ndon tlw Rt'uiew

Apiarian Supplies.
Dr. Tinker

Offers for 1S89 a superior line of supplies. His

"Wlnite Foplar* Sections,

and perforated zinc are still in the lead for per-
fect work. His two-rowed zinc strips for the
wood-zinc honey-boards are uneciualed. His

NONPAREIL BEE-HIVE
represents the latest improvements, suited to the
best management yet devised. At the Columbus
Centennial it was awarded the

FIRST PREMIUM
over all the leading hives of the day. His sec-
tion super for open-side sections, and every part
of his hive is new. Samples of sections and zinc,
five cents. Price list free.

Address Dr. G. L. TINKER,
2-89-tf New Philadelphia, Ohio.

Please mention the Review.

The peculiar process by which we make

One-piece Sections

Secures the most satisfactory results. The accuracy of work-
manship and the very low percentage of loss by

Breakage in ^Folding

Makes them the wonder of aU who use them.
Send for prices; and estimates on large lots. Address as in

the cut. Please mention the Reuiew. 1-89 6t

92

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Bee-Keepsfs' Supplies.

QUALITY and workmanBhip unsurpassed.
(Ve are prepared :o funii.sli bee-keepers with
supplies promptly, arul witli goods f)f uniform
excellence as heretofore. Our hives all take the
Simplicity frame. Tlie "Falcon" cliaff liive
and the " Chantani|ua" hive, with dead air
SPACES, are botli giving universal satisfaction.
We manufacture a f-.^U line of bee-kkepers' sup-
plies, including the

"Falcon" Brand of Foundation.

lE^" We gladly furnisli estimates, and solicit
correspondence. Send for illustrated price list
for 1889, free.

The W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
■U88-tf Jamestown, N. Y.

Please

th^ Reu

Honej - Extractor,

Square Gl iss Honey -Jars, Tin Buckets,

Bee-Hives, Hoiiey-Sections, &c., &c.

Perfection Cold-Blast Smokers.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepers.

2-88-tf.

Pure Italian QueenSj

-FK,01»^

J. F. Caldwell, ian Harcos, Tern,

will be sent post pai
orders.

on receipt of your cash

June

April May to Oct.

Select tested f 8 7ri $3 2ri $2 75

Tested 2 75 175 150

12 Untested 9 50 9 00 8 50

Address .J. P. CALDWELL,
4-89-3t San Marcos, Texas.

Please nier.iion the Reuiew.

An Old Bee-Book Revised, and Dadants'

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

THE "REVIEW."

The distinctive features of the Bee-Keepebs'
Review are tlia( of reviewing current apicultural
literature (pointing out errors and fallacies and
allowing nothing of value to pass unnoticed), and
the making of each issue a "special number " —
one in which some special topic is discussed by
the best bee-keepers of the country. If you wish
for the cream of the other journals, already skim-
med and dished up, and to learn the views of the
most experienced bee-keepers upon the unsolved,
apicultural problems of the day, read the Review.

Price of the Review, 50 cts. a year. Samples
free. Back numbers can be furnished.

"The Froduction of M Honey."

Although this neat little book contains only 45
pages, it furnishes as much practical, valuable in-
formation as is oft«n found in a book of twice its
size. It is " boile<l down."

It begins with taking the_ bees from the cellar
and goes over the- ground briefly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is off the hives; touching
upon the most i';iportant points; and especially
does it teach wlien, where and how foundation
can be used to the best advantage; when combs
are preferable and when it is more profitable to
allow the bees to build their own combs. It tells
how to hive a swarm in an empty brood nest, and
yet secure more ]ioney than wlien foundation is
used. Price of the book, 25 cents.

For t>5 cts. we ^ill send the Review one year
and "The Production of Comb Honey." For
$1.00 we will setd all the numbers of the Re-
view for the past year (188K), the Review for
this year (1889) and the "The Production of Comb
Honey;"or, for the same amount ($1.00), we will
send the Review for two years from Jan. 1st,
1889, and "The Pioduction of Comb Honey."

Stamps taken, ";ther U. S. orC'anadian.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

XXr A TVTT^ICT^ ■ You to send for my
YV.f\r^ A tl^JLja illustrated price list
of apiarian supuiies for 1889 ; also five cents for
my pamphlet: "hCW I produce comb honey."
GEO. E. HILTON,
3-«9-3t Fremont, Mich.

NEW YORK. rOREIGN OKDKRS SOLICITED. NEW JERSEY.

EASTEEN ^ DEPOT

(Bees.)

{Queens )

MASS.

3-88-tf.

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers.

Exclusive Manufacturer of the

Stanley Auloniitic Honey-SKlraslor.

DADANTS FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BAS8W00D SECTIONS

One-Piece, Dovetail, or to nail. Any (luan- '
tity, any size, ('omplete machinery - finest
work. Send for Handsome Illustrated Cata-
logue, Free.

E. R. NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N, Y.

Pleasn mention the Review.

CONN.

VOL, 1!.

FLINT, MICHIGAH, JUNE 10, 1889,

NO. 6,

Shade for Both the Bees and Their Keeper —

Circulation of Air Needed — ftuilts

and Honey-Boards Once More.

DB. C. C. MILLEK.

'^yp WANT shade principally for the coiii-
m) fort of those at work with the bees when
„^ the .sun is hot. One of njy apiaries is iu
an everf^reen grove, which makes a de-
lightful shade, but, in coal days, especially
in spring t\nd early suiiuner, it is too cool
for the bees. Another is iu a burr oak grove
which is very satisfactory, as the foliage does
not become dense until hot weather. The
other two have apple tree^ for shade, which
are nearly as good, bul the low branches
trouble sometimes. Very decidedly, I want
shade for my own comfort. For tlie bees, I
think it may be best when very hot, and
harmful when too cold.

If no trees shaded my hives, I think I
would provide some kind of shade when the
sun became hot. Your shingle cover, Mr.
Editor, is good : and now I'll tell you of a
very simiile shade I once used when there
were no trees for shade. I took fresh-cut,
tall grass, laid it over the cover so as to
project over on all sides except the nortli,
then laid on a stick of stove wood to keei) it
from blowing away. In a day or two it was
dry, and fitted down upon the cover, and
lasted through the season. I'm not sure but
it was better tli;in a board shade.

You say you never kuev,' combs to melt in
a iiivc^ painted white. I have seen combs
melt down iu hives that stood in a shade so
dense that the suu never shone upon them.
I'm not sure, now, about the color, but, as
the sun never touched them, it would prob-
ably make no difference, whether the hives
were black or white. The trouble was that
growing corn on one side, and dense brush
ui)0ii the other, made it so close that no air
circidated, and the heat of the bees prolj;d>ly
melted tlm combs. Of course, a white hive,
ichi'ii standiiKj in the sun, is cooler than any
other.

Friend Ilutchiuson, I'm not going to be
j)nt down so easily about quilts and houey-
b'>urds. It is possible that I caujujt manip-
ulate a honey-board so well as you can, but I
liad considerable practice with solid honey-
boards before quilts were ever hei^rd of, and
I have handled slatted honey-bo;irds by tlie
hundred ever since they were known. Now,

I'll tell you what I think. If you take honey
boards and quilts, as I have known them in
my apiary, I think I can take off a quilt in
one-fifth the time ii<ni can take off a honey-
board ; and do it with less "snap and sput-
ter." The very fact that a quilt can be
in'eled off, I count an advantage, for the at-
tachments are broken a little at a time, but
so rapidly one after another, that a second
of time takes off the whole quilt. I have
read and re-read your statement as to the
way bees propolize (luilts : whatever your
bees may do, mine do nothing of the kind.
Brace combs are built under the quilt just
as they are under the honey-board, only in
time the brace combs under the quilt be-
come higher than under the honey-board,
for the bees raise ui) the quilt by means of
the brace combs, and this is an objection to
quilts. The only way I can think it possible
for your bees to do as you say, is that pres-
sure of some- kind keeps the quilt down close
to the top bars : whereas, only the weight of
the quilt keeps mine down : and I have seen
brace combs an inch high built under them.
The quilt may be. as you say, "going," and
it is possible that I may discard it entirely,
but not because of any difficulty of removal.
And it is possible that I may retain it in part
for the very reason that it can be handled so
easily and with so little irritation to the bees.

You have discussed, in the May number,
the prevention and control of increase : and
I wait patiently for the time to come when
you will discuss prevention, not of increase,
but of suHirniiny. That's what I would like
to know about.

Makengo, III. May 23, 1889.

What Shade is Worth, and How to Get It.

JAMES HEDDON.

THEN I began bee-keei)ing under
'/'^ the guidance of my father-in-law,
twenty-one years <igo, one of his
hobbies was shade for hives iu
summer. At that time, he was the most
skillful and best posted in modern apicul-
ture (as well as l)eing a natural genius) of
any bee-keeper in this part of the state. He
had experimeuted a great deal with shading
hives, and used to say to me that, if a man
had to i)ay $r).(X) a year for something to
nicely shade each hive, he could better
afford to pay it than go without it. The

94

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

reader will not f oryet that at that time honey
was selliny for a price nearly three times as
great as at present. That would leave it on
a present basis of say, JjtiL'.OO a year for a
shade. Now, at that time, he preferred a
plain piece of board about two feet wide and
three feet long. ( It was no trouble then to
get wide lumber here.) About ten years ago
he died, still using and preferring that
method. I have used it principally, although
in connection with some experiments in
other ways of shading, during the twenty-
one years I have kept bees, and it looks as
though I, too, would die using and prefer-
ring that method of shading.

Tlie hive fronts east. The shade board ex-
tends over the hive east to west, or from
front to rear, lengthwise of the long way of
the hive. Not any of the board extends over
the north side of the hive, so that some ten
inches extends over the south side. The
board extends well over the front and rear,
so that the hive gets the sun in the morning
and late in the afternoon, but at no other
time to any considerable extent.

I paint my hives white, and with that color
and this method of shading, (which also
shelters the bees in storms) I feel well
pleased.

In some of my apiaries no weight has been
needed to keep these boards in place during
wind storms, but usually, I use a stone
weighing about fifteen pounds: and when I
hear a bee-keeper tell about the time and
muscle consumed in brandling this stone, and
about doing without it, fastening the shade-
board with a staple and hook, or something
of that sort, I know at once that he has had
no experience, or else he is an impractical
man. No one is fit for a bee-keeper who
dreads handling this stone. It can be hand-
led in a careful manner in less than one-
fourth the time you can tinker with any
other kind of a fastener.

This kind of a shade is not only valuable
as a storm guard, but it can be (piickly ad-
justed exactly when and where needed, re-
moved when not wanted, and is inexpensive.
But some propose double wall hives as
a protection from the heat. Now, bees, like
any other animal life, not only have the
power to i)roduce heat, but continually do so
from necetisiti/ ; -dud imless they are so situa-
ted that the heat they create can be radiated
away, it will pile u|) until they become their
own destroyers. ^Vith a colony of bees creat-
ing heat within a hive, and the sun outside
"pounding" onto it, disaster must result, no
matter how thick and non-conducting tlie
walls may be. I began this article without
reading your introductory, and now, upon
looking it over, I see you have preceded me
in this very point. I consider unshaded,
overheated hives as the great cause for
swarming. True, there is not nearly so much
necessity for shading a white hive, but it
needs it all the same. For years I have made
packing boxes of shade boards as you men-
tioned in your leader. Mr. Editor, but I have
never made sliade boards out of sliingles.
Would not be surjirised but tliat this is an
economic quirk. I suppose uuicli depends
upon the price of the material used in any
given locality.

Ah ha I in your last sentence you speak
about weights, I notice. \Vell, I agree with
you that, wliere only an occasional board
blows ofi', it is better not to weight them.
But I want >ou to consider that it is only an
occasional apiary, in semi-occasional loca-
tions, where a shade board blows otf only
occasionally. Am I not riglit?

Now regarding the discussion of the prac-
tical use of cloths vs. wood covers for hives,
I can say that I have used several hundred
cloth covers, among which I may mention a
whole bolt of excellent enameled cloth
which I purchased of friend A. 1. Root. I do
not like them and do not consider them any-
where nearly equal to the plain, straiglit,
board cover with a bee space below it.
Another thing : I am not afraid of the com-
petition of any bee keeper who does prefer
the cloth covers. He probably has ugly bees
or he is a consumer of time in his work, or
what is more likely, both. If a man has
well-bred, well-behaved bees and dispatclies
his work rapidly, he will not use cloth of any
kind any longer than merely to find out that
he does not want it. I would expect to go
into an apiary and, witli plain board covers
with bee spaces, handle about three hives to
one similarly handled by a bee keeper who
uses cloths.

DowAGiAc, Mich.

May 18, 188'J.

No Sliade Needed With Chaff Hives.— Some
Excellent Arguments in Favor of Quilts.

GEOKGE F. HOBBINS.

IffC'?!^^ BEES are largely in the shade of
M of/lb P^'i'^h trees. I i)lace them tliero
(jitlrJ^ more in obedience to instinct
'^ than to reason. I frel as though
they ought to be in the shade : yet, I believe
that, take the years as they come, my bees,
as a rule, do better in the sun. If the leaves
were not off tlie trees in winter and spring,
the difference might be inorc niarked.
When thick, or double-wall, or chatt-hives
are used, shade is of less coiisetiuence. My
hives are large and roomy, and painted
white, and dummies used at tlie sides.
Under such circumstances, a free circulation
of air is more necessary than shade. My
bees swarm as little, and make as much
honey, when standing in the sun as when
shaded.

It is with Dr. Miller tliat you, Mr. Editor,
have picked a quarrel (':") about (juilts and
honey-boards, but, in the melee, yon have
hit iiic: and 1 i>c'g leave to " kick back." (( Ut
Oliver Foster.

You may have handled quilts more Ihnri I
have hantiled honey-bonrds, but not so much,
I think, as 1 have tlie former. The ol)jc(-
tions you urge against quilts are not wholly
imaginary, but, it seems to me that Uiey
amount to but little when the riglit material
(enameled cloth) is used. Bees are less in-
clined to propolize its glossy surface than
anything else excei)t glass; and pro|)olis and
wax itdhrrr to it eveil in a less degree. My
quilts seldom rest upoi the top bars, as
tliere are usually brace-combs above Die
frames. Wherever honey- boards or super,-?

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

95

are us^ed, propolis is employed and brace-
couibs are built : and I fam-y you do not yet
your honey-board back much nearer the
same position, each time it is removed, than
I do my ([uilt. Whether you do or not, even
prcsstii-c will not generally get it back so
near the surface upon vvhicli it rested, as it
was before lemoval. I have tried it suffi-
ciently with section racks, ami cases witli sep-
arators, and, so far as I have used honey-
boards, the rule holds yood with them. If
I did not keeit scrapiuy the honey-boards, or
the Heddon covers, the same as I do the
other pieces mentioned, I would eventually
have a double bee-space in one.

In warm weather, the honey-board may,
perhaps, be taken off witli less jar than the
quilt can be removed, but, in cooler weather,
the reverse is oftener the case. At aiiy time
I can remove the iiuilt so ([uickly that all the
"snaps, and sputters, and tears " are resolv-
ed into uiic, and no appreciable jar is com-
municated to the bees ; at least, no more
than the shock of surprise will offset.

But tiie great charm of the quilt remains
to be mentioned. A cover, or honey-board,
must be removed all at nnce, leaving the
bees free to boil out if they feel so disposed ;
while a quilt may be turned up at either end,
or side, or corner, leaving the rest undis-
turbed. Tliis feature is often a great help
in managing intractable hybrids, or any
other strain of bees at certain seasons. It
must also be of considerable importance in
case we are called ui)on to work with the
bees in cool spring weather, or at any time
when we desire to conserve every particle of
heat that is generated.

Mechanicsbukg, III.

May 18, 188'J

Shade Needed, but Must be Temporary, and
Removable at Will.

B, M. \01iK.

''yCi '^^ '*■ "o^i*'^ ''* bee-keeping, away in
Uj) 8uuuy South Florida, amid the cab-
tJ^ bage i)alms and alligators, but add my
mile to — the — waste basket.

We should shade our bee-hives, because
the more contfortable the bees, the better
tliey can and will work. By observing close-
ly the actions of the bees, at the entrance, we
liud them trying to drive a draught of air
through the liive, and if tliey are forming
clusters, and beginning to hang out, it cer-
tainly indicates a want of comfort inside the
hive. When to shade the bees, differs with
different localities. Here in South Florida
I prefer to have the hives, containing strong
colonies, shaded by the first of May. ^Vin-
tering on summer stands, as we do, I can
but thiuk tiie sun beneficial from October to
May.

It may seem like a little thing, but we
iiuist be faithful in little things, and take
shade to and from the bees, changing the
same as we do our clothing, to meet the
proper conditions of temperature.

Some will claim that the low prices of
honey will not allow so much labor to be ex-
pended on temporary shade, and ii'^-ist on
permanent shade. But if we wish the best

conditions possible to obtain the greatest
amount of surplus, must we not work and
manipulate shade boards, as well as surplus?

I prefer a shade which I can handle or
manipulate to suit reciuirements. I have
been exi)erimentiug during the past few
weeks with one strong colony, and one
nucleus with regard to sun and shade. By
allowing the sun's rays to strike the side of
the hives, between two and three o'clock
( the top of hives being shaded ) I could force
the bees of the strong colony to begin to
cluster, and "blow," inaboutthirty minutes,
and they would return in about the same
time when I applied the shade. The nucleus
did not seem to be affected, but it was on the
other side of the hive, from the sun, and
quite a space between the division board
and side of hive.

Ghove City, Fla., May 25, 1881).

Shade, or No Shade T

EUGENE SECOB.

§HADE; unless the apiary is located in a
cool, airy place. In that case, it is not
necessary if the hives are painted a
light color, and the entrance is suffi-
ciently large.

If the apiary is located on a sunny slope,
sheltered also by trees or other high obstruc-
tions on the north, or is in a valley where
the air does not circulate freely, or in a cli-
mate where there are a great many hot days,
the hives ought to be shaded. How ? By a
shade-board, — the cheapest, the best. Why
best ? Becattse it can be left off in the spring
and fall or in cool weather when we want
the hives to get the direct rays of the sun,
and can be put on when needed.

Is it ever needed 'i Yes. Bees can no
more work in the hive when too hot than
when too cold. Proper shade will increase
the working force by diminishing the ten-
dency to '• loaf."

FoKEST City, Ia., May 31, 1889.

The Necessity for Shade is Doubtful.

B. L. TAYLOE.

^I^'^V^'ILL it pay to shade them ? you
^ ■'^JI'V ask. I cannot do much more than
(^ ' say in tlie phraseology of Dr. Mil-
ler : That's what I would like to
find out. I have never yet been able to con-
vince myself that it pays to provide any
contrivance specially for the purpose of
shade. The expense and cumbersomeness
of so many extra "traps" and the additional
labor involved in their use constrain me to
wait for information. I have as yet no reli-
able evidence that the profit of colonies is
decreased by the heat of the sun. My home
apiary is so situated that different colonies
have dift'ering degrees of shade and sun from
the dense shadow of tlie low-branching apple
tree to the almost doubled heat of the sun in
shadeless protected corners, yet I have never
had a comb melted down nor have I been
able to discern that those with any degree of
shade ever enjoy any advantage in the stor-

96

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ing of honey over those standing in the hot-
test sun. I know of course that in the heat
of the hottest days the bees in colonies ex-
posed to the full force of the sun are partially
driven from the surplus cases, hut it does
not follow that any less honey is gathered,
and the heated condition of the hive may
allow better work to be done in the night,
and so bring full compensation.

One thing I am certain of, and that is that
on hot days shade is a grand thing for the
apiarist, but shade boards are not the most
convenient means of securing it, so I prefer
trees.

With my present information if I were to
establish an apiary de novo I would have the
ground pretty well studded with low-growing
medium sized deciduous trees, — most kinds
of fruit trees would be excellent — and I can
think of nothing now that would be better
than the common red cherry for that pur-
pose. They should be trimmed neither too
high nor too low, and the branches kept well
thinned out. Thus the shade would be
moderate ; in the spring the rays of the sun
would be little obstructed, and clustered
swarms would be easily recovered.

I have never used any shade-boards prop-
erly so-called, and yet sometimes in the hot-
test weather out of sympathy for the bees I
have practiced artificial shading. I have in
my apiary plenty of waiting bottom boards
and covers, and in the middle of the day
when the temperature is exceptionally high
I place one or two of these on the hives most
exposed to tlie sun in such a way as to shade
most of the top and the suimy side or end.
A bunch of newly cut grass or a green bough
sometimes serves the same purpose. Beyond
this I am not at present prepared to go.

Lapeee, Mich., June 4, 1881).

Shade Not Usually Necessary.

E. M. IIAYHUBST.

I|OR the past fifteen years or more our
j-N bees have stood out on the open lawn
/V without natural shade. I liave found
it necessary occasionally to supply ar-
tificial shade for a few colonies, such as
newly hived swarms on sultry days, also col-
onies temporarily confined. For this pur-
pose extra covers seem to be all that is
necessary. •

Our covers are fiat boards cleated at the

ends, and covered with good tin, the cleats

being wider than the thickness of the boards,

admit of a free circulation of air between.

Kansas City, Mo. , June :>, 188'.).

Ventilation Better than Shade.— Why Quilts

are Preferable with Some Hives.

J. F. m'intyek.

WHEN I was inspector of apiaries
for this county (Ventura) I visited
most of tlie apiaries in the county,
and I remember only one aj)iary
that was shaded, and I condemned every
hive in that apiary except two as foul broody,
and the owner burned them tliat evening.

Come to think, I remember another apiary
that had a large live oak tree near the cenire,
and nearly every hive under that tree had
foul brood. As a rule, we are more troubled
with too cool weather than we are with too
hot. Sometimes, however, we have a hot
spell, when the mercury goes up to lla'' in
the shade. I had a lot of shade boards made
this spring, L'x8 feet in size, and I4 inch
thick, to protect strong colonies during
these hot spells. I put them on during one
hot spell, but don't think I will ever use
them again, it is so much easier, and more
effective, to ventilate. Most hives in this
country are made with a fiat cover, like the
Heddon and Dovetailed, and all the leading
bee-keepers have some kind of a cloth be-
tween the cover and frames. I use duck or
drilling painted with two heavy coats of
yellow ochre. They will last well, I don't
know how long. I have some five years old
that are nearly as good as ever.

When colonies get too warm and set out,
I take a hand full of stones, from ^{ to one
irich thick, and go along the backs of the
hives and raise the cover and cloth, and jiut
a stone between the cloth and hive, which
holds the cover up so the air can pass under
it, and makes an opening on each side of
the stone so the bees can draw the cool air
down througli the hive by fanning at the
entrance, which will make the bees go in
much quicker than a shade board.

You are mistaken aboiit the bees driving
air into the hives, they drive it oiif, and, as
nature abhors a vacum, fresh air rushes in at
other places. You can prove this by making
a hole near the top of the hive, when ttie
bees are fanning at the entrance, and hold-
ing your smoker below the hole. The smoke
will rush into the hive through the hole. ( )r,
hold your hand on a level witli the entrance
and feel the wind come oitf.

In 188() I run rJOO colonies and extracted
42,000 lbs. of lioney, without any other help
than what my wife could give, besides doing
her house work, and we usually extracted a
ton per day. Do you suppose we could do
this and be bothered with shade boards ?
No ; nor witliout cloths under the cover, and
every other convenience we could tliink of.
I can see how you could wrench a cover or
honey board off a Heddon hive where the
frames are held solid, but how would that
work on a hive with tin rabbets, and a bee-
space between the end of the top bar and
the hive ? This is how it works : Y'ou pry
the cover loose from the hive and raise it u]),
about an inch, with all the combs hanging to
it. having peihaps fifty i)oimds of honey in
them ; hold it ui) with your left h-.md, and
with some tool in your riglit pry each frame
loose, and, as each frame drops, a lot of mad
bees rush out. You can't use the smoker
and pry the frames loose at the same time,
so you let tliem come. AN'hen you get the
cover off it is all covered with honey and
brace combs, which must be cleaned off or
you will kill a lot of bees when it is put back
on. With the paiuted duck cloth you lift
the cover with your left liand and lay it down,
holding the siuoiuM- in >()ur riglit ; then take
hold of the ri;,'ht hand corner of the cloth,
with your left hand, and pull to the left ; as

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

97

the cloth peels off follow it up with smoke.
My bees build brace combs between the
cloth and frames, which always stay with
the frames, and when the cloth is put back
on, the bees get out from between it and the
brace combs before the cover is put on. I
would rather take off four cloths than one
cover without it.
Fillmore, Calif., May 29, 188!).

Humanity Demands a Shade for Bees. — The

Apiarist Needs It. — Best Supplied

by Large Trees.

JAMES A. GKEEN.

■^i^ BELIEVE it to be not only unwise but
OJj almost inhuman to allow bees in thin
^^ walled hives to stand in the sun without
any protection from its rays.

No one who has ever seen how bees will
cluster on the outside of the hive at such
times, keeping in the shade cast by any pro-
jecting part of the hive, can doubt that they
suffer greatly from the heat at such times.
It seems almost certain that the work of the
hives must be greatly interrupted when the
combs are thus almost deserted by the bees.
When the hives are unpainted or painted in
dark colors we see plainly enough at times
the necessity of shade in the shape of melted
combs.

It is not from the heat generated by the
bees themselves that we have to guard, nor
from the heat of the atmosphere as a whole.
When the thermometer stands at 100^ in the
shade, the whole atmosphere is heated up to
that point, not altogether by the sun's rays
passing through it, but largely by heat given
off by the earth, buildings and other solid
bodies that have been warmed by these rays.
A piece of metal, for instance, or a board
painted a dark color lying in the" sun may
become much hotter than KM) at such a time.
Then the inside of a bee-hive, standing in
the sun, whether tenanted by bees or not,
may be much warmer than would be indi-
cated by a thermometer hanging in the shade
close by.

The walls of a chaff hive, being non-con-
ducting, the heat absorbed by the outer walls
does not readily reach the inside of the hive,
so bees in chaff hives do not suffer so much
from heat as those in thin walled hives.

Shade in the spring months is probably a
detriment, and for a large part of the sum-
mer season unnecessary. For these and
other reasons there are some decided advan-
tages in the use of shade boards. If I were
looking only to the welfare of the bees, I
would shade my hives with shade boards. As
I have considerable regard for my own com-
fort, though, I would prefer to have an
apiary, or at least a part of it, shaded by
large (not too large) trees. These should
not stand too close together and should be
trimmed so that the limbs will not come too
close to the ground.

These, in connection with a few shade
boards where required, will add very much
to the comfort of both bees and bee-keepers.

My own apiary is shaded mostly by trees
and grape vines. Grape vines answer excel-

lently for shade. I like the looks of them.
I like to take care of them, and I specially
like the grapes they produce, but I do not
believe they pay in an apiary. Better have
them somewhere where they will not require
such careful training to keep them within
bounds. Many other plants, such as sun-
flower, tomatoes, &c., may be used for
shading hives, but in a large apiary, for
business, I should recommend only trees
and shade boards.
Dayton, III., June G, 1889.

Quilts and Shade-Boards Unnecessary, and
Why?

fLONG ago voted quilts a nuisance.
The first quilts were made of two thick-
nesses of heavy cotton cloth aad stuffed
with cotton batting. In a few months
use they became propolized to stiffness, and
holes were eaten in them, making them dis-
agreeable to handle, besides shrinking so aa
to allow bees to come up through.

The next improvement was enameled
cloth. This was so much of an irhprovement
that I went for it as a duck goes for water,
and now, after using this for a few years, I
wish to discard that also, for the enamel
soon tarnishes, the edges become frayed, and
holes will come through. The cloth cannot
be put down evenly and just as it was taken
off. In consequence the wax builders waste
much time filling in all interstices. If I
wished to start a bees-wax factory I think
that would be the best way to get the bees to
provide the crude material.

Early in the season the enameled cloth is
hardly thick enougli to retain the heat, then
grain bags and rags of all kinds are resorted
to, which, in turn, become the resort of ants
and bugs. The enameled cloth is sure to
catch more or less bees under it as it is put
down, and as you pass from the hive you will
hear a plaintive peep, peep, from bees so
caught, and if you do not relieve them an
accusing conscience will follow you.

Anothep point in favor of the bee-space
cover is that we do not remove it in winter,
and substitute chaff cushions, etc., and bees
winter finely under such a cover.

There may be an advantage for the cloth
in peeping into one corner of a hive, or re-
moving one frame*, but I think it so small
that all the disadvantages enumerated here-
tofore in the Review greatly counterbalance
it. In handling hundreds of both kinds I
find the bee-space honey-board and cover a
great improvement.

In relation to shade boards I am trying to
dispense with them altogether. Some people
like to see stone heaps piled up on their
hives, but I do not : bricks are handier, but
why shade hives when there are but a few
hours in a day, and only a few days in the
year, when they really need it ? And, when
the temperature is so very hot, there is but
little honey coming in ; and, as I have re-
cently stated in Gleanings, the bees may as
well loaf on the shady side of the hive as to
loaf inside. If there is honey in the flowers,
has the heat made any difference with the
bees in their work of gathering it ? And to

98

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

get the matter down to a fine point, taking
the seasons as they average, are there ten
days in our northern states that a shade
board is really necessary ?

This (luestion of shade boards is of great
interest to those liaving out apiaries where,
during a portion of the time, no one is on
hand to replace them if blown off, as they
surely will be in many exposed positions.

The shade board is an expense and a nui-
sance. That 's the individual and collective
opinion of the

Ramelee.

Fruit Trees and Light Boards for Shade.

C. H. DIBBERN.

MHAVE sometimes been surprised in
reading articles by well known apiarists
advocating "no shade" for bee hives.
It is perhaps true, as it is of most good
things, that the sliading business can be
overdone, but that a reasonable amount of
shade is beneficial, if not absolutely neces-
sary, I firmly believe. Some bee keepers
advocate a light board fence, on the north
and west sides of the ajjiary, for a wind
break, and a shade board for each hive,
which may do for the bees ; but what a place
is that for a person to hive bees on a sultry
June day when the mercury dances about
100°?

I have experimented a good deal in shading
hives, both by trees and various kinds of
covers, and have finally decided that fruit
trees, such as the plum, cherry, peach and
apple, make the best shade, as well as being
valuable for their fruit. Most of our native
trees make a good shade, but they grow too
tall, and, in time, give trouble in getting
swarms out of them. My apiary is located
in a grove of box elders, but it requires a
good deal of trimming, and, on that account,
were I to start anew, I would plant low
growing fruit trees.

I also use trees, trimmed to make a screen,
on a division line, to compel the bees to fly
straight up, and not interfere with my neigh-
bor working in the adjoining lot.

During many years I have had some hives
that stood nearly all the time in the sun,
while others were entirely in the shade, and
I never could tell that it made any difference
as to the bees doing well. ( )f course, we
want as much sunshine as possible on the
hives, early in spring, and late in fall, and
the leaves seem to come and go just about
the right time to afford this.

One season, before I had any trees for
shade, I lost over twenty swarms by their
going to the woods; some leaving hives, brood
and honey, after being hived nearly a week.
Since I have had shade I have had no
trouble on that account.

I have also tried many of the different
shade boards, and like a liglit board, that
fully covers the hive, as well as any. A flat
board, however, does not shed water very
well, unless the hives are tilted forward. A
very nice shade can be made by nailing
shingles to a 2x2 in. piece forming a regular
roof, and nailing lath on the under side to

rest on the hive. Such a cover answers the
purpose, is neat, light, and not likely to be
blown ott'.
Milan, III., May 27, 188<).

"What Shade Upon the Entrances May do in
Winter.— Asparagus for Shade.

E. E. HASTY.

I HERE is one point connected with this
matter of sun and shade which is sel-
dom Tiientioned, and that is the curious
result of unequal shading at entrances
when bees take a flight in winter. In an
apiary where all the hives face the east, turn
one around so it will face the west and it is
liable to get extra strong in bees at the c.r-
■jjcnsc of the other Jiives. The way this comes
about seems to be as follows : Along about
eleven o'clock bees come out for an airing
from most of the hives. At that time the
sun is shining into their doorways, and things
are pleasant there : but a little later the en-
trances are shaded and rather chilly. Many
of the bees linger out, and when they finally
conclude that they must go in somewhere
they make for the place where there is the
warmest and liveliest doorway. This of
course is the hive where the entrance is on
the western side. Bees seldom guard their
doors much in winter. Where one chooses
to go in, there he goes in. I'm inclined to
think that all hives should be faced to the
south when fixed for winter. I am quite
sure that any object which shades one en-
trance more than the adjacent one is liable
to deplete tliat hive of its bees. The tenden-
cy to rush like school-boys to the spot where
the crowd is merriest seems very strong in
winter. It has been spoken of as a great
puzzle why two colonies as like as two peas,,
so often come out so very different in spring..
This is one of the reasons — the bees of No. 1
desert to No. 2 on pleasant winter days. As
weak colonies can seldom have such a merry
crowd at their doors as strong colonies have,
they are pretty sure to suffer relatively from
this cause. In fact, when the attempt must
be made to winter weak colonies out of
doors, I think it would pay to carry them to
a different spot twenty rods away from their
strong neighbors.

My summer shade is asjiaragus ; but I am
not going to blow its trumpet very loudly.
For the first few years it is vexatious because
it wont stand up as it ought. Strong old
stools of asparagus, however, will stand
against anytliing short of a hurricane. The
main trouble is that too many precious hours
must be spent in shearing it to keep it de-
cently in shape. If left to itself it will grow
all over the hive and make manipulation
almost impracticable.

There seems to be considerable room for
further invention before we shall have the
best form of non-living shade. Meantime I
incline pretty strongly to such double walls
and roofs as sliall need no shade at all. But
even then, if the hives are to face the south,
I should pity the little fellows so, roasting
alive in their doorways, that I should be for
giving them at least a few inches of cotton
awning stretched on a wire.
RioHABDs, ( )Hio, May 27, 1889.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

99

The p Bee-Keepers' + Review,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS:— so cents a year in advance, two
copies for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 35 cents each; all to be sent to one
POST OFFICE. In clubs to different post offices,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FUNT. MICHIGAN. JUNE 10, 1889.

EEMOVING QUILTS AND HONEY-BOAEDS.

We had no idea such a discussion could be
stirred up on this subject. Now that such
able correspondents are coming forward and
ranging themselves in opposing ranks, ivf
shall keep still, at least for the pre.sent. It is
very pleasant to note, though, as point after
point is brought out, how one man arrives at
one decision, and another at an opposite
one, yet both are sincere.

ONLY SIXTEEN PAGES.

For the past three months we have been
giving you twenty pages, and perhaps may
do so again the next month or two, so we
hope you will not complain if the advertise-
ments do crowd the reading matter pretty
hard, while we are taking the little rest that
we feel we m iisf have. We take it helping to
clean house, running the lawn mower, mak-
ing garden, and transferring forty colonies
of bees. Not much rest about that ? Ask
the man who has been brought up out-of-
doors, and then been tied to a desk or type-
case a year and a half, if the greatest rest he
could have would not be to be allowed to get
out and dig with a hoe in the clean, mellow
soil.

IS SHADE KEALLY NECESSAEY ?

We are surprised to see with how little
shade for their bees many of our best bee
keepers succeed, and how difficult it is to
prove that shade is absolutely necessary, or
even profitable. Of course, we don't knmc,
but we very much doubt if bees suffci- be-
cause their hive is unshaded ; if it becomes
too hot, they simply walk out and sit down
in the shade upon the north side of the hive.
Whether it is profitable to allow this pro-
ceeding, is a question which the Review has
not so satisfactorily settled as it has some
others. It has, however, brought out quite a
number of valuable hints upon the subject.

It has shown what an important relation
there is existing between a good circulation
of air and the necessity for shade. The ven-
tilation that the bees can give the hives, also
has a bearing. If the apiary is located
where the cool breezes can fan the heating
sides of the hives, wafting away the heat
ere it accumulates, and a broad generous
entrance is furnished each tidy, white hive,
we are persuaded that shade is not so very
essential. If the hives are dark in color, or
the apiary located in any place where there
is not a free circulation of air, we feel sure
that shade is an absolute necessity to prevent
the combs from being melted down, if for
nothing else. What shall that shade be ?
For the comfort of the apiarist trees are ad-
visable : but for the man who hasn't trees in
number and position for the proper shading
of the bees, the shade-board, to our mind,
offers the most advantages.

MIGEATOBY BEE KEEPING.

The following interesting bit of news is
just to hand on a postal :

Capac, Mioh., June G, 1889.
W. Z. Hutchinson, —

Dear Sir,— Your postal inquiring after
Mr. Walker is at hand. He went to Kenton,
Tenn., the Kith of April, bought 1(K) colonies
of bees, has taken a crop of 1,'.)(K) lbs. comb
and 1,4()0 extracted, and is now just on the
road with them to Wis. I will write you
again when he gets settled. I did not send
him your letter as I knew he was so very
busy. Yours truly,

Mrs. Byron W^alkee.

Friend Walker seems to "get there" every
time; not by "going west," but by "going
south ; " and it looks as though he wouldn't
rest easy until he had proved the success or
failure of migratory bee keeping. And this
reminds us that we are thinking quite
strongly of devoting, say the August Review,
to a discussion of this subject. It may not
be advisable for all of us to go on a jaunt up
and down the* Mississippi, but some of us
might find it profitable to move our bees a
few miles to some otlier location where a fall
crop could be secured.

queens, and THEIR INFLUENCE UPON SUCCESS
IN BEE CULTURE.

As we expected, our views upon queens, as
expressed in the review of Mr. Doolittle's
book, have aroused queen breeders, and a
few honey producers. Neither are we sur-
prised at the difiference of opinions express-

ioa

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ed. For instance, one writes : " I can't agree
with you in your review of Doolittle's book.
There is something in good (jueeiis and I
know it.'' ^ Another says: " I think your re-
view of ' Doolittle on Queen Rearing ' is
just No. 1." And so it goes ; while articles
upon the subject have already come to hand.
Now while the subject is fresh in the minds
of our readers, and they are interested, we
may as well devote the July Review to its
discussion. From the tone of the communi-
cations received it is evident that we have
been misunderstood. We feared it would lie
so. We said that when so much " fuss " had
been made over queens, we had sometimes
fett like exclaiming : " Other things being
equal, one queen is as good as another."
But we did not so assert, and attempted
briefly, to define our position; still many have
jumped at the conclusion that we thought
one queen as good as another. As we look
upon the matter, in the light in which we are
discussing it, the queen is simply the vehicle
of transmission from one generation to
another. It is the qualities that are to be
transmitted, rather than the vehicle of
transmission, that should receive our atten-
tions. To illustrate : A man has a strain of
bees that are of little value as honey gather-
ers. Can he, by any sort of "jugglery" at
queeii rearing, transform them into energet-
ic workers ? Some have written saying how
much better the bees from such a breeder's
queen, and the bees from the daughters of
this queen, have done than the descendants
of some other breeder's queen ; and have
argued from this that the queens, and the
manner in which they were reared, caused
the difference in results. We say no. The
difference is in the strain of bees, and not in
the manner in which the queens were reared.
That there are circumstances in which much
depends upon the queen, it is idle to dispute.
Many of our best bee keepers have argued
against extra prolificness in queens, some of
them even going so far as to assert that pro-
lificness in the queen is at the expense of
quality in the bees; but that prolificness is
all-important to the user of hives with large
brood-nests cannot be dodged. He must
have prolific queens, else one-half of his
brood chamber is transformed into a store
chamber. This extra prolificness is not se-
cured by some peculiar method of queen
rearing, but by seleetion — by rearing (lueens
from the colonies whose queens are the most
piolific. Here, again, the queen is simply

the vehicle for transmitting the quality of
prolificness from one generation to another.
The age of (lueens may also have some bear-
ing upon success. Where the harvest ends
with white clover, more surplus will be se-
cured if the bees do not swarm ; and colo-
nies with young queens are far less likely to
swarm. Then again, young ijueens lay much
later in the fall, and this has a bearing upon
the subject of wintering, as also does the
time when they begin laying in the spring.
Old queens sometimes fail to keep their
combs filled with brood, but this would be
the same whether the queen had seen two
years or four. Still, if these failures in egg-
production are undesirable, and it certainly
seems to us that they are, then the less fre-
quently they occur the better.

As we have said before, we need queens
sufficiently prolific to fill the brood-nest with
eggs at the season of the year when this is
desirable, and possessed of a reasonable
amount of longevity. This secured, and
nothing more needs consideration except the
stork from which they come. Naturally,
when a man liuj/s a queen he expects to get
the worth of his money. If he buys her to
breed from, he expects her to be able to
endow her royal offspring with the qualities
and characteristics of her ancestors ; and if
she does this, he need not mourn if she
lives only long enough to allow him to secure
a goodly number of her daughters. If he
buys queens in large quantities to re-queen
an apiary, he has a right to feel that he has
been cheated if the queens live only a few
short mouths. That queens can be reared
artificially equally as good as those reared
under the swarming im])ulse, needs no dis-
cussion ; most certainly tliey can ; hoic it
can be done has been repeatedly published.

" Good (jueens are at the foundation of
bee keeping." " Bee keeping all centers
upon the queen." "As the queen lays all
the eggs, of course success depends upon
her." It is to combat such ideas as these
that we have written as we have. The queen
is of no more importance than the hives,
the combs, or the location. By importance,
we mean, in this case, that which can by
some decision, or management, of the bee-
keeper, be made to contribute to his success.

Friends, we have tried to honestly and
fairly start tlie discussion upon this subject,
and it is with i)leasure that we now turn it
over to you, feeling sure that justice will be
done.

fHE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

101

tANGSTKOTH ON THE HONEY BEE, REVISED BY
DADANT.

Chapter VIII treats of "Queen Rearin<:r-"
It is explained why (lueeus reared during?
the swarminy fever are such excellent
queens. Honey and pollen are abundant,
and the bees, especially the nurse bees, are
numerous. By placing colonies in the same
condition as to food, heat, and nursing, as
during the swarming fever, just as good
queens will be secured. Half-size frames,
two of which will fill a regular frame, are
advised for queen i-earing. We have always
used the regular-size frames in nuclei, but it
has always seemed to us that there were ad-
vantages in these small combs. In fact, we
have often' contemplated taking section
boxes for frames to use in nuclei ; making
a super answer for a hive for four nuclei,
one nucleus occupying each row of sections.
Should we ever again engage extensively in
queen rearing we should give section boxes
and supers a trial in this manner. Mr. Alley
(Joes use small combs for nuclei, the combs
being only 4)2 inches s(iuare. Messrs. Da-
dant object to such small combs for nuclei
when the cells are to be built therein.
They say that the stronger the colony in
which the queen is reared, the better the
queen. We have never employed nuclei for
cell building, but we beliime that a moder-
ately strong colony will do exactly as good
work at cell building, provided the room it
occupies is in proportion to the strength of
the colony.

Chapter IX takes up the '* Races of Bees."
Messrs. Dadant say : " We have never seen
queens as large as some Carniolans which
we imported some ten years ago. But, in
spite of the prolificness and general good
reputation of this race, we did not attempt
to propagate it, owing to the difficulty of
detecting their mating with the common
bees." Our Authors place the Italian at the
head, and assert that it is only a matter of
time when it will supercede the common bee.

Chapter X has for its heading, " The
Apiary." When it is necessary to move an
apiary a short distance, the Dadants suggest
that the strongest colonies be moved the
first day, others not so strong the next, con-
tinuing the process until all are removed. —
We were particularly interested in what is
said upon out-apairies. When an apiarist
wishes to make a specialty of his business,
say our authors, he should expect to keep
bees in more than one location. If he owns

more than 120 colonies, they would advise
him to start another apiary. While there
are many drawbacks in managing bees away
from home, there are also many advantages,
not the least of which is the fact that when
the honey crop fails in one locality it may
be very good a short distance away. An out-
apiary ought to be at least three miles away.
Instead of renting ground, for out-apairies,
our Authors give the owner of the ground a
share (one-fifth) in the crop ; he furnishing
room for hives, combs, fixtures, etc., board-
ing the men and teams while present. He
also gets seventy-five cents for each swarm
he hives. The owner is at once interested in
the success of the apiary, cand does all in his
power to make things pleasant and agree-
able.

" Shipping and Transporting Bees " is tlie
topic of Chapter XL In early, cool spring
weather, but little ventilation is needed.
The Dadants have shipped hundreds of col-
onies with no other ventilation than that
afforded by the joints of a rough block
nailed over the entrance of the hive. When
the weather is warm, plenty of air is needed.
The Dadants usually replace the bottom
board with wire-cloth, protecting it with
slats. When the colony is so populous that
a draft through the liive will not injure the
brood, the top is also covered with wire-
cloth, shaded with a board. The entrance
should never be covered with wire-cloth, as
the old bees worry themselves trying to get
through it. In speaking of the failure of
Mr. Perriiie, in attempting to follow
the bloom up the Mississippi, Messrs.
Dadant say they are inclined to think that
the failure was due more to the lack of prac-
tical knowledge in bee-keeping, on the part
of the managers, than to any other cause,
an opinion with which we are inclined to
agree. Mr. Perrine also had accidents with
which he had to contend. Mention is also
made of the successful removal of an apiary
to some other location at the proper time to
harvest some crop that would not have been
secured in the original location. — In shipping
queens, only the imrest, saccJutrine matter
ought to be used. (Jld bees, or i-ather those
that have begun to work in the field, will
stand a longer confinement than young bees.
— In the South is the place to raise bees and
queens for sale : but the superior quality of
the Northern honey makes its production
fully as profitable as honey production in
the South.

los

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Chapter XII is devoted to " Ffeeding
Bees." We find little to criticise in this
chapter. There is one point touched upon,
however, upon which we have, for some
time, felt like saying something. The recipe
for making the Scholz candy is given as it
originally appeared in Mr. Langstroth's
book. After it, appears the following :
" This preparation has been used of late
years with success as a food in mailing and
shipping bees, under the name of 'Good's
candy.' " Of late, quite a little has appear-
ed in the papers as to whom belongs the
credit of discovering this kind of candy.
For the purpose of feeding bees in the hive
it was discovered many years ago by Mr.
Scholz, but for provisioning queen cages it
was discovered but a few years ago by Mr.
I. R. Good, and the latter discovery out-
weighs the former a hundred fold.

Chapter XIII is devoted to "Wintering,"
and in it we find much to commend. Atten-
tion is called to the muscular exertions
("roaring") on the part of the bees, in cold
weather, for the purpose of keeping up the
proper temperature. This is undesirable as
it leads to a waste of tissue, which calls for
more food, and the more food consumed the
sooner do the intestines become filled with
ff©3al matter. Diarrhosa in bees is not prop-
erly a disease, so say the authors, and we
agree, it is simply an overloading of the in-
testines with excrement, which, could the
bees fly, would be regularly voided. " From
numerous experiments made, it is evident
that the jturctit saccharine matter ivill feed
them witli least product ion of fa'ces. Hence
watery, unripe, or sour honey, and all honey
containing extraneous matter, are more or
less injurious to confined bees. Dark honey
containing a large amount of mellose is in-
ferior to clover honey or sugar syrup."
Upon the next page, following the above
extract, we find our authors mentioning and
condemning the plan of extracting the lioney
in the fall from the brood combs, or so
managing that there is none to extract and
then feeding sugar. Their objections are
the trouble in feeding, and the poor results
(?) in wintering. When the proper feeders
and utensils are used, the trouble of feeding
is very sliglit indeed, and wc are at a loss to
understand why Messrs. Dadant should say
that the bees winter i)oorly, especially so
when they had just classed sugar with clover
honey as a winter food, and had asserted
that " th<' purest saccharine matter will feed

them ivifh the least production of fceces," —
Out-door wintering is to be preferred where
the weather is seldom so severe as to prevent
the bees from flying at frecpient intervals.
Large and populous colonies are more likely
to be wintered successfully in tlie open air,
in cold climates, than are weak colonies, as
the requisite heat is more readily kept up.
For wintering bees in the open air, in our
Northern climate, protection of some kind is
needed ; but our authors object to chaff
hives because they are so heavy and incon-
venient to handle, and their thick walls
prevent the sun from warming up their in-
mates in the winter, when a cleansing flight
would be beneficial. Surrounding single-
wall hives with packirg held in place by
outer boxes that may be removed in the
spring is commended, in which we agree. —
When the bees cannot fly at least once a
month, the cellar is recommended, and we
hold up both hands for this recommenda-
tion.— As bees begin to fly at rtO", the tem-
perature ought not to reach this point.— The
importance of placing each colony upon its
old stand, when brought from the cellar, is
urged upon the keepers. We have given
this point considerable attention, and, with
us, it is of no imjiortance. When taking the
bees out one spring we carried them to a
new location about ten rods distant, and not
a bee went back to the old ground.
To be continued.

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as follows:

On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent.; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.; 6
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; 6
times, 30 per cent.; 9 times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

Colonies Nuclei I

Bee Supplies,

Honey. Eti . Catalogue Fret

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

3-89-3t Piease mention the Review.

i OU[ENS,

11/1 TT 21st Annual Catalogue of

III V ''''!'<"*• ('.vpiian and Holy Land Bees,
llA I Queen», Nuclei, ColimioK, atul Supplies,
U aliso Efjfjs for Hatching, can he had by
sendiiif? me your address.

H. H. BROWN,
()-89-2t Light- Street, Col. Co. Pa.

THE BEE-KEEPUnS' REVIEW,

103

Ajf/i) Queens. Untested in May, $1.00 ; \{^L
^W^ three, %2.^0. June to Oct., T.') cts.cj^m
three, .'$2.00. Send for free, anniuiJ, price lint of
nuclei, bees hy the Ih., tested (iiieens, and l)ee-
keepers' supplies. jno. nebel & son,
r)-89-6t High HiU, Mo.

Pleitse nipntion tlw Reuifw

NOWE

Leady to Mall, Free, My

pw I'lice List of Pure Itali;in
Ves, Poland China Swine, VVIiite
and FJrown li(>t;liorn ('liickens, and
Mallard Ducks. Ekks for hatching. Also White
and Black Ferrets. N. A. KNAPP,

5-89-tf Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

Please mention tlw. fleuiew.

100 Tons of Comb Honey

Will undouljtedly be jiut upon the market this
season in our

FOLDING PAPER BOXES.

Catalogue free ! Send foi' it ! Sami)le box ."i cts.

Fr'ioes Defy Com}petition!
A. O. CRAWFORD,

.'j-SiUf South Weymoutli, Mass.

Please mention the Review.

CARXIOLAN QUEENS.

1 am now booking or(U'rs for June. Tested,
$4.00; untested, $1.00. '., doz., $5.0'. Fourth
year of rearing Carniolans exclusively.

SEND POSTAL FOR CIRCULAR.

5-8f)-tf S. W. MORRISON, Oxford, Pn.

Please mention the Reuieui.

WE MANUFACTURE THE

StaiKlam SiiuDlicity Portico awl CtiaffHives.

Frames, crates; sections, comb foundation, and
a general line of bee-keepers' sui)i)lies always
on liand; also Iiees, (lueens, and full colonies.
Send for Sti page catalogue.

OLIVER HOOVER i& CO.
4-,89-12t Suydertown, Nort'd Co., Pa.

Please mention the Review.

ITALIAN To QIJEENS

Imported Italian <xwvn, $4.r)0; tested, »L.50;
untested, 90 cts., tliree untested, $2.50. Single
frame nucleus, $1-00 ; 'i-f rame, $2.00 ; with un-
tested (lueen, $2,.^0. Etc. Write for what you
want. Ready now lo sliip without delay. Safe
arrival guarante(Hl. No foul lirood here. Make
money orders payable a1 ( I if ton.

s. H. coliWick:,

.5-89-3t Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La.

We have a large number of untested queens
ready for mailing liuiiorted mothers. Light
and large. Warranted ([iieens, $1.00; six for $r).O0.
Untested, P.5 cts., or *'.t.00 a doz. Tested, $1.00
eacli. In .June, untested, 75 cts., three for $2.00,
or $8.00 a doz. Mak(> money orders payable on
New Iberia, La. 5-89-21

Please mention the Reuiew.

FORTY queens:

We liave just returned from "Our ('learingr,"
the home of the "Linswik" sisters, bringing
witli us 40 splendid colonies of bees. We liave,
for several years, ))ought bees of these, ladies.
The bees are liglit-colored Italians ; and, with us,
have proved excellent workers. Here at Flint,
but little surplus need be expected eqcept from
white clover ; lieace, swarming will reduce the
surplus. As we prefer surplus to increase, we
shall prevent swarming by re-queening these 40
colonies with young queens from the Scmth. The
old queens— pure Italians— we will sell for $1.00
each. With but few excei>tious, tliey were reared
last season, and untler the swarming impulse. A
lot of young queens has already ))een ordered
from the South to rej)lace the others, and will be
here by the time orders can reach us, hence, there
will be no delay.

We have about 200 empty, worker comlw, in L.
frames, that we would bs glad to sell at ten cents
each. We also liave about 100 combs in frames
for the New Heddon Hive that we would sell at
eight cents eacli.

W, Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

CARNIOLAN BEES.

PLEASANTEST BEES lf\ THE WORLD.

HARDIEST TO WINTER.

BEST HONEY GATHERERS.

In order to introduce, not only these l)eeB,
but our paper :

"Tlie Advance,"

We offer to any one, who sends us $1.25, a copy of
our i)aiier and a nice Caruiolan queen. The
queen alone is worth two dollars.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Met^hanic Falls, Maine.

Please mention the Review.

M lOtli Year ill Oiiecii-Eeariiii. 1889.

Italian Queen-Bees

Tested queen, in Ai>ril, May, and .lune $1..50

Untested " " " " 80

Sent t)y mail and safe arrival guaranteed. Also
nuclei and full colonies. Eggs of Pekin ducks-
White and Brown Leghorns, and White-crested
Black Polish chicks, $1.50 per dozen.

W. P. HENDERSON,

4-99-tit Murfroesboro, Tenn.

Please mention the Reuiew.

Flint

ri.I>'T, MICir. Expenses less than at
any other st-liin)] in Micliipan. Special
loiii < s incliidin)? IVcjiuralorj-, Teaeliers,
Sci.iilillo, LiliTiir.v, lliL'li.T Knitlisli, Cnmnicr-
I, hlcicutlon, Music, Fine 'rl, rriiiiinnslil|i,

Short-hanit, T.vpc-
|)hy. Ni'i-ess"aiy
term of 10 w elcs
Students m ay
time. No vaca-

openi AUGUST 28, 1S8S. First Term No-
vember 0, '88. Secoii'l Winter Term Jan.
l:'i,'89. Sprini- TermMarrh M. '89. Bummer
'I'erm .Tnne 4, '80. Uosuriiaasfii location. Ele-
Erantnew buildin". Spri'l for (^atalomie to
(i.S.Kinib.ill,in,A.,l'rii>.,FI!iit,Jlicli.

nriling, Telegrii-
cxpenses for a
only $80.50.
enter at any
ti(in. FallTenii

NMma]
College

Please mention the Reuie

104

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

SAYS THAT HE STILL LIVES,

and feels able to till all orders pronvptJn during the rush, no matter how fast they may
pour in. He will work all night if necessary. He answers all letters relating to
business the same day they are received. He sells tools at what they cost him. He keeps

A Full Line of Bee- Keepers' Requirements,

and he r//ii^.s- away a 48 page book : "A Glimpse of Bee Culture," which also contains
his prices. It is worth asking for! Do you want it? Then simply write "Yes" on a
postal card and sign your full address.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box I 087.

AaJ'-ess Plainly

7-88-12t.

ntion the Review.

Comb Fouixdcition. Barnes' Foot Power Macliinery.

We liave a complete" out-fit for its manufactnree
Our jnilJH all run by st«uii power, and we liave
the very best facilities for purifying wax We
make it as thin as you want it for sections. We
make a specialty of making l)rood foundation for
square frames, thick at the top with a grathial ta-
per to very tliin at tlie bottom, tluis securing the
greatest amount of strcngtli for the quality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retail, address

A, G. HILL,
6-88-tf. Kendallville, Ind.

The Revised Langstroth, and Dadants^

Foundation. See Advertisement In Another Column.

FMNDS,!insBEESmHONEY,

any way interested in*''"*-^ »i\/nfc.ij
we will witli pleasure send a sample copy of the

SEMI-MONTHLY CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, Cf)m)) Foun-
dation, Secti(m Honey-Boxes,_ all books and jour-
nals, and everything pertaining to Bee t'ulture.
Notliing Patented. Simi)ly send your address
plainly written to. A. 1. KOOT.

1-88-tf. Medina, Ohio.

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAL.

with out steam power, by using outtits of these

Maolunes, can bid lower, and save

more money from their jobs, than

by anv other means I or doinpr t hei i

work." LATHES, SAW.-, JM«K-

TISKIJS, TENONEKS. ETC., Sold

on trial. Illustrated Frire-List Free

W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO., ^
No. (;s«- Ku')y St., Korkford, 111

No. 1, white, V-groove sections, only $3.00
per thousand. No. 2, $2.00 per thousand. Com-
plete hive for comb honey, only $1.30. Price
list free.

J. Iwl. KlINZIHl,
10-88-tf Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

Please mention the Reuiew.

RFpUPPLIES^^lSL

*J i" ■■ We furnish Everything: needed in
the Apiary, of practical construction, and at the
lowest price. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a postal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

E. Kfetchmer, Coburg, Iowa.

2-88-tf. Please mention the Reuiew

BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Bee-Keeper should have it.

Bee JtaMll^lL, ^ F^iilli THoiisai, Wolly Revisci !

=^- ^sMI^-^^—-^ — ' ' — "= ' MITCH ■ENT.AR.GED ?

[16-page Weekly— $1.00 a Year.]

IS the Oldest, Largest and Cheapest weekly
bee-paper in the World. Sample free.

JJ*"*' %' P U'B LI S M ER S.\,.,'„,„ ^M^l
923 & 025 West Madieon St.. CHICAGO, ILL.

MUCH ENLARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is up to date. It is both 1'H.\(itioal and

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, » I., W. To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by freight, fid per cent. off.

Ad<bvss A. J. COOK,

lO-as-tf Agricidtural ('ollege, Michigan.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

105

JOadants' Foundation

Ib kept for sale by Messrs. T. ii. Newman & Son,
("hicaKo, 111.; (', F. Mutli i\; Son, ('incinnati, ().;
Ja8. Heddon, DovvaKiac, Midi.; F. 1j. Doufjherty,
Indianapolis, Ind.; ("lias. H. (ireen, Waukesha,
Wis.; ("has. Hertel Jr., FrceburR, 111.; E. S. Arm-
strong;, Jerseyville, 111.; E Kretchmer, (V>burK,
Iowa.; M. J. Dickason, Hiawdtlia, Kans.; Ed H.
Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Va.; J. B. Mason & Son, Mechanic
Falls, Me.; Dr. G, L. Tinker, Few Philadelpliia, O.
D. A. Fuller. Cherry Valh'y, 111.; Jos. Nysewan-
der, Des Moines, Iowa; (I. 15. Lewis &('()., Water-
town, Wis.; P. L. Viallon, Hayou (loula. La.; R.J.
Miller & Co., Nappanee, Ind.; J. Mattoon, Atwa-
ter, O.; Goodell & Woodworth, M'f tr Co.. Eock
Falls, 111.; J. A. Roljerts, Edgar, Neb.; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; (ieo. E. Hilton, Fre-
mont, Mich.; J. M. Clark&Co, 1409 15th St.,
Denver, Colo.; E. L. Goold & ('o., Brantford, Ont.,
Canada; J. N. Heater, ('oluni))us. Neb.; O. G.
('oilier, Fairbury. Neb.; G. K. Hubbard, Fort
Wayne, Ind.; and nnmerous other dealers.

We guarantee Every Inch of our Comb Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every Rfspect.
Every one who buys it is pleased witli it. nv rite
us for Free Samples, Price List of Bei'-Sujiplies,
and Specimen Pages of the new

Revised Langstroth Book

EDITION 05 U89.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON,

4-89-12t Hamilton, Hancock Co

111.

Pleasr

the lie

BEES 0 T\OULTRY

EES Xj MoULTEY
EES iX 1 OULTRY

The Canadian Bee- Journal

AND

POULTRY MONTHLY

Is the best paper extant devoted to these spe-
cialties. Twenty-four pages, WEEKLY, at *1.U0
per year. Live, practical, interesting. Nothing
stale in its columns. Specimen copies free. Sub-
scribers paying in advance are entitled to two in-
sertions of a five-line advt.(40 words) in the ex-
change and Jiiart column.

TBJi: D. A. JONES CO.,

Beeton, Out., Canada.

We make tlie Ijest ))ee-hives, shiiiping-eratrs,
sections, etc., in the world; and sell them the
cheapest. We are offering our choicest, wliite
41.1x414 sections, in lots of ."lOO, at t:\.'A) jier 1,000.
Parties wanting 3,000, or more, write foi special
prices, No. 2 sections, .'8;2.0O i)er 1,(XJ0. Cata-
logues free, but sent only when ordered.

G. B. LEWIS, cV CO.. Watertown, Wis.

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog up or go out.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Enife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

Send card for free circrdar, descriptive of the
best and cheapest jtools to use.

1-88 tf.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

Abronia, Michigcan.

ention the Reuiew.

ITALIAN & ALBINO QUEENS

OR

THEIR CROSSES.

Untested (jueens, May to August, $1.00 ; August
to November, 7."i cts. Tested, m M;iv, fJ.2f); June,
$2.00; July to November, ^UO. Selected tested.
May, .$3.00; June, S2.50; J uly to Novemlier $2.00.

For furtlier prices, and sampli' of bees, add res: ,
with. 2 ct. sUunp, A. L. KILDOW,

0-«l 3t Sheffield, Ills.

Pleas

iition the n.^vie

(lueens, $1.50 ea"li. Send for price list.
(5-811 3t MISS. A. M. TAYLOR,

Box 77. JMulborry (irove. Bond Co., lU.

ITALIAN OUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOI?, 1889.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catfilogue and price list.

J. r. II. ISKOWN,
1-88 tf. Augusta, Georgia.

The peculiar process by which we make

One>-Piece Sections

Secures the most satisfactory results. The accuracy of work-
manshii) and the very low ijercentage of loss by

iDreakagc in F'olding

Makes them the wonder of all who use them.
Send for prices; and estimates on large lots. Address as in

the cut. Please mentiun the Reuiew. 1-89 6t

106

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ELLISON'S

ALL ITALIANS.

c
Of

Jwne and

1 Untested (iiieen —
:! " queeuK . . . .

1 TeKted queeu

3 " queeus

Virgin "

2 and 3-fnimo nuclei,
dealers. Sufi; arrival

W. J. ELLISON,
()-8ll-3t Bt-ati'hurt?, Sumter Co., S. ( '.

7f) cts.

$2.00

i.riO

4.2."i

riU et,H.

Special ratcK to
auarauteed.

SEHSTT FPtEE.

Our descriptive circular of Eclipse, Langstroth
and New American hei'-liives, smokers, Ijee- veils,
Italian bees, Italian ((ueens, books on bee cul-
ture, etc. F.A. SNELL,
3-81l-3t MiUeilKeville, (arroll Co., 111.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for 18811 of Italian Queens, Bees, Eggs
for hatchinjr from St^mdard Poultry, (seven
varieties) .Tapancsc Buckwheat, and two choice
new varieties of i'dtatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MOWEY by getting my price list be-
fore you i3urclia.se.

CHAS. D DUVALL,
2.88-tf . Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

Patent Fbt-Boltom M rcundation.

lligli Side Walls, i to U square feet
to t!i(^ pound. Wholesale and Re-
tail. ( 'irculars and Samples free.
J. VAN UKUSKN & SONS,

(SOLE MANUFACTUUEHS),

SPKOUT BliOOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

riease niftitiuii the Reuii-w.

1-88-tf.

The Canadian Honey Prodycer.

If you wish to see wliatthe best writers have
to say upon the most important topics, send 10
cents for a year's subsi-rii>tion to "The (Canadian
Honey Producer." Or senil liU cts. and receive
thisiournal one year and, in tlie swarming sea-
son, or earli<'r, a virgin ((iifcn of entirely new,
and carefully selM-t,"(l blood. Stainps t. .km, ei-
ther U. S. or Canadian. E. L. GOOLD & CO.,

Brant loMi, c ..nada.

The Nsw Q, B. Journal

/Contains matter of great importance to all
^ Bee-keepers. It is neat, witly, brief, and to
the point. Articles from tlie best writers. Send
for a free sample. ."iO cts a year. Address,

E. L. PRATT, Marlboro, Mass.

NON - SW^ARMERS-

I now have my second lot of young (jueens
(pure Italians) bred from a <|ueen tliat has, for
three years, refused to swarm. I'riiu' $l.nO each.
Safe arrival guaiaiiteed. The chances are greatly
in favor of their being purely mated. The bees
are very gentle and line honey gatherers.

R. B. WILLIAMS,

5-89 tf Winchest^jr, Franklin Co., Tenn.

Sections & Foundation.

("Iieaper than ever. Our beautiful sections

Only ^3. OO Fer 1 ,000.

Dealers will do well to get our prices. JAPAN-
ESE BUOEWHEAT, ALSIKE CLOVEE, Etc. Send for
Price List and Samides. M. H. HUNT,
1 89-tJt (Near Detroit.) Bell Branch, Mich.

Phase mention the Review.

BEE KEEPERS

Should send foi' my circu-
lar. It describes the best
Hives, the best Ca.ses, the
best Feeders and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. SHUcK,

I)ES MOINES, lOU.l

2-89-12t. Please mention the Reuiew.

THe. T SQPeiH.

There is, at present, perhaps, no more popular
surplus case than the T .super. We don't know
who invented it, but Mr. Root dug it out of Dr.
Miller's new book :" A Year Among the Bees."
It seems that this book is a sort of " gold mine,"
and when such a bonanza can be secured for
7.") cts. our advice would be to invest.

Address, Dr. C. C. MILLER,

Marengo, 111.

Eaton's tmfjroued Section Case.
I /itest and b'st. Bees and
(Jiiceiis. Sen<l for free price
. A<idrl■^s.

;ank A. i;.\T()N,

Blutrtou, Ohio.

I the Revieiv.

Every

Bee-keeper

SHOULD TRY

The Success Hive

Trvie

To Its

NAME.

Safe winttu-er, easy in manipulation, durable,
cheap, and, for large yields of honey, is unsur-
passed.

Section, Section Cases, Coiiil] Foiiiii^alioii,

and all apiarian supplies, at greatly reduced
l)rices. Seii<l for new circulars,free.
L. H. A' W. .1. VALENTINE,

(Suecessors to S VALENTINE & SONS)

l-'<l-tf Hagerstown, Wash. Co., Md.

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, AND DADANTS'

Foundation. See Adueitisement in Another Column.

A (• mipleti' Ijiumstroth hive, in the flat, for
7" <-ls SeC'ioiis in bushel boxes, $;!.()() i>er M.
l']\;ra nici' Eouiiil:il ion; heavy, for brood, l:i cts.;
thill, for surplus, Is cts. .Ja|>anese Buckwheat,
ANik" Clover seed. Shipping Crates, and all
things used in the ai.iary. Direct all orders to
l-S'.Ltf W. D. SOBER, Box 1473, Jackson, Mich.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

107

The. Spightcst

$-,>.()0
3.00

i.'jr.

1.00

Va.

Four-Banded, Golden Italian Bees & Queens,
and the Reddest Drones.

Tested queen,

Selected tested

UnteKted in May,

" in June and after,

Safe arrival and satisfaetion guaranteed.

L. L. HEARN,

o-.s!Uf French rillc, Mercer Co., W.

DO YOU WANT

One of the finent Italian qaeens you ever saw?
Then Kpnd to us and get one reared by our new,
natural and practical method.

"Warranted queens, $1.00 eacli; select. $1.25
each; tested, jfLfiO. We have had

oO Years .Experience

in rearing queens, 25,000 old customers will tell
you that the PURITY, BEAUTY and QUALITA
og our queens cannot be excelled.

6-8y-tf VVenham, Mass.

Please mention tiie Rcuiew.

SECTION PRESS.

PRICE $2.00.

take tlie lead as egg producers.
"Slielling out eggs" is their business.
$1.00 per 13; $l..iO per 2(5.
Bees & Queens. Circular Free.
A, F. BRIGHT,
l-siitf Mazeppa, Minn.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Coml)

Foundation. See Advertisement in ^Another Column.

Italian BeeSf Queens,

And E(i(tS from Light Hrahma and Wyandotte
Poultry. Eggs, two dollars for tliirteeti.

One untested queen, $1.' 0; three for $2X0.

J:^g^'Price List Free.
l-81»-t;t H. (t. FllAME, North Manchester, lud.

Please mention the Review.

SEND FOR

HEDDON'S CIliCULAllS

Address,

JAMES HEDDON,

Dowagiac, Mich.

y^i YT?T To every purchaser of one yellow,
•'': -,JL Italian queen, at $l.r;0, I will give

a single-frame nucleus. Tested (luetn
$1.25; unte.sted, $1.(0. Send for price U.-^t.
Addr^ess Mrs. OLIVER COLE,

t)-8'.)-2t Sherburne, Chenango ("o., N. Y.

CHENANGO VALLEY APIARY.

Please mention tlie Reuiew.

For putting together one-piece sections. Every
section square; and a smart boy or girl can fold
100 in six minutes. Try one and you will never
regret it. Send to your supply dealer, or to

WAKEMAN & CROCKER, Lockport, N. Y.

3-89-6t Please mention the Review.

BEES and QUEENS!

K/eacly to Slaip.

Friends, if you are in need of (|ueens or bees to
replace in hives wliere they liave been lost during
the winter, I caji accoiinnodate you at the ftdlow-
jnglow prices: llaliai, liees, 'i lli., t)5 cts.; 1 lb.,
$1.00. Unte.sted (lueens, $1. CO each; tested, $1..50.
Hybrid bees, 'i lb. .5ii cts.; 1 lb., '.to cts. Hyl)rid
queens, 75 cts. Prices liy the ([nantity will be
sent upon application. W. S. CAUTHEN,
Ij-Hit- 3t Heath Spring, Lancaster ( 'o., S. ( '

Tested

ITALIAN QUEENS,
^ 1 .OO Eacln !

Untested, 75 cts. each; or three for $2.00. Hees
]jer lb., 75 cts. Three-frame nucleus, with tested
queen, $3.C0" No foul brood evi'r known liere.

I. R. GOOD,
6-89-3t Naiipanee, Indiana.

Leahy's + Foundation,

— AVaiOLE.SALE AND ItETAIL —

My Foundation is recommended by hundreds
of Bee-Keepers, as having no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jonline, Ashland, Neb.; Moeller
Manufacturing Co., Davenport, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Son, Cole Brook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. Callam & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. I will take <>ne lb. Sections in ex-
cliange for thin Foundation on reasonal)le terms.
Special prices to dealers. Send for CiitaloL'ne of
otlier supplies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

l-8y tf Higjfinsville, .»lo., ttox ll.

CARNIOLAN QUEENS

A SPECIALTY. Largest and purest Carniolan

apiary in America.
JEg5*= Send for Descriptive circular and price
list. Address,

ANDEEIVS d- LOCKHART,
l-f"J-tt I'atten-s Mills, Wash. Co. N. Y.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

We manufacture Bee-Keepers' sup-

plies of all kiuds, best ijuality at

hlowest prices. Hives, Sections,

Fuuudatioii, KxtracLors, Smokers,

Crates, Veils, Feeders, Clover

Seeds, Buckwheat, etc. Im-

f ported Italian Queens,

Queens and Bee.s. Sample

(opv of our Bee Journal,

**The Western Bee-Keeper,**

4 and latCKt Ctttaloifue mailed

W^ Free to Bre-Krfper.s. Address

JOSEPH NYSEWANDEB,

1»E8 MOLNES, IOWA,

l08

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Bee-Reepers' Supplies.

QUALITY Hnd workmanship uiisurpasHRtl.
\Mv Hi-e prt'itarwl to furnish Ijee-keepers witli
sut^plies promptly, and with goods of uniform
excelleuco as herptof ore. Our hives all take the
Simplicity frame. The "Falcon" chaff hive
and the "Chautauiiua" hive, with dead aik
SPACES, are both givins universal satisfaction.
We manufacture a full line of BEE-KfcEPEiis' sdp-
PLIES, includini; the

"Falcon" Brand of Fountiation.

Hg?" We sladly furnish estimates, and solicit
correspondence. Send for illustrated price list
for 1889, free.

The W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
i-88-tf Jamestown, N. Y.

Pleana mention the Reuiew

Honey - Extractor,

Square (iliiss Iloney-Jars, Tin Uutkets,

Bee-Hives, Honey-Sections, &c., &c.

Perfection Cold-lJIast Smokers.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for "Practical Hints
to Uee-Keepers.

:i-88-tf.

Pure Italian" Queens,

J, F. Caldwell, San Harcos, Tens,

will be sent i
orders.

st paid on receipt of your cash

June

April May to Oct.

Select tested $:< T.') $S 2r, $2 7.')

Tested '"i 75 175 1 50

1-2 Untested '•• 50 II UO 8 50

Address J. P. CALDWELL,
l-8'J-3t San Marcos, Texas.

PIfuse mention the Reuiew,

An Old Bee-Book Revised, and Dcidants'

Foundation. See Adutrtiaenient in Another Column.

THE "REVIEW."

The distinctive features of the Bee-Keepebs'
Review are that of reviewing current apicultural
literature (pointing out eir<jrs and fallacies and
allowing nf)tliing of value to jiass unnoticed), and
the making of each issue a "" special number " —
one ill which some special topic is discussed by
the best bee-keei)ers of the country. If you wisli
for the cream of the other journals, aln'ady skim-
med and dished u]i, and to learn the views of the
most experienced bee-kee])ers upon the unsolved,
apicultural problems of the day, read the Review.

Price of the Review, .50 cts. a year. Samples
free. Back numbers can be furnished.

"The ProMon of Comt Honey."

Although this mat little book contains only 45
pages, it furnislies as much practical, valuable in-
formation as is often found in a book of twice its
size. It is "boiled down."

It begins with taking the bees from the cellar
and goes over the ground briefly, clearly and C(m-
cisely, until the honey is off the hiv(^s; touching
upon the most imiiortant points; and especially
does it teach when, where and how foundation
can be used to thtt best advantage; when combs
are preferable and when it is more profitable to
allow the bees to build their own combs. It tHls
how to hive a swarm in an empty brood nest, and
yet secure more h<mey than when foundation is
usi'd. Price of the book, 25 cents.

For (55 cts. we will send the Review one year
and "The Production of Comb Honey." For
.fl.OO we will send all the numbers of the Re-
view for the past year (188H), the Review for
tills year (1889) and the "The Production of Comb
Honey;"or, for the same amount ($1.00), we will
send the Review for two years from Jan. 1st,
18H<,l, and "The Production of Comb Honey."

Stamps taken, either U. S. f)r Canadian.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich-

"^ X 7" /f "M 'TP T"" T^ ■ You to send for my
WAJCN 1 L.1J. illustrated price list
of apiarian supplies for IHSil ; also live cents for
my pamphlet: ■■HOW I produce comb ho\ey."
GEO. E. HILTON,
3-S9-3t Fremont, Mich.

NEW YOJIK. poBEiGN oKDKRs souciTKD. NEW JERSEY.

EASTEEN * DEPOT

iliees.) FOR (Queens.)

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers.

Exclusive Manufacturer of tiie

Stanley Automilic Honey-Erfractor.

DADANTS FUUNDATIUN, WHOLESALE AND RETAiL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BASSWOOD SECTIONS

Oiie-Piece, Dovetail, or to nail. Any unan"
tity, any siz<^ Complete machinery finest _

work. Send for Handsome Illustrated Catu- ...

logue. Free.

MASS. E. R. NEWCOIVIB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co,, N. Y. CONN.

3-88-tf.

•itivn the Rei

VOL, 11,

FLINT, MICMAN, JDLY 10, 1869,

NO. 7,

How Much May Depend Upon the Queen T

DK. C. G. MILIiEB.

IfVi^^lf? UGH depends on the way you look at
(J V|/ [3 it. lu a year of entire failure of the
(JCilfJ^ honey crop, a man is very ai>t to say
"All depends on the season. My
colonies all alike faileel. and a chanjre of
queens would have made ~no difference."
Anotlier year when the harvest is 4;ood, he
lii ds that a few colonies have far out-strip-
ped the others, these few colonies having?
had triven to them queens of fine blood,
wliile the balance of his stock is rather poor.
He is very likely to say " It all depends on
the queen." Tlien, wlien my only depend-
ence, white clover, has fulled, and some one
else has a tine crop from linden, I have felt
like sayint^ "All depends on the locality."

Doolittle says: "Beekeeping all centers
ui)on the queen." Hutchinson says : " I
have sometimes felt like sayinjir, other things
beiuy e»iual, one ([ueen is as <^ood as another."
The two men have their different ways of
puttin<r it, but at bottom I doubt if there 's
nmch difference in their views. Locjk at
their practice. Does Doolittle take all the
pains ill the world to raise «ood queens and
then pay no attention to the rest of his
mauayeinent 'i He would be the last one to
claim anythinfj of the kind, and his teachings
constantly show that he lays ^reat stress on
other things as well. Does Hutchinson
think the (]ueen of no consequence 'i Who is
it that sells tested queens at a very low price
just because he thinks it so important to
change his queens V

But says one. " The difference is in the
strain of bees, and not in the manner in
which the queens were reared." ^\'ell, my
friend, no one said that bee keeping centers
on the way (jueens are reared but on the
queen, and the strain is in the queen, and to
; ret tlie strain we must get a cpieen of that
strain, and to increase and perpetuate that
strain we must know enough of ((ueen-rear-
iug to rear queens of that strain. And now
1 think I hear the editor turn on me and
say, "Look here, friend Miller, do you go
llirough all that fussing that D lolittle tells
about, for every queen you raise ?" No, I
don't. I let the bees do a good deal their
own way. Still I might be better off if I
look the matter in my own hands a little
more, and it's a good thing to have a book
like Doolittle's to stir me up. By the way.

that book is worth several times its price to
me, not only for its teachings about queens,
but for settling some things "along the line"
of my own experinienfing. Moreover, if I
were making a business of rearing queens to
sell, I think it would pay me well, and be
economy of time, to follow out all of Doo-
little's "fussing."

On the whole it's a pretty good thing to
get specially interested in different topics so
as to bring them prominently to the front.
One time it is hives, another time supers,
then control of swarming, and so on. For
the time being we get stirred u[i about the
one thing, and givi' it special pronijnence,
whereas, in reality there are many other
things of equal or greater importance. I
don't believe a man with the best (jueeus in
the world would secure a good crop of honey
without having several other factors in the
problem. I'm not sure but I'd agree to
give up queen rearing entii-ely to tlie bees
if I could have a satisfactory answer to the
question, "How can I prevent the desire to
swarm without interfering with the crop of
comb honey?" ( hi the other hand I recall
a queen I once raised which laid, if I remem-
ber rightly, just three eggs and then gave
out. \Vheu T think of that and that the dif-
ference was entirely attributable to the man-
ner of raising, anti that the difference in
queens may nuike all the difference between
success and failure, I feel sure that the
(lueen, both as to the strain of blood she
possesses and as to the manner of her rear-
ing, is a very important personage.

Maeengo, III., June 5, 188!J.

Good Queens, Why ?

PEOF. A. J. COOK.

IRIEND HUTCHINSON, it may seem
and doubtless will seem to many, very
i^ifk^c presumptions in me to offer a word of
criticism regarding your position on
this question of quality in queens. You
have doubtless reared a score of queens to
my one. You have watched your queens as
carefully as was possible. Are you not then
much more likely to be right than one of so
much less experience ? Yet I do differ
with you. I would emphasize the impor-
tance of a good breed or strain as strongly
as you. I would al^o bear equally on the
importance of the proper care. I believe all
animals are much the same. In all animals

110

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

•we find breed very important in any line,
but we find that proper care is no less impor-
tant. For instance, were I to buy a cow
simply for butter and cream I should take a
Jersey. Then I would not stuff her with all
she could eat while young. If I did I would
Kj)oil her. Should I desire the best results in
beef I would buy a Short Horn, then I would
feed this animal very liberally from the very
first. Then I am not, cannot be disai)-
pointed.

So with queens, I would wish queens from
the very Iji'st strain. Queens that were busi-
ness from the tip of their auteiuue to the
tip of the stiny. And (lueens that produced
workers that were business from the tip of '
their feet to the tip of their winys. But
more, I should wish (jueens reared under the
best conditions. If difference in (juantity or
ipiality makes active ovaries in lieu of abor-
tive ones, as is certainly the case, then surely
the more liberal the food the better the
queens.

Thus queens, reared under the swarming
impulse, or under such artificial conditions
as shall secure the same attention from the
nurse bees, are, I believe, the best.

AGEicuLTUBAii CoL., MicH., Juue .■"), 188'J.

Queens, and their Influence Upon Success in
Bee Culture.

W. J. ELJ.ISON.

"^l^rilRIEND H.— The above is a very im-
iiri, portant subject, not only to (pieen
(^JLjt' breeders, but to honey producers, and
to every one at all interested in " Dol-
lar and Cent Bee-Keepiug." Bee keepers
will be under a debt of gratitude to you for
introducing it, and bringing before your
readers the opinions of those who have most
to do with that line of apiculture, viz.,
(lueen rearing.

Prof. Cook says, in his Bee-Keepers'
Guide, that " The function of the queen is
simi)ly to lay eggs," and he gives lots of
good authority to prove his assertions.
Then one of the essential tiualities of our
iiueens is that they be good layers, even if
their whole force is not at all times exerted.
Now what do we want to show? " Their in-
fluence upon success in bee culture. "

I know some will say, if their being pro-
lific was all one wants, why not get (jueens
from a race noted for that quality ? Cypri-
ans, for instance, are said to outstrip
Italians in that office. But, that is not all ;
I have had extra prolific queens, and very
handsome ones tliey were, when to all ap-
I)earances ready for a good, old age, they
would have an egg in every available cell,
and an immense lot of bees in their hives,
that seemed to take uj) their whole time in
nursing. But does all that display of their
good qualities, without the actual, nicely
tilled sections, warrant all this " stress upon
the ((ueeu ? "

I did not misunderstand you in your review
of " Doolittle on (^ueen Rearing" when you
said " You felt like exclaiming, othei' things
being equal, one ([ueen was as good as

another," as I was sure your knowledge of
queens would not permit you to make such a
broad assertion without the imi)ortant prefix
"other things being etiual," for if that were
the case it would apply to animals, vegeta-
tion, etc., and we might expect as much from
a common cow as from our best Jersey.
They are both cows. Or why pay high
prices for choice strawberries when we have
the old ones of our father's ? They ai-e both
strawberries. Just so with queens. My
ideas are that a good ijueen is a very imjior-
taut attachment to a colony of bees; and lo
get them so that "their influence will be a
success in our business," we have to ob-
serve two important things in their rearing ;
first, to have brood of the right age, and
from a pure tested queen, whose workers
have been proved, "extra, double-superfine"
honey gatherers ; in other words, first class
stock, whether home-bred or imported? We
can raise queens as good as ever were im-
ported.

The next point to l)e observed, and one
that is often overlooked, is that the cells
should be raised by bees having the same, or
as good, qualities as the ones from which we
have obtained the brood. The nature, colf>r,
and qualities of the ([ueeus, will be laru'ely
effected by the bees that rear the cells. Now
we have oidy to get lots of drones from
queens reared as above, and have them, it
possible, in evei-y colony in the apiary ; not
begrudging them their daily bread that
nature has provided so bountifully for them,
and made the workers their menials lo store
it. A few i)urely mated iiueens will jiay for
the keep of hundreds, yes, thousands, of
them, during tlieir whole lives. Discard all
other kinds, and we will not hesitate long
upon queens and their influence upon success
in bee culture.

Statebukg, S. C,

June 0, INS'.).

Queens, as Related to Success in Bee Calture.

JAMES HEDDON.

'Ip HAVE not as yet been able to read one
[%) page in Brother Doolittle's book on
J^ (lueen rearing. My views uiion the sub-
ject are recorded in my own book, and
I do not know that I have hail any rcasoji lo
change the ideas tlierciu (■xi)ressed even iq)()ii
minor sul>jects since I wrote it. If 1 have I
have forgotten it for I have been too busy to
read my own book.

There is not only something in good
queens, but there is a ijihkI ileal in good
queens, and the question arises, what con-
stitutes a 'good (lueen ? And right there i-
where I shall begin to differ with i-oiiie oHht
bee kee[)ers. Tlie records will show iliat I
was the first person to pul)lish a differ-ent
view of honey production as .i bnsiiu ss, or
present different views in regard to ijrcfitable
bee culture. Allow me to go over the old
grouiul again a little, for I notice that very
few bee keeiu^rs seem to agree on that
ground, or at least fail or forget to take it jis
the true basis of bee keeping. Here let us
suppose we have an unoccupied liotu^y area
of about six miles in diameter. Now then.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Ill

that can be successfully worked by puttiug
to it brains, muscle and money. The one
great question relatint^ to successful honey
production is, "in what way can I yet the
most surplus honey from this field, with the
least outlay of these brains, this muscle and
that money ? " Tiiat is the whole question.
Now look at it fairly and start right. It is
not a question of how many eggs a queen
can lay. in a day, nor wliether she looks in
tlio cell l)efore depositing the egg therein,
nor whether she does it head up or head
down, nor any of these details only in so far
as they have a direct bearing upon the object
in vii'w. To get honey we must have, not
only that field, but one of the main products
of this brain, muscle and money, bkes.
Now it takes capital as well as muscle and
brains, to get bees. \\e must have combs
and hives to protect them. The most impor-
tant feature in connection with hives, is to
have that hive whicJi can be handled with
the least outlay of time and muscle. It is
also an advantage to have the hive that can
be bought the cheapest, but that is of minor
importance compared to the former point,
because a good hive when once made, if
l)ioperly cared for, will last a life time.
Now sir, queens cost the least of any part of
that cai)ital which begets worker bees. It
takes combs and honey as well as capital
and time to get the workers. Now, it takes
no more time, no more combs, no more
hives, no more labor, to get energetic, honey
making bess than poor, lazy, robbing, ill-
natured bees. It only lequires that the
apiarist will look about him until he finds
the Ijest strain of bees, bees of the best
quality, and then take the time and pains to
breed that strain into his apiary. Let the
question of extra prolific (jueens go. Hupply
each ([ueeu with combs and other incidental
capital sufficient to give room for queens of
minimum prolificness, and you will not lose
a dollar because the most prolific queens
have not room enough for their prolificness.
The reason of this is, that this room is
where your capital is invested, and the
queens cost absolutely nothing if you do not
have to buy them.

Now in regard to re-(iueeuiug : just let
that alone. Let your bees do the re-(iueening
and sui>erseding, exce))t where you find an
abnormally uuprolific cjueen, that for some
reason is liarbored by the bees which usually
I'epluce such (jueens ; then you can stej) in.
Hut to keep a record of the age of all your
tiucens, and undertake 10 forestall your
bees in superseding them, is tiu e badly
spent. Now remember, again, that all you
are trying to do is to get sufficieijt workers
to gather the greatest amount of surplus
lioney that can be gathered from this area or
lioney-field, with the least amount of capital
aud labor. Do not forget that point, but
always keep it in view. If you are rearing
queens for sale, UiPii there is a cost. This
queen-rearing apiary should have a record
of the age of its (jueens. It costs something
to rear queens and hold them till you receive
an order for them. While I asseit that the
bees can create queens for you foi- the pur-
pose of superseding your (lueens, or increase
iu colonies, so that they will not cost you a

cent apiece, you cannot make much profit
on reai'ing them at will, holding them for
customers, and shipping them at a dollar
apiece. The conditions ai'e as foreign from
each other as they possibly can be.

I will tell you how I have managed to
breed for (jualities, and will further add that
I would not give a cent for a successful sys-
tem of artificial fertilization. By the use of
comb foundation we almost i>erfectly control
the amount of drone comb built. By the
use of movable frames we control the place
where we will have this drone comb utilized.
By the use of common sense and strength
enough to tell the truth, both in conversa-
tion and in writing for our local papers, we
keep other bees out of our field, and the
result is, we control the drones which are
fiying, as well as the kind of (jueens we
breed from. Then with natural increase and
natural swarming we have a large majority
of our (lueens reared in a few of the best
colonies. Whenever our apiary contains
poor colonies, (as it sometimes does after
buying), we keep the drone combs in the
choicest colonies and the worker in others.
It is the simplest matter in the world to
almost completely control the (piality of
your drones. Now it seems to me this is
about all I have to otter and enough for the
practical dollar and cent honey producer to
want from one writer.

DowAGiAc, Mich.,

June If), 18W).

Some Emphatic Words in Favor of Good
Queens.

E. T. FLANAGAN.

'HEN Bro. Doolittle's "Scientific
y (^ueen Hearing " appeared, of
course I procured it, and I need
not say that I read and studied it
with interest and profit. Then I watched to
see how the apicultural press would ai)[>rove
of it, and it was with more than ordinary
interest that I turned to your article in the
May Review; for, do you know, that I look
on the Review as the rcry credin of our cur-
rent, apiarian literature. -ludge then of my
sur{)rise, yes, almost indignation, when I
found you treated it in the manner you did.
You did not seem to realize the great impor-
tance of the queen, and intimated that it
was not so much what the queen was, as
what her bees were ; as if the quality of the
bees, their energy, industry, hardiness, and
honey-gathering (jualities, <Uit not drpi-tid
oil their inotlicr. J felt like the jioet, when
he said : " I would that my tongue could
utter the thoughts that arise in me." One
thing, though, I can say, aud that is, I have
demonstrated that queens reared with care,
and in the proper manner, and under the
proper conditions, are snpcrior to those
raised in the careless, indift'erent. harum-
scarum, happy-go-lucky way that so many
are raised, and tiiat the dollar and cent
results depend as much or more on fht'qurcn
than any other factor in bee keeping, locality,
alone, excepted. This is not theory, it is
practical experience. I purchase every year
(lueens from the niost noted breeders in this

112

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

country, and from time to time import
directly from Italy, and I can say truly that
the queens (and the youn^' (lueens reared
from them) procured from men like Doolit-
tle, and Alley, who have j^iven years of study,
thought and experiment to the subject of
rearing good queens, have uniformly proven
to he the best, and have given the best re-
sults in wintering, in longevity, in rcprodu-
ciiKj tJu'Diselvcs, in honey gathering — in sliort
in dollars and cents. And when such men
give their methods to the public, methods
that if carefully followed would work won-
derful results, we should honor them for it
and uphold them, and speak a good word
for them, instead of casting a doubt on the
merits of their methods, or intimating that
almost any kind of (jueen will do, so she
fills a medium sized hive with bees at the
proper season. I have for years used a
modification of Alley's methods of queen
rearing, and with excellent results. In re-
gard to Doolittle's method as given in
'* Scientific (^ueen Hearing," I think it more
suitable to the specialist or large honey pro-
ducer and queen breeder, as there is too
much " machinery " about it for the average
bee keeper who would prefer to buy his
queens from one who does raise them as
they should be rearetl, than to make so much
effort for the few he may need, and then
l)robably not succeed to his satisfaction.
One more j)oiut in my experience and I am
done. It is not tlie size, or color, of the
queen that makes quality. A very large
(lueen has seldom, with me, jiroven to be
sujier-excelleut, and were I to be giver my
choice from a hundred queens, a medium
sized one would be chosen every time.
Bellevii^le, Ills., June 1st, 188'.).

It will be seen that the above was written
before the June number was out, and it is
but justice to say that, upon its receipt, Bro.
F. sent a postal saying that, had he waited
until he had read our introductory editoral
upon queens, he would have written a little
differently, but lack of time would prevent
his preparing anotlier article.

Good Qaeens vs, Poor Queens.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

""ELL, what do you mean l)y a good
/i' ipieen ? I do not know wliat
definition many of our a[)iarists
would give of a good queen, but
what I consider a good queen is one having
all that is re<iuisite to queen nature, and one
that is susceptible of being brought up to her
full powers of egg laying <(t anij lime when
desired by the apiarist. What is meant by a
poor (lueen ? One that is not fully developed
in all her parts, so that she is not suscei)til>le
of being used by tlie a[)iarist to bring al)out
the results which lie wishes brought about.
I am well aware that hives, combs, location,
etc., have much to do with our success in bee
culture, but when any one claims that tliey
ve as much to do with honey production

as has the queen, I cannot help thinking that
the matter has not been fully considered.
We could have no bee-keeping without tlie
queen. As well talk al)out having milk
without mammals of some kind to produce
it. Milk comes from llie mamnuil which
produces it, and bees come from the (lueeu
which lays the eggs for those bees ; wliile
the bees gather the honey. Mow, what is the
difference between one of the scrub cows of
our fathers as to milk production, and one
of the thoroughbred Sliort Horns of to-day ?
Simply the difference between profit and
loss. How came this to be brouglit about ?
Was it simply by selecting a certain strain
of cattle ? Not by any means. Who ever
heard of any great improvement of stock
being brought about by simply selecting a
certain strain and then letting it take care of
itself V No stock producer of any reputation
will work in that way. ( )u the contrary,
after selecting the strain he wishes to breed
from, he gives these animals all the care and
all tlie feed possible, to push them speedily
forward io the end designed. What is the
difference between Iho bees of to-day and
those kept by our fathers of 100 years ago ?
I listen ; do I hear any one say " not any i* "
If any one says so, then 1 say that we as
apiarists of the nineteenth century have not
been as wise as oar brothers wlio are raising-
cattle. Jutlging the present by the past i
am willing to go on record as sajing lliat
any <me can take fi " strain of bees lliat are
poor honey gatherers " and by "jugglery,"
(the same kind which stockmen use, such as
feed, currycomb, selection, etc., ) bring them
up to a perfection, as honey gathereis,
scarcely equaled by any of the strains ot
bees of the present. Yet a man would be
unwise to start with such an inferior sti;iiu
when he could just as well have a belter one
to start with. No, friend Hxitchinsoii, llie
difference is not in " the strain ol bees "
entirely, and i>y saying so you go against all
the history of the past as to rreihods useil lu
perfecting a more valuable race tliau we
a' ready have, be that "race" bee.s or ani-
mals, and give approval to a carelessness as
regards important matters not admissable
for an editor.

There must be used all the requisites which
tend toward a full development of all the
parts of the (pieen, i( we would succeed;
and the bees must be carrying out then-
natural instinct to its fullest extent, in oi-tler
to give us the greatest < nertiy, and develoji
an activity in our (juee-iis which can be so
moulded by the apiarist as to give hiui the
bees just at the right tune so that tliey can
accomplish the most usefulness while Ihey
l|ve. Do any object? Let me ipiote from
one of the best of books, " Hutchinson on
Comb Honej-. " (hi page ;?_' we I'uul these
words from Samuel Cushiuan ami endorsed
by W. Z. H, " When bees hang in festooiis,
secrete wax and build natural combs,
they are carrying out a natural instinct.
Its gratification stimulates their taiergy and
a colony so managetl will gather more honey
than if not allowed to build natural combs.
The sui)pressioii of this instinct, in a measure
lessens energy, or prevents development of
activity, and affects the future usefulness of

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

lis

the bees." This Mr. Hutchinson believes
correct, calliii}^ it " present condition ;" yet
when I come to aryue along the same line in
behalf of our tiueens, ho says, Oh, no ! ''The
difference is in the strain of bees, and not in
the manner in which the queens were reared.
(Queens can be reared artificially equally as
good as those reared under the swarming
impulse." Mr. H. was either right in his
book, and wrong now : or else he is right
now and was wrong then. Which is it ? I
claim he was right in his book, and by that
claim I am willing to stand, till we, have
some proof that it is wrong. Again, on page
2'.) of the same book, Mr. Hutchinson thinks
it very fortunate when his desire and the
bees' instinct run parallel, yet here he claims
that eiiually as good results can be accom-
plished when he goes contrary (artificially
reared queens) to their instinct. I do not
claim that my plan of rearing queens has
nothing "artificial" about it. My claim is
that by this plan the bees are only carrying
out that iiistinct which "stimulates energy"
and "develops activity," instead of forcing
them to rear queens under conditions which
"affects their future usefulness."

Before closing, I wish to go on record as
saying, that the more prolific a queen is, the
better the queen every time ; and that the
raiser can have much to do with this i)rolific-
ness by "the method" which he employs in
rearing them, as well as by "selection."
This I know by years of experience along
this line, for I have raised many prolific
queens from very unprolific mothers. I
claim that the extra pi-olificness of queens
has more to do for the man who uses a small
brood chamlier than it has to do for the one
who uses a large one. I was nearly, if not
the first, to recommend a small brood cham-
ber, and I lay the success I have had in the
past in producing comb honey, largely to
utung small brood chambers, in connection
witli very prolific queens. And why should
this not be so, seeing that we must get all
the brood possible in a few short weeks, if
we would be successful honey producers ?
By " brood possible," I mean all that our
small brood chamber will hold, and this is
to be done at just the right time so that the
bees which hatch from this brood will be the
laborers in our harvest. Failing in this, we
fail of a harvest or surplus. What 1 have
been breeding for was to have all queens
e(iually prolific to the greatest extent possi-
ble, and yet have them susceptible to my
dictation, so that I could get the hive full of
eggs just when I wished tliem. It has taken
me several years to accomplish this, but
after I had worked out the problem, I be-
lieve I knew how I did it, and how I could
not do it by the old plans of artificially
reared ipieens of the past. At least I believe
I am entitled to my opinion fully as much as
he who has never tried any but the old way.

BoKODiNO, N. Y., June i;^, 188!).

Bro. D., when bees swarm, or when they
supersede a queen, they rear queens nafur-
(lUij; at other times they are forced to do so
by man. The latter are reared artificially.
They may be as good as those reared natur-

ally, and they may be very short lived, ab-
normally unprolifiic queens ; all depends
upon how man has directed the matter. We
fail to see how our views upon this subject
conflict with those quoted by Bro. D. from
our book. We said, and still say, that the
building of comb stimulates the activity of
bees ; and we also said, (which Bro. D. fails
to mention) and still say, that the use of
foundation, ( which is i()i}K/^((r(//) in certain
places, and under certain conditions, is very
profitable. It is fortunate when "our desire
and the bees' instinct run parallel," but
when they do not it sometimes pays us to
cross them, and at other times it does not ;
and we must not hesitate simply because it is
unnatural. A large share of modern bee-cul-
ture is artificial, and we ought no longer to
inquire, is it "according to nature," but,
"all things considered, is it desirable?

A Letter From Jared Hasbrouck— Something

in Favor of Hiving Swarms on

Empty Frames.

^JCT^EARS ago, we very much enjoyed
J fjj{j reading, in the B. K. Magazine, the

"^'"^ scientific and practical articles writ-
ten by -Tared Hasbrouck of N. J. But, with
one of the changes in the ownership of the
Marjazine, our friend dropped the apicultu-
ral pen, and we have missed him. When a
subscription for the Review came, a few
weeks ago, signed : "J. Hasbrouck, Lima.
Ohio." we thought: "Ah, ha! wonder if
this isn't that same Hasbrouck." In reply
to an inquiry, we received the following let-
ter. Thinking that his old friends would like
to hear from him, and hoping to induce him
to again take up the pen, we publish his let-
ter : and, if it is no secret, we would be glad
to have him describe that little plan of his for
" running bees on an intensive system with-
out increase."

Lima, Ohio, .June 18, 1885).

W. Z. Hutchinson : —

Dear Sir — Your card
of the 14th inst. received. Yes, I am the
same fellow that used to live it N. J., and
who used to write occasionally, or oftener,
for the B. K. Maijazine. I am really yet
living in that land of red shale and garden
"sass" — that is, my better " % " and babies
are still there, and I am only staying here in
Ohio for the honey season. I am out here
for the summer, running 200 stocks of bees
for J. J. Cole, as a sort of speculation. He
has gone to California, and is running about
the same number there. From all the ac-
counts I could get of this locality before I

114

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

came, I thought it a kind of bee-keepers'
paradise, and that Cole didn't know when
he was well off to leave it. It is in the great
basswood belt of ( )hio ; and, as I have devel-
oped a little plan of my own for running
bees on an intensive system, without in-
crease, I expected to get about the biggest
crop of honey ever reported from one yard.
But I guess I came on a " fool's errand," as
the basswood is not budding. It is the "off-
est" kind of an "off year." White clover is
very abundant, but it has rained every day
in June, so far.

I have not touched bees, personally, for
some years, as the sumac pi-opolis poisons
my hands. They wrote me there was no su-
mac here ; but the first thing I did after I
came was to overhaul some sections that had
been on the hive last year, and my hands
were so poisoned that I was about helpless.
Since then I wear gloves, and get on pretty
well.

I like your book and the Review very well.
Do you know that your plan of hiving
swarms on empty frames used to be treasur-
ed among those Eastern New York fellows,
twenty years ago, as a of sort valuable secret.
They lost lots of bees every winter, but they
soon found out that, rather than use the old
combs, they had better melt them down,
and hive on empty frames. After founda-
tion was invented, Betsinger thought he
would get ahead of the others, so he went
out to A. I. Root's and had him build a foun-
dation machine according to his (Betsing-
er's) own notions: and, the next season, he
hived all his swarms on foundation, and
handled his bees the same as lie formerly
had with empty frames, and (jot no c/op.
He said it was a loss of $1,000 to him in
honey.

Hiving on combs is, without doubt, the
correct thing when increase is desired.

J. Hasbuouck.

Inferior Looking Queens, When Purely Bred,
as Good as the Most Handsome.

E. B. WILLIAMS.

"^^ HAVE had six years' experience at
yj) queen i-earing. I have some very fine
Ji^ looking queens — large and yellow — and
some of tliem are good ; while I have
killed some of this kind that were not proht-
able, I also have some very inferior looking
queens that produce excellent workers. I
have one stock that is non-swarming. The
(pieen is four years old and has never
swarmed. She is small, and dark, but very
prolific. Her bees are gentle and excellent
workers. I have been breeding from her for
two years, and almost stocked my entire
apiary of 140 colonies with her daughters.
Have sold over 100 queens raised from her
this si)ring ; and the young (jueens have the
same characteristics as their mother.

So thoroughly am I convinced that the
whole thing hinges on the mother, or grand-
mother, of a stock, regardless of lool^s, that,
for my own use. 1 pay no attention to the
appearance of young (jueens. Select the
queen producing tlie best honey gatherers,

and breed from her, and an apiary of honey"
gatherers will be the result.

The handsomest bees and queens I ever
saw belonged to a neighbor, and he said they
were the most worthless. All handsome
bees may not be wortliless ; but all good
ones are not handsome. I had a <iueen re-
turned because she was small and dark. I
kept her for myself, and I would not ask for
a better queen nor better bees. A lighter
queen was sent the customer. He thought
her " rather small," but gave her a trial,
when he was fairly enthusiastic over her per-
formances and those of her bees.

Winchester, Tenn. July 1, 1889.

Bro. W., we have been " through the mill "
several times. If we can send a customer a
large, bright yellow queen, all is lovely ; if
she is small, or dark, there may be some
fault finding. Each queen may be equally
valuable. Bright yellow be( s appeal to our
love of the beautiful, and if we can have this
taste gratified without sacrificing any bread
and butter interests, well and good : but, in
financial bee-keeping, this ought to be the
last consideration.

Many of our corresjiondents have the
habit of enclosing a little private note with
their contributions. How personality shines
in these little notes ; what glimpses they
give us of the writers ; how we are some-
times tempted lo share these with our
readers. Along with the foregoing article
came one of these chitty, chatty letters, that
make us feel so acquainted with the writer.
We must give one little extract. It reads as
follows :

The little photograph on business card en-
closed is a good picture of your humble ser-
vant. I have one of yours that came in
(ile(rnin(is. I live on a farm : own a photo-
gi-aph galley in my town, and run it two days
in the week : the balance of the time I spend
in my apiary, and witli the wild turkey,
scjuirrels and deer. I live just at the foot of
Cumberland mountain, and if you should
ever visit Temiessee, and will spend a week
with us, I will insure you a royal time hunt-
ing and fishing, if you are fond of such
sport. I have finely trained bird dogs, also
dogs for deer. I live to enjoy life.

R. B. Williams.

Oh , friend W., little do yen know how
you tempt us! Do you know that we were
brought up in the woods V Father had to
cut a road through the woods to reach his
" forty." He built a log house right in the
iroods. This was when we were four years
old; and, as we grew older, we hunted, and
fished, and trapped, and gathered butternuts,
and went in swimming, coming home some-
times so tired that we could scarcely " wig-
gle," vowing to never go so far again, but

THE BEE-KEEPKRS' REVIEW.

llt>

usually going still further before the week
was out. Now the woods that stretched
away for miles and miles have given place
to fields of waving grain, and the happy,
care-free youth that tramped through them

with shot-gun over his shoulder has well,

friend W., we may never he able to go hunt-
ing with you, but think of us sometimes.

The 4- Bee-Keepers' + Review,

PUBLISHED MONTHIiY.

W. Z. HUTOEINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS:— 50 cents a year in advance, two
copies for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 35 cents each; all to be Bent to one
POST OFFICE. In clubs to different post offices,
NOT liESS than 45 cents each.

FL/fl/r. MICHIGAN. JULY 10, 1889.

A HINT TO ADVEETISEKS IN SECURING DESIR-
ABLE CUSTOMERS.

A few months ago, in an editorial upon
advertising, we called attention to the diff-
erent class of readers that gathers about each
periodical. "Like paper, like readers."
"Birds of a feather," you know. As an
illustration, "That Pittsfield Smith," in
ordering his advertisement continued an-
other year, says : "I like the tone of the
Review, and the class of trade secured by
my advertisements therein. As I am now
situated, I would not give $.5.00 a iKuje for
advertising space in (mention-
ing another bee - paper ) , as every cus-
tomer wants me to give him poor goods at
Unv prices. No satisfaction in such a deal
for me." As the Review is devoted more
particularly to advanced and financial bee-
culture, it naturally gathers about it a class
of practical readers whose years of experi-
ence have taught them that ejccellence is
more desirable than cheapness.

WHAT DEPENDS UPON THE QUEEN ?

It is very evident that much does, or at
least can, depend upon tlie queen. A queen
that from age, or any other cause, does not
keep her combs tilled with brood in the
spring, that allows the bees to get the start
of her and crowd her out with honey, places
her colony in a condition to be of little value.
If the field is stocked to its fullest profitable
capacity, if we are endeavoring to secure all
the honey in our area, this may not be so

great a misfortune as it appears, as the
honey that would have been gathered by this
colony, had it prospered, is left for the other
colonies to store. Still, we are not all so
situated, and, even if we were, there would
be no proUt in such colonies. We need
queens that will till their combs with brood
in the spring. It is during the first two years
of their lives, that (jueens, as a rule, do their
best work : and while we believe that most
bee-keepers would prefer to have their
queens under that age, we doubt if it will
pay, as a rule, to supersede them. It must
be admitted, however, that some most excel-
lent bee-keepers make a practice of rearing
queens each year, and superseding old
queens. We believe Mr. Manum does this.
Bees are far less likely to swarm with a
young queen ; and, when swarming is un-
desirable, here is another instance where the
<iueen may have a bearing upon success.
But all these comparisons of the improve-
ments in cattle, poultry, fruit, etc., with
improvements in bees, are not, to our mind,
exactly in point. Care and feed in the case
of the stock ; manure and cultivation with
plants; and selection and cross-breeding in
the case of both, have worked the improve-
ments. Care and feed, chaff hives and cel-
lars, planting for honey, feeders, all this
fostering care that we have given our bees,
has it improved them ? Nay. We fear that
some of our correspondents have overlooked
the fact that improvement of bees lies in a
different direction from that of cattle, poul-
try iind fruits. The law of the " survival of
the fittest" pushes to the wall, in cattle,
fruit, etc., the very qualities that we desire ;
while, in bees, there is not a desirable trait
that is not developed and cherished by this
same law. If we have any better bees than
we had a centuut' ago, it is not the result of
better care, in the sense in which that word
is usually employed, that of better shelter,
better food, etc., but it is the result of cross-
breeding and selection ; and we look upon
the queen simply as the connecting link be-
tween two generations — as a sort of "seed."
It is true that as the seed is, so is the plant ;
but it is equally true that as the plant is so
is the seed ; and we are inclined to look with
a more critical eye upon the stock or strain
from which a seed is secured, than upon the
individual seed. It is true there is some-
fhiny in having good seed, that that is well
developed and possessed of a strong vitality;
and the same is true of queens ; and while

ne

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

we have no desire to discourage the rearing
of good queens, we do feel that too much
stress has been laid upon the matter ; that
the practical honey producer need only
select the best strains of bees and let the
bees do their own queen rearing. For in-
stance, if a man has a stock of bees that are
excellent workers, can he step in, and, by
some sort of "jugglery," induce the bees to
rear a queen that will furnish better bees
than they are ? That's the point. As we
have already said, our bees may be improved
by crossing and selection, and, of course,
this must be done tlirough the queens ; but
that anything can be done by queen rearing,
in itself, we very much doubt.

MIGRATOEY BEE-KEEPING.

Our father lives in an adjoining county,
where there is an abundance of boneset and
goldenrod. One year, when we lived at Rog-
ersville, a younger brother, who has not yet
left the old home, came down early in Au-
gust and carried home with him twenty col-
onies of our bees. An upper story filled with
empty combs was placed over each colony,
and the top covered with wire cloth. A hay
rack was covered with hay to the depth of
two feet, the hives set upon the hay, and
held together in a "bunch" bypassing a
rope around them. The journey of twenty-
five miles was made without mishap. These
twenty colonies furnished 400 pounds of sur-
plus ; besides, they needed no feeding for
winter, while the bees kept at home stored no
surplus, and each colony required feeding,
on an average, about fifteen pounds. We
gave one-half of the surplus to our brother
as his share of the "spoils." Had buck-
wheat yielded well, which, with us, happens
about once in half a dozen years, nothing
would have been gained by moving the bees.
Last year, Mr. R. L. Taylor's crop of honey
was almost an entire failure, while enor-
mous crops were secured a few miles north
of him. Byron Walker lives only forty
miles from Flint, on a direct line of rail-
road, and his main crop comes in the fall,
while scarcely anything is secured here at
that time. But why nmltiply instances? All
know that the distance of only a few miles
often makes all the difference between no
crop and a bountiful liarveat ; and the ques-
tion is, can't bee-keepers take advantage of
this fact? If they can, why don't they do so
more than they do? Either the moving of

bees to take advantage of transient, neigh-'
boring flows is unprofitable, or else this part
of bee-keeping has been neglected. Bee-
yards, honey-houses, hives, etc., are all got-
ten up with permanency of location in view.
The bee-keeper gathers about him these con-
veniences and appliances ; arranges his api-
ary; and, if the honey comes to him, all
right ; if it doesn't, he does not think of
fjoimj to the honey. The expense of moving
to and from a locality a few miles distant
need not be so very great. From thirty to
forty colonies can be moved on a large hay
rack ; or a special rack might be constructed
by means of which one team could move
fifty colonies. Small, light, readily-movable
hives would be an advantage. But the prepa-
ration for moving, the moving, and other de-
tails, need occupy no great amount of space
in the discussion ; all these can be managed
if the moving of bees to secure a crop is cor-
rect ill 2iri)ici2)le. That is what we would
like decided. Some localities are blessed
with white clover, basswood and fall flow-
ers. To the apiarist in such a locality, this
question may not be so very interesting. Still,
the difference in rainfall, or in other con-
ditions, may make a difference in the yield
from the same variety of blossoms in local-
ities only a few miles apart ; and might it
not pay a beekeeper to have everything so
arranged that, with a day's warning, he could
load up his apiary and set it down 20 miles
away where a " lioney shower" is passing?
Then, again, how shall a bee-keeper in such
a case learn of these "passing showers?"
But when a bee-keeper has only white clover,
or basswood, or fall flowers, from which to
secure surplus, yet lives only a few miles
from one, or both, of the other sources, it
does seem to us as thougli he ought to seri-
ously consider the advisability of moving
his bees to these other fields when the har-
vest is ready for the laborers. To us this ap-
pears like a more promising field for experi-
ment than that of planting for honey. In-
stead of spending time and money for seeds,
land and cultivation, let us move our bees
where Nature has already scattered the flow-
ers with a lavish hand. ^Ve should be glad
of the views aiul experiences of our subscri-
bers upon this subject, that we may publish
them in the August Review, If you have
moved bees to " pastures new," tell us about
it, and let us know whether or not you found
it profitable. If you have only theory to
offer, send it on ; we have not such a horror

The BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

in

bf theories as some folks have. We have
said nothing about movin<,' northward with
an apiary, keeping pace with the advancing
bloom, but if anyone has anything to offer
upon this point, we shall be glad to publish it.

tiANGSTHOTH ON THE HONEY BEE, KEVI8ED RY
DADANT.

Continued from Juno No.

Chapter XIV is devoted to "Robbing, and
How Prevented." We find nothing partic-
ularly new in this chapter, and have no crit-
icisms to make.

"Comb Foundation" is the title of Chap-
ter XV, which begins with a brief but con-
cise history of the invention, adoption and
manufacture of foundation. — Upon the
point of manufacture, there is one paragraph
that we quote entire with our heartiest en-
dorsement. It is as follows; "The man-
ufacture of foundation, which, at first,
seemed likely to be undertaken by every api-
arist, has become an industry of itself, ow-
ing to the greater skill and speed acquired by
those who make it daily. It might be com-
pared to cigar making. Any apiarist can
make wax into sheets and run it through
rollers, and any farmer can raise tobacco
<ind roll its leaves into cigars, but, to the un-
initiated, a neat sheet of foundation is as
difficult to make as an elegant cigar." Yes,
this is fast becoming a world of specialties,
and one has only to compare the foundation
made by our Autliors, with the manufacture
of some novice, to be glad that 'tis so.

Following the Chapter on Foundation,
comes one on "Pasturage and Overstock-
ing." Brief descriptions and illustrations
are given of the principal honey-producing
plants. — The Dadants believe that a locality
can be oversotcked. They have found
eighty to one hundred colonies to be the
number from which the most honey could be
expected.

Chapter XVII treats of " Honey Produc-
tion." Our Authors say that the production
of comb honey is less advantageous than
that of extracted honey, but that the former
is more salable. In our opinion, all depends
upon circumstances ; such as locality, pas-
turage, market, and especially upon the
apiarist. — It is asserted that more honey will
be stored in a large box than in several small
ones, the united capacity of which is equal to
that of the large box. The reasons given
are that, in cool weather, the animal heat

cannot be so well maintained, and, in hot
weather, the ventilation is less perfect. With
the modern surplus case, in which there are
communications in almost every direction,
we very much doubt if there is any advan-
tage in large sections, so far as the amount
of honey secured is concerned, as the whole
surplus apartment is practically one great
box. Many bee-keepers who liave used half-
pound sections, secured no less honey by
their lase. — Side-storing is condemned; in
fact, we think it would now be difficult to
find, among practical honey producers,
many defenders of this system. — In speak-
ing of the necessity of using queen-excluding
honey-boards when raising comb honey, our
Authors touch ui)on an important point
when they say ; " The condition of the honey
crop has something to do with the queen's
proi)ensity to move out of the brood apart-
ment. When the crop is heavy and of short
duration, there is no danger on this score, as
the combs (in the super) are filled as fast as
they are built, and the queen, should she
move to the super, would soon leave it, ow-
ing to her inability to lay there. In localities
where the crop is intermittent and lasting,
much advantage has been derived from the
use of the Collin perforated zinc." Over an
established brood-nest, we have never found
it necessary to use a queen- excluder when
raising comb honey. When hivmg swarms
upon empty frames it is indispensible. — Our
Authors draw a very graphic and truthful
picture showing what is lost by compelling
the bees to build combs in the supers, in-
stead of furnishing them drawn combs.
Very few, if any, bee-keepers now allow
their bees to build their coml)s unaided in
the supers : the sections are filled with foun-
dation, which can be changed to drawn comb
in an incredibly short time. We are sur-
prised that this important factor is not
shown in the picture. It is true that drawn
combs have an advantage over foundation
for use in the supers, but not so great as
foundation has over nothuu). We do think,
however, that drawn combs are viost iinpor-
tant in getting the bees at work carhi in the
season. They begin work sooner, at least
they do with us, when the supers contain
drawn combs. Pressure upon the brood-
nest is relieved ; more bees are reared ; and
the energy of the colony is diverted from
swarming to storing. For this purpose, we
look upon a case of sections filled with drawn
comb, as worth almost as much as a case of

118

THE BEE-KEEPERS' HE VIEW.

finished honey. But after the work has be-
gun, and this one case is tilled and being
sealed over, we think foundation almost as
good as drawn combs. — The Dadants say
that the running of an apiary for comb hon-
ey requires twice the laV)or that is needed in
raising extracted honey. We think this is
putting it too steep ; besides, there is another
consideration. Nearly all of the work of
raising comb honey is done in-doors in the
shade, instead of in the broiling sun. The
putting together of sections, putting in of
foundation, removing the finished honey
from tlie super, the cleaning and crating of
it, is all in-door work. — The Dadants have
had much experience in raising extracted
honey. They use half-depth combs in the
supers, and tier-up without waiting for the
honey to be sealed. Unsealed honey is not
necessarily unripe. No extracting is done
until the honey flow is over. As robbers are
troublesome at such times, the work is done
quietly, swiftly and carefully, and all combs
kept covered up. If robbing is begun, work
is stopped until it subsides. At such times,
the extracted combs are not returned until
sundown. In localities where there are two
distinct crops of honey, each crop should be
harvested separately.

Chapter XVIII has for its title "Diseases
of Bees." Nearly the whole Chapter is devo-
ted to Foul Brood. The description given is
good ; and the use of Salicylic acid recom-
mended as a curative agent.

"Marketing Honey" is the heading of
Cha|)ter XX. In putting up extracted honey,
the one pound package is too small. A con-
sumption must l)e encouraged in which the
exi)ense of packing will not materially ad-
vance the cost. Tlie one and one-fourth
pound package is in less demand than it was
a few years ago. Tin is the cheapest pack-
age ; but it is better not to i)ut the hon-
ey in the tin pails until a short time before
it is to be marketed. The pails are more
bulky, and may rust on the outside. — Sev-
eral pages are devoted to " Uses of Honey,"
in which are given recipes for cooking with
honey, and for making medicines containing
honey, etc.

In the Chapter on " Beeswax and its Uses "
there is one point mentioned tliat bee-keep-
ers seldom heed. It is that of soaking old
combs twenty-four hours before rendering
them into wax. The old cocoons and otiier
refuse become saturated with water, and
do not tiien absorb n'li.r.

Chapter XXII treats of " Bees, Fruits and
Flowers " and shows that bees do not injure
sound fruit ; but, wherever there is a crack,
or a decayed spot, they will help themselves,
and, undoul)tedly, do some mischief ; but,
on the whole, they are far more useful than
injurious.

The book closes with a " Bee-Keepers'
Calendar," which gives brief instruction, in
a general way, as to the best management
for each month.

The Law of "The Survival of the Fittest"
Furnishes Better Bees Than Cattle.

MS HAVING a bearing upon some of
the points brought out by corres-
pondents in this issue, we make the
following extract from an address delivered
by R. L. Taylor, at the North American
Convention, held in Indianapolis, in ISSd :

" Let us take, at the outset, a brief view of
what nature had done for the bee before it
came to the hand of man. We must not
forget that, in a state of nature, the rule of
the survival of tlie fittest is a very different
thing from what it is when guided by the
hand of man. In a wild state the chief
quality reciuired by the bee to fit it to sur-
vive— to persist in living — is the ability to
provide under the severest stress of circum-
stances suiticient food to supply its wants
during the ensuing period of repose ; in the
ox it is not good beef, nor rich milk, but
horns, strength, courage and agility to en-
able liim to overcome or to escape his ene-
mies and to master his mates that are not so
liighly gifted with these (lualities.

During the roll of unnumbered centuries,
nature has been training the bee in the gath-
ering of honey, and the greater the stress of
circumstances under which the bee has ex-
isted, the more thorough has been its educa-
tion. With the ox, most of the (lualities that
fit him to survive in a wild state, specially
fit him in domestication to die early. To
fit him for man's use, all these qualities
must be changed, and to effect the change
the rule of the survival of the fittest must in
its application be entirely changed. Now
the qualities, that make fitness to survive,
are the most and the best beef and milk.
But note that nature's education of the bee
has all been piecisely in the line calculated
to produce the cliaracter and qualities which
man so niucli ilesires it to possess, so much
does the constitution of things favor the bee-
keeper. ( )f the ox, man gets from nature
little but a germ : of the bee, the well-nigh
ripened fruit.

But on the othi r hand, in the domestica-
ted state the In e runs great risk of positive
deterioration. The ox naturally improves
under the haiui of man, because selections

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

119

for breeding will be made almost without
thought, and his better food and protection
will favorably affect the growth and develop-
ment : but, with the bee, better pasturage
and better iirotection too often prolong the
existence of the poorest, and so their blood
is perpetuated in subs(:'([uent stock. This
would be true under what is known as the
old method of bee-keeping, but with how
much greater force does it apply to bee-
keeping under our new methods, with our
feeders, and packing, and cellars, and the
ready means which the movable comb fur-
nishes us of preserving the lives of (pieens
which are ready to iierish on account of a
lack of attendants."

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as follows:

On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent.; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
S.") per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.;C
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30~per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; 6
times, 30 per cent.; 9 times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

THE BEST OUEEN IH THE COUNTRY.

I'DTNYVILLE, Pa., .July 1. 1889.
MR. HENRY ALLEY :-

The queen I bought
of you last year is THE BEST QUEEN IN THE
COUNTRY. Would not sell her for FIFTEFN
DOLLARS. I advise my brother bee-keepers to
purcliase their queens of you.

CLARK SHRECKENGORST.

All queens are reared in full colonies having
fertile queens. No (lueens reared in (lueenles.s
colonies in tlie Bay Stat(^ aiiiary.

ITALIAN & CARNIOLAN QUEENS.
W ' ,, Warranted (]ueens, $1.00; select-warran-
1 riCGS I ted, gl.-i.-) ; tested, %l.fA\ Our circular
gives simple instructions for introducing and
finding a <iueeu in a large colony. !S(^nt free.

THE KMEHICAN APIVV LTV HIST

one year and a tested queen, $' .50, A new method
for dividing bees, Jiiid of increase in tl\e apiary,
will be given in the Aiurnst Apiom.TruiST.

Address HENRY ALLEY,

7-«9-tf Wenliani, Mass.

FOR $1.00

We can furnish either a bright yellow (lueen,
a tested queen, or one reared from an im-
ported mother. All are laying queens of
this year's rearing.

We also have some dry, clean, all-worker,
Langstroth combs for sale at ten cents each,
and the same for the New, Heddoii hive at
eight cents each.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eiglit
years, never clog np or go out.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

Send card for free circnlar, deBcrii>tivf> of the
best and cheaiieslItoolH to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

l-as tf. Abronia, Michigan.

Please mention the Review.

ITALIAN & ALBINO QUEENS

OR

THEIR CROSSES.

Untested (lueens. ^Nlay to August, $1.00 ; August
to Novpinbcr, 7.') cts. Tested, in May, $-2:l^\ .June,
i^'i.dO; .) iilv to Novcnilicr, fl-.'iU. Sfh-ctcd ti-.'ited,
iMay, .•ii;;l0();.jHnc, K.^iO; .July to NovimiiIht $2.00.

For furtlier prices, and sample of bees, address,
with 2 ct. stamp, A. L. KILDOW.

(5-89 3t Shetheld, Ills.

Plertsp -inntion the Reuiew.

Hkm QUEENS.

Bees by the Pound,

lirood and nuclei. Te.sted
(lueeiis, $1.50 eac^h. Send for iirict- list.
(i-8<l 3t MISS. A. M. TAYLOR,

Box 77. aiul berry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

NON - SW^ARMERS-

I now have my second lot of young (lueens
(pure Italians) bred from a queen that has, for
Ihree years, refused to swarm. Price $1.00 eacli.
Safe arrival guaranteed. The chances are greatly
in favor of their being purely mated. The bees
are very gentle ami fine honey gatherers.

R. B. WILLIAMS,
5-89 tf Winchester, Franklin Co., Tenn.

CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Gentlest Bees and Best Workers Known.

1 have been importing and breeding tliis race
exchisively since 1SH4. My orders have each year
more than donbh-d. Send postal tor descriptive
circular, or $1 for (choice imtesteil queen; $5 for
'o doz. ; $5 for l?enton's best grade imported
queen. S. W. MORRISON, M. D.,

7-8!l-tf Oxford. Chester Co. Pa.

Please mention the Review

120

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Mri) Queens. Untested in May, Ji 1.00 ; \\C^
^^KJ^ three, .RiiO. June to Oct. 75 ctH.<J^^
tlnv<s $2.00. 8en(l for free, annufil, i)rice lint of
nuclei, bees by the lb., tested <|iieen8, and bee-
keepers' supplies. JNO. NEBEL & SON,
r.-8!l4)t High HiU, Mo.

Please mrnlio'n the Reulvw

Ready to Mall, Free, My

new Price List of Pure Italian
Bet^R, Poliind China Swine, White
and Brown Leghorn Chickens, and
Mallard Ducks. Eggs for hatching. Also Wliite
and Black Ferrets. N. A. KNAPP,

,')-,S«t-tf Rochester, Lorain ("o., Ohio.

Please mention the Keuiew.

NOW

100 Tons of Comb Honey

Will undoubtedly be put upon the market this
season in our

FOLDING PAPER BOXES.

Catalogue free ! Hend for it ! Samiile box .5 cts.

Frices ZDefy Comp)etition!
A. O. CRAW ORD,

South Weymouth, Mass.

.'■)-8'.t-tf

ntion the Reuin

Tested queens,
$1.00 each ; un-
tested, 75 ct8.,or
three for $2.00.

ti-8!l-3t

I. R, aooB,

Nappanoe, Ind.

WE MANVFACTUKK THE

Staiiilard Siiimlicity Portico and Chaff Hives.

Frames, crates; sections, comb foundation, and
a general line of bc^e-keejiers' supplies always
on hand; also bees, (jueens, and full colonies.
Send for :((> i)age cat^dogne.

OLIVER HOOVER & CO.

4-81t-12t Snyilortown, Nort'd Co., Pa.

Please mention the Reuiew.

ITALIAN /.If QUEENS

Imported Italian queen, $1..50; tested, $1.50;
untested, iH) cts., three untested, $2.50. Single
frame nucdens, $1.00 ; 2-franie, $2.00 ; with nn-
test^id queen, $2,,50. Kic. Writ<' for what you
want. Heady now to ship without delay. Safe
arrival guaranteed. No fold brood here. Make
numey orders payable ,it ('lifton.

,5-89-3t Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La.

We have a large number of untested (iu(>ens
ready for mailing lnq)orted niolliers. Ijight
and large. Warranted (iiieens, $1.00; six for $5.00.
Untested, 85 cts., or Sil.OO a doz. Tested, $r.f)0
each. In .June, untested, 75 cts., three for $2.00,
or $S.0(» a doz. Make money orders payable on
New lb(*ria, Ija. 5-8!t-2t

Please mention the Reuiew

It's a Shame

If, after all we have said in favor of Dr. Miller's
new book: "A Year Among the Bees," you are
yet neglecting to send for it. Please don't delay
any longer, but do us a great favor and the Dr. a
small one, by sending him 75 cts. for this uniciue
little gem.
Address, Dr. C. C. MILLER,

Marengo, 111.

TK7 71 MTIT'CT^'H .. We are large dealers in
Vk All 1 iiiJ* H'H'swax, Comb an.l Ex-
tract<>d itoney; and desire
shipments, on which we promise l)est attention.
Demand active at present for lib. wlute clover,
of which grade we are entirely out. Can make it
an obje('t to you to correspond with us.

S. T, FISH &.CO.,
7-89-6t IHlt S. Water St, Chicago, 111.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

F0:R 1889.

Before you purchase, look to yonr interest, and
send for catalogue and i)rice list.

J. F. H. liKOWN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georjjia.

CARNIOLAN BEES.

PLEASANTEST BEES IN THE WORLD.

HARDIEST TO WINTER.

BEST HONEY GATHERERS.

In order to introduce, not only these bees,
but our paper:

" Tlie Advance,"

We offer to any one, who sends us $1.25, a copy of
our pajier and a nice ( 'arniolau queen, The
(]ueen alone is worth two dollars.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls, Maine.

19111 Year in OiiGcii-Rcaim 1889.

Italian Queen-Bees

Tested queen, in April, May, and June .
Untested " " " "

.$1.50
80

Sent by mail and safe arrival gnaranteed. Also
nuclei and ftdl colonies. Eggs of Pekin ducks^
White and Brown Leghf)rns. and Wldt*>-crested
Black Polish chicks, $1.50 per dozen.

W. p. HENDERSON,

4-00-f)t Murfreesboro, Tenn.

Phns.,- mention the Reuieui.

DR. TINKER'S

Quscn Rearing Chamber,

The only practical invention for rearing and
seeming the mating of a nuiiiher of (jueens and
gentling them all laying at once in full colonies of
|)((es. It (joes away with nuclei at all seasons
and also with la,\ ing workers.

Patent applied lor. For full particulars ad-
dress, with stamp, DIl. (i. li. TINKEU,
7-8y-*f New Philadelphia, Ohio.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

121

The Brightest

Four-Banded, Golden Italian Bees & Queens,
and the Reddest Drones.

Tcste.lqiiivn, f-i.tO

S('U-ctf(l t.'stod 3.00

Unti>8ti"d in Muy, 1.2.")

" in Juno and aftiT, 1.00

Safe arrival and Hati.sfaction guaranteed.

L. L. HEAEN,

.-,.\[i-tf Fn')u-hn'll(\ Mercer Co., W. Va.

DO YOU WANT

One of llie finest Italian (iiieens you ever saw?
Then Hentl to us and get one reared by our new,
natural and practical mctliod.

"Warranted queens, $1.00 each; select, $1.25
each; tested, i'L.W. We liave had

80 YeLirt< .L]xperieiico

in reaving (lueens. 25,000 old customers will tell
you that the PUIUTY. BE.VUTY and QUALITY
of our (lueens cannot he excelled.

G-8t)-tf Wenham, Mass.

PItase mention the ncuicui.

SECTION PRESS.

PRICE $2.00.

take the lead as egg pi'odlicers.
"Slielling out eggs" is their business.
Sl.OO pM-i:^, Sl.r.O per 26.
Bees &■ Queens. Circular Free.
A. F. BRIGHT,
t-<S'J tf Mazeppa, Minn.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Comb

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

Ifftltan Bees^ Queens,

One untestfcd cjueen, 7.") cts. ; three for .$2.00.
Tested (lueeus, $1.25 eacli. Bees by the pound ;
also nuclei.
l-Slt-tJt H. (J. FRAME, North Manchester, lud.

Please mention the Review.

The Western Apiarian.

An illustrat(^d monthly magazine, devoted to
bee-culture in the Pacific and Western States ;
filled with the most interesting, original articles
from the pens of "Western Apiarists."
Send for samjile copy.

WATKINS & M'CALLUM,
Box M7, Flacerville, Calafornia.

yS^i Y"FrT To every purchaser of one yellow,
l' ,X Italian queen, at $1.50, I will give

jXj a single-frame nucleus. Tested queen

$1.25; untested, $1.00. Send for price list.
Achlres.'i Mrs. OLIVER COLE,

ii-8it-2t Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. Y.

CHENANGO VALLEY APIARY.

"Et^TED Ju[f;7-;;

For putting together one-piece sections. Every
section s(iuare; and a smart boy or girl can fohi
100 in six minut(>8. Try one and you will never
regret it. Send to your supjjly dealer, or to

WAKEMAN & CROCKER, LOCKPORT, N. Y.

3-89-6t Please mention the Review.

BEES and QUEENS!

R/eady to Sli.ip>.

Friends, if you arc in need of (|ucciis or bees to
rei)lace in hives where they have been lost diu'ing
the winter, I can acconunodate you at the follow-
ing low prices: Italiai, bees, '^Ib., ()5 cts.; 1 lb.,
$1.00. Untested (|ucciis, $1.00 each; tested, $l..'i0.
Hybrid bees, 'i lb. .5" cts.; 1 11)., Oo cts. Hybrid
(pieens, 75 cts. Prices by the quantity will be
sent upon application. W. S. CAUTHEN,
6-.S9 3t Heath Spring, Liincastor Co., S. t'

— If you are in need of —

Pure Italian Queens,

— UNSURPASSED FOR —

Beauty <& I^iarity,

You Cannot do Better than to Order From

J, F, Caldwell, San Marcos, Tens.

PRICES AS FOLLOWS :

1 untested queen, $1.00

B " queens, 4.50

li " " «..50

1 tested queen, 1.50

1 selectetf, test<'d iiueen 2.75

Contracts taken with dealers to furnish queens

as they need them.
Address J. P. CALDWELL,

7_89-4t San Marcos, Texas.

^^ARTsHOLAN QUEENS

A SPECIALTY. Largest and purest Carniolan

apiary in America.
t#°" Send for Descriptive circular and price
list. Address,

ANDREWS (& LOCKHAUr,
4-8y-tf Patten's Mills, Wash. Co. N. Y.

TOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for IHS'.t of Italian Queens, Bees, Eggs
for hatching from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) Japanese Buckwheat, and two choice
new varieties of Potatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY l)y getting my price list be-
fore you purchase.

CHAS. D DUVALL,
2-88-tf. Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

Please mention the Reeieui,

122

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

FEELS OOOD.

He Bays it is junt fun for him to work amonf^ liis bees now— they are so Gentle- One or two
putTe of smoke from his " Bingham," and the bees imy no att«>ntion to him. The secret of this ? His
bees are tliose famous Albinos that art^ so handsome and K("ntle— "^^T'lni'Le bands around
them, you know, instead of yellow. Wonderful honey gatherers !

"The queen I had of you raised up a colony of the handsomest bees that 1 ever saw." says Mr
B.H. Franklin of Sturbridge, Mass.

If "YOVII* hoes are cross, you will certainly need one of his Black Grenadine Veils, at 40 cents.
Here is the whole story boiled down ; Send for his 18 page price list, a Bingham smoker, some Albino
bees and a bee-veil— all the best the market affords.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box I 087.

p. 8. If your bees are now Albinos, there will be no necessity of sending for the bee veil.

7_89.12t. Pleasf mention the R,-uieui.

Goznb Foundation. Barnes' Foot Power Machinery.

We have a complet<> out-fit for its inanufacturee
Our mills all run by steam power, and we have
the very best facilities for purifying; wax We
make it as thin as you want it for sections. We
make a sjiecialty of making brood foundation for
square frames, thick at the toii with a gradual ta-
I)er to very thin at the bottom, thus securing the
greatest amount of si rength for the ( juality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retail, address

A. G. HILL,
6-88-tf. ' KendaUville, Ind.

The Revised Langstr-oth, and Dadants^

Foundation. See Aduertisement In Another Column.

FRlENDS,ifr;::BtES or HONEY,

any way interested in J

we will with pleasure send a sample copy of the

SEMI-MONTHLY CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest iini)rove-
ments in Hives, Hoiiey-I'^xtractors, Comb Foiin-
datitm. Section Honey-Boxes, all books and jour-
nals, and everything i>ertainiug to Bee Culture.
Nothing Patf-nted. Simply send your address
plainly written to. A. I. KOOT,

l_88-tf. Medina, Ohio.

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAL,

■n-itlieut Ktoaiii ]M>wfr,liy using- mi I tits of these

Macliines, ciui Iml iowcf, anil savi

more moiu'v friiin tlji'ir jeli.s, tliai

by any etherim -ans lordoiiitrt hii

vvei-l;.' LATHES. SAW.-, .MOI£

TISERS, TENONEKS. ETC., Sold

oil trial. IlUistrati-il I'ricel.ist Kreu

W. F. AJOHN BARNES CO.,^
No. 686- Kuhy St., Rockford, 111

L.OOK HKRC!

No. 1, white, V-groove sections, only $3.00
per thousand. No. 2, $2.00 per thousand. Com-
plete hive for comb honey, only $1.30. Price
list free.

J. m:. iciisrziE,

lO-88-tf Kochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

Pleusc mention the Reuiew.

^Tcr-

RFF SUPPLIES ^^L

■^ "^ " We furnish Kverythiug needed in
the Apjary, of practical constructiim, and at the
lowest price. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a [lostal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

I£. KretclDner, Cobary, Joiva,

2-88-tf. Please mention the Reuiew

[16-page Weekly— $1.00 a Year.]

IS Ihe Oldest, Largest and Cheapest weekly
bee-paper in the World. Sample 1 ree.

4.niV»*^'ftil,;» P U B LI S H ER S }% \ ,,. W,^^
023 & t>25 West Madison St.. CHICAGO, ILL.

BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Bee-Keeper should have it.

FifteciitliTlioiisaiKlWliolly Revised!

MUCH ENLARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is UP to date. It is both phactical cind

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, $1.50, To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by freiglit, 50 per cent. off.

Address A. J. COOK,

10-88-tf Agricultural College, Michigan.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

123

IDadants' Foundation

Is kt»pt for sale by Messrs. T. (t. Newman A Son,
CliicaKo, 111.; C, F. Muth cV Son, (Cincinnati, O.;
Jas. Heddon, Dowasiac, Mich.; F. L. DouKlierly,
Indianapolis, Ind.; ('has. H. (rreen, Waukesha,
Wis.; ('has. Hertel Jr., FreelMirg, 111.; E. S. Arm-
strong, Jerseyville, 111.; K Kretchmer, Coljur^,
'Iowa.; M. J. Dic-kason, Hiawatha, Kans.; Ed R.
NewoomI), Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; J. W. Fortw,
Charlottesville, Va.; J. 1?. Mason it Son, Mechanics
Falls, Me.; Dr. (I, L. Tinker, Few Fliiladelpliia, ().
I). A. Fuller. Clierry Valley, HI.; Jos. Nysewan-
der, Des Moines, Iowa; (i. H. Lewis A: Co., Water-
town, Wis.; P. L. Viallon, Hayou (joula. La.; H.J.
Miller* Co., Nappanee, Ind.; J. Mattoon, Atwa-
ter, O.; (ioodell & Woodworth, M'f'jr Co.. Kock
Falls, 111.; J. A. Uoberts, Ivlgar, Nel).; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; (ieo. E. Hilton, Fre-
mont, Mich.; J. M. Clark >\: Co, 140!) l.'ith St.,
Denver, Cole; E. L. (ioold cV ( 'o., Brantford, Ont.,
Canada; J. N. Heater, Cohimlms. Neb.; O. (1.
Collier, Fairljury. Neb,; (i. K. Hulibard, Fort
Wayne, Ind.; and numerous other dealers.

We fiuarantee Every Inch of our ('omb Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every Rfspect.
Every one wtio l)uys it is plensed with it. \\ rite
us for Free Samples, Price jjist of Bee-Supplies,
and Si)eciiiien Pa^es oi the new

Revised Langstroth Book

EDITION 0£ IS89.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON.

4-8'.t-13t Hamill(m, Hancock Co., 111.

Pleas.' '. I /'M„ nnulKii,.

The Canadian Honey Producer.

If you wisli to see what the best writers liave
to say upon the most important topics, send 40
cents for a year's subscription to "The Canadian
Honey Producer." Or send tiO cts. and receive
this journal (me year and, in the swarming rea-
son, or earlier, a virgin (jueen of entirely ninv,
and carefully selected blood. Stamps taki'ii, ei-
ther U. S. or Canadian. E. L. GOOLD & CO.,

Brantford, Canada.

Fatent riat-Bottom Comli Foundation.

Hinli Side Walls, 4 to 14 square feet
to the i>oiind. Wholesale and lie-
tail. ( 'irculars and Samples free.
J. VAN DKUSEN & SONS,
(sole manufactukers),
SPKOUT BKOOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

Please mention the Reuieui.

1-88-tf.

YOUR SUCCESS IN BEE-KEEPING

DEl'KNDS ALMOST ENTIUELY

ON TriE QUEEN.

SUBSC'UIBK FDU THE

Queen Breeders^ Journal.

E. L. PRATT, Pub.

You will find it of tjreat value to you. Only
,511 cents per year. It is neat, witty, brief, ch^an
and to the point. Articles of interest from
l)ronunent bee-keepers. Samples free. Do it now.

Address Q. B. Journal, Marlboro, Mass.

ELLISON'S

ALL ITALIANS.

C

J\xxie

Etnci

J^fter.

1 Untested queen

7") c

$2.00

ts

'■' " qiu

ens ....

I Tested quee

1

1..50

;i " queei

4.25

Virgin "

.'iO c

ts.

■J and ;i-fraiiie

nuclei.

Special rates

to

dealers. Safe arrival guaranteed.
W. J. ELLISON,
(5 l-9-3t Stateburg, Sumter Co., S. C.

Please mention the Reuieui.

C

2-8<t-12t.

BEE KEEPERS

Should send for my circu-
lar. It describes the best
Hives, the best Cases, the
best Feeders and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. shUcK,

J tics MOINES, KtUA

Please mention the Reuieiv.

Every T I 0 II' True

...►..,„ ihe Success m -«=

SHOULD TRY NAME.

Safe wint<^rer, easy in manipulation, durable,
chcai), and, for lar^e yields of honey, is unsur-
passed.

Sections, Seclioii Cases, Coiiil) Foiiiidatiou,

and all apiarian supplies, at f;reHtly reduced
prices. Send for new circulars,free.
L. H. & W. J. VALENTINE,

(Successors fo S VALENTINE & SONS)
4-S'J-tf HaKcrstown, Wash. Co., Mil.

BEES Q T\OULTRY

EES Xj KOULTRY
EES iX 1 OULTRY

The Canadian Bee- Journal

AND

POULTRY MONTHLY

Is the best papei' extant devoted to these spe-
cialties. Twenty-four pat,'es, WEEKLY, at ffl.co
per year. Jjive, practical, interestins. Nothinf^
st^le in its columns. Specimen copies free. Sub-
scribers jjayiiiK ill advance are entitled to two in-
sertions of a five-line advt.(40 words) in the ex-
change an<l mart column.

THE D. A. JUNES CO.,

Beeton, Out., Canada.

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, AND DADANTS'

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

FOH SALE

A complete Lanf;strf>th hive, in the flat, for
7.5 cts Sections in bushel boxes, $3.00 per M.
Extra nice Foundation; lieavy,_ for brood, 41! cts. ;
thin, for surplus, \s cts. _ Alsike Clover seed.
Shipping Crates, aiKJ all tilings useil in the apiary.
Send for free price list. Direct all orders to
4-89-tf W. D. SOPEK, Box 1473, Jackson, Mich.

124

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

QUALITY Mild worliinansliip unsurpasHed.
\V(" arc i>i-ei>ar('d to fiirnisli bcc-keepi^rt^ witli
supplies promptly, and witli Koods of uniform
excollenro as linretoforc. Our hives all take tlie
Simplicity frame. The "Falcon" chaff hive
and tho " (-liautainiu-i" hive, with DEAD AIU
SPACES, are both ^ivini^ universal satisfaction.
We manufacture a full lino of UEE-KiiEPKiis' sup-
plies, including the

"Falcon" Brand of Foundaiion.

|^?=' We gladly furnish estimates, and solicit
corresiiondeuce. Send for illustrated price list
for 1889, free.

The W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
l-SS-tf Jamestowuf N. Y.

Phase mention the

Reui,

Honey - Extractor,

Square GL»s.s Honey-Jars, Tin Bviokets,

IJee-Hives, Honey-Sections, &c., &c.

Perfection CoUl-lilast Smokers.

Ai)ply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send lO-ceiit stamp for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepers. :2-88-tf.

Leahy's + Foundation,

— WIIOLKSALK AND KETAIL —

My Foundation is recommended by hundreds
of Beo-Keepers, as having no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jordiiie, Ashland, Neb.; Moeller
Manufacturins Co., Davenport, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Son, Cole Brook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. Callaiii & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and othi'rs. 1 will laki' cme lb. Sections in ex-
change for thin Foundaticm f)n reasonable terms.
Special pri(^es to dealers. Send for ( 'atalo«U(^ of
other sui.plies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

l-isytf Hij^K'os^'ll*'' l>lo., liox 1 1.

Please mention the Reuieui.

An Old Bee-Book Revised, and Dadants'

Foundation. See Aiiueiti^,:ment w Another Column.

THE "REVIEW."

The distinctive features of the Bee-Keepees'
Keview are tliat of reviewing current apicultural
literature (pointing out errors and fallacies and
allowing nothing of value to pass unnoticed), and
the making of each issue a "special number " —
one in wliicii some special to] lic is discussed by
the best bee-keepers of the country. If you wish
for the cream of the other journals, already skim-
med and liisheil up, and to learn the views of the
most experienced bee-keepers upon the unsolved,
apicultural problems of the day, read the Review.

Price of the Review, .50 cts. a year. Samples
free. Back numbers can bo furnished.

"The Froduction of M Honey."

Although this neat little book contains only 45
pages, it furnishes as much practical, valuable in-
fonnatiop as is often found in a book of twice its
size. Itis"l)oiled down."

It begins with taking the bees from the cellar
and goes over thc^ ground briefly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is off the hives; touching
upcm the most imj)ortant i)oints; and especially
does it teach when, where and how foundation
can be used to tlm best advantage; when combs
are preferable and when it is more profital)le to
allow the bees to build their own combs. It teUs
how to hive a swarm in an empty brood-nest, and
yet secure more h<mey than when foundation is
used. Price of tlie book, 25 cents.

For t)5 cts. we will send the Review (me year
and "The Production of ('omb Honey." For
$1.00 we will send all the numbers of the Re-
view for the past year (18,SS), the Review for
this year (1889) and the "The Production of ("omb
Honey ;"or. for the same amount (f 1.00), we will
send the Review for two years from Jan. 1st,
1889, and "The Production of Comb Honey."
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich-

My:

21st Annual Catalogue of

Italian, Cyprian and Holy Land Bees,
Queens, Nuclei, Cohmies, and Supplies,
also Eggs for Hatching, can lie Jiad by

sending mo your address.

H. H. BROWN,

6-89-2t Light Street, Col. Co. Pa.

NEW YORK. FOREIGN ORDERS SOLICITED. NEW JERSEY.

EASTEEN * DEPOT

(Bees.) FOR {Queens.}

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers,

Exclusive Manufacturer of the

Stanley Automatic Honey-Extractor.

DAUAHTS FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BASSWOOD SECTIONS.

One-Piece, Dovetail, or to nail. Any (^uan- '
tity, any size. Complete machinery- hnest
work. Send for Handsome Illustrated Cata-
logue, Free.

E. R. NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y

Please mention the Review.

MASS.

CONN.

3-Sfi-tf.

Efir ^

VOL. II,

FLIIT, MICHMN. AUHUST 10. 1889.

NO.

Inability to Foretell Honey Flows is the

"Snag" in Migratory Bee-Keeping :

Seek, Instead, a Location of

Many Resources.

U. L. TAYTjOU.

ITr IS WELL KNOWN tiuit iiie lioney
^fl) ll(jw at a yiveii time often varies greatly
(jjLj wiLliiu a tew miles, caused no doubt, by
dillereuces in tiie ruiu fall, in the soil,
and perliaps by differences in the atmos-
pliei-e. Only last fall, my south apiary t^ath-
ered iiothiu>,% uiy home apiary gathered, on
an average, half eiiou^di for winter ^stores,
wliile, in one case I know of twenty miles
north, one colony and what were nine nuclei
in July gathered more tiian 1,(KHI jiounds
and increased to forty colonies well sujiplied
with winter stores. \Vithout question, had 1
distributed lUO colonies in that locality in
•) uly 1 would liave obtained l.'ijCKH) pounds of
suri)lus honey and doubled the number of
culouib,s. But 1 didn't know it vntil flic sea-
nan was over. This is a case that exhibits
the advantage which " hindsight " has over
foresiyiit. And my want of foresight was
double : 1 could not say beforehand but the
home apiary would yield well and the other
nothing. 1 could have made $1,(KX) clear by
moving 1(X) colonies tliere last year, but I
might expend ^200 each year for the next
five years in moving bees back and forth
and tiud at the end of that time that I could
have o.btained more honey if I had not mov-
ed them at al). This, I admit, is not likely,
as the advantages of that locality for a fall
crop are so much greater tlian this, but it is
passible.

What a bonanza we would have in bee-
keei)ing if we were gifted with perfect fore-
sitiht ! But we have it not. and that fact
discloses the chief objections that present
themselve.'? to the policy of " Migratory-Bee-
Keeping." The wiiole atmosphere of the
matter is thick with inscrutable risks. Is
tliere at present such a lack of the element
of cliance in the business that we may prop-
erly temi)t fortune further? Basswood is in
bloom but ten days at most, and only once in
three or four years does it yield bountifully,
and what the result of any day, not to say
season, is to be, no one can tell until he has
weighed the product. The season of fall
flowers is longer, and one may perhaps make
a better guess as to what ' the crop wSU be,

but tlie weather is capricious, and the bright-
est promises of August may be blasted long
before ( )ctoljer.

Then, again, of late, many liave been in-
sisting upon tJie necessity of reducing the
cost of producing honey, and bee-keepers
have generally agreed upon this point, but
migratory bee-keeping, I cannot doubt,
would be a long step in the opposite direc-
tion. Besides, it would be very laborious,
and the labor altogether uninviting.

Is there not a better way? ( )nly those bee-
keepers who are specialists could think of
moving bees to seek new and better pastur-
age, and such are free to select for homes
those localities which combine the advanta-
ges of all the sources from which honey is
obtained, at least this is true in Michigan.
The lesson to be learned is, look u-ell to the
Jield tiefore inakiiKj it j/ours peniuoiejithj.

Though tliere may be exceptional cases in
which bees may be moved to better pas-
tures with reasonable prospects of profit, I
am compelled to believe that, as a general
rule, it would be found vexatious and profit-
less.

Lapeek, Mich., -July 21), 1889.

No Profit in Moving Bees Long Distances, or
Up the Mississippi.

O. M. BliANTON.

^TTH THE present low prices of
honey, migratory bee-keeping
will scarcely pay. At long dis-
tances, either by railroad or wag-
on, it will be too expensive. For thirty or
forty miles, as practiced by Messrs. Dadants,
it may be profitable, but a bee-keeper must
be perfectly equiped with suitable frames on
his wagon for carrying twenty-five to thirty
colonies, tents and other outfits. There is so
little profit in it that I would not advise a
Northern bee-keeper to try it unless it be
for short distau'ces.

In our country, where bees are wintered
in the open air, it is easy to find some per-
manent location with neighbors. Our roads
are so bad in spring that moving bees would
be very troublesome and expensive. I prac-
ticed the plan two years, then abandoned it.
I now have my bees in two permanent apia-
ries.

Bee-keeping by water will not pay in this
country, as was fully demonstrated by Mr.
Ferrine. He admitted to me that he lost

126

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

$15,000 by his experiment. It is impossible
to keep up with the season on a river How-
ing soutli like the Mississippi ; besides, im-
mense (quantities of bees are lost by drown-
ing, and some are left when changing loca-
tions, by being l)elatf'd over niglit in the
woods and fields.

I would advise migratory bee-keeping only
for sliort distances ; and then there ouglit to
be excellent outfits, and good roads to travel.

Greenville, Miss., .Tnly 2(1, 1SS<».

Accompanying the foregoing was a little
note lieaded : —

ASIDE.

For the last six weeks we have had a large
flow of honey, and, if I could have given the
business my personal attention, I would
have secured a heavy crop. As it is, I liavo
shij)ped thirty-six barrels (S.W ll)s. net, each)
of Cypress honey, and S(X) pounds of wax :
having melted many of my old combs.

(). M. B.

If the Conditions are Right, Moving Bees to
Other Localities may be Profitable.

JAMES HEDDON.

Ms YOU ask for thoughts from bee-
keepers who have had no personal ex-
perience , I will write as one of that
class. You see, .here, we have the
spring, summer and fall honey crops, and
we would hardly know what to move for,
and as for the difference in climatic in-
fluences, rainfall, etc., we never can tell
where the same blossoms are going to yield
best with any degree of certainty. From my
twenty-one years experience, had I the
power to fix the weather during the bass-
wood bloom of 1887 and 1888 I would not
have made it different from what it was, and
yet we did not get half a crop, and why 'i

Well, I do not know. The nectar yielding
principle is to deep for me. I frankly ad-
mit that I do not understand it. I have con-
cluded to prophesy like Josh Billing's hen ;
that is, do my cackling after the things come
to pass, in regard to good honey yields.

Before C. O. Perrine took his fatal Missis-
sippi river, migratory, honey producing ex-
ploit, he came down and spent four days
with me, testing comb foundation ( he then
having the oidy foundation machine in the
world) and talking over his chances. I ad-
vised him not to undertake it. I told hini I
did not thing he could compete with the fel-
low who stayed in one place and ran on the
cheapjbasis. He lost over .$1.'),0(K) and met
witii nearly all the mishaps that I predicted,
and some that I did not think of. But that
is not here nor there with the kind of migra-
tory bee-keeping you refer to, and I will say
that I believe that if hives are made right
and things otherwise fitted for the moving
of bees to certain pasture fields that do not
exist near them, that there are many
locations wherein it will pay, and pay largely.
So far as I know, I was the first to adopt
the hay-rack with the one-fourth load of hay

on, upon which you can place thirty or
forty hives with a rope around the whole
and then over all, fastening tiiem in position.
< )f course the readily movable iiive such as
you mention, and, let me add, witli fixed
frames, is almost a necessity. Perhajjs
when this system is fairly inaugurated, it
would pay to have colonies on scales in dif-
ferent pai-ts of the adjoining country with
so7ne one to let us know when a shower had
struck.

Yes, you are riglit, this is a more promis-
ing field for experiment than planting for
honey. I feel like cautioning all l)ee-keepers
against planting for honey except under the
following conditions : First, that they be
sure to plant something tougli and self sus-
taining, oidy recpiiring a few seeds scattered
here and thei-e to give it foothold, when they
can let it run and it will run in instead of
out. At the same time it must not be a nox-
ious weed like a thistle or anything that
will injure cultivated fields.

Now, another important matter is that yon
do your planting very secretly. Not be-
cause the plants are going to hurt anybody,
but they will almost surely stimulate some
" critter " near you to go to keeping bees,
for he will fancy that all the honey you get
comes fi'om these sown seeds.

Well, you see I have given my opinion
but cannot make much of an article because
I cannot speak from experience. Before I
close, however. I wish to say a few words
about the subject you touch in your first ed-
itorial of last issue. I have had precisely
the same experience as has •' Th.at Pittsfield
Smith." I have found that very many of
my customers are readers of the Review,
and they are of a different class from many
who see my advertisement in other papers.
We have a class of customers which we call
the "baby" class. They do not seem to
comprehend rational commerce, but want
everything, and that too without giving any-
thing like an equivalent. We have never
had one of this class from the Review that
we know of. As young bee-keepers grow
older, the Review list will become larger.

DowAGiAc, Mich., July Ih, 188!).

Moving Bees to Basswood and Fall Flowers-
It Pays in Good Seasons.
L. o. whiting.

Roving bees to new pastures to
V) take advantage of the flow of honey
has been i)racticed here to some ex-
tent. It has in it many points of
success, and some exactly the reverse. We
have about this town a large yield of white
clover honey tluit is much in excess of that
l^roduced on lately cleared land. Bass-
wood trees have disappeared, and the fall
flow is of small account. If we take off' all
sections and extract the clover honey from
the body of the hive, then take bees to the
basswood forest cat the right time, our hives
will be as full in eight or ten days as before,
and about as much comb honey secured as
we could have had witliout extracting.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

121

If the bas.swood locution is favorable for
fall flowers, the bees may remain where they
are. Take off all sections suitable to crate,
and extract tlie iiartly filled ones. Extract
from the body of the hive but not as clean
as at first, as usually a few days or weeks i^ass
before the fall flow commences. Extracting
from the body of the hive gives the queen a
chance to lay, and there will be a large force
of workers to close up the season.

The fall flow often yields as much section
honey as clover and basswood combined.
The colonies become very populous and do
an immense amount of work, and they
must have room or tliey will fill the hive
and then refuse to do any more work for the
season. This programme is only for a favor-
able season. If the season is poor, and the
location a fair one, it is better to make no
change.

Some objections to this migratory system
ought to be considered. To take advantage
of the last flow of honey, the bees must be
left on the ranch until (juite late in the fall.
The work of preparing ihe hoi.ey for market
may so absorb the bee-keeper's attention
that the bees will be left until too late before
moving them to winter (lujirters ; and when
moved late, they do not winter so well. ( )ne
year, when practicing this migratory plan,
thirty colonies were brought home early,
and every one lived through the winter. A
month later, thirty more were brought in;
cold weather came on immediately, and they
had no chance to fiy until -January. Every
one of tliese late-moved colonies died before
spring. The sixty colonies were all packed
alike out of doors. Some bees from the
same j'ard were placed in a cellar and they
wintered poorly.

We have nmch less trouble in wintering
since giving up this migratory system. Some
might say there is too 311 nch work about tltis
method. If work brings honey, the honey
will bring money, and that is what we keep
bees for.

If the bees could be wintered at the fall
location it would suit me. The liives are
likely to be very heavy in the fall, wilh too
many bees to carry safely.

East Saginaw, Mich. July 21, 188ii.

Locations Differ and Change — Two Mammoth
Migratory Exploits, with Widely Differ-
ing Results — A tip top Article.

E. T. FLANAGAN.

, Y!()T L( )NG after I had taken the "bee
fever" "right bad" I increased my
bees to such an extent that I found
my locality overstocked. I took
down the county map, which gave all the
land in cultivation in ilistinction from the
uncultivated, and selected a part where there
were several snuiU lakes and considerable
bluff laud. I took the cars and visited the
locality, and found considerable land in pas-
ture and al)Ounding in white clover. I se-
cured from a worthy family the privilege of
keeping my bees in their orchard, and mov-
ed thirty-two colonies there. The result was

that I secured over .'jj.'iOO pounds of comb
honey, considerable extracted honey and in-
creased my bees to seventy colonies in good
condition for winter. I kept bees there sev-
eral years, with results exceeding those of
the home-apiary : and I would yet have bees
there were it not that localities may change
i)i honey production. The lakes have been
drained and the white clover pastures turned
into cabbage and })otato fields. The apiary
ceased to furnish surplus, and I moved the
bees away.

Shortly after the removal of the bees, as
given above, I went South, and, in connec-
tion with another party, purchased 100 col-
onies of bees near New ( )rleans. The pur-
chase was made early in February, and, by
the 15th of the same month, they began to
swarm. As increase was my object, I en-
couraged it : and, by April 2,5th, we had 300
strong colonies, eighty, good three-frame
nuclei with laying queens. 200 pounds of
beeswax, and 2„')00 pounds of extracted,
white clover honey. The bees were then put
on board a steamboat and taken in safety to
East St. Louis, where the greater part was
sold at once and the rest put in four different
apiaries where they did well.

Our success encouraged us to further effort.
We reasoned that, if we did so well with 100
colonies, why not with four times that num-
ber? So preparations were made, cars pro-
cured and an able bee-keeper, who has writ-
ten considerably for the papers, put in
charge. Our plan was to start from East
St. Louis the last of September after the fall
crop was secured, go direct to our old apiary
near New (Jrleans. where unbounded fall
forage would enable the bees to get a large
surplus, keep them strong through the short
winter by stimulative feeding, secure a large
crop from willow and white ciover in the
spring, then, late in April, take the bees to
our home apiaries in Illinois. From there,
as soon as the white clover season was over
(June 20), we would take them to the white
clover region of northern Illinois and to the
basswood regions of Michigan. After the
white clover and basswood season of the
North was over, the bees were to be brought
back to our home apiaries in Illinois for a
heavy fall crop, then South again, if all went
well. Quite an extensive programme, wasn't
it? I may, sometime in the future, give all
the reasons why it was not a grand success,
but I will say hero that the plan was, in a
great measure, carried out ; and, but for un-
foreseen, and, at the time, unavoidable ob-
stacles and accidents, it would have proved
as profitaljle as the venture of the previous
year. I will say further, that one reason
why it was not the success it might have
been, was the poor season. Not enough
honey was secured at New Orleans to keep
the bees alive, and barrels of sugar were fed.
The season in northern Illinois was nearly a
failure, and, in Michigan, where we sent a
car load of bees, white clover and basswood
failed entirely. In the fall we secured only
half a crop at the Illinois apiaries.

Do I think migratory bee-keeping can be
made a success'.' Yes, and no. Yes, if the
conditions are all favorable, and the right
man takes hold of it and manages it in the

128

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

right way, it may be made a (jrand success.
No, if couditious and seasons are unfavor-
able and one of no experience attempts it.

Would I advise any one to attempt it
again? That depends. I feel sure that some
man of pluck, energy and ability, one who
dearly loves his chosen pursuit and is will-
ing to endure hard-ship and privation, and to
risk the loss of consideral>le money in case
of failure, will yet some day undertake it
and make of it a ivondcrful success.

Upon reading again your "migratory"
editorial, I was struck with the force of your
remarks as illustrated here last season. The
very dry weather of the previous year had
killed all the white clover and nearly all the
red clover. Some localities were favored
with good showers, and there the red clover
revived. Here at my home apiary there was
scarcely an acre of red clover within
range. Six miles east it was quite plentiful,
and one bee-keeper having some thirty colo-
nies took eighty pounds of comb honey per
colony and had his hives well tilled for win-
ter. Directly west of me, about the same
distance, .another bee-keeper with forty col-
onies secured nearly ninety pounds per colo-
ny. My knowlede of these localities is such
that I know the grearter part of the surplus
came from the second crop of red clover.
Now, had I been prepared to move my bees
quickly and safely to tlie above places, I too
might have had an excellent harvest. The
distance was trilling, the roads good, and a
place to keep the bees easily obtained.

I now have an out-apiary of 100 colonies,
and am making preparations for starting
two more to which I exi)ectto move my bees
in a short time for the fall crop.

Belleville, 111., July 25, 1889.

The "Wandering" Bee-Keepers of Germany;

Some "Well Considered Views Upon

Migratory Bee-Keeping.

L. STAOHELHAUSEN.

jHE EARIiDOM of Luenburg Prov-
fsp ince, Hannover, Germany, is a sandy
plain, buckwheat being about the only
crop grown. The rest of the plain is
covered with heather, upon which rough-
haired sheep barely keep themselves from
starving. This is the country where bee-
keeping is an occupation, and a well i)aying
one too, and has been for hundreds of years.
In the spring, the heather bee-keeper moves
his apiary of i")0 to 100 hives to rich, alluvial,
bottom lands along the rivers. Here they
get honey from fruit blossoms, clover, etc.,
and the colonies increase to 200 or .'500.
About the first of July, the bee-keeper wan-
ders back to his home, where the buckwheat
is l)eginning to blossom. After buckwheat,
hi'ather gives a good How until late in the
fall. The bee-keeper whose home is on the
bottom lands, moves his bees, the first of
July, to the heather, then home again late in
the fall after the buckwheat and heather
honey flow has .ceased.

For this transportation, the old straw
skep is an excellent hive, and is mostly used.
Does it pay? Surely it does to the heather

bee-keeper. His crops of honey are counted
by the tons, while bee-keepers with all the
better appliances, such as movable frames,
extractors, etc., in other localities, count
theirs liy the pounds. He is conservative in
adopting movable frame hives, because his
hive and its management give him more
profit than the movable frames and their
management, without wandering. Only Mr.
Gravenhorst's hive is suitable for wandering,
and it is gaining friends more and more
among these bee-keepers.

By the experiments made in this country,
I think migratory bee-keeping can be made
profitable if the bees are moved from a lo-
cality having spring flowers only, to one
abounding in fall flowers, the moving being
done after the first flow has closed. A dift-
erence in rain fall sometimes causes quite a
difference in the honey flow of the same
kind of blossoms, but I scarcely think ihe
moving of bees will pay in this case. By the
time we have found out where the better
honey flow is, and made preparations for
moving, the best of it may be passed ; and
then an unexpected shower in our own local-
ity may start a better flow, and we would be
obliged to move back at once. We are de-
pendent upon the weather in all localities.

Migratory bee-keeping may be recom-
mended if we can secure a honey flow in the
new locality at a time when none would Le
gathered in the home apiary. In some
years, unfavorable weather, or other circum-
stances, may cause a failure, but, in other
years, it will pay twice. The distance and
number of colonies to be moved must also
be considered. It is clear that the transpor-
tation of a few colonies to a far distant pas-
ture would be unprofltable. In short, tlie
whole matter re([uires the right manage-
ment and calculation, the same as any other
business.

One difficulty is the loss and expense of
moving. For this i)urpose we need a hive
of special construction. The Langstroth is
not a good hive for this purpose. It requires
too much preparation, such as fastening
frames, clos-ing up the top and entrance. If
we take a straw skep, for instance, it may be
turned up side down , a cloth tied over the
opening, then set on the wagon, and all is
done. A movable comb hive for this pur
pose, ought to be as easily and quickly pre-
pa red.

It would be foolish to bring newly gather-
ed honey to the new location where we
expect another crop, hence the old heather
bee-keeper utilizes the early flow to increase
his apiary as much as possible, depending
upon buckwlieat and heather for the main
crop, and he gets a big fcrce of workers just
before they bloom.

With movable frame hives, we can easily
take ott' the supers for transi>ortion, and
give new empty ones in the new location.
The whole management must nect s ai ily be
ditferent. Very correctly, iMr. Doolittle says
that all depends upon having our force of
workers at the right time : and a colony that
has gathered a big crop of honey (say in
May and June) is not generally in condition
to do the best work in a second crop in .luly
and August or later. The queens of such

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

129

colouies are exhausted lor the season, and
their cohjnies come to the fall harvest in
injor c'uiulition, and also inclined to swarin
as soon as honey comes in. There are differ-
ent ways of overcoming' this, but it would
be easier to write a book u{ion mit^ratory
bee-keei)iny than to give, in one short arti-
cle, the most important points. I will add,
however, that, for a good, short and early
How, a colony ought to be as strong as pos-
sible, that is, have a large brood chamber, yet
I would prefer a smaller hive and a medium
colony for migratory bee-keeping. This for
two reasons: a strong colony is more likely
to be killed by transportation, and the queen
is more exhausted.

Sklma, Texas,

July 25, 18iSy.

Good Eeturns for Moving Bees to Fall
Pasture.

SCHLIOHTEB BKOS. <fc CO.

';j VST YEAR, on the 25th of August, we
moved twenty colonies, six miles, to a
locality near a largte swamp, where
they had access to acres of boneset,
golden rod, tireweed, etc. (Jn the 2'lth of
September, we had taken from those twenty
colonies about 1,.500 pounds of nice comb
honey : while forty-niue colonies at home
stored only about 4(X) pounds of comb honey
and ;)(M) of extracted.

^\'e moved the bees on a lumber wagon
having patent springs under the box. This
year we intend to move them on a hay rack
covered with straw. Two months ago we
moved V'O colonies this way twenty miles,
with good success. "We are going to move
sixty strong colonies, eight miles, in a few
days, to where they will have access to acres
of excellent pasture until frost,

Bkown City, Mich., Aug. 5, 1S8'J.

Migratory Bee-Keeping Correct in Principle- ;
Several Fine Points Considered.

JAS. A. GKEEN.

If'' VVTSH my experience with the topic for
5^ ) this issue were eijuid to my iiilerest in
,JLj it. I consider it a very promising lield
for investigation. Undoubtedly it is
correct in principle, and there arc often
times when the honey crop would be greatly
iacreased by a timely removal to bettor pas-
ture. ^\'e all know that the tiora of a coun-
try differs widely within a few miles, For-
est, prairie, river bottom, upland and low
latid, cultivated lields and grazing land, offer
wide vari;itions, not only in the varieties of
lioney producing plants, but in the condi-
tions under Vv'hich they secrete nectar.
Practical experience contirras the supi)osi-
tion that the honey crop of these various lo-
calities will vary in proportion. Bee-keep-
ers carrying on out-apiaries have frequently
given testimony to the fact that apiaries less
than ten miles from each other, vary widely
in both the quantity and quality of the hon-
ey gathered. Under these circumstances,
does it not seem highly irrational and un-

wise for tlie bee-keeper to leave his bees
where they are but making a bare living, or
perhaps less, when but a few hours labor
would take them to a region of plenty ? I be-
lieve the apiarists of Europe are somewhat
in advance of us in this respect, as we read
that, in some places, it is a very common
thing to move bees from one locality to an-
other to take advantage of a honey flow.

There is not such an inducement for me
to hunt up new pasture for my bees as there
is for some bee-keepers I know, as, in this
locality, we are blessed with a variety of the
best honey plants. Yet, 1 am by no means
certain that it would not pay me to move
my bees for this purpose. To begin with,
this is not a very good locality early in the
spring, or else it is badly overstocked with
the bees I keep. Every spring I find that
bees not over four miles away are, getting
more honey and building up faster than
mine. As this is a critical time and much of
the« season's success depends upon brood
rearing being pushed to the utmost, would
it not pay me to scatter my bees out in de-
tachments during this season, where fruit
trees, willows, etc. are abundant? The ob-
jection is the bad roads we usually have at
this time of the year, making hauling and ^
visiting diiKcult.

It might pay me to move to bass wood.
This tree is almost exterminated in my ini-
mediate vicinity, though abundant ten or
twelve miles away. An out-apiary will help,
next year, to settle this question. The abun-
dance of sweet clover in my neighborhood,
which yields honey immediately after bass-
wood, has perhaps delayed action in this di-
rection heretofore.

Basswood and autumn flowers are proba-
bly the sources of honey to which it will best
pay to move bees. In central Illinois, we
usually have a good flow of honey in the fall.
The best yield of honey I ever knew, came
from heartsease in September ; yet bee-
keepers living only sixty miles away (how
much less I don't know) got no honey at all
from this source, and very little of any kind
at tins time.

Would it pay for us Illinois bee-keepers to
go up into Wisconsin to help the bee-keepers
there in gathering the basswood honey, and,
in i-eturn, invite them down here to help us
take care of the crop from heartsease?

An apiary may be so arranged as to be very
quickly aud easily prepared for transporta-
tion, and the exi)ense of moving, loss in-
cluded, need not be great.

If there is any time in the summer when
your bees are usually doing nothing, look
about you and see if you cannot find some
place within reach where there is honey to
be gathered at that time. Make yourself
familiar with the sources of honey in all ea-
sily accessible places, together with the time
they may be expected to yield. This done,
you are in a position to make the most of
your bees.

As to the more local and unexpected
" honey showers," that seem likely to hap-
pen in almost any locality, they are a little
more difficult to manage. Those whose
neighborhoods are diversified as to soil, ele
vation, etc., might find it profitable to mak

130

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

frequent inspection of experimentHl colonies
situated in varyiuy locations. In this con-
nection, somethiuy might be done by cor-
respondence.

The problem is an enticing one. I believe
its solution will prove valuable. Who will
work it out ?

Dayton, 111., July 27, 188<).

The Outs and Ins of Migratory Bee-Keeping,
As Given by a Veteran.

BYKON WALKEB.

f^Y LIFE as a bee-keeper began with
f) the moving of twenty colonies of
y bees by boat from Toledo, ( >hio, to
Port Huron, Michigan : from there
by rail to Capac ; and thence by wagon four
miles north. They gave me a surplus of
KK) pounds per colony, mostly extracted, be-
sides having abundant winter stores. I do
not recall the amount of increase. It will
be in order to mention, right here, that I se-
cvired one result not aimed at by their remo-
val: viz., the complete destruction, by dys-
entery, of every colony put into winter quar-
ters { packed in chatt ) ; caused, I believe, by
too much boueset and other fall honey for
winter stores. No doubt the bees would
have wintered better if they had been left at
Toledo.

From that time until now, scarcely a sea-
son has passed without the moving of a por-
tion of my bees to one or more different lo-
cations ; and, while it has frequently paid
well, occasionally, on account of unfavor-
able weather, or a lack of careful inspection
of the soui'ces from which a yield was ex-
pected, the results have not been all that
could be desired.

The chief drawback with which I have had
to contend is the poor wintering quality of
the honey likely to be secured from fall
flowers. ( )nly last season, I located two api-
aries of about twenty colonies each. ( )iie
was placed about four miles distant, where
raspberries and clover, with the aid of buck-
wheat, allowed strong colonies to store 10()
pounds of surplus comb honey, besides some
extracted. The other, three miles in anotlier
direction, secured (partly from basswood,
but chiefly from fall liowers) an equal
amount of coml) honey and twenty pounds
extracted per colony. The one lot, wintered
upon the summer stands, with only ordinary
protection, came througli in perfect condi-
tion : while the others, which were moved
home and given special protection (high
winel-breaks, etc. ) in addition to chaff
packiug, were in poor shajje to take the har-
vest when clover bloomed ; in fact, several
colonies would have been lost had they not
been united with others more forward. Had
the winter been more severe, doubtless the
disparity between the two lots would have
been far more marked. The only practical
remedy, or rather preventative, that I know
of, has been hinted at in a former article.
In fact, I may mention, in passing, tliat the
last lot mentioned were part of 100 colonies
bought in Arkansas to repair the loss, from

this cause, of the previous winter. They
(brood and all) were shipped to Capac in
light cages, after having stored, in Arkansas,
some 2,000 pounds of extracted honey. _ At
Capac, several colonies stored nearly fifty
pounds each, extracted, before their removal
to the out yard.

^\'heu the number of colonies moved to
one locality is not large, and surplus is the
chief object, it pays best, other things being
etpial, to run for extracted honey : having
the queens clipped, and visiting the yartl
only as often as may be necessary to extract
to prevent swarming. A large immber run
for comb honey, requires almost constant
attention, and the board and wages of a
competent apiarist is the chief factor of ex-
pense.

Before leaving this branch of our sub-
ject, I will say that the yields mentioned
in connection with the two contrasted api-
aries, were not uncommon with us before
our neighborhood became overstocked : and,
subseiiuently, a removal of five miles not in-
frequently would secure like results,

Wauziska, Wis., Aug. 1, 188!).

It will be seen that our enterprising friend
is yet in Wisconsin, whence he migrated,
with an apiary, from Tennesee. We wish lie
had told us about fliis year's operations —
perhaps he will when the season is over.

Latee — We thought the above article
closed rather abruptly, but there was no in-
timation that more was to follow. However,
just as we were "making up " the "forms,"
another " installment" came to hand, giv-
ing, among other things, a very interesting
account of this year's operations — just what
we wanted — which, very reluctantly, we are
now obliged to lay aside until next mouth.

Loss of Brood the Great Obstacle in Follow-
ing up the Season.

T. F. BINGHAM.

1^W$ HF FACT that the queen will cease to
r^\n lay, and the nurse bees remove all tlte
J»^ small larvae within a few hours, at
least within one or more days, from
embarkation, jjlaces tlio i>roIitable jiroduc-
tion of lioney by moving to fields that are
later, on account of difference in lafitude, be-
yond the bee-keepers' control.

It must bo borne in mind that while de-
grees of latitude figure to a certain extent iti
the advancement of seasons, they do not
count so much in the cimdiiions favoring the
secretion of honey. In Tennesee, spring and
autumn are long and cool. In the North, au-
tumn and spring are short. Almost within
a week the i)ollen bearing trees bloom — then
summer comes swiftly on. Clover blooms,
and .sfoiu.'H'*- conditions favor honey secre-
tion. The same is true of Linn : it is a sum-
mer bloomer in all latitudes. The idea I
wish to convey is this : the difference of time
in the honey seci-eting season of our best

THE BEE-KE'EPERS' REVIEW.

131

honey plants does not allow of the raising of
bees to gather the honey from them after the
yield in any other latitude has been secured.
If then, only old bees and sealed brood can be
transpoi-ted to the coveted fields, the ship-
ment must be very well and accurately man-
aged, else, just as llie llow comes on, only a
few old bees, with a hive more or less lilled
with immature brood, are left to gather the
harvest.

Many bee-keepers will, of course, flatter
themselves that the absence of water, or too
much heat, or whatever destroys the brood,
may be overcome. Well, suppose they can,
another factor comes to the front. Can
honey be produced by such expensive meth-
ods and sold so as to leave a fair margin?
The uncertainty of })loom, the precarious-
ness of the weather, the close margins, all
tend to show that.with minor details omitted,
the migratory management of bees for hon-
ey alone offers little reasonable reward.

Abkonia, Mich., Aug. 2, 1889.

A Criticism of the Latest Bee Books — How
Many Frames Shall be ,TJsed in a Hive.

II. SAWYEK.

5 HERE is scarcely a day that I don't
wish for information upon some point
that I can't get in " Root's ABC of
Bee Culture," written with the express
purpose of i)ersuading me to buy something,
and very careful not to give information
that would enable me to help myself. Then
there is Heddon's "Success." Perhaps it is
a success for him, but it isn't for me. Al-
ley's "Handy Book" is a story half told.
Then there is your book, and Foster's and
Miller's, and Simmin's, and now last, but
by far the best, Dadant's. None of them
have enabled me to decide the following :
Suppose at the first appearance of clover
blossoms, some ten days before the general
crop ; I have 1,(KX) combs well covered with
bees, and tilled with brood, and I am possess-
ed of plenty of gootl iiueens, and wish to
I'aise comb honey, shall I put four combs
into one hive, or shall 1 give twelve to one
queen, or is the proper number somewhere
between these extremes, and, if so, where V
If I am to raise extracted honey, what is the
number of combs to use in the brood nest ?
This year my smallest colonies have given
me the best satisfaction in raising comb
honey.
Burlington, Iowa, July 11, 1889.

Friend Sawyer, no one, perhaps, has criti-
cised Brother Root more vigorously than we
have done, but, in this particular instance,
we are going pick up hammer and tongs in
his defense. While we do not agree with all
of the teachings contained in the A B C of
Bee Culture, we regard it as one of the most
consistent books ever written. Instead of be-
wildering the beginner with a thousand and
one descriptions of different hives, " traps
and calamities," its author sticks to one

hive, one system, and one everything else
down through to the last chapter. And,
while they may not be the best, they hang
together ; each i)art fits the other ; and if
Mr. Root can furnish these things cheaper
than the reader can make them, said reader
ought to be thankful. We think many of
the accusations of " axe grinding " are un-
just. A man doesn't always think an arti-
cle is best because he adopted it ; rather
he adopted it because he thought it best.
We don't wish to be understood as saying
that the ABC mentions only one hive or sys-
tem, but that the reader who follows the in-
structions given will never find himself in a
muddle by having adopted the parts of two
opposing systems. The same can be said of
Mr. Heddon's book, and ive have found the
methods therein described a most decided
success. We are glad to see our friend
speak a good word for Dadant's book, but
we notice that its teachings (large brood
nests) are somewliat at variance with his ex-
perience for the present year.

Friend S., if you have read all the books
you mentioned, and the Review for the pre-
sent year without being able to decide upon
the proper size for the brood nest, we doubt
if we can help you. We will give, however,
a recapitulation of our views on the subject.
The brood nest ought to be of such size that
an ordinarily prolific queen can fill it with
brood in the spring of the year. At the be-
ginning of the main harvest, the brood nest
ought to be full of brood, then the honey
must be carried into the supers. If the
queen be given too many combs, even
though they be " full of brood and covered
with bees " at the beginning of the honey
harvest, she cannot keep them full of brood;
and, as the bees liatch out, the cells will be
filled with honey that would otherwise have
gone into the sections ; and the result is that
fifteen, twenty, or twenty-five pounds of
choice honey is stored where its value is de-
preciated one-half. Combs of honey hang-
ing undisturbed at the side of the brood
nest from one year's end to t4ie other, are so
much dead capital. They are pretty expen-
sive "dummies." In raising extracted
honey, the size of the brood nest is not of so
great importance, as we can get the honey
out of it ; but how much more convenient
to have the brood in one compartment and
the surplus in another. Only recently, in a
plea for large brood nests, we came across
the following : " If I had a queen that

i32

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

would not fill seven Langstroth frames with
brood in twenty-one days, I would exchange
her for a better one." Almost involuntarily
came the exclamation : "If we used a hive
so large that an ordinarily prolific queen
could not fill it with brood at the proper
time, we would exchange it for a smaller one."
No one advocates large hives without bring-
ing forward as an argument that colonies in
such hives store the most honey. Well,
suppose they do. Doesn't it take more and
higher-priced lumber to build them, and
more combs to fill them, and a longer time
to extract the honey from them ? Where is
the gain ? Attempting to secure the larg-
est yield per colouy, is the narrowest kind of
bee-keeping, and will never lead to perfect
success. We must endeavor to so employ
our labor and capital as to secure the great-
est profit, irrespective of the yield per
colo7iy. The largest yield per colony and
the greatest i^rofit are not always found in
the same apiary. A specific answer to our
correspondent's hypothetical question would
be, give each queen combs equal in quantity
to about eight Langstroth combs.

Wide Top Bars vs. Honey Boards.

Sheffield. 111., July 8, 1889.

Fkiend H. — If I remember aright there
was, some time ago, a few words in the bee
papers as to discarding honey boards, or
something to that effect.

Some seem to think that we can't get
along without them, but I have found that
we can, and that they are a waste of money ;
besides, it is a sticky job tearing them off
every time the hives are opened.

I have been trying for two summers to
discard them, to have nothing, between the
brood frames and sections and yet not have
brace combs built against the sections, and
I've got it.

I have one hundred hives in use this sum-
mer without the honey board, and not a sin-
gle piece of brace comb in one of them.

I never had any pleasure handling bees be-
fore. A hive can be looked through in half
the time, and every thing will be as neat as a
painted floor.

If this will be of any benefit to the readers
of the Review I will give directions.

Yours truly, A. L. Kildow.

In reply to the above we said : "Certainly,
friend K., if the honey board can be dis-
pensed with, let us know about it by all
means." Here is his response: —

Sheffield, 111., July 14, 188!).

Fbiend H.: — Your card at hand. I am
using a hive that holds eight frames, 17x9 V^,
my frame is made of ''« stuff, except the top
bar, which is made 1)4 wide by }.^ thick,

leaving a 8-ir. space for the bees to come
up through ; which is as near a queen ex-
cluder as is perforated zinc.

My gauge was misplaced when I was saw-
ing one day, and some of the top bars were
cut nearly an inch wide. In using this kind
of a frame, and hive. 1 have done away with
the honey board for tv/o years. Last year I
did not know how they would work. It did
not take long to find out, but I had all my
frames made then. This year I made all my
frames as above, and have been scolding my-
self for not seeing it long ago, and that
some of these old bee-keepers haven't drop-
ped on to it long ago.

A. L. KiLDOW.

Bro. K., let us state a little experience of
ours " along this same line," as Bro. Doo-
little says. Years ago, when we first began
hiving swarms on foundation, or upon
starters only, and transferring the supers
from the old hive to the new, we had trouble
by the queens entering and occupying the
partly finished sections. To remedy this we
set about making some queen excluding
honey boards. The first step was to move
the slats in the Heddon honey board so
close together (.^)-32) as to make them queen
excluding. To lessen the likelihood of
trouble by the slats shrinking and swelling
we made them narrower {°4) and had them
planed smooth, and then painted them. As
queen excluders they were a success ; but
the end of the second season found the
spaces plugged so full of wax, not propolis,
but Jiard wux, that they were thrown aside.
W' e cleaned a few by pouring boiling water
upon them, but it was too fussy. We then
tried making queen excluding honey boards
by perforating thin board (;5-16) with a rt-'.V2
saw. These worked better, simply because
they were only one-half as thick as the slat
honey board. We still have some of these
perforated wood honey boards in use, but
they require cleaning once a year. Being so
thin, the accumulations of wax can be taken
out with a nail fastened into a handle. We
do not doubt that wide, deep top bars will
largely prevent the building of brace combs
above them, but, if the bees behave with
these as they did with us when the slats of
the honey board was placed close together,
what things these frames would be to han-
dle! They would be stuck together from one
end to the other, and the lateral movement
entirely destroyed. We believe that the
older editions of Langstroth's book gave
1 '„ as the width of top bar. Mr. Heddon
used them tliat width three or four years,
then began to make them narrower, only to

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

133

be surprised that, as he widened the space
between the bars, he lessened the number of
attachments between them. We have often
heai-d him rehite his experience in this mat-
ter ; and his exi)erience has been that of
others, else why has the l^s top bar been so
universally abandoned for the ?s s* ^Vith us,
r)-l() has proved to be fhi- Ijee space. If made
larger, the bees till it witli comb : if reduced
in size, they protest with wax and proi)olis.
Bro. K., we cannot helj) thinking that i/oirr
bees will eventually " protest:" if they don't,
let us know. Let us know anyliow. Then,
again, if tiie management is such as to lead
the queen above, the spacing of top bars can
never be made sufficiently accurate to keep
her below. It is possible that wide top bars
may act as a discouragement to the queen's
leaving the brood nest, but it is wholly im-
practical to make them queen excluding.

The 4- Bee-Keepers' * Eeview,

PUBLISHKD MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTOHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS : -50 cents a year in advance, two
copies for 9;) oontfl; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, Hf^. cents each; all to be sent to ONE
POST OFFICE. 1q clubs to different post offices,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FLINT. MICHIGAN, AUGUST 10, 1889.

Twenty pages once more.-

A Load of our bees will next week be sent
away twenty miles or more to our father's,
where they can revel in acres and acres of
fall tiowers.

Although Bro. Newman has reduced the
price of his new paper, The Illustrated Home
Journal, to only .f 1.00, it grows brighter and
better each issue.

We wish to get out the next issue a little
earlier — go to press September 1 if possible
— in order to give us time to get away to our
State Fair. Correspondents will please send
in their communications as early as possible.

LNOKTH WESTERN CONVENTION.
After its long period of "hibernation,"
the "Northwestern" Bee-Keepers' Society

is to wake up afresh this fall at Chicago. It
is to be held at the Commercial Hotel, where
the North American gathered in 1887. The
time is Oct. IC, 17, and 18. Reduced rates
at the hotel, ami iH'ry low rates on the rail-
roads, on account of the Exposition.

ONE-FBAME NUCLEI AT THE MICH. STATE FAIR.

If bees are to be shown at fairs, it is appa-
rent that, for several reasons, single-comb
nuclei are preferable to full colonies. The
"copy" furnished the Secretary of the
Michigan State Agricultural Society, for the
apiarian department of the premium list,
read: "Single-comb nucleus;" but, for
some reason, the ([ualifying words, "single-
comb," do not appear in the printed list.
We have been having considerable corres-
pondence upon this subject, and the leading
exhibitors (all with whom we have corres-
ponded) have agreed to bring single-comb
nuclei, and to use eyery effort to inform
other exhibitors upon this point. The su-
perintendent of this department will sus-
tain the one-frame arrangement.

THE MIGEATOKY DISCUSSION NOT YET CLOSED.

We had a "summing up" of our special
topic all in type when the second install-
ment of friend Walker's article (see page
i:?0) came to hand. After reading the con-
tinuation of his article, we felt inclined to
modify some of our conclusions. The next
mail brought an article from Mr. C. I. Balch,
who was with Mr. Perrine when he made
his unproiitable venture up the Mississippi.
His views and those of Mr. Walker are some-
what conflicting, and we decided that the
time had not yet come for a "summing
up." We set out our editorial upon this sub-
ject, and put in its place one or two other
items that have been standing around a
month or two waiting for a place. If any
one has anything further to offer upon Mi-
gratory Bee-Keeping, let it be sent in ; and,
if valuable, it will find a place in the Sep-
tember Review.

OAENIOLAN BEES.

Bro. Alley has been trying a colony of
Carniolans from the apiary of Andrews &
Lockhart, and, in the July Apiculturist, is
quite enthusiastic in praise of them. Some
of his correspondents, however, are not so

13d

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

favorably impressed with them. We have
never given the Carniolais a fair trial. We
have, for three or four years, had one or two
colonies of them ; keeping them to exhibit at
fairs ratlier than for anything else. Taking
bees to a fair just about takes the life out of
them ; thus it happens that our Carniolans
have not had a "fair show" in every sense.
But we have seen enough of them, and read
sufficiently encouraging reports in regard to
their merits, to induce us to give them a
more extended trial. We have bought quite
a number of untested (lueens of Andrews &
Lockhart and of S. W. Morrison, and all
have proved purely mated and good layers.
By the way, both of these firms put up their
queens in a little the neatest cages we have
ever seen.

COMBINED SHIPPING AND INTRODUOINCJ CAGES.

As a rule, "combined" appliances are not
a success. The combiiied reaper and mower
gave way before r<'((pri-s and itiuwcrs. Com-
bined shipping and introducing queen cages
have not given perfect, satisfaction. The
requirements differ. The Peet cage does
very well, but it has faults in both direc-
tions. We received a nice queen a few days
ago from I. R. Good, and she came in a
cage that, for a comVjination, struck us as a
good thing. The outside is simply a long,
narrow, wooden box. Inside is a long, nar-
row cage of wire cloth containing the queen.
The inside cage is not quite so long as the
inside of the box, and is open at one end.
The open end is closed with a wooden plug,
through which is a hole filled with Good can-
dy. When the cage arrives, it is opened, the
plug removed and the bees allowed to escape
in a closed room. The queen is returned
and the plug replaced. Then this inside
cage containing the queen is thrust down be-
tween the combs or laid over the frames,
and the bees release the queen by eating the
candy out of the hole in the plug. There is an
advantage in allowing the bees to enter the
cage before the queen leaves it. She cannot
"run," and the bees do not attack her, and
she finally emerges in company with bees
that have practically accepted her. Friend
Good writes that he has used this cage with
the best success for tliree or four years. Dr.
8. W. Morrison also uses a cage for ship-
ping that can be used in something the same
way. The oi)eniiig is covered with a piece of
queen-excluding zinc, with a piece of tin

over this. After the (lueen has been in the
hive a few hours, if the bees " behave " well
they are admitted to the cage by turning
aside the outer tin, but the queen can't get
out. .Just before dark the next evening she
is released by turning aside the zinc.

MAKING ONE-PIECE SECTIONS SO TIIEY WILL
"stay SQUARE."

W^e are using some one-piece sections this
year. If put together on a damp day (and
there were plenty of them this year) there is
very little breakage. On a dry day tliey
need moistening, or many are broken. After
a one-piece section has been put together, it
has an inclination to fly open again : and. in
its efforts to straighten out, the dovetailed
corner (the only one that can be bent out-
wardly) is tlirust out, making the section
diamond-shaped. When put into a case, the
section is not wholly changed to a square, as
the 1-1(! of an inch "play " allows it to still
hold considerable of its former distortion.
Mr. Luther Cudney, a bee-keeper and man-
ufacturer of one-piece sections, living near
here, called on us a few days ago and showed
us some one-piece sections that go together
square and sfai/ so. The reason for this is
very simple, but we have never heard the
idea mentioned. It is that of making the
middle groove (the one that comes diagon-
ally opposite the dovetailed corner when the
section is folded ) not exactly square, but so
that it "binds:" this has a tendency to
"throw out" the other two grooved corners,
and to "draw in" the dovetailed corner;
and when this change in the angle of the
middle V groove is made exactly right, the
the result is a section that folds up exactly
square.

BEES change the OHARACTEE OF THE SWEETS
THEY HANDLE.

Ever since Prof. Cook characterized honey
as "partially digested nectar" there have
been attempts to disprove his statement.
Among the arguments used is that of cane
sugar i-emaiiiing the same wiien handled by
the bees and stored in the combs. We make
no pretentions as a scientist, but we ilo know
that bees change the character of cane sugar
when they handle it. Many a time in the
fall, after frosts had come and storing ceased,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

isB

have we given colonies dry, clean combs in
exchange for their natural stores, and fed
them a syrup of cane sugar. After the
combs were tilled and sealed we have often
cut out small pieces of this " sugar honey "
and eaten it. We did this simply to "see
how it tasted." We had read that molasses,
or sugar, ar any sweet, would remain ur-
changed when stored l)y the bees, and we
wished to know if it were true. It isn't.
Bees do change the taste and the fei'liiKj of
sugar syrup when tliey store it. They not
only give it a " twang " hut a '"mucilagin-
ousness" that it has not before they handle
it. It tastes like sugar and it tastes like
honey ; and, were we to judge by the taste, we
might almost say "sugar honey" in the
same sense as we say " basswood honey." —
As we understand the matter, digestion be-
gins in the mouth. When we have chewed
our food and saturated 'it with saliva it is
"partially digested :" and when bees in
bringing in nectar, and handling it about,
add to it the secretion of their glands, there-
by changing, or partly changing, the cane
sugar to grape sugar, and giving it that de-
lightful twang, why isn't it, in a certain
sense, "partially digested nectar" just as
much as our food is partly digested by the
addition of our saliva? Let us not be more
nice than wise.

THE BEE-KEEPEES' UNION.

Thanks to the Bee-Keepers' Union and the
efforts of its indefatigable Manager, Mr.
Thomas G. Newman, we now have a decision
from a Supreme Court, that of Arkansas,
that "Neither the keeping, owning or raising
of bees is in itself a nuisance. Bees may be-
come a nuisance in a city but whether they
are or not, is a question to be judicially de-
termined in each case." This decision was
reached in the well known suit between Z. A.
Clark, and the city of Arkadelphia, Arkan-
sas, and it will, as the manager of the Union
says : " Be a guide to the rulings of judges,
for the information of juries, and for the
regulation of those that may dare to interfere
with a resi)ectable pui'suit, by law, or other-
wise." A brief history of the suit, together
with argument of counsel, has been publish-
ed in pamplet form and can be obtained by
enclosing stamp to the Manager.

Let not bee-keepers think, however, that
there are no more battles to be won, for there
arc, and the "sinews of war" are needed

notv. The honey crop of the present year
promises to be a fair one and all who can
spare the money ought to support the Union
that has so faitiifully defended their rights.
The entrance fee is |;1 .(X), and that pays for
the dues for any portion of the unexpired
current year, ending December ;51st. Then
it costs only one dollar for annual dues,
which are payable every New Year's day,
and niust be paid within six months, in
order to retain membership in the Union.
If membershii) ceases, all claims against
former membeis cease : and all claims to
the protection of the Union are dissolved.
The entrance fee and dues must be sent
direct to the general manager, Thomas G.
Newman, Chicago, 111., who will record the
names, and send receipts for every dollar
sent in.

NEW METHODS OF QUEEN REARING.

In Glramnys for July 1.'"), Mr. Stachelhau-
sen says : —

" Doolittle's new book is very interesting ;
but I know by experience that his new plan
of raising queens- in full colonies over a
queen-excluding honey-board does not work
every time. In this locality, during the
horsemint How, every queen-cell will be de-
stroyed. ■ May be it would work with the
cell-protector. I have not tried it as yet : but
I believe the plan will always work in the
spring, and as long as the colony is inclined
to swarm."

A correspondent writes us that it is not
practical to have queens fertilized over a
queen-excluder, below which is a laying
queen. He says such results are exceptional
— when the (pieen is old or something of the
kind. Before i)utting any of this into the
Review, we thought it better to allow Mr.
Doolittle an opportunity of explaining. In
reply to our iiuiuiries we received a letter
from which we extract the following : —

Borodino, N. Y., .Tuly 22, 1889.

Friend H : —

Your good letter of the 18th
at hand, and I hasten to reply. Before do-
ing so, however, I wish to thank you for
writing mo instead of rushing into print
with the matter as some of our publishers do
witliout calling for an explanation till after
much harm has been done to innocent par-
ties.

Let me assure you that the plan of getting
cells Inult in upper stories, as I luive given it
in my liook, />■ « success cvcnj ichcrc it lias
been fried. I have had thousands of cells
thus built at all times of the year without a
single failure, and I have not heard of a fail-
ure.

Iw

^IIK PEK-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

As to Uio iiuittcn- of ('('ilili/.iitioii, I oucloHe
II iimnifold tiopy of wluit I liiive Hoiit to
t'ri(!M(l N(^wmiiii to iasort in my hook ut tlu)
{•ud of cliiiiitci' Mil, tli(^ suiiie us " lOrriitu " is
put ill iit tlui \mr.k mul, till tliis luiitioii is tix-
liuustdd, wlu^ii I sliiill r(i-wrilt! this cliuiitcM-.
'I'liis will ((xpliiiu to you exiu-.tly liow tlio
iii(itt(U' is.

Your lottisr came lute Saturday iiiK'it, and
tliiit I niitxht writti intelligibly I have jvist
put lip tweiity-lour (|iU'(iiis which I had to
send oil' to day, a part of which were tak<ai
from iippiw stories, the same as t,MV(Mi in my
liook. Ill some of these from wtun-e I took
ipieeiis I haii a niirs(u-y containing foiirt(^en,
two-days-old ([iieeiis, (!ells hem;,' fuinishtHl
with royal Jelly, ollurs nearly ri^ady to cap,
vii't^iii i|iieens two and six ilays okl, and a
laying,' (|iie(^ii in the hive helow at tlu^ same
tiling Now this 1 know to he s(j for I saw it
with my own eyes ; hut why it would not
work a month a;ro, as far as viryin (iti((en
were (Mnicerneil, is what pu/zles me.

The honey crop will lie very li^dd. here.
So wet a season has not h(^(Mi known for
many years, ami crops of all kinds havti suf-
fered from it.

(i. M. l)ooi,i'i"ri,K.

J lere is till* matter that Hro. Doolittle has
lulded to Ohaptiu' XIII of his hook: —

"Owint^toiny selling,' all of my stronyiM-
colonies of hees, so that 1 had none of siiit-
ahle strtiiif^'th to tier up earlier, tlu( ahove ex-
periments, in having,' queens fertilized above
a (|iie(^n-excliidin^;- hoiu'y-hoard, were con-
diicteil diirin;f llie hei;4lit of the basswood
honey harvest, and latiCr. This season, liav-
iiif,' more strong,' colonii'S, owin^ to the bees
winttniut,' well and to few(w sales, I tiered up
several hiv(>s ami tried the jilan early in the
s((ason, when they were livint,' only from
' hand to mouth,' or t,'ettin<,' honey slowly
from clov(n-, and met with failure: the hees
worrying,' and killing; the yoini},' (|iieens after
/hey had Ix'eii liati-heil from two to four
days. Now that basswood is at its hei^xht
a^,faiii, I am havintx tlie same success as for-
merly. 1 have, therefore, re(iiu<st(Hl the pub-
lisluus of my book to insert this by way of
caution, and advise all to try only one or two
colonic^s at tirst, to see if the plan will work
in their locality, for I would not knowin^dy
tlet^eive anyone. Tiiis is evidently one of
the few thiiitcs about bee-keopiiiK, in which
locality makes all the difference in the
workl."

It app((ars that the plan of havinj^ nueens
fertili/.eil ov((r a (lueen-excluder, below
which is a layiny; (|neen, is not tihnii/s suc-
cessful (and Hro. Doolittle is to be com-
mended lor the i)roin|)tuess with which he
has reported failure), but that it works
sometimes, is a stei) towards a less expensive
method of (lueen-reariny;.

Mr. Alley secures the buildintj of queen
cells at any time in full colonies liavint,' ohi
laying: (lueeiis, by feediuK, when necessary,
until the cell-building: disposition is aroused.

Dr. Tinker has patented and brought be-
fore the public a queen-rearinf^ chamber
which will allow the hatching,' and fertiliza-
tion of a larjre number of (jueens in one col-
ony. 'I'he chambers may be tiered-up and
the colony divided into many nuclei. We
say divided ; in one sense it is divided, in
another it is not. The bees live and work
all in a mass, passing readily from one nu-
cleus to another, thus enjoying the combined
heat of all, allowing (pmen rearing to be
commenced earlier in the season and contin-
ued later. There is no trouble from rob-
bers, nor from fertile workers, and no unit-
ing of nuclei in the fall, as they will be
already united. The Dr. feels sure that,
with this arrangement, good untested ijueens
can he reared for fifty cents, and testetl ones
for one dollar.

And now IJro. Hill, of the d'nidr, comes
forward with a st^heme for securing the fer-
tilization of queens, dombs of l)rood are
placed above a (lueeii-HXcluder until all brood
is sealed. The bees are then brushed ofif, a
<|ueen-coll just ready to hatch attached to
each comb, and then each comb placed in a
cage by itself. He has an incubator oven
tiiat will hold eiglity of these. caged combs.
The be{»s that hatch will not not need to fly
until the queens are old enough to mate,
which they are allowed to do by Hying
through openings in the walls of the house.

The indi(vitions are that the next great
step in bee-culture will be in the direction of
(|iieen-rearing. From tlie novel ft^atures
lately brought out, we would not be surprised
if there were yet developed a system of (jueen
rearing by means of which good (]ueens
conUI be furnished for a "(luarter." Were
it not so late in the season, we should bti
tempted to make (lueen-rearing the sjiecial
topic of the next issue of the Ukview ; as it
is, we will allow tliis season to pass in ex-
perimenting, and devote one of the early
numbers of ISJK) to n discussion of the sub-
ject.

OUT-DOOU WINTKUINO Ol'' IlKKS.

If bees can enjoy frequent tiights, out of
doors is the pla<^e to winter them. If depriv-
ed of these llights, a temperature of about
1,'") enables them to bear a much longer con-
finement than does a temper.ature below
freezing. In the South, frequent tiights in
winter are assured ; in the North, no deiiend-
luice can be placed upon the matter. Some

iTHE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

nil

wiiiterfl are "open," or there are .lanuary
thaws, allowing the bees to enjoy cleansin;,'
llit^lits ; while other winters hold them close
in'isoners for four or five months. It is this
element of uncertainty attendinij ti\e win-
tering of bees in the open air tiiat lias
driven us to the adojjtion of cellar winteriu},'.
Still, there are some ix^e-keepers who, from
some peculiarity of location, or of manaf^e-
ment, winter tlieii- bees in the open air with
(]uite uniform success: others are compelled,
for the i)resent, at least, to winter their bees
out of doors; in short, a larye portion of tiie
bees, even in the North, are wintered in the
open air, and probably will bo for a lon^,'
time to come ; and, while our prefereiuie is
the celliir, we have no desire to iiLjnore the
out-door method. Now then, if we arc ixo-
iii},' to practice out-door wintering, let us try
and learn the conditions from which the
best results may be expected.

"J^he question of food and its relation to
success in winterint^ bees was discussed in
the Review one year at,'o, so we can take up
the next most important point, that of pro-
tection. We mit^ht remark, in passing,
however, that wiiere there is a certainty of
the bees havint: two or thi-ee thorou{,'li cleans-
inti flit^lits during the winter, a poorer f^rade
of food may be ii\\ei\ to bees wintered out
of doors than to those kept in the cellar ; but
if they can have no winter lli<,'iits, the
chances, even with [mov food, are with those
in the cellar. Now for protection. Shall it
be yiven, if so, what shall be its character
and (luantity, when <^iven, etc., etc. It
mit^ht seem as thouf^h the question of wheth-
er or not protection be t;iven in winter, in
the North, need not be discussed at all ; but
it has been objected to upon the grounds
tiuit the packing l)ecomcs damp, that it de-
prives the bees of the warmth of the sun, and
that they sometimes fail to fly in winter
(because the outside warmth is so slow in
reacliiuf^ them) when liees in sinyle-wall
hives may be in full tli^dit. There is occa-
sionally a still, mild day in winter upon
which the sun shines out bright and stronj^
for an hour or two, and bees in single-
wall hives enjoy a real cleansing (light,
while the momentary rise in temperature
passes away ere it has |)enetrated the thick
walls of a chaff hive. On the otiier hand,
there are days, and weeks, and sometimes
months, uul)roken by these "rises in tem-
perature;" and the bees must depenil, for
their existence, upon the heat generated by

themselves ; and the more i)erfect the non-
conductor by which they are surrounded,
the less will be the loss of heat. K{>ferring
again to the matter of securing the Might of
bees from chalf hives, we may say that sev-
eral have reportcul success by removing cov-
ers and cusiiions, and allowing the sun to
shine directly upon the franuvs, the bees (ly-
ing from the tops of the hives. For several
winters we left (luite a number of colonies
unprotected. Wv discontinued the practice
only when thoroughly convinced tiiat, in our
locality, and with our methods, the losses
were lessened by i)rotection. In mild win-
ters the bees (iame through in pretty fair
(!ondition. In severe winters the bees in the
outside spaces, or ranges of (!omb, died first,
the cluster becauH* smaller, the bees in nu)re
ranges died, and, by spring, all were dead,
or the colony so reduced in immbers, and
the survivors so lacking in vitality, as to be
practically wortidess. If bees are to have
winter protection, what shall that i)rotec-
tion \)oY (!ha(r hives have the advantage of
being always ready foi- winter, and of doing
away with the labor and untidiness of i)ack-
ing and unpacking, but they are exi)ensive
and cumbersonu^ It is some work to pack
bees in the fall and unpack them in the
spring, but light, single-wall, readily-mov-
able hives during the working season, are
managed with enough less labor to more
than compensate for that of packing and
uni)acking. Then there is another point.
The work of packing and unpa(!king coiiu^s
when there is comparative leisure, while the
extra work caused by having gi'eat, unwieldy
hives is brought in at a time wlien the bee-
keei)er is working on the "keen jumj)."
l''or i)a<!king bees wo have used wheat chaff,
forest leaves, planer shavings and dry saw-
dust without discovering that one i)ossessed
any particular advantages over the others,
so far as the wintering of the bees was con-
cerned. At i)resent we are using sawdust,
because it is the most readily obtained and
makesthe lea-itobjoctioaable litter about tlu*
hives. In f act,a thin coating of sawdust on the
ground about each hive is rather to l)e de-
sired. We suppose that cork dust is the
best i)acking material. Its non-conductivity
is nearly twic(! that of chaff, while it never
becomes damp or mouldy, nor settles down.
But it is not readily obtainable and costs
something, while the other substances men-
tioned cost nothing and answers every pur-
pose. What they lack in non-conductivity

m

i'HE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

is easily made up in quantity. And tliis
brinies up the point of the proper thickness
for the packing. We have often thrust our
hand into the packinj^ surrounding a popu-
lous colony of bees, and found tlie warmth
preceptible at a distance of four inches from
the sides, and six inches from the top.
This would seem to indicate the thickness
when chatf or sawdust is used. Hollow walls
with no packing have been mentioned ; and
it has been asked if tliese dead (?) air spaces
were not e<jually as good non-conductors of
heat as those filled with chaff. They are
not. In the first place the air is not "dead,"
it is constantly moving. The air next to the
inside wall becomes warm and rises ; tliat
next to the outer wall cools and settles ;
thus there is a constant circulation which
robs the inner wall of its heat. If chaff
hives are not used, how shall the packing l)e
kei)t ia place ? We know of nothing better
than boxes made of cheap, thin lumber. If
there is lack of room for ttoring them in
the summer, they can be so made as to be
easily " knocked down " and stacked up
when not in use. So far as they will go,
we use shade boards for the sides of these
boxes. When put together, ready to set on
the hives, the box is without top or bottom,
and is two feet deep, two feet wide, and
three feet long. A bridge is placed at the
entrance of the hive, the lower edge of the
front end of the box resting upon the
bridge. This raises the front end of the
box and gives the proper slant to the roof.
The sawdust is kei)t stored in barrels, and
after a box is jjlaced over a hive, the cover
to tiie hive removed and a piece of burlap
placed over the honey-board to prevent the
sawdust from rattling down among the bees,
a barrel is lifted and the sawdust poured in
until the hive is covered to the depth of six
inches. About two bushels of sawdust is re-
quired for each hive. The cover is next
laid on and a stone placed upon the cover to
prevent its being blown away. And now
that we aie about it we may as well tell how
tlie packing is removed. The box is taken
off first, raised I'ight straight up, and then
set to one side. The sawdust is then taken
up with a scoop sliovel and put back into
l)arrels. ( )ne who has never tried this
method will lie surprised to see iiow ciuickly
the work can be performed. Of course bees
can be packed u}) more cheaply by setting
the hives in long rows, building a long box
about them and filling it with the material

used for packing. With this method, the
packing must be postponed until there is
little danger of the bees flying again until
they have forgotten their old location, else
some bees will be lost, or some colonies get
more than their share of bees. Then when
the bees are uni)acked in the spring and
moved to their proper places, there is more
confusion and mixing ; but we don't look
upon this as so very serious a matter. At
this time of the year, other things being
equal, a bee is worth just about as much in
one hive as in another. If tliere is any dif-
ference in the strength of the colonies the
weaker ones might be left nearest to where
the bees have been packed. Speaking of be-
ing compelled to wait about packing the
bees until they were not likely to lly again
until sometime in the winter, reminds us
that advantages have been claimed for early
packing ; that the bees in single wall hives
only wear themselves out with frequent
flights that are to no purpose, while those
that are packed are not called out by every
passing ray of fall sunshine, that they will
sooner get themselves settled down for their
winter's nap, and are in better shape when
winter comes. It is possible that there is
something in this, but there were two or
three years that we tried packing a colony or
two as early as the first of September ; and
continued to pack a colony every two or
three days until the fore part of November,
and we were never able to discern any ad-
vantages in very early packing. If fhe bees
are protected before fi-eezing weather comes,
we believe that is sulficient. We have never
seen any ill effects from dampness. When
the warm air from the cluster passes up
through the packing it is met by the cold
outer air and condensation takes place.
This moistens the surface of the packing,
but, it is dry underneath. When shall the
packing be removed ':' When warm, settled
weather has come for .sH/c. When it is al-
most time to put on supers. In this latitude,
about the first of J une. When in conver-
sation with Mr. Heddon last spring, he said :
" I tell you, Hutchinson, this is the last time
'Jeems' is going to try bringing bees
through the spring without protection."
"How will you protect them ?" we asked. "By
boxes, of thin lumber, made two inches
larger every way than a hive. The two
incihes space between the hive and the box
will be filled with dry sawdust, and the boxes
painted black. The bees will then get the

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

130

benefit of the sun, while they will have suffi-
cient protection a<,'!iinst spring freezes."

Oh yes, we forgot to mtution, in the prop-
er place, the importance of putting a two
inch rim under each hive. This not only al-
lows the dead bees to drop away from the
cluster where they will dry up instead of
moulding between the combs, and, if there is
an entrance above the rim, there will be no
possibility of the entrance becoming
clogged.

Now, friends, we wish this discussion con-
tinued in the September Review, and we
would like it discussed most thoi'oughly,
even though extra i)ages may be the conse-
quence. If we have left important points
untouched, or have made mistakes, or if you
can furnish any hint that may help, please
let us hear from you.

ADVERTISING RATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discuunte as follows:

On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent. ; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.;0
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; (5
times, 30 per cent.; 9 times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

DO YOU WANT

One of the finest Italian (jaeenB you ever saw?
Then send to us and pet one reared by our new,
natural and practical mi'thod.

Warranted queens, $1.00 each; select. $1.25
eacli; tested, %\.U0. We have had

;0 Y

K:

c>yj X Gcirs .Inexperience

in reariiifj (lueens, 25,0(K) old custoiners wiJl ti^ll
you that the PURITY, BI^:AUTY and QUALITY
of our (iiieens cannot be excelled.

6-K9-tf Wenham, Mass.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Comt

Foundation. See. Aduertisi'nwnt in Annthfr Column.

FOR $1.00

We can furnish either a briglit yellow (lueeu,
a tested queen, or one reared from an im-
ported mother. All are laying queens of
this year's rearing.

We also have some dry, clean, all-worker,

Langstrotli combs for sale at ten cents each.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Old Keliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
yi ars, never clog np or go out.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

Send card for free circular, descriptive of the
best and cheapest t,t()ol8 to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

1-88 tf.

Abrouia, Michigan.

the Reuiaiv.

ITALIAN & ALBINO QUEENS

OR

Til Kin CROSSES.

Untested quci'iis. May to August, Jfl.llO ; August
to November, 7."i cts. Tested, ui May, $'.'.2r); .luuc,
*2.00; .Tnly to November, ^UM. Sclrctwl trstcd,
May, $;H.0U; June, ¥2.50; July to November $2.00.

For fui'ther prices, and sanijile of bees, address,
witii 2 ct. stamp, A. L. KILDOW,

0-89-ot Sheffield, Ills.

P/en.v mention the Reuiew.

mm pNS,

Bees by the Pound,

') brood and nuclei. Tested
(liieens, $l.r)Oearli. Send for pi-ice list.
()-^',>-;!t JMISS. A. M. TAYLOll,

Box 77. Aluibeny (trove, B(md Co., 111.

NON - S^WAI^MERS.

1 now have ni,\ seconil lot of young (|neeiis
(pure Italians) bred from a queen that has, f or
three years, refused to swarm. Price $1.00 each.
Safe arrival guaranteed. Tlie chances are greatly
in favor of tluMr l)eing purely mated. The bees
are very gentle and tine honey gatherers.

■ a. B. WILLIAMS,

5-89 tf Winchester, Franklin Co., Tenn.

Please mention the Review.

CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Gentlest Bees and Best Workers Known.

I have b^en iuiporting and breeding this race
exclusively since 1-84. My orders have each year
more than doubied. Send ijostfd for desorii)tive
circular, or $1 for choice untested (lueen; fir) for
'4 doz. ; S.T for Benton's l)est grade imi)orted
queen. S. W. MORRISON, M. D.,

7-89-tf Oxford. ( 'hester Co. Pa.

PItiXS

mention the Review

uo

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

^HOie^ ITAI:.lAl[pv

mri^ Queens. Untested in May, »l.ilO ; W''
V^i/^ three, $'2.f>0. June to Oct. 75 (;ts.(i*9
three $2.0l>. Send for free, annual, price libt of
nuclei, bees by the lb., tested (ineens, and bee-
keepers' supplies. JNO. NEBEL &^SON,^
5-811-t5t

HiKli'Hill, M(

SEND FOR

'S

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

We manufacture Bee- Keepers' sup-
plies of all kinds, best qualily at
Slowest prices. Hives, Sections,
Foundation, Kxtraclors, Smokers,
Crates, Veils. Feeders, Clover
Seeds, Buckwheat, etc. Im-
, ported Italian Queens.
Queens and Bees. Sample
(npT of our Bee .Tournal,
"The Western Bee-Keeper,"
and latewt Catalogue mailed
' Free to Bee- Keepers. Address
JOSEPH NYSEWAMJEB,
DES MOtNES, IOWA.

Address,

JAMES HEDDON,

Dowagiac, Mich.

WE MANUFACTURE THE

Staiularl Siiilicity Portico aM CtaiT Hives.

Frames, crates; sections, comb fouiulation, and
a general line of txv-k.'epers' supplies always
on hand; also bees, queens, and full colonies.
Send for :!li page catalogue.
OLIVER HOOVER & CO.
■l-89-r2t Suydertowu, Nort d ( o., i a.

■ Please mention thi .feuiew.

TIT 7T 'MTTTTjfn We are large dealers in
W ANTEID! Beeswax, Comb and Ex-
M.M. XXAl. A .M.M ♦ tracted Honey; and desire
shipments, on whicli we promise best attention.
Demand active at present for 111), white clover,
of which grade we are entirely out. ("an make it
an object to you to correspond with us.

S. T, FISH & CO., ^,^. ^„

7.89-()t IW) S. Water St , C hicago, lU.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOIt 1889-

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. IJKOWN,
l_88-tf. Augusta, Georgia.

100 Tons of Comb Honey, CARNIOLAK BEES.

r)-89-tf

Will undoubtedly be put mxm tlie market this
season in our

FOLOINS PAPER BOXES.

Catalogu.' free I ^vml for it ! Sample box .^ cts.

Fx-ices JDefy Oonapetition!
A. O. CRAWFORD, , ^^

South Weymouth, Mass.

Please mention the Reuiew.

(Tested queens,
1^1.00 each ;. un-
, tested, 75 c.tB.,or
three for $2.00.

1. 11. GOO n,

Nai)panee, Ind.

ItaUan Bees, Queens,

One untested queen, 7r. cts. ; three for $2.00.
Tested queens, IV& each. Bees by the pound;
also nuclei.

4.89-(Jt H. G. FRAME, North Mancliester, Ind.
Please mention the Review.

PLEASANTEST BEES IN THE WORLD.

HARDIEST TO WINTER.

BEST HONEY GATHERERS.

In order to introduce, not only these bees,
but our paper

ii

Tlie ^dvaiace,"

We offer to any one, who sends us $1.25, a copy of
our jjaper and a nice C'arniolan queen, The

queen alone is worth two dollars.

Address THE ADVANCE, ^^ .

Mechanic Falls, Maine.

Flint

Sliori-'n.nnil, Tvpi-

pll,. Nrr,.s^al,V

florin of 10 \v oU.s
Sliulents 111 .ay
time. No vaca-
/VUUl'ST lit*, 1 ^

FMIST. MK'll. Ex)uii

;iliy ciUlcT srll.x.l ill Mu
.-..uiMS inrlndlli^' iVepur

M lOtli Year ill Ciieoii-Reaim 1889.

Italian Queen-Bees

Tested (lueen, in April, May. and .June $1.50

Untested " " " ^^

Sent bv mail and safe arrival guaranteed. Also
nuclei and full colonies. Rggs of Pekin ducks—
Whitf^ and Brown Leghorns, and White-crested
Black Polish chicks, $1.50 per dozen.
W. P. HENDEKSON,

4-y9-tit

Alurfreesboro, Tenn.

lention the Reuicui.

I, Klniulion, .llusie, mie

Nornmi

No

v'-Milxir 0. 'S». Socoiul WlnUr Term Jon.
ir>,'rfO. Siirnie Term M»rch 20. '»'.!. Summer
'IVrin .limo4, 't'O. UuBiirpasflr'Uociitum. Ele-
(,n>t II' -v ImiWIm". Send for C.-itivlnrnp to
<;. S. Kinil>a;l, M, A. , Pi!ii.,Flin(,5Ilcll.

.•;ii:.-lisl., ('..llilii.T-
' rl, l>eiMiiHMship,
«rilinu, 'IVIei;ni-
.•N|.rl,sc-s Inr ,1

only I<l80.50.
filter at any
tioii. FallTiTiu

College

Please

th,

DR. TINKER'S

QusGn Rearing Chambsr,

The only i)racti(^al inventi(m for rearing and
securing the mating of a numher of queens and
gftting them all laying at once in full colonies of
bees. It does away with nuclei at all seasons
and also with laying workers.

Patent granted. For full particulars ad-
dress, with stamp. DR. (i. L. TINKER,
7.S9-tf New Philadelphia, Ohio

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

141

The Spightcst

Four-Banded, Golden Italian Bees & Queens,
and the Reddest Drones.

Tested ()ne.>n, $2.C0

Selcct*'(( t^-sted 3.00

Untosted in May, l-'^^S

" in June and aftor 1-00

Safe arrival and satisfaclion guaranti'ed.

L. L. HEARN,
5-S;)-tf Frenchville, Mercer Co., W. Va.

THE BEST OIJEEN IH THE CODNTEY.

PUTNYVILLE, Pa., July 1, 1889.

MR. HENRY ALLEY:-

The queen I bought
of yon last year is THE BEST QUEEN IN THE
COUNTRY. Would not sell her for FIFTEEN
DOLLARS. 1 advipse my l)rotlier bee-keepers to
purchase their queens of vou.

(LARK SHRECKENGORST.

All (jueens are reared in full colonies havin;^
fertile queens. No queens reared in (jueenless
colonies in the Bay State apiao'-

ITALIAN & CARNIOLAN QUEENS.
5_,' ,, , Warranted (jueens, $1.00; select -warran-
irlCGSl.ted, #1.25; tested, SL.'iO. Our circuJar
gives simple instructions for introducing and
finding a cjueen in a large colony. Sent free.

THE AMKNJCAN APIVULTVRIST
one yenr and a tested (lueen, $'..50. A new method
for dividing bees, and of increase in tlie a])iary,
will bf" given in tlie August Apiciii.TruiST.

Address HENRY ALLEY,

7-.sit-tf Wenhain, Mass.

The Western Apiarian.

An illustrated monthly magaziue, devoted to
bee-culture in the Pacific and Western States ;
filled with the most interesting, original articles
from tlie pens of " Western Apiarists."
Send for sample copy.

WATKINS & M't'ALLUM,
Box 87, Placerville, Calafornia.

Eaton's Imfjroued Section Case.

Latest and best. Bees and
(Queens. Send for free price
ist. Address,
ERANK A. EATON.

Bluffton, Ohio.

Picase mention the Review.

DON'T THINK

Because the white honey harvest is over and
l>ast, that work with the Isees is ended, and that
you liave no use for Dr. Miller's book. Remem-
))er that its title is ; "A Year Among the Bees,"
and the year isn't out yet liy any means. There is
the marketing, the prejiaration for winter,
tlie wintering ; and then another year will begin,
and you will need the Ijook just as much as you
did this year. Price only 7.5 cts.
Address, Dr. C. C. .MILLER,

Marengo, 111.

Please mention the Reuiem.

SECTION PRESS,

PRICE $2.00.

For putting togc>ther one-piece sections. Every
section square; and a smart bt>y or girl can foitl
100 in six minutes, Try one and you will never
regret it. Send to your supply desder, or to

WAKEMAN & CROCKER, LOCKPORT, N. Y.
3-89-6t Please mention the Review.

BEES and Q UEEN<S !

K^ea-cly to Sliip>.

Friends, if you are in need of <jueens or bees to
replace in hives where they have been lost during
the winter, I can accommodate you at the follow-
ing low prices: Italian bees, '2 lb., 155 cts.; 1 lb.,
$1.00. Untested <iueei)s, .tfl.t!" each; tested, $1.50.
Hybrid l)ees, K2 lb. 5i) cts.; 1 lb., W cts. Hybrid
queens, 75 cts. Prices by the ciuantity will be
sent upon application. W. S- CAUTHEN,
tj-Stl 3t Heath Spring, Lancaster Co., S. C

~ If you are in need of —

Pure Italian Queens,

— UNSURPASSED FOR —

"BeSLU-ty &; Fixrity,

YoK Cannot ilo Better than to Order From

J, F, Caldwell, San Marcos, Tens,

PRICES AS FOLLOWS :

1 untested queen, $1.00

(i " queens ■1..50

1-2 " " 8.50

1 tested queen, l-'>0

1 selected, tested queen, 2.75

( 'onu-acts taken with dealers to furnish queens

as they need them.

Address J. P. CALDWELL,

7-89-4t San Marcos, Texas.

CARNIOLAN QUEENS

A SPECIALTY. Largest and purest t'arniolan

apiary in America.
J^?= Send for Descriptive circular and price
list. Address,

ANDREWS d- LOCKHART,
■4-89-tf Patten's Mills, Wash. Co. N. Y.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for 18sn of Italian Queens, Bees, Eggs
for hatching from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) Japanese Buckwheat, and two choice
new varieties of Potatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY by getting my price list be-
fore you purchase.

CHAS. D DUVALL.
2-88-tf, Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

Please mention the Review,

142

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

Wants Your Time

Just a minute PLEASE. It is about an eit^ht or ten horse power engine
that he wishes to speak. Eiiyiue now at his shop — MUST be sold ; and, if
you want it, don't allow some other body to yet in ahead of you. It's going
cheap — way down ! Just the right size to run a small bee-hive shop. He
wishes you were right here, where you could set your eyes upon it for a
minute — you wouldn't hesitate long, he knows.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box 1 087.

7-89-12t. Please mention the Reuiew.

Gomb Foundation. | Barnes' Foot Power Maohiner}

We liav(> a coniph^tc
Our luillfci all nm ))y
ttie very best faciliti
make it as tliiii as y
make a specialty of in;
6i(iuare frames, thick a
per to very tliin at the
greatest amount of st r
used. For prices, wh<
A
6-88-tf.

out-lit for its mannfacturee
steam power, and we have
's for pnrifyiuK wax We
)U want it for sections. We
ikins brood foundation for
t tilt* top wit.li a ijra<lual ta-
l)ottom, thus securing tlie
■usth for tl\e quality of wax
)lesale or rt'tail, address

G. HILL,

Kendallville, Ind.

'The Revified Langstroth, anil Dadants'

Foundation. See Advertisement In Another Column.

FRIENDS, ifr;;; BEES or HONEY,

any way intiM-ested in 7

we will with jileasure send a sample copy of the

SEMI-MONTKLY GLEANINGS IN BEE GULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, Comb Foun-
dation, Section Honey-Boxes, idl books and jour-
nals, an<l (werytliiuK ])ertainins to Bee (^ulture.
Nothing Patented. Simply send your adch'ess
plainly written to. A. I. ROOT.

l-SS-tf. Medina, Ohio.

rfj^^lMSS^^^^^A

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAL.

with out steam pewcr, by usinKoutlits of these

Machiiu s, cim liul lower, ami save

iTioie iiioisey from f ln'ir .iohs, than

by anv otherincaiisforiloinKthci.

uorl;" I,AT!IJ>, SAW;-, YaOH-

I ISEIJS, TEx\«>M:H>i. ETC., Sold

uiitriul. lihistralcci Trice 1-ist. Free

W. F. &JOHN BARNES CO.,^
No. 0S6- S"''y ^t" Rockford, 111

Italian Quesns I Shipping Cases.

Clioice tested (lueens, $1.00 each; hybrids, .')Octs.
Queens are reared under the .swarming impulse.
12 lb, shipping cases, in tlie fiat, no slass, ten for
7.^ cts.; per iiundred, $6,0'. 21 lb. cases, in the
fiat, no glasfi. ten for fl.H") ; per hundred,
$12.00. Best covered Bee Feeders, 2") cts. each, or
ten for $2.00, J. 1*/E, ICIISTZIH],
10-88-tf Rochester, Oakland ("o., Mich.

Pie

the Rev

[16-pag-e Weekly— $1.00 a Year,]

IS the Oldest, Larjiest and Cheapest weekly
bee-paper in the World. Sample I reo.

J.IliV'*"^: P U B Ll S H ER S A >, ,, WM
923 & 025 West Madieon St.. CHICAGO. ILL,

Ff SUPPLIES wTfl

» ■" We furnish Kverything; needed in
tlie Apiary, <>f practical cnustrnction, and at the
lowest price. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a |)ostal card, and we will send
you our illustrated cataloj^ue free.

E. Ivretchtiter, Cobuff/, Iowa.

2-88-tf. Please mention the Review

BEE-KREPEKS^ GUIDE.

l']very Farmer and Bi'c-Keeper siiould liave it.

FifiCGiilliTlioiimlWliollyReyisetl!

MUCH ENLARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is ui' TO date. It is botli i'k.votical and

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, $1.50. To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by fr<'i-ht, .lO per cent. otT.

Address A. J. COOK,
lO-H8-tf Agricultural College. Micliigan,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

143

JOadants' Foundation

l8 kei.t for bal.'hy Mrssrs. T. (i. Nowiiiaii .\; Son,
Cliicauo, HI.; (', V. Mutli ,V Son, Cincinnati, ().;
.las. Jlfddon, l)o\va^'ia<•, Jlicl,.; K. li. l)o^^'hl'l ty,
Imliauiipolis, Ind.; ('lias. II. (ircf-n, Wankcsha,
Wis.; ("has. HwtrlJr., Fif.'lnirs, H'-; '*- »• Aini-
Btron^r, Jorsfwville, 111.; E Kivtelnner, ('ol)urf;,
Iowa.; M. ,1. Dickason, lliawatlia, Kann.; Ed II.
Newcoinl., Pleasant Vallev, N. Y.; J. W. Port.-r,
Charlottosvill.', Va.; J. B. Mason&Son, Mwlianic
Falls, M.'.; Dr. G, 1j. Tinker, Few Pliiladclphia, O.
D. A. Fuller. Cherry Valley, 111.; Jos. Nysewan-
der, l)es Moines, Iowa; (i. H. Lewis <t Co., VVater-
towu, Wis.; P. L. Viallon, Ha.\on (Jonla, La.; H..I.
Miller ifeCo., Nappanep, Ind.: J. Mattoon, Atwa-
ter, O.; (ioodell & VVoodwoith, M'fV Co.. Kock
Falls, 111.; J. A. Roberts, lOd^ar, Neb.; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; (ieo. E. Hilton, h're-
mont, Mich.; J. M. ('lark.\:Co, IKW I.Sth St.,
Denver, Colo.; E. L. Goold it Co., HrantfonI, Onf .,
Csinada; J. N. Heater, Coliunbns, Neb.; <). (J.
(\)llier, Fairbury. Neb.; (L K. Hubbard, l>'ort
Wayne, Ind.; and numerous other dealers.

We Kuarant^'e Every Inch of our Cond) Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every Respect.
Every one who buys it is iileased with it. W rite
U8 for Free Samples, Priee Listof He(>-Sni)i)lies,
and Specimen Pa^es of tlie new

Revised Langstrath Book

EDITION OE 1889.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON.

4-89-12t Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111.

Pfeasp mention the Review.

The Canadian Honey Producer.

If you wish to see what the best writers have
to say upon the most important topics, send 40
cents tor a year's subscription to "The Canadian
Honey Producer." Or sen<l tiO cts. and receive
this journal one year and, in the swarming; sea-
son, or earlier, a virgin queen of entirely new,
and carefully selected blood. Stamps taken, ei-
ther U. 8. or Canadian. E. L. GOOLD & CO.,

Brantford, Canada.

P/ea."" mention the Review.

Patent Flat-Bottom Coml) Foundation.

High Side Walls. 4 to 14 scjuare feet
to the i)ound. Wholesale and Re-
tail. C'irculars and Samples free.
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,
(sole manufacturers),
SPROUT BROOK, Mont. (%>., N. Y.

Please mention the Review,

i-88-tf.

YOUR SUCCESS IN BEE-KEEPING

DEPENDS ALMOST ENTIRELY

ON THE QUEEN.

SUBSCRIBE Fol! THE

Queen Breeders' Journal.

£. L. PRATT, Pub.

You will tind it of great value to you. Only
51) cents per year. It is neat, witty, brief, clean
and to the point. Articles of interest from
I )rominent bee-keepers. Samples free. Do it now.

Address Q. B. Journal, Marlboro, Mass.

ELLISON'S

ALL ITALIANS.

Jvine a-ncl ^A-ftei^-

^ 1 Untested i|Ueen T.'i cts.

^ :! " (H ns tl.i*) Q

t* I Tested queen ^.M

ft) 3 " queens

ftJ Virgin •'

^ 2 and ;i-franie nuclei. Spei'ial rales to >-»
dealers. Safe arrival guaranteed. w-

Of

W. J. ELLISON,

(1 t-tt-;n Stat.'burg, Sumter Co., 8. C,

Pteiise nuntion the Review.

BEE KEEPERS

Sbotild send for my circu-
lar. It describes the best
HI VCR, the best Cases, the
best Feeders ami the best
Methods. Address,

J. m. shUcK,

imS MOINES, lOJfd

Please mention the Review.

2-89-12t.

»"■"='" Tlie Success rliye ';-,

should TRY NAIVlE.

Safe winterer, easy in manipulation, dunible,
cheap, and, for large yields of honey, is unsur-
passeil.

Sections, Section Cases, Coml) FoiinJation,

and all apiarian supplies, at greatly reduced
prices. Send for new circular8,free.
L. H. & W. J. VALENTINE,

(Successors to S. VALENTINE & SONS)

4-8i)-tf Hagerstown, Wash. Co., Md.

Pleose mention the Review.

BEES A TNOULTRY

EES Xj KOULTRY

EES VX I OULTRY

The Canadian Bee- Journal

AND

POULTRY MONTHLY

Is the best paper extant devoted to these spe-
cialties. Twenty-four pages, WEEKLY, at fl.OO
per year. Live, practical, interesting. Nothing
stale in its columns. Specimen copies free. Siil)-
scribers paying in advance are entitled to two in-
sertions of a tive-line advt.(40 words) in the ex-
change and mart column.

THE D. A. JONES CO.,

Beeton, Ont., Canada.

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, AND DADANTS"

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

A complete Langstroth hive, in the flat, for
75 cts. Sections in bushel boxes, $3.00 per M.
Extra nice Foundation; heavy, for brood, 43 cts.;
thin, for suri)lus, 4s cts. Alsike Clover seed.
Shipping { 'rates, and all things used in the apiary.
Send for free price list. Direct all orders to
4-89-t£ W. D. SOPER, Box 1473, Jackson, Mich.

Hi

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

QUALITY ami Wdrkmansliip nimirpiisspd.
Wealth |)i-c|i;inMl lo I'liriiisli ln'c-ki-eixM-s with
mi|>|)li('s in-oiiiptly, iuiil wiMi ^nods uf iiiiir<iriii
oxfielleneoa.s liiMctoforc. Onr liivos nil Inki' tin?
Siinplicity frami-. Tlic "t'alrdii" cliaH liive
and Mie "(Iliaiitaiiciiia," liivf, willi itKAli \IU
SPACKS, are hutli jiiviiij; universal satisfaction.
We inannfactiire a full liiu^ of nuiic-KHUCKlls' snr-
PLIES, iiicliidiiii; the

"Faicon" Brant! of Foundation.

1^" VV(> ijladly fiinuMh estiiiiat.-s, and wolii-it
correspondence. Send for illustrated price list
for ISH'.I, free,

Th<> W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
4-88-tf Jamestown, N. Y.

Honey - Extractor,

Square GI.iss llono.v-.Iitrs, Tin HiK'krts,

IJoe-Hives, lloiiey-Seotioiis, &c., &c.

I'erl'ectioii C;<>l<l-ltlast Smokers.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTFI & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S. — Send lO-cent st.nmp for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepers. -.i SH-tf.

Leahy's + Foundation,

— WHOLESALE ANT) IlETAIL —

My Foundation is recommended by linndreds
of liee-Keepers, as having no eipial. It is kept
for sale by J. Jordine, Ashland, Meb.; Moeller
Mannfacturins ('o., Davenijort, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber A Son, Cole J5rook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. Callam & ('o., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. I will take one lb. Sections in ex-
change for thin Foundation on reasonable terms.
Special prices to dealers. Send for Catalogne of
other supplies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

1-89-tf ilistrinsville, M<»., liox 11.

Plense mention the Reuiew.

An Old Bee-Book Revised, and Dadants'

Foundation. See Aduertisement in Another Column,

THE "REVIEW."

The distinctive features of the Bee-Keepkrs"
Ueviicw are that of reviewing current apicultuivil
literature i pointing out errors anil fallacies and
allowing not hi Jig of value t<i pass unnoticed), and
tiie making of ea<^li issue a "special luuulier"--
one in which some special topic is discussed by
the best bee-ke<'pers of the country. If you wish
for the iTeam <if t lie other journals, alieady skim-
med and dished up, and to learn the views of the
most (•xpciien<Td bee-k-cM'jiei-s upon the unsolved,
apicultuial i.roblrms of tin' day, read the Review.

Price of the ItKviEW, M cts. a year. Samples
free. Back miriiberscan be furnislied.

"The Production of Comb Honcj."

AHliougli tills neat little book contains <mly 4r)
pages, it furnishes as much practical, valuable in-
formation as isoft<»n found in a book of twice its
size. It is "boiled down."

It begins with taking the bees from the cellar
and goes over tlie ground briefly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is oil the hives; teaching
upon the most iiMi)ort;int points; and esjiecially
does it teach when, whei'e and how foundation
can be used to the best adv.antage; when combs
are preferable and when it is more |)rofitable to
allow the bees to build their own combs. It tells
how to hive a swarm in an eni|)ty brood nest, and
yet secur(> more honey than when foundation is
used. Price of the book, 2U cents.

For (55 cts. We will send the Review one year
and "The Production of Comb Honey." For
f 1.00 we will send all the numbers of the Re-
view for the i>ast year (18SS), the Review for
this year (1889) and the "The Production of Comb
Honey;"or, for tlie same amount (Sl.OO), we will
sencl the Review for two years from Jan. 1st,
188<,l, and "The Production of Comb Honey."

Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich-

SHIPPING CASES

To hold twelve P.ixfB sections, or fourteen 7 to
the foot, Sti. 0 i)er 100; '2x9 glass for same, li.') cts.
per 100. Free price list of Bees, Queens, Nuclei,
and everything needed in the ai)iary.

M, H. HUNT,
8-89-2t Bell Branch, Mich.

NEW YORK. POKEION OKDKRS SOLICITKl>. NEW .JERSEY.

EASTERN * DEPOT

(Bees.) FOR (Queens.)

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers.

Exclusive Manufacturer of the

Stanley Automatic Honsy-E::tractor.

DADANl'S FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BASSWOOD SECTIONS ^

One-Piece, Dovetail, or to nail. Any (|uan- '
tity, any siz(\ Complete machinery— hnest
work. Send for Handsome Illustrated Cata-
logue, Free.

E. .R. NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

Please mention the Reuiew.

MASS.

CONN.

3-88-tf.

VOL. II.

FLINT, MICHI&M. SEPTEllBER 10. 1889.

KO.

Out -Door Wintering — Success Largely a
Question of Locality— Thin Packing Pref-
erable— Several Excellent Ideas.
Migratory Bee-Keeping.

JAMES HEJJJJUN.

NOW IF YO CJ are goiu'g to in.-^ist upon
exhausting, in hu advaucc editorial,
every subject yuu bring up for the
IvEViEW, leaving nothing for ns to do
but to agree with tiie most of it and i)ick
U.iws with the rest, you must expect to get
just what you advertise for. Now I will try
Lo tlo your readers, yourself and myself a
little good by dissenting from your leader
wherever my exi)erience has caused me to
believe ditfereutly.

You think some bee-keepers, from some
difference of location or mauage;neut. win-
ter bees in the oi>en air with more success
than otliers. I thaik tlie lirst part of that
clause all right, but 1 fully believe there is
little in the management ; it there were, a
quarter of a century spent iufreely exchaiig-
iug ideas and methods would have reduced
ii to a common knowledge. But you are
just right about its being a question of loca-
tion.

Like yourself. I have learned to never at-
tempt the wintering of bees without protec-
tion. When they are packed in wintering
boxe-^, I have found out-door wiuterijig best
//■ //(,' (rrullici- is not fiio .srri're. When it is,
ihe cellar is be^t. \Vhat we most need, is to
know what the coming winter is going to be,
and that we cannot tell until science has fur-
th;^r progressed.

As your readers well know, bee-diarrhijea
is the one great cause of our winter losses.
And 1 believe that many of them further
kuow that the consumption of pollen jirodu-
ce- til :t disease : and, as low tempei-ature is
Ihe mail' cause of pollen consumi)tion, and
diinpiiess produces an e<iuivalent to a hnv
iviaperature, your leader is right to the
I'ouit just the same. Certainly, cleansing
ihu'lits remove the trouble as fast as it accu-
mulates, provided they occur frequently
( iiiiugh.

Now to the question of protection. Can
you tell why chaff hives, with such a narrow
space between the walls, have shown a bet-
ter record than the thicker packing where

outside boxes were used? (Didn't know
they had. Ed. ) I cannot, but such is the
case. A\ . H. Shirley, a close observer and
skillful apiarist, declares that two inches of
space between the outer boxes and hive
proper are better than more. He cannot ex-
plain why : neither can 1, but I have a great
big susi)iciou that it is true. Like your-
self, 1 use sawdust for packing, because I be-
lieve it is as gooil as anything and cheaper
and handier to get.

I am just niaKing L'OO of the boxes you de-
scribe at the latter end of your leader. They
will be absolutely water tight, and the pack-
ing will be put in so full that it will recjuire
a weight to settle the cover into place. Now
sir, I am arranging in this way jiurposely, that
tlie whole thing will not be a non-conductor,
hut H piiitial conductor: because I propose
to receive the heat of the sun's rays all
througli the winter whenever it shines. By
painting these boxes black, or dark red, the
sun's rays will heat them very rapidly, yet
the color will have nothing to do with the
hi at radiating outward from the bees when
the sun does not shine, and I am exiiecting
to see this arrangement winter bees better
than larger boxes. I shall make these little
boxes to staj' made, not to be knocked into
the Hat, and I can pile them up anywhere,
only keei) them out of the sun. The rain
will not injure them, and the sawdust can be
kept right in them. But little material will
be required for each colony.

In order to experiment with Tery shallow
frames, I tilled a set of eight Bingham
frames, which are '2'2 inches long autl have
only 4'.2 inches of comb in depth, and I win-
tered the colony eight times out of doors. It
was packed with just such thin packing as I
have described, and it was among my very
best colonies every year except one. ( )ne win-
ter it died with the disease, but other winters,
when my other stocks died in the cellar, it
always came up Ijooming and strong. Shal-
low frames are better than deep ones for
wintering bees, as experience has demon-
strated. The reason is obvious.

Yes, as I told you, what bees I winter in
the cellar will be packed in these little, dark
colored boxes all the spring, clear up until
the surplus honey receptacles go on. I am
making the boxes deep enough to take two
brood cases of my new hive. Then when I
desire to use one section I can do so
handily either with or without the rim
under it.

146

THE BEE-KEEPERS' BE VIEW.

I tried the rim business pretty thoroughly
with my new hive in the cellar, and did not
realize from it the beneficial results that I
expected. I thought I saw some points in
its favor, and believe it will prove valuable
in case of severe winter losses.

I agree with you exactly in regard to chaff
hives. No one who has once learned how to
handle readily movable hives, and enjoyed
the great benefits to be derived from that
kind of bee-keeping, would take chaff hives
as a gift.

Ten or twelve years ago I conceived the
idea of packing bees in outer cases Jiavmy
no bottoms, letting the packing come right
down on the ground. I had some fears, and
my friends had more than I, that absorjjtion
would raise the moisture from the ground
clear up above the bottom stand and thus
affect the hive, but actual experience dem-
onstrated that the moisture did not rise one
inch ; and it is all right except that more
material is required.

For three or four years I tried packing
eiglit hives together in a clamp, and had no
trouble at all with the bees mixing. I just
moved eight hives ui) together anywhere in
the apiary at any time I pleased, and never
had a bit of trouble, either when I moved
them together or took them apart ; but I do
not like the plan. It is not so handy, nor so
quickly arranged as when the boxes are all
made, and a box for each colony.

Well I have found one thing, that is, one
idea, not in your leader. Please give me a
credit mark. In this part of Michigan, se-
vere cold is always attended with copious
snows, and I have found it advantageous to
cover the boxes with snow, the deeper the
better, until the severe spell is jjast. Care
must be used, and the hives not rubbed, even
with the broom, when banking up the snow.

Do not pack late. Pack just as early as
possible ; as soon as your surplus receptacles
are oft'. Let the late business come in at the
other end of the deal, the unpacking. I pre-
sume you will agree with me in late unpack-
ing, but I disagree with you in regard to
early packing. I say the earlier the better.
I don't know why, but then I believe some
things for whicli I cannot account.

Well, to conclude, I will say that all this,
like the most i^erfect cellars, will not always
keep bees from consuming pollen during
confinement ; and when they do tliat they
cannot pass out the residue either by sensi-
ble or insensible perspiration : consequent-
ly, in spite of the best arrangements, bees
may be lost from the one cause worthy of
notice — bee diarrhiea.

Now I wish to say a word about the spe-
cial topic of tlie last Review. Ijike your-
self, I have changed my mind some since
reading all that has been said, but I am
more than ever in favor of moving bees. My
man and I have been talking it over, and we
have both had considerable experience in
moving bees. We have carefully noted
Bingham's argument, and we both believe
we can ship bees 2(M) miles north of here on
the cars without the loss of any brood, ijrovi-
ded we give them plenty of water and take
other precautions. The most valuable mi-
gration of all, however, is in moving bees

from five to fifteen or twenty miles to some
field or pasture, the like of which does not
exist at the home apiary. For instance, there
are some thirty miles difl'erence in latitude
between the two sides of our three-mile
swamp, in the devclopnipnt and ripeninn of
vegetation. Corn, buckwheat, berries and
even fall weeds are a week or more earlier
on I'/u'.s side of the swamp. After our bass-
wood is all over, it is still in full bloom
down a')out South Haven. Their fall fiowers
yield honey two to four weeks every year after
ours are all over. Now, suppose my apiary
was five miles south of here ; I would have a
much better clover, whitewood and bass-
wood harvest, but no fall flowers. Then, of
course, it would pay me to move down here
for the fall liarvest. But, while the bees
were on tlie wagon, it would pay me
much better !o go on to within ten miles of
South Haven, where there are lots of lire-
weed, acres of boneset, and oceans of golden
rod.

We do not know how to compute dangers
and expenses, because we have had no expe-
rience in overcoming them. But I can see
how, with my hive and fixed frames, and
clreap fixtures ever ready to clamp them to-
gether with, [ could all alone prepare for
shipment twenty-five colonies an hour ; and
I am now firmly convinced that these short
migrations (not the Mississipiii river kind)
open up a si)lendid field for prulit to tlie
bee-keeper.

DowAGiAc, Mich.,

Auu'. 1, 1S«)

Plenty of Bees, Food and Packing- ; and Sev-
eral Other Tilings Essential to Suc-
cess. A Splendid Art.cle.

O. (). I'Ol'l'LETON.

'J^ijr^jEVV A HE aware how short the tirue is
ifi:~. since the science of out-door winter-
i,JL)L ing of bees in protected liives has been
generally Iciiown. It is only al)out a
dozen years since one of Michigan's oldest
bee-keepers, Mr. J. H. Townley. first de-
scribed the principle. I had used essentially
the same method for two or three winters
previous, and Mr. Townley had still lomier.
C-ellar winterinjr hail enKUjjed 1 lie attention
of our best bee-keepei-s for numy years pre-
vious. It is reasonable to snpnose that the
principles of suc(;essful cliall' liive wintering
have not \et had time to liecome so (hoi-
oughly undeistood as those of the otiier
method.

A few essential requsites to success arc .il-
ready known ; the following being the prin-
cipal ones : —

1. Colonies in good condition, and ol' at
least medium strength. I liave carried
three-frame nuclei thrcniyh all rii:ht, during
severe winti rs in nortliern Iowa, but this is
oxcei)tional. Strong colonies liave more ad-
vantages over weak ones, in out-door winttr-
ing, tiian in the cellar.

2. Good food. My ideas on this i)oint
have already been pul)lished on page i;") of
the Review for Sep., IN'^H.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

147

.'5. Plenty of food. This is an indispens-
able reiiuisite ; and is where many have fail-
ed. Years ajzo, we used to frequently see the
advice that " tlie lower half of the center
combs ou;L,Hit to be empty to give the bees a
place to cluster." No attention should be
i)aid to such nonsense. If every comb is
solid honey, so much tlie better. Mr. Wm.
Foos. of Iowa, several years ago advanced a
theory that wiienever bees became short of
stores, though lacking (luite a little of being
out, tliey seemed to realize what their coudi-
dition might be, and becoming uneasy were
soon diseased : while if tliey had possessed
ample stores, of the same quality, no such
condition would liave resulted. Since then,
I have watched the matter closely, and I am
inclined to think his theory correct. I cer-
tainly do think that the giving of ample,
or even more than enough stores to carry
them through, is of more importance than
(|uality of stores. ( V Ed.)

1. The apiary should be protected by am-
ple wind breaks. This point has rarely been
given the importance it deserves. I consider
it an absolutely essential requisite north of
the 41st degree, or about that of Ft. Wayne,
Indiana ; and very desirable much south of
that. Hnudl apiai-ies can be sufficiently pro-
tected by higli boai'd fences, l)ut large ones
need something more effective. A thick,
very thick, grove of bushes or trees should
surround all sides unless it be the south, and
it would be much better to have it on that
side too. My experience and observation in
a prairie state taught me the absolute neces-
sity of this condition : and anyone who can-
not command it, would better give up all
itlea of out-door wintering, unless the hives
are likely to be covered with snow daring
severe winters. The failures of many have
l)een due, probably, to this unsuspected
cause.

r>. Proper kind of packing material is im-
portant. It must be such as will best afford
protection from cold and freedom from
dam[)ness. Any material that is line and
light is better than the same would be if
coarser ; hence, all tine kinds of chaff are
better than tlie coarser kinds ; and any kind
of cliaft' is better tlian hay or straw. In fact,
tlie latter are utter failures uidess used in
very largo (luantities. Sawdust from line
saws is preferable to that from large lumber
mill saws; in fact, I should hesitate to use
the 1 liter. Some kinds of material retain, ia
a iiiuoli greater degree than others, the mois-
Uire thrown off by the bees ; become dami)
and mouldy, and in time rotten. In the hit-
ler cii.^ti sinking ilown and exposing jjart of
llie hive to cold. Such materials ought
never ije used. I find timothy seed chaff
gives the best sjitisfaction of anything I have
tried ; it beiiiy the liucst, driest chaff I know
of, with the least allhiity for moisture. Next
to tliat in value is sawdust made by fine saws
from dry, wliile, pine boards. Wheat chaff
and forest leaves come next, but they are
far less valuable than the first mentioned,
jirobably on account of being so much
coar^er, ( )at chaff is unfit to use on account
of its retaining dampness ; and buck-
wheat chaff is the poorest for the same
reason.

(!. Enough packing must be used to insure
good protection. This, of course, depends
somewhat upon the kind of material used,
and the latitude where used. Enough must
be used so that the bees can keep the interior
warm, else moisture and frost will accumu-
late, to be followed, in many instances, by
the old, old, sickening story, so well known
by northern bee-keepers. But for the fact
tliat any increase in the amount of material
increases the size and bulk of the hive itself,
I should say it was i)ractically impossible to
use too much. In my hives in Iowa I used
fottr and a half inches of fine timothy chaff
or fine sawdust, but am satisfied that six inch-
es would have been better — enough better
to have paid for increasing the size of the
hive. For coarser kinds of chaff, an increas-
ed amount would be necessary. This is also
a point, or condition, the non-observance of
which has caused many failures. I know one
style of hive, sent out by a prominent man-
ufacturer, that has only two inches of space
for chaff. Whoever uses such a hive invites
failure.

7. Bees ought to be closed down on as few
frames as possible, leaving only room enough
for ample stores. The less space there is
enclosed by the outer packing, and the near-
er the bees fill this space, the less will the
cold be able to penetrate it. I used to cut
my strong colonies down to the equivalent of
eight L. combs each, and from that down to
five, according to their strength. This is a
more important point than in cellar winter-
ing, because all the air in the cellar can be
and must be kept much warmer than the air
surrounding hives out of doors.

There are' other conditions not so abso-
lutely necessary as the foregoing, but which
are of help. I prefer a hive large enough, or
at least tall enough, to allow empty space
between the packing and the cover. The
bees seem to winter better than when the
cover rests upon the iiacking. I consider
winter passages thi-ough the combs a requi-
site to success in out-door wintering.

How far dampness causes disease, has
been a much discussed question. A few
years ago, in an article on this subject, I
said : "Show me a practical method of pre-
venting dami)ness in hives, and I will have
no more fears of unsuccessful wintering."
The statement is true, but, instead of damp-
ness being the prime cause, as I then thought,
it is only the effect of other causes. The
value of any kind of i)acking is not so much
in ils power to aiisorb moisture as in its
power of keei)ing out cold ; then the bees can
keep the interior of the hive too warm for
the moisture to condense in it, or even in
the packing itself to any great extent. This
is the real underlying principle of all success-
ful wintering, either in-doors or out, to keep
the conditions !?uch that the natural heat of
the bees will expel all moisture from the
hive, and as much as possible from every-
thing around it ; and to the greater extent
this is accomplished, the more perfect will
be the success. If a certain amount of ma-
terial will accomplish this in southern In-
diana, a much larger amount would be nec-
essary in northern Michigan. The proper
amount of material to be used varies with

148

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

the kind used and the locality where used; but
too little has been used in a hundred instan-
ces where too much has been used in one ;
I doubt if the latter mistake has ever been
inade.

As it is only by a comparison of opinions,
that truth can be reached, I will now criti-
cise some of the points in your editorial.
You start out with the idea that bees can
be well wintered only when they can have
frequent tiiyhts. While tliijhts are probabh-
an advantage, I years ago came to the con-
clusion that they were far from being as val-
uable as generally supposed. About lifteen
years ago I made some quite extensive ex-
periments in flying bees under glass, cover-
ing dozens of colonies during three winters,
and linally abandoning the plan as not being
worth the trouble. Such flights were, I
tiiought, a preventive of disease, but not a
cure after it was once started. Tlie real
reason bees winter better when they have
several flights during the winter, is not, I
think, so much on account of the flights
themselves, as because such winters have a
much less amount of severe cold weatlier,
and the cold does not succeed in penetrat-
ing so far into the packing. If I am right,
and my experience in Iowa sustains this
view, then all that is necessary to enable
bees to pass severe winters as well, or nearly
as well, as mild ones, is to pack them with
more or better material, and in a more thor-
ough manner. Northern Iowa is in about
the same latitude as your own home, but it
is colder on account oi the more open prai-
rie country, and the lack of the protecting
circle of great lakes which nearly surround
Michigan.

I have never failed of wintering my bees
in excellent condition, except when I failed
in giving them one oi more of the " requi-
site conditions " already mentioned: espec-
ially Nos. 2 and iJ. In that severe winter of
'j^O — si^ which so nearly swept the bee-keep-
ing industry out of existence in many north-
ern localities, my bees were conflned to their
hives from ( )ctober 'J8 until March 25 with-
out a single flight, yet I lost only six out of
11,'"); and I think I never had bees come
through in better condition, nor build up
faster.

Some of our ablest bee-keei ers, Prof. Cook
and others, have so often made the state-
ment that " out-door wintering is unreliable
as far north as Iowa and Michigan," that
they have come to honestly believe it : while
the truth probably is that when the requisite
conditions, which are only just becoming
known, are comiflied with, it can be relied
upon as well as any other.

Another train of ideas, more theoretical
than practical, are those objections to pack-
ing on account of its depriving the bees of
the warmth of the sun, not only in winter
but spring, with results that naturally fol-
low. My observation has, led me to regard
these as advantages instead of objections.
As I have already said, I have learned to dis-
count the supposed advantages of winter
flights ; and in the spring I prefer tliat the
bees should not fly the moment the wcatlior
becomes mild enough for them to i>ol<e their
noses out of doors. No danger whatever but

they will fly from protected hives as quickly
as it is best they should. I vehemenlly
object to the plan of leaving tlie front of the
hive without jirotection in spring, to secure
the supposed benefits of the sun's direct rays.
For those who do cherisli a hi.'ih idea of the
value of the sun's direct rays, tlie plan pro-
posed by our friend ".Jeems" is unquestion-
ably the best, as it will attain the object
sought without saci-iflcing the principle of
protection : but I don't consider the object
worth tlie seeking.

The iiuestion. •* When shall the packing be
removed?" is easily answered. Never re-
move it at all, unless the space it occupies is
needed : and in no case should it be removed
until settled warm weather. The longer I
handled protected hives, tlie more reluctant
was I to do any removing of packing even
wlien obliged to do so to make lutjiii tor
surplus. The more the outside temperature
can be kept from r.tfectiug the intei'ior of
the hive, the better, either winter or summer.

If you referred to the use of coarse, lum-
ber mill sawdust, in saying you found no
difference between that and wheat chaff,
forest lenves or planer shjiviug-^, then your
experience and mine are alike, but other-
wise if you referied to line, dry sawdust. If
your experiments have heretofore been with
only four to five inches of tlie materials you
mention, then I don't vvotider you prefer cel-
lai' wintering. I should too, in that case.

The objection against chaff hives, that
they are large and clumsy to haiulle, is, of
course, true, and they must lie quite objec-
tionable with some methods of manage-
ment: but it h;is not been so with me, as I
rarely handle hi\es during the woiking sea-
son. They save instead of make Labor, as
they aie always packed exc.qit the inserlion
of two or three cushions at 1 tie propi.r time.
Did my method of mauageiueut rvipiiie
much handling of hives, either the large
chaff or the small single-wall hive, I should
certainly use some such hive cart as we use
in this apiary. With it we can move a col-
ony anywhere in the apiary with i:o lifting
at all ; and large hives can be moved as read-
ily as small ones. Much, lifting of hives du-
ring the honey season is work which no one
has any business to attempt, imless lliey are
much strouger physically than I am.

Using loose ch;iff on top of the hives is bad
management. 1 used to buy old gunny
sacks at the stores for ten cents eacli. Tiiese.
properly filled and sewed ui), were Inid im
top of the hives, allowing us to open ami ex-
amine the hives as i-eadih' a-' though not
packed. This is an iiupoiiant point .so far
as convenience and 1 ibor saving are con-
cerned.

My experience diflers from yours as re-
gards early and late i)ackiiig. Widi me,
early packing has bemi lietter than late.
Early packing chii certninlv' do no harm.

During the (last three winti rs, my home
has been in a land where this winttriiig
liroblem loses all its terrors and much of ils
interest. Other dilliculties ai-ise that must
be met and coiKjuered, as has lieeii practi-
cally done with wintering.

Havana, Cuba,

Aug. 10, ISSlt,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

149

Wintering Problems.

E, E. HASTY.

RIEND HUTCHINSON, if you had
^ not poked uie up tlie second time, I
(ijk^i should not have said a word on this
topic. It is not very pleasant to write
on a subject concerning which one's mind is
unsettled. How shall 1 say "come " to the
young bee-disciples when " death in the
pot" is the only tare for them to come to?
I'm badly unsettled as to whether out-door
wintering is wliat we want at all — but then,
the world was made out-doors ; and bees
have wintered out-doors ever since creation.
Compromise between cellar wintering and
out-door wintering has made a ripple in my
ideas : and I am not through experimenting
in tliat direction. Let the bees have the ben-
etit of the fresher air, and the indirect influ-
ences that come from the sun, so long as
their powers of endurance are in no danger
of becoming exhausted : but, when that
point is nearly reached, ilieu take them into
the cellar, and into a temi)erature continu-
ously above freezing. It is noticable in col-
onies wintered in the open air that, for the
tirst part of the winter, they 'raise no brood
and consume very little food. As I liare
several times kept a colony on a delicate
scale all winter, I have had a good chance to
learn this. The consumption of food during
this period is only about i;, of an ounce per
day. Later in the winter the bees get astir
more, raise brood, and eat up the provisions
at a lively rate. It occurred to me that a
colony removed to the cellar just before the
period of (luiesceuce was broken would be
induced by the darkness, and by the even
and moderate temperature, to continue
(piiet for a much longer period. This would
mean less consumption of stores, and less
mortality among the bees : and, by no means
to be forgotten, the individual bees, when
spring fairly opened, would have more days
before them. I have, for two winters, ex-
perimented a little on this line, using, how-
ever, only a single colony for the purpose.
The lirst winter, I put the hive in .Ian. I'l,
and took it out April 15. Last winter, the
colony was carried in Feb. 2, and taken out
April l'.>. The schenie seems to work ac-
cording to programme. In the tirst trial,
the bees had no brood at all when taken out,
and were in excellent condition. In the sec-
ond trial, they had, when taken out, less
than a 1 ,(R)0 head of brood, mostly sealed.
So it is not yet certain but my future win-
tering method, when it arrives, may be a
compromise on this line. This will offend
the authorities who exhort in concert: " put
your bees in the cellar early, early, rarhj,'^
but who cares a copper foi' what the authori-
ties say on such an unsettled matter?

For this kind of ''swapping horses in the
middle of the stream," of course I shall not
need packing boxes, nor very heavy hivef,
nor any such rattle traps as would get out of
adjustment by being carried off and piled
up. My previous arrangements have been
I'attle-trappy to an unusual degree — two col-
onies in a hive with an enamel partition be-
tween ; a special bottom board for winter

only, with a sawdust bed to keep all dry ; and
a drop chamber to jirevent getting closed up:
and a vertical entrance : and a do-fuuny en-
trance-board, etc., etc. Whether I continue
to winter out of doors or not, I am getting
tired of this thing. It makes too much
wotk : and the beiielit resulting fiom it does
not seem great enough to pay cost.

One tlnug I think I shall hold on to for
awhile yet, and that is hives made of lath,
double walled, chaff packed and one story
high. They are warm, cheap, and light
enough for all oiilinaiy handling, except,
perhaps, for women and invalids.

Another thing I am pretty well satisfied
I want to cast overboard at once, and as
completely as possible, and that is all un-
necessary air space inside the hive. Some
of my hives have had, for winter, consider-
able side space not occupied by bees or any-
thing else. I thought this an advantage,
and looked upon it as very much the same as
so much pure air within such easy reach of
the bees that they could not be cut off from
it. Now I feel sure this is a very damaging
mistake — that the air, in such near l)ut un-
occui)ied si)ace, is not crisp, pure air, but a
much corrupted article, luid the readiness
icith irliich .s(R'/( (lir comes to them when
then stir their iviiiijs a little, jtrevents the
(jcnitine pnre air from cumimj in. If ar-
rangements were just right, a little stir of
wings (which is as natural as breathing to
bees when the quality of the air does not
suit them ) would bring in the outside fresh
air. I take it as a prime principle of suc-
cessful out-door wintering, that air space
connected with the bees, but not actually oc-
cupied by them, be reduced to the lowest
possible limit. When we can have a cluster
of bees that fills the top of their chamber,
witli the space below, as neai-ly as i)ractica-
ble, reduced to a mere tube communicating
witli the outside, we shall have reached the
ultimatum in that direction, I think. Box
hives only partly tilled with comb, movable
comb hives with the combs not built fully
down, and too many combs in a hive, and
side chambers that have open communica-
tions, all violate the principle.

As to the amount of honey to give, or allow
in tlie chamber to commence winter witn,
I liave all along held, and shall continue
to liold until I see some very different light,
that the general usuage is to allow a great
deal too much — it tempts the bees to eat too
much and give themselves the dysentery:
tends to increase winter brood rearing:
wastes the vital heat of the colony in keep-
ing so many pounds of material several de-
grees above the outer temperature; and, in
zero weather, it condenses moisture into
frost and ice at wholesale: then when a
warm spell comes the melting drenches the
interior, if not the bees themselves. Let at
least half the honey that the authorities pre-
scribe be hung in the comb closet, and given
back to the bees in tlie spring if desirable.

It may transpire that the most practical
way to meet the two troubles of wintering
and excessive swarming, from both of which
I have suffered greatly, is to just let the bees
double or treble their census in the summer,
and then unite two or three colonies in the

iso

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

fall. Choose out from six to nine of the
best combs in three colonies, put them a lit-
tle farther apart than for summer use, shake
in the bees of all three colonies, and put the
rest of the combs away in the comb closet.
In tliis way we can yet the chamljer pretty
full of bees, and the communication pretty
close and direct with the outer air. I have
practiced somewhat the plan of uniting six
or eight of the later swarms in one liuge col-
ony, then dividing it early in the spi-ing. I
rather like this way of doing. Such a huge
aggregation can make itself comfortable un-
der almost any circumstances, unless allowed
to get out of honey : and they are not usually
exhorbitaut in their demands about that.
Queens from dwindled and worthless colo-
nies can often be had to make the heavy lot
into two colonies very early.

The scheme I think of most longingly and
most frequently is neither cellar wintering
nor out-door wintering, nor yet a compro-
mise of the two — but, until I find out whether
or not it is merely a fool's vision, I am dis-
inclined to trot it out. Don't you wish you
knew, now?

By the way, can't somebody devise a way
to make Byron W^alker and H. R. Boardman
swap locations, and enlighten us as to
whether winter results inhere in the apiarist
or in the location? You know the former
gets famous crops of honey, but resigns
himself to buy a good part of his bees afresh
every sjjring, while the latter sports the
rather tall title of "The man who always
winters his bees." If we could condemn
them to exchange placfes we should have a
most interesting experiment at tlieir ex-
pense. As for myself ( as well becomes the
man who usually loses a lot of bees) I believe
it's the location.

Richards, Ohio,

Aug. il, 1S89.

The Outs and Ins of Migratory Bee-Keeping,
From Tennesee to Wisconsin.

(Continued from Aug. No.)

BYBON WALKER.

I HERE is one more point in this con-
nection that deserves attention. While
but few will question tlie soundness of
the opinion you have expressed in
your opening remarks on this subject, rela-
tive to the comparative advantages of
planting for honey or moving to new pas-
tures, I fancy some will say : "Why all this
ado about moving bees, are there not plenty
of locations one may choose combining all
the advantages you speak of?" Possibly,
yet is it commonly the case that a iirst rate
location for clover and basswood, for in-
stance, is also equally good for fall flowers?
And does not a permanent change of loca-
tion often imply sacrifices — social, financial
and otherwise — that few are willing to make
for the sake of uncertain gains? Remem-
ber, also, the better your permanent loca-
tion the more willing will others be to share
it with you. Will not the majority prefer to
watch closely tlie indications of a iiow within
reach and hold themselves in readiness to

take advantage of it on short notice? Again,
is not the season too short in any given lo-
cation, even the best, for obtaining the best
possible i-esults? This brings me to the con-
sideration of the second part of our subject,
that of moving bees from the South, keeping
pace with the season.

From previous statements made in these
columns, it is probable that most of your
readers are aware tluit I have been in the
habit of sliiiiping bees from the South.
From the same source they have become ac-
quainted with some of the advantages and
drawbacks of this plan of securing bees; and
as many of the conditions of success are the
same as those of following up the season,
repetition may be avoided. It is obvious,
however, that sliippiug bees from the South
during the spring months is one thing, while
their delivery North i)i. fiiiic and /u shape to
take the flow from clover, after waiting to
secure the yield from poplar, and hot weath-
er has set in, is quite another. The interval
marking the closing of the one harvest, in
Tennesee, for instance, and tlie opening of
the other in Wisconsin, is usually only about
two weeks. Now, su[)posing that KK) or more
colonies are to be handled, at least one week
of this time will be reiiuired to extract the
bulk of the stores from the brood nests and
several days more to complete shipping ar-
rangements. Allowing forty-eight hours to
make the trip, saying nothing of delays
likely to occur because of unfavorable weath-
er or failures to connect at junction points,
and this interval is well nigh exhausted.
Then, too, as everyone knows who has had
experience in shipping bees long distances
by rail, the worry of long confinement tells
upon the working force of strong colonies ;
so much so that, even when the apparent loss
in bees and brood is but trifling, such colo-
nies are seldom in good condition for tak-
ing an immediate harvest.

Right here theory steps in to bolster up a
rather limited experience in shipping bees
by water, and says that, notwithstanding the
time lost in shipping long distances by boat,
other things being' equal, far better results
can be reached by this plan. It tells me
that extracting before shipping would be
scarcely needed; that there would be less dan-
ger of over-heating during hot weather ; that
entrances need not be closed at night during
ordinary weather, nor in the daytime if the
weather is cool ; hence the worry of
confinement and jarring incident to ship-
ping by i-ail would be in a great measure
avoided. Then, the boat lines ( on the Mis-
sissippi at least) will grant what railroads
will not — the i)rivilege of stopping off a
week or more at any landing. It was my
intention last year, when shipping bees from
Arkansas, and again this season, to test my
belief on these points, but adverse condi-
tions prevented.

Should fortune favor in the future, I ex-
pect to take the flow from willow in La.,
during Feb. and March ; that from poj)lar in
Ark. or Tenn., during April and the fore
part of May ; the clover harvest in 111., the
latter part of May and first .) une ; the bass-
wood flow in Wis., during -luly, and also the
late yield in Aug. and Sep. ; returning to the

I

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

151

starting point for safe wintering, if deemed
advisable. It may be taken for granted
that opportunity for furnishing each colony
with a young queen will not be neglected. I
am aware tliat there is nothing very original
in this plan; and that M. M. Baldridge says
he wants nothing to do with boats; that O.
M. Blanton will say that lie sui)posed that C.
< ). Perrine had settled this question ; while
friend Heddon has, I believe, expressed the
opinion that such a scheme could not be
made profitable though a golden harvest be
encountered every ten days. Perhaps they
are all right, but give me the golden har-
vests and I'll take my chances with the other
conditions. I know that the labor, expense
and risk involved are not to be passed by as
trilling matters, but, to my mind, the inabil-
ity to forecast coming crops is by far the
most weighty factor in the problem. Never-
theless, as the willow, poi)lar and basswood
harvests seldom fail in their respective lo-
calities, as mentioned above, I am inclined
to be careless of even this consideration.
Indeed, at the risk of being dubbed a Utopian
schemer and apiarian "crank," I will en-
gage, health and family permitting, to take
twenty-five colonies of bees and ij;r)0() to
cover each season's exi)enses. and, for five
successive seasons, increase the number of
colonies, on the average, to ICX) each year,
and secure an average yield, each season, of
10,000 pounds of surplus, half coml), or for-
feit the amount above mentioned to the Bee-
Keepers' Union.

Why can't I forget that you are expecting
me to tell your readers about my present
venture? I had hoped to be spared the reci-
tal of the story of comparative failure, for
a month or two, when, mayhap, a late flow
might allow me to retrieve my shattered
fortunes ; but the facts will come out sooner
or later, and even my failures may help
others to succeed.

The 20th of last April, I took charge of
100 colonies located on the M. & (). road in
northwestern Tenn. I had bargained for
very strong colonies, in ten-frame L. hives,
with straight combs full of honey and brood.
Examination showed that not more than
one-fourth of tlie number answered this de-
scription. The remainder ranged from very
weak to medium, and several were on the
verge of starvation. Sixteen were in box
hives, while nearly all the others had combs
rixnning across the frames. I had been de-
tained at home several weeks on account of
sickness, and poplar was already in bloom ;
hence there was no time to look for a better
showing elsewhere. The party of whom I
had bought the bees said he was selling be-
cause he hadn't the time to care for them ;
but, from the scarcity of poplar and the
abundance of bees in the neighborhood, an
over-stocked location might also have been
mentioned with propriety. It took over
two weeks to straighten crooked combs, get
rid of drone comb, transfer from box hives,
etc. Luckily, the honey tlow was kept back
during this time by cool weather. That from
poplar lasted two weeks longer ; after this
the gums aud clover furnished a little for a
similar period, during which the brood
nests were extracted in jiart and prepara-

tions for shipping completed. In round
numbers, 2,000 pounds of comb honey and
l,r)00 of extracted were taken. Queens had
been clipped and but little increase allowed.
Ninety-four colonies were handled. Previ-
ous to shipping, about twenty of the strong-
est colonies were divided, queens having
been reared for that purpose.

With a view to controlling temperature, a
refrigerator car had been ordered. When
about to load, I learned that no steps had been
taken to provide the car with ice as agreed
upon. Only r)00 pounds of ice could be had
in the place, and wliat there was proved use-
less for the purpose. It was already late,
aud I feared hot weather if longer delayed.
Neither stock nor ventilated car being avail-
able, I determined to start, relying on open
doors for ventilation. There were small
doors at the top, at each end of the car, as
well as the side doors. The mercury ran up
to i>jV outside, and the colonies farthest
from the doors became overheated. Night
coming on, the temperature moderated, and
the loss would not have been great had di-
rect connections been made at junction
points and a circuitous route avoided. Forty
hours would have been ample time in which
to have reached my destination ; as it was,
in spite of protest and entreaty, several long
and unnecessary delays were permitted, and
ninety hours were consumed in making the
trip.

Upon arriving at this place (Wauzeka,
Wis.), .June 11, seven of the best colonies
were melted down, and, upon an average,
fully one-half of the working force in the
other colonies was dead ; but, as the bees had
been furnished uu'th sweetened water twice a
da]i on the voiife, the brood was commonly
In (jodd condition. (Italics ours. Ed.) Clo-
ver was in full bloom, but cool weather again
kept back the honey fiow, and gave the bees
a chance to build up in a measure. Several
weak colonies swarmed out, and nineteen in
fair condition were added to the lot by pur-
chase.

I had been led to believe that an unoccu-
pied field awaited me at this place, and was
much disappointed in finding nearly 200 col-
onies already on the range. To make matters
worse, my supply of sections, crates, etc.
was allowed, through the gross neglect of
railway officials, to remain three weeks at a
station near by. When finally secured, the
bees were beginning to swarm for lack of
room, and basswood was about ready to
blossom. To cap the climax, the sections
(not my own make) were found to be so
wretchedly inexact as to be almost worthless.

The swarming fever took possession of the
apiary and lasted through basswood ; but
out of more than 100 swarms that issued,
only eight were hived in new hives ; the rest
were either returned or used in strengthen-
ing weak colonies.

After working almost night and day du-
ring this time, having the aid of a 17-year-
old helper, only 4,o(X) pounds of section hon-
ey (not all sealed at that) and 1,200 of ex-
tracted were taken. As the hives are large
and the bees lacked for room, at least 1,000
pounds more extracted might be taken and
yet leave enough for winter stores.

152

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Had conditions been favorable from the
outset, it would have been an easy matter to
have taken twiee the sniplus. There is, how-
ever, a sort of ne^iativc satisfaction in leiu-u-
iny tliat the 'J(M) colonies left at home have
not, so far, done as well.

My location is on a hilltop, overlooking
the valley of the AVisconsin on one hand anil
the Kickapoo bottoms <ni the otiiei', so that,
with favoral)le weatlier, tlie prospects of a
late yield are good. It also is very gratifying
to know that the honey from this source is
liglit color, good flavor, and well adaiited as
a winter food for bees.

I now have VX,\ colonies, mostly in good
condition : and it may be of interest to learn
that my exi)enses, including cost of bees,
have, thus far, been about !iJ;7U0.

Wauzeka, Wis.

Aug. .^), 188!).

Pkairie du Chien, Wis., Aug., l.'8,]88i).

Friend H. — Your postal asking about the
sj)eed of Mississippi boats was duly received,
but as I was preparing to move some bees to
near this place, I thouglit I would wait and I
might learn something more deiinite. Since
coming here I have seen an engineer who
has worked several years on Mississippi boats
and he says the time of the general freight
aud passenger boats is from ten to twelve
days from New ( )rleans to Prairie du Chien;
but there are raft or tug boats tiiat usually
come up empty, stopping oidy for fuel, tliat
make the trip in little over half the time, and
will take tows at reasonable rates. He says,
also, that barges may be bought, at Mem-
phis, for a song— .f2,^. or $:W. They will hold
several hundi-ed colonies, and originally cost
several hundred dollars. They are built l)y
parties moving down stream, who, having no
further use for them, sell them for what
they will bring. As there is plenty of time
between harvests in coming up the river
from New Orleans to Memphis, the bees
could be shipped that far by regular boat,
then transferi-ed to a barge. It is quite
likely, however, that such barges can also be
bought as cheaply at New ( )rleans. I am
confident that by this means we can keep up
with the season : and, if in the hands of the
right man in an ordinarily favorable season,
this is the only thing necessary to make a
success of the undertaking.

I have recently fixed on a location near
the mouth of the ^\'isconsin, where bass-
wood covers tlie blufl's six miles up tiie Wis-
consin (on one side of the river) and for
some distance down the Mississipiii. Ras])-
berries and clover al)Ound, while thousaiuls
of acres of bottom lands are covered with
fall flowers. The other night I moved sixty-
five colonies twenty-two miles on two hay-
racks, to this location. The route lay over
one hill nearly a mile long, I should judge,
and so steep that the wlieels had to be locked
with cliains most of the way. The sparks
from the tires grinding on the rocks fur-
nished about the only light except that given
by the stars t\viiU\ling above the' bluffs that
towered hundreds of feet high, hard by on
either side.

Byron Walker.

Incidents in the Perrine "Up the Mississippi'*

Scheme — It was Terribly Mismanage.!.

Boating it up the Mississippi

Is too Slow.

('. I. L'.ALCH.

|X BOUT April 3, we took the train for
^) New Orleans. In central Miss, we
found the early honey har 'est past
and gone and the wild red plum half
grown. Arriving at New ( )rleans about April
7, we found tlie bees nearly done swarming
and entirely througii stoiing surplus ; and
Mr. Perrine and (iraby taking things very
cooly. I stayed tiiere eight days : one or two
swarms per day coming from HOO colonies.
\\ e then went to Yazoo city to get together
.".(M) swarms as fast as they came out. (These
Mr. Perrine had l)OUght of Mr. -lohn Smith. )
Here I stayed and put together ;iLKI hives.
Smith had ;>00 colonies just ready to swarm
but the honey harvest was over. ( )nly about
forty swarms came out, and we made ten or
twelve more. Not enough honey came in to
sujiply the needs of tiie bees, and we had to
feed the young swarms to keep them alive.

About June 1, we put fifty colonies on a
steamer for Vicksburg to meet Mr. Perrine
with his steamer which had 80(1 colonies on
board and was away down in Mississipi)i.
In the meantime, tlie honey harvest was
away up at Burlington, Iowa.

Now I would say that in my opinion, no-
boat can start from New ( )rleaiis, when the
honey harvest is done there, and keep up
with it so as to luive the bees gather the lion-
ey in the next place above. In the next
lilace, wiien bees are put on board a boat, no
matter how much ventilation is given, they
will carry out their brood. In one day and
a lialf mine luid carried out theirs. There
were two-inch holes in the back of the hives,
the whole tops of the liives so that the bees
could go up into them, and the whole fronts
covered with wire cloth, yet the bees could
be seen running about with brood in their
mouths.

At Vicksburg, I took the bees out on an
island to let them have a flight in a grove of
not very higli trees. In a sliort time I had
nearly ten i)ushels of bees, queens and all,
in one mass in tlie tops of the trees, and no
ladder to get them down. This, I think,
would be all the expei'ieuce that one man
would w.ant in '• Migratory l>ee-l\eepiiig." I
finally succeeded, however, in getting them
down with the loss of only one (pieen.

That night Mr. Perrine came up with his
steamer. "^ He had taken the bees off the
barges and put tlieni on tlie boat. We ran
out to the isliind, i)ut on tlie fifty colonies,
and steamed up the river.

The next morning Perrine took me around
the aisles to see the bees. There were from
two to three quarts of dead bees in each
hive, while the stench was enough to take
away one's bit'ntli. 1 went to work remov-
ing the dead bees, and bushels were removed
every day until we arrived at St. Louis. We
went about forty miles above there, and
found white clover nearlj' gone, but we
made up our minds that something must be

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

153

done : so we tied up, took the bees oft' tlie
boat, and set them out in a sort of open
},'rove. Within one hour, they were nearly
all in tlie tops of the treis, dropping: down
l)ushels at a time, with (pieens and without
tiiem. Here I was taken sick and oblij,'fd to
leave for home, reaching there June 'I'l.

This, in brief, is my experience. As to
my views, I douljt if any steamer can stem
the current of the Mississippi fast enough to
keei) upi'vith the honey harvest: but I think
there ini<,'ht be a car made that would he a
sucess. Everything must be done promptly.
If we knew, or could calcvdate closely, when
the willow was yoing out in one locality and
coming in north of thei-e, it might be suc-
cessfully utilized. Having made the most
of the willow, then go to the white clover.

The colonies must not be too strong, the
• jueens should be clipped, jind the hives so
placed that, if the bees come out. they can
return.

I am no longer working with bees : tiie
lif ty colonies that I own are let out on shares
and I am now giving more time to the rais-
ing of horses.

Kalamazoo, Mich.,

Aug. 7, ISSi).

The 4- Bee-Keepers' + Eeview,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS : — TiO f ents a year in advance, two
copies for ito v-.'uts; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 3."^. cents each; all to be sent to one
post office. In clubs to different post offices,
NOT LESS than ■!.'> cents each.

FLINT. MICHIGAN. SEPTEMBER 10, 1889.

THE DISCUSSION ON WINTERING TO HE
OONTINUED.

Even though the last Review contained
twenty pages, the "Migratory" discussion
extended over into this number — yes, and
crowded so hard that it lias pushed out arti-
cles from sucli men as Taylor, France, Bing-
ham, and L'lrrabee. Mr. Manum h;is also
promised to write on " ( )ut-door Wintering "
in time for the ( )ctober issue. Taking every-
thing into consideration, we have decided
not to try to put all the discussion uiiou
this subject into this number, even by add-
ing extra leaves, but let it run over into the
next issue ; and if what we now present
moves some one else to write, well and good.
We would prefer to have all of the discussion
upon one subject gathered together in one
issue, but that the truth be arrived at is far
more important.

FAIE PROSPECTS F(Hi THE SUCCESS OF MIGRA-
TOKY JUiE-KEEPING.

^^'e are proud of tlie discussion upon " Mi-
gratory Bee-Keeiiing." ^\'e doubt if any-
where in this wide world could there be
found so much reliable information as we
have gathered together. When jutliciously
conducted, the nngratory plan has been, and
will be, remunerative. It is true there have
been failures, most disastrous ones, and so
have there been in stay-at-home bee-keep-
ing. We must reniember that this is a com-
l)aratively new l)ranch of bee-keeping, at
least in tliis country, and the "precedents"
are few and far between. There is one
grand fact upon which to make of migra-
tory bee-keei)ing a success in the fullest
sense. It is that the honey How opens in the
youth in February, and advances northward
with the season. Could bees be kept "in
clover," or some otlier excellent honey field,
several months, the yield would be something
enormous. The difficulties to be overcome
are those of transportation. To tpiickly,
cheaply and safely move the apiary, without
loss of bees or brood, solves the problem.
We still have faith in the Mississippi plan.
In tliis tliere are no "junction points" to
cause delays. When not "on the move,"
the bees may be " on the wing." Some of
our correspondents have expressed doubts
as to a steamer being able to climb the Mis-
sissippi with sufficient rapidity to keep pace
with the advancing bloom. To us, this
seemed so unreasonable, that we wrote to E.
T. Flanagan for his experience on this point.
He says : " The regular New Orleans and St.
Louis boats, on which I have shipped hun-
dreds of colonies, make the trip from New
Orleans to St. Ijouis in seven or eight days:
sometimes less. (This is nearly "halfway"
up the Mississippi. Ed.) It is absurd to say
that a Ijoat that can and does make this dis-
tance in a week, can't keep np with the sea-
son. The plan is )>ractical and feasible. It
will not answer, however, to wait until the
bloom is eutiri'li/ over in the lower locality
before starting for the upper (me. This is
the mistake Perrine made." Of course, bees
moved in hot weather must have abundant
ventilation : l)ut, as a correspondent says,
this alone will not save the brood. The bees
must have plcnh/ of water. It has been
urged, and with a fair show of reason, that
a colony that has just gathered a bountiful
harvest is not in the best condition to store
another crop. Ke-queening at the right time

IM

THB BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

will, we believe, remove or mitigate this
trouble. As obstacle after obstacle has been
removed in home-bee-keepiug, so the mi-
gratory plan may yet be robbed of its draw-
backs. Riyht here a hypothetical (juestiou
comes to miiid. Suiiposiny that an apiary
moving up the Mississippi, secures six crops
of honey — six times as much as a stationary
apiary — would tliis be more profitable than
six stationary apiaries? In other words,
which is the more promising field for enter-
prise, following up the season, or establish-
ing out-apiaries? Upon this point there are
many things to be considered, and varying
circumstances would probably lead to dif-
ferent decisions. Interesting though it
would be, we have now neither time nor
space to discuss this i)hase of the subject.
When wo take up "Out-Apiaries," as we
probably shall ere long, then this part of the
subject can be discussed. But the majority
of our readers are probably more interested
in that plan of migratory bee-keeping that
consists of loading the bees on a wagon and
moving them live, ten or twenty miles to
some locality abounding in honey plants not
found at home. As our friend AValker re-
marks, a good locality for clover and bass-
wood is usually a poor one for fall flowers ;
and should we be fortunate enough to secure
a locality affording an abundance of both
early and late pasturage, the greater will be
tlie likelihood of our being obliged to divide
the field with some intruder. Both points
are exceedingly well taken. We would never
move bees to new pastui-es when there was a
reasonable prospect of securing a yield at
home ; but we are fully convinced that it
may be done at a profit when the home lo-
cality will furnish no honey, and the proba-
bilities are that one a few miles away will.

Since the above was put in type, we have
received a letter from Byron Walker (it ap-
pears on jtage ir>2, at the end of his regular
article), and it would seem that, after its pe-
rusal, no would-be "migrator" need longer
fear that the Mississippi cannot be ascended
with sufficient rapidity.

BEE-CONVENTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS.

This is to be our special topic for ( )ctober.
The season for holding conventions will
soon be here, thus the topic will be a fitting
one. These gatherings are intended for the
interchange of thought, the exchange of
views and experiences, and the enjoyment of
the pleasures that arise from a personal ac-

quaintance with those engaged in the same
pursuit as ourselves. Years ago, bee-keep-
ing literature was not so plentiful as it is
now. Then, if a bee-keeper heard of a pa-
per containing an article "on bees," he
would tramp away off across the town for
the sake of reading it. In those days, to
attend a convention was a tjrcat advantage.
Those days are past. Apiarian books and
journals are plentiful and cheap. Through
these mediums the diffusion of knowledge
has become well nigh universal. Even a
//iO((f//iHs no sooner born than it is wafted
on the white wings of journalism from one
end of the land to the other. So fully do the
journals keep abreast, yes ahead, of the
times that conventions can do but little more
than talk over what has been already dis-
cussed in the journals. For a few dollars,
the bee-keeper can have the best books and
all of the journals published. With these he
can sit down in the quiet of his home and
read them at his leisure. Under such cir-
cumstances, every point is taken in and
comprehended ; in the hurly burly of a con-
vention many tilings are not always clearly
understood, or are driven from the mind.
How many up-with-the-times bee-keepers
now go to these meetings expecting, as the
result, to come home loaded down with in-
formation? Not many. It isn't for that
they go. It's to meet with the "boys." It
would be too sweeping an assertion to say
that no valuable knowledge is exchanged at
these gatherings : but, owing to the thorough
manner in which the journals do their work,
conventions are, more than ever, great big,
visiting bees. "But to meet our brother
bee-keepers, to grasp their hands, to rub our
minds against theirs in actual, [lersonal con-
versation, is a great thing. It brightens us,
it sharpens us, it gets us out of the ruts, and
we go home with a feeling of vim and fresh-
ness about us." So we felt and wrote after
returning from the last meeting of the North
American at Columbus ; and so we still feel,
but can't our conventions and associations
be improved ; be made to help us more in a
financial way? ^Ve know it is not best to so
magnify the almighty dollar that it hides
everything else, but of this there is no dan-
ger in this connection. The social feature
"will out ;" the bee-keepers will visit ; so it
is with a clear conscience that we may turn
out attention to the more utilitarian advan-
tages that may be gained by association.
First, a few words about the management of

TtlE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

m

Conveutions. No couveution can be a suc-
cess iu the highest degree without a goodly
atteudauce ; and this cannot be secured
without low railroad rates. For this reason,
conventions, unless they number sufficient
in themselves to secure reduced rates, ought
to be held during the holidays ; at the time
and place of some exposition ; or something
of this sort that will secure reduced rates.
Hotels will grant reduced rates, and often
furnish a room free for liolding the sessions.
In many places, a public hall, or room, may
be secured free of cost. Having reduced all
other expenses to the minimum, let the frrs
be doubled, the best man possible secured
for secretary, and jnt id <i (jood salari/. Par-
don us friends, if we now relate something
that sounds a little egotistical. Tlie Detroit
meeting of the North American Bee-Keep-
ers' Society has been jironounced one of the
best, if not flu' best meeting, that the Soci-
ety ever held. Not all of those who enjoyed
that meeting knew of the hard work behind
it. As secretary, we kept up a "running
corresi)ondence " all the summer and fall,
and during the three weeks previous to the
meeting gave up our time ivliollij to com-
pleting the arrangements and attending to
the correspondence. In all, more than HIXJ
letters and postals were written. Then
came the work at the convention, and after-
wards the transcribing of the shortliand
notes and the preparation of the report for
publication. For this work the convention
voted us $50. But friends, out of this came
ij|;;>0 to pay for stationery, postage, telephon-
ing, telegraphing, and traveling expenses in
making arrangements for the meeting. So
we actually received, from the Society, %'M
for as hard a month's work as we ever did.
We are not complaining. With its jiresent
rate of dues, the Society could pay no more.
But suppose the dues were raised to !ii;2.(X), or
even itj^l.^O ? The secretary is the soul of an
association. It is he that must enthuse the
members with a desire to attend : must ar-
range for railroad rates ; get \x\t the pro-
gramme ; and, with quick ear and nimble
fingers, furnish a report of all important
sayings and doings. Without such work on
the part of the secretary, a successful meet-
ing is the exception; and it often happens
that the man best iitted for this position is
the least able to f//re the society so much
time and labor. It ought not to be expected.
An additional fifty cents from each mem-
ber would pay a secretary so well that he

could afford to put in a month's work in
"getting up the meeting;" and its useful-
ness would be enhanced many times the
cost. The American Nursery mens' Associa-
tion this year pays its secretary .fl.'SO. In
this society the annual dues are if^.OO. Re-
ferring to this society reminds us that, two
or three years ago, it expended !|;!(M) or $40()
in sending its best men to attend the meet-
ings of railroad ollicials, with a view to se-
curing a new classification of imrsery stock
and a consequent lowering of rates. After
an immense amount of labor and many te-
dious delays, their requests were granted,
and thousands of dollars have since been
saved to nurserymen in freights. Bee-keep-
ers may not need anything in this direction,
and they may. but the illustration used
shows what may l)e done by association, by
united effort and a little moiwii. As Bro.
Newman remarks: "If tiie Bee-Keepers'
Union had money, it could coDipcl the news-
papers to tell the truth about honey." Mon-
ey talks. After a l)ody of 1(K) or more bee-
keepers have paid, upon an average, say !|10
each, in attending a convention, one or two
dollars more from each would lie a compar-
atively small burden, but, in the aggregate,
it could be made to work wonders. We have
three International Societies. The Bee-
Keepers' Union. ( and its manager ought to
have pay) that defends ils members against
unjust attacks ; the American International
Society, that holds conventions for the ex-
cliange and diffusion of apiarian knowledge;
and the Honey Producers' Exchange, that
aims to furnish its members with prompt
and reliable information as to the honey
crop. To be a member of all these societies
one year costs ^."'..OO ; would it be better if
they were consolidated under one manage-
ment, with annual fees of !||;:5.00? We know
this idea has been broached before, but,
after a little discussion the matter has been
dropped. We know there ai-e obstacles in
the way of such a combination, but, if it is
desirable on the whole, they can be removed.
We feel sure there are many important ad-
vantages that bee-keepers may secure by a
grand combination, earnest united eftort, and
the judicious expenditure of a little money ;
and it is with a view to this end that we invite
a most thorough discussion of the matter in
the next Review ; then when the fall and
winter conventions are held we shall be pre-
pared to discuss the matter still more intel-
ligently and to (/(' something.

156

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as follows:

On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent.; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.;G
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; 6
times, 30 per cent. ; 9 times, 40 per cent. ; 12 times
50 per cent.

CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Gentlest Bees and Best Workers Known.

1 liave l)"('n importing .ind brt eding tliis race
(>xclnsivt'l.v since l-iSJ. My orders have each .vcar
move than doubled. 8end postal for descrii)tive
circular, or *1 for choicr untested (inren;*;;) for
•'i doz. ; $5 for neutou's best grad.' imitorted
queen. S. W. MORRISON. M. D.,

7_si)-tf Oxford. Chester Co. Pa.

Plenac mention the Review

Patent riat-Bottom Comb Foudalion.

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square feet
to the i)i)und. Wholesale and Re-
tail. Circulars and Samples free.
J. VAN 1>KUSKN & SONS,
(SOI.E MANUFACTUEEES),

SPROUT lUlOOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

■ rifiise mention the Reuiew,

1-88-tf.

Every

Boo-koeper

SHOULD TRY

The Success Hive

Tolta
NAME.

Safe winterer, easy in manipulation, dural)le,
(•heap. and. for larse yields of honey, is unsur-

ESiis, Scclioii Cases, Coiiil) FoiMalioii,

all apiarian suiiplies, at sreatly reduced
s. Send for new (•ir<Milars,free.
L. H. & W. .T. VAldiNTINE,

{Successors to S VALENTINE & SONS)

Hagerstown, Wash. Co., Md.

PhuisP mention the Review.

and
pvici

4-89-tf

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE,

Foundation. Sec Advertisement

AND DADANTS'

In Another Column.

EES 0 T^OULTRY

EEs Xj Poultry

EES iX. 1 OULTRY

The Canadian Bee- Journal

AND

POULTRY WEEKLY

Is the best paper extant devi>tc<i to these spe-
cialties. Tweiit.v-four pa^-es, WKI':KI.Y, at J^l.tH)
per year. Live, practical, interestiuij:. Nothing
stall' in its cohiuins. Specimen copies free. Sub-
scribers paying in advance are entitled to two in-
sertions of a tive-liiK^ advt.(40 words) in thecx-
chaiiKe and le.art column.

TJIJ^J D. A. JONES CO.,

Beeton, Out., Canada.

Dadants' Foundation

Is kept for sale by Messrs. T. (i. Newman iV Son,
(niicaKo.lll.; (\ V. Muth & Son, (Mncinnati, O.;
Jas. lleddon, Dowa^iac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty,
Indianapolis, Ind.: Chas. H. (ireen, Waukesha,
Wis.; Chas. Hertel .Jr., FreeburK, 111.; E. b. Arm-
strong, JerseyviUe, 111.; E Kretchmer, ( <^b"rK,
Iowa.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kans.; Ed K.
Newcoml), Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Va.; J. B. Mason <t Son, Mechanic
Falls, Me.; Dr. G, L. Tinker, Few Philadelphia, O.
D. A. Fuller. Cherry Valley, 111.; Jos. Nysewan-
der, Des Moines, Iowa; G. B. Ijewis&Co., Wider-
town Wis.; P. L. Viallon, Bayou (joula. La.: H.J .
Miller&Co., Nappanee, Ind.; J. Mattoon, Atwa-
ter, O.; Goodell & Woodworth, M'fV' Co.. Rock
Falls, 111.; J. A. Roberts, Ed^ar. Neb.; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; (Teo. Vj. Hiltim, l<re-
mont, Mich.; J. M. Clark & Co , 1409 '!'f > St.,
Denver, Colo.; E. L. (ioold & ( -o., Brantford, Ont.,
Canada; J. N. Heater, Columlms Neb.; O. (t.
Collier, Fairbury. Neb.; (i. K. Hubbard, iort
Wayne, Ind.; and numerous other dealers.

We guarantee Every Inch of our Comb Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every Rfspect.
Every one who buys it is pleased with it. W rite
us for FREE Samples, Price List of Bee-Supplies,
and Specimen I'a^es of the new

Revised Langstrotn Book

EDITION OE 1H89.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON.

4-89-12t Hamilton, Hancock Co., lU.

Pleas.- fu'.itinn Ihe Ili-view.

DO YOU WANT

One of the finest Italian queens you ever saw?
Then send to us ;ind get one reared by our new,
natural and practical method.

"Warranted queens, $1.00 each; select $1.25
eacli; tested, *1.50. We have had

80 Years "Experience

in rearii)" queens, 2'i,000 old customers will tell
you tllat the I'liUITY, BEAUTY and QUALITY
of f)ur (lueeiis cannot be excidh^l.

(')-S9-tf Wenham, Mass.

BEr KEEPERS

should send for my circu-
lar. It describes the best
Hives, the best Cases, the
best Feeders and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. shUcK,

DES MOISKS, lonA

mention the Review.

The Canadian Honey Producer.

If you wish 1o see what the best Writers have
to say upon the most important topics, send 40
cents" for a vear's subscription to "The Canachan
Honev Producer." Or send liO cts. and receive
this journal one year and, in the swarming sea-
son Or earlier, a virgin <iu<'eii of entirely new,
and carefully selected bhxxl. Stamps taken, ei-
ther U. S. or Canadian. E. L. GOOLD & CO.,

Hraiitford, Canada.

Pleas- mention the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW

151

The ©rightest

Four-Banded, Golden Italian Bees & Queens,

and the Reddest Drones.

Tested (lueen, $i.(;0

Selpctpil t«-ste<l H.OO

Untested in May, 1.25

" in June and after, l.(JO

Safe arrival and satisfacliun sufiranteed.

L. L. HEAEN,

r>-su-tf Frcnvhrill,-. Mercer Co., W. Va.

THE BEST OUEffllf THE COUMRI.

PuTNvviJLLE, Pa., July ], l.SM).
MU. HENKY ALLEY :-

The (^ueeil 1 l)()iij;lit
of yon last year is THE BEST QUEEN IN THE
COUNTRY. Would not'selli.er for FIFTEEN
DOLLAKS. I advise luy liroUier bee-keepers to
pureliase their queens of von.

CLAFJv 8HUE('KEN(iO]18T.
All queens are reared in full colonii's hn\iiiK
fertile (jueens. No (|ueens reared in (|Ueenless
colonies in the B;iy State iijiiary.

ITALIAN & CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Oaifioa I Warrant^^d queens, '{il.OO; seleet-w;uran-
frlCSSl.ted, %\:l->; te.sted, t\.W. Our cirndar
sives simple instructions for int-rodueinji and
finding a queen in a larf^e colony. Sent free.

THE AMJ'JRICAN APICULTURIST

one year and a tested queen, $i ..5". A new nieth<id
for dividinjr Ik'cs, and of increase in the apiary,
will be Kiv(^n in tiie An-'ust Apirui.TinusT.
Address HENRY ALLEY,

7-Sil-tf VVenliani, JMa.ss.

The Western Apiarian.

An illustrated niontldy inaKazirir>, devoted to
bee-culture in tlie Pacific and Westt^rn States ;
filled with tlie most interesting, orrniual articles
from tlie pens of "Western Apiarists."
Send for sami)le copy.

WATKINS & M't^ALLUM,
Box 87, Placerville, Calafornia.

Eaton'x Improued Section Case.

Ijatcst and best. Bees and

i (^ueins. S.-n(l for free price

list. Address,

fi\fiF ^^l^-^'^^^ A- EATON,

Reuiew.

Hlutttou, 6hi

DON'T THINK

Brcau.se (he wliite honey harvest is over and
past, tiiat work with the bees is ended, and that
yon liave no use for Dr. Miller's book. Kr-inem-
ber that its title is ; "A Year Among the Bees,"
and tl\e year isn't out yet by any means. There is
the marketing, the preparation for winter,
th" wintering ; and then another year will ))egin^
and you will need the book just as much as you
did this year. Price only 75 cts.
AddresH, Dr. C. C. MILLER,

Marengo, 111.

Please mention tin' Reuiew.

Old lieliable Bingliam Smoker and Bingliam &
Hi'theringtou Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog up oi- go out.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

Send card for free circular, descriptive of the
liest and cheapestrtools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

1-88 tf. Abronia, Michigan.

Phasn mention the Review.

— If you are in ueed of —

Pure Italian .Queens,

— UNSURPASSED FOR -~

Beaiity & IP-uirity,

Yuu Cannot dv Brfter than to Uiiler From

J. P. Caldwell, San Marcos, lens.

PRICES AS FOLLOWS:

I untested queen, $IM

ti " queens, 4..')0

n " " X..5II

1 tested (lueen, 1 .riO

1 selected, tested queen, 2.7.")

(Contracts taken with dealers to furnisli queens

as they need them.
Add7-ess J. /'. CALDWtCLI,,

7-8lt-lt San Marcos, Texas.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Comt

Foundation. See .Advertisement in Another CoUinin.

NON " SW^AI^M ERS.

i now have my s, coud lot ol' y>inng ((ueens
(Viure Italiaiis) [iied from a queen that iias, fur
three years, n fused to swai-m. Price $l.tKl each.
Safe arrival guaranteed. The cliances are greatly
in favor of their Iring purely mated. Tlie bees
are very gentle and tine lioney gatheiers.

E. B. WILLIAMS,
5-89 tf Winchester, Franklin Co., Tenn.

FOUND AT LAST!

How to keep eggs fresh for a year. S"nd for
circular. DR. A. B. MASON,

9-8<)-;',t ^nburndale, Ohio.

Pleasi" mention tlie liei'it-Lv.

158

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

Wants Your Time

Just a luinuto PLEASE. It is about an eij^ht or teu horse power engine
that he wishes to speak. Engine now at liis shop — MUST be sold : and, if
you want it, don't allow some other body to get in ahead of you. It's going
cheap — way down ! Just the riglit size to run a small bee-liive shoi). He
wishes you were right here, where you could set your eyes upon it for a
miimte — you wouldn't hesitate long, he knows.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box I 087.

7.89-12t. P/."Sf mention II,. h\-un.,v.

Comb Foundation. | Barnes' Foot Power Maoliinery.

VV(? have a (•oini)l(:'tn out-lit for its luannfactaree
()\7r mills all run by stfaiii powiT, ami \vn have
the very best fsu-ilitics for ixnifyiiij; wax We
make it as tliiii as yon want it for sections. We
make a specialty of making brood foundation for
square frames, thick al th(^ top with a gradual ta-
per to very thin at the l)ott(i)ii, thus securing tlie
greatest amount of stri'nj;th for tlieijuality of wax
used. For prices, wluilesale or retail, aditress

A. G. HILL,
64*8-tf. ' Kendallvill(>, Ind.

The Jieinscd Laiiijslroth, and JJadaiils''

Foundation. See Advertisement In Another Column.

FRIENDS,;:;;" BEES or KOEY,

any way interest edni J

we will wiMi pleasun

d a saiiiph' co|)y of th

SEMI-MONTHLY GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

witli H descriptive price-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, f'om)) Foun-
dation, Section Honey-Hoxee, all I looks and jour-
nals, and everything pertaining to Bee Culture.
Nothing Pat:ented. Simi>ly send your address
plainly written to. A, 1. KOOT,

1-88-tf. ftle<lii>!i, Ohio.

KijOTmi^

[16-paf?e Weekly-$1.00 a Year.]

IS the Oldest, Largest and Cheapest weekly
bee-paper in the World. Sample 1 rec.

%

■iii;:'paBLisHERs:-f

923 & 025 West Madieon St.. CHICAGO, ILL.

WORKERS OF WOOD OR MSTAL,

V itlioutsleiiMi iiiiwcr.livusiiiffoiitlits of these
Miicliiiics.cMii liiill..\vcr. ii ml save
iiior( iniiiicy Irciiri tlnir .inlis, tlini
by jiRv i>i li' Till rails lordiiiiju'; ivi
work' l.A'l'IIF.S. S/.U'.-, Mom
'J'lSKIf!*, 'J'KNOMCI.'S, E'lX'.. 8oJd
uiitrinl. IliustraU'ii Prii-e-List Kree

W. F. &JOHM BARNES CO.,^
No. (i.sg. auliy St., KockfonL JIl

Italian Queens I Shipping Cases,

Clioice tested (iiieens, ¥100 eacii; hybrids, 50ctH.
Queens are reared under the swarming impulse.
VI lb. shi|iping cases, in th(^ flat, no glass, t^-'U for
75 cts.; per huudictl, fli.O . 'J' lb. cases, in the
fiat, nt) glass, ten for Sil.:<r); per liundred,
$r.;.O0. Hest covered lice l<'eeders, '.;r>cts. eacli, or
Ivn for $J.OO, J. -h/L. ICIISrZIIHl,
lU_SH-tf liochester, OaklantI (^o., Mich.

PImse mention the Reuiew.

g[[ SUPPLIES

RETAIL

AND

Wholesale

We fiirnisli KverytliiiiK- needed in
the Apiiir.v, of practical const-ruction, and at the
lowest price. Halisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a postal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catahigue free.

E. Ki-ctrhnier, Cobarf/, Iowa,

2-88-tE. Please mention the Reuieui

BEE-KEEPERS^ GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Ikie-Keepei- should have it.

FifiCGiitliTliomii Wholly Revises!

MUCH ENLARGED!

(Vmtains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is ui* to 1),\te. It is both pu.vctio.^l and

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, $1.!>0. To dealers, $1.00. lu
100 lots, ))y freight, TiO per cent. oft'.

Address A. J. COOK,

10-88-tf Agricultural College, Michigan,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

I59

mri) Q>l«'li«- Untested ill May, Sl.OO; Wm^
V\\;^tiiivc, $-<J.r)0. June to Oct., TS cts.Q^m
three, jf'i.OO. Send for free, annual, price lint of
nuclei, Ijees by the lb., tested queens, and bee-
keepers' supplies, JNO. NEBEL & SON,

5-8;t-6t High Hill, Mo.

Please mention the Reuiew

SEND FOR

HEDDON'S GIUGULABS

Address,

JAMES HEDDON,

Dowagiac, Mich.

WE MANUFACTURE THE

MM Siiiiiilicity Portico and Cliaif Hives.

Frames, crates; sections, comb foundation, and
a general line of bee-keepers' supplies always
on liand; also bees, queens, and full colonies.
Send for :ll) page catalogue.

OLIVER HOOVER & CO. ^
4-89-12t Snydertown, Nort'd Co., Pa.

P/eaae mention tin Sevieui.

100 Tons of Comb Honey

Will undoubtedly he put upon the market tliis
season in our

FOLDING P&PER BOXES.

Catalogue free! Send foi- it ! Sample box U cts.

Fr*ices Defy Oom-petition.!
A. O. CRAWFORD,

South Wojnn)Uth, Mass.

5-8!l-tf

ntion the Reuiew.

Wanted:

To sell my hive
factory and bees,
or else some; as a
partner. A good ehance for some one under-
standing tiie business. For further inforuiation,
writj^ to P. L. VIALLON,

".l-HtUt Bayou (ioula. La.

Ptecise mention (he Reuiew.

Italian Bees, Queens,

One untested queen, 7.^) cts. ; tliree for .¥'-'.00.
Tested (jueens, fl.25 each. Bees by the pound;
also nuclei.
4-8<Uit H. (i. FKAME, North Manchester, Ind.

Please mention the Review.

Flint

FLIXT. MICH. Expenses less than at
Hiiy other stOio.il in Micliig-.an. Special
lomscs ineluiiiiif^ Prepapiitorj', Teachers,
Srieiiliflc, I.iterar.r, Higher Eii!;lish, Ciininier-
I, Klocuiion, Music, Fiiic/rl, reiiiiiaiishi|i,

Normal

Shori-nand, T.r|)e

pli}'. Ncrfss^ir:

term (if 10 \v rk;

Sludents 111 a j

time. No vaca

.ilicm AUGUST 28, 1883. First Term N.v

vember 6. '88, Second Winter Term Jan.

iri,'89. Sprinc TermMareh 26. '89. Sumniei

Term June 4, '89. UusurpasseiUoeation. Ele

nut new hniMm?. Semi for Oataio^iie tc

a. S. Kimball, IN, A. , Trin., Flint, Mich. «

ililiK, Trlel;ra-
exiiciisi's tor a
only if(8 0.50.
enter at any
tinii. FallTfTiii

College

Please mention the Reuiew.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory

f^ We,„a,.„rao.,ur.Hc-c.Ke,-,,.rs»,rp

plies of all kJEids, best quality at

lowest prices. tlives, Sectioos,

I'ouDdatioii, l^xtractors, Sniokera,

Crates, Veils, Kfeders, Clover

Seeds. Buckwheat, etc. Im-

pnrtcd Italian tj u e e n s.

t^ucen.s and Rccs. Sample

( opv of our P.er .lournal,

, "The WcsUrii Uee- Keeper,"

\ and lutOMt (^ulltloKlle iii:iilud

" Free t" It.'c-KnpiTs. A.l.lrcss

JOSEPH iNYSKWANOEK,

«E8 MOINES, IOWA.'

WANTEE:

We are large dealers in
Beeswax, Comb and Ex-
tracted Honey; ami desire
sliipments, on which wo promise best attenlitm.
Demand active at present for lib. white clover,
of which grade we are entirely out. ( 'an make it
an object tt) yon to correspond with us.

S. T, FISH &. CO.,
7-8'.u;t ISl) S. Water St, Cliicago, 111.

ITALIAN QUtENS AND SUPPLIES

FOE, 1880.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.
J. P. U. IJKOVVN,

1-88 tf.

Aujfu.sta, Cioorgia.

CARNIOLAN BEES.

PLEASANTEST BEES IN THE WORLD.

HARDIEST TO WINTER.

BEST HONEY GATHERERS.

In order .to introduce, not only tliese l)eee,
but our pajjer :

We offer' to any one, wlio s(»nds ns ?1.25, a copy of
our paper and a nice Cariiiolau tjueen. The
(jueen alone is worlh Iwodolhiis.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Mec-hanic Falls, Maine.

Please mention tilt; Reuiew

m, lOlti Year ill (iiiGcii-Rcarii. 1889.

Italian Queen- Bees

Tested (jueen, in April, May, and .) uue $l..^iO

Untested " " " " 80

Sent by mail and safe arrival guaranteed. Also
nuclei and full eohmies. I"]ggs of 1'ekiti iiucks-
White and Brown Legliorns. and White-crested
Black Polish chicks, $1..".0 per dozen.

W. P. HENDERSON,

■l-'.i'.i-iit

Pleas

.Murfr

ention the Reuiei

■iboro, Tenn.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for tSf-'.l of Italian Queens, Bees, Eggs
for liatcliing fj-om Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) .lapane.si^ iiuckwlieat, anil two clioice
new varieties of I'otafoes,

YOU CAN SAVE WlUNtY Ijy getting my price list be-
fore you i)urcliase.

CHAa. 1> DUVALf.,
2-88-tf. Spencerville, Mont Co., JKl.

Please mention the Reuiew,

160

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

QUALITY and workmanslui) iiiisurpjissocl.
su,.i>lii's promiilly, uiul with ^ooils of uuiForm
oxcclliMiccas lnTcloforc. Our hives all take tlie
SiiiU)li(nty fraiiii'. The " K.ilcon " (^liaff liive
ami rli(! " ('liaiitaii<iu;v" liivi', with DEAD AlU
spAcuos, are Ixilli i^iviiiti utiiverrial Matisfaotioii,
Wi' inuuifactiiri' a full lino ot BKE-KElil'KUS' SOl'-
I'LIES, iiirliuiiii;,' tlic

"Faicon" Brand of Fountlation.

j:*'*^ \V(. f^liully finiiish eHliiuatch, and sDlicit
t'on-ospondwiCL'. Send ior illus' rated price list
fi.r ISSK. free.

Tlw \V. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
l-fss-tf Jamestown, N. Y.

rliasu ininlioi: I'le RfuiruJ

Honey - Extractor,

Square <il is.s lloiie.y-Jiir.s, Tin IJiK'kcts,

Ilee-Kiv«'s, ll»>iM'y-St!c( i<M».s, &v., &c.

l'erf»»cli<»n ('old-IJIast Smokers.

Apply tu CHAS. V. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. B. — Send 10-cent stamp for "Practical Hints
to Boe-Keepers. ^'-88- tf.

Leahy's + Foundation,

- WllOLKSALl-: AND KETAIL

My Fountlatioii is reoominended by liundreds
of Ut'e-Ke<>iH'rs, as h;ivin>,' no eiinai. It is kei)t
for sile by .J. Jordiiie, Ashland, Nel).; Mooller
IManilartiirinK Co., D.iveapoit, Iowa; H. P. Bar-
ber i\: Hon, Cole Hrook, Ohio; Smith fii Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. Callam & Co., Kenton, Oliio,
and others. 1 will lak" one lb. S"<^tions in ex-
chtui!;!' Corthi:! Koimd.ilion on re isonabie tei-ms.
Special prices to deili'i--. S.Mid f. ir Catal<n,'ne of
other sui.plies. R. B LEAHY&CO.,

i-b'J If ni.:;j;iii.->Mllf, Ma., IJox il.

PIcLise muntiun the Review.

An Old Hee-Book Revised, and Dadants'

roiiinlativn. S.-i! AdueltiH'fmit m Anotlin Column.

THE "REVIEW."

Tlie distinctive features of tlie Bee-Keei'KUs'
Keview are thai of reviewing current apicultnr,.d
literaluiv (poiiitiiyc out err(.rs and fallacies and
aliowiiifj iiothinji of value to passunnoticedl, and
the making of each issue a "special mmdier " —
one in whicli some sp'>cial topic is discussed by
tiie best l)ee-keepers of tue counliy. If yon wish
foi- the cream of the oiher .journals, already skim-
med and disJK-d up, and to learn the views of tiie
most (vx|)erience(l bee-kiM'pi-rs upon the unsolve<l,
apicultural problems of the day, read the Review.

I'riceof (he Keview, .'iO cts. a year. Samplub
free. J5ack nnndjers can be furnished.

"The Production of Comb Honey."

Although this neat little book (Contains only!.'')
padres, it furnishes as nnicli practiiv'il, valual)le in-
formation as is often found in a book of twice; its
size. It is " boiled down."

It ))eKins with ,lakin« the l)ees from tlie collar
and «oes over the uroimd briefly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is olT the hives; touching
up(m thi; most important points; and es])eciHlly
does it teai^h when, when; ami how foundation
can be used to the i)est advantage; when combs
are preferable and when it is moie protitable to
allow the bees to build their own (;ond)s. It t<'lls
liow to hive a swarm in an empty brood nest, and
yet secure more honey tluui when foundation is
used. Price of the book, 2.") cents.

SP>EOIA.I_. OFFEK,.

For Ki cts. We will send the- He view one
and "The Produciion of Comb Houey."
$1.00 we will send all the innnb"rs of the
VIEW for the past year (IHSS), the Kkview
this year ( 1HS9) and the "The Production of ('■
TIoney;"or, for t he same amount ($1.00), wo
send the REVIEW lor TWo years from .Jan.
IMS'.I, and "The Production of Comb lltmey."
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint, M

year
For
Rk-

for
■imb
will

Ist,

ICH-

SHIPPING CASES

To hold twelve I'l/.P.^ se-lious,or fourteen 7 to
the foot, .*;. 0 \n-v lllO;-ix'.l .Sllass for same, lif) cts.
per 101). Free price list of H-es, tjneens. Nuclei,
and every I hi nj; needed in the Miliary.

M H, HUNT,
8-Wt-2t Hell Branch, Mich.

NEW YORK, ..„.=.:„.N <..;!>►:.« SOLICIT.:... NEW JERSEY.

E.iSl'EltN * DEPOT

( fo'ce.s ) FOR {QHr<.'ii.s )

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers.

Exclusive Manufacturer of the

Stanley Anlomitic Koney-E::lraotor.

UAUAinS FilUNDAllDN, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

WlliTE POPLAR OR BAS8W00D SECTIONS

MASS.

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lily, any size. Complete machinery- finest
work. Send for Handsome Illustrated Cata-

l,.-ue. Free.

E. «, NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

Please niention the Fvuit'iv.

(X)NN.

iillE MIl, iklE,

m. n,

FLINT, MICHIGAN, OCTOBER 10, 1889.

NO. 10.

Tlie Influences of Conventions are Ele-
vating.

DE. A. B. MA.SON.

Mrs

niEN I SAW an article by

swrs) Cliaddock, entitled "Bee Conven-
j(| tion«," on paj^'e ISf) of the Rkvikw
lor December last, I wanted to
say sonietliiny on the snl).ieGt, but realizing
that the K kview was devoted to some special
subject each month, and feariuf^ what I
miiiht write would tind its way into the waste
basket, I "held my peace." I now see that
the ( )ctober number is to discuss " Bee- Asso-
ciations and (jonveutions."

It may be true, as the Review says, that
" not many up-with-the-times bee-keepers
now iio to these meetings expecting, as the
result, to come home loaded down with in-
formation. It isn't for tliat they go. It's to
see the ' boys.' " (And girls V) It may be
that such "shining lights " as " ye editor "
don't learn anything, but there are some
who may not be classed with " up-with-the-
times bee-keepers" who do learn many
things at these meetings.

Is Mrs. Chaddock's opinion, that it does
not pay to attend these conventions, unless
one has an ax to grind, of any value? Has
she had any experience in the matter? I
have never heard anyone who has attended
"these conventions" express any regret for
the time and money spent in so doing ; but
I liave freijuently heard the expressions :
" I'm glad I came." " I feel well paid." " It
has been a real treat." Etc., etc. Mrs.
Ohaddock is certainly not posted when she
accuses certain ones of having "an ax to
grind ;" unless her meaning of that expres-
sion is different from the generally accepted
one. I had supposed that the saying meant
that persons "having an ax to grind " were
those having something to sell, or those
working to secure some influence bj^ which
money was to be made. I have never known
Prof. Cook to make any effort at any con-
vention to sell his book, or to secure an hon-
orable position, but he is always trying (and
succeeding) to help others to get upon a
higher plane of intelligence and goodness.
So I guess, after all, I'll have to admit that
it (Iocs pay him to attend conventions ; and
I kmiiv he helps make it pay others to attend.

Thank fortune, or any good influence, all
the people in the world are not so many bun-
dles of selfishness ; and many have learned

the truthfulness of the statement that : " It
is more blessed to give than to receive."

That it pays Messrs. Hutchinson and Root,
in dollars and cents, to attend conventions,
I very much doubt. I have never known
tliem to offer anything for sale, or to attempt
to advertise any of their wares ; and if Mrs.
Chaddock thinks it is a necessity for "D. A.
Jones to be there to keep up with the times,"
I tliink she is very mucli mistaken.

I have no doul)t that " Mrs. Harrison gets
better pay for what she writes because she
attends the conventions," but if that is all
she goes for, and all slie gets, I'm sure she
misses the better i)art that others get. If
such is the case, then Mrs. Harrison is the
only one who " has an ax to gi-iud ; " but we
know it is not with the ladies as it is with
the men ; for I'm inclined to believe as
Thackery says: "Since the days of Adam,
there has been hardly a mischief done in
this world but a woman has been at the bot-
tom of it."

Mrs. C. can't even let me alone. She says I
"can sell my recipe for preserving eggs."
Well, maybe she knows more about it than I
do. I never did sell anything at a conven-
tion, nor attempted to, but if I should have
the pleasure of meeting her next December
at Brantford, I shall try my powers of per-
suasion on her in that line.

If anyone can listen to one of our friend
Newman's soul-stirring addresses ; or one of
Prof. Cook's familiar, interesting and
home-like talks, and not feel ^Kt't/, I would
just like to know what he or she is made of.
And it is worth something to give that every- ,
body's-friend, A. I. Root, a racket, and lis-
ten to his friendly way of talking to us;
and to shake hands with such Canucks as
Pettit, Cornell, Pringle, Jones, McKnight,
Macpherson, Hall and Emigh, is not to be
lightly esteemed, to say nothing of the la-
dies we don''t know but who will be at
Brantford. Then add the United States to
the galaxy, and say it doesn't pay if you
dare.

It may be possible that it would not pay
a large majority of bee-keepers to attend
the meetings of the International, but for
"such poor mortals as I" it pays if one
has the " needful " to spare. I have never
yet regretted having attended our Interna-
tional gatherings, and although it may not be
a source of direct financial income to attend
bee-keepers' conventions, farmers' institutes,
horticultural meetings, political caucuses

162

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

and conventions, literary gatherings, the
weekly prayer meeting, the Sabbath school
and religious Sabbath services &c., &c., I be-
lieve it is a duty we owe ourselves, our fami-
lies, our neighborhood, our country and our
God, to make use of every right influence to
help elevate the "standard of excellence" in
every direction that lies within our reach.
Poor as I am, I would not relinguish the
kindly greetings, the pleasant and valuable
acquaintance I've made, the information I've
gathered and the elevating tendencies of
such gatherings for many times what it has
cost me in time and money, and if the purse
will stand the strain and nothing unusual
prevents, my "better half" shall, in the
future, share with me, the benefits of our
International gatherings, as she does the
others I have named.

There may be a grain of selfishness in my
wishing to take Mrs. Mason with me into
Canada. Perhaps you know some of the
Canucks have been threatening me with
some pretty rough handling if I ever
put my "foot on Canadian soil," and
it may be possible that they will let me
alone if Mrs. Mason is with me.

Let everyone who can afford it, be at the
convention at Brantford, and if they think
it doesn't pay, I'll see that some one passes
the hat for their benefit.

AuBUKNDALE, ( )hio. Oct. 2, 1889.

Conventions no Place for Implements— Suc-
cess of Conventions Largely Depend-
ent upon Their Location.

JAMES HEDDON.

fWILL BE brief for two reasons. First,
each topic is crowding each number of
the Review. Second, you very nearly
exhausted the subject in your leader and
said so many things that I cannot touch
upon without using the same argument you
have, that I will only try to make the points
you have left out, and then quit.

I believe our conventions can be improved
by leaving at home samples of apiarian sup-
plies. Although I have been urged consider-
ably to bring implements to conventions, I
have very seldom done so. ^Ve naturally
talk about hives, smokers, queen-excluders,
knives, etc., but cannot we understand them
without having to have a lot of traps lumber-
ing up the room, most of which are worth-
less and which take a good deal of the atten-
tion of the members, when they ought to be
giving their attention to something else.
Touching this point, I will here say that if I
have had one, I have had fifty letters from
bee-keepers, asking me to send them one of
my new hives to exhibit at some fair or con-
vention. In every case I have written them
that I do not want it exhibited. I want it
to win its way, if it can, by actual use hi the
apiarii, and if not in that way, certainly in
none. You will remember. Mr. Editor, that
my break-joint, bee-space honey board was
exhibited by different persons at conven-
tions in different parts of the country,' over
and over again, between five and ten years

ago. You will remember that I wrote about
it, that I illustrated it, that I declared that it
was a great advantage to bee-keepers ; in
fact, almost an indispensible addition to a
hive ; but, for all this, bee-keepers at con-
ventions and through the .Journals, said,
" No, we don't need any honey board ; it is
only an expensive and useless appendage."
It took years for it to get to the front, but
now it is there.

Every inventor who really thinks he has
something of intrinsic value, very much pre-
fers to have it tested by actual work in the
apiary, and not piled on a table to be theo-
rized over by bee-keepers who happen to at-
tend a convention. There are a great many
implements in the world, of which a very
large majority of users cannot comprehend
the value with their brains, half as quickly
as with their hands. I mean to say that
actual use with the nerves and muscles will
find out the advantages of an invention long
before the brain can conceive it by theory.

You have made many good points in favor
of conventions. Another important point
to be considered is that the value of a con-
vention depends largely upon where it is
held. The Northwestern Association, as
long as it holds its convention in Chicago, at
the time of the Exposition, will be, no
doubt, the largest and most enthusiastic ;
consequently, the most valuable association
of bee-keepers to be found in this country.
The reasons are obvious. Chicago is a great
central point. Every autumn very low rates
can be had on all of the railroads leading
thereto, and upon those roads reside a large
number of practical and successful honey
producers ; so it makes no difference whether
it is called the National convention, a North-
western convention, a Cook County conven-
tion, or a Chicago convention, it will always
be a good one and draw according to the
convenience and nearness of the right class
of bee-keepers. Please notice if the conven-
tion held there this fall does not prove to bo
the best held in the country.

DowAGiAC, Mich. Sept. 10, 1889.

Conventions Bring out Practical, Modest
men who Don't "Write." — Let the
Secretary get paid by Increas-
ing the At'endance.

K. F. HOLTEKMAN.

'OUR special toiiic for October is
^ an extremely appropriate one. The
' points taken ui) by yourself in the
September number are excellent. I
will take them up in order.

I cannot agree with you that bee-literature
will enable us to learn all that a convention
may teach us. ^V'e glean fresh thoughts
from the remarks of others : we liear from
our best bee-keepers, those practical men
who, with all their knowledge, can never be
induced to /;«/ // on pajx'r. We he"-vr there,
privately, those who are too selfish or too
modest to say what they may have discov-
ered, except to a few individuals. I grant,
however, that the usefulness of conventions

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

163

is letisennl through the abundance of cheap
literature.

We enjoy the social part of a convention
and form an opinion of the worth of the
wi-itings of those we afterwards hear from
on paper.

I heartily agree with you as to the secreta-
ry-ship. It requires more work than anyone
can be expected to do free of charge ; and if
any association could get money enough
ahead, through membership fees, to pay a
secretary, it would, I believe, be money in
pocket, and such an association would have
more successful meetings. I am not in fa-
vor of increasing the membership fees ; let
the secretary exert himself to increase the
membership list. This has generally been a
good honey season, a secretary should make
a success of a meeting with half the labor
required in a poor season.

There is one more point you have not
touched upon and which is important. Let
each bee-keeper organize himself into a
local secretary and make every effort to in-
duce others to become members, and, better
still, attend. So often a spirit of contention,
party feelings and the like, creep in, to the
injury of an association. If from no higher
motive, the welfare of the association de-
mands that we should do all in our power to
prevent this. Anything like wire-pulling
ought to be cried down : and I honestly be-
lieve tliat canvassing before elections for
votes for friends or those we think will best
lill the positions, does more harm than good.
It genders strife.

RoMNEY, Canada. Sep. I'O, 188'J.

Protection of Bees When They Need it, vs.
All the Year Bound.

T. F. BINGHAM.

§MALL HIVES and the reduction of
honey in amount to the absolute re-
quirements of winter have rendered
necessary some compensating appli-
ances, or ditferent management. The greed
and avarice of bee-keepers who, copying the
instinct of their bees, ruthlessly take all
they can get and squeeze their subjects into
the narrowest possible domain, prescribing
rules and methods of diet and rate of con-
sumption, carefully figuring out how long
5,0t)0 bees can survive on half rations, lias led
to a vast amount of theoretic display and
renderd more necessary and constant the
care of bees, at tiie same time increasing the
risks and multiplying the losses. How, and
by what means to compensate for the lack of
honey and room in which and on which to
winter and spring a, colony of bees, has long
occupied the attention of l)ee-keepers, bee-
couventions, bee-books and the makers of
hives. How best to promote and perfect the
time-honored plan of out-door wintering,
with our present hives and system, is a diifi-
cult question to solve.

One theory, however, it may be well to
combat at the outset : viz., that the air in a
bee-hive passes up through burlap and saw-
dust laden with excreta and five gallons of
water evaporated from the slow con-

sumption of two and one-half gallons of
thick honey. Does anyone suppose that
such air under such conditions would do any
such thing? He who covers his bees with so
much slow-heat-conducting material as to
prevent the too rai)id escape of the heat gen-
erated by them, accomplishes all that is pos-
sible, irrespective of avenues of escape or
means of absorption.

Lucifer matches are made of soft, pine
wood, as that has proven easy of ignition
without previous or more heat than that fur-
nished by the material used by match mak-
ers. These pine sticks ignite more readily,
however, just in proportion as they are slen-
der ; showing that even pine of the softest
kind, which means the most porous to a cer-
tain extent, conducts from its surface the
heat that is applied to it.

The above illustration explains why pine
is superior to other wood as a summer or a
winter hive. This principle carried out
fully would adapt, so far as material goes,
the protection to the exposure. To deter-
mine, then, how much of this slow-conduct-
ing material should be used, would simply
be to ascertain the maximum of exposure.
Right here let it be distinctly understood
that no substance is a non-conductor, and
that the greater the quantity of even the
poorest conductor with which the bees are
surrounded, the better will be their pro-
tection. One foot of sawdust would be of
more than twenty times the value of one
inch of the same material : while one inch
might in some instances make all the differ-
ence between death and a narrow escape
from it. It might be mentioned in this con-
nection, that rotten wood is one of the best
non-conductors of heat. When perfectly dry,
it is equal if not superior to cork. Cork has
one advantage not possessed by rotten wood,
it is not easily wet.

It is well known that an extremely cold
night, or a sharp, cold storm may come at
almost any time, but such cold is rarely of
long duration : and it is the province of this
slow-conducting (not »oii-conducting) ma-
terial to convey back to the bees the surplus
heat that it has absorbed from them, and
thus equalize and average the temperature
enveloping the colony. No one will fail to
notice that, in this way, a uniformity of tem-
perature in surroundings is simply one of
natural law, and not due to the escape of
moisture, or moist air, or bee-breath, or any
other escape, but simply to the retention and
slow parting and absorption of the nonnal
heat generated by the bees. A thorough
knowledge of this fact lies at the foundation
of success in any system of out-door pro-
tection, and renders many of the theories
easy of solution.

Right here I wish to put in a word about
the much-talked-of tiieory that bees " warm
up and fiy in winter from being in thin
hives," while they don't warm ui) and fly from
judiciously protected hives. In the lan-
guage of the street, ''they don't have to."
The same heat that would warm a colony in
a thin hive would more thoroughly warm
one in a hive having an inch hole for an en-
trance, with a foot of fine hay or sawdust
.surrounding it. It is not because the bees

164

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

iu the thin hive have been warmed, but be-
cause the conditions surrounding them are
such that repose is impossible, and that in-
stinct determines their hazardous liight.
Not so with the judiciously protected bees.
Their surroundings have been such that they
have no disposition to fly. They do not feel
the instinct to fly. They need not fly. Un-
like their fellows in a thin hive, their com-
fort and safety have been and now are
most conserved by repose.

The usual recurrence of cold, weeks after
bees have been taken from the re-
pository, has led to almost indefinently re-
taining them in the repositories to avoid the
exposure incident to thin hives. Any meth-
od of packing requiring its removal to ma-
nipulate the combs has also ncessitated the
later continuance of protection. And while,
in the out-door method, this, 'later is not
usually of importance, yet, in some instan-
ces as, for instance, last spring, when the
extreme wet and cold swept down upon us
after a season much advanced and full of
promise, much loss and inconvenience oc-
curs from unpacked hives.

Heavy hives have objections, and to avoid
these objections, other not unobjectionab e
devices have been attempted. And while
successful in a certain sense, not much head-
way has been made in securing the advanta-
ees of packing without a corresponding in-
convenience, either in weight and ponder-
osity of hive, or spring and autumn handling
of material used. '

One fact, however, of paramount impor-
tance, is that of spring protection. In the
Northern honey-belt it is a desirable adjunct
and cannot be omitted either in hives win-
tered in the cellar or upon their summer
stands, with confident assurance of the best

results. , , J- J. •

One feature must always be a factor m
Northern wintering, that of an ample space
below the combs. Such space should be
large enough to hold all bees that may die.
It should be of two or more inches, whether
in the cellar or out of doors, and susceptible
of being reduced to the usual half inch m
summer. Such a space below the combs, a
foot or more of sawdust or chaff over the
bees and as much elsewhere about them as
can be stored, with good goldeiirod honey,
thirty pounds to the colony, the hive having
a hole an inch in diameter for an entrance,
will, as a rule, accomplish successful winter
and spring wintering.

Abeonia, Mich., Aug. 28, 1889.

Good Food and Protection Furnish the Key

Note— A few Other "Kinks "

That Help.

E. A. MANUM.

■^T IS purely your fault, Friend Hutchin-
m) son that this article appears upon the
Jl otherwise clean and comprehensive
^ pages of the Review, you have proven
yourself to be such a " sticker" that I finally
decided to place my poor, feeble shoulder to
the wheel and do what little I could to help
you up the hill, I notice, however, that you

already have some powerful men, and it is
ditticult to find a vacant place where I can be
of any service, as they, with yourself at the
lead, have covered nearly the whole ground.

But I will try to give you my metliod of
out-door wintering. I agree with your
friend Heddon that " success is largely a
question of locality." I believe it is not
only the locality— or place— where the apiary
is situated, but the quality of honey which
the locality furnishes for winter stores, that
has much to do with the successful winter-
ing of bees. I prefer a locality where no
honey-dew or but little pollen are gathered
late in the fall : as I prefer to feed sugar
syrup rather than risk my bees on honey-
dew. In either case, however, I would choose
a well sheltered spot for the apiary. It is
not always an easy matter to find exactly
the right spot, but if not already well pro-
tected by nature, I would construct artificial
wind breaks by setting out a hedge or build-
ing a tight board fence. I have already
done this to protect the bees from the chilly
winds of autumn and spring, as well as to
prevent the snow from drifting around, and
over the hives as much as possible. 1 once
thought that when the hives were well
covered with snow the bees were better ott
than in those that were not so covered, but ex-
perience has tauaht me that too much snow
is a damage, especially when drifted over
the hives. , ,. . ,

I use chaff hives, packed on four sides
with planer shavings made from kiln-dried
pine or poplar lumber. The packing is two
inches thick at the sides and three to tour
inches at the ends. These hives after once
being packed remain so summer and winter.
I believe the packing is beneficial not only
in winter but in fall and spring as well, as it
prevents the bees from flying out when he
weather is not suitable. With thin packing,
or single-wall hives, the sun shining on
them, even on a cold day, has a tendency to
make the bees uneasy ; but with thick pack-
ing a few hours of sunshine seems to have
no^effect upon the bees, hence they remain
quiet until the weather becomes warm
enough for them to have a good flight and
return to the liives in safety. I aim to put
on the top packing just before winter sets m.
I usually do this work about the first of No-
vember in order that the bees may have at
least one good flight after they are prepared
for winter, that they may form their winter
cluster after the top cushions are put on and
not to be disturbed again and the cluster
broken. I prefer not to go near my bees
a<'ain after this work is done, until it is
warm enough for them to fly, even if not
until April. . ^ ...

Believing that dampness or moisture m the
hives is detrimental to the welfare of the
bees, I aim to prepare them for winter in
such a way that the excess of moisture may
escape before it condenses inside the hive.
This is done by placing a sheet of cotton
cloth directly on the top bars of the frames
and over this a cushion six inches thick made
of cotton cloth and filled with planer shav-
ings. When the cap is placed on the hive
there is a large vacant space over this cush-
ion for the full circulation of air, there be-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

166

ing \}i inch holes in each gable end to admit
the fresh and dry air into the cap and over
the cushion. In very cold weather I often
see frost on the top of the cushions showing
that the moisture from the bjood cliamber
passes up a^d through the cushion. There is
one thing certain, the interior of my hives
is always dry. I have wintered bees in this
way for 15 years with very good success, and
I notice that my bees do not dwindle so
badly in the spring as do those that are
wintered in-doors, while the protection en-
ables them to build up very fast early in the
spring.

I believe that double-wall hives have many
advantages over single-wall hives ; not only
for wintering but for summer as well ; not
only for the bees themselves but for the
apiarist also, as the hives are never moved
about after once being set. I prefer to save
myself and my men much lugging and tug-
ging of hives here and there by simply carry-
ing a swarm — or cluster — of bees to the hive,
rather than to carry the hive to where the
bees are clustered ; and, after hiving, carry
hive and bees to the stand. It seems to me
that the time is near at hand when bee men
will learn better than to do so^ much carry-
ing about of hives when it is so much easier
and better to dispense with it.

Now a word about packing material. I be-
lieve that fine dry planer shavings make a
better packing than tine sawdust, because
they lie up looser than tine sawdust. The saw-
dust is very likely to pack down quite hard,
forming more of a conductor, while the
shavings, owing to their lying up loose, act
as a non-conductor, forming, as it were,
many small dead-air spaces within the walls
of the hive. I do not mean to use large,
coarse shavings made by planing unseasoned
lumber, but such as are made by planing
thoroughly seasoned lumber, then the shav-
ings are small and curled up somewhat.^ I
have used sawdust both coarse -and tine,
also hardwood chips from turning lathes,
chaff, leaves, buckwheat hulls, also no pack-
ing at all. But, I prefer the tine planer
shavings to all else that I have ever used.

When preparing the interior of the hives
for winter I am usually very particular to
see that there is honey enough in the hive
for winter stores — to place the fullest combs
at one side of the hive and those only partly
tilled at the other side, as these partly filled
combs usually contain more or less brood
the bees will of course cluster on these
combs and when winter sets in, and the
brood is all hatched, the bees commence
thereto consume their stores, and naturally
work towards the full combs, hence are not
obliged to shift from one side to the other
over empty combs, as would be necessary if
the full combs were on either side, and the
empty ones in the center as they usually are
when left as the bees naturally have them.
This changing about cannot be so nicely
done with the large " L " frame, because in
this frame the honey is usually stored at
each end of the comb, and the brood or
empty sjjace in the center. With my small
frame the outer combs on either side are
filled solid full down to the bottom bar,
hence they can readily be shifted about.

And again, when tlie bees do not secure a
suiticient amount of fall honey for winter
(a very rare occu ranee here in Vt. when
they do), by thus placing the honey at the
back side, and feeding sugar to make
up the deficiency, the sugar is stored last,
and consumed /i/.s^ which I consider better
than honey for the bees during the coldest
part of winter, while, on the other hand, I
consider honey much better than sugar for
brood rearing. Therefore, my preference is
sugar for winter and honey for spring. But
the prospect now is that for the coming
winter it will be honey-dew for winter, and
honey for spring, unless the apiarist comes
to the rescue either by extracting and feed-
ing sugar, or by placing the early gathered
honey in front nearest to the bees and the
honey-dew at the back side, and the further
back the better.

Bkistol, Vt., Sept. 17, 1889.

Wind-Breaks, Protection, Large Hives and

Plenty of Honey Needed in Out-

Door Wintering.

E. KBANCE.

"E WINTER bees out-doors sim-
ply because we are obliged to. We
have seven apiaries — six away
from home — and to build cellars
for them all would be a big expense. We
would rather lose a few colonies.

To winter bees out of doors, we must have,
first of all, a good wind-break. Our bees
away from home are all in deep valleys with
high timber close to them on the north and
west sides. Our home apiary is on high
ground with only a high fence (eight feet) to
break the wind. We have plenty of cellar
room at home, but we don't put the bees in
it now. We did put a part of them in the
cellar two winters, but had better luck with
those out-doors, and we now winter all on
their summer stands.

The next tiling to be considered is the
hive. We would not attempt to winter bees
out of doors in a single, one-story, L. hive.
We have 150 colonies on L. frames that
we winter in the open air with little loss;
but the hives are four in one — tenements —
with chaff all around the outside to keep the
little folks warm ; and I find that in cold
weather the bees all gather as near the cen-
tre as possible. The whole hive is covered
with one roof, and we have additional
stories to put on each division, so that we
can tier them up as high as we wish. We
always winter them two tiers high, having
the upper tier of comb full of honey. Yes,
a large hive and plenty of honey are the
main things needed to insure success in out-
door wintering.

I will now say a word about those '* shot
towers " mentioned by Mr. Root in August
Gleanings. The most of our hives are
quadruple hives ; each division being a trifle
over thirteen inches square by twenty-one
inches high, with nine frames standing on
the bottom of the hive. Five years ago last
winter, just as an experiment, we made
three of these hives two stories high. They

166

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

were used three yeurs without the loss of ii
colony in winter or .i swarm from them in
summer. In the summer of ]KS(), those
twelve colonies iivei'uued 1(>1 pounds per col-
ony of extracted honey, while the balance of
the yard (forty-nine colonies, mostly on two
tiers of L. frames) averaged only I0(! pounds.
We then made two more "shot towers," aiul
hiive never lost a colony in them. liast
winter we nuide twt^lve nu)re of these tail
hives, each holding,' four colonies, so that we
now have sev(aiteen " shot towers," sixteen
of them full of bees (sixty-four colonies in
all), and we intend to make more of them
the conuuf^ winter. We think tiiem the
most profitable hive we have.

Now we l)elieve that bees will winter as
safely in these lar^t^ tall hives as in a (^<llar,
providing they have iilenty of honey, and as
we always have a rousiny colony, the biy
hive is filled as soon as a small colony fills a
small hive. We believe bees eat more stores
out-doors, but we also believe that they
come out in better trim in the spring.

Platteville, Wis.,

An

1SS'.».

Slight Packing Preferable to Chaff Hives-
Quality and Quantity of Stores
All-Important.

R. L. TAYT-OU.

R^IIIS IS a subject upon which I am all
at sea. As I make no pretence of abil-
ity to say how to successfully winter
bees out of doors, I shall nuike no at-
tempt in that direction ; and, at best, can
only nuike suyt,'(!stions indicating some
methods which arc not successful.

To be sure, I have wintered l)ees successful-
ly out-doors, but the methoiis used on such
occasions have jyrovtKl iiiade(iuate at other
and more tryiuff times. Several winters I
made use of a few chaff hives of the Jvoot
pattern, but with me they proved a decided
failure. In such hives I used two chaff divis-
ion boards, and a chaff cushion on the
frames, but in every hard winter any other
method I tried proved better than this. The
other methods used to a considerable extent
were two, viz., ten-fame Ij. hives with five
to seven coml)s, a chaff division board on
each side, chaff or chaff cushions in an upper
story ; and the same arrant^ement with the
additional protection of an outer box,
within which was a packing of six or eight
inches of straw on all sides and top of the
hive. Unex[)ectedly, the ones without the
outer packing wintered the better. So that,
so far as my experience extends, ten-frame
single-walled hiv<^s, with internal packing,
stand first in effectiveness ; the sanus with
outer straw packing, second ; and the chaff
hives last. The crucial and final extensive
test came in the disastrous winter of '80-81,
The best method proved so unsatisfactory
at that time that 1 had recourse to cellar
wintering, which has proved so much safer,
cheaper and more convenient every way
that I have since tried out-door wintering

only in a small way, and that has only had
the effect of wedding me more and more to
cellar wintering.

Hetween twelve and twenty-five miles
east of me are two considerable apiaries
where out-door wintering so invariably fails
that it is considered more i)rolitable to de-
stroy the bees in the fall, save the combs
and honey, and purchase from the South in
spring; while about eighteen miles north-
east is an ai>iary where bees, packed, winter
out of doors with great success. These facts
ar(( suggestive. Leaving out the question of
food, who will say that any safe rule can be
laid down for wintering bees out-doors in
this latitude? If I could winter bees safely
out of doors here, would it be safe to say I
could do so ten miles from here? I think
not. Not that ten miles of latitude or lon-
gitude is material in itself, but the differ-
ence in the Hora which is the source of the fiill
crop of honey and pollen I think is. Unless
I am right here, the frecpient failures in win-
tering bees are to me as yet impenetrable
mysteries.

1 can sum up my knowledge on this sub-
ject by saying that, besides the matter of
the (luality of the winter stores, there is but
one thing of importance I feel sure of, and
that is th(^ necessity of an abundance of
stores. Suflicieut for the use of the l)ees is
not enough. There should be so much that
the bees are entirely at ease with reference
to su])plies — never less than thirty pounds
and that in compact form.

Lai-kkk, Mich., Aug. 11, 18S<).

Several Aids to Wintering— All Fail When

the Food is Poor and the Bees

Can't Fly.

BYEON WALKEE.

"^/^IRIEND II. your letter of recent date,
i^ N together with Ivk.vikw for August, at
(JJLjc hand. Yes, you have reason to be
proud of this nuinl)er, in fact the Re-
view is a decided success in the field it aims
to fill, and deserves a liberal support.

I agree with the correspondents referred
to, that in introducing the special topic for
the Septend)er luimber, you have covered
the ground so fully, that but little remains
to be said ; and although I have had a large
experience covering nearly all sorts of pack-
ing, and methods of preparation, there is
really not enough renuuning to be said to
make it worth while to attempt an article on
the subject. I will merely mention a few
points that I have found important.

A wide entrance to the outside box, taking
care that this is not deep enough to admit
mice. An entrance protector nuide of two
riglitangled triangular pieces of inch board
jind a piece of thin board as wide as the
longest side of these blocks and a little
longer than the entrance to the outside box.
This stands on a projection of the bottom
board during stormy weather, and also
serves a gt)od purpose as an alighting board
when needed. High, close wind-breaks on

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

167

the north, east and west sides of the winter
quarters ; that on the iiurtli side beiny much
longer than the others. This serves not
only as a protection from winds, but helps
also in raising the temperature at times
favorable for giving the bees a flight. Hives,
of course, are supposed to face the south,
when by raising the covers and giving the
hives a pitch to the front, this object is
facilitated. Shading the hives during winter
and spring, when otherwise the bees will be
likely to fly, when cold winds or light snows
render this undesirable. Dark colored pack-
ing boxes put together with Quinby corners.
This shortens the labor of , packing and un-
packing, and adapts the parts for use as
shade boards during summer. Of course the
covers of packing boxes must be water
tight, and material for packing likely to re-
tain moisture (such asfnic sawdust) is to be
avoided, especially at sides and ends. More
than one inch space beneath frames is not
desirable, and is likely to hinder building up
colonies in the spring. The top packing
should be so arranged as to allow of a free
circulation of air above it, and also, so as to
be quickly handled in a body to aid a rapid
examination.

The absence of good stores when the op-
portunity for occasional flights during win-
ter can't be had, will be certain to render all
other precautions useless.

Wauzeka, Wis.

Aug. 1(5, 1889.

Good Stores and Protection Tell the Story
of Successful Out-Door Wintering.

J. H, LABBAEEE.

fN ANY discussion of the subject of out-
door wintering, Vermont should, I am
sure, have a voice. All over the state,
but more especially in the dhamplain
valley, bees are wintered out of doors.
Whether those who inaugurated this system
did so with a full knowledge of all the advan-
tages to be obtained with light hives and
cellar wintering, I know not, but the fact re-
mains that scores of bee-keepers here prac-
tice this method with scarce a desire for a
change.

It may be that, as Mr. Elwood said re-
cently in the Review, our valley is favorably
situated, the cold being tempered by warm
breezes from the lower Hudson region, but
an examination of the meteorological obser-
vations of the signal station at Burlington
would convince many that this effect is not
too apparent.

But there are other reasons beyond the
control of the average bee-keeper, why our
bees winter so successfully.

The character of the honey used for win-
ter stores is generally of the best, as so little
fall honey or honey dew is obtained that the
major part of the winter stores, if of honey,
must be of the white honey crop. This
same lack of autumn forage also renders
late breeding light and frees the combs of
much surplus pollen. It is no rare occur-
rence to find no brood of any kind in the
hives by the first of October.

Winter flights are very desirable at a prop-
er time, but inan be injurious. A good
flight during December is always beneficial,
but one between January 10th and the mid-
dle of February if often extremely injurious
as breeding is induced ; and should no
flights occur until after the first of April, as
often hapi)ens, dysentei-y may be the re-
sult.

If spring protection is of sufficient impor-
tance to repay all the trouble of providing,
packing and cases for large apiaries like Mr.
Heddon's, then should we who winter in
chaff hives, congratulate ourselves upon hav-
ing obtained this protection without an
hour's extra labor.

The increased consumption of stores in
out-door wintering is, I am quite sure, not
as apparent at tlie opening of clover bloom
as on the first of April ; as honey is, I con-
tend, consumed in nmch larger quantities at
this season by colonies wintered in the cel-
lar than by those wintered in the open air.

( )ne word more with regard to the method
of packing in use liere. The material may
consist of almost any porous non-conductor
of heat ; chafl' and planer shavings having
the advantage of lightness, are the general
favorites. (Jare should, I think, be exercised
that tlie packing be perfectly dry, that it
may absorb as much of the moisture of the
bees as possible, moisture being feared next
to poor stores as a cause of winter loss. The
packing is held in place by an outer case
consisting of two rims of about ten inches in
width each, with a (j(}od gable roof on top.
These rims are about three inches larger in-
side than the brood chamber, leaving that
amount of space for the packing.

After the close of the honey season, the
bees are left as much as possible to them-
selves, the only care being that they have
sufficient stores for the winter, until about
the first of November, fall " tinkering " and
excitement being avoided as detrimental.
At this time the brood chamber cover is re-
moved and a piece of burlap or cotton
placed upon the frames and the top filled
with packing to the depth of about six inches.
Formerly this super packing was used loose
but now sacks, or trays with cloth bottoms,
are used to hold the chaff or shavings. These
sacks are very handy in spring when upon
some warm day it is desired to examine
many colonies. The packing is not removed
until settled warm weather, and then only
from the top, the sides remaining packed
throughout the year. This packing at the
sides I consider an advantage even during
the sultry days of basswood bloom.

In answer to the argument of cumber-
Komeness, I will simply say that nearly all of
the improved methods of management at all
seasons of the year may be practiced with
chaff hives without the moving of a single
one. How this may be done could form the
subject of many long articles.

Last winter I wintered ninety-six colonies
out of doors in chaff. On the first of April
all were alive, one was queenless and one
dwindled during April as a result of late
" tinkering."

Labbabee's Pt., Vt.

Aug. 20, 1889.

1(^8

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The Hh Bee-Keepers' + Review,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS:— 50 oente a year in advance, two
copies for 95 csnts; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 35 contH each; all to be sent to one
POST OFFICE. In clubs to different post offices,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FUNT, MICHIGAN, OCTOBER 10, 1889.

NOT OYPBESS HONEY BUT CYPRESS BAKKELS.

In the August Review, Mr. O. M. Blanton
is made to say that he had shipped tiiirty-six
baiTels of cypress houey. He writes that
this is an error. The word "cypress"
should apply to the wood from which the
barrels are made ; not to the honey they
contain. Our friend wishes this exphma-
tion made, as he is receivinj? inijuiries in
regard to cypress honey.

OEOWDED OUT.

This is what has happened to an article on
"Conventions," sent in .a little late by Dr.
Miller ; an editorial upon the same subject ;
also several other little items. Yes, and we
were obliged to chop off the "tail" of
Dr. Mason's article. It began with ".lust a
word more." but would have made at least
a column. It was fully as iite resting as
the rest of his arti(!le, and may get into the
next Review. We sliould be glad to liear
from others upon " Associations and Con-
ventions." We dislike to dismiss a subject
with such meager discussion.

OUT-DOOR wintering.

Well, we liave had a grand, good discus-
sion upon this topic, and the man who can't
winter his bees in the open air now, would
bettor — i)ut them in the cellar. No matter
where bees are wintered, if long confined to
their hives, the food must be good. As to
the (piantity of food, opinions differ. Some
think if given too much, the bees eat too
much, or heat is wasted in warming it ; oth-
ers argue that a scanty supply causes them
to worry themselves into a decline. It is a
little tough to be asked to believe that the
bees take an inventory of their "stock in
trade " and decide whether or no they have
sufficient to carry them through. We know,
however, that they will slack uji in brood

rearing as the supply of honey runs low ;
coming to a full stop before the honey is
entirely gone. Just how soon, or under
what conditions, they discover that the
"larder is getting low," is too fine a point
for us to decide ; but we believe that ten col-
onies are lost for a lack of food where one
dies from a surfeit. If a colony is popu-
lous— has numbers sufficient to generate
the requisite amount of heat — we very much
doubt if it can be given too much honey
without making the hive too large for the
colony. First food, then warmth. A strong
colony can generate sufficient heat to keep
itself in comfort ; the difficulty lies in pre-
venting the escape of this heat. The most
perfect method is that of surrounding the
hive with a warm atmosphere — putting it in
a cellar. Next to this is that of surrounding
it with some material that is a poor conduc-
tor of heat. We don't appreciate the argu-
ments of those who advocate thin packing.
We don't believe that the benefit of the heat
from the sun, if it t.s of any benefit, can
compensate for the lack of protection du-
ring the months of extreme cold. We do
certainly think that much of the so-called
packing is not more than half done. We
are quite " struck " with the idea advanced
by some of our correspondents, that bees
Ihoroiujhhi protected in the open air " don't
have to" fly during the winter. As we un-
derstand it, this whole matter of out-door
wintering might be summed up in a few
words. Populous colonies ; plenty of f/oot/
food : and tJioroiKjh protection. Simple,
isn't it? Yet there is a world of meaning
wrapped up in those few words.

MR. WEED AND HIS ARTIFICIAL COMB.

From the manner in which Mr. NVeed of
Detroit has treated some of the subscribers
of the Review — those who sent for samples
of comb — he has forfeited all right of hon-
orable mention in these columns, but we
feel that our readers are entitled to the news
even though some one receives undeserved
mention. Numerous changes have been
made in the machines to be used in manu-
facturing the comb, and it was not until the
week of the Detroit Exposition that perfect
combs, //((' size of a ])outi(l seetioii, were
completed. Several samples were on exhi-
bition at the Exposition, and thousands of
people will now be able to say that they have
seen artificial comb that was made by ma-
chinery. A stock company, under the name

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

169

of the "Eureka Supply Co.," has been
formed for the manufacture of this artificial
comb. We visited the manufactory, at f)?
Grand River Ave., Detroit, and saw the ma-
chines and contrivances used, some of which
are very ingenious, but we are not at liberty
to describe them. Mr. Weed promised faith-
fully to now send samples, accompanied by
letters of explanation and apology, to those
who had ordered them.

I Even if combs of this character can be
furnished at a little more expense than the
cost of foundation, we are not certaian that
they will prove a blessing. The walls can be
made thin enough, but the objection is in
the character of the material. If we under-
stand the matter aright, natural honey comb
is of a granular structure ; that is, composed
of numerous small flakes, or grains, patted
and pressed together by the bees. It is
flaky ; it crumbles betweep the teeth, or
even between the tongue and the lips.
When melted, it loses its granular, brittle
character ; it is no longer comb, but icajc.
It is tough and elastic. The use of foundation
is objectionable, according to the amount of
wax used. Foundation had a hard fight to
gain the position it now occupies in comb
honey. Where the foundation is light, the
objection to its use is also light ; it pays to
use it, and bee-keepers wUl use it. Where
the whole comb is of wax, be it ever so thin,
we have grave doubts as to its palatability.

WOODEN COMBS.

In one of the earlier issues of <^r7('«;i/(i!/.s'
for the present year. Prof. Cook makes
mention of a wooden comb invented, pat-
ented and manufactured by Mr. L. A. Aspin-
wall of Three llivers, Michigan. At our
Michigan State Fair, we not only had the
pleasure of meeting Mr. Aspinwall, but en-
joyed a drive with him out to the Agricultu-
ral College, where we examined a colony
that had, for two weeks, called a hive with
wooden combs its home. A little honey had
been stored and sealed over. We were dis-
appointed at flndi*ng no bi'ood, but an exam-
ination of other colonies, showing no eggs
and little unsealed brood, furnished an ex-
planation. The irritability of the bees and
their inclination to rob showed clearly that
the harvest was over and brood rearing
given up for the season. Mr. Aspinwall has
used these wooden combs two seasons, and
he says that the bees breed in them freely.

To make the comb, pieces of wood of the
proper thickness are sawed from the end of
a pine block, the sides perforated for the
cells by gangs of little bits, the " combs "
soaked in a mixture of hot wax and " some-
thing else," and then immediately placed in
an extractor that runs at a high speed.

The advantages of wooden combs, as set
forth by the inventor, are as follows : —

1. The combs are absolutely straight and
the cells perfect. 2. They are very durable.
8. They will admit of rough transportation.

4. The bee-moth's larvae cannot infest them.

5. The honey can be extracted without any
possibility of injury to the combs. (!. They
admit of permanent queen and winter pass-
ages. 7. Drone and worker increase can be
controlled, drone-traps being unnecessary.
8. An increased yield of comb honey can be
obtained, by reason of a preference for nat-
ural comb, queen-excluding honey-boards
being necessary. 8. The queen can be
found more readily, there being no spaces
between the edges of the comb and the
frame in which she can hide. 10. The great
advantage to be derived from its use, one
of more value than all the others combined,
is that the hive furnished with this comb
may be iised as a swarmer or a non-swarmer
as desired.

The reason given why bees will not swarm
when occupying this comb, is that it is im-
j)os!^ibl<' for them to rear drones, and that
they will not swarm unless they can raise
them. This seems almost too good to be
true : and, although the experiments already
made point in this direction, we feel that
they have not been sufliciently extensive to
warrant us in accepting this conclusion as
final. Mr. Aspinwall is now busy perfecting
an improved machine for manufacturing
the comb ; also in wi'iting a book upon bee-
culture, the leading feature of which is to be
a description of the methods to be employed
when the wooden comb is used. He expects
to have both comb and book ready for cus-
tomers early in tlie ensuing year.

SPECIALTY VERSUS MIXED BEE-KEEPINO.

At the Detroit Exposition it was our pleas-
ure to form the acquaintance of a bright
young farmer-bee-keeper. While chatting
together one afternoon, he said : "I love to
handle bees, and would ask for nothing bet-
ter than to care for them and do nothing
else ; for all that, I am half inclined to give
them up. I can't do justice to them and the

no

fHE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

farm too ; one or the other must go. I be-
lieve that Mr. Heddon is right on this point;
that all the advantages are with the special-
ist." We replied that the highest success in
anything could be attained only through
specialty, but there were some things to be
said on the other side — there were two sides
to the question — and that we had often
thought of making the subject one of special
discussion in the Review. He urged us
quite strongly to do so, saying that the sub-
ject was interesting, and that there were
probably others situated like himself. We
believe he is correct. There are farmers
who are keeping a few bees, perhaps a good
many bees, and apiarists who are managing
a small farm, perhaps a large one ; there are
men engaged in some other vocation who
are thinking of taking up bee-keeping, or
may have already done so, and bee-keepers
who are asking "wliat will best mix with
bee-keeping?" Is this the better way? We
have little faith in that old saw about "not
having all the eggs in one basket." We say
yes, have them all in one basket, and then
carry it so skillfully tliat none are broken.
We know there are trying seasons for spe-
cialists in any branch of business : times
when it miglit be better, in that particu-
lar year, if there were more that one egg
basket ; but doesn't the specialist do enough
better in the good years to bring specialty
out at the head, in the long run? The spe-
cialist can have the best tools, appliances
and labor saving implements, things that
the dabbler cannot afford ; he can do
and have many things in a wholesale way
that would be unprofitable upon a small
scale. Many professional men take up bee-
keeping as a pastime. With them we can
have no more argument than we could with
the bee-keeper who studies music or garden-
ing for pleasure. But upon a money basis,
it is a far different thing. When a man is
engaged in some pursuit that is capable of
absorbing all of his energies and capital, we
doubt if he can add to his pleasure or his
pocket book by adding some other busi-
ness to his regular occupation. We will ad-
mit having heard farmer bee-kee[)ers say
that their bees were the most profitable
thing on the farm. We have often asked
why they didn't drop farming and make a
specialty of bee-keeping. The answer usu-
ally is that bee-keeping is too risky. This
means that it may pay exceedingly well one
year, and yield nothing the next. The only

true way to compare one occupation with
another, is for a series of years. If bee-
keeping falls behind in such a comparison,
it is not so profitable, even though the
yields may be enormous some years. If bee-
keeping is such a precarious business that it
cannot be depended upon for a living — must
be mixed up with something more staple —
made a drag upon some other pursuit — let
us know about it ; if more money and enjoy-
ment can be secured by making it a specialty,
let us know that.

Some of the friends have said, both in
letters and in conversation, that we are too
elaborate in our leaders — that we cover the
ground so thoroughly that nothing is left for
them to say. We don't think so ; but, by
way of experiment, we will cut this one
short, and close by saying that the subject
we have been discussing is to be our special
topic for November.

Since the above was in type we have been
over to Port Huron and awarded the premi-
ums in the apiarian depai'tment of their
fair. Here we met another enterprising,
young farmer-bee-keeper. While strolling
about the grounds he said: "I don't know
just how to manage. I have over 200 colo-
nies of bees and a farm on my hands. I
have been thinking of writing to Mr, Hed-
don, to learn upon what terms I could get
one of his students to come and run my api-
ary." There is no doubt but we have now
gotten hold of one of those live, practical
questions of the day ; and we hope it will re-
ceive the discussion that it merits.

eXXR7=^OXED.

Do Bees Make, or Gather Honeyl

10 SHOW that the idea that honey is
h'^ "partially digested nectar" is not
new, but is true, we take pleasure in
reproducing the following essay. It was
written by Mr. P. L. Viallon, and was pub-
lished in the A. B. J. exactly thirteen years
ago.

In taking up the subject, " Do bees make,
or gather honey?" I will not try to prove
that bees make honey, but that they gather
a sweet matter — nectar — from flowers, and
that this matter is transformed into honey ;
and my only aim in writing this will be to
try to raise a serious interest on this too
much neglected question. Though this
question may not be of interest to a major-
ity of bee-keepers, it is nevertheless of great
utility in apiculture, and might have in

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Ill

practice very impcwtant consequences.

Ai)iculturists and naturalists supposed,
and suppose yet, that liouey has the same
composition as the nectar of the flowers ;
and in many European bee-books it is stated
that the bees merely feather the honey and
deposit it, without alteration, in the cells
where it only loses water. In presence of
the confusion and contradiction existing at
present on the matters gathered and pro-
duced by bees, it is necessary in order to ar-
rive at a decision, to nuike a chemical and
physioloyical statement of the production
and composition of honey. In nearly all the
flowers in which fecundation is accompanied
by the intervention of insects, there are or-
gans, named by botanists nectaries, secret-
ing a sweet liquid matter, which is generally
known as nectar. It is this nectar that bees
gather to produce honey. Now we will see
that nectar and honey are two distinct things,
and of a different composition, and that the
bees cause the nectar to undergo a chemical
transformation to convert it into honey.

Mr. Braconnot has chemically analyzed
the nectar of more than thirty species of
plants of twenty-five dift'erent families, and
he has found them to be of about a constant
composition. He says that nectar is always
identical with itself. It is a colorless and
limpid liquid of a density little superior to
that of water. It does not contain, in gen-
eral, traces of acid, it is a neutral body, and
blue and red litmus i^aper is without action
on it. He represents the composition of
nectar as follows : cane sugar ( or sacchar-
ose), l.H; uncrystalizable sugar, 10; water,
77— total, 100.

He has found no trace of mannite nor glu-
cose. Now, it will be seen below, that hon-
ey contains principally an excess of glucose,
some mannite and very little or no cane
sugar. Lpwitz was the first, in 17'.>'i, who
found out that the sweet crystalizable mat-
ter found in honey was not • cane sugar.
Proust, in analyzing some candied honey,
has shown the identity of this crystalizable
sugar with grape sugar, which he had dis-
covered in the fruits — glucose. Guilbert has
placed in evidence the presence of a large
proportion of uncrystalizable sugar to which
he gave the name of "sugar of honey."
Later, Guibourt has found some mannite in
honey : and more recently Soubeiran has
had recourse to optical analysis to separate
the difl'erent sugars which are found in
honey. M. M. Dubrunfaut, Roders and
Calloux have completed by their analysis the
preceding researches. Mr. Calloux gives the
following as the composition of field honey :
glucose, 4'>.10 ; uncrystalizable sugar (or
mellose), 4::5.!).'5 : water, 7.70 ; waxy matter,
l.l.'i : nitrogenous and acid matters, 2.10 —
total 100. As honey made on the mountains
is a little different, I also give an analysis
made of honey taken at 8,600 feet : glucose
and cane sugar included, 56 ; uncrystalizable
sugar or mellose, 80.4 : water, 8..5 ; mannite,
1.9 ; waxy matter, 0.6 : nitrogenous and acid
matters, 2.6 — total 100.

As we see, by the analysis given above,
honey is a mixture in variable proportions,
of a certain number of definite organic com-
pounds. In its most complete state it con-

tains glucose, uncrystalizable sugar — mel-
lose, some water, mannite, cane sugar, an
acid, a greasy coloring matter, and some
nitrogenous matter which comes from pol-
len. I think it would be well to give some
of the principal properties of some of the
bodies which enter into the composition of
honey, and will try to explain as much as
possible how the transformations take place.
First we have glucose which is a crystalizable
sugar : it ordinarily i)resents itself under the
form of small, white, compact, agglomer-
ated crystals. It is found in grapes and in
different fruits. The most economical
method of obtaining it is by acting on
starch or lignin with diluted sulphuric acid.
It is three times less soluble in water than
cane sugar, and its solution at equal concen-
tration is three times less sweet.

Mellose or uncrystalized sugar is a liquid
sugar which does not crystalize. According
to Braconnot the uncrystalizable sugar of
nectar is, by its properties, distinct from
the uncrystalizable sugar of honey. There-
fore it must have undergone an isomeric
transformation to produce either mellose or
glucose whicii are found in honey.

Mannite is a body which is naturally found
in manna. As it has been ascertained that
mannite is a product of the viscous fermenta-
tion of complex saccharine mixtures, we see
that it is not necessary the bees have gather-
ed the natural mannite, but that it might
have formed itself subsequently in honey.
Mr. Linnermann has obtained mannite by
combining hydrogen with glucose. I will
mention, nevertheless, that mannite is most
generally met with in mountain honey. The
presence of a free acid has been ascertained
in honey. • It is by the influence of this acid,
supposed to be identical with the acid sub-
stance found in the bees that the transforma-
tion of cane sugar of nectar into mellose
and glucose might have been caused.

It is an established fact that if a diluted
acid is made to act upon cane sugar, subse-
quently grape sugar is formed. It is natural
to suppose that an analogous transformation
under the influence of the acid i)rinciple
known to exist in the bees, has changed the
cane sugar of the nectar into uncrystalizable
sugar. It is natural to come to the conclu-
sion that the bees gather the nectar from
flowers and that this nectar in passing in
their body, under the influence of agents not
well recognized, undergoes a change and
comes out in the state of honey.

We are well aware that the bee take the
nectar from the flowers with its bill and that
it is conducted by this organ into the mouth
where the tongue pushes it into the a?sopha-
gus, which in its turn makes it pass into the
stomach. When its stomach is full of nectar
the bee returns to the hive and disgorges it
into the cell. It is supposable that it is dur-
ing this time that the acid of the bee mixes
with the nectar and some of the transforma-
tion takes place. We have effectively seen
above that the composition of honey is es-
sentially different from that of nectar. The
nectar contains more than half of its sweet
matter in a state of cane sugar, while this
sugar, when present in honey, is found but
in a very small proportion.

172

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

In short glucose doesn't exist in the nectar
and it is found in large proportion in honey.
I have fed some bees with a thin syrup made
of 25 parts of crushed sugar and 75 parts of
water, and after it was evaporated and cap-
ped by the bees, extracted it, and though it
was perfectly neutral when fed, it had then
a slight acid reaction, and contained a large
proportion of uncrystalizable sugar and
could obtain but a very small proportion of
crystalized cane sugar. I fed them also with
a syrup made of equal parts of sugar and
water colored with cochineal, and after it
was capped, extracted it and it was very
much lighter in color.

After the experiments and the chemical
analysis given above, I have no doubt that
it will be easily seen that the bees effect a
real chemical change to produce honey from
nectar ; and this process is one which ap-
pertains to animal chemistry, a species of
assimilation, elaboration and execretion of
which we have so many other instances in
the cell functions of glands in the animal
economy.

This is, indeed, the old views, for Lord
Bacon says of the bee : " Haee i}uli(jesfi e
Jlorilnis iiK'/ld colliijif, di'iiuU' i)i risccrutii
cellvlis (•(nicocta luatKrat, ii.sdciii taiiidrn
insudiit, (lonrc ad udf(jr<i.)ti perfcctianon
■pcrduxerit.''^

As a translation of the foregoing quota-
tion from Lord Bacon, Mr. Viallon, by re-
quest, furnishes the following : —

" She collects this honey 'undigested (in a
crude state) from the llowers, then she ma-
tures it, concocted (cooked), over in the
cells of lier entrails, (viscera) at length she
sweats them in tlie same until she produces
it (or brings it forth ) in its entire perfection."

Mr. Viallon writes that he has given as
much as possible, a literal translation. The
words in the parentheses could be used in
place of the original and probably give a
better meaning.

( )ne of the practical points in this subject
is this: Some (Prof. Cook among the number)
favor extracting the honey when first
gathered, before it is thoroughly ripened,
and completing the process by evaporating
the honey to the proper consistency. Now we
would like to ask Prof, (look if the digestion
is really comi)lete when the honey is only
partially ripened ? Are terms ripened and
digested synonymous in this connection Y
We, of course, know that evaporation is not
the only change produced by the bees in
nectar ere it becomes honey, and the question
is this : Is there a point in the rii)ening
process where " digestion " is dropped, and
evaporation only is needed ? We called
Prof. Cook's attention to this point a year
ago last March, but he may have overlooked
the matter. We should be glad to hear from
him on this point.

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each inBertion, with discoonts as follows:

On 10 lines nnd upwards, 8 times, 5 per cent.; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.; 6
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 80 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 8 times, 20 per cent.;6
times, 30 per cent.; 9 times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

TXT 7T MTIT'W^'n * We are large dealers m
MM All 1 ikUl Beeswax, Conil) and Ex-
tracted Honey; and desire
Hhi|)meutH, on which we promiHn liest attention.
l)nniHnd active at prosentfor 1 lb. white clover,
of wliich grade we are entirely out. Can make it
an object to yon to correspond with us.

S. T, FISH &CO.,
7-89-Bt 18!l 8. Water Ht , Chicago, 111.

100 Tons of Comb Honey

Will undoubtedly be put upon the market this
season in our

FOLDING PAPER BOXES.

CataloKUf' f ree ! Send for it ! Sample box 5 cts.

Prices Defy- Competition!

A. O. CRAWFORD,

South Weyinontli, Mass.

-8!l-tf

Please mention the Reu

SEND FOB

HEDDON'S GIRGULARS.

Address.

JAMES HEDDON,

Dowagiac, Mich.
WE MANUFACTURE THE

SlaMari Sliiipllclty Portico aM Chaff Hiyes.

Frames, crates; sections, comb foundation, and
a general line of bee-keepers' supi)lie8 always
<m hand; also bees, (jaeens, and full colonies.
Send for ;{l) page catalogue.

OLIVER HOOVER & CO.
4-89-12t Snydertown, Nort'd Co., Pa.

Please mention the Review.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

jfHCturu UuL'-Kt'i'pern' sup-
plies of all kinds, heat nualily <il
Klnwcst prices. Ulws, Scctinut.
i>ij, Kxtruoiiirs, Smokers,
Ciiites, Viila, Kiicli r.i, Cliivor
Sci'iis. Itunk«li.iil. i-lc. lni.
Ii'.l I ml i an (i < n s.

■ Qucclll illl.l \:r,- Siilliplo

I ,.hv .>f "iir Uc'i' .Iniiriial,

_^ "The WoMt.rii Kco-k •€|.<r.''

^ nni liil.iwt OiituluK ailud

■ "' l'>0<' 1" It K.cprr-. ^.l.tr.'SS

josr:i>ii NvsKU VM>KU,

IM'.S l\IOIM<:s. IOWA.

Please mention the fteultw.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

173

T^he Spightest

Four-Banded, Golden Italian Bees & Q.ueens,
and the Keddest Drones.

ToKt«d (jueon, »~'.(K)

Selecteil teHtod 3.00

Unt«8te(I_ in May, 1.2.5

" in June and after, 1.00

Safe arrival and satiMfuction guaranteed.

L. L. HEARN,

5-S!>-tf Frenchvillc, Mercer Co., W. V(t.

The Western Apiarian.

An illuHtratod iiioutlily magazine, devoted to
bee-culture in tlie I'acifie and WeHtern States ;
filled with the most interenting, original articles
from the pens of " Western Apiarists."
Send f<jr sample copy.

WATKIN8 & M'CALLUM,
Box 87, Placerville, Calafornia.

GIVKIff AWAyT

For your name and address, I will inail you
my catalogue and price list of

Apiarian SiiDiilies & Strawlierry Plants.

Twenty-five varieties berries grown exclusively
for my trade. Prices reasonable.

Address, IP. ^W. rj-A-lwHwl,
10-H9-t5t Somerville, Mutler Co., oliio.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for 1889 of Italian Queens. Bees, Eggs
for hatching from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) .Japanese Buckwheat, and two choice
new varieties of Potatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY by getting my price list be-
fore you pur(;hase.

CHAS. D DUVALL,
2-88-tf. Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

_ y 2L- 1 i.^ / -^^— TJ £<iton's Improved Section Case.

t^'^^mttMWSS S'L '•"■it''^'t tind best. Bees and
B^K^,K^jJ|I:— /||k (Queens. S. nd for free price
* K'lst- Address,

EllANK A. EATON,

Bluffton, Ohio.

8-89-1 2t Piease mention tlie Review.

DON'T THINK

Because the white honey harvest is over and
past, that work with tlie bees is ended, and that
you have no use for Dr. Miller's book. Remem-
ber that its title is ; "A Year Ainong the Bees,"
and the year isn't out yet by any means. There is
the marketing, the preparation for winter,
the wintering ; and then another year will begin,
and you will need the book just as much as you
did this year. Price only 7.5 cts.
Address, Dr. C. C. MILLER,

Marengo, 111.

Please mention the Review,

CD bd ^-

MiliiiiS 3 gt

iiSFgiiii"':.riftiif-min CD p

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog uj) or go out.

Hing-ham & l'^i3\.ii.ts£iu\^uii. [Jncapping Knife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

Send card for free circnlar, descriptive of the
best and cheapest^tools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

^'^ ''f- Abronia, Michigan.

Please mention the Review.

— If you are in need of —

Pure Italian Queens,

UNSURPASSED FOR —

Beaiaty & Furity,

Vou Cannot ilo Better than to Order From

l F. Caldwell, San Uarcos, Tens,

PRICES AS FOLLOWS :

1 untested ([ueon, .'$1.00

t> " queens, 4.,50

li " " 8.50

1 tested queen, L.'jO

1 selected, ttisted (lueen, 2.7.')

( Contracts taken with dealers tofurnisli cjueons
as they need them.

Address ./. /^ CALDWELL,

7-89-4t San Marcos, Texas.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Comb

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

ITAIIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOIt 1889.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for caUdogue and price list.

,1. I'. II. IJItOWN,
1-88 tf. Augusta, <5eor|ria.

,p HOICK IT AIi^IA^l

fff/^ Queens. L'lilested in May, Sl.nO;
v\[^three, $2.r.(». June to Oct., 7.') cts.c
tliree, f'2.0i'. Send for free, annual, price list of
nuclei, l)ees by tlie lb., tested (jueens, and bee-
keepers' supplies. JNO. NEBEL & SON,
5-89-6t Higli Hill, Mo.

ru-ase mention th,- Reuiew

174

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

NORTH CAROLINA

Offers Greater Inducements to Settlers Than
Any Other Slate in the Union.
She wants vegetable and fruit-farmers, wood-
workers, manufacturers, cattle and poultry
breeders and grain and grass farmers. Its tim-
ber and mineral resources are unsurpassed. Its
climate the finest in the world. This land of al-
most perpetual flowers excels in bee-keeping, in
poultry raising and fruit culture. For full par-
ticulars, send for specimen copy of ' OUR SOUTH-
ERN HOME." A monthly magazine published by
M.:H. PRIDE, ^ ^^ ^,

10-89-3t Mt. Holly, Gaston Co., M. C

Reliable man to plant a fruit farm or nursery, in
partnership; we to furnish the stock, and he
the land and labor. Also a good man to take
half interest in an old established nursery and
plant business. Good location in a natural gas
town. Good oi>portiinity for good man.

Address GOLDEN RULE NURSERY,
10-'-9-lt Hartford City, Ind.

Patent rkt-Bottom M Foundation.

High Side Walls, 4 to U square feet
to the pound. Wholesale and Re-
tail. ('irculars,and Samples free.
J. VAN 1>EUSKN & SONS,

(SOLE MANUFACTURERS),

SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

Piease mention the Reuieul.

1-88-tf.

Every

Ttie Success Hive

Tr\xe

To It:

SHOULD TRY NAME.

Safe winterer, easy in manipulation, durable,
cheap, and, for large yields of honey, is unsur-
passed. , .

Sections, Section Cases, Coiiil) FoiiiHlaiioii,

and all apiarian supplies, at greatly reduced
prices. Send for new circulars,free.
L. H. & W. J. VALENTINE,

(Successors to S VALENTINE & SONS)

4.89-tf Hagerstown, Wash. Co., Md.

rif

/Tfi.

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, AND DADANTS"

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

BEES 0 T\ OULTRY

EEs' AT Poultry
EES UL 1 OULTRY

The Canadian Bee- Journal

AND

POULTRY WEEKLY . ^

Is the best i)ai)er extant dev..ted to these spe-
cialties. Twenty-four pages, WEEKLY, at »1.(MI
per year. Live, practical, interesting. Noihing
stale in its columns. Spetumen copies free. Sub-
scribers paying in advance are entitled to two in-
sertions of a tivc-linc a<lvt.(40 words) in tlie ex-
ciiaiige and mart coluiiin.

THE J). A. JONES CO.,

Beeton, Ont., Canada.

JDadants' Foundation

Is kept for sale by Messrs. T. (t. Newman & Son,
Chicago, 111.; C, P. Muth & Son, Cincinnati, O.;
Jas. Heddon, D(nvagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty,
Indianapolis, Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Waukesha,
Wis.; ('has. Hertel Jr., Freelinrg, 111.; E. 8. Arm-
strong, Jersey ville. 111.; E Kretchmer, Coburg,
Iowa.; M. J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kans.; Ed R.
Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Va.; J. B. Mason & Son, Mechanic
Falls, Me.; Dr. G, L. Tinker, Few Philadelphia, O.
D. A. Fuller. Cherry Valley, 111.; Jos. Nysewan-
der, Des Moines, Iowa; G. B. Lewis & Co., Water-
town, Wis.; P. L. Viallon, Bayou (ioula. La.; B.J.
Miller & Co., Nappanee, Ind.; J. Mattoon, Atwa-
ter, O.; Goodell & Woodworth, M'f'g Co.. Rock
Falls. 111.; J. A. Roberts, Edgar, Nel).; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; Geo. E. Hiltcm, Fre-
mont, Mich.; J. M. Clark cStCo, U09 l.^)th St.,
Denver, Colo.; E. L. Goold & (Jo., Brantford, Ont.,
Canada; J. N. Heater, Columbns, Neb.; O. G.
(Collier, Fairbury. Neb.; G. K. Hubbard, Fort
Wayne, Ind.; and numerous other dealers.

We guarantee Every Inch of our ("omb Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every .Rfspect.
Every one who Imys it is pleased with it. Write
us for Free Samples, Price List of Bee-Supplies,
and Specimen Pages of the new

fie vised Langs troth Book

EDITION OE 1889.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON;

l-8y-12t Hamilton, Hancock ('o., HI.

CARNIOLAN BEES.

PLEASANTEST BEES IN THE WORLD.

HARDIEST TO WINTER.

BEST HONEY GATHERERS.

In order to introduce, not only these bees,
but our paper :

We otfer to any one, who sends us $1.25, a copy of
our i>aper and a nice Carniolan queen. The
queen alone is worth two dollars.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls. Maine.

Pleas

ention the Reuie

2-8tt-12t.

BEE KEEPERS

.sliould send lor my circu-
lar. It describes the best
Hives, the best Ca.ses, the
best Feeilers and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. shUcK,

J)ES MOINKS, roil.i

Please mention the Reuieui.

The iaiiailian Honey Producer.

If you wisli to see what the iK'st Writers have
to say upon the most important topics, send 40
cents for a year's subscription to "The Canadian
Honey Producer." Or send tiO cts. and receive
this journal (me year and, in tlie swarming sea-
son, or earlier, a virgin queen of entirely new,
and carefully selected blood. Stamps takim, ei-
ther U. S. or Canadian. E. L. GOOLD & CO.,

Brantford, Canada.

Pleaf'^ mention the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

175

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

Wants Your Time

Just a minute PLEASE, It is about an eight or ten horse power engine
that he wishes to speak. Engine now at his shop — MUST be sold ; and, if
you want it, don't allow some other body to get in ahead of you. It's going
cheap — way down ! Just the right size to run a small bee-hive shop. He
wishes you were right here, where you could set your eyes upon it for a
minute — you wouldn't hesitate long, he knows.

CHAS. H. SMITH, Pittsfield, Mass., Box I 087.

AaJ-ess Plainly
7-89.12t.

ntion the Review.

Comb Foundation. Barnes' Foot Power Mactiinery.

We have a complete out-fit for its manufacturee
Our mills all run by st<>am power, and we have
the very best facilities for purifyins wax We
make it as thin as you want it for sections. We
make a specialty of makini; l)rood foundation for
square frames, thick at the top with a firadual ta-
per to very thin at the Ixittom, thus securins the
greatest amount of strenf^th for theijuality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retiiil, address

A. G. HILL,.
B-88-tf. Kendallville, Ind.

The Revised Langstroth, and Dadants^

Foundation. See Advertisement In Another Column.

FRiENDS,fjt:BEESor HONEY,

any way interestedin /

anyway]

we will with pleasure send a sample copy

)f the

SEMI-MONTHLY GLEANINGS IN BEE GULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, ('oin)> Foun-
dation, Section Honey-Boxes, all books and jour-
nals, and everything pertaining to Bee Culture.
Nothing Patented. Simply send your address
plainly written to. A. I. JiOOT,

1-88-tf. Medina, Ohio.

^|^^^1M:3^3^©A^^.;J,

WORKERS OF WOOD OR METAL,

without steam power, by using outfits of these

Machines, can bid lower, and save

more money from tlnir jobs, than

by any othermeansfordoinptheir

work. LATHES, KA\V>, M«U{-

TI.SER8, TENON ElfS. ETC., Sold

on trial. Illustrated l^rice List Kree

W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO.,^
No. 6S6- Etuliy St., Rockford, III

Italian Queens I Shipping Cases.

Choice tested (pieens, ,f 1.00 each; hybrids, .'jOcts.
Queens are reared under the swarming impulse.
12 lb. shipping case.s, in the flat, no glass, ten for
7f) cts.; per hundred, $l>.0 >. 2i lb. cases, in the
flat, no glass, ten for $1.35 ; iier hundred,
$12.00. Best covered Bee Feeders, 2.^ cts. each, or
t<;n for $.'.00, J. Iwd!.. ICII>TZIEj, ^

10-88-tf

Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

Pleast' mention the Reuieui.

RFC SUPPLIES

[16-paye Weekly-^l.OO a Year.]

IS the Oldest. Largest and Cheapest weekly
bee paper in the World. Sample free.

fioliiiis G.NEWjKiNt>; Soil.

JJ*r* *«: p u B LI s H ER s.''ii', . , . mM^l

923 & 025 West Madison St.. CHICAGO, ILL.

RETAIL

AND

III I Wholesale

■^ ^ ■" We furnish Everything needed in
tlu^ Apiary, of j)ractieal construction, and at the
lowest. pr.<!e. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a postal card, and wo will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

E. Kretchiner, Cohut'g, Iowa,

2-88-tf. Please mention the Review.

BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Bee-Keeper should have it.

FitatliTtaaiiil, WMlyReyisel!

! MUCH ENLARGED!

I (lontain.s many more beautiful Illustrations
I and is up to date. It is both practical and

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, $1..50, To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by freight, TiO per cent. off.
Address A. J. COOK,
i iO-88-tf Agricultural College, Michigan.

116

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

QUALITY <in(l workniciiiKliip uiimirpHHHdd.
We are pnipiircd to furnlHili t)(^(^-k('((i)('rH with
supplioH promptly, and witli K"o(1m of uiiiroriii
oxoelloridH HH liprt'toforc. Onr liivcH all take (lin
Simplicity frame. Tlie " l''alcoii " cluill hive
HUil the "('hantamiua" hive, witli UKAU Allt
8PA(!ES, are both Kivin^; universal HatiKfactioii,
We manufacture a full line of bee-keepeus' sui'-
PLIES, includinf^ the

"Falcon" Brand of Foundation.

1E^°" We K'adly furni.sli eHtimaten, and solicit
correspondence. Send for illus'rated price list
for l8Slt. free.

The \V. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
4-88-tf Jamestown, N. Y.

Please mfiition the Review

Honey" - Extractor,

Square Gl iss Iloiiey-.Iiirs, Tin Hut-kets,

IJoe-Hives, lloiiey-Sectioiis, &c., &c.

I'erf«ctioii Cold-iUast Smokers.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & y(3N,

Cl.NCINNATI, O.

P. 8. — Send 10-ceut stamp for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepors. :i-88-tf .

Leahy's + Foundation,

— WHOLESALE AND RETAIL —

My Foundation is recommended by hundreds
of Bee-Keepers, as having no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jor(lin(s Ashland, Nob.; Moeller
Manufacturing Co., Davenport, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Son, (lole Brook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Oliio; J. Callam & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. I will take one lb. Sections in ex-
change for thin Foundation on reasonable terms.
Special prices to dealers. Send for Catalogue of
other supplies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

1-89-tf Higffinsville, Mo., ISox 11,

Please mention the Reuiew.

An Old Bee- Book Revised, and Dadants'

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

THE "REVIEW."

The distinctive features of the Bee-Keepers'
Kevikw aic tliat of reviewing (Mirrent apicultural
lilcrature (pointing out errors anil fallacic^s and
allowing jiotliiiig of value to i)aKK unnoticed), and
the luaking of each issue a "spc^cial number " —
on(^ in which somi! special tojiic is discussed by
the best bee-keepers of the country. If you wisli
for the cream of the other jnurnals, already skim-
med and dished u|), and lo learn the views of the
most ('Xperi(MU'e<i be(»-keepers upon the unsolved,
ajiicultural i)rol)lenisof the day, read the Kkvikw.

Price of th(^ IItoview, .TO cts. a year. Samples
free. Back numbers can bo furnished.

"The Production of CoinkHonoy."

Althotigh this neat little book c(»iltains only 4.')
pages, it furnishes as much i>ractical, valuable in-
formation as is<)ft<'n found in a book of twice its
size. It is "boiled down."

It begins with taking the bees from the ciUlar
and goes over the groiui<l Ijriefly, cdearly and con-
cisely, luitil the honey is ofl t-li(? hives; touching
upon the most important points; and especially
does it teach when, where and how foundation
can be used to the best advantage; when combs
are pn^ferable and when it is more profitable to
allow the; bees to build their own combs. It tx.'lls
how l-o hive a swarm in an emi)ty l)rood-nest, and
yet secure mon^ liomw than when foundation is
used. Price of the book, 2.') cents.

For (15 cts. We will send the Kevikw one year
and "The Production of Comb Honey." For
$L00 we will send all the numl)ers of the Ke-
VIEW for the i)ast year fl88H), the Keview for
this year ( IHSlti and the "The Production of Comb
H()ney;"or, for the same amount ($1.00), we will
send the Review for two years from Jan. Ist,
1889, and "The Production of Comb Honey."
Stami)S taken, either U. S. orC'anadi'an.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

FOUND AT LAST!

How to keep eggs fn^sh for a year. Send for
circular. DR. A. B. MASON,

9-89-3t Auburndale, Ohio.

NEW YOIiK.

FOREIGN ORDERS SOLICITED.

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Everything Used by Bee-Keepers.

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DADANTS FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BASSWOOD SECTIONS

One-Pie(!e, Dovetail, or to nail. Any (luau- ',
tity, any size. Complet<> macliinery finest
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Please mention the Review.

CONN.

VOL. II.

FLINT, MICHieAH, NOVEMBER 10, 1889.

NO. 11.

Is a Specialty Desirable?

E. L. TAYLOK.

^ ^x /IV NE thing at a time" is an old
')Ur J *»> adage, and as a])i)licable to great

0 L CX^J-' things as to small. Men are
sometimes said to have been
born with silver spoons in their mouths, but
no one is ever said to be born with a trade.
We have to learn trades or be withoftt them.
And such is the constitution of things — mind
and matter — that a lifetime is reciuired to
accgmplish that purpose well; so that we
only begin to approach perfection, if ever,
when our hand becomes feeble and unsteady
and the twilight of life draws on apace, for-
bidding the further pursuit of our labors.
Every added trade clearly impedes one's
progress towards perfection and makes a
less degree of skill attainable.

What is the significance of skill in this
connection':* It avoids injurious mistakes;
it lightens and lessens labor; it relieves or
prevents friction; it attains the best results;
it increases pleasure, satisfaction and happi-
ness. A multiplicity of occupations multi-
plies the burdens of responsibility, induces
unrest and embarrassment, and our powers
becoming overtaxed, carelessness, slovenli-
ness, unthrift and failure result. A jack at
all trades is almost a synonym of a ne'er-
do-well. What reason is there for dulling
the edge of skill and sacriticing tliorough-
ness by combining another business with
that of bee-keeping? Not certainly to till
up the time. Bee-keeping as a specialty is
no small business. It is capable of great
expansion. It can well furnish work for
every day of tlie year, and the larger the
business thesinallerthe proportional expense
of the plant and the management, and, con-
sequently, the larger the profits.

If bee-keeping is so unprofitable as a spe-
cialty that the operator must pursue another
business to eke out a living, then it is too
unprofitable to be pursued at all, and should
be abandoned altogether. If it cannot be
made profitable as a specialty, with all
the advantages that specialty brings, then it
cannot be made profitable as a suljsidiary
pursuit. We see this demonstrated in prac-
tice. It is not the specialist, but the non-
specialist, that fails. A poor season serves
to tighten the grip of the former, but how it
disheartens those who make bee-keeping a
by-play for profit may be known by the dis-

gust it causes to emanate from their every
countenance. For an avocation or subsid-
iary business bee-keeping is the least
adapted of all as shown by a large percent-
age of failures among those who pursue it in
that way, so much does success in it depend
upon the small but critical matters that the
non-specialist is sure to neglect.

The Great Apostle tersely approves the
principle when he exclaims: "This one
thing I do." Steadfastly adhering to the
principle he became not only the first of the
apostles but the first of Christians and sur-
passingly successful. No one would fear
for the success of the bee-keeper who should
declare, with the firmness of puri)Ose of
Paul: "This one thing I do."

There is undoubtedly one advantage in
combining two or more kinds of business.
If one's eggs may be either all in a single
basket, or in more than one, and in either
case those in one basket are likely to be
broken, and it is indispensible that enough
be saved for breakfast, it may be better,
notwithstanding the additional expense of
additional baskets and the difficulty of carry-
ing them all at the same time, to have the
eggs in more than one basket, but it makes
rosfhj e(j(is. It is paying heavy insurance
against the wolf that threatens the door. If
it is a necessity it ought to be a temporary
one.

But there is what seems at first glance a
weightier consideration. Men who devote
themselves exclusively to one line of thought
or study, or to one branch of business, be-
come of necessity narrow in mind; in short,
imperfectly developed men. They make
more money and do well for their vocation,
but they do not make the best citizens, nor
do they make the most of life for themselves.
But I think this class cannot be fairly
charged to the doctrine of specialty prpperly
understood. A dentist makes the filling of
^teeth a specialty, but he also practices and
is familiar with all the other branches of the
calling. A lawyer makes commercial paper
his specialty, but on occasion can readily
turn his hand to any other of the thousand
and one branches of this calling, and at the
same time not hesitate to dabble in politics
or real estate. Terry makes the production
of i)otatoes a specialty, but he is no weak-
ling at the care of stock and the production
of clover and wheat. But these things rather
minister to his success in his specialty than
interfere with it.

118

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The specialist then is one who devotes
himself to one thing as a pai-amount object,
putting his hand to other matters only as
they lead up to the main matter and impart
vigor and growth to it; or, at least, in no
important way interfere with it. If this be
the correct view of the subject, then it seems
to go almost without saying that not to be
a specialist is to so divide one's powers and
attention as to greatly weaken their proper
exercise. If the farmer must leave the
harvest field at the call of the horn or the
bell to hive swarms, or even if he
must give them attention when he is al-
ready anxious and tired enough with the
labors of the field, his honey crop will be
unprofitably costly if indeed he escapes the
general rule in such cases and obtains any-
thing but swarms. And, in like manner, if
the cobbler must leave his bench to care for
an apiary, his customers will forsake him
and he is likely to have but a meager return
from either trade. Such divided efforts
necessarily result in imperfect and unsatis-
factory work. There is friction and loss of
force in being compelled even to turn one's
thouqhts from one subject to another if both
be of serious concern. I speak of the aver-
age man: there are exceptions to every rule.
One's vocation is ordinarily the business
whence one derives one's living, and without
question the desired result could most effect-
ually be accomplished by making it a spe-
cialty; but I have no word against avoca-
tions; every one ought to have one or more.
If he delights in fancy poultry or fine grapes
or in history or language or science let him
not shut up his soul against the topic of his
choice. It will be the source of rest, refine-
ment, education, and a more symmetrical
growth. Let him fiy to it in his moments of
leisure for rest and refreshment, but not
with the expectation of making it financially
profitable, for that would bring additional
anxiety and weariness.

Lapeek, Mich., Nov. 1, 188i).

The Highest Success Attained by Specialty.

J. A. GKEEN.

"^jRN considering the question whether it is
flj) better for a man to confine liiuiself
j^ strictly to one business, whether it be
that of bee-keeper, farmer, lawyer, doc-
tor, or worker in any other of the branches
of human activity, or whether he may unite
two or more of these occupations, the first
point to be considered is, how is the great-
est success to be attained? We will not
need to dwell long on this point, for the
world's experience has given us ample
answer. The successes of life have been
more by those who with their minds fixed on
the desired end have pursued it through
failure and discouragement no jnatter how
great.

It has been truly said that there is such a
thing as momentum in mind as well as in
physics, and concentration of mind energy
is as effective as concentration of physical
energy.

If we limit our definition of success to the
matter of getting a living, the case remains
much the same. The greatest success is
never to be attained by a scattering of ener-
gies. Suppose two brothers by the name of
Smith enter the practice of law and medi-
cine, each being both doctor and lawyer.
Two other brothers by the name of Jones
enter the same pursuits with this difference,
that one practices law and the other medi-
cine. Other things being equal, which pair
of brothers is likely to meet with the great-
est success? Everybody will say, "the
Jones," and would employ them in prefer-
ence whenever the service of either doctor or
lawyer were re<iuired.

Now does this not apply just as well to any
other occupation and to bee-keeping as well
as to any? There is enough in bee-keeping
properly carried on to fully require and oc-
cupy the energies of ai.y ordinary man.
Some will say that it is an extra hazardous
occupation and that therefore something
should be joined with it to diminish the
risks of financial shortcomings. If it is ex-
tra hazardous it also offers unusual oppor-
tunities of gain when fortune is prointious,
and it is the man who has nothing else to
do but make I'eady for it who is best able to
take at its flood the tide which leads on to for-
tune. There are times in bee-keeping wlif'n
hours, yes minutes, are golden, and the post-
poning of required labor for a week or less
may cause a loss of dollars for every colony
of bees possessed.

That the man to whom bee-keeping is a
side issue often misses the critical time, we
probably have all seen. As a case in point I
fiad thirteen colonies of bees this summer in
the yard of a farmer bee-keeper having
nearly twice that number of his own.
About the middle of August I removed all
surplus honey, making ready for the fall
yield. His hives were full, but taking off
the honey was jiostponed. By the close of
the season my thirteen colonies had stored
nearly four hundred pounds of surplus,
while most of his had had no chance to si ore
any outside of the brood chamber, and of
course not very much there. He got his
clover in all right, but he missed some
honey.

Some advise that everybody, especially
the farmer, shoiild keep a few bees. There
is just about as much reason for saying that
everybody should keep a few sheep, raise a
little wool, spin a little yarn, weave a little
cloth and make their own clothing. This
state of affairs has gone by in almost every-
thing else, but bee-keeping occupies a posi-
tion almost unique among tlie world's occu-
pations, in that the i-leas, methods and ap-
pliances of a bundled — jes, we might almost
say, of a thousand — years ago are to be found
side by side with those of the most modern
advancement.

It is well enough for a man to have some
interests outside of his regular business to
whicli he may turn as a recreation and a
relief from daily care. Very often a man is
made broader and better by having this out-
look from the narrow confines of routine,
and his working efficiency may be even in-
creased by these seeming distractions. But

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

179

the attempt to carry on two distinct occupa-
tions for the money there is in them gener-
ally results in one or the other being ne-
glected or half done, and the man who at-
tempts it usually makes less money than he
would if he had turned the whole of his
energies to one of them.
Dayton, 111., Oct. 31, 1889.

"Why the "Rambler" is a Spscialist.

■^^ WILL try and treat the above subject
OJ) with due decorum and soberness, for I
J^ have found that soberness is rapidly
generated at the close of a disastrous
honey season. But ic the face of now and
then a disastrous season, I am ready to ad-
vise the person who really loves the pursuit
to make a specialty of it.

When I first commenced bee-keeping I
owned a farm of one hundred acres. My
colonies then numbered from 50 to 100.
With 1(X) colonies I found that nearly all of
my time from the first of May until August
was spent in the apiary. My place upon the
farm had to be supplied with hired help, and
I found that every year from April until
July the farm was drawing cash from the
apiary, and, many times, had it not been for
the apiary, many things' for the faim would
have been purchased on credit. When the
produce was harvested, of course the scales
were turned the other way, but instead of
spending the money upon the apiary, the
amount was i>ut into my pocket. The apiary
was sustaining itself better than the farm.
While the farm was calling all the while for
expenses in the shape of repairs, tools, etc.,
the apiary called for but few dollars in ex-
penses.

Owing to various circumstances I sold the
farm and resolved to make bee-keeping and
fruit evaporating a specialty. I purchased
an apiary of .W colonies in an adjoining
town and resolved to increase it to 100.
This, with 100 in the home yard, and the
fruit business, would give me plenty to do.

Well, how did it work? I make a wry face
every time I think of it. My partner and I
ran the evaporator from September until
December. It had to be run night and day.
As a result the bees were neglected in the
out-apiary and nearly every swarm died.
Our venture upon evaporated fruit was also
a losing one; prices went down and our pro-
duct was sold for less than cost. Since our
Waterloo upon this "mixed business" I have
devoted myself strictly to bee-keeping, with
the exceptioi', if it may be called an excep-
tion, of occasionally peddling honey during
the winter months.

In making bee-keeping a specialty I have
considered the following iioints: First, which
shall I produce, comb or extracted honey ?
My experience thus far puts me in the ranks
of the extractors. / think I can manage
more bees in more apiaries and make as
good profits as by any other method. Sec-
ond, how many bees shall I manage and in
how many apiaries? Duriim the past sum-
mer I have managed two hundred colonies
in two apiaries, securing nearly 10,000 lbs.

of honey, with not over ten days help. I
believe I can manage 400 colonies in four
apiaries with but one man a portion of the
time from May until August. When the re-
quisite number of colonies are established
with complete sets of empty combs for
storifying, there is but little winter's work
to do; and the bee-keeper can then devote
himself to some other business, but he
should be careful not to get into anything
that will prevent an instant turning to the
main pursuit.

Comb honey production, with the above
number of colonies, would keep the apiarist
busy all winter in preparing for the next
season.

With good food, I should say that the busi-
ness is no more risky than many other pur-
suits. Too many neglect this very important
branch of apiculture at present. Nearly all
of the Rambler's colonies are supplied with
full cases of clover honey, but thousands of
colonies in the eastern states are filled to
overflowing with hoiifi/ deir, which in many
localities has already commenced to sour.
But, even the loss of half of my bees during
the winter would have but little terror for
me if I could get bees by the pound from the
South at a reasonable price, say from 7.5c. to
$1, according to cxuantity, and delivered by
the first of May. In the foregoing I have
taken it as a certainty that the apiaiust shall
make at least part of his supplies. This
keeps his hands quite busy and all of it can
be done if no more than a Barnes saw is
used.

Respectfully submitted by

The Rambleb.

More Money and less Risk by Combining
Bee-Keeping With Farming and ' ' Sup-
plies." Hire Help if Necessary.

M. H. HUNT.

EE-KEEPING, with me, has never
been a specialty ; although it has had,
with the manufacture of supplies, the
greater share of my attention. The
farm has not been so well managed, perhaps,
as it would have been with my undivided
care. Still, I know I have made more money
by combining these industries than I would
have done by any one of them alone. Take,
for instance, the past three seasons ; had I
depended upon the honey crop, I am sure I
should have lost a good lot of my enthusi-
asm.

At certain seasons of the year bees require
close attention, and some may say how about
the farm, etc. ? Years ago I came to the
conclusion that I could not get ahead very
fast with what labor I could do myself.
^\ith this idea in view, I have always em-
ployed help when it could be used profitably;
and that is most of the time, as there is al-
ways something to do either in the apiary,
on the farm, or in the factory. No loss of
time, not even when it rains.

There are some few favored localities
where the honey crop has never failed ; and
up to the last three years I never failed to

180

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

get a good crop, and I began to look upon
the business as a certainty, and made my
plans accordingly. I built a honey house,
started out-apiaries, etc. : but had it not
been for the factory and farm during those
three years, the balance would have been on
the wrong side of the ledger.

•Judging from my experience, there is no
business that will permit of something in
connection with it. any better than bee-
keeping. In making this statement, I know
I am in direct opposition to some of our
best writers on this subject, but I cannot
help it, as I have my own experience, not
theirs, to judge from.

Bell Bbanch, Mich. Oct. 21, ISS'J.

As a Matter of Dollars and Cents, One
Trade is Best.

DB. C. C. MILLEK.

' 'sM^ ^ *° mixed vs. exclusive bee-keeping,
(1^) I am myself somewhat mixed. I for-
^!^^ merly held the view that no one
should give up all other business and
depend on bee-keeping alone until he had
enough ahead to keep him at least one year
without any income from his bees. An ex-
perience of three successive years of failure
makes me think it might be best he should
be prepared at all times for three such years
— possibly more. ( )f course that strikes a
pretty hard l)low against exclusive bee-
keeping, but it might not apply in general,
for I have by no means the best location for
bee-keeping, depending almost solely on
white clover.

I have not the statements before me, but I
have a general impression that I have a num-
ber of times heai'd or read something like
this: "I got more money from my bees than
from my whole farm." Now I want to put
a problem in arithmetic. If Mr. -Jones
makes more money from his bees than from
his farm, would he not gain by getting rid
of his farm and keeping double the number
of beesV To put the matter in a more con-
crete form, suppose his farm nets him Sf.iM)
and his bees ij^OOO, his total income is ifU,l(K).
Now give up the farm, double the bees, and
would not the income be i5;l,200? Hardly,
for it does not follow that if he makes :f;(!00
from 100 colonies of bees he can make
double the amount from 200. But he might
keep more than double the number, for
coupled with the statement given above,
very often, comes the statement that the
bees took very much less time than the farm.
But the risk. If bee-keeping is more risky
than farming, then it may be better to hold
onto the farm.

If some business is connected with bee-
keeping which can be prosecuted during a
time when bee-work is not pressing, then it
is possible that the combination might be
advisable. But those who engage largely in
bee-keeping are apt to say that they find
plenty to do at all seasons of the year. Still,
a business might be found which could occu-
py part of the time when bee-work crowds
least. I think small fruit raising has been

recommended more than any other as com-
bining nicely with bee-keeping. I have had
a little experience with small fruits, having
had at one time some two acres in strawber-
ries, two more m raspberries, and 125 cherry
trees. The busy time comes at picking and
marketing, and that comes wlien bee-work
crowds harder than any other time in the
whole year. So if the bee-keeper can make
more to give half his time to small fruits, I
think he might make more to give up bees
entirely and give all his time to small fruits.
The truth probably is that one man can
make more on small fruits and another on
bees, but I doubt if anything is gained by
mixing.

A man doing a large business as merchant,
lawyer, or what not, might profitably mix in
a little bee-keeping by way of recreation,
but as a matter of dollars and cents he'd
better stick to his trade. If a man, on the
average, can make more at bee-keeping than
at any other business, then I can hardly see
how he can gain by mixing in other business.
But he may i)refer bee-keeping to any other
business in spite of its being less profitable,
on account of its health giving and home
keeping qualities, in which case it may be
propel for him to combine some other busi-
ness to which he is well adai)ted and to
which he can attend when his bees need
least care, provided he can find such a busi-
ness.

So you see, Mr. Editor, that whether a man
should "mix" or not dei>ends upon a good
many things. In general, however, I sup-
pose that bee-keeping follows the general
rule. We get shoes cheaper because there
are large establishments that have no other
business than making shoes; so of clothing
and other things, and it is probable that the
general public will get its honey cheapen- and
of better quality the more nearly honey
raising is carried on extensively as an exclu-
sive business.

Maeengo, 111., Nov. 2, 188t).

Specialty Better for one Man, "Mixture" for

Another; Room for Both— A Well-

Considered Anicle.

J. HASBKOUCK.

'°^'!Sf' OU ask me to say something on "Spe-
cM^ cialty vs. Mixed Bee-keepiug." If I
<yj^ do so, I will, like "Brudder Gardner,"
"talk on bof sides ob de question,"
because I believe botli in specialty and m
mixed bee-keepiug. A number of years ago
when I wrote a good deal for the bee-keep-
ing public, I was constantly receiving letters,
asking for advice, from people wiio wanted
to give up all otiier basiuess and place their
dependance for a living tor themselves and
families upon from 20 to 100 stocks of bees,
to buy which they generally proposed to
borrow the money. They were led into
their ridiculous [)laus by extravagant repre-
sentations in some of the older bee-books
and advertisements — generally in religious
papers. With specialty on such a founda-
tion, I have no patience, and always tried to

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

181

discourage it. Nevertheless, conducted on
business principles, I believe that bee-keep-
ing as an exclusive business, offei's a fair
investment for capital; and I say this not-
withstanding my very unfortunate venture
in this line the past season. Last spring,
expecting, as most of us did, because we
had had two unfavorable seasons in succes-
sion, that this would be a bonanza, I made a
contract "with a gentleman owning about 'IM
stocks of bees in Ohio, to manage them
without increase for half of the honey, he
furnishing all supplies. The result was that
I worked six months, doing three times as
much as would have been necessary with
tirst class arrangements, fur almost notliimj.
I simply took my chances in a lottery and
drew a blank. That isn't business. To
make an exclusive business of bees, my
experience leads me to believe that a man
should have a cai)ital sufficient to begin with
at least 300 stocks, all in good hives, with all
the necessary supplies, and then in addition
a reserve sufficient to support himself for at
least two years, and to feed the bees ^1 per
stock per season for the same time, without
any return. I pre-suppose, of course, that
the man understands the business practi-
cally before he begins as a specialist.

What income ought one reasonably to ex-
pect from this outlay V According to my
experience, one year with another, 800 stocks
of bees well managed in any ordinary local-
ity would average a net income of ij^'JOO per
year in honey, and an increase of 100 stocks.
This is as good as one could expect from a
farm costing three times as much and run
for general farming. It would be better
than the same amount invested in almost
any kind of merchandising or any ordinary
manufacturing. It is a business which a
man can increase up to 5,000 or 6,000 stocks
as fast as he can tind efficient and faithful
help, and still be able to give sufficiently
close personal supervision to secure as large
returns per colony as with the 300 with
which he started. ( )f course there will be
years when the returns will be 0, or worse,
instead of the above average; but there will
be as many other years in the long run,
when he will get f 9 or iJilO per stock.

Until very recently, I doubt if there was
anyone in the country who understood the
wintering problem sufficiently to warrant
him in making bees a specialty, as it would
be simply foolhardiness to invest money in
bees when the risk of losing the whole capi-
tal by their dying in winter, was added to
the risk of poor honey harvests; but at pres-
ent I believe the principles of successful
wintering are as well understood as of win-
tering any other stock. Thick packing on
summer stands, or massed together so as to
keep each other warm; or a cellar or other
repository where the temperature icill never
go below 4(P and not unreasonably high, will
always bring them through, if they have
honey enough to live on, and this I say
although believing fully in the "pollen the-
ory."

While I believe in these possibilities for
the specialist,- I take particular delight in
seeing a few colonies standing in the yard of
an intelligent farmer, mechanic or profes-

sional man. Such a man, or his wife, if
posted, can do all that is necessary with all
the bees that should be kept in one locality,
to get all the honey possible without inter-
fering with their other business. But some
of the specialists will say, "yes, but none
but specialists will ever get sufficiently posted
to do much with bees." I have thought so
too, but, if I didn't make anything by my
sojourn in Ohio this season, I learned a
lesson or two. While our 2.')0 stocks of bees,
standing in one yard, an arrangement,
which, by the way, I didn't approve, but
which I couldn't change, were doing very
little, some farmers' wives five or six miles
distant, keepingj;en or twelve stocks apiece,
were selling more honey than we did from
our 250. I met some of them and found
them as well posted in the essentials of man-
agement as any one I know. They pick up
what they know by taking some one of the
excellent bee journals now published. But
a specialist says that such people are always
a damage to the bee business because they
are not sufficiently interested to keep track
of the markets, and they break down the
markets by selling for the first thing offered
them. To such I answer that I have seen a
honey market this season worked up by such
mixed bee-keepers, which to me was perfeet-
ly wonderful. In the East, in and around
New York, there is no demand for honey
befoi-e cold weather; but at Lima, Ohio,
there is a great strife among the local bee-
keepers to see who first can get new honey
into market; as the one who first supplies a
grocer can probably hold his trade till all
his honey is sold. About the first of .lune
the grocers began to "hunt" us for honey,
and they kept it up till we had to "dodge"
them as badly as if we owed them a bill, and
when they found they really couldn't get
anything from us, they began to import
honey from New York, paying IGc. when
they paid but 8c. for good butter. Such a
market the smaller producers can work up
anywhere, and then let the specialists send
their crops to the large cities, after seeing
that the local markets are fully supplied,
and the two classes will never come into
collision. There is room and a place for
both.
Shelby, Ohio, Oct. 29, 1889.

Conventions Strengthen, Brighten and Rest
Us, and Improve Our Literature. — Ad-
vantages of "Mixed" Bee-Keeping.

PKOF. A. J. OOOK,

EAR MR. EDITOR:— I have no ques-
J tion but that our conventions serve
'^^ an admirable purpose. I should be
inclined to this opinion, even could I
see no explanation. The men of all crafts
and professions, especially those of highest
intelligence and enterprise, have their asso-
ciations. Such men act not from impulse;
nor do they give their time and money for
the fun of the thing. It pays and they
know it.

182

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

I think, however, that I can see how it
pays. To be sure, we have our papers and
books, which are the very back-bone of any
industry or profession. But how fiat, stale
and unprofitable would our books and papers
be were it not for the vivifyiny effect of our
associations. Who does not feel that Glean-
ings has greatly improved since its editor
reformed in this matter of conventions? We
doubt not that much of the admirable con-
duct of the Review comes from inspiration
received by its editor in his frequent attend-
ance upon such gatherings. I say then that
conventions raise the character of our litera-
ture and so advance the condition of all,
whether they actually attend the meetings
or not.

There is a warmth and sympathy engen-
dered by personal contact with our fellows
that always calls out the best that is in a
person. These conventions liberate much
valuable information that else would never
come to light. More, many persons never
write, and were it not for these gatherings,
valuable facts would never go beyond their
discoverers. It is often true that some im-
portant observation or discovery fails to
impress the one who made it. Even though
it may interest him, he may lack that pecu-
liar ability to turn it to account. Thus
meeting in conventions not only scatters
facts, but also gives to them a practical
trend which else they might never have pos-
sessed.

Perhaps the best use of conventions comes
from the valuable influence which they exert
socially. To meet and talk with those of
like views, desires and thought, softens, ele-
vates, and ennobles. W" e go home with more
charity in our hearts, more love in our souls.
We are better men. If associations then
make us both wiser and better, we may well
hurrah for conventions.

All experience, everywhere, so far as I
know, urges that in conventions we have
essays from those best able to give them;
which essays are to be discussed. Such es-
says furnish a theme. They are carefully
thought out. They secure the best, and
prevent rambling and a waste of time. I
have no sympathy with the plan of rejecting
all essays. Our country is very large— too
large to make the attendance at conventions
easy. Yet by having short, incisive essays
from those best fitted to give them, we can
have large conventions in the best sense,
though the actual attendance is not large.
Next to our bee literature, conventions have
done the best work for apiculture of all the
agencies that are helping it out. And, as we
have seen, our literature owes much of its
excellence to these important gatherings.

I am decidedly of the opinion that bee-
keeping should not be confined to specialists.
I think no one should be prevented or even
discouraged from becoming a specialist; yet
I think that apiculture is pre-eminently the
business for the amateur, pre-eminently de-
sirable as an avocation. Even those who
argue otherwise think so; else why do Mr.
Heddon and the editor of the Review stick
to the bees; though one is an editor and the
honored Mayor of a flourishing young city,
and the other an able bee-keeping editor?

Bee-keeping often fails to give success, then
some other business keeps want, hunger and
discouragement from the door. Bee-keep-
ing only occupies one a portion of the year;
thus some supplementary pursuit flUs up the
time and adds to one's usefulness.

In every business one can do better work
if some variety comes into the life. This
rests the mind, brightens the hopes ai d
makes the success better in both lines.
Thus the minister, the lawyer and the teacher
think and speak to better purpose from
their work and experience in the apiary. The
bee-keeper has clearer thought and better
success from his rest periods, when he
wrestles with the problems of how he may
save souls, save property, or educate his
fellows. Experience shows that such combi-
nation is helpful. The logic of experience
also shows that men live more and happier
when they have two strings to their indus-
trial bow.

I know of many of our best and brightest
bee-keepers who are at the same time most
successful in other lines of work. If such
a course adds to the pocket-book, the brain,
the health and the happiness, then certainly
it is to be advocated. I have not a doubt
but that it does.

WHEN TO EXTEACT.

I say just before or just as the bees com-
mence to cap the honey. Do you say the
honey is not so good? Then by all means
wait till it is all capped. I can ripen the
honey just as well outside the combs and so
save much time. I always extract the early
honey before it is capped. This is more
easily done, and saves uncapping. I keep
this in open vessels covered with cheese
cloth in a warm room all through July and
August. I have yet to see the man who can
tell this honey from other that has been
capped for months before it is extracted.
This is my reason for the faith that is in me.

Age'l College, Mich., Oct. 31, 1889.

Bee-Keeping More like Manufacturing than

Farming.— The Advantages of

Specialty.

JAMES heddon.

{X S to whether any kind of business is
If) better to be managed specially and
alone, or mixed up with some other
kind of business in the hands and
brain of the manager and owner, depends
entirely upon what the business is. If I
were going to buy, to breed up and fatten, a
drove of hogs, I would post myself in regard
to what kind of hogs are best. I would not,
however, add the hog business to the bee
business, but I would add it to raising corn
and wheat, or running a grist mill or slaugh-
ter house. So you see it all depends.

There is no doubt but what it pays to raise
at least a small variety of crops upon a
farm, but you may call it all one business,
that of farming. Bee keeping is called, and
perhaps correctly so, producing, but so far
as producing relates to the advantages and

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

1S3

disadvantages of specialty, it is much more
like manufacturing. The bee-keeper need
not be a producer. He may be eminently
successful and know nothing about botany,
not even the physiology of the honey bees he
keeps. He may be an expert in botany and
bee-physiology and still be an ignominious
failure as a honey producer. We know this
is true from observation. We have seen it.
A bee-keeper must be or become somewhat
of a mechanic. His work is not at all like
farming or fruit raising: it is not in the
ground at all. To be sure the honey secretes
in plants growing out of the ground, but
that makes no ditt'erence. He could be a
successful bee-keeper if he had been con-
fined between prison walls and had never
seen the ground. He would soon find out
that the bees went out somewhere and
brought back honey. The thing for him to
learn is proper mechanical arrangement
inside the apiary. So we see that honey
raising is almost exactly parallel to and like
manufacturing, and so far as this discussion
is concerned, it would be much more appro-
priate to call the apiarist a manufacturer
than to call him a producer;

Perhaps it is necessary in order that we
may get a clear idea of bee-keeping to go
back to an old hobby of mine, or in other
words, to a new presentation of an old fact
as I gave it to the Michigan State Bee-keep-
ers' Association, in Kalamazoo, about fifteen
years ago. I remember well how curious
the members looked, and yet how unable
they all were to make any answer to the new
presentation as I gave it at that time. I
had been in the bee business some six years,
and at that session some one spoke of a
report of a large yield of honey from one
hive, that Brother Doolittle or some other
bee-keeiier had sent to the papers. I rose
and said that such reports might be true,
and still the reporter make a dismal failure
of the business. I said, ''Let us right about
face and look at the business endwise. It is
not a question at all of how much honey one
colony of bees can gather, nor any great
matter how many ten or a hundred can
gather. In good seasons they will gather a
good deal; in poor seasons they will give us
a bad deal. They cannot help it and we
cannot help it. Let us reason this way:
About how much honey is there secreted per
year, one year with another, in an area or
iield of a radius of three miles, say, or a
diameter of six miles, as that represents
about the profitable flight of bees. Well, in
a good locality there is a good deal of honey.
Enough so that, at the present i)rices, one
year with another, at least !|1,CK)U worth of
surplus honey could be taken and sold, be-
sides what would be needed to feed the
stock. Now how much capital and labor is
needed to harvest that crop?" Now that is
where bee-keeping is, all in a nut shell, is it
not, Mr. Editor? And that i'B just what I
presented at that state convention about
fifteen years ago, and that was before you
ever kept bees, I guess. At least it was be-
fore I ever met you.

Well now you see it requires a great deal
of planning to know how to build the cheap-
est buildings, get the cheapest hives and

implements and the cheapest everything
else, and to do all the work with the least
labor required to gather this honey. When
I say "cheap," for heaven's sake don't un-
derstand me as meaning poor goods. The
best thing is the cheapest, if the price is not
too great. I mean the cheapest in the end.
First get your locality. Be sure aud get one
that some one else has not got, nor even got
a piece of, and the more bees you keep the
less likelihood will there be of some other '
fellow entering your field, or of succeeding
if he does. Then get your buildings. Don't
put too much money into them, but put in
I'lioiKjIi to have them good, roomy and con-
venient. Next get your hives and imple-
ments. And right here comes the vital
point. You will find yourself compelled, in
order to compete, to use such hives and
minor implements as will do the necessary
work speedily. The puttering bee-keeper
has had his day. You must have things ar-
ranged so that you can work two hundred
colonies, spring count, all alone, whether
you are raising comb or extracted honey,
and you can do it and do it easy, provided
you have the right implements, fixtures and
methods.

The same physical and mental tact will be
needed to succeed in this, as in other kinds
of business. You need not be alarmed
about the price of honey. It will always
bring a price between what you can do well
at, and the other fellow will fail at. When
he can exist, you are getting rich. When he
is failing you are doing fairly well. Now
how does the specialty question look? Do
you think that some farmer or professional
man is going to be able to compete with
you? Not a bit of it. No man who runs
any other business which demands any con-
siderable part of his attention will compete
with you long. You will cut his corners at
every turn.

As usual, Mr. Editor, you have touched
most of the other points. Saving in tools
by running one business instead of two or
three, and clearness of thought upon the
subject when you are a specialist. I have
tried to present only a few different ideas
from those presented in your leader, and
those which I thought might be presented by
some of your other contributors.

DowAGiAO, Mich.,

Oct. 2.5, 1889.

Let the Secretary of Associations Get His

Pay in "Honor." — The Relation that

the "Union" Bears to Bee-

Keeping.

DB. A. B. MASON.

,-'^UST a word more," Mr. Editor, is
-: jL what speakers say when they wish
fjlD to say a good deal, but I see I

have said nothing about paying
the Secretary a "good salary," etc. I know
the Secretary "is the soul of an association,"
and I don't object to having the members
pay an additional fifty cents as membership

i84

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

fee, but if we load our treasury down with
"funds," won't there be danger of our being
out-voted in the choice of a good man, by a
gang that is after the "boodle?" Look out
now, don't get us to going too fast in this
direction or the brakes might give out, and
then what would become of us? Pay! Well!
How much does a man want for being Secre-
tary? Why, every time I think of Mr. Hol-
termann, I think of him as Secretary of the
Great American International Bee Associa-
tion. (My, what a name). Isn't the honor
remuneration enough? Ought he not to be
satisfied if he gets back the money he has
paid out for us during the year? Perhaps
you had some reason for "growling," for
you held the position long enough to rather
take off the glamour that naturally comes
to most mortals when first filling an official
position, and the pay didn't perhaps seem
large enough to balance the amount of time
necessarily spent in performing the duties
of the office. I have done lots of hard woi'k
as Secretary that did not pay a cent in cash
and still paid well.

After one has shown himself faithful and
efficient during one term it might possibly
do to think of giving added remuneration if
his services should be again required.

At first thought, to some, the Bee-Keepers'
Union is an unnecessary organization. I
have heard it said by bee-keepers that they
didn't propose to give their money to help
pay the expenses of some one else's lawsuits.
Such certainly do not understand the object
of the Union, or else are exceedingly selfish.
Its object is not to defend persons hut pfin-
ciples, in which what affects one bee-keeper
affects all others, and I believe as at present
conducted, the Union ought to have the
unanimous support of all bee-keepers.

If I should be so foolish as to get myself
into a fuss with my neighbors about my
bees, I believe I should be allowed to take
the consequences of my folly and pay for
the results of the same; and I came pretty
near just that thing last summer. A neigh-
bor's hens were the source of some annoy-
ance and I came very near telling them
(br/e^)/) that if he, (no, it was she) didn't
take care of them I should, but very fortu-
nately I remembered that her children had
been stung semi-occasionally when killing
bees on the flowers, and I "just didn't" say
a word, but bought the obnoxious "roosters"
and Mrs. M. will make a pot-pie and prevent
a lawsuit and lots of "bad blood" being
shown, for she, (not Mrs. M.) has an "ow-
ful" red head and he an "awful" temper,
but neither the head nor the temper has
ever disturbed us, but O, my! it makes "the
cold chills run over me" to think how near
I came to stepping on a "whopping" hornets'
nest.

I am not sure but it would be a good thing
to combine the Union, the International and
the Exchange and pay the manager a fair
compensation. Mr. Newman certainly de-
serves a larger reward than he has been
getting for the efficient services he has ren-
dered the bee-keeping world in the law cases
he has been conducting for our benefit.

AUBUENDALE, Ohio,

Oct. 3, 1889.

Discussions at Conventions Preferable to

Essays.— The Secretary Ought to Have

Pay, and Everybody Ought to Pay.

DE. C. C. MILLEE.

fN THE MAIN, the editorial, in the Re-
view, about " Conventions and Associa-
tions," is all right. I am not so sure,
however, that tlie social feature is the
most valuable feature in a convention. I
think a great deal of the little hints brought
out here and there, perhaps brought out by
discussion. Sometimes something of real
value may be incidentally mentioned that
would never have found its way into the
columns of the bee journals.

Largely on this account I value above all
other things the discussions. Say what you
will about well-matured thought in care-
fully prepared essays, I would give more for
one hour of good lively discussion than for
two, if not five, of essay reading. But you
say the essays ought to be short and to the
point, and used merely to introduce discus-
sions. Well, now, are they ? Not usually.
Indeed very seldom. I have heard long,
tiresome essays read without a word of dis-
cussion following. One or more pointed
questions v/ill open up a subject for dis-
cussion more promptly and in a moi"e satis-
factory manner than nine out of ten of the
essays read.

As to the membership fee, for the most of
those in attendance, particularly at state and
district conventions, it is a small matter
compared with the remainder of their ex-
penses : and when a man spends !|.5 or $10
for traveling expenses, he will not care
very much whether the membership fee be
small or large. At the larger conventions
the duties of the secretary are confining and
onerous, and the labors by no means light
before and after the meeting. It is entirely
proper, therefore, that he be fairly compen-
sated ; and to meet this and other expenses
the annual membership fee should not be
stinted.

And while upon this point I cannot for-
bear speaking of something closely allied,
that ought not to be tolerated. I mean the
common practice of attendance without be-
coming members. I know it is looked upon
as heresy by many to even whisper a word
against such a practice, for bee-keepers are
such a large-minded, liberal set, that they
would hang out the latch string for every
one, but I can see neither justice nor pro-
priety in the way things are done at most of
the converrtions. Here is one man coming
hundreds of miles at an expense of .f.W or
f 100, who promptly pays his membership
fee with no feeling that there is any hard-
ship about it, and righ^ by Iris side sits a
man who lives hard by : sits through a part
or all of the sessions, imbibiirg all he can
that is to be learned, but is suddenly struck
with paralysis when those present are asked
to walk up and pay their dollar. If any-
thing is said to him he may reply : "I just
dropped irr awhile to see what is going on,
I don't know that I can be here after this
session, so it's hardly worth while to become

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

185

a member." Possibly it would not be out
of the way to reply to him that "The society
may get along without you as a member,
and there are men here who are paying con-
siderable for the privelege of coming here to
instruct you, and it is only fair that you
should be willing to pay the pittance re-
quested to help bear expenses." I don't
know that it would be advisable to rigidly
exclude all except members, but I do think
it would be well to let every man present
understand that he is expected to pay his
fees.
Mabengo, 111. Oct. 5, 188i).

The 4- Bee-Keepers' * Review,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS:— 50 cents a year in advance, two
copies for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 35 cents each; all to be sent to one
POST office. In clubs to different post offices,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FLINT, MICHIGAN, NOVEMBER 10, 1889.

BEES IN THE MAILS — THE NATIONAL FLOWER —
JUDGING AT FAIES.

Don't send "bees by the pound" through
the mail. The danger from smashed pack-
ages is too great. — The selection or rejection
of goldenrod as the National flower will have
no bearing upon bee-culture. — All the ad-
vantages are not with the single-judge sys-
tem at fairs, but most of them" are.

HONET ALMANAC.

Of the many interesting and valuable
books and pamphlets gotten out by that in-
defatigable worker, Thos. G. Newman, the
latest is a " Honey Almanac." Recognizing
that honey is a luxury, the sale of which
must be pushed, Bro. Newman has given
bee-keepers this lever with which to do the
" pushing." Each alternate page is an illus-
trated calendar, while the remaining pages
are filled with interesting facts, figures and
suggestions concerning the uses of Honey
for food, Beverages, Cooking, Medicines,
Vinegar, Cosmetics, etc., etc. Send five
cents for a sample to The American Bee-
Journal, Chicago, 111.

cember 4th-()th next, is not yet complete.
However, from the following it will be seen
that the subjects are interesting and the
members taking part such as will attract
many to the meetings. The first session
will be 2 p. m. on the 4th.

Bee-Keeping an ( )ccupation for Women —
Miss H. F. Buller, Campbellford, ( )nt.

Cellar vs. Outdoor Wintering — R. Mc-
Knight, Owen Sound, Ont.

Shipping Queens— F. H. McPherson, Bee-
ton, Ont.

Disposal of the Honey Crop — Thos. G.
Newman, Chicago, Ills.

Cellar Wintering— S. T. Pettit, Belmont,
Ont.

Riding Hobby Horses; Bee-Keeping a Rec-
reation from Other Pursuits and an Ante-
dote for Disease— E. R. Root, Medina, Ohio.

Alimentary System or Apparatus of the
Honey Bee— Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural
College, Michigan.

Mrs. Chaddock, of Vermont, 111., also S.
Corneil. of Lindsay, Ont., have promised
papers. These papers, with the President's
address, and the question drawer for discus-
sion, will occupy the greater part of the
time.

Reduced rates, at least one and one-third
fare return trip, may be secured on Grand
Trunk and Canadian Pacific railway. For
particulars apply to the Secretary. Remem-
ber you must have a certificate to be filled
out when purchasing your tickets for Brant-
ford. Reduced hotel rates may be secured
close to the place of meeting.

R. F. HoLTERMAN, Sec'y,
Romney, Ont.

The editor of the Review will be at Brant-
ford and will be glad to meet as many of the
friends as possible.

the INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION.

The programme for the American Inter-
national Bee-Keepers' Association which is
to meet at Brantford, Ontario, Canada, De-

WE DO NEED CONVENTIONS.

It is true that many little things come to
light at conventions that would never have
been written. Under the stimulus of a face
to face debate, when the eyes flash and the
cheeks kindle, thoughts come thick and fast:
and in this friction of mind against mind,
many a spark of wisdom flashes into view.
Conventions bring out and diffuse knowledge
that would otherwise lie hidden, as it often
happens that the possessor of an active brain
and a nimble tongue may have fingers to
which the pen is a stranger. We do think
short, crisp, aggressive essays, as "discussion
provokers," are needed at conventions.
There should be no attempt to treat the sub-
ject exhaustively, but rather to say some-

186

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

thing that will make men feel like getting
up and talking. The Secretary ought to see
to it that such essays, and none others, are
secured. He should so inform the ones who
are asked to write essays. A well-considered
programme, with the best men available to
lead in the discussions, either by essay or
address, is a great step towards success: be-
sides, a published programme is one of the
best advertisements that a convention can
have. But we cannot for one moment believe
that an essay from a man is to be compared
to having the man himself present at the
meeting— the one is a love letter, the other
the lover himself. We believe it is also true
that apicultural literature is largely depend-
ent upon conventions for its brightness, its
"newsiness." In the October Review for
1888 we said: "We have always noticed that
when the editor of a journal attended a con-
vention the next number of his paper, was
greatly improved. There would be a fresh-
ness and sparkle, indescribable, but never-
theless very apparent." If conventions have
such a beneficial effect upon editors, why
shouldn't they be a benefit to subscribers?
But, after all is said and done, we feel that
it is the social feature that brings us to-
gether: it is the enjoyment of this personal
magnetism between choice spirits that at-
tracts us. At the last meeting of the North-
western, the editors of the A. B. .J., Gleanings,
and the Review, together with Dr. Miller
and Mr. Heddon, attracted by a sort of afiin-
ity, clustered together in a cozy corner one
evening as the crowd was dispersing, and
talked, and talked, and talked: started once
or twice to go to their rooms only to come
back again: and it was only as the small
hours approached that Bro. Newman went
home and the others "paired oft" and went
to bed to "talk some more." Such hours
are golden, and will ever linger as bright
spots in the memory. As E. D. Keeney, of
Arcade, N. Y., says in a private letter, "We
need more play days and rest days, and at
the conventions we can drop our business
and cares, and can rest and learn, and feel
better for it. We can go back to our work
with renewed vigor and life." While it is
true that the abundance of cheap and excel-
lent literature has greatly lessened the ne-
cessity for conventions — has completely
overshadowed them as a disseminator of
knowledge— it is equally true that conven-
tions yet have, and always will have, a vast
influence. We cannot spare them. To have

a personal acquaintance with the best men
engaged in the same occupation as ourselves
is no small advantage: it gives us broader
views; by them we can measure ourselves
and see where we are lacking: it adds to our
enjoyment and to our knowledge. Without
conventions such acquaintanceships would
be few and far between. -Joined with the
press, the convention becomes all-powerful
—the words of wit and wisdom fall not only
upon the ears of the assembled hundreds,
but are seen by thousands of readers scat-
tered all over this fair land. The convention
and the press— we need them both.

APIAKIAN PREMIUM LISTS AT FAIBS.

The Review for August, 1888, was a "Fair
Number." The special topic which it dis-
cussed was "The Exhibition of Bees and
Honey at Fairs." One very appropriate
item that it might have contained, but did
not, is a model premium list. Agricultural
societies usually make up their premium
lists early in the year, sometimes as early as
January, and we wish to begin a discussion
of the matter )tow, in order that we may
have a model list all ready to present to
these societies when they hold their winter
meetings. A few years ago, H. D. Cutting
and the editor of the Review spent quite a
little time in getting up a list. We corres-
ponded with bee-keepers who had been ex-
hibitors, examined different premium lists,
secured all the information we could, and
then sat down and made up the list. We
spent several days in Detroit attending the
winter meeting of the Michigan State Agri-
cultural Society, and finally secured the
adoption of our list. We were rewarded by
seeing it almost universally copied by other
societies. It was a good list for the times,
but the world moves, we have had
some experience since, and can see where it
may be improved. We now oft'er the fol-
lowins for consideration, and ask all who
desire to do so to send in their criticisms, in
order that we have a list as nearly perfect as
possible to offer early in 1890. We have,
perhaps, placed the premiums at a higher
figure than most societies would care to use.
but they can be easily reduced, keeping the
proportions as they are. The amounts foot

up p.W.

premium list.

Exhibitors will not be allowed to remove

honey from the exhibit during the fair, but "

may sell from a reserved supply.

!tHE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

187

Bees must be exhibited in such shape that
each comb may be seen on both sides.

1st 2d M

Most attractive display of comb
honey $ 35 20 10

Specimen of comb honey, not less
than twenty pounds, quality and
manner of putting up for market
to be considered 10 5

Most attractive display of ex-
tracted honey 35 20 10

Specimen of extracted honey, not
less than twenty pounds, quality
and manner of putting up for
market to be considered 10 5

Most attractive display of beeswax 20 10

Specimen of beeswax, not less than
ten pounds, soft, bright yellow
wax to be given the preference G 3

Single-comb nucleus Italian bees 10 5

Single-comb nucleus black bees 10 5

Single-comb nucleus Syrian bees 10 5

Single-comb nucleus Carniolan
bees 10 5

SWEEPSTAKES ON BEES.

Display, in single-comb nuclei, of
the greatest variety of the differ-
ent races of bees 10 5

Collection of queen bees, of differ-
ent varieties 1(3 8

Honey vinegar, not less than one
gallon, shown in glass G 3

Specimen of comb foundation for
use in the brood-chamber (! 8

Specimen of comb foundation for
use in section boxes (! 3

Comb foundation, for use in the
brood-chamber, made on the
grounds 20 10

Comb foundation, for use in sec-
tion boxes, made on the grounds 20 10

SWEEPSTAKES.

The largest, best, most interesting,
attractive and instructive exhi-
bition in this department, all

things considered 35 20 10

In the first place, let's don't offer any pre-
mium on lying. Never compel the judge to
take an exhibitor's word for anything. Let
the article exhibited show for itself. Don't
offer premiums on samples of different kinds
of honey, when they can be so easily gotten
up for the occasion by mixing. Don't put
at the head of the list such requirements as :
"Honey must be this season's crop." or
"Must be the product of the exhibitor."

when there is no way of knowing whether
they are lived up to. For this same reason,
we would offer no premiums on "honey
candies," "pastry made with honey," or
on "fruits preserved in honey." Deception
in these matters is so easy and detection so
diificult. In offering premiums on displays
of honey and wax, we would omit the word
"largest," using simply the word "attract-
ive." We think this expresses all that is
needed. Size would, of course, be one fac-
tor in making a display attractive, but a
small display might be so skillfully arranged
as to be more attractive than a larger one.
The larger of two displays, equally attractive
in other respects, would, of course, bear off
the palm. We think bee-keepers would prefer
to have " supplies " included in the premium
list, but the managers of fairs have decided
against offering premiums on implements,
on account of the difficulty of securing sat-
isfactory decisions, and will not allow hives,
extractors, and the like, to be placed upon
the list. The best we can do is to have a
"sweepstakes" premium offered upon the
largest and best exhibition ; thru supplies
will count.

Mr. Cutting suggests that the forego-
ing list be brought before the Michigan
State Bee-Keepers' Association when it
meets at Lansing next December ; that it be
discussed at length and finally sent out, as
approved by that body, to all societies offer-
ing premiums on bees and honey.

BEES ALONE, OK " MIXED ; " IF THE LATTEK,
WHAT WITH V

Time was when many of the industries
were represented in one family. Flax and
wool were grown, spun and worked up into
cloth, and made into clothing. Cows were
kept and cheese as well as butter made for
home-use. Poultry and a few stocks of bees
added to the comforts of the household. But
there is no need of going into detail : every
one knows how people lived 100 years ago.
Cheap and rajiid transporation has en-
couraged the invention of machinery, the
building of factories and the classification of
labor. This has brought about specialty.
No one disputes that this condition of things
is better ; by it our comforts are more than
trebled. Some industries branched out as
specialties much sooner than others. Bee-
keeping was among the later ones. At last,
however, it is becoming recognized as an in-

188

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

dustry of itself. The specialist with his
hundreds of colonies, his improved hives,
appliances and methods, can and does raise
honey cheaper than the man with a few col-
onies. Is there a reader of the Review who
doubts this? If the specialist, with all the
advantages that specialty gives, cannot raise
honey at a profit, no one can. By specialty
is not meant that a man does nothittg else,
but that it is his main business. Bee-keep-
ing was once our specialty. We owned a
small farm, but hired nearly all of the work
done ; and may say right here that the farm
was always an " aggravation" to us ; we dis-
liked to be "bothered" with it — preferred
to be at work with the bees. We kept some
sheep and hogs, and the land in grass as
much as possible, in order to lessen the farm
work. We also wrote quite a little upon api-
cultural topics ; but bee-keeping was our bus-
iness, and with it we allowed nothing to in-
terfere. Now our business is publishing the
Review. True, we yet own the bees, but the
greater portion of them are managed on
shares by a brother who has worked for us
and been with us as a partner several years.
After we have worked hard in the office two
or three weeks, and the 'Review is finally
"out" and mailed, what a relief, what a
pleasui-e, to take one or two of the little girls
and hie us away for a ten-mile ride on the
cars out to the old home at Rogersville, and
work with "Elmer" among the bees a day
or two. We have met with reverses in bee-
keeping. There have been poor seasons, and
twice we have seen an apiary of nearly 100
colonies reduced to less than twenty " weak-
lings." Surli experience usually "cooks"
the non-specialist : but we bought more bees,
and with our location, our hives, fixtures and
combs, and our knowledge of the business,
all losses were soon made good. We hope no
one thinks we would advise bee-keeping as a
specialty, without previous experience. How
this shall be acquired, although an interest-
ing topic, is not e.raetUj the one under dis-
cussion. We might say, however, that nearly
all of our specialists acquired their knowl-
edge by beginning in a small way in c(nuiec-
tion with some other pursuit. They were
better fitted for bee-keeping, and, at last, the
old business was dropped for the new. There
are hundreds of men now, with an apiary and
a farm on their hands, who are asking them-
selves " Which shall we give up, the bees or
the farm, or what sJuill we do? " It was
to assist such men in making a decision that

the special topic of this month was introdu-
ced ; and we doubt if better advice could be
found than that which appears in this num-
ber. It is true that there are industries in
which there is a mutual advantage in their
combination. Mr. Heddon mentions the
combination of fattening hogs and running
a grist-mill, or a slaughter-house. The keep-
ing of hogs and the raising of apples also
brings about a mutual benefit. The swine
enrich and "cultivate" the soil and eat the
wormy apples that fall. Tliis is good for
the trees, and the apples are good for the
hogs. Now, is there any business that can
be combined with bee-keeping to their mu-
tual advantage? There is a slight mutual
advantage in the keeping of bees and the
raising of fruit, alsike clover or buckwheat ;
but not sufficient to induce a bee-keeper to
buy a farm or a farmer or fruit-grower to run
an apiary. Now that we have this topic so well
in hand, let us continue its discussion in the
December number, but with a little varia-
tion. We will suppose it is admitted that
the highest success can be secured only by
specialty. Having done this, we must not
forget that there are "many men of many
minds ; " that " circumstances alter cases ; "
that all men and all circumstances are not
fitted for specialty. The reasons ichy a man
may sometimes be compelled, or desire, to
mix bees with something else are too varied
for mention here, but it is a fact. Now, for
our December topic, let's take the following :
"What business will best combine with bee-
keeping, and what shall bee-keepers do win-
ters?" During the winter there is practi-
cally but little to be done in the apiary. Un-
less a man has nothing else to do, he can
scarcely afford to pass the winter making his
" supplies." Svecialty can furnish them " too
cheap." But it does seem to us that, in many
instances, something might be profitaly com-
bined with bee-keeping at this season of the
year. For instance, one man might "can-
vass;" another teach "singing schools;"
another writing schools ; another a district
school. A farmer-bee-keeper might make a
specialty of sheep-husbandry which calls for
but little attention during the busy time with
bees. Of course, personal taste and adapta-
bility and existing circumstances, must
largely influence one in a choice, but it must
be a "winter pursuit, " or else one that may
be instantly dropped, or else — well, we shall
be very glad to have our "mixed" readers
tell us what else.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

I89

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discoantsas follows:

On 10 lines ^ind upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent.; 6
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.; 6
times, 20 per cent.; 9 times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; 6
times, 30 per cent.; 9 times, 40 per cent.; 12 times
50 per cent.

The Western Apiarian.

An illustrated monthly magazine, devoted to
hee-ciilture in the Pacific and Western States ;
filled with the most interesting, original articles
from the pens of "Western Apiarists."
Send for sample copy.

WATKINS & M'CALLUM,
Box 87, Placerville, Calafornia.

For your name and address, I will mail you
my catalogue and price list of

ADiariaii Siigies & Strawlierry Plants.

Twenty-five varieties berries grown exclusively
for my trade. Prices reasonable.

Adcb-ess, F". -W. l-iJ^Ii/Llsa.,
10-89-6t Somerville, Butler Co., Ohio.

Pleime mpiition the Reuiew

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for 1889 of Italian Queens, Bees, Eggs
for ll<\tcllin^' from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties! .lapaucse Buckwheat, and two choice
new varirtics of Potatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY by getting my price list be-
fore you purchase.

CHAS. D DUVALL.
2-88-tf . Spencerville, Mont. Co., Bid.

Eaton's Improved Section Case.
Latest and best. Bees and
Queens. Send for free price
list. Address,
ERANK A. EATON,

Bluffton, Ohio.

Piease mention the Review.

The ©rightest

Four-Banded, Golden Italian Bees & Queens,

and the Reddest Drones.

Tested queen, $2.00

Selected tested 8.00

Untested in May, 1.25

" in June and after, 1.00

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

L. L. HEARN,

n-89-tf FrenchviUi', Mercer Co., W. Va.

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog up or go out.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

Send card for free circular, descriptive of the
best and cheapest tools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

1-88 tf. Abronia, Michigan.

Please mention the Reutetu.

SEND FOR

I'

Address,

JAMES HEDDON,

Bowagiac, Mich.
WE MANUFACTURE THE

SlaiiiarS Sininlicity Portico and Cliaff Hives.

Frames, crates; sections, comb foundation, and
a general line of Ix'c-keeiiors' supplies always
on liand; also bees, qaeenH, and full colonies.
Send for 86 page catalogue.

OU\/ER HOOVER & CO.
4-89-12t Snydertown, Nort'd Co., Pa.

Please mention the Reuieuj.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Comb

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

JTAIIAN OUEEPIS AND SUPPLJES

FOK- 1889.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. F. H. BKOAVN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georgia.

THE3

American Apiculturist

Will be mailed from October 1, 1889 to January 1,
1891 for seventy-five cents. Sample copies free.

Address AMERICAN APICULTURIST,
ll-8y-tf Wenham, Mass.

190

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

He has just purchased a large water privilege, and would, therefore, like to dispose of his entire
steam outfit, which consists of a 10-horse-power, portable, steam boiler ; Miller, steam pump ; S-horse
power, upright engine ; also all steam and water pipes required for connections ; in fact, the com-
plete outfit, in running order, which cost him over $400, two years ago, is going now for $250.

Also two run of genuine, French Buhr, custom, mill stones ; just right for a farmer to grind his
own and his neighbors' grists. These stones will be sold separately, if desired ; and each will include
shaft, pulleys, steps, hopper and all fixtures. To be sold for ^4 their cost.
' Honey or wood-working machinery will l)e taken in part payment toward the above.

Aa..ess Plainly C H AS. H . S M IT H , Pjttsfield, Mass., Box 908.

In the letter accompanying the " copy " for the above ad., Mr. Smitii says : " The engine which you
have been advertising is sold. I now offer some one a big bargain on my present outfit, as everything
is in good order, and is running my shop to day, but will have no use for it next week."

7-89-12t. Please mention the Reuiew.

Goxnb F'oiindsitioiii

We have a complete out-fit for its nianufacturee
Our miUs all run by steam power, and we have
the very best facilities for purifying wax We
make it as thin as you want it for sections. We
make a specialty of making lirofxl foundation for
square frames, tliick at the tojj with a gradual ta-
per to very thin at the bottom, thus securing the
greatest amount of strength for the quality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retail, address

A. G. HILL,
6-88-tf. • Kendallville, Ind.

The Revised Langstroth, and Dadants^

Foundation. See Advertisement In Another Column,

FRiENDS,ifr;^BEE8 or HONEY,

any way interested in J

we will with pleasure send a sample copj' of the

SEMI-MONTHLY CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest imjjrove-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, Comb Foun-
dation, Section Honey-Boxes, all books and jour-
nals, and everything jiertaining to Bee ('iilture.
Nothing Patented. Simply send your address
plainly written to. A. I. KOOT,

l-88-tf. Medina, Ohio.

ir^)j:^ij::ii<»JO)I]

[16-page Weekly— $1.00 a Year.]

IS the Oldest, Largest and Cheapest weekly
bee-paper in the World. Sample 1 ree.

***'r* "ill' P U B LI S H ER S:>, . , . W\^^,
923 & 025 West Madieon St.. CHICAGO, ILL.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

We manufacture Uee-Keepers' sup-
plies of all kiuds, best quality at
' 'owest prices. Ilives, Sections,
Foundation, Kxtraciors, Smokera,
s, Veils, l'\-i-rUrs, Clover
Seeds. liuckwhcat, etc. Im-
. ported Italian Queens.
Queens and Bees. .Sample
( nnv of our Be.- .lournal,
"The Weatern Bce-Keeper,"
i and late"t Cutcloeiie mailed
' Free m Bei--Kici,ers. Address
JOSEPH NYSEWANDEK,
DES MOIXES, iOWA.

Please mention the Reuiew,

WANTED:

We are large dealers in
Beeswax, Comb and Ex-
tracted Honey; and desire
shipments, on which we promise best attention.
Demand active at present for lib. white clover,
of which grade we are entirely out. Can make it
an object to you to correspond with us.

S. T, FISH &.CO.,
7-89-6t 181) S. Water St, Chicago, lU.

RFF SUPPLIES wSio

mJ &s Ba We furnish Everything: needed in
the Apiary, of practical construction, and at the
lowest price. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a postal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

E. Kfctchmer, Coburg, loiva,

2-88-tf. Please mention the Review

BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Bee-Keeper should have it.

FifteeiitliTlioiisaiHlWliollyReviseJ!

MUCH ENLARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is UP to datk. It is both practical and

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, SL.'iO. To dealers, $1.00. In
100 lots, by freight, .".0 per cent. off.

Address A. J. COOK,
lO-88-tf Agricultural College, Michigan.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

191

NORTH CAROLINA

Offers Greater Inducements to Settlers Than
Any Other State in the Union.
She wants vegetable and fruit-fanners, wood-
workers, manufacturers, cattle and poultry
breeders and urain and grass farmers. Its tim-
ber and mineral resources are unsurpassed. Its
climate the finest in the world. This land of al-
most perpetual flowers excels in bee-keeping, in
poultry raisiiig and fruit culture. For full par-
ticulars, send for specimen copy of " OUR SOUTH-
ERN HOME." A numthly magazine published by

M. H. PRIDE,
10-89-3t Mt. Holly, Gaston Co., N. C.

iTTENTION BEE-KEEPERS !

No. 1 white sections, only S3. 00 per thousand.
A complete hive for comb honey only $1.30.
Shipping ("rates and Brood-t'ond)s very low.
Before purchasing, get my discounts on goods
for next season's use.

J. is/L. K:i2srz;iB

lO-88-tf Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

Please mention the Review.

Fatenl riat-Bottom Comb roundalion.

High Side Walls, 1 to 14 square feet
to the pound. Wholesale and Re-
tail. Circulars and Samples free.
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,
(SOLE MANDFACTUREHS),

SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

Please mention the Review.

l-88-tf.

Ttie Success Hifc

To Its
NAME.

Beo-keeper

SHOULD TRY

Safe winterer, easy in manipulatian, durable,
cheap, and, ft)r large yields of honey, is unsur-
passed.

Sections, Section Cases, Coiiil) FoiiiiJatioii

and all apiarian supplies, at greatly reduced
prices. Send for new circulars,free.
L. H. & W. .J. VALENTINE,

(Successors to S VALENTINE & SONS)

4-89-tf Hagerst own. Wash, ('o., Md.

r/e.ls^ mention the review.

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, AND DADANTS'

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

1/EES UL 1 OU

OULTRY
LTRY
LTRY

The Canadian Bee- Journal

AND

POULTRY WEEKLY

Is the best i)ai)er extant devoted to these spe-
cialties. Twenty-four pages, WEEKLY, at $1.00
per year. Live, practical, interesting. Nothing
stale in its columns. Specimen copies free. Sub-
scriber.s paying in advance are entitled to two in-
sertions of a five-line advt.(40 words) in the ex-
change and mart column.

THE D. A. JONES CO.,

Beeton, Ont., Canada.

Please mention the Reuieuj,

IDadants' Foundation

Is kept for sale liy iMcssrs. T. (i. Newman & Son,
Chicago, 111.; C, F. MiUli & Son, Cincinnati, O.;
Jas. Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Douglierty,
Indianapolis, Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Waukesha,
Wis.; Chas. Hert^l .Jr., Freeburg, 111.; E. S. Arm-
strong, Jerseyville. III.; E Kretchmer, Coburg,
Iowa.; M.J. Dickascm, Hiawatha, Kans.; Ed R.
Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Va.; .J. B. Mason & Son, Mechanic
Falls, Me.; Dr. G, L. Tinker, Few Philadelphia, O.
D. A. Fuller. Cherry Valley, 111.; Jos. Nysewan-
der, Des Moines, Iowa; G. B. Lewis & Co., Water-
town, Wis.; P. L. Vial Ion Bayou Goula, La.; B.J.
MiUer&Co., Nappanee, Ind.; J. Mattoon, Atwa-
ter, O.; Goodell & Wdodworth, M'f'g Co.. Rock
Falls, 111.; J. A. Roberts, Edgar, Neb.; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; Geo. E. Hilton, Fre-
mont, Mich.; J. M. Clark cV Co, 1409 1.5th St.,
Denver, Colo. ; E. L. (ioold & Co., Brantf ord, Ont.,
Canada; J. N. Heater, Columbus, Neb.; O. (i.
Collier, Fairbury. Neb.; G. K. Hubbard, Fort
Wayne, Ind. ; and numerous other dealers.

We guarantee Every Inch of our ('omb Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every Rfspect.
Every one who buys it is pleased with it. Write
us for Free Samples, Price List of Bee-Supplies,
and Specimen Pages of the new

Revised Langstroth Book

EDITION OE 1889.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON.

4-89-12t Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111.

Plea:

Honey Almanac for 1890.

JUST The Thing needed to create a demand for
honey at home. Bee-keepers should scatter it
freely. It shows the uses of Honey for Medicine,
Eating, Drinking, Cooking, for making Cosmet-
ics, Vinegar, etc ; also uses of Beeswax. Price, .5
cts. ; J 00 for $2.50 ; .500 for $10.00 ; 1,000 for $15 00.

ll-89-3t THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.

Pleaf"^ mention the Review.

BEE KEEPERS

.Should send for my circu-
lar. It describes the best
Hives, the best Cases, the
lust Feeders and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. shUcK,

I>KS MOINES, lOV I

Please mention the Review.

2-89-12t.

CARNIOLAN BEES.

PLEASANT EST BEES IN THE WORLD.

HARDIEST TO WINTER.

BEST HONEY GATHERERS.

In order to introduce, not only these bees,
bat our paper :

" Tlie Advance,"

We offer to any one, who sends us $1.25, a copy of
our paper and a ni('<' Carniolan <iueen. The
queen alone is worth two dollars.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls, Maine.

Please mention the Review.

192

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

QXJALiITY and workmanship unsurijassed.
vVe arc prc'i'art^d to furnish bee-keepers with
supplies iiroinptly, and with goods of uniform
excellence as heretofore. Our hives all take the
Simplicity frame. The "Falcon" chaff hive
and the "Chautauqua" hive, with dead air
SPACES, are both giving universal satisfaction.
We manufacture a full line of bee-keepers' sup-
plies, including the

"Falcon" Brand of Founjiation.

i^W^ Wo gladly furnisli estimates, and solicit
correspondence. Send for illustrated isrice list
for 1889. free.

The W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
4-88-tf Jamestown, N. Y.

Please mention the Review.

Honey - Extractor,

Square Ol iss Honey-Jars, Tin Kuckets,

Bee-Hives, Honey-Sections, &c., &c.

Perfection Cold-ltlast Smokers.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.

P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepers. i-SS-tt.

Leahy's + Foundation,

— AVIIOLESALE AND RETAIL —

My Foundation is reconmiended by hundreds
of Bee-Keepers, as having no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jordine, Ashland, Neb.; Moeller
Manufacturing Co., Davenport, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Son, Cole Brook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Oldo; J. Callam & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. I will take one lb. Sections in ex-
change for thin Foundation on reas(mable terms.
Special prices to dealers. Send ffir Catalogue of
other supplies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

1-89-tf Higjiiiisville, Mo., IJox 11.

Please mention the Reuiew.

An Old Bee-Book Revised, and Dadants'

Foundation. See Aduertisement in Another Column,

THE "REVIEW."

The distinctive features of the Bee-Keepebs'
Review are that of reviewing current apicultural
literature (pointing out errors and fallacies and
allowing notliing of value to pass unnoticed), and
the making of each issue a " special number " —
one in which some special topic is discussed by
the best, bee-keepers of the country. If you wish
for the cream of tlie other journals, already skim-
med and (lislied up, and to learn the views of the
most experienced l)ee-keei>ers upon the unsolved,
apicultural proljlems of the day, read the Review.

Price of the Review, 50 cts. a year. Samples
free. Back numbers can be furnished.

"IheFroductionofCoznbHone;.

Although this neat little book contains only 45
pages, it furnisheK as much practical, valuable in-
formation as is f)fte!i found in a book of twice its
size. It is "boiled down."

It begins with taking the bees from the cellar
and goes oyer the ground briefly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is off the hives; touching
upon the most imjjortant points; and especially
does it teach when, where anil how foundation
can be used to tlie beet advantage; when combs
are preferable and when it is more i)r<)htable to
allow the bees to build their own com))s. It tells
how to hive a swarm in an empty brood nest, and
yet secure more honey than when foundation is
used. Price of the book, 25 cents.

For (55 cts. we will send the Review one year
and "The Production of Comb Honey." For
$1.00 we will send ail the numliers of tlie Re-
view for the past year (1888), the Review for
this year (1889) and the "The Production of Comb
Honey;"or, for the same amount ($1.00), we will
send tlie Review for two years from Jan. Ist,
IHMlt, and "The Production of Comb Htmey."
Stamps taken, either U. S. orClanadian.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich-

FOUND AT LAST!

How to keep eggs frt^sh for a year. Send for
circular. DR. A. B. MASON,

9-89-3t Auburndale, Ohio.

NEW YORK. FOREIGN ORDERS SOI.ICITKD. NEW JERSEY

EASTERN * DEPOT

(Bees.) FOR (Queens.)

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers.

Exclusive Manufacturer of the

Stanley Automatic Honey-Extractor,

DADANT'S FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BASSWOOD SECTIONS

One-Piece, Dovetail, or to nail. Any (^uan-
tity, any size. Couii)lete machinery- hnest
work. Send for Handsome Illustrated Cata-
logue, Frei^

E. R. NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N, Y.

MASS.

CONN.

3-88-tf.

VOL. 11.

FLINT, MMGM, DECEMBER 10, 1889.

NO. 12.

The Keview, Its Home, Its Editor and
His Family.

qW^ S an introduction to what we have to
(J^J say upon this subject, we will give an
' ' extract from a letter received last
July, from Mr. Geo. F. Bobbins of Mechan-
icsburg, 111. It is as follows: " I have some-
times felt inclined to criticise, somewhat,
the conduct of the Review. After all, I sup-
pose it is about right. It all depends upon
how we look at it. If it is intended for a
a journal of general apicultural knowledge,
fitted alike for all classes and all parts of the
country, it is deserving of pretty sharp crit-
icism. But if intended as a sort of specialty
in bee-journalism, and an exponent of a sys-
tem or school of apiculture, its excellence
puts it above criticism. The best style of
journalism is that which reflects the individ-
uality of the journalist — that has a man at
its head who puts himself into it, and makes
it his journal ; and you certainly put Hutch
inson into the Review pretty big. The Re
VIEW may be narrow in scope, and its corp
of correspondents rather exclusive, yet, in
its way, it is certainly about the creamiest
journal in the country ; and ought to be a
great favorite with Northern bee-keepers
who are a little out of their primers."
The proposed character of the Review was
briefly outlined in its first issue. We pre-
sume Mr. Robbins has not seen that number,
yet so perfectly have we fulfilled our promi-
ses, that a perusal of the later issues leads
him to unwittingly give the gist of our ' • In-
troductory." Yes, we believe in specialty,
even in bee-journals. The Review is a spe-
cial paper for apicultural specialists ; for
advanced bee-keepers. In preparing copy,
or in writing editorials, it is taken for
granted that its readers are conversant with
modern bee-culture. We would have no one
infer that there is no place for the Review

upon the table of the novice or the amateur,
but rather that it is more particularly
adapted to the needs of advanced, financial
bee-keeping. To the man who is keeping
stockings and shoes on the feet of wife and
little ones by raising honey, or to the one
who aspires to the possession of a bank ac-
count through the same means, the Review
will ever come as a best friend and trust-
worthy adviser. Most earnestly does it strive
to be practical ; to discuss those subjects
that are of real interest to honey producers ;
and if there is any appearance of exclusive-
ness in its selection of correspondents, it
comes as the result of an attempt to secure
the services of those men who, from long
experience in large apiaries, are best fitted
to furnish the information most valuable to
the class of readers that we are striving to
serve. — Most of our readers need not be told
that, with each issue, the Review makes
some topic the subject of special discussion ;
a "leader," or introductory editorial appear-
ing in the preceding number. When a num-
ber is out, we do not sit down and wait for
articles to be sent in, but we write to this
one and to that one, asking for views and
experiences upon the subject to be discussed;
and our extensive acquaintance with bee-
keepers enables us to be very successful in
securing exactly the information needed
upon each topic. We know who rides this
"hobby," who that. — When a number has
been printed and folded, stitched, trimmed
and mailed, and we are busy " throwing in "
the type, or "setting up" an article that
some correspondent, more prompt than his
fellows, has sent in, there sometimes comes
over us a feeling that the next Review may
be a poor one, that it will be impossible to
secure anything particularly valuable upon
the subject chosen. As the days go by, more
articles come to hand. Our spirits revive.
The month draws to a close. More articles

194:

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

come in. As we read view after view — sharp,
clear-cut, well considered — we become act-
ually buoyant. The next Review will be
splendid ! Then we begin to have trouble
from lack of space. Something m ust be left
out, and what shall it be ? Some of the ar-
ticles already in type may not be so good as
others that have come in later. The latter
are " set up," and the former " thrown in."

crept into the "make up," when we have
worked in this manner for a month upon the
Review, we almost have its contents by
heart. Its fresh, clean pages are more than
"twice told tales" to us. We have often
wished that we might see a copy of the Re-
view that we didn't make, but made as we
would have made it. We would like to see
the Review exactly as others see it. This, of

THE HOME OF THE KE\iEv\.

And so the work goes on ; and. at the last
moment, there sometimes comes in so much
good matter that must go in, to do the sub-
ject justice, that we are compelled to add
extra pages. — We read all the bee-journals
and the new bee-books, and give our readers
the cream. This work is not done in the
usual, stereotyped, conventional, platitudinal
manner, but when a valuable idea is found
it is seized upon and made the subject of a
short, crisp, terse editoral. In short, the
character of the Review is most clearly indi-
cated by its name — it could be no other than
"Review." — When we have prepared the
copy, written the editorials, put the matter
in type, read and re-read the proof, corrected
the errors, "made up" the " forms," then
taken and read another proof to be sure
that no errors have been overlooked or have

course, can never be. We must be content
with the expressed opinions of others. Of
the hundreds of "testimonials" received,
none touched our pride more than the fol-
lowing from a well-known bee-keeper in
the East— well, it was P. H. Elwood. He
said: "By no means do I agree with all I
find in the Review, but I always open it ex-
pecting to find it crotrded with ideas, and it
has never disappointed me." — In writing to
a friend, when the Review was only a few
months old, we mentioned that it had 400
subscribers. In reply he said: "Only 400!
And yet you say it hopefully. Why, it ought
to have 1,(XX) by this time. Bee-keepers are
not supporting it as they ought." Now ire
have never had any such feelings. In the
first place, when the Review came upon the
stage, bee-keeping was never more poverty

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

M

\

stricken — it was at its ebb — , and many bee-
keepers were compelled to consider well be-
fore spending so small a sum as fifty cents ;
besides this, they are not inclined to " bite "
at every new thing. Very wisely, they pre-
fer to wait and "see how it turns out."
There is just this much about it, if a journal
merits support, it eveiifually receives it ;
otherwise not. As to whether the Review
will be "supported" is no longer a question,
as it is already self-supporting, besides very
nearly supporting our little family, while
subscribers are constantly being added. —
There is one thing that has contributed
largely to the success of the Review, in fact,
it could not have lived at first without it, and
that is the liberal advertising patronage be-
stowed upon it from the very start. To our
advertisers we extend our most heartfelt
thanks. In this connection there is one lit-
tle incident we feel like mentioning. We
ofi'ered some bees for sale last spring, ex-
pecting to use the proceeds in making a pay-
ment of if 150 due on our home in July. Al-
most everybody preferred to sell bees rather
than to buy, and we were at a loss to know
how the payment should be met. We finally
stated the facts to our advertisers, and offer-
ed to make a discount of ten per cent if they
would pay their bills in advance to the end
of the year. Ten days later our heart was
swelling with gratitude, and the sides of the
big, leather, pocket-book were also "swell-
ing"— with the postal notes, money orders
and drafts inside, that called for .'$180. And
don't think us less manly because our eyes
became moist upon reading letters that said ^
the writers : " Didn't want any ten per cent
discount. They were glad to be able to help
a brother in need." Surely, the world is not
without human sympathy and generosity. —
Once or twice we have mentioned that the
Review is "home made;" that the "best
room in the house " is given up for an office ;
that we set the type and "make up " the
"forms ;" while the wife and little girls ad-
dress the wrappers, fold and stitch the pa-
pers and wrap them up for the mail. Sick-
ness and its consequences compelled us to
adopt this plan, or see the most cherished
project of our life come to naught. What
seemed a misfortune, 71010 enables us to pub-
lish the Review at a profit. When we be-
gan printing it, !|25 worth of display type
was all we could buy. To make the adver-
tisements look neat and presentable with no
more than this, required much study and

care. Often, we have been obliged to change
the " make up " of an advertisement already
in type, in order to get enough of the kind of
type that m tist be had to set up some other
advertisement. As a rule, we don't think
such work profitable, but it is an excellent
school for a beginner with limited capital.
To us there was a sort of triumphant pride
in seeing how well we could do with but lit-
tle material. As fast as we could afford it, a
few fonts of type have from time to time
been added to our stock, until we now have
about $50 worth of job type. It is a genuine
pleasure to take down the catalogue and de-
cide which style of type we will buy next —
when we can spare the money. The initial
letter, with which the beginning of each ar-
ticle is ornamented, was selected long before
the four dollars could be spared to buy it.
And whenever a new font of type is bought,
another pleasure awaits us, that of laying it
out in the case. We can almost imagine
that the bright, new "faces "are actually
smiling up into ours as we bend over
them. — If the glimpse of our home, as
shown by the cut upon the opposite page,
affords our readers as much enjoyment
as the placing of the picture before
them does us, surely the pleasure is a
rare one. The photograph was taken one
day in late spring when the air was soft and
balmy, and the trees were busy with their
summer toilets. "We" occupy the big
chair and are busy reading "proof;" Mrs.
" we " sits upon the edge of the " stoop," by
her side a pile of "Reviews" that she has
been stitching ; one of the twins has the
lawn mower, the other the rake, while the
youngest — little Ivy — has brought out her
dolly and its cab that they may have their
" pictures taken " too. Had it not been for
the trees standing in the way, we should
have given more of a front view which
nvould have shown a "wing" at the left of
the house, also a red barn at the left and
rear. The barn is now used for shop and
honey house. The bees are behind the house.
The street in front is Wood. There is a long
row of maples just outside the walk. Ours
is a " corner lot," and the tripod of the cam-
era with which the view was taken stood
upon the sidewalk of Saginaw street where
it crosses Wood. Saginaw street is the main
street of Flint ; and, from the second win-
dow from the front, where we pass hours at
the "case," we can look out in the forenoon
upon the string of farmers' teams going

i96

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

into town with loads of produce, and in the
afternoon see them going home with the
"things" their owners have bought. Our
home is in the "golden mean" between city
and country. It stands in the suburbs. It is
the first house upon the right of Saginaw
street as we drive in from the country. Upon
one side we can look out on cultivated field,
on forest and farm house ; upon the other
side the eye falls on the spires and tall chim-
neys of a bright, beautiful, bustling city of
12,000 inhabitants. When we awake in the
night and look out through the open bed-
room door, we can see the electric light glis-
ten and glimmer as it comes in the f rcmt win-
dows and dances about upon upon the nickle
trimmings of the coal stove ; in the daytime
we are often amused by the queer antics of
a little striped " chipmuck " that has ven-
tured to dig himself a home in the terrace
just under where Ivy stands with her dolly
and cab. He has become so tame that —
well, he will let the little girls chase him
into his hole. — Just a few words more about
those little girls. How well we remember
the morning the twins came to brighten our
lives. Side by side they were laid in the big
rocking chair out in the'kitchen, and covert d
with a soft blanket. Just as morning's rosy
light was chasing away the darkness, we
slipped out unnoticed to where they lay, and
softly turned down the blanket to " see how
they looked." We don't know how new-
born babies usually behave, but these two
opened their little brown eyes and, for a mo-
ment, looked up at us. That moment will
never be forgotten. A feeling went through
us that thrilled like an electric shock. We
felt twice a man. Let come what would, we
would stand between those little brown eyes
and hunger, cold and hardships. One year
and a half later, another little girl joined the
circle. Three babies ! The house was small,
and the sitting room and ofiice were one.
Many an article have we written with baby
fingers clinging to our knees. Often have
we thought how pleasant it would be to have
an office all to ourselves, where we could get
away from the noise and chatter. When we
bought the house that is now our home, we
expected such would be the case, but it isn't.
The girls will bring their playthings clear
through the kitchen, dining room, hall and
sitting room, into the office, in order that
they may "be where papa is." Their doll's
cab stands under the imposing stone and
their house plants have crept in upon the

windows, but we have not the heart to drive
them out. We little know what the future
has in store, and the time may come when
we will look back longingly to the days in
which our little daughters made a play room
of our office. By the way. Ivy takes quite
a little delight in watching for the gray coat
and bright buttons of Uncle Sam's postman
who, at half past eight, comes in with a nod
and a smile, and lays the bundle of mail on
the desk. She likes to stand by and see the
letters opened. Her opinion of a letter is
based entirely upon the amount of money it
contains. A letter that contains no money,
is of little value in her estimation.

Friends, little did we think, when we be-
gan, that this article would be so long ; but
thought after thought came crowding on, im-
patient for expression, and the pen glided
on and on as though bewitched, but it must
be stopped. Why have we written as we have?
Because we never meet a subscriber who
does not ask : "How are you succeeding
with the Review ? " and we thought nothing
would be more appreciated at the end of
this second volume, than to allow all a little
peep behind the curtain — to let them catch
a glimpse of the home life of the Review,
its editor and his family. If our pride in the
Review has at times seemed extravagant,
please remember "it's our baby."

CORRESPONDENCE.

Chopping Cord Wood, "Winter Dairying or

Winter Poultry Keeeping Combine

With Bee-Keeping Better

Than Small Fruits.

C. C. MILLEB.

§8 0MEWHAT the same reasons that
S^ would decide a man in selecting a vo-
l) cation independent of bee-keeping,
would also decide in selecting a busi-
ness to combine with bee-keeping. If a man
were to ask me about it, one of my first
questions would be : " What can you do, and
what do you like to do?" Otherwise I
might advise him to teach singing classes,
only to be told that he couldn't tell one tune
from another. Still, there is no question
but one business may combine better than
another with bee-keeping, allowing that a
man's ability in each is equal. A business
to combine well with bee-keeping must be
one that allows comparative leisure at the
time when bee-work presses. Chopping
cord wood would, in some instances, be the
proper thing ; teaching singing school in

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

197

another. A carpenter naight combine bee-
keeping with his business better than a
blacksmith or shoemaker could.

I think small fruit raising has been rec-
ommended to be run in connection with bee-
keeping more than has any other business,
yet it is the poorest so far as busy times are
concerned : and I know of only this much to
commend it. The man with the proiier
tastes and qualifications to succeed at one,
is likely to succeed at the other.

Winter dairying (and nearly all the dairy-
ing in this region ?'s winter) might combine
pretty well with bee-keeping ; but, if I were
to single out any one business that I think
might do for the largest number of bee-
keepers, as a "combine," it would be the
poultry business. I don't mean having a lot
of hens running the business themselves ;
fighting over their nests and dragging a lot
of little chickens around through the wet
grass just when the bee-keeper is busiest.
A business can be made of raising eggs and
poultry and yet have the laying mostly if
not entirely finished before bee-work presses
in the spring. A better price can be secured
for winter eggs, and the labor comes when
the bee-work is slack. The old hens can be
all sold off before busy times, and the chick-
ens raised so early as to need little summer
care. A brooder can be made to take the
place of mother-hens ; indeed, by using an
incubator, hens may be dispensed with
entirely as soon as the laying is over.

Instead of saying all this can be done, I
ought to say I have read that it can, because
I have never run an incubator, and a brooder
but little. Possibly, some one with full ex-
perience may show up objections, of which
I know nothing, to this poultry scheme.

This is a good subject to talk up, and I am
interested in it, for a few such seasons as
those of 1SS7 and 1888 may make me anxious
to find a " combine." I think it would be
more likely to be chickens than strawberries.

AWAY WITH ESSAYS AT CONVENTIONS.

I feel like saying just a few more words
.about essays at conventions. You say essays
should be " short, crisp, aggressive," "that
will make men feel like getting up and talk-
ing," and the "secretary ought to see to it
that such essays, and none others, are secu-
red." Now, if " such essays, and none oth-
ers" are secured, then I give up the fight
against essays. But can that be done ? I oh
can't do it. You never did, and you're the
best secretary I ever knew. Somebody
brings in, or sends in, a long-winded essay
that is a bore : and a secretary can't well
keep it out. You did'nt succeed at it the
last time I knew you to try. Then it isn't
easy to write such an essay as you descril)e.

Once I was asked to write an essay for a
national convention, and I had a subject in
which I was interested, and wished to hear
discussed, or rather read the discussion, for
I was not expected to be present, so I wrote
as nearly as possible just such an essay as
you describe, and was disappointed to find
not a word of discussion. I think if I had
been present, and had been allowed to spend
half the time in asking questions that I re-
ally wished to have answered, I could have

gotten up a lively discussion. As you say,
an essay from a man is not to be compared
to liaving the man himself present, and not
one man in one hundred can read as well as
he can talk.
Marengo, 111. Nov. 16, 1889.

It will not answer to allow the Doctor to
get the start of us in this manner. He is the
best presiding officer we ever knew ; and, if
we could always have him in the chair, we
would be pretty certain of a good conven-
tion without essays. Sometimes, however,
the members are so unfortunate as to put
into the chair some such a man as the editor
of the Review, then essays are a big help.
But they must be of the right sort, and we
don't remember to have ever admitted one,
when secretary, that was very much, if any,
too long, or that was a bore ; but we do have
some quite distinct recollections of having
made enemies by rejecting essays that did
not meet our approval. (Guess the Doctor
must have been thinking of some conven-
tion where we were present but not secretary. )
We have attended scientific, agricultural
conventions (been sent to report them for
the Country Gentleman) which were essay
reading from near the beginning to the end.
The secretary, in his zeal, had gotten up a
lengthy programme (a common error), and
the president would soon discover that they
" couldn't get through the programme un-
less discussion was dispensed with." "Get-
ting through the programme " seemed to be
what they came for, so the learned and sci-
entific men and " Professors," among whom
a most interesting and valuable discussion
might have been carried on, sat for hours
and listened to essay reading. (The views
of our friend Miller upon this subject often
danced through our mind.) The essays were
good enough, except that they were too long
and exhaustive to be read at a convention.
Why travel hundreds of miles to hear essays
read that might just as well have been pub-
lished and read in a periodical ? We will go
as far as any one in condemning such essay
reading ; and we most fully agree with our
friend that, as a rule, discussion at conven-
tions is of more value than the essays ; but,
with the general run of presiding officers
and conventions, the discussion is better if
there are a few essays of the right kind.
Let's don't say such essays can't be secured.
As yet, the efforts in this direction have not
been very extensive. The Doctor truly says
that few men can read as well as they can
talk ; upon the other hand, there are many

198

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

men who can write better than they can talk
—in a convention. We are ghid, however,
that the Doctor does not like essays at con-
ventions, as it has led to this discussion, and
good may result.

Some Things That May be Mixed With Bee-

Keeping; but Each Man Must

Choose for Himself.

K. L. TAYLOK.

MBOVE MOST other rural pursuits,
bee-keeping requires promptness in
attention, therefore, any other kind
of business to be associated with it to
advantage, must be flexible in its require-
ments, or, at least, if promptness in giving
it attention is at any time very important, it
should be at a time when the bees require no
special care. For example, the raising of
small fruits, which is often recommended as
a desirable business to combine with bee-
keeping, is, to my mind, if it is to be carried
on at all extensively, ill adapted to that pur-
pose ; for the obvious reason that the picking
of the fruit, which cannot be delayed, comes
on just when the demands of the bees are the
most exacting.

First, then, let this point of interference
be studiously considered ; and let every oc-
cupation where the objection holds be rigor-
ously rejected. Any neglect here will inev-
itably induce over-work, ill temper, loss and
disappointment.

Next, a very desirable thing in the busi-
ness to be united with bee-keepiug, if it re-
quires attention at all at the same time as
the bees, is that it be capable of being car-
ried on hard by the apiary ; so that while
one is receiving attention the operator may
at the same time survey the other also.

And, after all this, the proper choice will
depend largely upon ones' tastes and cir-
cumstances. Everyone must ask himself
what he would like best and in his situation
what do convenient markets demand.

For myself I know of nothing I should be
more inclined to take up than the cultiva-
tion of grapes. There is always a demand
for well grown grapes, and with a judicious
choice of varieties, and proper cultivation
and dressing they are generally a reliable
crop. The attention the vines require need
not be very exact as regards time except
perhaps the gathering of the fruit when
there is apprehension of frost, and that
would almost always be when the bees
would require little or no attention if pre-
vious to that time the bees had been proper-
~ ly handled. To one favorably located either
the growing of plumis, pears or quinces
would be a pleasant and might be made a
profitable employment, and neither would
materially conflict with any attention re-
quired by the apiary, provided that neither
occupation be allowed to become too exten-
sive. , -, J

An apple orchard also would stand in
much the same relation to bee-keeping as
the vineyard, and with wise selections and

proper care should yield a substantial and
pretty reliable income. As an adjunct to
the orchard a few hogs could be kept and
the two would be of great mutual advantage.
Poultry would no doubt answer for some,
but when one increases the number of such
stock beyond forty or fifty he must be ex-
ceptionally well situated, or of decided abil-
ity in some respect, or failure will be prob-
able. A cautious advance in the poultry
business may prevent much disappointment.
Farming and bee-keeping are loudly rec-
ommended by some as well adapted to be
prosecuted in conjunction, but I think them
very poorly adapted for that purpose. There
is constant interference. The incompatabil-
ity is so great that they cannot properly be
said to be capable of union. In practice
each must remain a separate business.
Nevertheless there are branches of farming
that may well be selected, the one to be
chosen depending upon one's situation and
circumstances. If the apiary were not very
large a small dairy would answer for some.
The production of vegetables or flowers
would be suitable for others.

But it is of little use to enumerate, for
after all every one must make his own
choice: little more than general principles
can be laid down in an article on this sub-
ject.

Thus much touching the months during
which the bees must receive more or less
attention, after which there remain five or
six months which anyone not largely en-
gaged in bee-keeping may devote to a' y
work appropriate to the season which he
may choose. It may be anything from
school teaching to wood chopping; little can
be done, however, by a stranger in the way
of giving valuable advice.

I think I may safely say in concluding
that the great majority of those who under-
take to associate any other business with
bee-keeping will soon find a growing desire
for an increase of the one and a decrease of
the other, and after a little there will either
be a demand for more hives and foundation
or an offer to sell a lot of empty hives and
moth eaten combs.
Lapeek, Mich., ' N )v. 20, 18.St).

Wi^-ter Dairying is the Thing to Combine
with Bce-Keeping.

GEO. F. BOBBINS.

[I OR what should we combine any other

j«-s business with bee-keeping? There are

^Y two reasons, viz.: To enable us to

keep the wolf from the door in case of

a failure of the honey crop, and to furnish

profitable employment during periods when

the apiary does not demand our attention.

Now I write from the standpoint of one
who believes in marketing his own honey
crop. I give it my personal effort, and take
from July until the following May to sell it.
I might combine with bee-keeping some
other occupation that would necessitate
lumping my crop oft' to one or more dealers
and make as much money in the end. But
for reasons out of place here to detail, that

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

199

is not my plan. And if 1 take up auything
else iu connection with my specialty, the
best plan is to raise something that 1 can
market to advantage during the period I am
marketing my honey. To a man not situ-
ated as i am this rule, perhaps, would not
hold good. I have in ciiarge a little spot of
twenty-tive acres which I must utilize to the
best advantage, all things considered. We
have a small apple orchard, the fruit of
which I sell chietly to consumers. I have
tried raising potatoes. This works fairly
well, since I must hire my little farm tilled
any way. Before I became a farmer I taught
two short winter terms of school. For sev-
eral reasons I do not advise any bee-keeper
to take up that. If for no other reason,
teaching school is a calling of too profound,
almost sacred, importance and responsibili-
ty to make it subsidiary to anything else.

One might canvass for a good book or
something similar during the "off months."
Raising fancy poultry and eggs where one
wants a more permanent business and has
no land to till, I should think might do
pre'iti Wc-U. But I do not want to discuss
matters that I know too little about.

1 am here to recommend^ just one little
business, the one which I have tried most
successfully in a small way as an adjunct to
my special calling. That is nothing more nor
less than dairying. I believe there are few
persons, even among farmers, who realize
tlie possibilities of half a dozen cows on
twenty-tive acres, or even less, of land. But
the business di list be properly attended to.
If it is to be conducted iu the loose, hap-
hazard way of old log gum bee-culture, it
should be let alone. To go into the details
of the business, >ou, Mr. Editor, would,
doubtless, consider out of place, and would
not allow; but I dteai it necessary to give
the gist of my plan, which is about as fol-
lows: <iet good butter cows. If they can
be of good breeding stock at the same time
so much the better. Hunt up good custom-
ers and engage to furnish them with (juod
butter at stated prices the year round. ^Vork
it so as to have the cows come in fresh at
intervals, but more especially in fall and
winter, so as to keep up the supply of milk.
Take the calves from the cows at the start
and raise them by hand. Be sure to shed
the cows and calves well. Feed a variety of
food. Corn, bran, ship stuff, scalded with
hot dish water, refuse fruits and vegetables
with their parings, fodder, clover hay, straw,
chaff — work them ail into their bill of fare
if convenient. VVhat food can not be raised
can be purchased, and the business still be
made to pay. Sell the calves as soon as
stock raisers will buy them. Keep a few
pigs to utilize the surplus milk, and perhaps
a few cliickens to help consume the waste,
'rhe calves, hogs, etc., will pay their way and
nearly feed the cows — the butter will be
proiit. i am sorry matters have compelled
me to abandon dairying, for it has been the
most profitable pursuit I have tried in con-
nection with bee-keeping and has collided
with it least. Nothing permanent can be
combined with bee-keeping, perhaps, that
will not make the apiarist '"hop" during the
honey season.

What shall the apiarist do winters? For
myself the above has pretty nearly answered
that (piestion. The production of any given
quantity of butter and the care of tlie stock
requires five times the work in winter that
they do in summer. Either business or both
may be enlarged to the capacity of the man.
But even when the work is all done — why
bless you, I never am one of the happy (?)
number who ever reach a place where they
have nothing to do. From March until the
holidays I look forward with keenest desire
to the time when I can indulge a little in
general reading. How many volumes there
are now upon their shelves that I so much
want to take down — not to kill time, but
because I want to ix'ad them. Then there
are matters I want to look up in my text
books, and old files of journals bearing upon
my chosen pursuit. There is excellence to
be obtained in study, and there is often
money in excellence if there were nothing
else commendable in it. Some folks do not
care for books or mental improvement. To
such I hardly know what to offer. If a man
has no work to do — no gates to fix up, no
fuel to provide, no household cares and no
desire to excel, I do not know what better he
can do than to hunt up about three men like
himself with nothing to do and go to pitch-
ing quoits.

Meohanicsbubg, 111., Nov. 16, 1889.

"Bees Alone" Good Enough.— We Better
Disouss ''How to Get Rid of the Surplus."

EUGENE SECOK.

§AY, Mr. Editor, aren't you a little "off"
when you enquire what business a bee-
keeper can best follow in winter? And
that, too, in the face of the fact that
such specialists as Mr. Heddon and yourself
amassed wealth enough in a few short years
to enable you to embark in the printing and
publishing business? Did you forget that
bee-keeping alone is one of the roads to
wealth, and that it isn't necessary to fool
away one's time m raising early spring
chickens, or in sitting up nights catching
cold looking after lambs born in April? Do
you suppose that millionaires are going to
fritter away the winter vacation warming
their shins by their neighbors' kitchen stove
vainly growing eloquent over Russian ever-
bearing strawberries, or in trying to sell the
latest subscription book. " The Road to
Heaven," for the meager commission of o?>
and Si i)er cent? Do you imagine that we
are going to resolve our fraternity into a
band of missionaries to enlighten the rising
generation in log school-houses on the bleak
prairies? You are getting too worldly, en-
tirely.

It the bee business is big enough to em-
ploy the greatest minds (and of course it is,
or we shouldn't be in it) and remunerative
enough to pile up the ducats for our lucky
posterity, by working only six months in the
year, surely you do not expect that we are
going to keep our noses down to the grind-
stone of coxiiHHa/ toil? Nay, verily. Give
us a rest.

200

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

After having filled our coffers with filthy
lucre through the industry of the busy bees,
let us turn our attention to ways and means
to sjjcnd some of it, — lest the burden of
wealth become so oppressive that we can't
sleep nights for thinking that some dyna-
miter may be tunneling under our plethoric
vaults.

As one way to accomplish the desired re-
sult I would suggest that we spend the win-
ter in California. A little recreation in that
sunny clime shooting jack-rabbits, hunting
bears and bathing in the surf of the placid
Pacific — meanwhile boarding at the best
hotels, we might forget our cares and dis-
tribute oiir surplus at the same time. And
for a change we might rusticate in Florida,
catching alligators, eating oranges and sym-
pathizing with the poor bankers of the
North who cannot afford these luxuries.
Some who have no taste for travel might get
elected to Congress, take rooms in the fash-
ionable quarter of the city and entertain the
representatives of European courts. As
there are too many of us for all to go to
Congress, a few could be spared to run the
State Legislatures. These hardly ever hold
after the first of April, so we could get
home in time to get the bees out for peach
bloom.

This idea of running a "sugar bush" in
spring, or a sorghum evaporator in the fall
may do for persons less favorably employed
than bee-keepers; but all of these humble
avocations, while they are good enough for
people who have not the capacity for higher
things, are too pi'osy for our brotherhood.
So you need not waste any ink discussing
what bee-keepers shall do with bee-keeping,
but rather open for discussion the topic:
"How shall we get rid of our surplus?"

FoKEST City, Iowa, Nov. 21, 1889.

Make Bee-Keeping Less Risky by Selling
Bees and Queens as well as Honey.— Sell-
ing Diaries and Sharpening Shears.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

fEEAD the November number of the
Review with gi-eat interest, and fully
agree with the conclusion arrived at,
that there is more money in bee-keeping
for the specialist than there is for the man
who conducts some other business with bee-
keeping. But there is one thing which I see
has taken firm hold of most of those writing,
and that is, that in order to be a specialist in
anything, the person so working must work
only along one certain portion of that pur-
suit. For instance: the person who is to be
a specialist at farming must make the rais-
ing of hay, or the raising of corn, or the
raising of wheat a specialty, if he would be
successful, according to the teaching of the
last Review, while I believe that nearly all
of our farmers practice what is termed
"mixed farming," and succeed faii-ly well at
the business. Thus we find our farmers
here in "York State," no matter whether
the farm contains 20 acres or 200 acres of
and, raising wheat, oats, barley, flax, beans

and corn in the shape of grains ; keeping
sheep, cows, hoises, hogs, chickens and tur-
keys in tiie shape of stoc'i ; raising apples,
pears, small fruits and potatoes on the same
place, besides all the garden stuff required
by the family. Talk to tliem about raising
potatoes as a specialty, as does Terry of
Ohio, and they will point to such and such
ones who tried it and sunk their farms and
all they had, and tell you that they "want
none of that on their plates," preferring to
have something to fall back on should one
special crop fail.

Now I am one of those who look at bee-
keeping in the same light that our farmers
look at farming. I believe in making bee-
keeping a specialty in just the same way our
farmers make farming a specialty. I believe
the wise apiarist will work his apiary to a
profit by selling bees, queens, comb honey,
extracted honey and beeswax from it. Now,
I know whereof I speak, for I have sold as
high as !{;200 worth of bees out of my apiary
certain springs, and, not being able to till all
orders from my own yard, bought all one or
two of my neighbors could si)are beside.
Taking six years on an average, I have sold
$500 worth of queens each year from the
same apiary atter selling bees as above.
Then I have sold as high as $2,000 worth of
comb honey from the apiary in a single year,
but not in the years that the bees and queens
were sold, although in some of the years I
sold several hundred dollars worth of comb
honey. Then I have sold considerable ex-
tracted honey from my apiary, and should
have raised more had I not found that it did
not sell as readily as comb honey in the
cities where I sent the comb honey. As to
the wax, there is always a good demand for
all any one can save, and were I to go into
another experiment (I may do this some
time) it would be to see whether an apiary
could be made to pay run wholly for wax
production.

Now, Mr. Editor, in answering your ques-
tion, "What business will best combine with
bee-keeping, and what shall bee-keepers do
wintersV" I should say follow mixed bee-
keeping as I have given above, and the per-
son who does it will find nearly all of his
time occupied with profit except, perhaps,
the month of December, the last half of
November, and the first half of .January, for,
as the "Rambler" says "this would keep the
apiarist busy all winter in preparing for the
next season," by way of making shipping
boxes, queen cages, sections, etc., etc.; es-
pecially if he peddles his honey as the "Ram-
bler" does, which peddling is as profitable
to the bee-keeper as any work he can do,
providing he has any gift along this line.

If you had only asked what any jwrson
could "do winters" to make it profitable, I
should have waited in e;igtrness to see the
answers to that question, for what you say,
"During the winter there is practically but
little to be done in the apiary," applies with
equal force to all places in the country.
For this reason we find tlie country stores
and taverns filled with idlers nearly all
winter, who have nothing to do but to sit
around and tell and listen to idle gossip and
stories. Is not "making supplies" at the

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

201

present cheap prices preferable to this?
And is our apiarist to lind employment
where scores of laborers are anxious to lind
something to do, but fail?

But what would I have our bee-keeper do
during the months of Nov., Dec. and Jan.?
Well, to illustrate: Some years ago I found
out, through a mistake in opening a letter
not directed to me, that there was an enor-
mous profit made on the sale of diaries, and,
as nearly every family must have its diary,
why could not our bee-keeper take a lot and
go around selling them, reaping some of this
profit at just the time when diaries are
wanted, and at just a time lie had nothing to
do?

Again; while in our store the other day I
heard a woman speaking in no pleasant
terms about her shears, which she declared
would not cut, and as none of her folks
could make them cut she must buy another
pair. I asked her to see them, and by
means of a borrowed file and whetstone soon
had them cutting better than any pair she
could find at the store. Now this woman is
only a sample of nearly every woman in the
land, while it is one of the easiest things
imaginable to keep shears in good order, for
they are so simple in their action that all
that is necessary to know, is the principle
they work on, and then what will make one
pair work, will make one thousand pairs
work equally well also. Then let our bee-
keeper start out with a stock of diaries, a
file, a whetstone, a small vice and a small
hammer, and call at every house, selling
diaries and sharpening shears and scissors,
all about his home in every direction, and
he will not only make it profitable, but be a
blessing to the community as well. If he
wishes he can let it be known that he will
come each year in this way, and thus secure
to himself the territory over which he
travels, having a permanent thing ,for these
unoccupied months.

BoKoDiNO, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1889.

By Hiring Help, General Fanning may be
Combined witb Bee-Keeping.

E, J. COOK.
t

OU ask for ray experience in combin-
ing general farming and bee-keeping
and how I find employment winters.
I have been comiaining these two
branches of industry for several years, and
have ever been highly pleased with the re-
sult, and find plenty of occupation for the
whole of the year. To be sure, some times
work is more pressing than others, but I
endeavor to have help sufficient for the
emergency. I still hold to the ''old saw"
that there is safety in a multitude of re-
sources, as my experience has been that
while some crop may fail to pay cost be-
cause of unfavorable season, insect pest, or
perhaps low prices, others have made up the
deficiency, and I think the honey crop has
been as ready to help out as any other pro-
duct of the farm, and I do not see that it
conflicts any more with the other specialties
in proportion to the returns than the garden,
the orchard, cows, horses or wheat. The

general farmer and bee-keeper should make
a specialty of everything when it needs at-
tention, and do it just as well as he is capable;
and he nmst employ help sufficient to do
this. During haying and harvesting the
bees require attention more perhaps than
any other time. Also a portion of the day
and sometimes a day or two in succession
when these crops are ready to go to the barn
it is imperative we drive this work. Having
the extra work of the bees we of course have
extra help at our command and we now put
it all to securing the hay or grain. The
queens wings are clipped, the bees have
plenty of room, and if they swarm they are
allowed to return to their hive and can be
attended to a few hours later with but very
little if any loss. I can often work one or
two men in the apiary to better advantage
than I can work alone, and I find that most
men like the change and are happier, and
more interested in the general work with
this variety of labor.

The general farmer and bee-keeper has
the specialist to compete with, and many of
them are live business men thoroughly
posted in their work, and he must be equally
so and adopt all the approved methods and
get the best returns from the least labor and
expense possible.

Owosso, Mich., Nov. 28, 1889.

The Raising of Winter Fruits Combines
well with Bee-Keeping.

L. C. WHITING.

''OUR special topic for December is an
important one, as all who depend on
their bees well recognize when poor
seasons follow each other. The an-
swer for each man will depend on his quali-
fications and tastes. Mine, induce me to
join raising fruit with bee-keeping. The
objection to this is that most kinds of small
fruit need much attention just when bees
demand undivided care. Therefore, my
plan is to raise winter apples and pears.

To succeed in this, enough attention must
be given to the trees to induce them to bear
the off years. No one would be more likely
to succeed in this than a good bee-keeper.
Much will depend on the location selected;
both for the orchard and apiary. Nearness
to market must be thought of, not only on
account of shipping the fruit, but for ob-
taining manure for the trees. Many good
orchards are of little value because the trees
have exhausted the soil, and cannot get the
amount and kind of nutriment demanded
by the bearing trees. The soil for the or-
chard needs careful preparation. If heavy
clay soil is selected, it should be well and
deeply broken up, but never turn the top
soil under the clay. All surplus water must
be drained olf . When the ground is in good
condition set out the trees, but not before.
A year spent, if necessary, in preparing the
ground wo^uld be more than made up at the
end of five years. Plant but one or two
kinds of apples or pears, and before plant-
ing learn what kinds thrive best in the im-
mediate vicinity. If you raise good, sound
fruit, and are honest in assorting and pack-

202

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ing, you ■will have a remunerative market
for all you can raise; and, having established
a reputation for your fruit, as being in every
respect equal to sample, can then make
money by buying of your less careful neigh-
bors. If you are too busy with your honey
to pick and assort your fruit, if it is good it
will sell on the trees, and the buyer will pick,
assort and pack it for you.

If you want work in the spring months an
acre or two of asparagus will help you, and
be out of the way before the bees want much
care. Fay's prolific currant does not re-
quire picking the day it is ripe, but the cur-
rant worm will demand prompt attention as
soon as the leaves are out, but this work has
to be done before the bees require very ex-
acting attention, and none of it will of ne-
cessity interfere with the care of the bees.

East Saginaw, Mich., Nov. 18, 1889.

School Teaching, Broom Making and Ped-
dling Honey, Mix Well with
Bee-Keeping.

H. D. BUBKELL.

^HAT business to combine with
bee-keeping, is an important ques-
tion with most bee-keepers, and
if the poor seasons which have
prevailed for so long, continue much longer,
it will be a vital question with many. A few
items from my own experience may help
some brother to solve the problem.

I have beeii a specialist for ten years, and
during that time have kept from 100 to 200
colonies of bees. I do most of the required
work myself, yet have considerable unoccu-
pied time. Formerly, I taught school win-
ters, but a nervous trouble, which is greatly
aggravated by the confinement and worry of
the school-room, compelled me to abandon
that work.

Then I tried broom-making. Competi-
tion is so close in this line there is not "big
money" in it, still, one who is quick, handy
and industrious can make fair wages. I
have no patience with people who won't
work unless they can get high wages. Get
the high wages if possible, but work for less
rather than do nothing. Broom-making can
be taken up and dropped at any time, and
the product is used everywhere, whether
times are good or bad. A week spent with a
practical workman will fit any ordinarily
handy person to do the work, then expert-
ness comes with practice. Most bee-keepers
are handy with tools, and such can make
nearly all necessary machinery, at a cost,
money out, of a few dollars for lumber, etc.
Then $25 to $40 invested in broom materials,
■which can be bought, by a mail order, of city
dealers, will give one a start; or, those who
can plant a few acres of land can grow their
own broom-corn, and buy the other supplies.
I have heretofore been a producer of comb
honey, but a year ago I unexpectedly had
about a ton of dark extracted honey to dis-
pose of. I didn't want to send it to a city
commission house and sometime realize five
or six cents per pound for it. Years ago I
tried "canvassing" for books, and had ever
after been so disgusted with all peddling that

I had never tried to peddle honey. But I
loaded up a few hundred weight of the honey
and started, though with much trepidation.
Well, I sold honey at nearly every house,
and in about six hours sold over 300 pounds,
at eight to eleven cents, according to quan-
tity. I didn't "trepidate" any more, and
though I didn't do so well every day, I soon
sold all I had, then bought more and sold
that. Many peoi)le who had frequently for
years passed by and seen my "Honey for
Sale" sign and never bought a pound of
honey, bought readily when it was carried
to them. At first I avoided towns, thinking
people there were worried more by peddlers,
and would have less patience with me; but I
did not find it so. I could there reach more
people in less time and do better.

I haven't tried peddling comb honey, but
think I can do better with extracted. Comb
honey is usually on sale at the groceries, and
usually of poor quality and cheap. Then,
too, most customers would not want more
than a card or two at a time, while extracted
honey can be so put up that you cannot
readily sell less than five or ten pounds.
And one can afford to sell extracted honey
cheaper, which is an item with most custom-
ers. That we may as well have twentj'-five
cents for honey as half that is all nonsense
with Michigan people, at least, as a low
price does increase consumption.

Try it, brother bee-keepers. You will
find selling your own product different from
peddling books and jim-cracks. Be gentle-
manly and you will be treated well. You
won't lose any of your dignity (?) nor the
good will of any one whose opinion is worth
minding. Carry a good article of honey,
get people to taste it, and, if they want it,
sell them some, but don't urge and annoy
them if they don't. That is what makes
peddlers a nuisance. I practice what I
preach, and know whereof I speak.

Bangoe, Mich., Nov. 25, 1889.

Don't "Mix" Bee-Keeping; but, if you Must

Mix it, let it be in the Right Proportion

and with the Right Thing.

JAMES HEDDON.

i <i r-'^OHN, don't go fishing Sunday, but
^^ ' TlC ^^ ^'°" ' '^''i°S home your fish."
C C ^JP Well, that is about the fix you
have got us into now, Mr. Editor,
and after reading my own article in last
issue as well as those of many others and
your leader to this article, I see nothing
more to say.

I should advise not to go into bee-keeping
at all, unless one means to work into it
large enoiagh so that all his time the year
round, except what he wisely saves out for
recreation, rest and visiting, will be wholly
employed in the business.

I tell you, when one gets two or three hun-
dred colonies of bees, as he ought to have
even if he keeps them all in one ar)iary, he
will have all he wants to do in selling his
croj) of honey, if he does not sell it in a
lump: and, if he does, in getting everything
ready for the next season's work. "Spe-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

203

cialty ill manufacture" does not put sections
together, nor put in the iouudatiun, where
one is raising comb honey. ^Vhere extracted
honey is being raised, for the first few years
he will find plenty to do in preparing his
additional surplus receptacles, and in get-
ting the hives ready for increase, and, after
a few years, when he has so many colonies
and so many surplus receptacles ready, that
he need not work in that line, he will have
such a good business that he can rest, rec-
reate and cultivate his mind and morals
through the winter. He may be so located
that lie can have a lot of fun with his gun or
something else. ^Ve were not made to work
all the time. If we do not live a little as we
go along, when will we live ?

But then, you want to know what the poor
fellow is going to do winters when he is
starting out in the business, and before he
has grown up to many colonies. If you will
allow me to say that you never made a worse
mistake than when you even hinted at fruit
raising, something that requires all its due
attention just at the time when the bees do,
I will then say that your leader in last issue
just about covers the ground. Nobody
should try to say what it is~best for anyone
to do. A man who has got half gumption
enough to succeed in the bee business will
know better what to do as conditions present
themselves, than any one can tell him in any
article; for everyone's surroundings and
capabilities are different from every one
else's, and I would not for the world under-
take to even hint at what -John Smith or
Henry Jones had best do in connection with
bee-keeping, so long as he is in the predica-
ment when something must be done. What-
ever you do, don't let it carry away a
large portion of your mental energy. Keep
your mind on the bee businees, or else keep
your hands out of it, will be my parting
words.

DowAGiAo, Mich., Nov. 21, 1889.

Friend H., when we spoke of fruit raising,
we meant the raising of apples or other fall
fruit. We did not suppose that anyone
would think of such a thing as growing
small fruits, the ripened clusters of which
would hang side by side upon the same bush
with clustering swarms.

Let Bee-Keepers Keep "Jerseys," and Make
Butter in the Winter.

T. B. TEBRY.

IRIEND HUTCHINSON.— The writer
is something of a specialist; at least,
he is often called such. But, in truth,
he is simply a farmer with about one-
third as many irons in the fire as most
farmers have. He believes in undertaking
no more than can be done thoroughly well.
We grow three crops — potatoes, wheat and
clover. The potatoes are the main money
crop, of course. But, during all the years
that we have grown potatoes, there hasn't
been one when we haven't made a comfort-
able living and more.

After reading the November number of
tiie Kkview, it seemed to me tliat 1 wouldn't
want to be a bee-keeping specialist. I
wouldn't risk making a specialty of a busi-
ness that might fail three seasons in succes-
sion, or even one for that matter. There
would be too much anxiety and worry con-
nected with such a business. Like Mr.
Hunt, I would combine bee-keeping and
farming; not mixed farming by any means;
but just enough to keep me busy, as far as
possible when the bees needed the least at-
tention, and enough to insure me a living
any way.

i couldn't advise small fruit growing, nor
yet potatoes, for bee-keepers, as they require
one's undivided attention at certain times,
the same as bees. As a good German friend
said at an institute last winter: "they won't
splice." But I see no reason why a bee-
keeper may not attend to a little dairy of
cows, if he has a few acres of land. He has
nothing to do winters that pays. I would
have the cows fresh in the fall, as soon as
business among the bees began to be slack.
One could milk, care for the butter, and
raise some good calves on the skim milk,
having paying work until the bees needed
his time again. Then the calves could be
weaned, some young calves secured and put
onto the cows, and all turned out to pasture
for the summer, the young calves to be sold
when good veal. For crops, I would grow
clover, corn for ensilage, oats and wheat; a
four years' rotation. Would put the first
three crops for the most part in the silo,
using the straw from the wheat for bedding
the stock. I would leave the oats out, if it
were possible to get the wheat in after the
ensilage co-rn. These crops could be grown
fairly well and secured in this way without
that constant attention, or care at just the
right time, that potatoes and small fruits
require.

My business is much like bee-keeping,
only it always pays. We are kept pretty
busy through the summer season ancl have
next to nothing to do winters. At present
the farmers' institutes take up most of my
time through the cold months. If I were
at home I couldn't be idle, and would prob-
ably get a few Jerseys and do something as
above.

I should object to sheep husbandry, which
you mention, as it wouldn't give winter
work enough. Most of the work would be
getting food ready for winter. Ten good
cows would keep me steadily at work, mak-
ing the butter and caring for them, and if
they were good ones, and I did my part
well, there should be an income of $2 or $3
a day, seven days in a week.

There is the rub with me, however. If the
cows could only be gone Sundays! But the
brightest rosea have thorns.

Now, friend H., I think farming, if not
too mixed, and properly systematized, the
best business on earth, all things considered,
and, although, of course there are many
other things that bee-keepers might do
winters, it seems to me that nothing else
would quite so naturally "splice" in as a
little good farming, properly arranged, for
those who need some other business.

204

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Your lawyers, doctors, clerks, etc., t^hat
keep a few bees for recreation, have no in-
terest in this, but the specialist who keeps
bees only, it seems to me, ought to have.

But kindly mention to the friends that I
was not so presumptions as to volunteer this
information; that you asked me, as being a
sort of brother specialtist, to write what I
thought about it.

Summit Co., Ohio. Nov. 23.

Some Splendid Testimony in Favor of
Carniolans.

0. H. CHAPMAN.

A.RLY in the spring of 1888 I ordered
my first Carniolan queens. They
reached me in due time and in fine
shape, but I assure you I looked them
o'er and o'er with a suspicious eye; half be-
lieving they wei-e too dark to ever become
favorites of mine (for I was all Italian then) ;
but, as they represented hard cash, I gave
them the places of five or six of my golden
beauties and closely watched the results.
The very first time I opened their hives I
found they were not so much German or
black bee as I had taken them to be, for
they were not in the corner of nor under the
hive when found, but moving about on the
combs attending strictly to business, and I
have yet to find a Carniolan queen off the
comb when taken from the hive. In due
time the young bees began to appear, when
I knew 'positively that I had somethiiig new.
Now I commenced to watch and compare
and have continued to watch and compare
ever since.

So well pleased was I with the first queens
that in August I sent for more queens which,
with what I had, and with what I reared,
gave Carniolan queens (not all purely
mated of course) to just one-half of my
apiary.

The test began with thirty-five colonies of
each. As all wintered without loss I cannot
say that either had the lead on May 1st,
1889, but then the Carniolans commenced to
lead, and all were in just grand shape when
the cold wave struck us the last of May.
During the cold spell three Carniolan and
nine Italian colonies died outright, and the
rest were in a sad state. Every queen cell
that I had started was lost — but to the text.
The first five colonies to swarm were Carni-
olans; the first half ton of comb honey finish-
ed ready to come off was gathered by Carni-
olans, and full three-fourths of the 3,800
pounds of comb honey that I secured this
year was stored by the Carniolans; and then
the superior appearance of the product was
such that I have this fall replaced all queens
with those reared from my best Carniolan
queen.

Although I work for comb honey I have
extracted GOO or 800 pounds of honey from
autumn bloom and have 110 colonies now in
the cellar all in prime shape.

For extracted honey I can see but little
difference in the two races. Think the Car-
niolans the more readily shaken from the
combs.

CoHOOTAH, Mich., Dec. .5, 1889.

The 4- Bee-Keepers' + Review,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Editor & Proprietor.

TERMS:— 50 cents a year in advance, two
copieB for 95 cents; three for $1.35; five for $2.00;
ten or more, 35 cents each; all to be sent to ONE
POST OFFICE. In clubs to different post offices,
NOT LESS than 45 cents each.

FLINT, MICHIGAN, DECEMBER 10, 1889.

CUB ADVERTISEES.

With our politest bow, we ask each reader
to look through our advertising columns (in
which we have a pardonable pride) and see
if he does not find something in which he is
interested. We believe all our advertisers
are honest and will faithfully fulfil every
promise. In responding to an advertise-
ment, please mention the Review, and thus
confer a favor upon both advertiser and
publisher.

PEIZES FOE ESSAYS.

Bro. Newman is offering prizes (f5.00,
|3.00 and |2.00.) for the best essays on " Ex-
tracted Honey;" each essay not to exceed
2,000 words ; to be written by a subscriber
and received before January 1, 1890. We
have often thought of adopting this
plan, but have not done so because of the
difficulty in making just decisions that would
be satisfactory to all. Some of those who
receive neither prizes nor compensation for
their essays ?*iay think their talents not ap-
preciated. We shall watch with interest
Bro. Newman's enterprise.

SENDING *' BEES BY THE POUND " THEOUGH
THE MAILS.

Notwithstanding the opposition that has
beeii manifested against the unwise scheme
of sending " bees by the pound " through the
mails, Bros. Pratt and Doolittle are still in-
clined to champion the cause ; intimating
that those who oppose the cause may be
lacking in enterprise, or fail to see how ad-
vantageous it will be to those living some
distance from an express office. Not for a
moment would we stand still in tlie pathway
along which iniiirovements are leaving their
footprints ; and we know from years of ex-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

205

perience what it is to live miles from an ex-
press office ; yet we are not ready to approve
even of experiment in the way of sending
large packages of bees by mail. There is
one factor that sweeps away all other con-
siderations. Somebody will be sure to put
up bees in such a manner that the package
will be smashed ; the contents of the mail
pouch soiled a little ; and some official
scared almost to death. Then away will go
the precious privilege of sending queens by
mail. Just so sure as this practice is begun,
just so sure queens will be eventually thrown
out of the mails, never to be re-admitted.

MIOH. STATE, BEE-KEEPEES' CONVENTION.

The twenty-fourth annual meeting of the
Michigan State, Bee-Keepers' Association
will be held at Lansing, in the Capitol build-
ing, on Dec. 26 and 27, 1889. Reduced rates
at Hudson House. Half fare on nearly all
railroads. A few roads will charge one and
one-third fare for round trip. A number of
interesting papers are promised. It is hoped
and expected that all bee-keepers who can
attend, will do so. H. D. Cutting, Sec'y-

The editor of the Review expects to "be
there," and will be glad to meet as many as
possible of his friends.

SPECIAL NUMBERS. — EXTKA PAGES.

It seems to be the fashion with magazines,
and a good one it is, to get out especially
fine issues at the close of the year — Christ-
mas numbers. Extra pages, illustrations
and interesting articles make glad the hearts
of many readers. The Review falls into
line this year with eight extra pages ; and we
hope our friends will find as much enjoy-
ment in their perusal as we do in the giving.
The time spent in making these extra pages
and in attending the International conven-
tion, makes this issue a few days late, but
we feel sure that, under the circumstances,
the delay will be excused.

ILLNESS or MRS. NEWMAN.

The first time we visited Chicago — that
great city that is almost a magical world of
itself — we were the guest of Bro. Newman.
Well do we remember the kindness with
which we were welcomed by Mrs. Newman.
We occupied the same bed-chamber with

Father Langstroth. All in all, those were
happy hours. Now, , Mrs. Newman is ill.
For four years she has suffered from that
terrible disease, erysipelas. Much of the
time, she has been confined to her bed. We
know, from experience, what it is to perform
mental labor when the mind is at the bed-
side of a suffering loved one ; and our heart
goes out in sympathy to Bro. Newman and
his family as we think of him toiling on
with this great care upon his mind. Lighten
his burdens, brothers, all that you can.

APIARIAN PREMIUM LISTS AT FAIRS.

Since publishing our "model" premium
list it has received the following criticisms:
The exhibition of bees is objectionable, be-
cause bee-keepers dislike to take their choice
stocks to a fair, where the risk of injury
is almost a certainty. — The premiums offered
for the making of foundation on the grounds
are too high. Reasons: most exhibitors have
no mills, and thus no chance to compete.
Per Contra. No premium at all ought to
be offered under this head, as it is so much
work to bring all the paraphernalia from a
distance. — "No good" in offering a premium
on the most attractive display of wax, as
nothing is to be gained by making wax "or-
namental."— No premium ought to be offer-
ed upon black bees, as their propagation
ought not to be encouraged. — The list ought
to specify that honey and wax shall be the
product of the exhibitor, otherwise fine
honey may be purchased and exhibited, and
premiums and "honor" secured by some one
who does not merit them. — Don't send out
the list as endorsed by the Michigan State
Bee-Keepers' Association, if it is to endorsed,
to agricultural societies that are getting up
their premium lists, because such endorse-
ment might lead to its adoption, and it
might not suit the bee-keepers of that local-
ity.— Honey vinegar may not be pure honey
vinegar, hence this ought to be stricken off
the list, if honey cakes and candies are
dropped for the same reason. In reply we
will say that the bees form a very attractive
part of an exhibition, but a single-comb
nucleus will show more than a full colony,
and the cost is slight even if it is wholly lost.
— It is true that all do not own foundation
mills, but some do, and while the exhibition
of the manufacture of foundation is very
interesting, it is also considerable trouble,
and the premiums ought to be liberal. —

206

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Perhaps nothing would be gained by an
attractive display of wax, as we are not
catering to the public taste as regards wax,
as we are honey. — We are not yet quite ready
to lay the black bee on the shelf. — Judges
must never be asked to give the premiums
to a man because he saya the honey is his
own production. — We have no desire to force
a list upon anyone who does not wish it;
and hope no bee-keepers will allow us to
thus get the start of them. — It is quite likely
that honey vinegar can be "doctored," and
we would take it from the list; or else add
"pastry" and "candies" and put the pre-
miums so low that it would scarcely be
worth while to "doctor." The exhibition of
these articles simply calls attention to the
different uses to which honey may be put.

We had no intention of omitting honey
plants from the original list. It was simply
an oversight. Instead of offering a premium
upon the largest number of plants, which
brings out dozens of plants that bees never
even smell of, we would restrict the number.
This would bring out the idea: ivJiieh are
the best honey priHhtcing vlantsi' We would
word the matter something as follows: "The
Best Specimens of the Best Honey Produc-
ing Plants, Pressed and Mounted, not to ex-
ceed fifty varities, 1st premium, !{;l.5.(J0; 2d,
$8.00. " Possibly we have placed the number
of varieties too high.

WHAT WILL BEST COMBINE WITH BEE-KEEPING?

It is evident that no cut and dried, cast
iron rules can be laid down upon this sub-
ject. The best that can be said is that a
man must most thoroughly study himself,
his surroundings, and the conditions of his
particular case. Most thoroughly have our
correspondents gone over the ground, point-
ing out what pursuits must be avoided,
which may be chosen, and giving a vast
amount of general information upon the
subject. At the International convention,
over at Brantford, Mr. R. L. Taylor, after
enumerating the avocations that might be
combined with bee-keeping, exclaimed:
"After all, if l)ee-keeping is so profitable, I
can't help thinking, why not keep more
bees? If it isn't profitable, why keep them
at all?" Byron Walker, of Capac, he of
"migratory bee-keeping" fame, passed a
few hours at the "home of the Review" a
few days ago, and in the course of conversa-
tion he said he believed that he had lost

more bees than any man in Michigan. He
had been compelled sometimes to borrow
money to buy more bees, but he had no
thoughts of abandoning the pursuit, or of
combining anything with it. By the way, he
has this year secured 19,000 pounds of honey;
one-half comb. But we must not forget
that all men are not constituted like Mr.
Walker. Failure does not stimulate every-
one to greater effort, — to the borrowing of
money and the extending of business. Some
prefer less brilliant success and a lessening
of the chances for complete failure. Others,
agair, actually pcp/er to sacrifice their love
of financial gain to the pleasure of being
engaged in more than one pursuit. As we
said at the outset, men and conditions differ,
and it is well they do, and when they are
such as to call for a combination of bee-
keeping with some other pursuit, we feel
that the present discussion need not be pe-
rused in vain.

HONEY BOARDS, WHY AND WHEN THEY ABE
NEEDED.

Years ago, honey boards y?ere used to
support the honey boxes. Now, honey
boxes are no more and the modern section
box is supported by the super in which it is
placed. The modern honey board is not,
perhaps, a honey board, strictly speaking,
but it is doubtful if a change in name would
be advisable, even if a more appropriate
name were found. Certain it is, that its
construction, characteristics and require-
ments are different from those of former
years. It seems to be the instinct of the bee
to build and attach brace combs to whatever
comes ne.rt to the top of its brood-nest. At
least, such is the case with ordinary top-bars;
those that are 's wide by % deep. If the
sections come next to the brood-nest, they
are connected to it by the brace combs, and
when they are removed, either to tier them
up or because they are comi)leted, a dauby,
mussy mess is the result — every experienced
bee-keeper understands this. To prevent
this, Mr. HeddoD devised the slatted, break-
joint, bee-space, honey board. When placed
over the brood-nest, the bees fill with brace
combs the bee space between the honey
board and the brood-nest, but leave the
upper bee-space — that between the honey
board and the sections — free from brace
combs. Only those who have tried it can

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

207

comprehend the deliyht that attends the
lifting off of case after case of sections with
their bottom bars as "slick and clean" as
though they had been simply sitting upon a
table. Latterly, honey boards have been
made to answer another purpose, that of
keeping the queen out of the supers, by
slipping strips of perforated metal into saw
kerfs cut in the edges of the slats.

So much in favor of honey boards; now
let us look upon the other side. Honey
boards cost something, and must be removed
and replaced when the brood-nest is opened.
A few have reported that no brace combs
would be built above the brood-nest if the
top bars were wider or deeper, or both
wider and deeper. When attending the In-
ternational convention at Brantford, we
had a long talk with .T. B. Hall, of Wood-
stock, Ont., upon this subject. He began
using square top bars, not to prevent the
building of brace comb"fe above them, but
for another purpose which we will not now
take the space to describe, and was sur-
prised to find that the bees did leave the top
bars clean and free from brace combs. It
will be seen that the openings between the
top bars are exactly "bee space" and about
one inch deep, and the space above the top
bars, between them and the sections, is also
bee-space, and Mr. Hall assured us that the

bees positively did leave these spaces free
from comb. At the last Northwestern con-
vention at Chicago, and in a recent number
of Gleanings, Dr. C. C. Miller has said that
he had trouble by the bees building brace
combs above the Heddon honey boards.
We have thought about this considerable,
and we have been wondering if the excellent
honey crop that the doctor has enjoyed the
past season may not have had something to
do with the trouble. When honey comes in
with a rush, bees will sometimes, especially
if crowded a little, store honey in every
nook and corner — even between the frames
and the hives. Again, there were some at
the Chicago convention who had tried square
top bars, and found that while their use
diminished tlie number of brace combs, the
diminuation was not sufficient to allow the
honey board to be discarded. Then again,
if the use of square top bars ivould allow us
to dispense with honey-boards, so far as
brace combs are concerned, how about
queen excluders? Would it not still be
necessary to use them, when they irere used,
in the honey-board form?

For several months we have seen this sub-
ject coming to the surface, and we believe
the time is now ripe for us to take it up as a
special topic, so we have decided to devote
the .January Review to its discussion.

GenetT^al Inde:>^ to Volanne II.

IKTIDBX: TO SUBJECTS.

Advance. The 25

Advertising 46,115

Almanac, Honey 185

Amende Honnrdble 25

Artificial Comb 2G. 38, 62, 168, 169

Basswoods. Save the 25

Bee-iin Mails 185

Bees alone, or "Mixed," if the Latter, What

With? 1(^7

Bees, Which are the Best? 26, 42, 47

Bpe .Journals, are There too Many? 43

" Bee Hive," the 40

Bee Keepins no Bonanza 18

Bee Keeping: a Real Business 10

Bee Keeping More like Manufacturing than

Farming 182

Bee-keeping less Risky by selling Bees and

Queens 200

"Bees Alone" Good Enough 189

Black Bees 61

Bottom Boards 3

Brood Chamber, Size of 57

Broom Making and Bee keeping Combined. . . .502
Butter in the Winter, let Bee-keepers keep

"Jerseys" and make 203

Carniolans 34, 35, 36, 62, 201

Carno-Italians Ahead of Everything 31

Cages. (Jombined Shipping and Introducing. . .134
Conventions and .Associations, '54, 161. 162, i8l,

188. 174. 18.5, 197

Conventions Brighten, Strengthen and Rest

US'" 181

Controlling Increase 73. 74, 7.'i. 76. 77, 78. 80

Combine With Bee-keeping, What v\ ill best?.. 206

Complicated Fixtures 19

" Contraction " 2, 4, 9, 41, 53, 54, 55, .57, ^», 59, 65

66, 113

Confidence in Leaders, Undue, 17

t'rosses among Bees 34,35,36

Cyprians 17

Diarrhoea 7

Discussions at Conventions Preferable to Es-
says 1 84

Digested Nectar. Honey Partially ..134,170

Don't "Mix" Bee keeping 202

Dovetailed Hive 62

Doolittle on Queen Rearing 83

Do Bees Make >r Gather Honey ? 170

Editorial Errors 18

ExtrHctor is Here to Stay, the 62

Exchange. The Honey Producers 64

Experiments, too Ijimited 19

208

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

" Feeding Back," 38

Few Bees, Too 18,19

Foul Brood 18

General Farming may be Combined with Bee-
keeping, by Hiring Help 201

Great is Truth and Will Prevail 40

Heddon Hives 2, 5

H ives Wide 3

Hives 1,10,23.26,37,41, 62, 131, 165

Hiving Swarms on Empty Frames 113

Honey Boards 2, 40, 93, 99, 132

Honor to Whom Honor is due 25

Inversion 2,8, 64

Increase by Removing the Queen, Prevention

of ' 58

Increase to Great Haste for 21

International Convention 80, 185

" Irons, too Many " 20,37

Italians 33, 79

Judging at Fairs 185

" Langstroth on the Honey Bee "44, 65, 82, 101

117

Legislation not Understood, Proposed 18

Manipulation, too much or too Little 21

Mich. State Bee-keeper's Convention 205

Jlistakes in Bee-keeping 9

Migratorv Bee Keeping, 99, 116. 125, 126. 127,

128, 129 130, 133, 145. 150, 152, 153

Moisture 7

Nature Following 19

" Nature. According too " 11

National Flower. The 185

Newman, Illness of Mrs 205

Nortii Western Convention 133

"Official Organ," Mr, Heddon's 63

Oil Cloths 3

One-Frame Nuclei at Fairs 133

Overstocking 18

Peddling Honey : 202

Pollen Theory 9

Popularity. at Home . . 62

Poultry Keeping and Bee Keeping Combined 196

Protection 4

Profits, Figuring 19

Premium Lists* at Fairs, Apiarian 186, 205

" Practical Bee Keeping " 27. 48, 63

" Production of Comb Honey " — A Review ... 38

Queens Cost of 9

Queen Rearing, New Methods of 135

Qucns and Their Influence upon Success in

Bee Culture 99, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115

Queen, Removing the 58

Queen Rearing 80, 83

Quilts 4,93,94,96,97,99

" Rambler is a Specialist, Why 179

Review, its Home, its Editor, "and his Familj',

the 193

Sohooll Teaching and Bee keeping Combined. . 202

Sections 20, 24, .35, 36. 134

Selling Diaries and Sharpening Shears 200

Senaing Papers after the Time is Out 41

Secretaries Ought to Have Pay, and Every-
body Ought to Pay 184

Shade 81,83,93,94 94.95,97,98,99

Shallow Frames 11

Shake Out Function, the 2, 4

Size of Hives 4

•' Silo and Silage " 63

Small Fruits and Bee-keeping 196

Some Things that maj- be mixed with Bee-keep-
ing; but each man must choose for himself 198

South, Getting Bees Cheaply from the 2-^

Special Numbers 205

Specialty, non ;^'l

Specialty Desirable, is? 177

Specialty vs Mixed Bee Keeping 169, 177, 178,

179, 180, 182, 187

Specialty, The Highest Succees attained by. . . 178

Stimulative Feeding, undersirable 60

Supers 9, 24, 36

" Survival of the Fittest Produces Better Bees
than Cattle, The Law of the 118

System, Lack of 20

Using up Basswood Timber 24

Union, The Bee Keeper's 135. 183

Ventilation 9, 96

Venture, Bro. Newman's New 63

" Western Apiarian," the 80

We do need Conventions 185

Wide Frames 6

Wintering of Bees. Out Door. .136, 145, 146, 149

153, 136, 164, 165, 166, 167. 168

Winter dairying Combined With Bee-keepingl96
Winter Dairying is the Thing to Combine with

Bee-keeping. 198

Winter Fruits Combines well with Bee-keep-
ing, the Raising of 201

Wooden Combs 169

Wood, Chopping Cord 196

Mex to CorresBoMeiits.

Aldrich,C. B 37

Andrews, Jno 35,62

Balch.C. 1 152

Bingham, T F 33, 130, 163

Blanton, O. M 125

Boardman, H. R 6

Buchan an , J. A 60

Burrell, H. D 202

Chapman, C. H 204

Cook.A.J 109,181

Cook, E, J 201

Cutting H. D 35

Demaree, G. W 7

Dibbern. C. H 98

Doolittle, G. M 57, 112,135,200

Ellison, W. J 110

Elwood, P. H 58

Ewing, E. E 34

Fisher, C. L 36

Flanagan. E. T 111.127

Foster, Oliver 5, 20, 36

Fowls. Chalon 23,36

Frame, E 165

Green, J. A ,....11, 18,38,53,97, ] 29, 178

Hasbrouck, J 113, 180

Hasty,E,E 98,149

Hayhurst,E. M 17,33,96

Heddon. James.. 2, 19, 34, 55, 93, 110, 126, 145

162, 182,20-2

Holterman,R. F 37, 162, 185

Hunt, M. H 179

Kildow, A. L 132

Larrabee, J. H 167

Manum, E. A . ■ 164

Martin, J. H 4.37

Mason, A. B 161,183

Mclntyre, J. F 24,98

Millar. C. C 3, 18, 25, 54, 93. 109, 180, 184, 196

Morrison, S. W 35

Patterson, S 24

Poppleton, O. O 146

" Rambler " 97, 179

Robbins, Geo. F 11,94,192,198

Sawyer. H 131

Schlichter Bros. & Co 129

Secor, Eugene 95, 199

Stachelhausen, L 128

Tavlor. R. L 1, 21,53,95, 125,166,177, 198

Tei-ry, T. B 203

Viallon. P. L 170

Walker, Byron... 22,61,130,150,166

Walker, Mrs. Byron 99

Watkins, S. L 34

Weed, E. B 26

Whiting, L. C 126, 201

Williams. R. B 114

York,B.M 95

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

209

ADVERTISING BATES

are fifteen cents per line, (Nonpareil space)
each insertion, with discounts as follows:

On 10 lines and upwards, 8 times, 5 per cent.;S
times, 15 per cent.; 9 times, 25 per cent.; 12 times,
85 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times, 10 per cent.;0
times, .20 per cent.; "J times, 30 per cent.; 12 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent.; 6
times, 30 per cent. ; 9 times, 40 per cent. ; 12 times
50 per cent.

DEALER IN HONEY AND

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

Cash paid for Beeswax, or will make wax into
foundation to order at 12' o cts. a pound for heavy
and2i)cts. for light. M. S. WEST,

508 Third St., Tiiird Ward, Flint, Mich.

BEES^ BY THE POUND,

broodaud nuclei, in season.

ITAUAN QIIEEHS,

Send for price list.

Mrs. A. M. KNEELAND,
Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., Ill

Box 77.

ITALIAN QU££NS.

For Tested or Untested Italian Queens at all
seasons, send to MRS. A. N. NEEDHAM,

Sorrento, Lake Co., Fla.

Tfs^llPir^ Sees ^^d Queens.
XV,CillC*l-l Apiarian imple-

ments and supplies, (xer-
man Carp, and small fruit plants, clirap.
f. T . FLANAGAN, Box 995, Belleville. Ills.

1 2-89-1 2t Please mention the Review,

Bee^K^spePs' Supplies.

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.
No lietter Foundation and Sections made.
Send for free Price List for 1890.

M, H, HUNT, Bell BrancH, MicH,

' P''ease mention the Review.

BEES & QUEENS,
pvom Hpf il 1890 to SeptembeP 1890.

SEND FOR CIRCULARS.

LEiraGER BROS,, Donglas, Patnam Co,, onio.

Please mention the Review.

pot? P^H^ ITflmflN BHHS.

Poland China SuUlHC,

White Rabbits, White and Black Ferrets, White
and Brown Leghorn Chickens and Mallard Ducks,
Address N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Ohio.

Please mention the Review.

FuiENDs, I do not sell cheap queens. I rear
pure and beautiful yellow

Italian C^\x&ens,

Cheap for the price. Tested, Sl.'iO; Untested, gl .00.
bend March 1st for 1890 circular and price list of
Bees, stating how 1 rear my Queens, with some
experiences of ten years in bee-keeping.

MRS. OLIVER COLE,
Box 732. Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. Y.

No. 1 SECTIOlMS $2.90.

A. 1. Root's make, until March 1.
Japanese Buckwheat 7.ic. per bu. All Supplies
cheap. Send for new list free.

W. D. SOPER, Boxlt73, Jackson Mich.

Please mention the Review.

Capniolans 8t Italians.

Next sea.«on I. R. Good & Son will run two
queen-rearing apiaries— one for Carniolans and
the other for Italians. Carniolans, untested $l.i 0
each; Italians, untested, 75 cts.; tested, $1.25.

For Carniolans, address,

^ , I. R- GOOD, Vawter Park, Ind.

tor Italians, address,

/ R. GOOD. & SON, Nappanee, Ind,

Please mention the Review.

SCHLICHTER BROS. &. CO.,

— Dealers in —

Bees, Honey, &. Apiarian Sopplies,

Send for free price list for 1890, which will be
ready by Feb. 1. Address SCELIOETEE BEOS. & GO.,
12-89-lt Brown City, Mich.

Please mention tlie Reuieai.

-AND-

Send us your name and address and see wlsat
bee-keepers say wlio have tried them. Our im-
proved facilities for manufacturing enable ue t«
sell at the lowest price. Address as in the cut.
7 2-89-1 1 Please mention the Review.

210

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

SUrPIJKS!

I^ctail and Ujholesalc.

Simplicity, Laiujstrofh, Triiitn/)/i Hives.
Smokers. Extractors. Honey Crates, &c.

REMEMBER

We iiiiikn a S|HM-i!il(y of

Oiic-Piccc Sections and Brood Frames,

A till (lot'.v cciiniinl it ion and WorkniaiiHliiii.

Dealers sliould not fail to Koi our |)rir(tH Ix^fon

hiiyinK- l'ri<"<' \iwl l''r(>o,

SMITH & SMITH,
llai'din Cu. Kwit.oii, Oiiio

PIcasa mention the Hnulew,

W« will l)(< pn^piinMl tu riiniiuli
Italian Bees and Queens,

at. low ru,'ur(iH. I,li(( (roMiitiir Hi'HHon.
Mho Hives, Sections, Founda-
tion and Bee-Keepers' Supplies of all kiiulH.
H(niil addfcHH now loi- ISllil circnlar wliicli will he
roMcl.v to mail Jan. I hI. Writ-i' tiH I'or chI iiu.-il<'H
on K'oodH in laiK"' <|nanlit,i('H.

JNO. NEBEL e: SON, High Hill, Mo.

rinis.i n^ntion ilw Rcuirw

Woilli of Italian Ucch, iind Hiii)|>li('H (iicail.v
iinw) for Hair at $375, I*'. <>• H- "'HrH. Kift.v--
H(iv(^n colonicH, who waiitHUiom? 'I'ln y Must
be Sold I Write for full i)art,i(uil(UH and a
(loinplotc lint,. AihlrcHH

Uoek Box 263, Suffolk, Va.

/'/I'lisii miiitiun (/ill Hmieui

God Bless You Bro. H.,

And t.lioHd (Inar oni'H fliat help t.o make you ho
liuiipy; nnd may (hat " Hahy " of yourH he evin-
Hp(M>(i(Ml t.o llin ri^'ht ; and iiloaHo nay t.o your
rcadi'i'H that thn nnnior p.'irt ncr of tJic linn of An-
drewH iV Ijockharl will kivi' his whole timi'and
attiMition iii'xl .Mi'aHon (if alive and well) to the
breedinji of

CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

A (circular for that ohjecl, will he ready to neiid
out Hoin(<l ime .laiuiary, IH'.KI. All coiiccined, ^.\\■^■
re(|iawted to Hend for it.

JOHN ANDREWS,
ri-Sil-tf I'atien'H Aliils, N. Y,

PleasB mention tha RvOieui.

DOCTOR
TINKER'S

White I'oplar Hi^etionH, I'ei'forati^d '/Anc with
eit.hor round end or Hcjuare ('iid perforat-ionn,
Wood-Zinc Money-noHrdH, the new

Qnoeu-Rearlng Chamber,

Iho Nonjiareil Kce.llive and Winter ( 'aHe, and
Hyrio-Alhiiu) anil Ulno-Black (Jneitn MeeH.

Hainphm of neetioiiH and zinc, liv(U'tH. pontiiaid.
( 'iriMilarH free. AddreHH

DR. G. L. TINKER,
I'i-Hll-lt, New Philadolphia, Ohio.

/•/.Msr m.'/i//oii //m Rmieu).

JOSEPH UUATS0f4,

IVIANUFACTURER OF

Pointing Presses,

AND DEALER IN

Printing Materials.

25 Murray St., New Vork.

Circittftni Fnn-. Sfwvinwn Hook of Typr, Etc., 6 Cts.
Pleaaa mvntion tha Rfuiatu.

Bee-Hives, Sections, Etc.

We make thebest Ui^e-I I i voh, Shi ppintr ( 'ruleH,
H(>ctionH, etc., in the world, and sell them the
cheapeHt.. We are ulTerii.t,' our choicest, white,
oniupiece, 4iixl'i sections, in lots of .")(»(!, at f;!..'')(l
per 1,000. i-i"" I'arties wanting: more, should
write for speiual priiM-s. No. li seiit ions at- .lii'J.Ot!
pel- M. ('atalo^'iies fi-ee, hut sent only when
ordered. AddreHS.

G. B. LEWIS & CO..
l'J>'.)-:tt Walertown, Wis.

ri,;,:.i' ni.nlion tin, Rr,ii,iv.

J. M. JENKINS,

UJetumpka, Ala.

ITILl SEES aod QUEENS,

Hives and Otlicr Fixtures.

A FULL LINE,

Send lor C'ii(ii/oi;iii'.

Pleiiae mention the Revieui.

CHEAP HOHEY.

If" yon -wELiat tlae vei^y loest Elxti'Ei-ctecl 'Flon&y, a-t ec
lOAAT- px'ice, -writ© foi^ lE^Ceclcloni's laoiiey circvilei,!' fi-ee.

Address JAMES HEDDON, Dowa^rlac, Mich.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

211

ITALilflH QOEEHS ^0^ 1890.

Select, Tested Queens, in May and June, $!2.00
Ordinary " " " " " " l.TiO

Street, untested " " " " " 1.00

Virgin (lueens, in April " " " .50

1 li'ive a number of extra fine qneenB reared in tlie full of ISS'I, wiiich 1 can send out in April, if the
woatlier is favorable, at, $'2.50 eac^h. Queens sent by mail, and safe arrival guaranteed. No circulars.
Of the many letters unsolicited, from a few oidy, I extract some words of praise of tiu^ bees 1 raise.
From (". N. HAIilj, Bi.ACKWATEU, Mo., May 24, 1»^8<). - "The (jueens arrived the 2:i, in fine con-
dition, and 1 am vcell phvisod with them. With many thanks I remain, etc."

From DANIEL NOHLli, ('lintonvillk. Wis., Aug 1, 1889.— " Bncdosed find $1.00 for anotlier
queen. The nucleus you sent nie has done well. I received it June 1. It cast a large swiirni, and, up
to date, has made thirty pounds af surplus."

From R H. WOODWARD, M. D., Somkkset, Ohio, Oct. 9, ISHil. "On tlie 2t> of last May, 1

rec"ive<l an Italian (|ueeii of you. Sh(> has proved satisfactory and (hme well. (live me Big, Yel-
low Bees, all the time. I have tried blacks, includins Carniolans, and I want no mon^"

From H. ALLEY, one of the most noted ipieen breeders in the United States, Wknham, Mass.,
Sep. 7, 1H89.— "Queens received .June 17, in line condition -could not be better. One is a very
fine (lueen, and has the handsomest colony in my yard. The bi^-es are beauties and good workers. I
would not sell the colony for a good price "

From A. lUiANSllAW, Pallas, Tex., Oct. 11, 1P89.— "The last <iueen sent is laying, and is
as fine a (lueen on the combs as I ever saw — she is a beauty."

1 have a larg(( stock now wintering of tlie finest- (lueens I ever bred, and this is my twentieth year
at queen rearing. Send money by I*. O. money order, or registered letter.

W. p. HEH^El^SOH, mupfpeesbot^o, Tenn.

More About "Specialty."

Among the rank and file of bee-keei)ers one
p'lys he has been successfully gratifying his love
f ■!• adventure by growing seeds, in connection
vith b "e-kcM-ping. Misfortune and necessity
compelled him to do something, besides bee-
k (*ping, and he does it. H(» has grown a fine
lot of seeds the past season, and is prei)aring to
s' 11 them. Hy the way, he is. like tlu> edilor of
th " Rkview, a printer, and himself is printing a
fin", illustrated catalogue, containing iionest de-
scriptions and reasonable prices of new and rare
and standard varieties of gardc^n set ds, ))lants,
vines, queens etc. He sends his catalogu" fr(>e,
and the readers of the Uevikw "miglit surprise
him by sending a shower of postals asking for
catalogues, having them addressetl to

CHRISTIAN WECKESSER,

Marshallville. Ohio.

I^EVSTOJ^E APlAf^Y.
Italian Queens and Bees.

3 and I? Frame Nuclei and Bees by the lb. Hee

Hives, Sections, Fdn., Smokers, Ac, Send for

circulars. W. J. ROW, 12-H!»-7t

(ireensburg, Westmoreland Co., Pa.

Pfciif" mciitinn Oik Reuiew.

Q[J€€Hb M/ULEW

EAf?UY.

Siife arrival guarantetd after Ai)ril 1, IHOo.
Untested Italian Queen, fl.(M); three for $2.75;
Tested. $2.0(1; Imported, $5(0, Two-frame Nu-
cleus witli untested (|ueen, in April and May,
$2.5ii. Five per cent discount if order is aih>wed
to be booked over 20 days. 100 queens will be
ready to mail by April 1. ('ircular free. Make
money orders payable at Clifton

s. H, COLWICK, worse, Texas.

The A B C of Potato Culture.

This is T. H. Terry's first, and most masterly
work. The book lias had a large sal(\ and has
been n^printed in foreign languages. When we
are thoroughly conversant with friend Terry's
system of raising potatoes, we shall be ready to
handle almnsl any farm crop successfully. Ithas
IS pages and 22 cuts. Pricelifi cts.; hy mail, iiScts.

Winter Care of Horses and Cattle.

This is friend Terry's second book in regard to
farm niatters ; but it is so intimately connected
witli his potato book that it reads almost like a
sequel to it. If you have only a horse or a cow,
I think it will i)ay you tf) invest in the book. It
has 44 pages and 4 cuts. Price Id cts. ; by mail,
43 cts. Address

A. I. ROOT,

Please mention the Reuiew.

Do Yon Want The REVIEW Cticai)?

We can clul> the Review with the N. Y. Weekly
Tribune ff)r Sil.2^>; with Ladies' Home Journal for
Sl.2''; with Scribner's Magazine for $2.K0; with
Am. Agriculturist for $l.:in. Review, Kamily
Herald and Star, anil Farm Journiri, all three, for
$\ iif). 1,00'> others equally low. Subscribers to
the Review must be new, the others may be ei-
ther ohl or new. Addresses need not be the same.
Catalogue free. Address c. M. goodspeed,

Thorn Hill, N. Y.

SUPPUIES

CHEAP.

Italian and Albino Queens, and Nu<dei, Chaff
Hives, Section Boxes and Bee-Keepers' Supplies.
Price List for 1890, free. Write for it.
A. A. BYARD,

West Chesterfield, N. If.

212

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

GARNIOI^AN QUSEinS AND BISKS.

Greiitlest, Best A\^orkers and Least Inclined
To Rob of any KnoM^n I^ace.

PRICES FOR 1890.

April, May, After June 10,

Select, imported queen, $8.00 $7,50 $5.00

Select, tested queen, 5.00 4.00 4.00

Untested queen, 2.00 1.50 1.00

queens, half a dozen, 10.00 8.00 5.00

Half pound of bees, 2.00 1.50 1.00

Three-frame nucleus, :3.00 3.00 2..50

A three-frame nucleus will contain one Langstroth frame of brood well covered with bees, and
two empty combs.

For the past five years, I have been engaged in rearing Carniolan queens, and no others.
I import no second grade queens ; only the best that Mr. Benton and Mr. Ambrozic can
raise. No account will be taken of orders unaccompanied by the cash. I do not expect to
be able to keep up with orders — have not any season yet — but first come will be first served,
and I ara ready to book orders now. Have a few already on file for next season's delivery.
Remittances are always acknowledged by return mail. Send for circular descriptive of
Carniolans.

S. W. MORRISON, M. D., Oxford, Chester Co., Pa.

To Every Lover of Plants and Flowers.

DEAE FRIEND:— If you' will carefuUy copy
every word of this letter twice and mail to each
of two friends, and write a letter enclosing 20 cts.
cash or stamps, to A. T. Cook, Clinton Hollow,
N. Y., (stating you have done so), he wiU mail
you at once three nice roots of the Beautiful
Cinnamon Vine. This charming climber is very
much admired; its delicate white flowers send
out an amount of perfume that is truly wonder-
ful. They make one of the most desirable house-
plants: — a splendid window ornament, and filling
a room with a delightful fragrance in tlie cold
and dreary winter montlis. For out-door culture
they are unexcelled; notliing nicer for covering
arbors, screens or verandas, being perfectly
hardy, the roots standing our severe ^vinters
without injury. The usual price is 50 cts. for
TWO roots, but three are given as a})ove for only
20 cts.; this is done to introduce h s tested seeds
and roots in new localities. He wants club
agents at every jiost-othce, and gives useful pre-
miums. Full particulars. Illustrated Catalogue,
Premium List, and dirtctions for planting ac-
company the roots. Write the letters peomptly
and he will add (as a present) two packets of
choice flower seeds.

Please mention the Reuietv.

FARM AND BEES FOR M.

I have forty acres of land in a good location
for bees, with good house, barn and shop, and 159
colonies of bees with all necessary fixtures to run
them for comb honey, that I will sex.l cheap.
100 apple trees on the place that have l)een set Ave
years. Best of reasons for selling. Write for
particulars.

C. A. VANHOESEN,
12-811 tf. Westville, Montcalm Co., Midi.

Please mention the Review.

DOOLITTLE

Spent six years in experimenting and hard study
in the queen rearing business, making, on an
average, $500 each year besides the loss in con-
ducting experiments. He gives all the valuaVjle
points he found out, in his 17" page book,
"Scientific Queen Rearing," which embraces
many things never before given to the public
along the line of safe introduction of queens,
how to rear queens by the dozen, have them fer-
tilized and kept in reserve in a colony having a
laying queen all the time, &c., &c. If you wish
to jirofit by his experience, so you can do as well,
send $1.0 I for the book. No person having from
three colonips upward can afford to be without
this work. Address

G. m. DOOUITTLiH,

Borodino, N. Y.

Please mention ti.e Eeuieul.

F8NE, EARLY QUEENS.

I have an apiary of 180 ci)h)nies, eacli colony
has a select, tested ([ueen one year old, lired from
the same motlier, a very fine non-swarming ciu(»en
now five years old. I sold last spring from her
150 untested queens. All gave fine satisfaction.
They are gentle, prolific, and fine lioney gatherers.
Can furnish untested queens, either from the old
qupfn or her daughters, in April, and after for
$1.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. Orders now
being booked for extra early ones.

R. B. WILLIAMS,

Wincliester, Tenn.

Please mention the lieuiew.

J. W. K. SHflW 8t CO.,

Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La..
are wintering OVER 300 TESTED ITALIAN
QUEENS for early sales. Prices in February, 1890.
They will be living prices, the Queens the best.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

213

THE "REVIEW."

The distinctive features of the Bee-Keepers'
Review are that of reviewing current apicultural
literature (pointing out errors and fallacies and
allowing nothing of value to pass unnoticed), and
the making of each issue a "special number" —
one in which some special topic is discussed by
the best bee-keepers of the country. If you wisli
for the cream of the other journals, already skim-
med and dished up, and to learn the views of tlie
most experienced bee-keei)ers upon the unsolved,
apicultural problems of the day, read the Review.
Price of the Review, ."iO cts. a year. Samples free.

"The Production of Comb Honey."

Although this neat little book contains only 45
pages, it furnishes as much practical, valuable in-
formation as is often found in a book of twice its
size. It is "boiled down."

It begins with taking the bees from the cellar
and goes over the ground lirief ly, clearly and con-
cisely, until the honey is off the liives; toucliing
upon the most important points; and especially
does it teach when, where and how foundation
can be used to tlie liest advantage; wlien combs
are preferable and when it is inore profitable to
allow the bees to build their own combs. It tells
how to hive a swarm in an empty broodnest, and
yet secure more honey than when foundation is
used. Price of the book, 2.5 cents.

SPECIAL OrPER.

For 65 cts. we will send the Review one year
and "The Production of Oomb Honey." For
$1.00 we will send the Review two years and the
" Production of comb Honey."

Back Numbers at 2 and 3 Cents.

Of most of the issues of the Review we have
several hundred copies. Instead of keeping
them stowed away in the attic several years, and
finally selling them as waste-paper, we propose
to have them out doing good; have them lieliiiiig
bee-keepers and, at the same time, be making
known the Review. So long as the supply lasts,
we will sell them at two and three cents per
copy. Three cents if you pick them out ; two, if
W^ pick them out. The reason why we make a
difference, in price, is this : Some three or four
issues have run so low that we would not care to
sell them at less than three cents a copy. We
would mention which are the three-cent issues,
were it not that some other number will soon
"run low "and be added to the three-cent list,
and then another, and so on. If you wish for
certain issues, send three cents apiece, and tell
which numbers are desired, and you will get
them, if you don't wait too long. If you don't care
which numbers you get, then simply send what-
ever sum of money you think best, and say ; "For
the enclosed, please send back numbers of the
Review." and we will send as many numbers as
we can at two cents each, and send no two that
are alike. If the amount sent pays for more
numbers than we care to sell at two cents each,
the lialance will be returned, or else the sender
notified and asked what sliall be done with it.

Remember, each number is complete in itself ;
is, in reality, a little pamphlet containing the
best that is known upon some important, api-
cultural subject.

Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W.Z.HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' TEXT BOOR

- AND —

The Bee-Keepers' Advance.

d*^ A A The new revision of The Bee-Keep-

<D-L.UU ^'■'*' 'r^^* ^"'*^ ^'•^''*'' edition and
^^ ' 5.5th thousand) is now out. It is

profusely illustrated ; has the portraits of nine
prominent bee-keepers ; contains 228 pages ; and
is neatly bound. It was intended to be sold for
$1 00, in cloth, 75 cts. in paper; but, in order to
still further extend the circulation of "The Ad-
vance," which iias already absorbed five other
papers, the last being "The Bee-Keepers' Maga-
zine," tlie oldest hee-paper in the United States,
except one, we have decided to club the "Ad-
vance" for one year with the Text Book, cloth
bound, for $1.00 ; in paper covers, 75 cts.

Address THE ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls, Maine.

A New Book on Bees, and Dadants' Comb

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column.

Honey Almanac for 1890.

JUST The Thing needed to create a demanci for
honey at home. Bee-keepers should scatter it
freely. It shows the uses of Honey for Medicine,
Eating, Drinking, Cooking, for making Cosmet-
ics, Vinegar, etc ; also uses of Beeswax. Price, 5
cts. ; 100 for $2.50 ; .500 for $10.00 ; 1,000 for .$15.00.

ll-89-3t THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOU, 1889.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BKOWN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georgia.

Old Reliable Bingham Smoker and Bingham &
Hetherington Honey Knives. They last eight
years, never clog up or go out.

Bingham & Eetherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented May 20. 1879.

Send card for free circular, descriptive of the
best and cheapest tools to use.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

1-88 tf.

Abronia, Michigan.

Please mention the Review.

214

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

THAT PITTSFIELD SMITH

He haH just purcluieed a large water privilege, and would, therefore, like to dispose of his entire
steam outfit, wliich consists of a lO-horse-power, portable, steam Ijoiler ; Miller, steam pump ; S-horse
power, upriglit engine ; also all steam and water pipes required for connections ; in fact, tlie com-
plete outfit, in running order, wliich cost him over $400, two years ago, is going now for $250.

Also two run of genuine, French Ruhr, custom, mill stones ; just right for a fanner to grind his
own and his neighbors' grists. These stones will be sold separately, if desired ; and each will include
shaft, pulleys, steps, hopper and all fixtures. To be sold for ^.% their cost.

Honey or wood-working machinery will be taken in part payment toward the above.

Aa.^ess Plainly C H AS. H . SM ITH, Pjttsfield, Mass., Box 908.

In the letter accoiiipanyiug the " copy " for the above ad., Mr. Smith says : " Tlie engine which you
luive been advertising is sold. 1 now otter some one a big bargain on my present t)utfit, as everytliing
is in good order, and is running my sliop to day, but will have no use for it next week."

7-89-12t. Please mention the Review.

Comb Foundation.

We liave a (V)mi)]et<' out-fit for its manufacturee
Our mills all run by steam power, and we have
the very best facilities for purifying wax We
make it as thin as you want it for sections. We
make a specialty of making brood founilation for
stjuare frames, thick at the top witli a gradual ta-
per to very thin at tin' bottom, thus securing tlie
greatest amount of st rcngt h for the (juality of wax
used. For prices, wholesale or retail, address

A. G. HILL,
6-88-tf. . Kendallville, Ind.

The Revised Langstroth, and Dadants^

Foundation, See Aduertisemeni In Another Column.

we will with pleasure send a sample copy of the

SEMI-MONTHLY GLEANINGS IN BEE GULTURE.

with a descriptive iirice-list of latest improve-
ments in Hives, Honey-Extractors, ( 'omb Foun-
dation, Section Honey-Roxes, all tiooks and jour-
nals, and everything piM'laining to l?ce Culture.
Nothing Pali'iilcd. Simply s<'n(l your address
plainly written to. A. 1. ROOT,

l-88.tf. Medina, Ohio.

L16-page Weekly— $1.00 a Year.]

TS the Oldest, Largest and Cheapest weekly
-L bee paper in the World. Sample I ree.

J,lliy*''%;- p u B LI S HER S?l"i < ,„ W^i
923 & 0:35 West Madteon St.. CHICAGO. ILL.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

We inanvifacture Bee- Keepers' sup-
plies of all kinds, best (/uatiti/ at
\lowest prices. Ilivus, .si-etiona,
Koundatioii, Extractors, Smolders,
Crates, Veils, Feeders, Clover
Seeds. Buckwheat, etc. Im-
I ported Italian Que e us.
Queens and Bees. Sample
(r.Tiv of our Bee .Inurnal,
"The VVcsterii Bce-Kceper."
and IntrHt Catalojjii ■.• mailed
Free to Bcn-Kccpers. Address
JOSEPH NYSEWANIJEK,
UE8 MOLNES. IOWA.

Please mention the Reuiew.

TT^T 7T "MTTTHyn » We are large dealers in
MM Ali 1 iJiiJl l^t-eswax. Comb and Ex-
tracted Honey; and desire
shipments, on which we promise best attention.
Demand active at present for lib. white clover,
of whicli grade we are entirely out. Can make it
an object to you to corresi)ond with us.

S. T, FISH &. CO.,
7-8'.)-t)t 180 S. Water St , ( Ihicago, lU.

DCf SUPPLIES wSe

iJ mm La We furnisli Kverything needed in
the Apiary, of practical construction, and at the
lowest price. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send
your address on a postal card, and we will send
you our illustrated catalogue free.

^. Kretc/tnier, Cobni'ff, lotva.

2-88-tf. Please mention the Review.

GIVBN AlATAY.

For your name and address, 1 will mail you
my catalogue and price list of

Aniariaii Simijlies & Strawterry Plants.

Twenty-five varieties berries grown exclusively
for my trade. Prices reasonable.

Address, IP. -W. Ij-A.lwllt^,
10-894)t Somerville, Butler Co., Ohio.

Please mention the Review.

THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, AND DADANTS

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

215

NORTH CAROLINA

Offers Greater Inducements to Settlers Than

Any Other State in the Z^nion.

She wants vesetahlc and fruit-fanners, wood-
workers, manufacturers, cattle and poultry
breeders and fxrain and jirass farmers. Her tim-
ber and mineral resources are unsurpassed. Her
climate tlie finest in the world. This land of al-
most perpetual flowers excels in bee-keepinn, in
poultry raisinfT and fruit culture. For full par-
ticulars, send ifor specimen cojiy of " OUR SOUTH-
ERN HOME." A montldy maj,'azine published by

M. H. PRIDE,
10-89-;« Mt. Holly, Gaston Co., N. C.

Patent riat-Sottom M Founiation.

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square feet
to tlie pound. Wliolesale and Re-
tail. Circulars and Samples free.
.J. V.\N OEIISKN & SONS,
(sole manufacturers),
SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.

Pif<ise mention the Reuiew,

l-8-i-tf.

Every

Bee-keeper

SHOULD TRY

The Success Hive

Tr-ue

To Its

NAME.

Safe winterer, easy in manipulation, (lural)le,
clieap, and, for lar^e yields of honey, is unsur-
passed.

Mm, Seclioii Cases, Com]] Foiiiidalioii

and all apiarian suiiplies, at greatly reduced
prices. Send for new circulars,free.
L. H. & W. J. VALENTINE,

(Successors to S VALENTINE & SONS)

4-S9-tf Hagerstown, Wash. Co., Md.

ri^.ii^f Mention the Reuiuw.

No. 1 white sections, only S:5.00 per thousand.
A complete hive for cond) honey only $1.80.
Shipping Crates and Brood-C'ondjs very low.
Before purchasing, get my discounts on goods
for next season's use.

J. Js/L. K:i2SrZIH3
10-88-tf Rochester, Oakland Co., ftlich.

Please mention the Review.

YOU SHOULD SEE

My prices for 1889 of Italian Queens, Bees, Eggs
for_ hatching from Standard Poultry, (seven
varieties) Japanese Buckwheat, and two choice
new varieties of Potatoes.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY by getting my price list be-
fore you pun-hase.

CHAS. D. DUVALL.
2-88-tf . Spencerville. Mont. Co., Md.

Please mention the Review

Eaton's Improved Section Case.

Latest and best. Bees and
, Queens. Send for free price
llist. Address,
FRANK A. EATON,

Bluffton, Ohio.

Please mention the Review.

JOadants' Foundation

Is kept for sale by Messrs. T. (i. Newman & Son,
Chicago, 111.; (\ F. Muth & Son, Cincinnati, O.;
Jas. Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty,
Indianapolis, Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Waukesha,
Wis.; (lias. Hert<<l -Jr., Freeburg, 111.; E. S. Arm-
stnmg, Jerseyvilhs 111.; E Kretciimer, Coburg,
Iowa.; M. J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kans.; Ed R.
Newcoml), Pleasant V.-dley, N. Y.; .1. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Ya.;.J. B. Mas(m&Son, Mechanic
Falls, Me.; Dr. (1, L. Tinker, Few Philadeli.hia, O.
D. A. Fuller. Ciierry Valley, 111.; Jos. Nysewan-
der, Des Moines, Iowa; (i. B. Lewis & Co., Water-
town, Wis.; P. L. Viallon, Bayou (ioula. La.; B.J.
Miller&Co., Nappanee, Ind.; J. Mattoon, Atwa-
t«r, O.; Goodell & Woodwortli, M'f'g Co.. Rock
Falls, 111.; J. A. Roljerts, Edgar. Neb,; Oliver
Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; (reo. E. Hilton, Fre-
mont, Mich.; J. M. Clark &Co, 1409 l.Stli St.,
Denver, Colo.; E. L. Goold & ('o., Brantford, Ont.,
Canada; J. N. Heater, Colund)us. Neb.; O. (i.
('oilier, Fairbury. Neb.; (J. K. Hubbard, Fort
Wayne, Ind.; and nniiierous other dealers.

We guarantee Every Inch of our Cond) Foun-
dation Equal to Sample in Every Rfspect.
Every one who buys it is pleased witii it. Write
us for Free Samples, Price Listof B!'e-Suj)plies,
and Specimen Pages of the new

Revised Langs troth Book

EDITION OE 1889.

CHAS. DADANT&.SON.

4-89-r2t Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111.

BEE KEEPERS

Should send I'ur my ciicu-
lar. It describes tiie best
Hives, the best Cases, the
t)est Feeders anil the best
•Methods. Addiess,

J. M. SHIJCK,

l>i:S MOISES, KH.l

Please mention the Review.

8-89-1 2t

2-89-12t.

WE MANUFACTURE THE

Standard Siiiiulicity Portico and Ctiaff Hiyes.

Frames, crates; secti<ms, comb foundation, and
a general line of bee-keepers" supi)lies always
on iiand; also bees, (lueens, and full colonies.
Send for 'M page catalogue.

OUVER HOOVER & CO.
4-89-12t Snydertown, Nort'd Co., Pa.

Pleaf" mention the Review.

BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE.

Every Farmer and Bee-Keeper should have it.

FiftecntliTtionsand, Wholly RGMd!

MUCH ENLARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is up to d.ate. It is both 1'U.\ctic.\l and

SCIENTIFIC.

Prices; By mail, 81.50. To dealers, $iM). lu
100 lots, l)y freight, 50 per cent. off.

Address A. J. COOK,
lO-88-tf Agricultural College, Michigan.

216

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

QUALITY and workmanship unsurpassed.
\Ve are prepared to fiirnisli bee-keepers with
supplies promptly, and with goods of uniform
excellence as lieretofore. Our hives all take the
Simplicity frame. The "Falcon" chaff hive
and the "Chautauqua" hive, with dead aib
SPACES, are both giving universal satisfaction.
We manufacture a full line of bee-keepehs' sup-
plies, includins the

"Falcon" Brand of Foundation.

ItS^ We gladly furnish estimates, and solicit
correspondence. Send for illustrated p-.ice list
for 1889. free.

The W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO.,
4^8-tf Jamestown, N. Y.

Please mention ihe Review.

Honey - Extractor,

Square Gl,*ss Honey-Jars, Tin Buekets,

Bee-Hives, Honey-Sections, &c., &c.

Perfection Cold-Blast Snioliers.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.

P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for "Practical Hints
to Bee-Keepers. 2-88-tf .

Leahy's + Foundation,

— AVnOLESALE AND RETAIL—

My Foundation is recommended by hundreds
of Bee-Keepers, as having no equal. It is kept
for sale by J. Jordine, Ashland, Neb.; Moeller
Manufacturing (\>., Davenport, Iowa; B. P. Bar-
ber & Son. "^ole Brook, Ohio; Smith & Smith,
Kenton, Ohio; J. Callam & Co., Kenton, Ohio,
and others. I will take one lb. Sections in ex-
change for thin Foundation on reasonable terms.
Special prices to dealers. Send for Catalogue of
other supplies. R. B. LEAHY & CO.,

1-89-tf Higginsvilie, 31o., Box 11.

An Old Bee-Book Revised, and Dadanfs'

Foundation. See Advertisement in Another Column,

The Srightest

Four-Banded, Golden Italian Bees & Queens,
and the Reddest Drones.

Tested queen, $3.00

Selected tested 3.00

Untested in May 1.25

" in June and after, 1.00

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

L. L. HEARN,

5-89-tf Frenchville, Mercer Co., W. Va.

The Western Apiarian.

An illustrated monthly magazine, devoted to
bee-culture in tlie Pacific and Western States ;
filled with the most interesting, originsd articles
from the pens of " Western Apiarists."
Send for sample copy.

WATKINS & M'CALLUM,
Box 87, Placerville, Calafomia.

BEES Q TNOULTRY

EES Aj KOULTRY
EES VL i OULTRY

The Canadian Bee- Journal

A\0

POULTRY WEEKLY

Is tlie best paper extant devoted to these spe-
cialties. Twenty-four pages, WEEKLY, at $1.00
per year. Live, practical, interesting. Nothing
stale in its columns. Specimen copies free. Sub-
scribers paying in iidvauce are entitled to two in-
sertions of a five-line advt.(40 words) in the ex-
cliange and mart column.

THE D. A. JONES CO.,

Beeton, Ont., Canada.

THE

American Apiculturist

Will be mailed from October 1, 1889 to January 1,
1891 for 8eventy-fiv'> cents. Sample copies free.

Address AMER13AN APICULTURIST,
1 1-89-tf Wenham, Mass.

Please mention the Review.

NEW YORK. FOREIGN ORDERS SOLICITED. NEW JERSEY.

EASTERN * DEPOT

(Bees.)

(Queens.)

MASS.

3-88-tf.

Everything Used by Bee-Keepers,

Exclusive Manufacturer of the

Stanley Automatic Honej-Entractor.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

WHITE POPLAR OR BASSWOOD SECTIONS

One-Piece, Dovetail, or to nail. Any nuan-
tity, any size. Complete machinery — nnest
work. Send for Handsome Illustrated Cata-
logue, Free.

E. R. NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. CONN.

Please mention the Review.

J

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