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LIBRARY

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B47

1893

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Jan. 10, 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ADVEI^TISING t^ATES.

All advertisements will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch.
Discounts will be given as follows : —

On 10 lines and upwards, S times, 5 per cent ; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

_ On 20 lines and upwards, 8 times. 10 percent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On HO lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 80 per cent ; S times, 40 per cent : 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing Iiist.

1 will send the Review with —

(ileaninge, ($1.00)

American Bee Journal ( l.O(i)

Canadian Bee Journal . . . ( 1.00)

American B«» Keeper . . . ( .50)

Progressive Bee Keeper... ( .50)

Bee Keepers' Guide ( .50)

Apiculturist ( .75)

Bee-Keepers' Magazine . . . ( .iiO)

.$1.7.5.

. 1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.40.

. 1.40.

. 1.40.

. 1.65.

. 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules.

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled ; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all foar sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white,"

No. 1 dark," etc.

CHICAGO, Ill.-The market is not brisk.
Dealers that laid in a holiday stock, still have the
same on hand. There is but little fancy white
comb ; such brings 18 cts. Most of the white,
grades No 1, and sells at 16 to 17 cts. Amber and
dark comb brings from 10 to 15 cts. Extracted
brings irom 6 to 9 cts., according to quality.
Beeswax, 20 to 25 cts.

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,

Jan. 11 . 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

CINCINNATI, Ohio.-There is no fancy white
on the market. No. 1 white brings 14 to 16 cts.
in a jobbing way. For extracted honey, ttie de-
mand from manufacturers was slow for the last
few weeks. The demand from consumers is fair.
There is a fair demand for beeswax at 23 to 25
cts. for got)d to choice yellow.

CHAS. F. MUTH&SON.,

Jan. 12. Cincinnati, Ohio.

CHICAGO, 111.— Fancy white is scarce and
the demand is good at 17 cts. No. 1, white. 15 to
16 cts. Dark comb sells very slowly at 13 to 14
cts Light Extracted, S'/s ; dark, 6 to 7 cts. Wax.
23 to 25 cts. J . A . LA M O N ,

Jan. 10. 44 & 4fS So. Water St., Cliicago, 111.

BUFFALO, N. Y— Market is quiet except for
strictly fancy s ock which brings 16 to 17 cts.
Dark and No. 1 white are moving very slowly at
prices ranging from 12 cte downward. Wax. 25
to 28 for best quality. Supply light.

BATTKKSON & CO .

[Jan. 11.

167 & 169 Scott St., Buffalo, N. V.

NEW YORK, N Y.-The demand for comb
honey of all kinds is very limited. While fancy
white is oretty well cleaned up. tlio market is
well stocked with amber, mixed and buckwheat,
and prices on tiiese grades is declining. We
quote, fancy white [I lbs.) i5ct8., No. 1 wliite, 13
to 14 cts.; amber, (1 lbs.) 12 cts. Mixed and
buckwheat, 1 1 lbs. I 8 to 10 cts. Extracted honey
is in good demand and stocks are light. It finds
immediate sale at 8 to 8V4 for ba8swt)od and
white clover; 7 to 7'/i for amber; 6 to 6'/i for
dark and buckwheat. Southern, 70 to 75 cts. a
gallon. Wax is dnll at from 25 to 27, according
to color.

HILDRETH BROS. & SEGELKEN,

Jan. 11. 28 & 30 West Broadway New York.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn.- The demand for fancy
white honey is very good, ani better prices are
expected. The supply is not one-half what it has
been in previous years. We quote fancy white,
1 lb. sections, 19 to 20. No. 1 white, 16 to 17.
Dark, 12 to 14. Extracted in kegs, 10 to 11. In
barrels, 7 to 8.

J. SHEA & CO ,
14 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.

ALBANY, N. Y. — Honey market is slow on ac-
count of cold weather, but stocks are also light.
We have less than 50 cases of honey on hand, and
only one barrel of extracted. We usually have
1,000 cases of honey in stock. For honey not
granulated in the comb, we quote, fancy white
(small combs) 15 to 18. Mixed, 13 to 14. Dark,
10 to 11. Large combs and double glass sell at
from 1 to 2 cts less. White extracted, 8'/i to 9.
Amber, 7^ to 8. Buckwheat, 7 to 7»4.
H. R. 'WRIGHT.
nJan. 13. 326 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

ESTABLISHED 1876.

S. T. FISH & CO.,

COMMISSION MERCHANTS.

Dried Fruit, Honey and Farm Products.

189 South Water St., Chicago.

We make a specialty of our honey department
and ask for your consignments and correspon-
dence. Reference, any bee-paper. 9-92-6t

WHITE POPLAR

SECTIONS.

We have New Steam Power, and New Build-
ings, and are now ready to furnish White Pop-
lar Sections, Clamps, Crates and Wood Sides at
short notice. Workmanship, Quality and Price
unsurpassed. Send for sample and price list.

PRIME & OOV£,
l-90-tf Bristol, Vermont.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

VO\JH PROFITS

Next season will depend larg-ely upon how your bees
come throug-h the winter. Man}- bee - keepers believe
that after l^ees are put into winter quarters nothing-
more can be done for their welfare until spring- has
come. All who believe thus, and all who believe that
care is needed, but are a little uncertain as to what
that care should be, ought to buy the book "Advanced
Bee Culture" and read the chapter entitled "Care of
Bees in Winter." Remember, too, that the book con-
tains 31 other chapters.

Price of the book, 50 cts. ; the Review one ye.ar and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HUTCHINSOISI, Flint, ]V[iGh.

:©

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE- HIVES. SMOKERS,

FOUXDATION FASTENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWEY JOHNSON,

1 9:-!-tf. Masocituwn, I'a.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

Liirgrcst Business of tlie kliiil in tbe West.

We uiauutacture Bee Keeper^' sup-
plies ot all kiuds, beat qualitij at
lowest prices. Dovetailed Hives,
Siiotions, Foundation, Extractors,
Smokers, Crates, Veils. Feeders,

Clover Seeds, Buckwheat, etc.

Imported Italian Queens.

Queens and Bees. Sample

Cnpv of our Bee Joum.-il,
"The Western Bee-Kecpcr,"
auil latest CntBiogue nuiiled
Free to B.e-K.'ppers. AMdress
JOSEPH NYSEWAXDEK,
DG8 JttUIMES, IOWA.

+ 92 tf Please mention the Review.

^^ow, I've Got Voii

Just read our won-
derful otter— nothiuB
like it heard of lietore
in tieepublisbinji. We
Give FREE to every in\v siib-
scriher lo ilie VVe;ElvLY

AMERICAN

BEE JOURNAL

wlio sends $!.■ 0 for a
year's subscri PL on. a
cop\ of '• Newman's "

Bees and Honey

—a -61. 00 tjooli t'RKE.
Has -Z'Zr, pages. '.'OO 11
lustr.itinns. bound in
heavy, tinted paper.
Just, the book for the
he^iiniier or expert.
Y< lU ought to iiave it
Send us 'i new names
at*l 00 eich for the
Rre .[niiriiKl one year &
giir tlie book as a pre-
liiiiim ;we also send it
lo each of the 2 subs.
Simple Journal free

GEO, "W, YORK & CO.

I9!( E. ftHr.dnlnh St..
CHICAGO, - ILL.

Please mention the Review,

THE BKE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

EXTRACTORS ! EXTRACTORS ! !

yAORE THAN EVER, BETTER THAN EVER.

We arf inakinf; a
spocialty of HONEY
EXTRACTORS. W e
make Novice's 2 and 4
frame ; Cowan's Rever-
sible 2, 4, and ti frame,
and Stanley Reversi.
Iiles, 2 and 4 frames.
Nearly all the dealers
landle these goods.
Write for discounts to
the trade.

^ Sawed WoodSeparalors

Instead of slicingthem
I'hey are dry, won't shrink.

we are now sawing them,
and won't roll up.

R()()T\S FOUNDATION FOI118D8. — ..

Made from BRIGHT YELLOW WAX, and the workmanship unexcelled. For priees and i)ar-
ticulars of all goods, send for our ISvKi Catalogue of 52 pages, free.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

?p1iii^rAiBfe. of ^C Keepers Supplies.

TO EEDUCE STOCK.

From now until March Ist only, we will sell No.
1. One-Piece Sections at |2 7.i, and Nc 2 at $2.00
perl.OOi). Other supplies in proportion On all
••ash orders of ?.5.{XI or more, from within 1(H)
miles of us we will pay the freight.

J.J. BRADNER,

1-iW 2t. Marion. Grant Co., Ind.

Please mention the Review.

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OF BEE HIVES. SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM.

1 i):U2t. RIVER PALLS. WIS.

Please mention the Review

Porter's spring Bee-Ejczipe

Saves temper, time and bees.

PROF. COOK says : '' No beekeeper can
.ifldrd to be without them."

WM. M'EVOY, foul brood inspector of Ont.,
Can., says : "'They should be used in every bee
yard in tiie whole wide world."

THOS. PIERCE, Pres. Eastern N. Y B. K. A.
s.iys : 'The time will soon come when all bee-
keo Iters will use tliem.
Send fc I cirinlai and testimoniaN and read what others say of them.
PRICES : Each, by mail, with full instructions, 20 cts. Per doz.. $2.2.'). If. after three months'
trial, they are not found superior to all other escapes, and satisfactory in every way, return them and
we will refund your money. For sale by dealers.

4-b2-tf Mention Reuieui. H- & E. C- POf^TEl^, lieuj iStOUl H, III.

ee-

\eepeps /AeViecu.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Interests of Hoqey Producers.

$L00 A YEAR,

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, EdltOP 8l PPOp.

VOL, VI, FLINT, MICHIGAN, JAN, 10. 1893, NO.

Kotes from the Pacific Coast.— Some of the

Needs and Necessities of California

Bee-Kesping.

.TNO. H. MABTIN.

( )UR leader in

what be - keepers
most Ueed attract-
ed Tn> Httention,
and, :ilthough I
shall not agree to
write a hest arti-
cle, I wi:l write a
short one, and per-
hap.s in that re-
spect it will be the
best. Without yo-
intj into preliminaries and reviewing the
past, I will apply my observatif)ns to things
of the present. You are aware that I have
had quite a long field if not a wide one for
cultivation, and the most striking feature in
relation to the permanancy and success of
bee-keeping is the intermittent nature of the
work, and the further west we go the longer
the intermission. Here in California, after
an apiary has been established and our hon-
ey yield secured and disposed of, then, from
August to the next March, the bees need but
little attention. The apiarist usually has
some other business i^ which he gets so
much interested that the bees are neglected,
and if the season is a poor one the neglect
amounts to the shameful.

The only remedy at present, perhaps, is
the practice of migratory bee-keeping wher-
ever it can be practiced, and California is
perhaps one of the best fields for the prac-
tice of this method. Commencing at the
sea coast and gradually moving back into
the mountains the season would be drawn
out several months, but at present the ener-
gies of the beekeepers and the appliances
are not equal to the occasion and it is not
practiced. There are several points however
to be considered should any desire to put
this plan into practice. If we inigrate we
are liable to interfere with another man's
field and that would not be just. Then every
move adds to the cost of production and
with extracted honey at five cents and comb
at ten cents per pound, such additions would
be ruinous. It would seem almost impossi-
l)le to reduce the cost of production, but I
think it could be done with the perfection of
pre'^ent appliances.

The a ueen excluding honey board and bee-
escape are helps but they do not work with
the perfection we wish, for queens will get
through not only once in a while, but twice
in a while, and the bee escape works the
same way in clearing extracting supers. The
perfection of the swarm catchers, and the
fact of having at last a non-swarming apiary
would be another step in the reduction plan.
Another very important point especially ap-
plicable in this climate and not thoroughly
considered, is a better plan for rearing and
having on hand at all times an unfail-
ing supply of extra - good queens. That

V.

er

V.6
1893

THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW.

yioini alone would make a great difference iu
the honey yield of hundreus of apiaries ou
this coast as well as farther east.

Another object to be attained is to make a
certainty from our uncertainty for there is
nothing more discouraging than to patiently
and laboriously hold your dish right-side up
all through the season and at tlie end find it
empty. As long as this condition of things
lasts honey will never become a staple arti-
cle like butter or Hour which can be depend-
ed upon year after year. Speaking from a
California stand point we have more difficul-
ties to contend with than our Eastern breth-
ren : but I am not sure, if sugar honey is to
be the honey of the future, but we stand iu
a good position to supply tlie world with
that, as we could call it beet honey. The
feeding of the beet sugar would occupy a
good share of the year, and tliat would over-
come the intermissions of the present meth-
od, and put bee-keeping upon a sure footing.

These great subjects are, however, all for
the future to answer and in these articles we
can only speculate upon the probable results.
I would, however, advise no one to abandon
bee-keeping but try to improve and keep
pace with the progress and if the sugar cloud
seems dangerous to some of us, and fraught
with dire consequences, there may be a
silver lining to it. Let us hope and wait and
see.

Redlands, Calif., Dec. 'A, 1S!»2.

l.i^-i

Writers Ought to be More Sure of Their

Premises, and go More Into Details. — Bee

Keeping is Drifting into Specialty.

W. (;. l-UAZIEU.

>ITHI>J the last forty years apicul-
ture has made a vast stride for-
ward. Forty years since, mova-
ble frame hives were unknown or nearly so.
The habits of the bee were a mystery, even
to those who were the foremost in the bee
world and the improvement of bees by the
introduction of new blood, through queens,
was hardly begun, iu fact the idea was pretty
generally prevalent that the drones layed the
eggs.

Such ideas are now seldom met with and
when they are found, serve only to cause a
smile upon the face of the apiarist, such as
is found upon that of the relic hunter when

he finds some very rare and "ancient relic
of the past."

That we have now a new system of keeping
bees and that this new system hih.s^ be fol-
lowed if the apiarist would continue in the
business, experience and observation will
affirm.

That in time to come other improvements
and advances iu the art (for art it is), will be
made, there remains not the shadow of a
doubt.

To mark out the course wliich inventive
genius will take would possibly be consider-
ed presumption in any one man : but if each
one would show in what direction he thinks
improvement and advancement would be
necessary great good might follow.

It would be desirable, if the writer on api-
cutural subjects would enter more into de-
tail in describing their methods ; while no
one can imitate the methods of another, in
all respects, with success, yet many describe
practices and inventions in which it is hard-
ly possible to follow them or in any manner
to imitate.

If the leaders would take pains to advocate
nothing which they had not tried and found
superior, their followers would be spared a
world of pains and worry iu trying to imi-
tate them only to find that the plan or inven-
tion had been gi/en out prematiirely, and
while in all reason and by all theories it
should have been perfection, yet for some
reason unforseen the thing would not work
as it was designed. While examples may
not be in order, yet the Hoffman brood
frame as used in the dovetailed hive and
the self-hiver are fair samples of this. While
they both will no doubt l)e so improved in
time so as to till the places perfectly for
which they were intended: jet at present
there cannot be said to be ou the market a
self-hiver that can be depended upon to hive
a swarm, at least none that is backed by
practical exf)erience, although there are
many, that l)y all theories and in all reason
should accomplisli this, the end for which it
was designed.

The Hoffman frame was intended to be a
frame on which the bees would not build
brace or burr combs. But somehow the bees
could not see it in this light ; they build burr
combs from the frames to the patern slats,
and from the frames to the covers so as to
inake it almost impossible to separate them,
and the frames are as badly joined together
by brace combs between the top bars, as the

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ends of the frames are securely fastened to-
gether by propolis.

The drift of apiculture seems to be, as in
almost all other things, to specialty.

If he is a queen breeder, he will not find it
convenient to take or attend to a large crop
of honey ; and if he is a supply dealer it will
very much interfere with either honey or
queens. But the production of, and caring
for, the houey the bees produce should be the
object of all apiarists, that is the fundamen-
tal principle on which apiculture rests.

This country could easily spare some of its
Bee-Keepers. It needs more Apiarists.

To increase the production of honey should
be the aim of every true apiarist.

To do this requires his utmost skill and
constant vigilance, and he must provide for
the honey harvest months ahead, if he would
have his dish right side up when the honey
flow comes. He must have a strong colony
of young bees, well provided with wholesome
stores at the beginning of winter ; they must
also have a queen that is (jood, young and
vigorous. By good we mean a queen that is
from a pure mother, let her be mated as she
may. Queens should always be reared from
a mother that is pure, be it Italian, Carnio-
lian or Cyprian, and the mother should be
selected for her honey qualities, without ref-
erence to her propensitiy to produce highly
colored bees, only seeing that her bees are
all similarly marked and have the character-
istic marks of her race. In fact, to see that
she is purely mated. While the daughters of
such a queen will give the highest satisfac-
tion as honey gatherers without reference to
how they are mated, yet the mis-mated
queens should never be allowed to produce
queens. If they do the apiary is sure to have
a downward tendency. A mis-mated or
hybrid queen is no more tit to breed from
than a mule would be, were such a thing pos-
sible.

There are a great mass of bee-keepers in
this country that need to be reached ; how
to reach them is the problem ? While they
are following to some extent the practices of
modern apiculture, yet many of them are
following far in the wake. They have only
adopted such things as supers and sections,
because they find it is to their advantage to
do so, as it makes their honey bring them
more money ; and many there are, very
many, that still produce " chunk " honey
and strange as it may seem they find a sale
for their product. The best thing the apiar-

ist can do with one of this class is to induce
him to purchase one of the standard works
on bee-keeping or to subscribe for one of
our numerous and excellent journals on bee-
culture. This will have the effect of elevat-
ing him or breeding him up, if you please,
as much as using a pure bred male does on
the flock or herd. This will have the effect
on him, in time, if he has the mental ability
to back him, of making him a better bee-
keeper, if not indeed a thoroughbred.
Atlantic, Iowa. Dec. 14, 1892.

The New " K. D." Hive and Super. — How
They are Made and Their Advantages.

B. 0. AIKIN.

/^H with what in-
W terest did I look
for and peruse the
December Re-
view ! It was too
short by far. Had
it contained one
hundred articles
from as many api-
arists and parts of
the country, liow it
would have reveal-
ed the condition,
wants and necessities of the pursuit. Amen,
Bro's Doolittle and Miller ; there are mil-
lions in apiculture, hut not to those who seek
filthii h(crc alone.

Friend Doolittle, you can make a success
by taking at least half the crop of your out-
apiaries in comb houey. This article will
not tell you how in specific terms, but I
think it will throw a ray of light on the sub-
ject.

But R. L. Taylor, y-e-s and B. Taylor too,
V)ut especially the former, almost deters me
from telling how.

Bro. Taylor, there are some things apiar-
ists "want," and must have, and there are
both " necessity," and " possibility." Fur-
thermore, I want to say to you, that " inven-
tions " in the way of apicultural appliances
have not yet reached the top. That " con-
trivance " I " have been planning so long,"
I am going to " dro2:> " rightinto the "camp"
by means of this article.

Before entering into details I want to say
that we expect opposition and charges of

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

stealing other inventions ; no good thing
ever met with no opposition. 'Tis true, too,
that but for the thoughts and inventions of
otliers, we would not have developed what
we now have, but, by much thought, and by
combining many old features with some new
ones, we have " brought forth " what we
call our

"K"ay "D"eeHive,

Now, what is it ? First, a combined bot-
tom board and feeder. This is reversible,
and has a 1)2 inch rim, deep side up, for
feeding and wintering, the other side up
during honey flow.

The brood chamber is lO-frame, reversible,
9 X 15 X 17 inches in size. The frame is a
wide-end bar, close fitting, standing frame,
9 X 17. The capacity is about that of 9 L.
frames. The outer case is not nailed at the
corners, but is supplied with metal corner
pieces, screwed or nailed to the sides.
Through these corner irons are passed two
rods (one at either end of the hive) having a
thumb nut at one end. These are so ar-
ranged that the tightning of the thumb nut
gives compression upon both ends and sides.
The frames are reversible singly, or en masse
by reversing the chamber.

The super is 4)^ x 1.5 x 17, and in construc-
tion is identical with the brood chamber case,
save that the ends have a recess or inset to
received the ends of the seperator. The only
inside pieces, are three tin seperators. The
super sides and separators, are provided with
" spurs, edgers, or points," so that when the
sections are in, and the compression brought
to bear, the "spurs" imbed themselves in
the section edges. The compression and
spurs, are the means of supporting the sec-
tions. The super holds 32, 1'h x 4I4 X4I4
sections. The super sides support the sec-
tions adjoining them, while the separators
are placed between each alternate row of
sections, so that all are supported, and each
section will have one straight side because
adjoined by either the super side or a sepa-
rator. There are neither T tins, section
holders, patern slats, followers nor wedges,
in either super or brood chamber, and in
both brood chamber and super, we have
compression from both side and end.

The hive has two covers : a thin, plain
cleated-corner cover ; and a flat, rimmed
cover, about 13^2 inches deep. The rim is
rabbetted •)«, and telescopes that much.

With the hive is a wood zinc slatted queen
excluding honey board, and a queen trap.

There is no provision for an entrance in the
hive proper. The honey board has a bee
space in each side, and has the hive entrance
in its edge, and carries the alighting board.
This board remains on the hive the whole
year. The entrance is double, 1. e., one
opening directly beneath the excluder, and
one immediately above it : a piece of sheet
iron separates the entrances. Thus we have
a free passage for the bees to either brood
chamber or super, without passing through
the hive.

The trap is adjustable to either entrance.
When placed on the lower one its top side is
level with the bottom of the upper entrance,
and practically serves as one alighting board.
This arrangement permits the bees to work
diiect to the super without passing through
excluding metal, but will trap the queen
should she attempt to leave the hive. At
mating time the trap is placed at the upper
entrance, leaving the brood chamber en-
trance free ; but it blocks the queen from
going into the super.

Now, briefly, some of the advantages we
claim.

The entrance being at the top of the brood
chamber will facilitate packing for winter ;
it is out of the grass, weeds and snow, and
above toads. ( Here, toads are as " thick as
hops.") The entrance being so near the su-
per, in fact directly into it, causes work to
begin there earlier, and progress more rap-
idly.

The arrangement of the trap and entrance,
permits us to keep swarms from absconding.

The means of compression is simple but
firm, and permits of reversing the brood nest
at will and leaves no place to propolize in
either brood chamber or super, and reduces
to a minimum the opportunity for burr
combs. No sections can " kick up " or get
out of place.

In wintering we have " top ventilation,"
which we are prepared to prove is necessary
to safe wintering.

The hive will be nailed and painted at
the factory and shipped " K. D." You have
only to put the brood frames together, put
the starters in them, and your hive is ready
for use.

No hive ever ofifered to the public com-
bines so many valuable features with so few
pieces and parts. It is simple, easily han-
dled, and durable ; and to obtain equal re-
sults with any other known hive, will cost
double what this hive will cost.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Now, Mr. Editor, I have very briefly de-
scribed oar hive, and some of its advanta-
ges ; to fully explain its good features and
make plain its construction, would take
many pages and numerous illustrations, but
we hope ere long to have it fully described
and illustrated.

Associated with myself, as a joint inventor,
is Mr. Harvey Knight of Littleton, this State.
Mr. Knight has been for years one of our
leading honey producers in this State and has
for two years been manufacturing supplies,
although now out of the manufacturing bus-
iness. He has also been Secretary of our
State Association for several years.

We have applied for a patent on some of
the new features. We do not expect to be-
come wealthy on royalties, but by thus pro-
tecting ourselves we hope to receive partial
remuneration for our labors. We honestly
believe that our invention is worthy, and will
be a grand help to the pursuit.

LOVELAND, Colo.

Dec. 28, 1892.

That Air Blast Article [Page 269. J— Where

the Extra Energy Comes From to

Make a Stronger Blast.

S. COBNEIL.

REPLYING to Mr.
Hasty '8 letter,
page 300, I have to
say that I understand
the blast of a smoker
to be the air in mo-
tion as it passes out
of the nozzle, and
the more rapid the
motion of this air
the stronger is the
blast; also, the great-
er the quantity of air
driven through the nozzle in a given time
the more rapid the motion, and consequently
the stronger the blast. In all the smokers I
have seen in which the " cut off " was ap-
plied, more or less of the current is dissipa-
ted between the bellows and fire barrel, ow-
ing partly to bad construction, and partly
to want of information on the part of the
maker. By the improvements I have sug-
gested all the air contained in the bellows
and fire barrel is driven through the nozzle,
and in addition thereto there is the large

quantity induced to join the current, and
enter the fire barrel, without passing through
the bellows. To drive this increased volume
of air through the bellows, without loss of
time, it is not necessary to either '"attack" or
•'contradict " the doctrine of the conserva-
tion of the energy, as Mr. Hasty seems to
suppose, because there is abundant energy,
and to spare, stored up in the muscles of the
operator's hand to do the additional work
required. As there is a very much larger
quantity of air driven through the nozzle, in
the same space of time, a little considera-
tion should make it plain to every one that
the blast must be stronger. By having two
new smokers, one having my suggested im-
provements, and the other of the ordinary
Bingham type, but of exactly the same ca-
pacity in every respect, and discharging the
air of each one, say 2.5 or 40 times against
the windwheel of an anemometer, the regis-
ter of the instrument will show exactly the
relative strength of the two blasts. Before
long I hope to have an opportunity of mak-
ing such a test. I have no doubt as to the
general result, but I want to know how much
per cent, one blast is stronger than the other.
Lindsay, Out. Dec. 10, 1892.

Something About the Markines and Color of
the Golden or Five-Banded Italians.

S. F. TBEGO.

iRIEND H. : — I noticed your editorial on
five-banded bees in last Oct. Review
and will say I have had much the same
experience in getting five-banded bees ; but
I have one queen that gets bees with the
first four segments a// yellow andaboutone-
half of them have the fifth segment about
one-fourth yellow, and once in a while I see
a bee with a very narrow stripe on the sixth
segment. They are really not banded bees
at all, but are all yellow on the first three
segments of the abdomen and the rest
black. It would be nearer right to call them
two-handed, one yellow and one black band.
The great trouble with the queens sent
out by some is that they do not produce even
good three-banded bees. 1 received some
queens from the South some months ago
that were sent to one of our customers for
us and they were actually not good leather
colored Italians. The party who sent them
booms his cheap queens.

10

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

I do not think there is a breeder who
warrants the untested queens he sends out to
get more than three-bauded bees.

For the coming season my bees will be di-
vided into five grades, viz. : Warranted, Test-
ed, Selected Tested, Breeders and Best.

The warranted will be untested, but war-
ranted to get bees with no less than three
bands. Tested, get three-band bees and
some of them may show a few four and five-
banded bees. Selected tested, will show
probably one-half of her bees four and five-
banded, the rest three-bauded. Breeders,
will show mostly four and five-banded. Best,
will show all four and five-banded bees. All
queens to be reared from one of the best
grade.

I am not writing this to boom the yellow
bees for they seem pretty well boomed al-
ready ; but will say that I was at the Illinois
State Fair this fall and noticed that the Gol-
den Italians were always qaiet while the
other races : Syrian, Cyprian, Black, Punic,
etc.. were everlastiugly tearing around try-
ing to get out.

The colony that got the first premium was
about like the fifth grade above (Breeders),
and beloQged to a Mr. Short, of Peoria, 111.

SwEDONA, 111. Nov. 1, 181)2.

The Diversity of Southern Bee-Keeping, as
Compared with that of the North, is
Very Great, aud That is why a South-
ern Bee Journal Cannot Succeed.

O. O. POPPLETON.

[Every little while somebody at the South com-
plains that the bee journals are of little value
to Southf>rn bee Keepers, and it was with a view
to remedying this deficiency that I asked our
old friend, O. O, Poppleton. to write a series of
articles on Southern bee-keeping, making them
seasonable for the Soutli. He did not think it
would be possible for him to doso, but the letter
that he sent in explanation is of so much inter-
est that I have obtaine<l his permission to pub-
lish it. Among other tilings hesaye : — ]

^jB WILL try and take time to explain to
G|) you some of the peculiar conditions of
«^ Southern bee-keeping, but I doubt
whether I can be full or clear enough to give
you a good understanding of it.

In the North the difference between the
seasons, so far as bees are concerned, is
sharply defined ; that is, they pass quickly
from the working season to the one of entire
quiet and cessasion from all work, even that

of brood rearing, and from that condition
during the winter almost at one bound into
the full activity of spring work. Very little
surplus honey is obtained outside the four
months of June to September. As we go
Southward the seasons more aud more in-
sensibly shade into each other, and the pos-
sible honey season commences earlier and
lasts later. Thus, at my old location in
northern Iowa, my bees rarely ever com-
menced gathering surplus honey before June
loth, and seldom any after Sept. 1st, while in
extreme south Florida, where my bees are
now, the conditions are exactly rever.sed, the
bees getting more or less honey every month
in the year except June and July, and during
those two months I move the bees to this
place (Hawk's Park) in middle Florida
where we get quite a large surplus during
June and July only. The bee-line distance
between my two locations is about 125 miles,
and yet the flora of the two localities is en-
tirely different.

North of the Ohio conditions of bee-keep-
ing vary but little in different localities.
Time of surplus honey flow : kinds of flow-
ers yielding same, etc., are much alike.
The main reliance for surplus honey is on
few if any more than half a dozen different
kinds of flowers. In the South, conditions
in different localities vary much more than
in the North, and the number of kinds of
flowers yielding surplus honey is many times
more. Even the one State of Florida hasjat
least four widely differing conditions in her
limits, viz. , the swamp region of north
Florida, which Mrs. Harrison visited last
winter, the orange region of the State, the
few small and isolated black mangrove lo-
cations, and the extreme Southern part of
the State where the wild pennyroyal and
other plants flourish.

Bee-keeping in the Cumberland Mountains
and north Georgia is very different from
what it is in the hills of middle Georgia, and
there again it differs from that of the piney
woods of south Georgia. All again differ
from the conditions in which friend Blanton
keeps bees in Mississippi or Mrs. Atchley in
Texas.

The central idea which I wish to convey is
that owing to the different flora, and differ-
ent surplus honey seasons in so /(lonj/ differ-
ing localities in what is known as "the
South," makes it impossible to formulate
any " Monthly Needs" for Southern bee-
keepers that would be of value in any large

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

11

part of the South. This is, I think, the real
reason why a distinctively Soutliern bee-
paper never has, and probably never will,
succeed.

Another thing : I have always aimed to
write only what I have actually done, or opin-
ions formed from actual experience. If I
were to attempt to write anything on South-
ern bee-keeping in general, I would have to
do so largely from hearsay and theory. Only
two other bee-keepers in the world, so far as
I know, are working bees under the same
conditions as I am. You will appreciate
this if I give you a brief account of my sea-
son by months.

August. A light flow of honey the first
few days of the month, after which we move
the bees from this to the lower location, 150
miles south.

Sept. Bees gather just about what honey
they use. More brood is raised this mouth
than last.

Oct. Similar to Sept. except brood-rear-
ing begins to lessen.

Nov. Same as Sept. and Oct. except
brood-rearing almost ceases.
. Dec. Surplus honey commences the first
of the mouth from wild pennyroyal and soft
maple. Gain during mouth from 10 to 25
lbs. per colony, accordiug to weather. Brood
rearing commences strongly about Christ-
mas.

Jan. Same as Dec. except an increased
amount of brood.

Feb. Same as Jan. Swarming commen-
ces last of the month.

March. Wild pennyroyal goes out of
bloom early in the month, but yield from
other sources is euough to keep bees going
and thriving. All artificial increase should
be completed this month.

April. Saw palmetto flow commences
early in the month and contiuues until last
of May. Our apiary work these two mouths
is extracting, building up all colonies and
replacing poor queens.

June. We move our bees up to this loca-
tion (Hawk's Park) in time for commence-
ment of black mangrove honey flow, which
commences about 15th of the mouth.

July. Black mangrove usually yields dur-
ing this entire month.

It will not pay for any of our papers to
take up the matter of doing work as I am
doing it, because the locations where such
work can be done in exceediugly liuiited and
already occupied. Neither is it best for me

to attempt to write about such work as I
have never done, either here or in Cuba, and
that is just what I would have to do if I were
to attempt to write about Southern bee-
keeping.

Now, friend H., I hope I have given you a
slight idea of the situation in our South-land.
If so, all right.

Hawk's Paek, Fla. Dec. 1, 1892.

A Review of the Dec. Review.— Out- Apia-
ries.— Implements. — Experimental Sta-
tions. — ''Digested Nectar." — Hand-
ling Bees in Winter. — House-
Apiaries. — Cellars.

.T. A. GREEN.

"^^THEN I came
A A to read the
Review for Dec.
lOlli, I felt almost
glad that I had
not written any-
thing for it, be-
cause I could ex-
press my apprecia-
tion of it and the
character of its
writers, to others,
so much more
comfortably than if I had had a part in the
making of it. What helpful advice for hu-
manity there is in the articles of friends
Doolittle and Miller. What sound, practical
advice for bee-keepers in others.

Now I want to review this Review a little,
as there are some points I would like to
touch upon, without writing an article on
each or attempting to cover the ground as a
whole.

Doolittle believes in out-apiaries run for
extracted honey. I am glad to see it. I had
begun to believe him wedded to comb honey
and in favor of almost incessant manipula-
tion. If we once get him out on the wide
sea of extracted honey and out-apiaries,
there is no telling what reports we may hear
from him one of these days. I would not
like to have every bee-keeper go to raising
extracted honey, because the market for that
article is so much more easily overstocked
than that for comb honey that a large crop
would briug but low prices to many, unless
they could have a new dispensation granted

12

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

them in the matter of selling honey. More-
over, in the light of recent developments I
am afraid that it is going to be still harder
to sell extracted honey in the future than it
has been in the past. Still, looking at the
question from the standpoint of immediate
economy, I know of no better advice to give
the apiarist desirous of increasing his profits
and rendering them surer, than to establish
out-apiaries of moderate size in the unoccu-
pied fields near him and run them for ex-
tracted honey.

There is much in hives and implements.
There is more in methods. Don't be satis-
tied with poor ones in either. The man who
attempts to meet modern conditions with
the implements and methods of long ago
will surely fail. Throughout the seasons,
good and liad, remember that the specialist,
the man who keeps his business well in hand,
has the advantage. He can make money if
anyone can and when the distance between
profit and expense is but short, he will be
found on the right side.

Dr. Miller's plea for government experi-
naent stations should receive the earnest at-
tention of every bee-keeper. I know that I
have spent hundreds of dollars in experi-
ments. I have no doubt that there are many
others who can say the same. Many of us
have been going over just the same ground
in these experiments and yet I fear the re-
sults we have attained have not been as ac-
curate and valuable as might have been at-
tainea by a single experimenter working
under circumstances that permitted a closer
attention to details and a wider range of
conditions. I believe, at the same time, the
greater part of the expense would be done
away with. I believe that if we would ask
loud enough and long enough, we could se-
cure the help we need in this direction.

The difference between W. F. Clarke and
Prof. Cook is only one of terms. Prof. Cook
does not claim that nectar, in the process of
transformation into honey, passes through
all the stages of digestion, nor does friend
Clarke deny that in this process it passes
through some of these changes. Why should
they quarrel about this difference in de-
grees ? If the word " digested " offends the
nice taste of our Canadian friend, or others,
let them invent some more appropriate
term. Really though, I cannot see why the
thought of eating nectar that has been
changed by the action or addition of the
glandular secretions of the bee, should be
any more offensive than the thought of using

milk, which is entirely a glandular secretion
of the cow. The bee is the cleaner animal, by
far. The general public, for the most part,
believe that honey is a secretion and a large
proportion of them are so confirmed in this
belief that they believe that honey is being
produced in the hive at all times, regardless
of the state of the weather or the time of
year.

Frieutl Hasty's observation, on page 821,
accords with my experience. I have lately
had occasion to handle a number of colonies
of bees in cold weather, part of the time
with the mercury below zero. The prompt-
ness and thoroughness with which those col-
onies would rouse up from their quiescent
state would be a revelation to those that be-
lieve that bees hibernate, and the amount of
heat that they developed when thoroughly
aroused was astonishing even to me. Al-
though I believe it better to do all work with
bees at a time when they can fly, I should
not hesitate, with my present light on the
subject, to handle them whenever they
really needed it. Although if it were very
cold I would take .ihem into a moderately
warm room for the purpose, allowing them
to cool off gradually after I was through.
In this way I have hunted up queens and
done other work of that character in the
coldest weather and with the loss of very few
bees.

H. R. Boardman gives expression to a very
common experience when he says that two
cellars that seem exactly equal in all the re-
quisites of a cellar, may be very unequal for
wintering bees. This is a matter that might
stand considerable investigation. At pres-
ent no one can he sure it will pay him to
winter bees in his cellar until he has given it
a thorough trial for himself. Friend Board-
man's experience with a repository above
ground seems a little remarkable when we
consider how often failure has been report-
ed with this method.

R. L. Taylor's advice is all so good that it
would take an entire article to comment
satisfactorily on its many good points. In
one respect only can I take issue with him.
Great inventions are not always made to
order. It very often happens that they do
not even " fill long felt wants." Many times
a really meritorious invention must struggle
long before it finds appreciation. If inven-
tors always waited for a clamorous need, I
fear much of the world's richness would be
yet undreamed of. While it does seem that
nothing further in the way of great inven-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

13

tions is to be the lot of apiculture, the very
next thing to appear may be something so
valuable and yet so startling in its simplicity
that we will all wonder that we did not see
the want and supply the need.

I think very favorably of the house apiary
idea and I believe another season will Hud
me with one in operation.

I am not going to say anything about the
rest of the number, not even of that charm-
ing picture of the life of the editor, because
it would prolong this article beyond reason-
able limits, but I just want to express my
appreciation of the way it is made up and
the changes of management suggested.

Ottawa, 111. Jan. 44, 1893.

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HOTCHINSOJM, Ed. & PPop.

Terms : — $1.00 a year in advance Two copies,
S1.90 ; three for $2.70 ; five for $4.00 ; ten, or more,
70 cents each. If it is desired to have the Review
stopped at the expiratiou of the time paid for,
please say so when subscribing, otherwise it
will be continued.

FLINT, MICHIGAN. JAN. 10, 1893.

"The West" is a great country and its
bee-keepiug partakes of this greatness, but
it is said that the bee-keeping of the West is
somewhat different from that of the East,
and to make the Review more helpful to
the Western brethren. Jno. H. Martin, bet-
ter known as the "Rambler," will write a
series of articles for the Review for 1893, in
which the needs and necessities of Western
bee-keepers will be given particular atten-
tion. His first article appears in this issue.

This issue of the Review is late on ac-
count of my being away to conventions.
Bee conventions usually come at the wrong
time of the year for the publisher — just when
he has the most work to do — but to keep up
with the times and out of the ruts, a pub-
lisher must mingle as much as possible with
his fellows, I presume that nothing will
again take me from my post for several
months, and I am going to work hard to
" catch up " and have the Review out earlier
in the month. Correspondents can help me
much in this matter by sending in their ar-
ticles as soon as possible.

The Review for January 1889, is all sold
and a customer wishes this No. to complete
his set of back Nos. Any one having a copy
of this issue to sell will please write to this
oliice, stating price.

\i

"The MOST honeit with the least labor "
is what I believe R. L. Taylor secures in as
successful a manner as any man I know. In
the face of this he has had foul brood to con-
tend with. During the coming year he will
tell the readers of the Review how he man-
ages. His first article will be in the next Re-
view.

©

G. T. SoMEBS is the name of a pleasant,
nice looking young man who has been editor
of the Canadian Bee Journal for the last
year. I met him last week at the Ontario
Bee-Keepers' Convention. Practically, Mr.
D. A. -Jones has nothing more to do with the
C. B. J.

The American Bee Journal is bound not to
fall behind. Each issue is to contain a por-
trait ana biographical sketch of some api-
cultural celebrity. There is nothing like a
face to face meeting and the hearty hand
clasp, but even these are rendered still more
pleasant by having first seen the portrait
and read the sketch.

The Progi'essive Bee-Keeper is again on
deck, its pages a little reduced in size but
with just as much reading matter, as it has
some new type that is not quite so large as
the old. I think it is Brevier, and, to my
way of thinking, that is about the neatest
size type for a magazine.

E. E. Hasty is a well-educated man, a
practical bee-keeper, and, as a writer he is
the most bright, piquant, and original in ex-
pression of any in our ranks. These gifts
are to be employed the coming year in help-
ing make the " Extracted Department " of
the Review. He is to have all of the jour-
nals, read them carefully, and then criticise,
commend and condemn their contents in
that inimitable style of his. The Review is
to come in for its share of criticism.
" Hasty 's Review " will probably be one of
the most interesting and valuable features of
the Review for 1893. His first batch of
criticisms will appear in the next issue.

14

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

THE 8UGAB HONEY DISCUSSION HAS GONE EAR
ENOUGH AT PRESENT.

I said I had more articles on sugar honey
that would be published in due time. Per-
haps their authors are wondering why they
are not. The reason is that the bee-keeping
public is opposed to the discussion. An ed-
itor has an opportunity that is accorded to
no other, to v)lace his finger upon the public
pulse. In the hundreds and hundreds of let-
ters that have come to me in the past month,
and from the bee - keepers that I have met
at three conventions of a National charac-
ter, I have learned that there is a strong op-
position against even the discussion of the
raising of honey by feeding sugar to bees.
In some instance this opposition amounts to
a bitter rage. Some of you may remember
the pains that I have taken in the past to
learn what course in the getting up of the
Review would be the most acceptable. Well,
when it has been shown to me so clearly that
this discussion is distasteful to the majority,
what folly to force it upon these unwilling
readers. I have several most excellent arti-
cle upon this subject. One from Mr.Dag-
gitt, in which he calls attention to the fact that
it is the floral flavor of honey that gives it
its chief value. Illustrations and evidence
are given at length. Again, this very morn-
ing,Ihave received from Frank S. Aby, Direc-
tor of the Histological Labratory of the Iowa
State University a most able paper discuss-
ing the question most throughly from sci-
entific ethical and economic standpoints.
He supports Prof. Cook and says that theop-
psition comes from the ignorance of bee-
keepers on chemical and physiological points.
It seems a pity that this subject cannot be
throughly and calmly discussed in all of its
bearings, but with the present feeling, its
continuance would only stir up bitterness,
and I think that the best thing that can be
done is to drop it right where it is, at least,
for the present.

THE OEANE AND BINGHAM SMOKERS.

At the Mich. State Bee-Keepers' Conven-
tion, held in Lansing, a little more than a
month ago, Mr. Bingham showed a smoker
of exactly the same siz° as the one Mr. Crane
sent me. It also had a bellows the same size
as the Crane. His object was to show me
that his smoker had a stronger blast than
the Crane. The Bingham smoker certainly
had the stronger blast. Mr. Bingham's idea
is that the friction of the air in the tube, and

the two turns that it is compelled to make,
robs the air of its force. It seemed to me
that if all of the air in the bellows were forced
into the fire barrel, the blast would be just
as strong, although there might be more ex-
penditure of force by the operator in over-
coming the friction. The fact remained,
however, that the blast of the Bingham was
the stronger. It seemed to me that this was
scarcely a fair test, as a smoker is used filled
with af hes, coals and fuel. When the air is
called upon to overcome this obstruction, I
felt sure there would be a re-action from the
Bingham, through the "cutoff," and that
the blast from the nozzle would be weaker.
We stuffed the barrels of each smoker with
wads of paper, and yet the blast of the Bing-
ham was the stronger. Of course these
tests were not exact. There was no instru-
ment with which to test the strength of the
blasts, and the Bingham smoker was new,
while the Crane was old and composed of
parts of several smokers i)ut together, the
obstruction caused by filling the smokers
with paper could not have been exactly the
same, the barrel of the Crane was rough
from being covered with soot, while that of
the Bingham was new and smooth. Allow-
ances ought to be made for all of these
things, yet the fact that the Bingham gave
the stronger blast in all the conditions ought
not to be overlooked. Mr. Bingham attrib-
utes the stronger blast to the lack of friction
caused by the tube and turns of the Crane
and to the air that is drawn in by the cur-
rent in its passage from the bellows to the
fire barrel.

I took the Crane and Bingham smokers
with me last week over to the Ontario Bee-
Keepers' convention and let Mr. Cornell
take them. He is going to try and secure
the use of an instrument for testing the force
of blasts of air and test them together with
a smoker of his own that is arranged with
tubes between the bellows and the fire bar-
rel after the manner illustrated in the Octo-
ber Review, page 259. He will make a new
barrel for the Crane, so that the soot will not
have any effect in the trial.

I suggested that the smokers ought to be
filled with planer shavings the same as when
in use. Mr. Cornell admitted that that
would be the fairer way were it not that it
would be impossible to fill the smokers ex-
actly the same, that is, so that the obstruc-
tion would be exactly the same in each. I
will admit that this is true, but the obstruc-
tion would be so nearly the same, that in

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

15

aetual practice there would be so little dif-
ference, and considering that this is the
manner in which smokers are used, I wish
that Mr. Corneil would try them in this way
as well as empty.

After all, the best test for a smoker is
actual use in the apiary. I have believed
that the principle of the Crane is ahead of
the cut-off, or Bingham principle, but if it
isn't, I know that no one is more anxious
than Mr. Crane to know it.

I expected to illustrate in this issue a smo-
ker with a double bellows, one that would
throw a continuous stream of smoke, but
the cut did not come in time.

THE TBIP TO WASHINGTON AND SOMETHING
ABOUT THE CONVENTION.

Christmas evening I took the train for the
journey to attend the convention at Wash-
ingboa. Between here and Toledo I fell in
with a commercial traveller. What good
company these knights of the grip usually
prove to be. They have been everywhere
and seen everything, and know how to tell of
it. And what stories they can tell. They
know which are the best hotels. Not neces-
sarily the highest priced ones, but those
where a man can get the most com tort for
his money. I would reach Toledo about
midnight, and could not go on until morn-
ing. When I mentioned the fact, my com-
panion told me without a moment's hesita-
tion at which hotel to pass the remainder of
the night. I found that I lost nothing by
following his advice. When passing through
Auburndale (a suburb of Toledo) ths temp-
tation was very strong to leave the train and
route out Dr. Mason and ask him how it
would be about furnishing me with good
company while on my journey. I knew the
Doctor's good nature, but I disliked to get
him up at midnight to ask a favor that might
be answered in the negative.

7:30 the next morning found me in the last
car of a train bound for Mansfield, Otiio.
The steam pipes were frozen up and it seem-
ed as though the brakeraan would never get
the coal fires to burn. After about two hours
fruitless endeavor to get heat, the conductor
decided to take the cold car for a smoking
car. He said to the ladies : " Come into this
car where it is warm." To the gentlemen he
said : " If you wish to smoke, please go in
the rear car." Nobody complained and
everything was lovely.

Reached Mansfield about noon. The re-
gular train to Pittsburg was four hours be-
hind. A special train was put on, but there
was no time to get any dinner. Half a doz-
en bananas of the train boy stayed my stom-
ach until I reached Pittsburg in the evening,
but I would not give much for the profit that
was made off my supper.

The time of this trip was during the holi-
day rates on the railroads, and the cars were
terribly crowded during the middle of the
day. In such crowds it is interesting to one
of a philosophical mind to see the exhibi-
tions of human nature. It seems as though
those who are travelling but a short distance
make the most fuss over any little incon-
venience, while those going long distances,
or who are experienced travellers, seem wil-
ling to put up with a little inconvenience for
the sake of keeping peace in the family.

Eight o'clock in the evening found me on
board a Pallman sleeper at Pittsburg witn no
more changes to be made until I should step
out in Washington the next morning. There
is no way in which I so delight to travel as
in a Pullman sleeper. The car is so nicely
furnished and upholstered, has double glass
in the windows to make it warmer and to
keep out the noise. Then the ventilation and
heat seem to be so excellent, and the car
rolls along so smoothly. The gentle motion
and the low monotonous noise has a soporific
effect — something like a mother rocking her
baby to sleep. The Pullman sleeper practi-
cally annihilates time and space. One goes
to sleep in one city and wakes up in another
300 miles distant. The expense is not so
very great. A room at a good hotel costs at
least §1.00, and a berth in a sleeper only
f 2.00, and it must be a pretty poor business
man whose time is not worth at least $1.00
a day. There is one little thing that I don't
like, and that is the fee that you are expect-
ed to give the porter. I don't mind the
"quarter " so very much, but I object to the
principle. If a man wishes his shoes black-
ed, and clothes brushed, and his grip car-
ried, etc., it is all right to pay the porter for
these services, but suppose that he does not
care for these services, a custom that com-
pels him to accept and pay for them is wrong,
and I "kick;" I hide my shoes so that the
porter can't find them, and when he comes
around in the morning and asks to " brush
me down," I say : " No, thank you, I can
brush my own clothes."

16

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

" Why do I mention all these little
things ?" Because I am a little peculiar in
this respect. When I am with a great crowd
going to see some " show " I am always on
the lookout for, and tlelight in finding, some
little bypath or object that the crowd misses.
For instance when in the great capitol
building I happened to look down an open
door into a basement room, and there I saw
a workman with his dinner spread out before
him, and I at once fell into a train of thought
as to what kind of a home he had, and the
loving hands that probably put up that lunch,
etc. When Frank Benton was reading his
paper he paid a glowing tribute to his wife,
told how she stood by him through thick and
thin, I could see the veias stand out on his
forehead like whipcords, and there was a
huskiness in his voice. It was a little thing,
but it spoke volumes and put the man still
higher in my estimation. It was the same
when Mrs. Eugene Secor, who had stopped
over one day at Baltimore to visit friends,
came into the convention room, and a hearty
hand shake a sort of confidential smile that
passed between her and her husband showed
how happily they must live.

But I must hasten on. What about Wash-
ington ? Well, it is'nt Chicago with its tall
buildings, and the hustle and bustle of its
commerce and manufactories, but it is a
beautiful, clean, residence city. Its streets
are wide and most of them covered with
asphalt pavements, and oh, how clean they
are kept ! Men with great, wide, iron shov-
els, shovels that remind one of a huge dust-
pan with a long handle, are constantly busy
on the streets. The moment that a bit of
filth is seen upon the pavement it is at once
scooped up and carried away. I even saw
men busy with brooms sweeping the pave-
ments. Washington is' the paradise of bi-
cyclers. Thousands and thousands of these
silent travellers glide hither and thither over
the smooth pavements. Nowhere have I seen
more elegant " turnouts ;" that is, fine
horses, with silver mounted harnesses, glit-
tering coaches, and colored drivers dressed
in broadcloth and heads covered with "tall"
hats. A view of Pennsylvania Avenue re-
minded me very much of scenes that I had
seen in pictures.

The next morning after the convention was
over a party of fifteen or twenty started out
to " do " the sights. Of course the first
thing was the capitol building. It is upon a
rise of ground, and surrounded by stone ter-

races and everything is so well proportioned
that its great size is not so apparent. The
building, as is the case with most if not all
of the government buildings, is wholly of
stone, marble and metal. Some of the
rooms are simply elegant, with their pillars
of variegated marble, floors of grey and
white marble, walls of white marble inter-
spersed with mirrors. Upon the walls in
many places are historical paintings, show-
ing the figures life-size. It is also interest-
ing to visit the senate chamber and the house
of representatives and see the spot where the
laws of this great nation are passed. Many
sought out the desk of the congressman from
their district and had the pleasure of occu-
pying his seat for a moment. I am so little of
a politician that I actually did not know who
was the representative from my district.
From the steps of the capitol one gets a fair
view of the city, while the clatter of the thou-
sands of hoofs on the pavements comes up in
a subdued roar that reminds a bee-keeper of
the roar heard in an apiary at the close of a
prosperous day's work at honey gathering.

From the capitol we went through the
greenhouses with their various plants and
trees gathered from all parts of the world.

The next place visited was the U. S. fish
commission. Here is carried on the hatch-
ing of fish and sending them away to stock
distant waters. To most visitors the most
interesting feature is the "Deep Sea Grotto."
This is a long room in which most of the
light comes in through the aquariums ranged
along its sides. The bottom of each aqua-
rium is covered with pure white sand and
gravel, then pebbles, pieces of rocks, shells,
etc., are put in, and among them are marine
plants and leaves of a long, thread-like na-
ture. The plants are mostly of bright colors,
such as green or crimson. In each aquarium
are placed one or two varieties of fish. Some
are quite peculiar. For instance the "floun-
der," that lies flat upon the bottom, and it
requires sharp eyes to distinguish it from
the gravel and sand at the bottom. Then
there are shell-fish, toad-fish that resemble a
toad without legs but furnished with a fish-
tail. Here, I for the first saw some eels.

We next went to the National Museum and
the Smithsonian Institute. Here are gather-
ed together the most interesting things that
it has been my lot to see. A dress suit of
Washington, his writing desk and chair, etc.,
seemed to bring the past so near to the pres-
ent. All the commissions received by Gen-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

17

eral Grant may be seen. One of these was
signed by Jefferson Davis. Different kinds
of stones and their uses are shown, then the
crystals are in another group, the metals in
another, etc., etc. The different races of
the world and their dress are illustrated by
wax figures. Then there are groups of in-
sects, of birds, of animals, etc. I was pleas-
ed to notice that the growth of a bee from
the egg to the full grown bee was shown by
specimens preserved in alcohol. A virgin
queen and one just mated were shown. I
must mention one specimen among the
birds, that of the Rhinoceros Hornbill. It
is a black bird as large as a good sized roos-
ter. It has a red topnot and a long crooked
bill that probably gives it its name of horn-
bill. It builds its nest in an opening in the
side of a tree, the same as does our American
wood-pecker. And now comes the peculiar
part. When the female begins sitting, the
male stops up the opening with mud, leav-
ing a hole large enough for the prisoner to
thrust out her bill. She, of course, must be
fed by the male. The supposition is that
the opening is closed to protect the nest and
its contents from enemies. All this is illus-
trated by a model in wax, except that I think
the bird on the outside, that was in the act
of feeding his mate, was probably a stuffed
specimen. Just as we were about to leave
the building, one of the Washington friends
who very kindly volunteered to show us
about, said : " Mr. Root, wouldn't you like
to see something from the other world ?"
'• Certainly." He then led the way to where
lay a specimen of an aerolite. It looked like
a cross between a piece of cast iron and a
lump of anthracite coal. It was marked:
" 1400 lbs." If this is its true weight, it is
the heaviest substance I ever saw.

Our next visit was to the Treasury De-
partment. It reminded me of a prison.
There were the massive walls of stone, the
low arched passageways, the grated iron
doors, etc. The money is counted so many
times, and passes through so many hands,
each one doing only a small part in its man-
ufacture, that theft is impossible. The re-
demption and destruction of mutilated or
worn out currency is interesting. It is count-
ed and re-counted, then large holes are
punched through it, then it is counted again,
then the bills are cut in halves, then each
half counted separately by difierent persons,
and at last it is put into a vat for maceration,
and new bills issued in place of the old ones.

We went down into the vault where in one
pile lay 193.000,000 in silver dollars. They
were in rough pine boxes, each holding a
little more than half a bushel I should judge.
These boxes were stacked up in a pile per-
haps forty or fifty feet square and eight feet
high. Around the pile was a grating of iron
or steel. A narrow alley around the outside
allowed one to walk around the pile. Through
the courtesy of one of the officials, we were
shown the room where the U. S. bonds are
kept, and for the space of perhaps half a
minute, the fingers that are now manipula-
ting the keys of the type writer, held in their
grasp U. S. bonds worth $l,()<i(),(toO !

The next visit was to the Art Gallery. The
paintings and statuary were exceptionally
fine. Among the latter I stood the longest
before two little twin girls perhaps a year
and a half old lying asleep, their curls inter-
mingling, the head of one upon the shoulder
of the other and her chubby arm throw over
her sister. Two little feet peeped from un-
der the covering that lay in folds so natural
that I could almost imagine that it rose and
fell from an imaginary breathing beneath
it. The faces were alike but the crowning
beauty was the expression of sweetness and
innocence seen only in a sleeping child.
The man who can put such expression into
cold, white marble, is worthy of the name,
artist. The painting from which I derived
most satisfaction was the "Forester's
Home." A room in a house built of logs.
Guns, axes, and rude implements upon the
wall. The forester, a man with a flowing
grey beard, sits at the head of the table, a
long pipe in his mouth, his head partly sup-
ported by a brawny hand, the elbow of that
arm leaning upon the table. Upon the face
an expression of extreme weariness enjoying
a well-earned repose. Before a blazing fire
in a fire-place knelt the wife attending to the
roasting of some game, or something of that
sort. At her side lay a dog, and the inter-
ested, earnest, "doggish" expression upon
the dog's face was brought out so strongly
by the bright firelight that it was hard to re-
alize that it was only a picture. The effect
of the ruddy glow upon the woman's face
and on the folds of her dress was simply per-
fect.

The last place visited was the Washington
Monument. I believe this is the tallest
structure in this country — 520 feet in height.
I should judge it was fifty feet square at the
base. Inside there is a winding stair way,

18

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

also an elevator that will take up thirty per-
song at once. It nearly always goes up full
and leaves more waiting. It requires half
an hour to make the round trip. I went up
in the elevator and came down the stairs.
The noise of the city does not reach the ob-
server at the top. I never before realized
the immense amount of "nerve" that it
must require for an aeronaut to make a
" drop " from a balloon. The people skat-
ing out on the Potomac looked like ants
standing on their hind legs. Some lish ponds
that seemed to come almost up to the foot
of the monument, were found to be at least
forty rods away. Railway trains going out
of the city seemed to move at a snail's pace ,
but the motion of the side-rods to the engine
showed that they were making fair speed. I
suppose there was no danger in this aerial
trip, yet I experienced a feeling of relief
when I again placed foot upon mother

Mr. A. I. Root and wife and Ernest Root
and myself all started for home the same
evening by the Pennsylvania route. When
in the station I happened to think that that
was the place where Garfield was shot. I
asked the policeman about it and he pointed
out the spot. Inlaid in the floor is a silver
star about five inches in diameter.

Unfortunately, I passed through the beau-
tiful mountain scenery of Pennsylvania,
both in going and returning, in the night.
We arrived at Pittsburg about nine in the
morning. I had often heard this city called
the " smoky city," but I was not prepared to
find the smoke quite so thick. Switch lan-
terns are kept lighted all of the time as the
gloom is so great that the signals cannot
otherwise be sean. We passed near a church
and I noticed that the top of the spire was
scarcely visible. I suppose people living
here are happy, but it does not seem as
though I could be.

At Alliance, Ohio, Mr. Root's car branched
off for Cleveland. I reached Mansfield at
about four P. M. I found that my train
would not be along until nearly midniglit,
and, as I was so tired, I stopped all ni^htaud
went on the next day, reaching home with-
out incident, at about nine in the evening.

As I caught a glimpse of my own humble
home nestled in behind the evergreens, and
saw my wife watching at the window, it
seemed as though my trip away had been a
dream from which I was just awakening.
The baby stared at me in a surprised way for
a moment, then broke out with a smile of

recognition. I was now enjoying the pleas-
antest part of the trip — that of getting home.

What of the convention ? As I expected,
it was not largely attended. It was too far
to one side.of the country. It was like locat-
ing an apiary on the banks of Lake Michi-
gan— the supply of nectar is cut off from one
side. The attendance was mostly of prom-
inent bee-keepers and the meeting was very
interesting and profitable.

That old, knotty question of "grading of
honey " was brought out and discussed with
old-time vigor. When there seemed to be no
chance for an agreement it was laid aside
and then taken up at some future session.

There seems to be no use in having a su-
perfine grade — one that is perfection. The
dealers say they don't want, don't need it,
and that it will work against the sale of the
ordinary No. 1 honey. Two grades are a
plenty, say the df-alers, and after an almost
endless discussion in which the matter was
carefully gone over in detail, a modification
of the Chicago grading was adopted. It
reads as follows , —

Fancy.— All surtiousto be well filled : combs
straight, of even tliickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides : both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1. — All sections well-filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, ainber
and dark. That is, there will be "fancy white;"
"No, I dark," etc,

I do not consider the above perfect, but I
do think that it is the best system that has
had the endorsement of the North American.

Self-hivers were discussed and it was
brought out most clearly that any hiver to be
a success must allow the bees to return to
the old entrance. E. R. Root had tried about '
a dozen last season. Tliey were of the Pratt
style in which the bees are hived in a hive
below the old hive, the bees passing through
this lower hive when at work, before they
swarm. These hivers can he furnished for
fifty cents. They will hive the bees all right,
but what can be done and what can be
pmfifdhhj done are two things. Mr. Root
was not yet ready to encourage bee-keepers
to invest largely in them un il they had given
them an extended trial.

" .\dulleration of honey " was brought to
the surface by a paper from Prof, Cook, in
which he showed how the adnlleration of
honey by glucose or by cane sugar could be
detected, but that the feeding of sugar to
bees, or rather the bees, when sugar is fed to

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

Id

them, change it to honey, and hence, he
claimed, that this was not adulteration — that
the product was truly honey — that the chem-
ist could not detect it from floral honey.
Prof. Wiley was present and took issue with
the views of Prof. Cook. He admitted that
he had not yet been able to detect "sugar
honey," but asserted that he could do so. It
would be done with the polariscope. Sugar
syrup, at a certain temperature (just below
the boiling point, I believe the Prof, said),
is inactive in the polariscope. That is, it
does not turn the polarized ray of light to
either the right or the left. He was positive
that the feeding of honey to bees would not
change this characteristic. 1 cannot help
wondering why the Prof, did not put to use
this method. He was not prepared to ac-
cept Prof. Cook's definition of honey. He
(Wiley) was not prepared to give a defini-
tion, but he felt sure that one characteristic
should be that it came from the flowers. He
admitted that the bees did change the cane
sugar of nectar to the invert sugar of honey,
but asserted that nectar was often composed
partly of invert sugar. He agreed with the
views put forth by Mr. Heddon at the late
Michigan State convention, that commercial
glucose is healthful. The objection to its
use in adulteration is that it increases the
amount of honey on the market and thus
tends to lower the prices. He said that an
ordinary person could not by the use of
litmus paper or any ordinary process deter-
mine if honey is adulterated. It iv. a most
delicate operation — one requiring high train-
ing, skill and proper apparatus. Prof. Riley
said that considering the varied sources from
which bees gather substances, and the diffi-
culty of always knowing exactly what are
these sources, he doubted if it would be pos-
sible to decisevely settle some of these tine
points.

Frank Benton very carefully and fully
went over the ground of the introduction of
Italian bees into this country. According to
his statements, the U. S. government should
have the credit for their importation. He
gave an account of his journeyings in the
East and his experience with the different
races of Ijees. Then he gave the character-
istics of the different varieties. These are so
well known that I believe I will not take
space to enumerate them. I will say, how-
ever, that Mr. Benton went into details more
fully than I have known him to do on other
occasions.

Last year, at Albany, a committee was ap-
pointed to see what could be done in the way
of securing government aid to apiculture.
This committee reported asking the fol-
lowing : —

1st. That the section of apiculture in the
Division of entomology, in the Department
of Agriculture be raised to an independent
Division,

2nd. That in connection therewith there
be an experimental apiary established at
Washington, having all the appointments
necessary to a first-class, experimental sta-
tion.

3kd. That the appropriation for this Di-
vision be sufficiently large so that work may
not be embarrassed by the lack of funds.

C. V. Riley, government entomologist,
read a lengthy paper showing what the gov-
ernment had done and what it could do for
apiculture. He reviewed what had been done
and said that much more might have been
done if bee-keepers had put forth a united
effort in bringing home to the head of the De-
partnient, and to those in charge of the gen-
eral appropriations, the needs and just de-
mands of the industry. He said, in sub-
stance, that what the government can do
will depend greatly upon what sums Congress
may see fit to appropriate for such investi-
gations, and this will depend in turn, to
some degree, upon what representations as
to the needs of the industry and the possible
benefits to the material interests of the
country, are made to the head of the Depart-
ment, to the committee on Agriculture, and
to other members of Congress by their con-
stituents. This is the matter in a nut shell,
and in my opinion it is a matter for the Bee-
Keepers' Union to take hold of. Prof. Riley's
advice was that we make friends of the in-
coming Secretary of Agriculture and show
him the importance and needs of Apicul-
ture.

The scope of the Bee-Keepers' Union has
been too narrow. Most of the men who put
in their dollars never expected a cent of ben-
efit in return. Last summer it was proposed
to change its constitution so that its money
and influence could be used in fighting adul-
teration. Soon it was seen that money might
be needed to secure legislation favorable to
bee-keeping. As new needs would be con-
tinually springing up, it was proposed to so
change the constitution that the money and
influence of the Union could be used for any
purpose thought advisable by the advisory

20

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

board. The convention approved this
change. There was not one dissenting voice.

Win. F. Clarke sent a letter protesting
against the incorporation of the North Amer-
ican. The grounds of his protest have been
gone over so frequently in the journals that
I will not repeat tliem. E. R. Root said
that as the proposed change in the Bee-
Keepers' Union, if adopted, would enable
the Union to do the work that had been in
view when the North American was incorpo-
rated, it might be well, inasmuch as incor-
poration had alienated us from our Canadi-
an brethren, to have the incorporation aban-
doned. But this was an important subject
and ought not to be decided hastily, hence
he moved that the matter be laid on the table
until the next meeting with a view of giving
it favorable consideration at that time.
Carried.

Dr. C. C. Miller was elected President ;
J. E. Crane Vice President ; Frank Benton
Secretary ; and Geo. W, York Treasurer.
The next meeting is to be in Chicago. Most
excellent men have been elected as officers ;
the place of meeting could not well have
been elsewhere, and in all probability the
next convention will surpass all previous
ones. It is proposed to hold it early in Oc-
tober.

How to Use the Solar Wax Extractor, and

How to Get the Wax Out of the

Residue, or "Slumgum."

To be able to get all of the wax out of all
kinds of combs is quite a trade, and all such
articles as the following written by R. C.
Aikin, and published in Gleanings, ought to
be read and studied by all who have much
wax to render :

•'I read with interest H. R. Boardman's
article on p. 771, also the offer you make in
your foot-note. I want you to make your
test thorough. Surely much wax remains in
the refuse when it makes so good a fire.
Sometimes, however, its burning quality
might come from propolis, which is almost
equal to wax for fuel.

Last spring we had a lot of stocks to trans-
fer, both with and without frames ; also a
like lot of hives in which the bees winter-
killed. In all these the honey was from one-
fourth to three-fourths candied. Nearly all
of them were old combs, some very old, and
many with pollen. Then the que ry was, how
to get this separated into feed honey, wax,

and slumgum. We could not feed the honey
by letting the bees carry it out of the combs,
for they would waste the bulk of the candied
honey by 'kicking it out of doors.' The
honey thus wasted would be worth more than
the combs or wax. To render by steam or
water applied directly would waste much
honey ; so dry heat, by means of solar wax-
extractor, seemed the best way to do it.

Mv heart was set on having a jumbo solar
(it's set yot, only more so than before) ; so,
early in April I bought some double-strength
glass, cut from broken store-windows, show-
cases, and such. It cost me !|2..50 at the
price of single-strength glass, and made a
sash about 2 ft. 10 in. x (i ft. G in., and I very
soon had a solar wax-extractor at work in
the yard. The thing is built on wheels, two
at one end and one at the other, oae of them
being pivoted like a bed-castor. This makes
it convenient to pull about, and to wheel in-
to the honey-house to unload and reload
when robbers are bad. From April to Octo-
ber that extractor has been at work, and has
turned out over 300 lbs. of wax and over 1000
lbs. of feed honey that was mostly candied
in the combs. The wax is No. 1 in quality.

After accumulating two or three barrels of
the refuse I experimented on it. Some was
soaked four weeks in water, and cooked by
steam applied direct. Some was soaked sev-
eral days in a mixture ox water and concen-
trated lye, so strong it was a slick, soapy
mass, and it was cooked by steam applied
direct, with the mass in a bran- sack. I used
steam under pressure, and turned a jet of
steam into the center of the mass. I tried
first by having a false bottom made of slats
about six inches from the bottom of the bar-
rel, and the sack in this, so the wax would
drip below and run out at the bottom. This
brought out some wax, but left plenty to
make a good fire. I then plugged the hole
at the bottom of the barrel, and filled the
barrel with water, so that the whole mass
was submerged. I then applied the steam-
jet as before — that is, to the center of the
mass in the sack. The jet was applied for
nearly half a day, with stirring, turning, and
prodding the sack. As fast as wax would
accumulate on the water it was skimmed off,
until it seemed that scarcely a bit could re-
main in that sack. I then took the sack out.
At first it contained about four bushels of
the slumgum ; but now it was reduced by
washing out pollen, etc., until it was about a
bushel. I then put it under moderate pres-
sure. This caused the wax to flow " from
every pore," resulting in one or two pounds
more of wax. I then again put the whole
mass into cold water, when the wax appear-
ed in small grains throughout the whole
mass, about as butter does just as it begins
to gather when being churned. I now have
a barrel of this refuse soaking in lye-water,
and will experiment to see what wax can be
gotten from it.

The refuse used in these experiments was
the result of rendering over 200 lbs. of wax.
using mostly those old comV>s and hive-
scrapings, etc. The result was something
over 20 lbs. of wax that was much darker
than the first, as gotten by solar heat. Both
because we had to keep the solar extractor

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

21

going in order to get our comb all rendered,
and because we expected to subject the re-
fuse to the second process, it was not as
thoroughly drained in the solar as it might
have been. However, the wax received from
it paid about §2.00 a day for the time en-
gaged in putting it through the process.

I am confident that neither the solar nor
steam process comes near getting the wax
all out. Old combs, pollen-fillea, together
with dead bees and such, make such a mass
of refuse that a great amount of wax is re-
tained in it, in spite of all my efforts so far
to remove it. I find, however, that we need
a laige solar extractor, and then not load it
too heavy. If the refuse be drawn back to
the upper end, and spread out thinly on a
rather steep incline, and left there a few
days in the hottest weather, and for about
four weeks when not so warm, very much
wax will eventually be drained out that can-
not be gotten out in two or three days' time.
If the solar extractor be large enough, and
the stuff left in it long enough, I think more
wax will be extracted than by steam or water.
The feed honey alone that can be obtained
by using a solar extractor abundantly pays
for the instrument, besides the other points
of advantage. But what I want to know is
an equally cheap method of getting the rest
of that wax out of the slumgum.

R. C. AiKiN.

Loveland, Col.. Nov. 7, 1892.

The editor of Gleaninrjs comments as fol-
lows :

[Your experiments are interesting and
valuable, and we believe the results at which
you arrived are correct, as they confirm to a
very great extent our own. From old tough
and black combs it is exceedingly harti to
get the wax all out. The Dadants recom-
mend first pulverizing them during cold
freezing weather. At that time, being very
brittle, they will work up very fine. Now,
then, the best way to render this, so far as we
know, is to spread this pulverized comb thin-
ly over the bottom of a large solar wax-ex-
tractor. Allow it to stand that way for sev-
eral days in the hot sun, stirring it occasion-
ally in the mean time, so as to present new
surfaces to the sun. After it seems to have
drained out all the wax there is in the slum-
gum, clean out the extractor, put the con-
tents into the slumgum box or barrel, and
be sure to cover it tightly, because the moth-
worms will very soon begin to work on it.
After a barrel or so has accumulated, put it
into a cheese-cloth (or, preferably, burlap)
bag, as large as can conveniently he put into
a receptacle in which it is to be further treat-
ed with hot water slightly acidulated with
sulphuric acid. Get the water to boiling,
and with a stick punch the sack under water:
and as the wax rises, skim it off on the sur-
face of the water. Last of all, remove the
sack with its contents from the boiling wa-
ter : quickly place it in a press ; squeeze it,
putting on all the pressure possible, and con-
siderably more wax will ooze out in small
pellets.

The solar wax-extractor will take out per-
haps nine-tenths of the wax ; but there is yet

that tenth, which must be removed, as far as
possible, by the agency of hot water, sul-
phuric acid, and the wax-press. Even then
there is a little left that may be removed by
continually working at it, but it is a question
whether it is worth the time consumed in do-
ing it.

THE EESULT OF THE EXPEBIMENT ON THE
BOABDMAN SLXIMGUM.

Referring to the slumgum of H. R. Board-
man, and our challenge to him to send on a
couple of bushels and we would prove there
was wax m it, we have this to say : He sent
on the slumgum, and by the scales it weighed
about 25 lbs. We put it through the " mill "
— that is, sulphuric-acid treatment — in con-
nection with the wax-press. Well, how much
wax do you think we secured ? Jxist one
pound ! We searcely know whether Mr.
Boardman or ourselves have the better of
the argument. He may be surprised that we
got so much, and on the other hand we are
surely disappointed in getting no more. On
this basis we should get about 3 lbs. of vir-
gin wax from perhaps a barrel of Mr. Board-
man's slumgum. If there is one thing that
we have proven, it is that Mr. Boardman's
large solar wax-extractors do the work very
much more thoroughly than we had sup-
posed : and we can account for the stuff
making such good fuel, only on the ground
that it must have contained a large amount
of propolis, as Mr. Aikin suggests above. It
is well known that propolis melts at a much
higher temperature than wax, and it is pos-
sible that the heat of the solar wax-extractor
is not sufficient to have any perceptible ef-
fect on it. It is, therefore, left nicely dis-
tributed through the refuse.] "

Civilization Versus Apicaltare.
Oh, that inimitable Hasty I What a bright,
fresh, original, unique way he has of putting
things. A great many times we have been
told in the straight-forward, indicative mood
that after civilization had reached a certain
stage, its onward progress was in opposi-
tion to that of bee-keeping, but how much
clearer is the truth when brought out in that
figurative, picturesque, Hasfj/-ianguage
found in the following clipped from the
C. B. J. :

"The axe of civilization cuts down the
trees, and presto, the basswood honey is gone,
the tulip honey is gone, and the game is
gone : and the Indian and the bee-keeper
have a polite hint to go elsewhere. The In-
dian goes ; the bee-keeper looks ruefully af-
ter him, but thinks that, as for himself, he
will hantr on a little longer. Civilization
puts the pasture lands under the plow ; the
flocks and herds 'go west' like the poor In-
dian ; likewise the helianthus and the fire-
weed, the thistle and the golden-rod, prepare
to fold up their tents like the Arabs and si-
lently steal away ! Civilization brings in fer-
tilizers and improved methods, ' makes two

22

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

blades of grass grow where only one grew be-
fore ' — all very fine; but, alas, those two
blades of rank grass pinch out the white clo-
ver so that it has no place to spread its crys-
tal banquet for the l)ee. Then, indeed, the
bee-keeper begins to wonder how his good
prototype, ' Lo, the poor Indian ' is getting
aloug out west, auyhow. But civilization is
not done with her incursions. The relent-
less jade whispers to the farmers that so
niany fences are expensive and useless, and
directly three-quarters of them disappear.
No more the face of nature is mapped off
with latitude lines and longitude lines of
nodding wild flowers. Tb.e fence-rows were
the Indian reservations of our bees, and the
cruel white woman takes them away. To
make a clean sweep she whispers again to
the farmer, and says, ' No \- the fences are
out of the way, why not slick up the road-
sides, and exterminate the weeds that grow
there?' 'Sure enough,' says the submis-
sive farmer, and proceeds to run his mowing
machine up and down the roads two or three
times each summer, while the bee-keeper
looks on with impotent wrath.

What are we going to do about it, brethren?
go on the warpath with knives and toma-
kawks ? pull out the axle pins of the car of
progress, and break the axle ? What shall
we do ? Shall we think to restore matters
by scattering seeds, and introducing new
honey plants ? Where shall our new honey
plants find a place to grow, pray tell, when
the commons and pastures are all under
plow ? Shall we find a honey plant with vim
enough to grow in the farmer's cultivated
fields in spite of him ? If we find it, will we
be wicked enough to introduce it ? If we
are wicked enough to introduce it, will not
the dogs of the law be after us ? In regard to
botanical efforts of all sorts. I think the faith
of intelligent apiarists is getting weak. We
have accomplished but little, and that little
is spoken against ; and in the immediate
future we are likely to accomplish still less.

Is it giving away seed of alsike and buck-
wheat that we will place our hopes upon ?
Too costly : and our profits, either present
or prospective, are not equal to the require-
ments. Moreover, while one bee-keeper can
largely increase the amount of buckwheat
raised in a particular neighborhood, bee-
keepers as a whole cannot very largely in-
crease the buckwheat average as a whole.
The laws of demand and supply are going to
regulate that in spite of us. And immense
areas of country find buckwheat a plant
which yields very little honey, save in ex-
ceptional years and at long intervals. In re-
gard to alsike, matters are on a somewhat
different basis. Alsike reciprocates with
common clover — the more alsike the less
clover — and it could be very largely increas-
ed if an advantage could be proved. Where
farmers find alsike much the more advanta-
geous of the two they will raise it — but
Where's that, pray ? The clovers are wanted
mostly as manure plants — nitrogen traps —
and alsike can hardly compete with red clo-
ver in the amount of roots which it furnishes
to rot in the soil ?

Shall we look to the red clover as our help,
and hope to modify its tubes, and so secure

its treasures of nectar ? That scheme is in-
deed alluriug, and my name lias been asso-
ciated with it more or less. But I for one am
not getting on very fast ; and I hear of no
one doing any better. I have a clover that
bees can probe to the bottom, but it almost
totally refuses to bear seeds ; and the seed-
lings, when I get them, most of them back-
slide and become mere ordinary clovers.
Furthermore, we don't know whether the clo-
ver insects are going to hold the fort like the
potato bug, or whether they will let up after
a while. They seem capable of preventing
any honey, or any bloom either, on the clo-
ver. At best our hope from this source is
slender and distant.

Then how about alfalfa ? No go, is to be
feared, for moist climates — grows poorly,
and the blossoms have no honey in them.
Shall we look forward to the time when pub-
lic and private plantations of trees will have
to be made, and try to have honey trees pre-
ferred ? Long while to wait. When the
time comes it looks as though the pine would
be planted rather than the basswood and tu-
lip, the oaks rather than the maples and gum
trees, and the black walnut rather than the
wild cherry. Agitation at the right time, by
the right persons, might avail somethiiig to-
ward having the right kind of trees planted ;
but how often is the proper time and proper
influence let slip I This anchor is rather too
much like an anchor in Amsterdam, when
the good ship is drifting on the rocks near
by.

What else have we to look to ? There are
the roadsides. We might get some bass-
woods planted aloug the roads if we tried
hard ; but not many, I fear, now the new
methods have come in ; be in the way of the
farmer's mowing-machine, and shade his
border. 'The blues.' did I hear the editor
say ? Yes. this is a blue article ; but when a
fellow looks for a few moments through blue
spectacles why not have them as blue as ever
he can. You, Canadians, up there are one
tribe, and we down here in ( )hio are another
tribe. Y'our tribe has not as yet suffered as
much from the incursions of the 'white wo-
man ' as ours has ; but your turn is right at
hand. She'll never be 'asy' till she has the
last hon-ey weed exterminated and the last
white clover supplanted bv some better for-
age plant. And she'll hardly make haste to
plant a basswood tree till she has the last old
one down. There's no peace for us unless
we flee to the mountains, where she cannot
run her plow, else go to the alfalfa regions,
else do — something desperate. Shall we do
something desperate then ? The ' to bee '
and ' not to bee ' seems a trifle inclined to
hover around that iiuestion.

E. E. Hasty.

RiCHABDS, Ohio. Nov. 7th, 1892."

There is truth as well as poetry in the fore-
going. It may be an unpleasant truth, and
that is why it is so ignored. We never ad-
mit an unpleasant truth until forced to do so.
Men who have made a grand success of bee-
keeping in years past and gone, still cling to
it in the same loved spot long after the bass-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

woods have been cut away and white clover
pastures have given way to the corn field or
potato hill. No wonder their nopes are
blasted. The few poor years that we have
been having of late cannot be wholly attrib-
uted to civilization, as the supply was cat off
too squarely. The results of civilization
come about gradually. The man who has had
good crops for many years in succession,
with perhaps an occasional failure, up to
five ye rs ago, and has not had a good one
since, cannot ascribe his failure to civiliza-
tion, unless some radical changes have been
made in his vicinity during that time.

The man who is trying to make a succ.ess
of bee-keeping as a specialty in an old set-
tled country where nearly all of the woods
b.iive been cut away, and the country almost
wholly given up to cultivated crops, with no
swamps, no river bottoms, no mountains
( that cannot be plowed up ) near, is soon des-
tined to reach that point where, as friend
Hasty puts it, something ''desperate" must
he done. I do not wonder that the fertile
brain of Bro. Hasty suggested the raising of
" sugar-honey."

Bees at the World's Fair.

Bro. Hill of the (iuidc makes some very
sensible suggestion^ as to how bees ought to
be exhibited at the World's fair. Among
other things he says:—

"It is our opinion tiiat the only way to ex-
hibit bees and make it at all convenient and
educational is to use single comb observa-
tory hives, confining the bees as long as they
are bright and healthy and then change for a
fresh comb and bees. Possibly wire
cloth would he better ihan glass, or perhaps
ula-is on one side with wire cloth ou i he other
would be advisable during hot weather. The
people could tlien see the cjueen, drones and
workers, brood in all stages, eggs and polleu,
while the experts accustomed to these sights
could judge of quality l)y comparing the con-
tents of different hives. A good light will be
of the greatest importance. A lot of large
observatory hives, arrauyed along the wall
of a building in such a manner that the bees
could pass through the wall and fiy out over
the heads of the people would hardly be sat-
isfactory or safe. A colony of bees can ea-
sily and safely be taken away from their na-
tural stands, away from home, and be open-
ed up and exhibited in a crowd of people.
But to place a lot of bees permanently and
bring the people up near or under them would
certainly he quite risky. Each colony would
probable contain 40. 000 workers and there
would be a number of colonies. Enough
bees, if they got mad. and wanted to do it,
to take j>o-session of the whole fair and run
it to suit themselves. When a bee is mad and
at home or defending its home, it is not at all

particular about distance, and might go a
number of rods to sting some one. The safe
way is to confine all the bees. To show the
quality and beauty of the light colored bees
it would be nice to have the specimens con-
fined between wire cloth and glass with no
comb at all. By looking through the cages
towards the light the best kind of a view and
test of color and markings could be had. No
doubt all the queen breeders in the United
States, who breed especially good stock,
would be glad to furnish a fresh sample by
mail every ten days, or as often as it would
be necessary to keep them bright and fresh, if
some one was engaged to receive exhibits
uuderthe owner's name and care for the bees.
Such a plan would be without expense to
the fair association."

Advantages of Shallow Sections.
Bee-keepers have pretty generally settled
down to the use of the 4I4 x 4I4 section. Is
this the best size? It was first used that eight
sections might exactly fill a wide frame of
the Lani/stroth size, but that method of use-
iug them is now but little used, and the only
reason for continuing that size is for the sake
of uniformity. Are there enough advanta-
ges in some other form or size to warrant a
change? Bro. Hill of the Guide has been
using a long, shallow section, and here is his
opinion:--

''We have been experimenting the past
season and have all our honey in sections o^^s
deep by 6I4 inches wide and we find so many
advantages with this shape over the square
414x414 section that we have gotten clear off
the track both in regard to shape and width.
We favor the narrow section without separa-
tors. The three inch deep pound section
has the advantages over the four inch in the
following particulars: It is longer on top
and gives more support to the foundation
starters. A 2}., inch piece of thin foundation
stays belter tiian a 'Mo inch piece. It makes
one less division in the surplus department.
When tiered up a three inch lift is better
than a four iucli because four inches all over
the top of the hive is too much space to give
a working colony at one time. The three
inch section is finished and capped over
quicker, can be taken off quicker and this
insures nicer and whiter honey. The three
inch section has such a long firm hold on the
top and being more shallow stands shipping
better. Customers seem to choose the long
section in perference to the square one when
buying honey. We are so well pleased with
this shape and its advantages are so
great that we would not use a 4I4X4I4 inch
section in our apiary if some one would do-
nate them free. It would be more profita-
ble to pay for the three inch ones. The
above facts seems too bad, just as we have
established the 41,4 X4I4 section as the stan-
ard shape and only propose to discuss the
width. It may be best to consider the whole
question."

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

AD VE RTISEMENTS

W&li SoBen (JiiLeiis

are bred for busi-
I1PH8. Try ono. Cir-
cular oi Qiieenn aiul Bee Supplier ready Feb. 1st.
Send lor it and a free Sample Copy of tlie " PRO-
GRESSIVE BEE-KEEPER."

Address, E. F. QUKiLEY,

Unionville, Mo.

DON'T SEND

Across several States after Goods that can be
bought just as cheaply near home, hut write to

GREGORY BRO^S & SON,

Ottumwa, Iowa, for their large, 12-page, illustra-
ted catalogue of everything needed in t lie apiary —
Hives, Sections, Shipping Cases, Smokers, Foun-
dation, Bees, Queens, Bee Veils, etc., etc., etc.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of fouuchition and sec-
tions; warranted good as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the most favorable
conditions ever offered t)n foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list of a full line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT,

1-93-tf Bell Bran(^h, Mich.

Early Queens From Texas,

From my cht>ice golden stock. My bees are
very gentle, good workers, and beautiful. Safe
arrival and .satisfaction guaranteed. One un-
tested (jueen, April and May, $1.(K): six for $5,(10:
later, T.'jc. Orders booked now: nione.v sent
wlien qaeens are wanted. Send for price list.
.J. D. (i IV ENS.

Li-il)(>n. Texas.

7~93-9t. Please mention the Review.

ffluth's :

NEY EXTRACTOR

PKRFKCTK^N
Id-BIast Smokers,
S<)UZire eizkss Hopcy Jzvrs, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to Ch.\s. F. Muth A Son,
Cor. Freeman & Central Aves.. Cinciimati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hints to Bee Keepers.

l-93-tf.

Plei-se M ntion t>e <>iuieu:

|^5M0KERS. SECTIONS,

^nALLAPIARIAN SUPPLtES.

Interestlnj: .Mnntlily for

The Family and Fireside

Welcome in every Home.

LarKePremiiimH tordiil>N.

Sample Copy sent Free.

Thomas G. Newman,

1 17 South Western Ave.,
CHICAOO, - - II.,I.,S.

Iieathep Colored

HONEY QUEENS, from Imported Mother, war-
ranted purely mated, after June 10th, at $1.00
eacli ; six at one tune, $.5.00. Untested queens,
75c. each, .\ddress

C. A. BUNCH,
l-93-7t. Nye, Marshall Co., Ind.

Plr„.

the R^

— If you are going to—

BIJY a J^JJ ZZ - SAW^,

write to the editor of the Review. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
make you happy by tilling you the price at
which lie would sell it.

ITALIAN QUEEfi5

Bred for Business, (jentleness and Beauty. Un-
tested. SOc, each : three for $2.25 : six for $4.00;
12 for $7.50. Tested. $1.25 Select tested, yellow
to thHtijj. breeder, $1.50. Will commence ship-
ping .Vpril 15tli. On all orders received before
March 1st, accompanied by the cash, 10 per cent
discount. Siife arrival guaranteed.

(i. E. DAMSON,
l-i«- 2t, Carlisle, Sonoke Co., Ark.

Please mention the Reciew.

If You Wish Neat Artistic

SEMD FOR CATALOGUE'

j Have it Doqe at the Review.

ITALIAN QUtENS AND SUPPLIES

FOK, 189S.

! Before you purchase, hiok to your int,erest, and
j send for c it«logue and price list.

j .1. r. H. i;k<»\v>,

i-r>H tf. .AuKUHta, <ieur^iH.

Plnise mentiun t..,' Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

25

I Names of Bee - Keepers, i

is TYPE WRITTEN. E

RIBPiEirpiPlpnpirjBEgfiFiBRIBIBEEEiBBEBE

The names of my customers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have been saved and vprit-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) .
and. although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes foi* a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2..'J0
per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I can furnish them
at $2.00. VV. Z. HUTCHINSON. FUnt, Mich.

t!: Big Blue Cat-

ALOfU'E FOR 1893? Seventy illustrated
pages Sent FREE to any bee-keeper. BEE-
SUPPLIES, at retail and wholesale Every-
thing used in the apiary Greatest variety and
largest stock in the West
l-ft3-tf. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa.

DO NOT GIVE YOUR ORDER FOR SECTIONS
UNTIL YOU GET OUR PRICES ON THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTION

Queco Dealers,

Write for prices ou fine, golden, Italian Queens
from Mar. l.i to Nov. 15, 1893. Best colonies last
year gave 200 lbs. Average this year was 125 lbs.
per colony, besides drawing heavily on them for
queen rearing. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.
11-92-tf

Please mention the Review.

EVERY one in need of information on the
subject of advertising will do well to obtain
a copy of "Book for Advertisers," 368 pages, price
$1.00. Mailed, postpaid, f>ii receipt of price Con-
tains a careful compilation from the American
Newspaper Directory of all the best papers and
class journals ; gives the circulation rating of
every one, and a good deal of inforniation about
rates and other matters pertaining to the busi-
ness of advertising. Address ROWELL'S
ADVERTISING BUREAU. 10 Spruce St., N. Y

IMPORT AWT^^

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gained a good name on
their own merits- Those who have tested them
with other bees say " they are the best honey
gatherers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are the largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

FIVE-BAriDED WOI^KERS

In March, .\pril and May. $1 25 each, 6 for $6.lK»:
.lune, $1 no each, 6 for $5.(K); .luly to Nov.. $1.00
f ach, 6 for $1.50. Spe.ial prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriptive circular.
12-92-tf C. D- DUVALL.

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

We are in better shape than ever to fill orders
promptly. Also,

DOVETAILED HIVES, ------

- - - FOUND.\TION, SMOKERS, Etc.

i^~ Write for Price List. ...^J

J. FOf^NCf^OOK St CO.

Watertown, Wis., Jan. 1, 1893.

1-93-tf.

DID NOT STRIKE

THE AMERICAN APICULTURIST nor tlie
BAY STATE .VPIARY; but it strikes us that
every reader of this will find each copy of the
.VPI. worth $5 in IS93. Yet we send twelve copies
and one of onr lat«=st IMPROVED DRONE.
TRAPS, by mail, for $1.10.

Send your adtlress for a free sample copy of the
API. and reatl about the good things in store for
those who .subscribe.

REMEMBER that every subject cornected
with bee culture is treated in the API. by the
ablest authf)rs.

Our IS tiage Circular now ready to mail. Cir-
cular will tell yon ;ill about the PERFECTION
SELF-HIVER that automatically hived two
swarms of bees for the editor of the Review in
1S92. Address

HE/SRY ALLEY, Wcobanj, VAa^s.

THE o^Kr.A.iDi^nsr

Bee Journal, Poultry Journal,

EDITED BY D. A. JONES ED'TD BY JNO. GRAY.

$1.00 a Year.

$1.00 a Year.

These are published separately, alternate weeks;
edited by live, practical men and contributed to
by the best writers. Both journals are interesting
and alike valuable to expert or novice. Both
illustrated anrl improved. Under new manage-
ment. Address BEETON, ONT.. Canada.

Please mention the Revieut.

26

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cat represents our
Combined Circular and
Scroll Saw, which is the
best machine made for
Bee Keepers' use in the
construction of their hives,
sections, boxes, etc.

8-91-T6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOB CATALOGUE, PRICES, ETC.,
Address W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St . Rockford, Ills

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send $1."<>
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural (V)llege, Mich ,
for his f n • I

Bee-Keepers Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the '^rade.

Closing Out Sale.

No. 1 Sections $2.50 per 1,000. Full colonies
bees in a frame, L hives, with plenty of stores,
S4. 00. Everything cheap W. D SOPEK,
11-92-tf Jackson, Mich.

■^^ We have a large lot of "^

DOVETAILED HIVES

which we will sell for 50 cts. each, including

supers, section holders and brood frames. This

offer is limited to this lot of hives. l-92-12t

WM. H. Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEARff

^^^.^^S Excelsicr Incobator.

*" Simple, Pfrftrl, Si I /'-I

Thousands in Eur
ceBefuloper tiim. Ou.-.rr.n
teed to hatch a I Tger pei -
centape of fertile egpo r
less cost th-m any ol'^^
-_--cher. L'lwept pv c-
first-cla-^ Hiiteher mi'1'.
GF«. M.M'AlSi.. yiiinov,;;:

/
/
/

$1.00 HIVE.

I'

t _.^

|,

j,\ A Complete Hive for Comb Honey, in-
^ eluding Six Section Holders, Eiglit Thick
Top-Bar Frames, Half-Story Body, Bot-
tom Board and Cover, $1.1(1 each : in flat,
/ $1.(K) each.

^ ="=

'■■y Hoffrtjan Prarp^s, Sections,

%, Pour)<l2vtion, z^n<l 2k Pull L.ine of

if^ Bec-Ke«pcrs' 5uppli«s.

A 2()-page Price Li.st Free.
12-92-12t J. M. KINZIE.

Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

I
>

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establishment in the world. First-
class becoiJd-hand Instrumentsat half new prices.
Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Ma-
chines sold on monthly payments. Anyinstni-
mentmaniifacfured shipped, privilege to examine.
EXCHANGING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER S 31 Broadway, New York.
HEAIDQUAETERS, I 1*^^ Monroe St., Chicago.

PATENT. WIRED, COMB FOUNDATION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES-

THffl, FLAT BOTTOM FOUNDATION

Has No Fish Bone in Surplus honey.

Being the cleanest is usually worked

I he nuickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DKDSKN Si SONS,

fSOLE MANUFACTDREBS'I,

3-90-tf Sprout Brook, Mont.Co.,N.Y

IF viiu wish to advertise anything anywhere at
.4v time write to GEO. P. ROWELL & (^O.,
No 10 Spruce St , N Y.

Please mention the Rev

Cheap Freight and Quick Transportation.

Being located at the most central point of railrond and express .ompanies enables us to furnish
bee keepers with supplies at less cost to themselvos than anv house in the country. We furnish
everything needed in the apiary, as low as the lowest and as good as the best.

QQQj2:'S OOlwIFLiBTB HIVHj (!ombines all the most approved methods
of hive making. It is a complete arrangement for outdoor wintering and is e,|ually well a<lapted U>
producing comb or extracted honey Send for circular. Fine lot of Bees for Sale clieap.

J. H. M. COOK, I KxZffsPiVu..j 78 Barclay St., New York City.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

HILL'S SMOKER and FEEDER.

27

Smoker burns hard wood chips without spe-
cial preparation. Very reliable. Greatest
smoking capacity. Easiest to start. Cheapest
because it saves time. Price, $1.20. By mail,
$1.40. Per dozen, $10.80.

Best Bee - Feeder. Most
convenient. Saves feed. No
daubing or drowning. Two
to seven feeders full may be
given a colony at one_ time
whicli will be stored in the
combs in ten hours. Price,
per pair, 30c.; by mail, 40 c;
per doz., $1.60. Has a sale of
2,000 per month. Address
A. G. HILL, Kendallville,
Indiana.

These smokers and feeders are kept in stock
by Thos. G. Newman & Son, ('hicago. 111.
G. B. Lewis & Co,, Watertown. Wis.
W. H, Bright, Mazeppa, Minn,
{^has. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Hancock (yO., 111.
B. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa.
H. Mc Wilson & Co., 202 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

F. H. Dunn, Yorkville, 111.

W. D. Sopor & Co., Jackson, Mich.
Chas. A. Stock'bridge, Ft. Wayne, Ind.
A. F. Fields, Wheaton, Ind.
W. 8. Bellows, Ladora, Iowa.
E. F. Quigley, UnionviUe, Mo.
Gregory Bros., Ottnmwa, Iowa.
Miller Bros., Bluffton Mo.

G. K. Hubbard, Ft. Wayne, Ind.

Theodore Bender. 18 Folton St., Canton, Ohio.
Math and Son, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Levering Bros., Wiota, Cass Co., Iowa.

" FLORIDA." 300

LEATHER-BACK ITALIAN. QUEENS.

By my special method of taking a crop of
honey by the " Migratory " system, I shall
have 300 tested queens for delivery about
March 20th Prices $10 per dozen. None over
six months old My crop the past season from
one yard of 42 colonies, spring count, was 10,800
pounds and increased to 150.

A. F. BROWN,

l-93-4t Huntington, Putnam Co.. Fla.

Please mention the Reuieui.

Bingham's Perfeet Safety

SMOKER.

Pat. 1878; Ee-lsBuea 1882. Pat. 1892

No more soiled sections, burned
fingers, or burned Apiary. Any
large advertiser of Bingtiam Smo-
lders will send you a Perfect Doc-
tor, Perfect Conqueror, or Perfect
Large Smoker, if you will send to
him 25 cts. more than the regular
' mail price, and ask for either of
the three aizes mentioned.

Binsrham & Hetheringtou, Abronia, Blicli.

Bee Hives and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Langstrotii-Simplicity, Standard
Langstroth, Dovetailed and Champion Chaff
Hives, Supers, One Piece Sections and Shipping
Cases. Foundation, Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16-page Circular.

1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH, New London, Wis.

Please mention the Review.

BASSWOOD

HONEY,

Extra Quality,

USUAL LOW PRICES.

Address

JAMES HEDDON,

Oowagiac, Michigan.
QUEEMS, QUEENS, QUEENS.

Have you tried my Italians ? I have the finest
bees you ever saw ; they are leather colored Ital-
ians, and as honey gatherers they can't be ex-
celled. Try them and be convinced. They are
very gentle and hardy and good winterers. Un-
tested queens, $1.00 each, or $9.00 a dozen. Test-
ed, $1,50 each, or $12.75 a dozen. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. On all orders re-
ceived before March 1st, accompanied by the
cash, a discount of 15 per cent, will be given.
Send for price list of Italian Queens and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies M. H DB WITT,

l-93-9t. Sang Run, Garrett Co., Md,

Please mention the Review.

QUEEN CAGES

Are my specialty. I make the Benton cage in many
styles and sizes. A light cage saves postage ; a neat cage
creates a favorable impression ; one properly arranged
carries its occupants safely in either hot or cool weather ;
and my special machinery and large trade enable me to
furnish extra nice cages, having all these advantages, at a
very low price. Sample cages and prices on application.

O. W. COSTELLOW. Waterboro, Me.

28

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Great Reduction.

±333.

SECTIONS

AT GREATLY
PRICES.

REDUCED

HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, &o.. AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.

WRITE FOR FREE, ILLTSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS & CO., Watertown, Wis.

l-93-tf. Please mention the Reuieiu.

For Simplicity and Durability

Bingham Patent Smokers,

AND

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON

Honey I^nives,

ARE WITHOUT QUESTION

THE BEST ON EARTH !

2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
65

Doctor Smoker. a-A inch,

Conqueror Smoker, — 3 "

Large Smoker, 2'/4 "

Extra Smoker, 2 "

Plain Smoker, 2 *' ....

Little Wonder Smokor, V/t "

Bingham & Hetherington Knife, 1.15

Upon receipt of price. Smokers or Knives will
be sent postpaid. Descriptive Circular and Tes-
timonials sent upon application.

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

l-90-tf. Abronia, Michigan

We will send one to every bee-kcepor asking for

our New Illubtrited Catalogue for 1893

and a ct)py of

THE AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER,

If you mention this paper.

Samples of the Falcon Sections for 2c.

stamp.

THE W. T. F^IjCONEI^ IWfg. CO.,

Jamestown, N. Y.

i" 1^ TT TT tn (% Friends, 1 can furnish
iT. t{ »n t T. Hi you with all kinds of Ber-
! UJ \ IV i U SiP* r.v Plants, at about one-
half tlu- u^aal |iriie. Plants warranted. Bank
references Satisfaction guaranteed.

Address EZRA G. SMITH,
1-93 2t. Manchester, N. Y.

ninstrated Alveniseients Attract Attention.

E,NiCt1F^AYlT€0

TROJT,

^/voc"' &C.\

cuts Fninlsleil for all illnstratlng Pnrposes.

1852.

EEDUCTION ON THE PRICE OF

1891.

l:^angstroth on the Honey Bee.

(REVISED.)
PRICE BY MAIL, $1.40: BY EXPRESS OR FREIGHT WITH OTHER GOODS $1.25.

By its copious indexes, by its arrangement in numbered paragraphs, including reference numbers
on any question in bee culture, any information can be instsntly found. This book isthemost com-
plete treatise on bee keeping yet published. A FRENCH EDITION JUST ISSUED.

'«78. DAD ANT'S COA\B FOUNDATION, 's^'

t\OT^ tbap Ever. Better tbao Ever. Wholesale an«l Retail.

Half a Million lbs. Sold in 13 Years. Over S200,000 in Value.

It is THE BEST, and guaranteed every inch equal to sample. All dealers who have tried it have
increased their trade every year. Samples, Catalogue, free to all. Send your address.

We also make a specialty of Cotton and Silk Tulle of verj- best grade for bee-veils. We supply
A. I. Root and others. 7,000 Yards just received. Prices Very Low. Samples Free.

Smokers, Honey Sections, Extractors, Tin Fails for Honey, Etc. Instructions to Beginner

with Circulars Free. 4-92-12

Menthn Rtuit». CHA8. DRDA]4T & SOJ*., Hatnilton, Haneoek Co., Ills.

FEB. 1893

30

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

AOVE^TISirlG t^ATES.

All advertisements will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make 1 inch.
Discoants will be given as follows : —

On 10 lines and upwards, H times, 5 per cent ; B
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 percent ; 6
times, 20 per cent : !• times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On Hotlines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; ti
tiiiwes, 30 \t^^r cent; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing Ltist.

I wiJl send the Kvfw with—

(ileanings, ($1.00)

American Bee Journal. .( l.fO)

Canadian Bee Journal . . ( 1,00)

Am«>rican Bee Keeper ( ..50) .
Progi-es-ive Bee Keeper... ( .!>0)...

Bee Keepers' Guide ( ..50)

Apiculturist ( .75)

Bee-Keepers' Magazine. . . ( .50) ......

.$1.75.
. 1.75.
. 1.75,
. 1.40.
. 1.40.
. 1.40.
. 1.65.
1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading )iouey were
adopted by the North American Bee Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made acconling to
these rules:

K.VNCY.— Ml sections to be well filled ; combis
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides; both wood and comb nnsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

.No. 1.— .Vll sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crookeil, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed : both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise.

In addition to tins the honey is to \te classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dii,rk. Tliat is, there will be " fancy white,"
" No. 1 dark," etc.

CHIO.\GO. m.— The supply of all grades, ex-
cept that of fancy white, is liberal. For this
grade there is some inquiry and it brings 18. No.
1 white, 15 to 16. Dark or amber is of slow sale
and prices are from 10 to 12. Extracted brings
from 6 to 9. Beeswax is steady at 22 to 25.
R. A. BURNETT & CO.,

Feb. 14. 161 So. Water St.. Chicago, 111.

CHICAGO, 111 —There is good demand for
fancy whit.e. but there is none in the market and
but very little of No. 1 white. White extracted
is scarce, owing to the high prices of butter and
the severe cold weather. This lias been a favor-
able winter for the s ile of honey and the ma'-kets
are almost b<ir» of honey of any kind We quote
as follows : Fancy white, 1(S to 19; No. 1 white,
6; No. 1 amber, l.'J; fancy dark, 12: No. 1 dark,
10 ; beeswax. 22 to 25.

J. A. LAMON,

Feb. 13. 44 & 4S So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn. - There is a good sup
ply on hand but it is mostly dark. This stock is
slow, but what little whit« there is on the market
moves readily. We quote fnncy white, 17 to 1^:
two pound combs, 16 to 17 ; buckwheat, 15 to 16;
extracted honey, 10 to 11.

J. SHEA & CO.
Feb. 18. 14 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.

ALBANY, N. Y.— Stock of honey very light.
Prices well sustained Demand will be better
as the weather warms up We <iuote as ft)llows :
Fancy white. l"i to 17; No. 1 wliite. 14 to 15;
mixed, 12 to 14 : fancy dark. 11 to 12 : No 1 dark.
10 to 11; white extracteil. Wi to 9'2; umber ex-
tracted, 7 to T'i ; dark. 6'-4 to 7. Beeswax. 28
toW.

H H WKI(4HT.

Feb. y.\ :m Bro idwav, Albany. N V .

KANSAS CITY. Mo.-The supply of extracted
honey is light, the demand good. The supply of
comb is fair and the demand the same. We
quote fancy white, comb, 16 to 17 ; No. 1 white. 1-")
to 16; fancy amijer, 15 to 16; No. 1 amber, 14 to
15; fancy dark. 12 to 13; No. 1 dark, 10 to 12:
white extracted. S; amber 6 to 7; beeswax, verj
scarce and brings 22 to 25.

CLEMONS-M.\SON CO.,

Feb. 13. .V21 Walnut St., Kansas (Mty Mo.

BUFFALO, N. Y.— Stock of honey very light.
Demand moderate. There is no doubt that all
honey will clean up with satisfactxiry prices.
As a rule, there is a very excellent demand in our
market through March and .Vpril. We advise
those having honey, to market it now. so that it
will be in the hands of dealers when the trade
does improve. We quote as follows : Fano.\
white, 17 to 18; No. 1 white, 15 to 16; fancy am-
ber, 13 to 14 ; No. 1 amber, 12 to 13 ; fancy dark,
10 to 11 ; No. 1 dark, 8 to 9 : beeswax, « to :W.
BATTERSON X. CO .

Feb. 11. 167 & 169 Scott St.. Buffalo, N. Y.

CINCINNATI, Ohio.— There is a good demand
for extracted honey from the jobbing trade for
family use, but the demand from manufiicturers
is slow. We never had as small a stock on hand
as we have now, and unless nnlooked for ship
ments arrive we shall be unable to fill our orders
for March We solicit early shipments from our
friends in the South, as freight rates are now the
same on honey as they are on syrups and molas-
ses. No. 1 dark comb brings 1(1 to 12: extracted
honey 6 to 8 Demand for beeswax is good at 23
to 25 for goo<l to choice yellow wax.

CHAS. F. MUTH&SON.,

Feb. 14. Cincinnati, Ohio.

NEW YORK. N Y— The stock of comb honey
on our market is gradually becoming less. Fancy
and No. 1 white are pretty well cleaned up, and
there is a fair demand for these grades We
would advise the 8hii)ment of these grades, a;^
they will find ready sale during the next 30 days.
There is considerable amber and dark on the
market and tlio demand is light. Beeswax i-
scarce aid prices are advancing. We quote at^
follows: Fancy white, 14 to 16; No. 1 white. 13
to 14; fancy amber, 12 to 13: fancy dark, 10: No.
1 dark, 9; beeswax. 28 to 29.

HILDKETH BROS. & 8EGELKEN.

Feb. 13. 28 & 30 West Broadway New York.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

31

AFTSH VOWH BEES

Have passed the rig^ors of winter, then comes spring-
with its mixture of balmy days and storms, its few short
honey-flows interspersed with rain, frost and mayhap an
occasional snow storm. How best to bring the bees
throug-h this trying- period in such a manner that, not-
withstanding adverse weather, they will gain steadily
in numbers and be ready to go forth as an army to
gather in the spoils when the main harvest comes, is
taught in one of the opening chapters of " Advance;d
Bee Culture."

Price of the book, 50 cts. ; the Review one year and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HOTCHlNSOrl, Flint, JWich.

©

■

WHITE ROPLAR

SECTIONS.

We have New Steam Power, and New Bnild-
ings, and are now ready to furnish White Pop-
lar Sections, Clamps, Crates and Wood Sides at
short notice. Workmanship, Quality and Price
unsurpassed. Send for sample and price list.

PRIME & GOVE,
1-90-tf Bristol, Vermont.

3-93-tf Please mention the Review.

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OR BEE HIVES, SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM.

193-12t. RIVER RALLS, WIS.

Spray

your

Fruit
Trees

and

Vines

Wormy Fruit and Leaf Bhgbt of Apples, Pears,
Cherries and Plums prevented ; al.so Grape and
Potato Rot— by spraying with .Stuhl's Double
Acting Excelsior Spraying Outfits. Best in the
market. Thousands in use. Catalogue, describing
all insects injurious to fruit, mailed Free. Addresa

WM. STAHL. QUINCY. ILL.

32

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

EXTRACTORS ! EXTRACTORS ! !

7AORE THAN EVER, BETTER THAN EVER.

We are making a
sppcialty of HONEY
EXTRAC^TOKS. W e
make Novice's 2 and 4
frame ; Cowan's Rever-
sible 2, 4, and 6 frame,
and Stanley Reversi •
bles, 2 and 4 frames.
Nearly all the dealers
handle these goods.
Write for discounts to
the trade.

SawsdWoodSeparators

Instead of filicingthem iIRS
we are now sawing them. They are dry, won't shrink
and won't roll up.

ROOT'S FOUNDATION FOR 1893.

Made from BRIGHT YELLOW WAX, and the workmanship unexcelled,
ticulars of all goods, send for our ISflli Catalogue of 52 pages. Ivev.

For prices and par-

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

r^-^^k^A of :^^ Keepers S\jppLiEs.

For *»-^' Klf' TtoassLEAHY Mfg. Co. Hiogimsville

Price of ope.

Here is your Chance Two for tbe

My Thos. G. Newman, ex-editor of the American Bee Journal,
Is a book of over 200 pages, that we send FREE to every new

>iibM'riber who mails us $1.00 for a year's subscription to the old

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

The Largest. Best, Cheapest, and only weekly bee-paper in all
America. 32 pafres; established 1861 !*end for a free (sample
copy with description of book offer GEO. W. YORK & CO ,
56 Piftli Avenue, - - CHICAGO, lL.l.!i>.

To New Sutecriters ; Ttie Journal Alone Sent for Tlirce MontHs for 20 Cents.

Porter's sp'^'^'e Bee-Ejcz^pe

\ Saves temper, time and bees.
\ PROF. COOK says: ''No bee-keeper can
alfiiid to bo without them."

WM. M'EVOY, foul brood inspector of Ont.,
( 'an., says : " They should be used in every bee
yard in the whole wide world."

THOS. PIERCE, Pres. Eastern N. Y. B. K. A.
says: ''Tiie time will soon come when all boe-
keepers will use them,
read what others say of them.

Per doz., $2.2.T. If. after three mt)ntlis'

Send for circular and testimonials, and

PRICES: Each, by mail, with full instructicms, 20 cts.
trial, they are not found superior to all other escai)es, and satisfactory in every way, return them and
we will refund your money. For side by dealers.

4-92-tf Mention Review. H- & E. C- PORTER, LieuiistOCU n, IIL

r)e (Dee-

\eepeps' f\eViecu

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Iqterests of Hoqey Producers.
$L00 A YEAR,

W, Z. HOTCHlNSOfl, Editor & Prop.

VOL VI, FLINT, MICHIGAN, FEB, 10. 1893. NO. 2.

special Topie of flcxt Issue Will be

Self - Hivers.

T 1 1*1 E Li 'S' TOFICS.
No. 1.

B. li. TATLOB.

" To everything there is a season."

mHIS is the period
\]l of good resolu-
tions. One is more
likely to do well
throughout the year
if he begins the year
right. To do this is
not only a great sat-
isfaction, it is great
economy. To keep
one's work in front
of him saves steps
and accidents and
mistakes and loss and anxiety. Though no
doubt in some degree presumptuous, I have
thought to aid bee-keepers in laying hold of
this advantage by a timely notice of those
things which the duty of every day requires
in bee-keeping and by urging their reason-
able execution.

It is to be supposed that the work incident
to the last year's crop, such as putting up
and disposing of the honey, the proper se-

curing of all combs, whether in brood frames
or sections, and the rendering of waste
combs and bits of wax has been attended to.
If not, it should be attended to now and in
such a way that it will be beyond its power
to distract the attention again. Any comb
honey on hand should be kept continually in
the warmest place available so it is not so
warm as to endanger the stability of the wax.
Herein is the secret of keeping comb honey.
Kept in a dry place at a pretty high temper-
ature it will never deteriorate but rather
grow better. If empty combs have been
neglected they should be so no longer. It is
better if they can be kept where they will
not freeze, but by all means secure them
against any possibility of injury from mice.
Turning now to the future, every one
readily comprehends that success during the
coming year depends largely upon the wel-
fare of the bees, and particularly upon their
welfare during these midwinter months, so
it is well to have an eye to their comfort. It
is not well to be anxious, but what needs to
be done should be done promptly. If they
are in a cellar or otherwise housed, the tem-
perature of the receptacle shonld not be al-
lowed to remain long above 45° F. nor below
40° F. Artificial heat by means of a lamp,
oil stove or a kettle of coals, may be neces-
sary in extreme cases, but avoid it if possi-
ble. Packing the outside door and the win-
dows upon the outside with leaves or chaflf,
will greatly aid in keeping up a proper de-
gree of warmth. If the bees are on their

34

THE BEE-KEEPERS ' REVIEW.

summer stands beware of any combination
of circumstances that may tend to the accu-
mulation of moisture in the brood chamber
or on the packing. The entrance should be
large and kept entirely free from snow, ice
and dead bees. Snow around the hive may
do no harm, and indeed, even be an advan-
tage while it is dry, but unless every thing is
favorable and the bees in good heart, I should
remove it when it gets soft and damp. Un-
less the ground is quite dry, I should prefer
to have the hives raised up from it a few
inches.

Now is the time to perfect plans and make
preparation for the coming season of activi-
ty. Ordinary common sense would dictate
that every thing possible should be done in
the present season of comparative leisure
that will help to relieve the pressure then.
There is also another reason for this course ;
exertion that would be grievous toil in June
is a keen pleasure in these days of frost and
snow. Besides whether success or failure is
to attend the operations in the apiary the
coming season may very likely turn on
whether proper preparation is made now.
If every thing is left to be done in June some
things will not be done at all, and among
these we may be sure of finding the work
pertaining to the apiary.

On account of the uncertainty attending
the wintering of bees, some may hesitate to
enter upon these preparations fearing lest
there may yet be such a loss of bees as to
render their efforts at timeliness bootless.
But with February half gone there need be
little danger of that if the bees are still
quiet, closely clustered and free from dis-
ease, provided of course they have plenty of
stores. If on the other hand they are active,
failing to cluster and give evidence of being
affected by the usual winter disorder, plans
for the future should still be matured, but
their execution need progress at such a pace
only as the condition of the bees from time
to time seems to warrant, for it is altogether
likely that the demand for new hives to
house new swarms in and for new cases to
receive the surplus, will be somewhat lim-
ited.

Let it be supposed, however, that the con-
dition of the bees is good and gives promise
that the winter will be passed without any
serious loss among them, what provision
then should be made in the way of hives,
brood-frames, cases for sections, and ship-
ping crates ? I include the last item because

including all of a kind in one lot is a great
economy of care, steps, time and money.
One trip to the lumber-yard should secure
all the lumber that is to be worked for a year,
whether that work is to be done at home or
at a mill. For shipping crates provision
should be made for enough to contain the
largest crop that is possible, for what are not
wanted will keep. When the lumber for
these is all cut it must be kept closely piled
in a dry clean place and nailed only as re-
quired. I prefer the Heddon crate to hold
14 sections, 7 to the foot, with a 2x'J glass in
one end. For this the lumber for sides,
strips to hold glass and the pieces for the
back end should be about one-half inch, that
for covers and bottoms one-fourth inch.
For cases there should be provision for at
least two to each colony, spring count.
Where the honey flow is great, the old Hed-
don case is good enough, but for poor years
the single tier wide frame is better. With
these, in such a season, the sections are kept
cleaner and better filled and a larger propor-
tion of those begun is completed. In cut-
ting the tops and bottoms of these frames,
instead of making the cut straight through
the block, if it is allowed to be somewhat
curved, the pieces will appear bent, and if
nailed up with the convex side in, the frames
will clasp the sections much more closely.
Norway, or more properly red pine, is excel-
lent for these. As to the number of hives to
be prepared that will depend on circum-
stances. Do not think to accept more than
one swarm from each colony, and ttie num-
ber of empty hives provided may be as much
less than that as is desired, and the apiarist
is then to depend on the prevention of swarm-
ing and doubling up to keep the increase
within the measure of his preparation. By
all means h ve the brood frames wired.

Costly lumber should not be got for this
work. Except for the frames and covers,
white pine shipping culls are good enough.

I shall close this article by offering two
items of counsel which I would make as em-
phatic as possible :

Let no one be lightly lured into the adop-
tion of a hive that is not approved by a re-
spectable number of successful bee-keepers.

In cutting up the stuff for hives, etc., let
no piece pass muster that is not exactly of
the size and shape desired.

Lapeeb, Mich.

Jan. 27, 181«.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

35

The Pacific Coast, its Magnitude and
Honey Fastnrage.

" A good land : a land of wheat, and barley,
and wines, and pomegranates ; a land of oil
olive ; aland flowing with milk and honey."

RECENTLY
there has
beeu an item
going the
rounds of the
California pa-
pers showing
the estimate
English peo-
ple have of the
size of our
country. Having in mind their little sea
girt Island, the same scale is applied to the
measure of other countries. An English-
man having a friend in Denver and another
in San Francisco, wrote to the Denver friend
that seeing he lived so near the S. F. friend
he wished he would run in some day and
see him.

Although not quite so far off in relation to
distance, our Eastern friends often get
things sadly mixed, and fail to appreciate
the vast empire we have upon this coast.
For several years past the bee-keeping world
has had its attention almost wholly called to
the wonderful honey yields of California,
until this State seems to be the only El Do-
rado for honey as well as for gold.

California is indeed a great common-
wealth and worthy all of the songs of praise
bestowed upon it, and is every year growing
in power and wealth.

But instead of confining our range of vis-
ion to this State alone, let us broaden it and
take in the whole Pacific Coast. This view
would embrace all of that country beyond
the great central basin of Utah, and extend
from the British possessions to the extreme
end of lower California, a distance of nearly
3,000 miles, or nearly equal to the distance
from New York to San Francisco. The
northern portion of this great area may not
be very prolific in its honey production but
if there is any deficiency caused by humidi-
ty or cold, it is made up the further we move
toward the south ; and when we get down
well into Mexico we find a bee pasturage
that would rival the famous fields of Cuba.
The honey resources of this immense region
are as varied as the climate itself which gives

frost and snow and perpetual summer. Of
Washington and Oregon we have but limited
statistics in relation to honey production,
but enough has been given to prove that bees
do well for their owners, gathering a fine
quality of honey.

Northern California and especially the
north-east part is as yet an undeveloped
country and rich in nectar secreting flowers
that waste their sweetness from the lack of
bees to gather it. The rail roads and the
tide of emigration have been directed further
south, and this portion of the State has
been neglected ; but, recently, attention has
been called to the Honey Lake region and
we may expect to hear that bee-keepers as
well as fruit men are going up to possess the
rich fields. Western Nevada and eastern
California give us the beautiful alfalfa hon-
ey, and it is here that stock raising and
honey production go hand in hand and the
respective herders of bees and cows live in
harmony together. In these rugged valleys
of the Sierras alfalfa has proved its efl&ciency
as a honey plant, and wherever it is grown
under irrigation, the crop never failing, and
if there is any business that looks promising
for the future it is in the raising of alfalfa
for the above purposes. We claim Arizona
also as in the Pacific Coast region and al-
falfa is commencing to play an important
part there for the production of a beautiful
grade of honey. For southern California
the sages will not play so important a part
as they have in the past. Large areas are
being cleared up for agricultural purposes
and the mountains alone will not furnish a
supply to compete with the other grades.
Just now lower California is attracting at-
tention to its abundant honey flora and the
enormous yields wherever the fields have
been developed (and the further into Mex-
ico we go the better the field seems to be)
cause us to look for a great development of
those fields in the near future.

The Pacific Coast is eminently noted for
its great enterprises. Bee-keeping has never
been able to cope in a business view with
these enterprises and bee-keeping since the
palmy days that followed the first introduc-
tion of the honey bee has been to many a
alow method of securing a fortune. Bee-
keeping, however, plays an important part
as a stepping stone to something higher, for
there is no business into which a person can
enter with so little capital and be sure of
such quick returns. But just as soon as the

36

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

returns become a few hundred dollars they
are invested in some of those sure and con-
tinuous great enterprises and the bees are
turned over to some new comer who, like
his predecessor, has no love for the business
only so far as it brings him dollars and
cents, and a chance to step into something
else.

The number of bee-keepers upon the Pa-
cific Coast run up into the thousands, but
the bee-keeping world has heard of but few
of them. These few are the enthusiastic
lovers of the bee and will have bees around
them as long as they live. Owing to the
above facts the Pacific coast cannot, or has
not, supported a bee paper of its own and
but indifferently supported bee conventions.

In order therefore to bring bee-keeping
up to a higher standard on this entire coast,
we need more enthusiasm for the bee and
less for the dollars ; more care and less slip-
shod methods ; more conventions and more
stir, so that the rest of the world may know
that we are alive. That a portion of these
things will come in due time is the abiding
faith of the Ramblek.

Redlands, Calif. Jan, 14, 1893.

ftueen-Excluders. — Hoffman Frames and

Burr-Combs,— Experiments.— Testing

Smokers,

C. 0, MILLEK,

JANUARY Review
oi is a good one,
Bro, Martin discour-
ages me somewhat
with regard to queen
excluders, I have
hopes of queen ex-
cluders, but have an
uncomfortable feel-
ing all the while that
they're an unsolved
problem. Still, the
fact that they have
failed in one or more cases is not conclusive,
for there have been excluders with different
sizes of perforations, and it may be that the
failures belong with too large perforations.
If, however, Bro, Martin is right in saying
they fail twice in a while, or even if they fail
only once in a while with the best sized per-
forations, if that while includes not more

than 25 colonies, then excluders are not so

valuable.

One trouble about deciding as to their ef-
ficiency consists m the fact that in p«obably
a great many cases they have been consider-
ed excluders when they have not excluded.
For example, I don't count that they have ex-
cluded in cases where the queen has not tried
to go through them, and would not go
tlirough, were the perforations twice as large.
In general, queens do not go up into my su-
pers. Now if I should put excluders under
the supers and then find the queens stayed
down, it would be no proof that the queens
could not go up.

And if queen excluders do not exclude,
away go our chances for success with self-
hiverg, at least with virgin queens. For all
self-hivers, so far, depend on confining the
queen and letting the workers go free,

Bro, Frazier is right in thinking writers
ought to go more into detail, and I will add
that they ought to give us more of the little
things in bee-keeping. But I hardly think
he's right in saying the Hoffman frame was
intended to prevent brace or burr-combs.
The main intention was to have something
that would allow rapid handling with practi-
cally fixed frames. But will not brace and
burr-combs be prevented with Hoffman
frames as well as any other if the right re-
quirements are followed ? If the top-bar is
too thin, or the space between top-bar and
section too small, or any one of several other
things be wrong, brace or burr-combs will
be built, whether the frames are Hoffman or
not.

The first case I ever knew anything about
where success in the prevention of these ob-
jectionable combs was attained without hav-
ing anything between top-bars and sections,
was that of J, B, Hall, and Jie claimed that
the sole requirement was a top-bar an inch
thick. Why not stick to that as long as it
proves efficient ?

Bro. Green's article suggests the thought
that it would be of real value if every one
would report all his experiments that are
failures, I know it isn't pleasant for me to
report that I've been a fool, but if by report-
ing it I can prevent half a dozen others from
making fools of themselves, I ought to be
willing to stand the exposure. But if we can
get all our experiments made at experiment
stations, then we can give up playing the
fool, and spend our time getting big crops of
honey.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

37

I congratulate you heartily, brother Hutch-
inson in getting Hasty into the review busi-
ness. I think you'll hud that in that line
Hasty will be — well, he'll be Hasty.

Anent the smoker business, I think Mr.
Cornell is right, that you could not be sure
of having two smokers tilled alike with pla-
ner shavings, but if each were filled times
enough the trial might be fair.

Now if I've touched on any point covered
by Hasty, you have a pencil.

Maeengo, 111. Jan. 26, 1893.

Some Novel Hints on Smoker Construction. —

A Double Bellows that will Throw

a Continuous Stream.

E. A. DAGGITT.

<^^ HAVE not read all the articles on smok-
ffl) ers, but find them interesting. So far,
•*» I do not take any fancy to the Crane
smoker, although it is an ingenious affair.
Neither do I take much interest in the im-
provements of the Bingham smoker. Both
have the bellows on upside down. If Bing-
ham would put the bellows on his, right end
up he would made the biggest improvement
he has made yet. I have been studying
smokers for years. Three or four years ago,
when putting on the nozzle of my Bingham
Conqueror smoker, I carelessly or thought-
lessly put the bottom of the smoker against
my breast and spoiled a good vest. I there
came to the conclusion that the barrel ought
to be covered with some non-conducting
material ; and I have wondered if asbestos
felt would not answer the purpose. It is
non-conbustible and I think a poor conduc-
tor of heat. Then I have often felt a want
— and I suppose you have too — for a smoker
that will throw a steady stream of smoke —
not by puffs as the smokers now do. I
studied on this, and hit on the idea of using
a double bellows, — one half to give force to
the air and the other to act as an air cham-
ber and give elasticity to the current of air
and give a steady stream of it. I got this
idea of a double bellows from a blacksmith's
bellows. You will find that such a bellows
will work easier than a single one. Of course
the main bellows will use a spring to expand
it and the second one will use one to con-
tract it. This smoker will require two self-
closing valves, and I think these, and the

spring of the second bellows can be so ad-
justed as to give a steady, or approximately
steady, stream of smoke if the first bellows
is properly worked. The inner board or
plate of the first bellows, which is stationary,
must run below this bellows and have a

DAGGITT DOUBLE-BELLOWS SMOKEB.

piece tacked on it at the bottom on the side
next to the second bellows to contain the ex-
haust valve. The second bellows must not
be over % or % as large as the first one, but
it should lap it in such a way as to put a large
and a small end of each to each other ex-
cept that the second bellows should extend
below the first as far or nearly as far as the
extension of the plate of the first, but not
far enough up to prevent grasping the first
by the hand at the top. The supply valve
can be put just above the top of the second
bellows and the second valve can be put just
below the top of the bellows. The exhaust
valve should be ball or cone shaped so as to
give the least obstruction to the air as it is-
sues towards the barrel. This second bel-
lows idea does away efifectually with the
trouble from smoke entering the bellows ;
for there can be no back action of air into
it. You know how effectively the principle
works in a blacksmith bellows. You will
notice in the drawing of the smoker that
have added Mr. Cornell's ventilating ideat
my smoker. I have been wondering if the
addition of this same idea to the nozzle
would not be an improvement. Sometimes
the smoke becomes very hot and it seemf- to
me that it would be a good idea to mix air
with it. The nozzle could be in two parts, —
the upper end of the lower part could be cor-
rugated and have the lower end of the other

38

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

part slip partly over the corrugated part.
This almost brings us to the cold blast
smoker. By the way, Hill's smoker has im-
pressed me more favarably than any made
so far. He has made a long step in advance
by bringing out a smoker that can be used
right end up. To my smoker I have added
an ash pan. This is nothing but a simple
cover on the end of the barrel. This will be
an improvement. In fastening the barrel,
a bed piece should be attached to the main
bellows plate and to this should be attached
bands that can be easily loosened. To keep
the barrel from slipping up or down it should
be ribbed just above the upper band, and
the lower end should be ribbed at the ash
pan or cap, just as is done in making Royal
Baking Powder boxes. What do you think
of this design of a smoker ? If you think it
of sufficient value you may illustrate in the
Review. If you do, get the perspective
right and the whole properly proportioned.
This smoker is intended to be used by grasp-
ing the main bellows at the upper end —
either at the corners or middle.
White House Sta., N. J., Nov. 28, 1892.

Scraps From a Visiting Letter in Which its

Writer Mentions the Honse Apiary and

Tells How He Enjoys Himself.

B. TAYLOE.

" A touch of nature makes the whole world kin."

HAVE NOT yet
completed my
new house apiary.
The weather has
been very cold for
three or four weeks
so that work on it
was impossible. It
is warmer now and
I resumed work in
it to-day. I do not
wish to describe it
until completed, as
I am trying to make it very perfect. I find
the Sxlf) building will hold 38 hives without
crowding in the least. I have invented a
hive especially for house use and shall not
use the long ones as first intended. It is a
double brood chamber and holds the same
combs as my double walled hive, and the
hives used on the revolving stand. It is so

arranged that any of the four sides will make
the front.

The bees in the old house seem to be win-
tering finely this cold winter. The house
apiary is going to be O. K.

I have received a letter of six pages frojn
Mr. Langdon, of E. Constable, N. Y., with
drawings describing his new house, 11 by 100
feet. It is nearly identical in principle with
my own but I would not have made so large
a one until experiments had demonstrated
the best plans.

Friend H., give me your hand for your life
sketch of yourself in last Review. In nearly
all respects it is so nearly my own history
and experience that it stirs my feelings
deeply. How I do wish we lived nearef to-
gether. You mention your love for ma-
chinery. O, dear, me ! Last spring I sold
much of my nice machinery (nearly Sfi.'jOO
worth) and this winter I am making new
machines for my shop, and I am so haj)py
at it that I can scarcely take time to speak
or write to friends. I do not know whether
I shall ever use these machines so as to get
pay for them in the vulgar money sense, but
I get siqjreme pleasure, and who gets better
pay than that ? I expect this to be my last
work of this kind and I am determined to
make everything as near perfection in work-
ing quality, as well as finish, as my skill
will permit. Every thing is entirely original
in design, and finished equal to the finest
parlor furniture ; all hard wood, finished in
oil. I have invented a new parallel bar for
saw tables that beats anything I have seen.
You can move it to either side of the saw in
two seconds without removing a single bolt
or screw of any kind and can set it for any
width of sawing from 1-32 to IG inches, with-
out using a measure of any kind. When you
come to Minnesota I will take great pleasure
in showing it to you, and you shall come
some time, and don't you forget it,

I contemplate writing an article for the
February Review, taking the December Re-
view and its contributors for a subject.
What do you think of it ? Will write up the
house apiary as soon as completed, which
will depend upon the weather in a large de-
gree.

There, brother H., this long letter is writ-
ten to you and your family. Please shake,
for us, the hand of Mrs. H., the twins and
all the little H.'s whose pattering feet you
describe so tenderly in last Review.

FoBBSTViiiiiE, Minn. Jan. 2.3, 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

More About the "K. D." Hive.— Top Ven-
tilation and its Importance.

R. O. AIKIN.

rn HE query of
'T M r. Thomp-
son, of Denver, to-
gether with your
p rmisBiou to re-
ply to it, just re-
ceived. Here is
the query. "How
will the top venti-
lation and conse-
quent letting off of
a certain amount
of heat accord with
the greatest possible amount of brood-rear-
ing in the cold nights of spring ?"

Here is another query from Newport. R.
I., just received: "I presume the hive is
not intended to winter bees on the summer
stands as the location of the entrance for
brood chamber allows the free escape of the
heat generated by the bees ?"

The friends are both mistaken. We claim
the top-entrance-hive better for both in and
out door wintering. Neither will there be
any detriment in the matter of brood rear-
ing in spring.

In "Advanced Bee Culture," page 80, the
2nd and .3rd paragraphs read thus : " Wheth-
er bees can be successfully wintered in a
damp cellar, depends largely, almost wholly,
upon the temperature of the atmosphere.
' If the repository be damp, a degree of tem-
perature higher in proportion to the damp-
ness should be maintained. '— N. W. MoLain.
Referring to this statement Mr. Frank Chesh-
ire says : ' The reason being that water has
an enormous capacity for heat (specific
heat) whether in the liquid or vaporous
form ; the latter abstracts heat from the
liees and intensifies their struggle.' Dr.
Youmans says : ' Air which is already satu-
rated with moisture refuses to receive the
perspiration offered it from the skin and
lungs and the sewage of the system is
dammed up.' A moist air very readily ali-
sorbs heat, and more quickly robs the bees
of that element so essential to life : hence it
will be seen why a moist atmosphere must
also be a warm one if disastrous results are
to be avoided."

Now, suppose a temperature in the open
air of 40", and the atmosphere at rest, and
dry. I go out in my shirt sleeves and work
with perfect comfort. Two hours later with
the temperature the same and the atmos-
phere in motion at the rate of 12 to 15 miles
per hour, I am obliged to wear my coat to
keep warm. Now saturate this air with
moisture with the same temperature
aud motion and I must wear my over-
coat to keep warm. You will now see what
I mean.

Read four chapters in " Advanced Bee
Culture," viz.; "Out Door Wintering,"
"Ventilation of Bee Cellars," " The Rela-
tion of Moisture to the Wintering of Bees,"
and "Influence of Temperature in Winter-
ing of Bees."

The entrance at the top, no doubt, will
permit the escape of some heat ; but with
weak colonies, or in winter, we want the en-
trance contracted. Suppose it be 9g xl inch,
there being no other opening sufficient to
cause a direct draft through the hive, there
cannot be any perceptible motion or cur-
rent of air within the hive, yet there will be
a gradual change taking place, thus freeing
the hive of moisture laden air that would
necessarily accumulate in a close top.

Just last week we built a fire in our house
cellar where we have over 100 colonies of
bees ; and with the temperature above .50°
I saw moisture condense on the hive fronts
just over the lower entrance (these colonies
have no top entrance), showing a very moist
air escaping from the hive. Keep the hives
free of moisture and we don't need so high
a temperature. But in order to help the col-
ony in the matter of heat, we strongly ad-
vise the use of packing that will absorb the
heat of the sun and bees by day, and give it
off at night thus helping to equalize the tem-
perature.

But the idea that a small upper vent, with
none below to permit a draft, will allow of
an undue escape of heat necessary to brood
rearing is incorrect.

One of Colorado's foremost apiarists, Mr.
W. L. Porter, of Arvada, after seeing the K.
D. hive at our State convention, went home
and looked through his apiary. He found
every hive having a vent at the top dry and
healthy ; but those with no top vent were
damp and in much worse condition. Not
only were the top-ventilation colonies drier,
but they had more brood.

40

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Mr. Knight has, since the convention, in-
spected for foul brood an apiary of <!U col-
onies. All were breeding and every colony
had the brood nest at or near the en-
trance, and all having a top vent, i. e.,
holes in the quilts, were in much the best
condition.

When it comes to spring brood rearing, the
colony does not depend on the temperature
of the air in the hive for the necessary heat,
nor are they able to get the necessary heat
in the chamber until such time as the colony
becomes strong enough to fill the whole hive.
Until such strength is obtained, they depend
for brood rearing upon the heat generated
within the cluster.

This principle is fully illustrated in a val-
uable article by G. M. Doolittle in A. B. J.
for Dec. ir>6h last, page 75)1. A careful peru-
sal of the whole article will be worth dollars
to any one who is not already familiar with
these principles. I quote from it as follows :
" If we hive a natural swarm of l)ees in a
large box, * * * * we find that they
suspend themselves from the top in a com-
pact form, appearing like an inverted cone,
which, to all appearances, is nearly motion-
less, so that it will appear as if the l)eeswere
idle ; while the fact is, that these apparently
idle bees are the colony proper, and inside
this, active work is going on building comb,
etc. This is easily seen by passing a wire sud-
denly and horizontally through the cluster,
letting the lower half drop. Out side the
living hive, or crust of bees, the temperature
is often not more than .tO , while just inside,
they are working wax nicely with the tem-
perature at 90= to t).5°, as I have found by
making careful tests with a thermometer.
***** It takes some time for these
crust bees to become lively enough to fly :
but the iuside force can do so at a moment's
notice, in any colony I ever experimented
with : thus showing that the material enclos-
ing this living home had little to do with the
heat of the cluster, that being controlled by
the walls of the living hive."

Friends, this top-entrance business will
solve some of the problems in wintering and
springing bees and more too, the K. D. hive
will largely solve the problem of the control
of swarming. These features we will make
public with an illustrated circular as soon as
printed.

LovELAND, Colo, Feb. 7, 1993.

Bee-Keepers' Review.

rriiLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Ed- & PJ'op.

T BMS : — SI. 'JO a year in advance Two copies,
S1.90; three for *2.70; five for $+."0; ten, or more,
70 ceats fach. If it is desired to have tlic R viw
stopped at the expiration of tlie time paid for,
please say so when subscribing, otherwise it
will be continued.

FLINT. MICHIGAN. FEB 10, 1893.

Texas Bee-Keepebs will hold a conven-
tion March .">th and fith at the home of Mrs.
.Tenuie Atchley. one mile north of the court
house, in Greenville. No hotel bills and
everybody is invited.

The Bee-Keepers' Guide has raised its price
to 7.5 cents a year, has added a neat tinted
cover, and is going to use more illustrations,
pay for correspondence, and endeavor in
every way possible to make itself worthy of
its name.

laj,

"What is honey?" is asked in Crfeaninys
by Dr. Miller who is writing the apicultural
part of a dictionary and wishes to give a cor-
rect definition of honey. Those definitions
that say honey is the nectar or juice of flow-
ers collected by the bees and stored by them
in the comb cells in the hive are correct so
far as they go, but they are incomplete in
that they omit to mention the transforma-
tion that nectar undergoes before it becomes
honey. They give the impression that honey
already exists in the flowers, when the fact is
that they contain only the material from
which honey is manufactmerl.

O

CHEAP (ilTEENS.

In the last Review Mr. Trego mentions an
unsatisfactory deal that he had with a South-
ern queen breeder that advertised cheap
queens. As Mr.C.B.Bankston of Chrisman,
Texas, is advertising cheap queens, he fears
that some may think that /if is the breeder
to whom Mr. Trego referred. Such is not
the case. I believe the breeder of whom Mr.
Trego complained has gone out of the busi-
ness. Mr. Baukston very justly says that
breeders at the South can afford to sell
queens cheaper than can Northern breeders.
At the North the season is too short to al-
low low prices,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

41

HOW THE BEES ABE WINTEKINU AT THE HOME
OF THE REVIEW.

As I had several times noticed that bees
near the floor in a cellar d d not winter so
well, I, last fall, had some platforms or ta-
bles made out of scantling in my cellar. The
tops of these platforms are 18 inches above
the cellar bottom. The hives are placed
upon these platforms. One hive is placed
on the platform : a two inch block is placed
at each corner on the toi) of the hive, then
another hive set on those blocks. This gives
plenty of ventilation and allows the dead
bees to drop away from the cluster. I have a
three-burner oil stove in the cellar. Over
the top of the stove is a sort of hood made of
tin and in the top of the hood is a tin pipe
three and one-half inches in diameter that
passes up through the floor and connects
with the pipe of the coal stove. Whenever
the mercury shows a disposition to go below
40 I light the oil stove. The pipe carries
ofl:" all of the gases of combustion. Besides
this, the draft from the coal stove causes a
CDnstont draft through the pipe whether the
oil stove is being used or not. This furnishes
abundant ventilation. I am not certain
whether this ventilation is needed, or not,
but it is a great comfort to know that it is
not doing any harm. The bees never win-
tered better than they have done so far, and
the absence of that " beey " smell in the cel-
lar is a source of considerable comfort and
satisfaction to myself.

SELLING GLASS AT THE PRICE OF HONEY.

At both the Albany and Washington
meetings of the North American I heard Mr.
Segelken of the tirm of Hildreth Bros, it
Segelken express his suprise that so few bee-
keepers, especially those at the West, did not
glass their sections. The reason, so far as
tlie West is concerned, is that the Western
markets do not seem to take kindly to such
packages. In New York, glassed sections
tind a more ready sale and sometimes even
bring higher prices, notwithstanding that
the glass is weighed with the honey and paid
for at the price of the honey. If the New York
market demands glassed sections, why don't
bee-keepers furnish it put up in that shape 'i
Fifty feet of glass will glass about 325 pound
sections on both sides. The glass costs
$3.00, and weighs 60 pounds. So, for the
work of glassing, the bee-keeper would re-

ceive the price of 60 pounds of honey, less
the cost of the glass, and this work can be
done by cheap labor or by the bee - keeper
after the busy season is over.

A WOODEN QUEEN EXCLUDER THAT IS A

Sl5cCESS.

Some of the readers of the Review may
know that the G. B. Lewis Co. has for
several years been making a wood queen ex-
cluder. How well these wooden boards are
answering the purpose is shown by the fol-
lowing from the Secretary of the Company :

"In looking over your book. Advanced
Bee-Culture, we notice what you say on page
19 about our all-wood queen excluder. When
we lirst began to make these excluders we
made them of basswood % of an inch in
thickness, but we soon learned that it would
be better to make the material thinner ; we
then and since have been making them of
birch and maple 1-lG of an inch thick, and
have heard no complaints from them, but on
the contrary more are ordered every season,
and they are well spoken of. They used to
say down East that ' the proof of the pud-
ding is in chewing the string :' those cus-
tomers who have been ' chewing the string '
seem to be well pleased with the pudding as
they order more each year. Hence we con-
clude that our all-wood honey board is a
very good thing.

Of course we can readily See how you fail-
ed in the manufacture of these as you made
your slots running lengthwise of the grain,
and it is well known that all lumber, with
the exception of red wood, shrinks sidewise,
but none, except red wood, shrinks endwise ;
so, when we cut a slot across and through
the grain, we obtain a perforation that does
not change ; and since we have used a ma-
terial 1-16 of an inch thick, we have heard no
complaint of bees plugging up the holes."

ARE THE WASHINGTON RULES FOR GRADING
HONEY UNFAIR ?

In another place in this issue, Mr. Hasty
pays his respects to the rules for grading
honey that were adopted at the Washington
meeting of the North American. From the
very first I have plead for a grade that should
be perfection, but the dealers say, no, we
don't want any such grade. There will be
very little honey of this kind, and the slight
advance at which it will be sold will be more

42

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

than counterbalanced by the reaction that it
will have upon the price of the next lower
grade into which the great mass of the honey
must be placed. In other words, the dealers
say, don't sort out the very finest by itself.
Leave it in with what has usually passed for
No. 1 honey. I do not know that the dealers
are particular that the highest grade shall be
called "fancy." Perhaps they would be
willing that it should be called "No. 1."
The point is that they do not want any grade
made above that in which must be placed
the great mass of honey. They prefer to
have the upper grade, if there is one above
this, placed in with it and all called une
grade, but I do not know that they would
wish to give a grade of honey a higher name
than it is really and fairly entitled to re-
ceive. It is true that the matter of " travel-
stain " is not touched upon in the rules. But
it was discussed, and there was so much
trouble to arrive at any agreement that I be-
lieve it was omitted simply because it seemed
almost impossible to arrive at some decis-
ion, and the difficulty was temporally gotten
over by simply leaving this point for some
other convention to argue over. This may
have been cowardly, but the question was
discussed until the members were simply at
their wit's end in trying to agree. You may
notice that I am trying to give the rules a
practical test by giving the market reports
in conformity to the rules. A year's actual
use of the rules will do more than any amount
of argument in showing the points wherein
they are lacking.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE SELF-HIVEK.

The easiest and simplest way in which
bees can be controlled when they swarm, is
through their queen. This was attempted
long ago through the use of what was called a
" queen-yard." It was a sheet of tin, with
its edges turned up and slightly in, laid in
front of the hive. A laying queen takes wing
with some difficulty and hesitation. Those
who have watched the issuing of a swarm
know that she seldom takes wing until she
reaches the edge of the alighting board,
where she can "jump off" and thus get a
start. The queen yard idea was that the
queen would continue trying to climb the
slippery walls of tin that slanted in slightly
and would continue this fruitless endeavor
until the swarm returned. I believe it was
occasionally successful, but usually the queen
would get her enthusiasm worked up to such

a pitch that she would fly from the flat sur-
face of the tin. This is the way the matter
comes to me from reading about it years
ago. If I have not told it quite as it is, it
will at least answer to give an idea of the
principle and somebody can correct me if I
am wrong.

There may have been other attempts at
controlling the queen, but they were not suc-
cessful until somebody, 1 don't know who,
proposed to make sure work of it by clip-
ping the queen's wing. In this case some
one must be present and catch the queen as
she crawls about on the ground in front of
the hive. Before she can be caught she
must be found, and if the grass is not kept
cut short, and the looking for done at ex-
actly the right moment, the finding is the
cause of no little anxiety and nervousness.
Another point ; some objected to mutilating
their queens thinking that it had an injuri-
ous effect upon them and caused the bees to
look upon them with disfavor. Whether or
not these views are correct is another story.

Along about these days, as the almanacs
used to say, perforated, queen excluding
metal was invented. Soon after this Mr.
Henry Alley combined the metal with the
old, cone-fly-trap principle and made a trap
that would catch queens and drones. I do
not know for which purpose the trap was
primarily intended, to trap drones or queens,
perhaps both, but it is certainly a success at
both.

A drone-trap in front of each colony hav-
ing undesirable drones in a queen-rearing
apiary, means only desirable drones in the
air. 1 presume that most of my readers
know how a drone trap is made, but for fear
that some may not I will say that it is simply
a small box put in front of the entrance of
the hive. The front of the l)Ox is covered
with perforated, queen- excluding metal.
These perforations allow the workers to come
and go at will, but restrain the queen and
drones. At the top of the box is an opening
over which is placed a cone made of wire
cloth. The apex of the cone points upward.
The queen and drones have no difficulty in
finding and passing through this opening
into another box placed above the first, but
do not find the small opening in the cone by
which to return. In short, they are trapped.

When a swarm issues the queen attempts
to go with the bees, but is stopped by the
queen-excluding metal in front. She crawls
up through the cone and is trapped in the

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

43

upper part of the trap. If a swarm is seen
when issuing, the operator moves the old
hive to one side, puts a new one in its place,
and as the bees are entering the hive, having
returned to the old location, the queen is al-
lowed to join the swarm. If the swarm is
not seen when issuing, the queen is trapped
just the same and remains in the trap, a
small cluster of workers remaining with her
and feeding and protecting her. When a
queen and a cluster of bees are found in a
trap it is known that the colony has swarmed
and the apiarist can divide the colony or
treat it as he thinks best. (That is another
story.)

Now, friends, don't you see that there is
but a single step from this queen trap to the
putting of an empty hive by the side of the
old one, connecting the two by means of a
tube in which is placed a cone, then when the
queen in her attempts to follow the swarm
will enter this tube and crawl along until she
comes to the entrance of the new hive which
is in waiting. Of course the entrance to the
new hive is also covered with queen-exclud-
ing metal so that the queen cannot escape.
To Mr. Alley also belongs the honor of taking
this "next step."

DIBBEKN SELJr - HIVEK.

Every bee-keeper knows of the inclination
of bees to climb upwardH. In trying to climb
up, the queen sometimes wasted so much
time that the swarm returned before she had
found and entered the tube at the side. To
remedy this difficulty, Mr. C. H. Dibbern
placed the new hive on top of the old one and
formed a passage way from the front en-
trance of the old hive to the new one on the

top. This remedied one trouble but not the
last one. When bees swarm and their queen
is not with them they return to the old loca-
tion. They will go back to exactly the same
spot. Even though the queen is found at the
entrance of a hive near by, only a portion of
the bees will join her. As a rule, I presume
that the queen is not discovered until the
swarm returns, and when the bees make up
their minds to return they often come back
with a rush, and tumble pell mell into the
entrance of the old hive before they even
have time to discover the queen that is be-
hind the bars at the entrance of the neigh-
boring hive.

This was the fault of self-hivers, that they
secured only a small portion of the swarm,
when Mr. E. L. Pratt conceived the idea of
having the new hive placed in front of the
entrance of the old hive, the bees passing
through this hive when on their way to and
from the old hive.

Right here I think that I can do no better
than to copy from Gleanings an illustration
of the Pratt hiver and a portion of the ac-
companyiag description as given by Mr.
Pratt :

"The hive to receive the swarm is placed
in front of the colony expected to swarm.
The front ends of both bottom-boards are
abutted so as to form a continuous passage
from the swarming colony through the new
hive. A little block is placed into the open
space between the two hives, so that the bees
cannot escape from that way. By covering
this space with wire screen, the ventilation
of the hives will be sufficient for the stron-
gest colonies.

With this arrangement the bees are forced
to go and come through the new hive with
their honey and pollen. A triangular zinc
bee-escape is now placed on the bottom-
board inside the new hive, with its open base
close up against the entrance of the colony
expected to swarm. This escape is made of
perforated zinc, and has a hole in its apex for
the queen to escape through. The outside
entrance to the new hive is covered with an
ordinary excluder, so that the queen can not
escape from within the new hive after she
passes the zinc escape.

When the swarm issues, the bees rush pell
mell through the zinc escape and empty hive
into the air. The queen on finding she can
not get through the zinc at the entrance, will
pass down the escape, and is led through the
hole in the apex, when she will quickly enter
the new hive, where she will be effectually
trapped. All the exits to the new hive being
covered with excluding zinc, the queen is
made a prisoner inside the new hive ; and as
soon as the bees that have swarmed into the
air miss their queen, back they will come to
the old entrance, as their instinct dictates,
thus automatically hiving themselves in the

44

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

new hive. A few of the older bees will work
back into the parent hive, but the bulk of
the swarm will remain with the queeu. If
empty frames have been inserted they will
start at once to Ijuild comb and set up house-

arrangement over that of placing the new
hive in front is that only one bottom board
is required and there is less difficulty in ad-
justing the hives so that they will be perfect-

THE PRATT SELF - HIVEK.

keeping in the new hive. If left in this posi-
tion eight or ten days, a large number of
young bees that have hatched from the pa-
rent colony will work out into the new hive.
If the supers were shifted on the new hive,
a considerable quantity of honey would be
carried there. The bee-keeper now has the
option of increase or not, for there are thir-
teen days before more swarming, which
gives him a chance to manipulate the old
colony as he sees fit. Tf he desires increase
he can set the new swarm back on the old
stand and place the old colony on a new
stand, after shaking the bees off one or two
combs to give the swarm suflicient strength
to store box honey. If he does not desire in-
crease it will do no harm to allow the hives
to stand as they are a few days, when he can
either cut out all the cells or place the old
hive on top of the new one, with a bee-escape
or zinc honey-board between, or leave them
until a day or two before the young queens
hatch, when he can shake ofif all the bees and
place the extra combs around on other
hives."

It might be well to add thj^t Mr. Alley now
places }iis hiver in front of the old hive.

Last season, Mr. Pratt, somewhat at the
suggestion of Mr. E. R. Root, placed the new
hive mider the old one. Between the two
hives is placed a thin board, having a rim
around the edges to give it a " bee-space."
This board is perforated with two or three
holes in its center. ( )u its under side and com-
municating with the openings, is a triangular,
zinc, bee-escape. This is so arranged that
the bees can pass up and down very readily,
but the queen can pass only one way — down-
ward. ^Yhen at work, the bees pass through
this hive just the same as they do throu . h a
hive when it is placed in front of the old col-
ony. It has been advised that one or two
combs be placed in the lower hive to furnish
the bees with a sort of ladder upon which to
ascend and descend. The advantage of this

ly bee-tight. \Vhen the bees swarm they
pass down through the new hive, the queen
going with them, she finding her way through
the apex of the triangular bee-escape that is
made of perforated zinc. She is unable to
find the entrance to return, remains in the
lower hive, the bees return and find her, re-
main in the lower hive and begin their labors
there. It will be seen that, wonderful as it
may seem, the bees — the whole swarm — hive
themselves. But they require some attention
afterwards. The whole arrangement of the
hives and supers is not what it would be if
the bee-keeper had been at hand when the

SKLF-HIVEB WITH NEW HIVE UNDEK OLD.

swarm issued. But this much is accom-
plished, the apiary can be left alone not only
during the middle of the day, but it can be
left alone several days. One great item in

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

45

the cost of honey is the necessity of keeping
some one constantly on the watch for swarms
during two months of the year. It is the
greatest obstacle in the way of establishing
out-apiaries. If self-hivers prove to be the
success that they promise to be, a visit once
in three or four days, possibly once a week in
some instances, to arrange the colonies that
have swarmed, will be all that is necessary.

In the commencement of this article it
was mentioned that the queen; accompanied
by a "bodyguard" of workers would re-
main in a queen trap after a swarm had is-
sued from a hive having-a trap in front of it.
Mr. R. L. Taylor takes advantage of this fact
to enable him to manage his bees without
close attention and yet dispense with the use
of a self-hiver. He has found that a queen
can safely be left three or four days in a trap
and that he can manage by visiting an api-
ary once in that length of time and dividing
those colonies that have swarmed. He says
that he has no use for a self-hiver, the queen
trap answering every purpose. It seems to
me that the use of the trap would do away
with the labor of dividing. The division
would be already made and there would be
only the work of placing the old colony on a
new stand, cutting out the cells, and trans-
ferring the supers to the n«w swarm, or per-
forming whatever manipulations the bee-
keeper found necessary. There is one point
in favor of the Taylor-plan, there would be
no break in the work being done in the sec-
tions, whereas, by the self-hiving arrange-
ment, work is stopj)ed in the supers until
the apiarist appears to make the changes
necessary to get the bees at work again in the
supers.

I should i>e glad to have Mr. Taylor, or any
one who has had experitruce, write upon this
point or upon any other connected with this
important subject and we will make a " self-
hiver number " of the March Review.

Since the above was written there is anoth-
er point occurs to me that ought to be con-
sidered, and that is the trouble arising from
two or more swarms issuing at the same
time and uniting in the air. The larger the
apiary, the greater becomes this drawback.
This same difficulty, however, has to be con-
tended with in any system of management
that allows the bees to fly in the open air
when they swarm. In a large apiary, re-
quiring an attendant constantly during the
honey harvest, a swarm catcher is away
ahead of a self-hiver.

eXTRT^OXED.

Wintering Bees Under the Snow.— It is

Likely to be a Failure.
Every little while some one asks if it is ad-
visable to keep the snow away from the hives
in the winter, or let it cover them over. Mr.
Doolittle, in Gleanings says, well, here is the
vital part of what he says:

'.'I have found that, if the hives are cover-
ed two-thirds the way up the brood-cham-
ber, it is a great advantage; but if the hives
are covei-ed two-thirds the way up the cap or
cover, or completely over, it is a positive
damage to the bees, and worse than no snow
at all.

The difficulty seems to be that, as soon as
the hives are covered with snow, the warmth
of the ground, combined with the warmth of
the bees, makes it so warm that the bees be-
come uneasy, go to breeding, consume large
quantities of honey, thus distending their
bodies and using up their vitality, causing
them to die of old age during February,
March, and April, while the young bees have
not the usual strength and vitality of bees
hatched in September and October to with-
stand the rigors of winter, so spring dwin-
dling and death are the result."

Why the Younger Bees Cling to The ir Hive
Even if it is Moved.

Some of the readers of the Review may
remember that Mr. B. Taylor did not make
the success of the revolving non-swarmer
that he had hoped. ( )ne thing that he had
expected was that it would equalize the col-
onies— make the strong weaker and weak
stronger. As it turned out, the colonies
strong in the spring remained so.

The Heddon method of preventing after-
swarming, by leaving the old colony by the
side of the newly hived swarm for a week
and theu placing it upon a new stand, is not
always a success. Why these things are thus
and so, Mr. Doolittle explains as follows in
Gleanings :

" In ' Stray Straws,' found in the Decem-
ber loth issue of Gleanings for 1892, I find
this : ' A common error is to suppose that,
in setting a weak colouy in place of a strong
one in order to strengthen it, it is important
that the change be made when the largest
number of bees are out. There will be just
as much gain if the change is made at mid-
night.' Usually we find Dr. Miller saying
' I guess so,' or ' I shouldn't wonder,' or ' I
don't know :' but here is a positive state-
ment, made under his name, and, strange to
say, that, in dropping his usual discreetness,
he has fallen into an error which he could
not have fallen into had he been so discreet

46

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

as to say, ' I don't know.' But I imagine I
hear him saying, ' That is all right ; let
Doolittle prove wherein I am wrong.' VVell,
that is just what I am going to try to do,
doctor.

When a colony is in a normal condition,
the young bees go out to take their first air-
ing at the age of six days, if the weather is
favorable ; and in so doing they mark their
location to a certain extent, but not to an ex-
tent great enough so but that the subsequent
flights have a greater impression ou tiieir
memory, for we tiud them taking these
markings anew at every flight till they are
sixteen days old, when they leave the hive for
gathering supplies for the first time, after
which they take no more markings during
the working season, unless it be in case of a
swarm, or some rude disturbance of their
home. If the hive is moved at midnight, as
Dr. Miller suggests, then, ou the coming
morning, all the bees over sixteen days old,
upon going to the field, leave in a straight
line, and, having the old location established
in their memory, and not taking any mark-
ings that morning, come back to the spot
where the old entrance used to be ; conse-
quently they go into the hive having the weak
colony, if such has been placed on the old
stand, or are lost, if no such provision has
been made. But let us wait till about 2
o'clock p. M., at which time all of the liees
under sixteen days old, and over six days old,
will fly, if the weather is fine, and we shall
find that these young fellows head toward
the hive the same as they did the last time
they were out before, hence notice the
change which has been made, and, instead
of going to strengthen the weak colony
which has been placed on the old stand, they
return to the spot last marked, hence do
nothing toward the desired strengthening.
Now, had Dr. M. waited about this changing
till these young bees were in full flight, and
moved the hives when the most of these
young bees were in the air, he would have
caught these also, in addition to all those
which were over sixteen days old. Then, 100
of these young bees are worth fully HOO of
the older ones for strengthening weak colo-
nies, inasmuch as they are just commencing
life, instead of being near its close, as many
of the field-bees are. While I had known
that bees less than sixteen days old would
not return to the old stand, if a colony in
normal condition were removed at any time
other than when they were flying, yet it was
not fully forced upon me till I tried prevent-
ing after-swarms by the Heddon plan. In
trying this I found that, if I moved the pa-
rent colony at any time I was ready, it would
more often than otherwise swarm again : but
if I moved it when the young bees were out
to play I had a sure thing of it, for the colo-
ny was then so depopulated that it uerer un-
dertook to swarm again that season."

I think that Mr. Doolittle is at least partly
correct in his views as regards the occasion-
al failure of the Heddon method of preventing
after-swarming. There is, however, anoth-
er and more important point that he has not
touched upon and that is that a sort of swarm-

ing mania sometimes seems to seize upon
the bees of an apiary, and they will swarm
before the first (lueen cell is capped, and the
result is that the first after-swarm does not
issue on the eighth day after the prime
swarm. I have known the time to be as
much as twelve or thirteen days. If the old
hive is moved at the seventh day, and a
queen does not hatch for five days more,
enough bees hatch in that time to so rein-
force the numbers of the colony that swarm-
ing will almost always result. I think I
never had a colony cast a second swarm with-
in two or three days of the time of giving it
a new location.

Why Frames Need Wiring.

How any one can use full sheets of foun-
dation satisfactorily in the brood nest with-
out the frames or foundation being wired
has always been a puzzle to me. In a late
issue of Gleaninijs Mr. Hewes of California,
so clearly expresses my views on the sub-
ject that I copy his article.

"As I have sat at my bench on rainy days,
wiring frames, I have sometimes wondered
how many of my fellow bee-keepers prac-
tice that mode of strengthening their foun-
dation comb, and Dec. 1st Gleanincis an
swers the thought by telling me that enough
of them do so to use up, even in a poor season,
two tons of wire. This wiring of frames is
a little tedious, bat I wish that all the work
I do paid me as well for the trouble as it does.
Some years, owing to laziness, or a like in-
excusable cause, I put a good deal of found-
ation in frames that are not wired, and al-
ways regret it afterward, when, on initiat-
ing them to the extractor, I see manv combs
fall from the frames,aiid pile up in a sticky
mass on the bottom of the can. Besides
giving strength to the combs, wiring makes
them more shapely and better, yet prevents
sMgyring and the consequent two-inch strip
of drone comb along the top of the frame.
Th-i limitation of drone comb in my hives is
a hobby with me, and I would wire my frames
were its restriction the only thing gained. I
can not see what objection some have to wir-
intr frames. The satisfaction of knowing
combs will result, when hiving a swarm on
wired foundation, is of itself worth more than
the cost of the wire, while the work entailed
by wirinir is not so great as that which is re-
(pii red to look after uuwired foundation to
see that it has not fallen down, nor is being
drawn out wavy with kinks and curls.

Comb foundation is used very extensively
ill California, liut I believe only a compara-
tively small proportion is fastened to wired
frames. The practice most in vogue here is
to use strips of foundation only about half
the depth of the frame. This is not so apt to
break down or sag; but of that last it matters

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

47

aot, for, though the upper half of the comb
may have cells of worker size, the addition
put on by the bees is most apt to be of drone
size, especially if honey is coming in fast
when the comb is built. In every apiary, I
suppose, there is some natural comb built,
and much of this will be drone. I make it
a point to watch for all such combs; and
where the drone-cells are only in patches I
cut them out and fit worker comb in the
places; or, if honey is coming in, and comb-
building going on, put the pruned frames in
some hive which will patch them up with
worker comb. Hives having young queens
recently commenced laying will always do
this if the comb to be worked upon is placed
in the center of the brood-nest; so, too, will
any weak stock having a vigorous queen. But
hives with old played-out queens, or colonies
on the point of swarming, will generally
build drone comb."

The Superiority of the Porter Bee Escape.

This is a little early in the season to begin
talking about bee escapes, but when the time
comes to use them it is well to know which
is the best and where to get it. I had sup-
posed the Hastings escape as good as the Por-
ter, perhaps better, as it has four exits, but
a correspondent of Gleanings, Mr. S. A.
Shuck, says the Porter is superior, and gives
his reasons in the following extract from
Gleanings.

"In Stray Straws for Nov. 1, Dr. Miller asks:
'Will an escape make quicker work in day-
time or at night?'

With your permission, Mr. Editor, I will
try to answer Dr. Miller's inquiry; and, for
the benefit of all parties concerned, give
some of the details of the experiments with
bee-escapes, and the facts gleaned thereby.

Many of the readers of Gleanings remem-
ber that the writer had the pleasure
of testing what has proven to be the
only practical and convenient bee-escape
now before the public (the Porter spring
bee - escape), before it was placed upon
the market. All the forms of escapes
known at that time were tried, and all, ex-
cept the one so widely known now, from the
defect of the little machines or the peculiar
habits of the bees, proved to be unsatisfac-
tory. The spring escape was tried in all con-
ceivable forms — perforated tin tops and bot-
toms; two or more exits; with springs clos-
ing up to side walls or partition in the escape,
similar to the so-called Hastings escape.
Several escapes were placed in one board to
ascertain whether or not the bees would
leave the supers quicker through several exits
than through a single one. These tests were
made both night aud day, through good and
bad weather, both cold and hot, and when
there was an abundance of nectar in the
flowers, and when there was neither nectar
nor flowers: and the facts gleaned from these
experiments, I believe, will ever remain
unchanged.

The present form of the Porter spring es-
cape is the best that can be devised for thor-
ough, practical work. Escapes with single
springs pressing against the side walls or
partitions in the escape clog up with dead
bees, where double springs do not, simply
because the double springs give a larger
opening with less pressure than can be had
with single springs. To an observing mind
it would naturally appear that escapes with
several openings, or perforated tops and bot-
toms, would give better satisfaction in the
matter of ventilation: but many practical
tests in this direction show that a single
exit, together with the cracks at the joints of
the hive, made by adjusting the escape-
boards, give all the ventilation that is neces-
sary or desired.

As to the rapidity of the working of es-
capes, when they work best, etc., I give the
following from a small circular published by
the Messrs. Porter:

'Owing to the varied disposition of the bees
of different colonies under the same condi-
tions, there is a great dififereuce in the
length of time occupied by them in passing
from the super; and with the bees of the
same colony, the size of the super, the time
of the day, the state of the weather, the pre-
sence or absence of a honey-flow all have
their influence to vary this time. As a rule
they pass out most rapidly when all condi-
tions are such that they are naturally the
most active.'

As bees are more active during daytime then
at night, they leave the supers more readily
during the daytime. Bees, too, that, under
the influence of a good honey-flow, would
leave the supers in a few hours, may, in a
time when there is no nectar,and the weath-
er is cool and cloudy, be as many days in de-
serting the supers. Thus it will be seen that
those who wish to accomplish the most that
is possible with the best escapes must work
when all things combine to their interest.

As to the difference of time occupied by
the bees of any colony passing from a super
through a single escape, as compared with
several escapes, it is not discernible. A
whole colony could pass through a single es-
cape in less than one hour, if their anxiety to
move out could be awakened to such a degree
as to cause them all to want to get out in
that time. But as there is no way by which
such an anxiety can be awakened, the only
thing to be done is to allow them their own
good pleasure; and in this direction a single
escape is better than a dozen, as there is less
heat from below through one opening than
through several."

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

" My writings flow from no satiric vein,
Contain no poison, and convey no pain.',

There will be a preface, but not here ; peo-
ple do not heed prefaces when so unwisely

48

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

located ; so I will put it in subsequently,
after you get to reading. The first to come
to my table for the new-born year is —

APICULTURIST,

Really looks as though editor Alley per-
ceives that improvement of contents is the
word that has been going round. It opens
with —

" I reared five-banded bees as far back as 1883.
They were a cross between the Italian aud Cyp-
rians. * * I never had better bees ill my apiary.
* * Friend of mine sent me some five-banded
Italians. * * j know them just as a man
is supposed to know his brother. There are cer-
tain marks about them that identify them so
plainly that the running man may read."

G. W. Demabee.

"Told you so." Some that offer them for
sale may not know this, preferring to cling
to the queen-breeders " rot " that secret
crosses with drones from afar seldom or
never take place.

Next comes the Mocco Stingless Bee, a
queer chap, the size of a grain of wheat,
which —

" Makes its nest only in the grround, boring
into the hard red soil like the ants. The nest is
pear-shaped, of the capacity of about three gal-
lons ; contains very little comb, but a gallon or
more of liquid honey at the bottom, slightly
acid, good eating The nest is lined with wax,
and the entrance is a small narrow spout, less
than one half of an inch in diameter, which pro-
jects about an inch above the ground, and has an
ingenious sort of flexible lid of wax."

H. A. Wolff,
Baberton, South Africa.

Here's richness, indeed ! Don't believe
any insect that preserves honey by putting
acid in it can quite touch the level of a civi-
lized city market ; but what a boon for col-
ored boys and girls in Texas and Florida I
The fact that the Mocco digs the cave for its
own domicil is a pretty strong hint that a
single female begins the establishment bum-
ble-bee fashion, the children enlarging the
hole and building up into a nation. Before
Uncle Sam spends some thousands in the
desperate effort to import that wild open-
air savage Apis Dorsata, he had better carve
out by the roots and bring to Texas a few
Mocco colonies. What pleasure to lie in the
shade and suck honey with a straw direct
from the cistern of its unsuspecting owners !

Along amidships we find the editor has
been reading his back numbers, and finding
valuable articles which the present subscrib-
ers never saw, he proposes to reprint them.
Not a bad idea.

Four pages are given to the opening of
what appears to be a new book, to be first

published as a serial. (How the serial idea
spreads, does'nt it ?) The title is " Practi-
cal and Profitable Bee-keeping," By a prac-
tical bee-keeper. A Bluenose might so blun-
der as to suppose the P. B. friend Alley him-
self incognito. The quality and diction is
fair ; but some of the statements sound rath-
er reckless for a standard work, as —

•'All who intend to make the keeping of bees
their only means of gaining a living will soon
come to grief."

"The bee flies swiftly— at the rate of about a
mile a minute."

Next, aged 32, comes the Dean of delega-
tion—

AMERICAN Bee journal,

And editor York thinks the two portraits
of our editor in the December Review al-
most illustrate the theory of evolution. Mid-
dling fair, friend Y. ; go and do likewise.

Hello ! Here's our esteemed comrade B.
Taylor in the evolution business too, at the
head of an interesting life sketch. Finished
off the inside of a church when he was seven-
teen. And later on he saw his bees finish off
26,000 lbs. of sections in one season.

Compliments to Jennie Atchley, who is
worthily trying to give the southern subscrib-
ers something which is their very own, and
the fruit of their own soil.

Soon the Michigan convention opens out.
President R. L. Taylor notes a general un-
rest among bee-keepers and regrets it.
Golden age gone by. Expect nothing, and
be blest in getting it. But he just hits the
mark when he tells how far nature has car-
ried the improvement of the bee already and
how hard it is to carry the work much fur-
ther. Prof. Cook gets back at him to the
effect that (in the right way) bee folks ought
to be dissatisfied in the direction of finding
some remedy for the unendurable. One of
the most remarkable of remarkable speeches
was James Heddon's plea for letting alone
adulteration and adulterators. Perhaps it
might as well be left in its entirety to just
weigh its own weight. Condensation would
be very apt to show the bias of the conden-
ser. Our hatred will not keep truth from be-
ing true. Per contra, sin has no power of
its own to strut in martyr white. Soon W.
Z. patiently explained once more the sugar-
honey muddle, too familiar to present com-
pany to need comment, except to comme^d
the plucky vigor of this one sentence, which
takes a disagreeable bull right by his naughty
horns — Tut, tut ! Don't you wish you knew,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

49

now ? Subject's closed. The sentence was
on the other side ; and if my side cannot be
heard I'm not going to expedite the enemy's
cannon balls for him.

In the third number for 1893 editor York
announces that one side of the sugar-honey
matter may be heard in his columns but not
the other. No comments from me. My
readers can imagine what I think of that per-
formance without my telling them.

In the Contributions department, G. M.
Doolittle writing in his usual able way con-
cerning winter work brings out this idea
about warming honey to extract in cold
weather. Warm room, of course, but put it
0)1 a high shelf. Nothing warms readily
near the floor in winter. True as a die.

J. A. Green restates his excellent method
of packing — and it amuses me to see that he
has this year got among the late packers,
like me.

Gleanings,

Here's a journal so broad and long that a
reviewer can't very well talk all over it.
How queer that some of you should be wait-
ing to hear me tell what Gleanings is like !
It always begins with " Stray Straws," little
nuggets of truth, fun, gossip, warning or
conundrum by Dr. Miller. Then Father
Langstroth in his ripe autumn, gives us a
section of his reminiscences. After bees
fried, bees roasted, and bees " biled " recess
comes, and Rambler makes us laugh with
outrageous pictures. More fried, roasted
and "biled," and then senior editor Root be-
gins to heave in sight with endless " garden
sass," and interesting travels, and good earn-
est Christian preaching, all interleaved and
lit up with splendid illustrations. Lastly,
to end off with, Ernest tries his prettiest to
get his last leaf up even with Miller's first
leaf — two unbroken colts pulling at an even-
er. You perceive at once that Gleanings'
theory of success is not " Bees exclusively "
but bees "till you can't rest," and lots of
other attractive things too. It's rather a
taking theory ; yet none of its cotempora-
ries can wrestle with it on that basis. They
have not the space to do it in, else " can't
spell able" — mostly both.

As to this number, whereabouts have we a
portrait and biography that we can afford
to put beside Miss Leah Atchleys? Old maid,
eh ? Six years old Dec. 16th, and had reared
with her own hands a number of queens.
First word she ever spoke was " Bees !"

She looks to me like a come-outer. Let us
pray God she may never (come-outer girls
of the South have done the like already)
never take a rifle in her deft little hands, and
fight for the lives of her people, and her
faith, against the great Juggernaut that
wears the livery of heaven in these days. Her
hot speech to the older brother that meddled
with her bees sounds a little like battle. He
had doubled up the bees without asking per-
mission— " Youngster, you let my bees alone
or I will double you up." Mother must do a
lot of rubbing in the " Suffereth long, and is
kind," as well as leaving in the dauntless en-
ergy.

Now here's a little of that preface. I think
I must be excused from the articles on gen-
eral subjects, even though of great excellence,
barring the few cases where it seemeth me
good to make exception. Ditto of the hu-
morous bee articles. Fun seldom makes
good hash even if good when fresh.

So that stilted pack of scientific lies about
each pound of honey representing millions
of miles of bee travel came to grief in Eng-
land. Requires 275 lbs. of working bees per
colony to haul in a 22 lb. run. Same thing
printed in A. B. J. and none of us took pains
to get after it.

Fortunately we do not thus let alone the
mistakes of a recognized bee writer. Edwin
France, one of the best bee-keepers in the
world, and the editor both get after me for
the dangerous error of putting bees above
their stores for winter. In Wisconsin weath-
er the cluster is not always able to follow
doivn. My defense is I did'nt say so. Dr.
Miller misquoted me just one important
word. I said stores behind them, meaning
toward the rear of the hive when on shallow
frames.

Gleanings No. 1 looks rather like a sugar-
honey special ; but in No. 2 the gates are
banged and bolted again. Perhaps, the most
remarkable thing about it is Prof. Cook's
"Right About Face." He does not base it
to any great extent on change of opinion,
but on disposition to yield to the popular
clamor. Well, well, comrades, the wheels
have stopped ; and we are sitting on the
safety-valves now nice and heavy — but the
tvater is still bilin.

More preface. It is hardly best to review
articles in which a queen-breeding editor
puffs his queens and their race, or those in
which the supply editor puffs his supplies.
Not all, by any means, of this kind of writ-

50

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ing is down to the level of that familiar
"yawp" iu which the auctioneer cries his
wares ; bat there are obvious reasons for let-
ting interested editorials alone. Don't talk
back to a book agent. This is not aimed at
Gleanings especially although dropped down
in Gleanings' territory. Wanted some ob-
jectionable fellows to stand next to the dan-
gerous boiler, you know.

Skipped.

How would the above word do for the in-
scription on the door of a repentance closet
in which all the sleepy "young uns " among
the journals should be cast in by name — to
be kept there till they should think up a
thought worth repeating ? Hardly answer.
The strong ones would kick on the door in-
side and say things. And the weak ones that
are liable to die any time must not be put in
dungeon. I do not aspire to be a Herod.
But obviously something has got to be skip-
ped else this department will die of chronic
abbreviation. I will try not to skip any new
idea of commanding importance — culling at
large part of the time, and reviewing more
minutely part of the time. The journals
must take turns in being reviewed in extenso
— and also when the turn of Gleanings or A.
B. .J. comes their review will be liable to
" bob off " most anywhere from sheer lack
of space.

MORE OF Gleanings.

I can scarcely do more than note by title
Doolittle's "Bees Under the Snow," and
Manum's anti-swarm tactics, and France's
trapping of our enemy the skunk, and Wat-
kins' California Flora, all well worthy of at-
tention. Must cry out a little at one item in
the latter, the quiet introduction of the
Cuban Bell Flower into California — no hon-
ey, but grows in Cuba nicely. I have the im-
pression that it is a great nuisance in Cuba ;
will it become such in its new home? 'Spects
the law might as well assign stern penalties
for this sort of impertinent monkeying.

"Bees leave their supers more readily during
the day time." S. A. Shook.

Soak, soak, soak your wax-material before
you heat it ; for if the dirt and fiber first
get soaked with melted wax you can't un-
soak it. And —

" Never pour water into the acid (sulphuric)
but pour the acid slowly into the water."

Arthub ('. Miller.

0. R. Coe presents a wax method of which

the principal new point is a perforated metal

basket hung over a boiling tank. Well soak-

ed mess hot in basket, hot water continually
poured on, and shake it.

Charles F. Haas, of Canal Dover, Ohio, is
trying to teach us a better process, a cold
process, of making sugar-syrup that will not
granulate. Percolation through a sponge.
Something may come of it yet.

But the taking new idea of this Gleaniiigs
is a bee escape remarkably easy to use, and
costing nothing. Interpose an empty super,
partly covered with slats. Place on this a
sheet of paper with a few holes carefully
punched in downward. Then put on the su-
per of bees and honey. Succeeded 75 times
with no failure. Until some one else scores
75 failures and no success this must be re-
garded as promising. For this we are in-
debted to John Handel, Savanna, Illinois.

This paper is too long already for Review
to be reviewed this time, but I must con-
gratulate our editor on his Washington notes.
Most of mankind seem fated not to see or
hear the things worth noticing, and to tell
a lot of stuff of no use to any human being.
We are happy in having an editor who is one
of the rare exceptions.

Having a lot of gall and vinegar about to
be left over I think I must pour it upon that
Washington system of graded honey. A mess
of mendacity without a truthful spot in it
from beginning to end. First by a little si-
lent fib the fancy grade of honey is abolish-
ed. This is to make room for the second
and plainly audible fib of calling ]So. 1 hon-
ey " Fancy." This in turn makes room for
the third and thundering fib of calling No.
2 honey No. 1. Lastly (as Satan would say
if he were a minister) honey somewhat travel-
stained, just as good as any except to the
eye, is ruled out entirely ; thus making sure
that the producer or some one after him, will
try to get it in as No. 1 honey — seeing there
is no lower grade. Definition.JIChristian.
A man who dogs not want his customer to
be deceived in regard to anything he buys.
If this is correct how can good men give
their assent to a system which foreordains
nearly every man who buys a section of hon-
ey in the regular channels of trade to be
cheated by supposing he has a higher grade
than he has ? Let every brother who respects
clean-cut truth meditate a little on this.
And more especially let us meditate, those of
us who love that radiant Christ — that re-
finer's-fire Christ — who came to bear witness
to the truth.

RiOHABDS, Lucas Co., O., Jan. 27, 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

51

AD YE RTISEMENTS

I HAVE FOUR 8INGLE-('0MB

OB5ERVATORY HIVES

That I wish to dispose of. Tliey are finely made
of " quartered " oak and ixjlished. They cost
$5.00 each, but I am oat of tlie show business
and am open to offers

ARTHUR ('. MILLER.
2-93-tf. Box 57.5, Providence, R. I.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundation and sec-
tions : warranted good as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the most favorable
conditions ever offered on foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list of a full line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT,

1-93-tf BeU Branch, Mich.

No. 1 SECTIONS $2.50.

No. 2 SECTIONS !i;l.60.

DOVETAILED HIVES 75c. UP.

Smokers, Foundation, Feeders, Bee Veils,
and all things needed in the Apiary. Wholesale
and retail. Send for Retluced List, Free.
W. D. SOPER.

2-93-tf. Jackson, Mich.

Please mention the Reuieui

Early Queens From Texas,

From my choice golden stock. My bees are
very gentle, good workers, and beautiful. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. One un-
tested queen. April and May, SI.IK); six for g5,00;
later, 75c. Orders booked now: money sent
wlien queens are wanted. Send for price list.
J. D. GIVENS,

Lisbon. Texas.

1'93-9f. Please mention the Review.

ffluth's ::::

EY EXTRACTOR

'KRFECTION

Blast Smokers,

S^iu&re Giziss Honey J».rs, Etc.

For Circulars, apt'ly to ('has. F. Muth & Son.
("or. Freeman A Central Aves.. Cincinnati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepers.

1-93-tf. Please Mention the Review.

t^SMOKERS. Sections;

mVCoMB FOUNDATION AND

J ^^ALLAPIARIAN SUPPLfES.rJn
-"^nSTEKTCi F O RT X ATAT.O GtTE

Please mention the Sevieuj.

Interesting Monthly for

The Family and Fireside

Welcame In every Home.

I^arge Premiums forCIabs.

Sample Copy sent Free.

Thomas G. Newman,

147 Southwestern Ave.,
CHICACtO, - - II<I<8.

Please mention the Review.

Iieathcp Colored

HONEY QUEENS, from Imported Mother, war-
ranted purely mated, after June 10th, at S1.(X)
each ; six at one time, S5.(X). Untested queens,
Tac. each. Address

C. A. BUNCH,
l-93-7t. Nye. Marshall Co., Ind. ]

Please mention the Review.

— If you are going to —

BXJY a BXJZZ - SAW^,

write to the editor of the Review. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
make you happy by telling you the price at
which he would sell it.

ITALIAr^ QUEEM5

Bred for Business, Gentleness and Beauty. L'n-
tested, 80c, each ; three for S2.25 ; six for $4.00 ;
12 for $7.50. Tested. Sl.la Select tested, yellow
to the tip. breeder, §1.50. Will commence ship-
ping April 15th. On all orders received before
March Ist, accompanied by the cash, 10 per cent,
discount. Safe arrival guaranteed.

ii. E. DAWSON,
l-93-12t, Carlisle, Sonoke Co.. Ark.

Please mention the Review.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Doqe at the Review.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOE, 189S.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BROWN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georg-ia,

Please mention the Review,

52

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

"K. D."

Is the name of our
New Hive.

New,
Novel,
Radical.

A combination Bottom Board and Feeder.

A Reversible Brood Chamber.

Self -spacing Frames.

Combination Honey Board.

Double Entrance and Queen Trap.

Bees go direct to brood chamber, or super, or

both, at will of apiarist.
Super holds 32 Sections and 3 Separators, and

supports the sections by compres8i<m and

spurs.
Both side and end compression on both frames

and sections.
No T's, slats, followers or wedges.

CO^TJ^OIiS SWRI^MING

without dequeening or frame manii)ulation.
The Hive is "K. D.," always Knocked Down

when not in use.
We Nail and Paint the Hive and ship it "K. D."
You set up the Brood Frames and put in the

Starters, and the Hive is ready for use.

AIKIN BROTHERS a KNIGHT,

L.OV9lZin<ir Colo.

2-93-tf

Plea

mention the Re

5-BANDED ) , „

- B£!£S. Circular Free .

3-BANDED \

Nucleus Colonies.

.J. F. MICHAEL,
2-9:}-4t. German, Ohio.

Please mention the Review.

IMPORTAWT^^

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gained a good name on
their own merits. Those wlio have tested rhem
with other bees say "they are the best lumey
gatiierers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are tlie largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

piVE-BAflDED WOI?KEf?S

In March, April and May, $l.2.i each, 6 for »<i.(10;
.U\ni\ $\ (HI each, li for $.').()(l: .July to Nov.. $1.(X)
eacli, 6 for gl.5(). Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriptive circular.

12-fi2-tf C. D DUVALL.

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

Pleas. nw.iU.,n me Review.

THE ODELL

TYPE WRITER.

$20

will buytheODELL TYPE WRITER
and CHECK PERFORATOR, with
78 Characters, and $15 for the SINGLE CASE
ODELL, warranted to do better work than
any machine made.

It combines Simplicity with Durability, Speed,
Ease of Operation, wears longer without cost of
repairs than any other machine. Has no ink
ribbon to bother the operator. It is Neat, Sub-
stantial, nickel plated, perfect and adapted to
all kinds of type writing. Like a printing press,
it produces sharp, clean, legible manuscripts.
Two to ten copies can be made at one writing.
Any intelligent person can become a good opera-
tor in two days. We offer $l,OO0 to any
operator who can equal the work of the Double
Case Odell.

Reliable Agents and Salasmen wanted. Special
inducements to Dealers.

For Pamphlet giving Indorsements, <Sm;., ad-

ODELL TYPE WRITER CO.,
358 Dearborn St.. Chicago. III.

pREE TO ALL. ^

SAMPLE COPIES EITHEB OF THE

C2tn2^<Ji2^n Bc^ Journal

OK

C2vi72^«Ii2^n Poultry Jouri)^],

Or both, will be sent FREE to applicants who

desire them, upon receipt of their names

and addresses.

These papers are both of them edited and ar-
ranged by practical men, admittedly the most
experienced in their particular lines to be found
on the continent, and the Journals may tiiere-
fore he regarded as autlioritativeupon the sever-
al subjects of which they treat.

Address BEETON PUBLISHING CO.,
Beet on, Ontario.

SEVENTY COLONIES ITALIAN : : : : :
:::::::: BEES AND FIXTURES.

Also, a lot of new and second-hand Hives at a
bargain. Write for particulars.
WILLIAM IDEN,
2 93-tf. Etna Ureen, Ind.

OiiiWs Golten Qntens

are bred for bnsi-

ness. Try one. Cir-
cular of Queens and Bee .Supplies ready Feb. 1st.
Send for it and a free .Sample Copy of the " PRO-
GRESSIVE BEE-KEEPER."

Address, E. F. QUIGLEY,

Unionville, Mo.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

53

i Names of Bee - Keepers. I

a TYPE WRITTEN. B

The names of my customers, and of those ask-
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a booli. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) .
and. although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2.50
per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I csm furnish them
at $2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, FUnt, Mich.

Write for prices |on tine, golden, Italian yueens
from Mar. 15 to Nov. 15, 1S93. Best colonies last
year gave 200 lbs. Average this year was 125 lbs.
per colony, besides drawing heavily on them for
queen rearing. J. B. CASE, Port Orange. Fla.
11-92-tf

Please mention the Reuiew.
'^^ We have a lar^e lot of '^^

DOVETAILED HIVES

which we will sell for 50 cts. each, including

supers, section holders and brood frames. This-

offer is limited to this lot of hives. l-92-12t

WM. H. Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.

PATENT. WIRED, COMB FOIfflDATION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

THIN, FLAT BOTTOM FOUNDATION

Has No Fish Bone in Surplus Honey.

Being the cleanest is usually worked

the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

(SOLE JttANUFACTUBEBS),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook,Mont.Co.,N.Y

£ o!r Bi^ BluG Cdt-

.\LOGUE FOR 1893? Seventy illustrated
pages. Sent FREE to any bee-keeper. BEE-
SUPPLIES, at retail and wholesale. Every-
thing used in the apiary. Greatest variety and
largest stock in the West
1-93-tf. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa.

no NOT GIVE YOUR ORDER FOR SECTIONS
UNTIL YOU GET OUR PRICES ON THE

(( nnnn )>

BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTION

We are in better shape than ever to fill orders
promptly. Also,

DOVETAILED HIVES. ------

- - - FOUNDATION, SMOKERS, Etc.

J^~ Write for Price List. .„^!

J. FOHNCf^OOK ^ 00.

Watebtown, Wis., Jan. 1, 1893.

Please mention the Recieiu

1-9.3-tf.

BJ?0lJllC^'

Friends, I can furnish
you with all kinds of Ber-
ry Plants, at about one-
Plants warranted. Bank

half the usual price.

references Satisfaction guaranteed.

Address EZRA G. SMITH,

1-93 2t. Manchester, N. Y

Please mention the Reuietu.

lllnstrateil Advertisements Attract Attention.

Cuts fnrnisled for all illnslrating Pnrposes.

REAR YOUR OWN QUEENS!

QUEEN-REARING MADE EASY- ANYONE CAN REAR THEM.

An important discovery relative to Rearing Queens was made by me in the season of 1S92, and
will be given in the MARCH ISSUE OF THE AMERICAN APICULTURIST. It tells you how to
rear queens in a full colony without removing or disturbing the queen— how to have queen cells
started and completed in the same hive which has a fertile queen ; in fact, it is jnst the information
that thousanils of bee-keepors have long desired to know. The above copy of the American .\picul-
turist is worth ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS to any live bee-keeper. Yet it will be mailed to any
address for 2.1 cents ; or the 12 copies for 1893 for 7.5 cents. In order to make our book on Queen-
Rearing (Thirty Years Among the Bees) complete in one volume, all the matter in the March issue
of the .Vpiculturist will be bound in one book. Mailed, per copy, at .50 cents ; or the book (,72 pages;.
The Bee-Keepers' Directory 1 138 pages), and the American Apiculturist one year, allfor $1.00.

Address H. ALLEY, IVenham, Mass.

54

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cut represents our

Combined Circular and

Scroll Saw, which is the

best machine made for

Bee Keepers' use in the

construction of their hives,

sections, boxes, etc.

a-9i-->6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOB OATALOGU, PR 108, TO.,
Address W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rockford, Ills.

IF" YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send $l.iiO
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
for his

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Libera/ Discounts to the Trade.

Plea?" mention *he Review.

ESTABLISHED 1876.

S- T- FISH & CO.,

COMMISSION MERCHANTS.

Dried Fruit, Honey and Farm Products.

189 South Water St., Chicago,

We make a specialty oi our honey department
and ask for your consignments and correspon-
dence. Reference, any bee-paper. 9-92-6t

Please mention the Reuiew.

[HATCH CHICKENSBY STEAM

I v.thto^improved Excelsior Incubator.

Simple, F'r/ect, Self-Iiegu.
Idiini/. Thousands in suc'
cessful operation. Guaran
teed to hatch a larger per-
centage of fertile eggs at
less cost than any other
i^atcher. Lowest priced
first-class Batcher made.
GEO, li. WTAHL. <tiilncy,Hl,

I $ 1 .00 HIVE.

A Complete Hive for Comb Honey, in-
cluding Six Section Holders, Eiglit Thick
Top-Bar Frames, Half-Story Body, Bot-
tom Board and Cover, $l.Ull each ; in flat,
90cts each.

Hoffrrjan Prarp^s, Sections,

Poun<i&tion, ao<i zi Full uinc of

Bce-Ke^pcrs' ^uppli^s.

^ A 20-page Price List Free.

^ 12-92-12t J. M. KINZIE,

^ Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establishment in the world. First-
class Second-hand Instruments at half new prices.
Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Msr
chines sold on monthly payments. Any instru-
ment manufactured shipped, privilege to examine.
EXCHANGING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER j 31 Broadway, New York.
HEADQUARTERS, ( 186 Monroe St., Chicaga

FOUNDATION

AND SESTIOnS.

CA UTION .

Do not buy a thick, heavy base comb founda-
tion for use in your sections wlien you can get
11 to 16 square feet to the pound. Also be sure
and buy your secticms where you can get a nice
box at a low price. Send me your address and 1
will be pleased to send you a sample section, a
.sample of the

THINEST COMB FOUNDATION MADE,

And prices at wliich tliey may be bought.

W. H. NORTON,

2-M-t4. Skowhegan, Me.

Please mention the Review.

Cheap Freight and Quick Transportation.

Being located at the most central point of railroad and express companies enables us to furnish
bee keepers with supplies at loss cost to themselves than any house in the countrj'. We furnish
everything needed in the apiary, as low as the lowest and as good as the best.

QQQI^»S ry.r^fJTT^T ,Tr.< I'W. m"VHj combines all the most approved methods
of hive making. It is a complete arrangement for out-door wintering and is eijually well adaptetl to
producing comb or extracted honey. Send for circular. Fine lot of Bees for Sale cheap.

J. H. M. COOK, U-TaT.wT.J 78 Barclay St., New York City.

I

FHE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

55

Great Reduction.

SECTIONS

AT GREATI.Y REDUCED
PRICES.

HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, Ac, AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.

WKITK FOR FREE. ILLUSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G, B. LEWIS A CO., Watertown, Wis.

1-93 tf.

Please mention the Review,

TO REDUCE STOCK.

From now until March let only, we will sell No.
1. One- Piece Sections at $2.75, and No. 2 at $2.tX)
per 1,UOO. Other supplies in proportion On all
cash orders of If.i.DO or more, from within 100
miles of us we will pay the freight.

,J. .T. BRADNER,

l-98-2t. Marion, Grant Co., Ind.

Please mention the Review.

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROA^EMKNTS

IN BEE- HIVES, SMOKERS,
FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWRY JOHNSON,

1 9:}-tf. Maeontown, Pa.

" FLORIDA-'

300

LEATHER-BACK ITALIAN QUEENS.

By my special method of taking a crop of
honey by the " Migratory " system, I shall
have 300 tested queens for delivery about
March 20th Prices $10 per dozen. None over
six months old My crop the past season from
one yard of 42 colonies, spring count, was 10,800
pounds and increased to 150.

A. F. BROWN,

l-93-4t Huntington. Putnam Co.. Fla.

«^1

I f^J"^

BINGHAM PERFECT

BEE SMOEEE

Paf d 1878, 1882. & 1892.

Cheapest S; Best on Earth.

Send Card for Circular to

Bingliara&Hetheringtoii

ARRONIA, MICH.

Bee Hives and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Langstroth-Simplicity, Standard
Langstroth, Dovetailed and Champion Chaff
Hives, Supers, One Piece Sections and Shipping
Cases. Foundation, Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16 page Circular.

1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH, New London, Wis.

SECOND HAND

SUPPLIES CHEAP.

I have given up the bee business for the prac-
tice of law. 1 have a lot of hu]pplies on hand,
both used and unused, which I will make it an
object for any one needing them to buy. There
are abimt 80 of the New Heddon Hives, over 250
T supers, 36 new (iO-lb. honey cans, honey ex-
tractor, glass for 12-lb shipping cases, sections,
surplus foundation, queen - excluding honey-
boards and almost everything to be found in a
large apiary. No circulars. Write me what you
want and I will let you know condLion and
price. All these goods are at Newton, Jasper
Co., Iowa, and will be shipped from there in
April by my brother. Addresa WM. L. DREW,
122 Oxford St., North Cambridge, Mess.

QUEENS, QUEENS, QUEENS.

Have you tried my Italians ? I have the finest
bees you ever saw ; they are leather colored Ital-
ians, and ab honey gatherers they can't be ex-
celled. Try them and be convinced. They are
very gentle and hardy and good winterers. Un-
tested queens, $1.00 each, or $9.00 a dozen. Test-
ed, $1..30 each, or $12.75 a dozen. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. On all orders re-
ceived before March Ist, accompanied by_ the
cash, a discount of 15 per cent, will be given.
Send for price list of Italian Queens and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies M. H DEWITT.

1-93 6t. Sang Run, Garrett Co., Md,

QUEEN CAGES

Are my specialty. I make the Benton cage in many
styles and sizes. A light cage saves postage ; a neat cage
creates a favorable impression : one properly arranged
carries its occupants .safely in either hot or cool weather ;
and my special machinery and large trade enable me to
furnish extra nice cages, having all these advantages, at a
very low price. Sample cages and prices on application.

C. W. COSTELLOW, Waterboro, Mo,

56

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

^^Falcon^' Sections

Better than aijy.
Cbeap as njany.

Our No, 1 Sections

Equal to rpaoy.
Cheaper t^atj any.

/*ny Size. /\ny Qua.ntity.

At Any Tin7«.

1

lAlso, all styles HIVE? and BEE-
FIXTURES Gbean. Mew cata-
logue and price list frc^. Sarpples
of Falcon Sections for 2c. starpp.

;W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co.,

JAMESTOWN. N. Y.

Golden,

^1

Italian Queens

My Bees are as good honej Katherers as there
are in the country, while for Golden Heiiuty
they cannot be excelled in tlie world.

Warranted Queens, 75 cents each.

Tested. $1.00 each.

Breeding Queens, $2.50 to $3.00.

Ten per cent d 'scouut on orders for five or more
<iueens. Satinfactiou Kuaranteed. Make money
orders* i)ayable at Caldwell, Texas. Address

C. B. BANKSTON. Chrismac, Texas.

2S3-tf Plenae mention the Reuiew.

1 TELL y'lU wliat, Jones, Ler-

ering Bros- »ell tlie b st Koods

» anil at the lowest prices of any

\ line I've struck yet. The lar-

' ^ijcs* and be.-teijuippetl

Bee- Hive Facloff

In the West. T.ie Dovetailed
Hive au<i New HoflFman _ seH-
spacinK frame a specialty.
EvorythinK ut-ed by practical
bee-keepers by whoJesale and re-
tail. Send for their free Illus-
trated Price-List. and save money. Supply Deal-
ers, send for their Wholesale List. Address

LEVERING BROS..
MKUi. WIOTA. CaBs:(:o.. Iowa.

IF you wisli to advertise anything anywhere at
any tune writ* to GEO. P. ROWELL & CO .
No 10 Spruce St.. N. Y.

1852.

REDUCTION ON THE PRICE OF

1891

L^angstpoth on the Honey Bee

iREVISEO.^i
PR/CE BY MAIL, $1.40: BY EXPRESS OR FREIGHT WITH OTHER GOODS $1.25.

By its ijopious indexes, by its arrauKement in numbered paragraphs, includinK reference number^
on any question in bee culture, any information can be instantiv fuimd. This book is tlie must com-
plete treatise on bee keeping' yet piiblislied. A FRENCH EDITION JUST ISSUED. m

• 676 DADA/ST'S COrVB FOUND ATIO/S. Vs,..

A\or^ than Ever. Better t^an Ever. Wholesale an«J Retail.

Half a Million lbs. Sold In 13 Years. Over S200,000 in Value.

It is THE BEST, and guaranteed every inch equal to sample. .Vli dealers who have tried it have
increased their trade every year. Samples, Catalogue, free t<i all. Send your address.

We also make a specialty of Cotton and Silk TuUe of verj" best grade for bee-veils. We snpplv
A. I. Root and others. 7,000 Yards just received. Prices Very Low. Samples Free.

Smokers, Honey Sections, Extractors, Tin Pails for Honey, Etc. Instructions to Beginners

with Circulars Free. 4-92-12.

*».«t/o/. /f.w.«. CHAS. DADAfiT A SOJ4, H«noilton, H«n«o«kCo., IU«.

Mar. 1893.

At Fliqt, Micl^igaq, — Or\e Dollar a Year,

58

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW^

flDVEf^TISlNG t^RTES.

All advertisements will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch.
Discounts will be given as follows : —

On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 percent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On HO lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing Liist.

1 will send the Rev/ew with—

Gleanings, ($1.00)

American Bee Journal. . . . ( l.OO)

Canadian Bee Journal . . . ( 1.00)

American Bee Keeper . . . ( .50)

Progressive Bee Keeper... ( .50)... .

Bee Keepers' Guide ( ..50)

Apiculturist ( .75)

Bee-Keepers' Magazine. . . ( ..50)

.$1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.40.

. 1.40.

. 1.40.

. 1.65.

. 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee ■ Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled ; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise.

In addition to tliis the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there wiU be " fancy white,"
"No. 1 dark,'' etc.

BUFFALO, N.Y.— Fancy is in good demand
and stock is light; dark is dull with a liberal
supply on hand. We quote as follows : fancy
white, 18 to 19 ; No. 1 white, 16 to 17 ; fancy
dark, 10 to 11 ; No. 1 dark, 9 to 9Va ; white ex-
tracted. 9 to 10; amber extracted, 8(4 to 9; dark
extracted, 7 to 8 ; beeswax, 25 to 'M.

BATTERSON A CO .

Mar.6 167 & 169 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

CHICAGO, ILL, —The long winter, being fa-
vorable to tlie honey business, has left our mar-
kets almost bare of the best grades of both comb
imd extracted honey, and we are having a better
demand and obtaining better prices tlian at any
previous time tliis season. Dark comb honey is
a poor article for tliis market and we would ad-
vise its disposal in the homo markets where the
producer will not have to contend with the idea
that dark comb honey is not so pure as the
white. We (juoteas follows: fancy white, 18; No.
1 white. 16; fimcy amber, 14 ; fancy dark, 13 ;
white extracted, 9 ; amber extracted, 8 ',4 ; dark
extracted, 7 to 7'/s; beeswax. 22 to 25,

J. A. LAMON,

Mar. 6. 44 <t 48 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn. - There is a good suj)
ply on hand but it is mostly dark. This stock is
slow, but what little wliite there is on the market
moves readily. We (jnote fancy white, 17 to 18;
two pound combs. 16 to 17 ; buckwlieat, 15 to 16 :
extracted honey, 10 to 11.

J. SHKA&CO.
Feb. 13. 14 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.

(;HICA(iO, 111 —The offerings of the best grades
are light and those having any to sell should
forward it at once. We quote as follows; fancy
white, 18; No.l white, 16 to 17 ; fancy amber,
13;No.l amber 10 to 12; fancy dark, 10; white
extracted, 7 to 9 ; amber extracted, 7 to 8; dark
extracted, 6 to 7 ; beeswax, 22 -o ".'5.

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,
Mar. 6. 161 So. Water St., < hicago. 111.

ALBANY. N. Y.— Stock of honey very light.
Prices well sustained Demand will be better
as the weather warms up We (juote as follows :
Fancy white. 15 to 17 ; No. 1 white, 14 to l") ;
mixed, 12 to 14 ; fancy dark, 11 to 12 ; No. 1 dark,
10 to 11; white extracted. SH to <dVi\ amber ex-
tracted, 7 to 7^4; dark, 6'/s to 7. Beeswax, 2,^
to 30.

H. R. WRIGHT.

Feb. 13. 326 Broadway, Albany. N. Y.

NEW YORK.— There is a fair demand for
comb honey, and supplies are light. Fancy
white and No. 1 white would find ready sale
this month. Beeswax is scarce and in good
demand. We quote as follows : No. 1 white,
13 to 14 ; fancy amber, 12 to 13 ; fancy dark, 10 :
No.l dark, 9; amber extracted. 7 to VA; dark
extracted. 6 to 6>2 ; beeswax, 28 to :}0.

HILDRETH BROS. & SEGELKEN,

Mar. 6. 28 «& 30 West Broadway New York.

KANS.AS CITY, Mo.-The demand for extract
ed honey is good and the supply light. The sup-
ply of comb honey is fair a d the demand the
same. Shipments of No. 1 would meet with very
ready sale. We quote as follows: No. 1 white,
16 to 17 ; fancy amber, 15 to 16; No. 1 amber 13
to 14 ; fancy dark, 12 to 13 ; No. 1 dark, 10 to 11 ;
white extracted. 6V2 to 7; dark extracted, 5 to 6 :
beeswax, 22 to 25.

CLEMONS-MASON CO.,

Mar. 6. 521 Walnut St., Kansas City Mo.

CINCINNATI, Ohio,— There is a good demand
for extracted honey from the jobbing trade for
family use, but the demand from manufacturers
is slow. We never had as small a stock on hand
as we have now, and unless unlooked for ship-
ments arrive we shall be unable to fill our orders
for March. We solicit early shipments from our
friends in the South, as freight rates are now the
same on honey as they are on sjTupsand molas-
ses. No. 1 dark comb brings 10 to 12 ; extracted
honey 6 to 8 Demand for beeswax is good at 23
to 25 for good to choice yellow wax.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON.,

Feb. 14. Cincinnati, Ohio.

FOR SALE ^

My bees have never wintered more per-
fectly than they have thus far this season —
not a sign of dysentery, and when I swept up
the dead bees in the cellar the other day for
the first time, there was only half a pint of
dead bees to the colony. I have more bees
than I can care for and run the Review, and
I should be glad to sell a few full colonies
in the new Heddon hive at $0.00 per colony;
5 for $28.,'J0 : 10 or more, ^.^..W each. All
queens are pare Italians of last year's
rearing. W. Z. Hutohinbon, Flint Mich.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

59

AFTeiH VOWH BEES

Have passed the rigors of winter, then comes spring-
with its mixture of balmy days and storms, its few short
honey-flows interspersed with rain, frost and mayhap an
occasional snow storm. How best to bring- the bees
throug-h this trying- period in such a manner that, not-
withstanding- adverse weather, they will g-ain steadily
in numbers and be read}' to g-o forth as an army to
g-ather in the spoils when the main harvest comes, is
taught in one of the opening- chapters of "Advanced
Bee Culture."

Price of the book, 50 cts.; the Review one year and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HOTCHINSOH, Flint, Mich.

'®)

'3

WHITE PORL.AR

SEOTIONS.

We have New Steam Power, and Ni'W Build-
ings, and are now ready to fnruish Wliite Pop-
lar Sections, Clamps, Crates and Wood Sides at
short notice. Workmanship, Quality and Price
unsurpassed. Send for samplf and price list.

PRIME &. GOVE,
1-90-tf Bristol, Vermont.

•■CLOVER SEEDS -C.'-NS AND BE.t>>,^^BUCKWrtEAT

J^Sawp L£ of our.bee J ouknalThe we S T E R N 1 '
;flEEK££PER AUoOur CATALOGUE ^ f=i

>;p3.NY;5EWANPEfi. DesMoini^5>1ow^.

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OF BEE HIVES, SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

198-l:it. RIVER PALLS, WIS.

Is-'v

spray

your

Fruit

ana.tE

Please mention the Keview,

■Wormy Fruit and Leaf Blight of Apples, Pears,
Cherries and Plums prevented ; also Grape and
Potato Rot— by spraying with ^^tahl's Double
Acting Excelsior Spraying Outfits. Best in the
market. Thousands in use. Catalogue, describing
all insects injurious to fruit, mailed Free. Address

WM. STAHL, QUINCY, ILL.

60

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

"K. D."

Js the luiiiie of our
New Hive.

New,

Novel,
Radical.

THE ODELL

TYPE WRITER.

A combinalion Bottom Board and Feeder. •

A ReverBible Brood Chamber.

Self-Kpaciiiff Frames.

Combination Hfrney Board.

Double Entrance and Queen Trap.

Bees go direct to brood cliamber, or super, or

both, at will of apiarist.
Super holds .32 Sections and 3 Separators, and

supports the sections by compression and

spurs.
Both side and end compression on both frames

and sections.
No T's, slats, followers or wedges.

COHTt^OLiS SWflf^IVIlNG

without dequoeningor frame manipulation.
The Hive is "K. D.," always Knocked Down

when not in use.
We Nail and Paint the Hive and ship it "K. D."
You set up tlie Brood Frames and put in the

Starters, and the Hive is ready for use.

AIKIN BROTHERS & KNIGHT,

Uov^lan^lf Colo.

2-93-tf

Pratfs Automalic or Self-fiiver,

Read? for use, sent PostDaid to any Address for
75 cts, Address E. L, PRATT, Beverly, Mass.

Special Terms to Agents.

IMPORTAMT^-^

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians liave gaine<l a good name on
their own merits. Those wlio have tested them
with other l)ces say ''they are the best honey
gatherers, cap their honey the wliitcst, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, ar(> the largest
and Htroiiijesl bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that i)roduce uniformly
marked

piVE-BRfiDED WOf?KEI?S

In March, .Vpril and May, $1.2.'} each, 6 for gti.OO;
June, $l(K)each, t> for $5.a); .July to Nov., Sl.tX)
each. 6 for 84..'>(). Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriijtivecircular.
12-92-tf C. D- DUVALL.

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

will i)uytheODELL TYPE WRITER
and CHECK PERFORATOR, with
78('haracters, au<l $15 for tlic SINGLE CASE
ODELL, warranted to do better work than
any maiihine made.

It combines Simplicity with Durability, Speed,
Ease of Operation, wears longer without cost of
repairs than any other machine. Has no ink
ribbon to bother the operator. It is Neat, Sub-
stantial, nickel plated, perfect and adapted to
all kinds of typs writing. Like a printing press,
it produces sharp, clean, legible manuscripts.
Two to ten copies can be made at one writing.
Any intelligent person can become a good opera-
tor in two days. We offer $l,OO0 to any
operator who can equal the work of the Double
Case Odell.

Reliable Agents and Salasmen wanted. Special
inducements to Dealers.

For Pamphlet giving Indorsements, &c., ad

ODELL TYPE WRITER CO.,
358 Dearborn St.. Chicago. III.

pREE TO ALL. ^ *

SAMPLE COPIES EITHER OF THE

C^nz^^iiz^n Bee ^ourn^l

OH

Cao^^iiao Poultry Jo{^rry^^,

Or both, will be sent FREE to aprdicants who

desire them, upon receipt of their names

and addresses.

These paiiers are both of them edited and ar-
ranged by practical men. admittedly the most
experienced in their particular lines to be found
on the continent, and the .Journals may there-
fore be regarded as authoritative upon the sever-
al subjects of which they tn-at.

Address BEETON PUBLISHING (^O..
Beeton Ontario.

SEVENTY COLONIES ITALI.VN : : : : :
:::::::: BEES .VNl) FIXTURES.

Also, a lot of new and 8ec(md-hand Hives at .i
bargain. Write for particulars.
WILLIAM IDEN,
2 93tf. Etna (Jrt^en, Ind.

fliiiglers Golden Queens ^eLX one.'S:

cular of Queens and Bee Supplies ready Feb. let.
Send for it and a free .Sample Copy of the " PRO-
GRESSIVE BEE-KEEPER."

.Addres.s K. F. QUIGLEY,

I'nionville, Mo.

I

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

61

Names of Bee -Keepers. I seen our Dig DlUt) Ijdl-

r rn ALOfiUE FOR ISQfl? Sfiveutv illuBtrfitpd

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaiaaaaaaaaaaa

I Names of Bee • Keepers, i

a TYPE WRITTEN. B

r;P!PJEE|RJEB|PEEEEBr:rr;F.EEEEEEEB
The names of my customers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) .
and, altlioagh this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The ftirmer price was 82.50
per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I can furnish them
at $2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

Quc^O Dealers,

Write for prices Ion tine, golden. Italian Queens
from Mar. 15 to Nov. 15, 1893. Best colonies last
year gave 200 lbs. Average this year was 125 lbs.
per colony, besides drawing heavily on them for
queen rearing. J. B. CASE, Port Orange. Fla.
11-92-tf

Please mention the Reuieui.

^^^ We have a larj?e lot of '^^

DOVETAILED HIVES

which we will sell for 50 els. each, including

supers, section holders and brood frames. This

offer is limited to this lot of hives. l-92-12t

WM. H. Bright, Mazcppa, Minn.

paIntTwieed, comb foundation

I^VB NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

THIN, FLAT BOTTOM FOUNDATIi

Has no Fish Bone in Surplus Honey.

Being the cleanest is usually worked

the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DELSEN & Sf)XS,

(SOLE MANUFACTURERS),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook,Mont.Co.,N.Y

ALOGUE FOR 1893? Seventy illustrated
pages Senf FREE to any bee-keeper. BEE-
SUPPLIES, at retail and wliolesale Eveiy-
tning used in the apiary. Greatest variety and
largest stock in the West
1-93-tf. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa.

.■^.c<«ac fi.trrniufi the Reuteu).

DO NOT GIVE YOUR ORDER FOR SECTIONS
UNTIL YOU GET OUR PRICES ON THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTION

We are in better shape than ever to till orders
promptly. Also,

DOVETAILED HIVES. ------

- - - FOUNDATION, SMOKERS, Etc.

^T" Write for Trice List. _,^

J. FOf^NCROOK ^ CO.

Watertown, Wis., Jan. 1, 1893. l-93-tf

Pfcase mention the Review

f\ II r r 11 A A large number of fine ones on
JJilrrNiS hand ; yellow and prolific ;
y U L L 11 Uj ready April 15th: warranted
queens, $1: 6 for $4..50; select
tested, yellow to the tijis. suitable for breeders,
$2 each. Reference, A. 1. Root. 3-93 tf

W H. LAWS, Lavaca, Seb Co , Ark.

lUnstraieil Advertisements Attract Attention.

Cuts FirnisM for all illnstratlDg Pnrpflses.

REAR YOUR_OWN QUEENS!

QUEEN-REARING MADE EASY- ANYONE CAN REAR THEM.

An important discovery relative to Rearing Queens was made by me in t^^e season of 1892, and
will be given in the MARCH ISSUE OF THE AMERICAN APICULTURIST. It telli you how to
rear queens in a full colonv without removing or disturbing the queen— how to have queen ceDs
started and completed in the same hive which has a fertile queen ; in fact, it is just the information
that thousands of bee-keepers have long desired to know The above copy of the American Apicul-
turist is worth ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS to any live bee-keeper. Yet it will be mailed to any
address for 25 cents : or 1 he 12 copies for 1893 for 75 cents In order to make our book on Queen-
Rearing (Thirty Years Among the Bees i complete in one volume, all the matter in the March issue
of tlie Apiculturist will be bound in one book. Mailed, per copy, at .50 cents: or the book (72 pages).
The Bee Keepers' Directors- 1 13S pagesi. and the American Apiculturist one year, all for $1 .00.

.\ddre8s

H. ALLEY, 'Wenham, Mass.

62

THE BEE-KEEPERS ' REVIEW,

pm..^^::m'':m\^^^m'm-M^'m:,\^;^,

W

Low Freight Rzites
And no Delzvys.

l^<^-:i^^m^^^sm^^:ȣ^:j^^:ii^s^;imc^^

\A/HEN you are considering whore to send for
your supplies tlie coming season, get prices
and a list of goods on hand, iFrom one of the fol-
lowing dealers, who liandlc ROOT'S GOODS
in carh)ad lots, tlius si-ciinng them at lowest
cost. Most of them, exci'jit those far distant,
sell goods to users at factory priceswhile tliose
far distant ad • approximately only the carload
rate of freight so that you will SAVE TIV^E
A/SD A\07SEY by buying your sui)plies of
one of these dealers. We cannot give here a list
of goods kept, as it varies some at the different
places according to the varying needs of eacli locality. Write to the place nearest you for list with
prices, and when you write give a list of the goods you want, ami mention this paper.

QUITE a full line of goods are sold at factory prices by F. A Salisbury, Syracuse, N. Y. ;
H. G. Ackliu, 1024 Mississippi St., St. Paul, Minn.; Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, Iowa.
A good assortment is also kept for the far West by Barteledes ct Co., Denver, Col. For
California by G. G. Wickson ct Son, San Francisco and Los Angeles. For Oregon and
Washington by F. L. Posson & Son, Portland, Oregon. For the Southeast Atlantic coast
by Baltimore Farm Implement Co., Baltimore,,Md.; and for the Far South by -T. M. Jenkins,
Wetumpka, Ala.

A smaller assortment, consisting chiefly of Dovetailed hives, sections, smokers, foundation, and
" extractors is also kept by the f(ill<«%ying :

Henry F. Hagen, Rocky Ford, Colo. ; W. K. Ball, Reno. Nev.; W. O. Victor, Wharton, Tex.; .Jno.
Nebel & Son. High Hill, Mo. ; Thos. G. Newman, Chicago, 111. ; Walter S. Fonder, Indianapolis, Ind. ;
Vicker l^ms,, Evansville, Ind. Our Hives, Comb Fdn., Smokers, Extractors, Perf.zinc, etc, are fur-
nished by a multitude of otlier dealers too nu-
merous to mention. If you want to buy goods
made at tlie Home of the Honey Bees, you can
get them as cheap as you can any-where when you
consider quality and workmansliip, and your
orders will be taken care of promptly. Don't
expect to get all the goods \ve advertise,
from any of the above dealers, and don't
expect to get goods tliey do not agree to
furnish : but find out what they agree to furnish,
and at what jirice, by writing to address nearest
you. Plezis? A\«i7tion R^viev^.

^ A. I. ROOT,

^^^-^^s^;^

A\ecli!7zv, Ohio.

Here is your Chz^nce

Two for the Price

By Thos. G. Newman, ex-editor of the American Bee Journal,
Is a book of over 200 pages, that we send FREE to every new

Subscriber who mails us $1.00 for a year's subscription to the old

AMEBIGAN BEE JOURNAL,

if The Largest, Best, Cheapest, and only weekly bee-paper in all

' ' America. 32 [lages; established 1861 . Send for a free sninple

^> - copy with description of book offer GEO. W. YORK & CO.,

*■ 56 Filtli .Vveiiiie, - - dllC.iOO, ILLS.

To New Siscriljers • Tlie Journal Alone Sent for Tliree Montlis for 20

ope.

Porter's sp"°e Bee- Escape

\ S ives temper, time and bees.
I PROF. COOK says: ''No bee-keeper can

dturd to be without tliem."
' WM. M'EVOY, foul brood inspector of Ont.,
ji\ . — ' /( in., says : "They should be used in every bee
jard in tlie wliole wide world."
-^ THOS. PIERCE, Pres. Eastern N. Y. B. K. A.

>^5_ii s lys : "The time will soon come when all bee-

= ~ —^ keepers will use them.

Send f( r i ircui ir and tt ".timoniiils and read what others say of them.
PRICES : Each, by mail, with full instructions, 20 cts. Per doz., 82.2r). If, after three months'
trial, they are not found su|)erior to all other escajies, and satisfactory in every way, return them and
we will refund your money. For side by dealers, _ ._.->.

4-92^f Mention Reuieu,. H- & B. C- POf^TER, Ucuiistotil n, 111

ee-

\eepeps' peViecu.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Interests of Hoqey Producers.

$1,00 A YEAR,

W. Z.HOTCHlNSOfl, Editop & PPop.

VOL, VI,

FLINT, MICHIGAN, MAR, 10, 1893.

NO. 3.

The Special Topie of This Issue is

Self - Hivers.
tim:e3i_i"y topics.

No. 2.

B. L. TAYLOK.

" Soon blustering March will shake yon up,
and wliisper load of spring."

TT-FTER the nail-
f\ ing of hives and
cases, the painting
should be attended
to if one has a warm
place where it can
be done, otherwise
it mnst be deferred
till mild weather.
Two coats 'of white
paint should be ap-
plied to all such
work if for no other reason than as a protec-
tion to the combs and bees against the mid-
summer sun. Special attention should be
given to the covers. All old covers, also,
that are in anywise defective should be
gathered in and carefully painted. Careful
painting, with the use of some putty it may
be, will make fair covers though made of
defective lumber.

Provision should be made at once for a
supply of foundation and sections sufficient
to meet all requirements and there can be

no better time than this to wire brood frames
and to fill them and enough sections with
foundation to furnish a case for each strong
colony at the opening of the honey season.

Always look out for waste. When profits
fail to appear that is generally the place to
look for them. But especially guard against
waste in labor. Make your head save your
hoels. It is so easy to be thoughtless and go
once to the shop for each tool when once
should serve for the whole kit. The danger
of this kind of waste is especially great in
handling sections. Most persons, if they
could have their own way, would handle
them at least twice as often as necessary.
When a section is put together set it directly
where it will not need to be touched again
till it is to start for the foundation fastener.
I take the body of a hive and set it on its
cover, then as the sections are put together
I set them into it in an orderly manner, but
not tightly. Then as the hives are filled I
pile them one above another where tbey are
out of the way and the sections secure from
dust. When ready to put in foundation I
set each hive, as wanted, on the bench by the
foundation fastener (with my machine sever-
al hives at a time) then I gently raise the
body of the hive leaving the sections stand
ing on the cover. From the foundation
fasteners they go directly to the cases.

For the cutting of foundation I use a board
with proper stops and gauges on which
foundation is very rapidly cut to just the
right size. Thin honey or weak lye should
always be at hand with which frequently to

64

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

moisten the knife while used in the cutting
of foundation.

Space would not allow the description of
devices for wiring frames, imbedding wires,
and nailing hives and frames and of others
in the same line, as a general thing, but I
must make an exception of the device I em-
ploy for the fastening of foundation into

now a square piece, "C," that will just nicely
slide in the groove, cut it 3 inches long and
then, after cutting % of an inch from "B"
and bringing the end to an edge by a bevel
on the smoother side, firmly fasten "C"
lengthwise to the side of "B" equally dis-
tant from each edge, one end of "C" being
even with the unbeveled or back end of "B" so

K. L. TATLOB S FOUNDATION FASTENEB.

sections. It is this : Take a piece of ^„ inch
thick board, 3'' s in square, split it with the
saw so that one i)iece "B" is about 34 inch
thick leaving the other "A" about H inch
thick, ilovv drop one end of the smoother
side of "A" on to a wabbled saw in such a
way as to cut out a ^^ inch piece at the end
running nearly through at the middle of the
end but shallower at the edges of the block.
This furnishes a space into which any melt-
ed wax dropping will be out of the way.
Then with a wabbling saw or otherwise, cut
a groove lengthwise of the same side of "A,"
equally distant from the edges, and of a con-
venient size, say about I4 inch wide and
deep, and neatly tack a bit of light tin across
each end of this groove for stops. By length-
wise I mean the way the grain runs. Make

that when "B" is placed on "A" with "C" in
the groove it will slide easily back end forth
nicely covering "A" as nearly as its size will
permit. iMow duplicate this device repeat-
edly till you have, say thirty. These are to
be fastened at convenient distances on a
board or plank with the back end of each
slightly raised. For thirty the board should
be about 14 inches wide by .^ feet long. Put
them three abreast leaving as much space
between them as may be and yet get them
all on the board. To raise the back end of
the blocks use pieces about % inch square
and as long as the board is wide for they are
to hold up one end of the section as well.
The thickness of the blocks given is about
right for sections seven to the foot. Now
provide two irons like wide, short chisels, the

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

65

blade to be as wide as may be and yet slip
readily into the sections. They may be cut
out of rather heavy sheet iron and should
have handles of wood. Provision must be
made to heat them. A gasoline stove is best
but any of several other ways will do.

When ready to use it place the board of
blocks with the raised ends to your left on a
bench, and have plenty of sections and piles
of foundation cut before hand, each piece
flat, rigid with cold, and free from the others.
See that the "B" blocks are all drawn back.
Now take a "foundation" by opposite edges
with the thumb and finger of the left hand
and at the same time with the right hand
seize a section by the edge of the top piece,
adjust the foundation to the block even with
the back and sides (however at all events it
should extend about % in. beyond the front
end of "B") and as the section is coming
slip the fingers of the left hand through it on
to the foundation to hold it in place till the
section drops over it. In this way fill the
board. Now with an iron tvell heated in
your right hand, having the first and second
fingers of the left h nd on the foundation,
and the thumb and last two fingers on the
edges of the section, slip the iron inside the
top of the section, straighten the first and
second fingers of your left hand to push the
foundation on to the iron which, as soon as
the foundation touches, is to be quickly with-
drawn, but the foundation is kept moving
till pressed against the top of the section
where it will stay till heat melts it loose
again. I have used this device for several
years and I find it decidedly the best for the
purpose of anything with which I am ac-
quainted. With two or three more boards,
and sufficient help to put on and take off the
sections, an active person may fill 1,.500 sec-
tions per hour, and the foundation is fasten-
ed in such a manner as to leave nothing to be
desired in that respect. I follow a similar
plan in putting foundation into brood
frames.

[Descriptions of mechanical contrivances
are sometimes quite difficult to understand.
One man may not understand one descrip-
tion, yet another description may be per-
fectly plain to him, while some other man
may better understand the other description.
Then, again, the reading of two descriptions,
as given by a different person, thus getting
a view from two different points, as it were,
often makes all plain. It is for these rea-
sons that I here introduce a description that

I gave, in the July number of the Review for
1888, of this very same foundation fastener,
ft eling sure that both descriptions combined
with the illustrations will certainly make all
plain. — Ed.]

" We spent the last day of June very pleas-
antly and profitably, in the company of Prof.
Cook and his nephew, at the home of R. L.
Taylor. Among other things, Mr. Taylor
showed us an arrangement of his for fasten-
ing foundation into sections. It works upon
the hot-iron-melted-wax plan. Attached to
the upper surface of a board, are perhaps
twenty little, nearly square, blocks of wood,
each exactly large enough for a section to
slip down over it and leave a % space at one
side. We may be getting a little ahead of
our story, but we may as well say, right here,
that when a section is placed over a block it
is so placed that the % space comes next to
the top bar. The upper surface of these
blocks is not level ; one side of each block
being perhaps half an inch higher than the
opposite side. Upon the upper surface of
each block is a little sliding platform J^ of
an inch in thickness and nearly as large as
the block. When one of these little platforms
is slid, it ' slides down hill ' upon the slant-
ing surface of the block underneath. To
keep these little platforms in place, a %
square strip of wood is tacked to the bottom
of each. Each strip of wood extends nearly
the whole width of a platform, and fits into
a corresponding groove cut in the block be-
neath.

The work of fastening foundation into
sections is performed as follows : Upon each
of these platforms is placed a square piece
of foundation that will nearly fill a section.
After putting on apiece of foundation, a sec-
tion is slipped on over the block ; and the
height of the block and platform combined
is such at the lower edge that when the fingers
are placed upon the foundation, and the
foundation and platform ' slide down hill;'
the lower edge of the foundation comes in
contact with the center of the underside of
the top bar of the section. Before the sliding
operation is performed, however, a piece of
hot iron, shaped something like a broad,
thin chisel, or square-pointed trowel, is slip-
ped down between the top bar of the section
and the edge of the foundation; then the lat-
ter is pressed against the iron, and, as the
iron is quickly withdrawn, the melted edge of
the foundation is brought in contact with
the top bar of the section. By the time the
twentieth piece of foundation is fastened,
the operator can begin at No. 1, and remove
the sections in the same order that the foun-
dation was put in, placing them in the su-
pers. The irons for melting the edge of the
foundation are two in number, one being
heated over a gasoline stove while the other
is being used. Each iron is nearly % of an
inch thick, as wide as the inside of a section,
and furnished with a handle. To each iron
is also added, upon the back side, a stop that
strikes the edge of the top bar of the section,
thus preventing the iron from being pushed
down too far which would keep the wax in

66

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

contact with it for too great a length of time
during its withdrawal.

This lengthy description might lead one to
suppose that fastening in foundation upon
this plan would be slow and tedious ; such is
not tiie case, however, it being very quickly,
neatly and securely fastened. Mr. Taylor
assures us, and showed us, that he could do
the work more rapidly than with any other
method he had tried ; while the foundation is
fastened most securely, with great exactness,
and but little waste of wax."

In all probability, before another number
of the Review appears, spring will be upon
us and the charm of the glad hum of the bees
as they eagerly gather in the new pollen will
again thrill us. I must therefore say a word
with regard to the course to be pursued with
the bees prior to that time. I aim to get my
bees out of the cellar early, although I know
I run counter to the generally received opin-
ion in so doing. By " early " I do not mean
before winter is gone, but only that I should
not be careful to wait for the blooming of
the soft maple and the willows. By that
time some of the days when bees would
likely be carried out become very warm
about midday causing the bees to become
too much excited so that often they come out
with a rush and many failing to mark their
location are lost. Robbing is apt to become
rife and is hard to detect ; and swarming out
and general disorganization become alto-
gether too imminent. Taking them out in
the cool of the day — at night or in the morn-
ing is not always a prevention. Any one of
an observing turn can forsee as the time ap-
proaches about when the willows will blos-
som:— get the bees outlive or six days before
this when the temperature is likely to be be-
tween .50° and (30° and if it is cloudy, all the
better, then they will settle down, retain
their self-possession and be less liable to
disorganization. There is then no brood to
be chilled, so I think the chance of harm is
very small. I take out a part of them at a
time and scatter them over the yard as far
apart as possible and allow them to become
settled before another lot is taken out. Then
when more are taken out I distribute them
in the vacant places, still observing to place
those taken out contemporaneously as far
apart as may be.

After trying different methods of carrying
hives of bees, they have all been discarded
except the primitive one of placing the hands
under the bottom board and the back end of
the hive against the central front of the car-
rier's " anatomy " and moving on. On the

whole this way is the easiest, quickest and
least disturbing to the bees.

If any spring protection is to be given it
should be got ready beforehand and applied
as soon as possible after the bees are on their
stands.

While carrying out the bees I am careful
to learn all I can of the condition of each
colony in so far as that can be done without
opening the hives, and this is generally with
reference to two points : lack of stores and
queeulessness. Most persons with a little
experience can readily say on lifting the hive
whethet there is a short supply or plenty.
Where there appears to be danger from want
the hive is marked and further attended to
as soon as circumstances permit. At this
time the signs of queenlessness to be ob-
served are the presence of the remains of
immature drones among the dead bees which
have dropped from the cluster and a contin-
ued humming kept up in the hive after it is
placed on its stand when removed colonies
have become quiet, which may be readily ob-
served at the approach of evening. The for-
mer is a sure, the latter a useful indication.
Such colonies are also marked and as soon
as the indications can be verified and the
weather permits, they are united with the
weaker colonies having queens.

Lapeee, Mich.

Feb. 23, 1893.

Prominent Points Can^ht in a California
Convention.

"eambleb."

mHE Cali-
T'fornia bee-
keepers held
their second
annual c o n -
ventiou Feb.
7th and 8th,
in Los Ange-
les. "Ramb-
ler" was there
and had the
kindness to
send the Review a nice long report, but there
are so many things demanding attention
this month that I am compelled to pick out
what seem to me the most important points
and give them as they appear below. — Ed.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

67

Inyo Co., in southern California depends
entirely upon alfalfa, and in this respect it
rivals Nevada and Arizona in both quality
and quantity.

Reports from the northern portion of the
State show that there are large areas of un-
occupied fields that would furnish bountiful
yields.

The honey flow is largely dependent upon
the rainfall and this has been quite abun-
dant over mo^t portions of the State.

The only unfavorable symptom reported
in regard to the bees was loss of queens.
Progressive California bee-keepers practice
re-queening often. A queen ought not to
be allowed to survive the close of the second
year. A two-year-old queen, if spared for
the next year, usually fails early in the sea-
son.

The State Entomologist, Prof. C. \V.
Woodworth, from the State University, was
present, and gave bee-keepers to understand
that the University would meet bee-keepers
more than half way in its endeavors to ad-
vance bee-keeping. Hereafter, if nothing is
done in regard to bee-keeping at the Univer-
sity, it will clearly be the fault of the bee-
keepers themselves. A course of study in
apiculture will be given if students desire it.
This department of the University desires to
keep in touch with bee-keepers and it is de-
sired that they make known their needs and
desires.

Economy in bee-keeping was touched
upon. No one can realize how much is
wasted in small things in a California api-
ary until he begins to look up the small
things.

California bee-keepers are beginning in
some localities to think about the improve-
ment of their pastures Ijy scattering the
seeds of the sages, sweet clover, mustard,
etc., in waste places.

Hives came in for their share oi the dis-
cussion. It is evident that a bee-keeper who
produces extracted honey must use a large
hive, while the comb honey producer must
have a hive with a small brood chamber.

In certain localities of the State, foul
brood is quite prevalent, and, as a rule,
heroic measures were advocated. Daring
the discussion it came out that the supervi-
sors did not appoint foul brood inspectors be-
cause they (the supervisors) were opposed
to having bees in the county. In one in-
stance the supervisor said that he wished
that the bees would all die of the foul brood.

It was learned, however, that if a certain
number of bee-keepers apply for the ap-
pointment of an inspector, the supervisors
are obliged to make the appointment.

The act of the Illinois legislature appro-
priating .^500 for the State Association to use
in getting out its report was read and a sim-
ilar one drafted for appropriating $800 in
California to be used in promoting the inter-
ests of apiculture, and Mr. W. A. Pryal com-
missioned to present the desires of the bee-
keepers to the proper committee at the State
capitol.

The matter of making an exhibit of honey
at the World's Fair was discussed and sever-
al said they were going to send both comb
and extracted honey, some intimating that
they would make a fancy display, hence it is
evident that California will have a credita-
ble display at the coming Exposition.

The subject of using glucose and adulter-
ating honey came up and was most strongly
condemned.

This is only the second meeting that the
Society has held, yet there were 100 in at-
tendance. After two days very profitably
and pleasantly spent, the bee-keepers gave
the parting grip and departed for their
homes under dripping skies.

Rambler.

ir^4-ir^^^

The Pratt Self- Hiver.— Its Arrangement,
Management and Advantaees

E. L. PKATT.

'IE self-hiver question has been so
thoroughly discussed of late that by
this time it is quite generally granted
that a thoroughly practical device is forth-
coming and the daj not far distant when
such an appliance will be considered indis-
pensable in the profitable and pleasant man-
agement of bees, either on a large or small
scale.

How often do we read of the progress the
bees are making in some well regulated yard
for the production of comb honey until,
alas, they commence to swarm. The apia-
rist is now on pins and needles while the
bees seem to put their entire energy into the
business, and, "though the heavens fall,"
they must swarm. Cast after cast is sent
out, ladders, poles, baskets, cages, smokers,
men, water, sweat, and a hundred other

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

things are pitched out for " the bees are
swarmingP^ They cluster high and low,
apart and together, near and far ; some are
lost forever. Great excitement and loss
reign, until the best part of a honey flow is
over and gone for ever.

The automatic hiver will abolish all this
confusion and leave the apiarist with time
on his hands during the swarming season.

"Prevention of increase" has been a
problem of no mean importance in years
past. There have been many pages devoted
to this question year after year, but the
hiver is to settle it all.

With a perfect hiver one man can care for
a large number of colonies in several differ-
ent yards and employ help only at super and
harvest times. He will be entirely free from
the worry and care of swarms and can han-
dle his bees, as so many bees in so many
hives.

For the farmer and small bee-keeper, who
cannot devote time to the work, the hiver
will be a genuine boon, add profit to the
work in larger quantities of honey ^'.nd few-
er starving nucleus swarms.

Phenomenal yields of honey will follow in
the wake of the self-hiver. With the hiver
it will be optional with the bee-keeper
whether he shall increase his colonies or
not. If he desires increase, simply lift off
the upper hive and place on a new stand ; if
not, l«t them remain tiered up.

Re-queening, queen-rearing, and all that
sort of work, will be under the thumb as it
never was before. In fact, the self-hiver
will be the cure-all of the ills of bee-keeping.

[For illustrated description of the latest
arrangement of the Pratt self-hiver, see the
Extracted Department.— Ed.]

This arrangement also keeps the zinc out
of sight of the incoming bees. There is not
the least confusion or hindrance at the en-
trance. The entrance is wide and unob-
structed in outward appearance and the bees
will fly to and from it with the same freedom
that they enter an ordinary open slot.

In the usual manner of applying zinc (per-
pendicularly on the outside) they seldom use
more than the two lower rows of perfora-
tions, but as I have it here they may use the
entire surface and it being after they have
entered their hive that they pass the zinc,
there is practically no more obstruction than
with a honey-board. Bees are used to crawl-
ing through small passages inside their
hives, but not in entering it.

Right here, let me say that the tiered up
method of applying the hiver is the l)est plan
by a'.l odds. Hivers that allow the queen to
pass back into the parent colony at any time
will never do the work of an automatic
swarmer ; besides, it is a poor plan to iso-
late the new hive so far from the parent col-
ony as to place it either in front or at the
side on a separate stand, as a full swarm can
not be held together for many days, espe-
cially if the nights are cool or the weather be-
, comes rainy. The bees will abandon the
new hive and the queen will be left behind ;
they will turn their attention to one of the
young queens and swarm again on the first
pleasant day after hatching.

With the new hive set under the parent col-
ony all the desirable conditions are present ;
it is neither too hot nor too cool : they will
not abandon the queen and if they gather no
honey for days they will hold together and
boom along with the vigor of a new swarm,
building comb and rearing brood — the
swarming miuia perfectly satisfied. Even
a week of bad weather will make no differ-
ence as they will borrow a living from the
stores in the upper hive and pack it away in
the combs they are building below.

It is well to have at least two frames with
foundation starters in the lower hive so as to
satisfy the comb building instinct and save
the wax that might go to waste.

I think Mr. Root is mistaken when he says
" a hiver should not cost more than the ex-
pense of hiving the swarm in the old-fash-
ioned way." Taking into consideration the
time, worry, loss of honey and bees and the
cost of help, the bee-keeper could afi:ord the
expense of quite an elaborate outfit for do-
ing the work, and, as it will last for years .
is it logical to count the first cost, providing
this first cost is within reason ?

Mr. R. L. Taylor says " he can manage
very well with queen traps. The colonies
that have swarmed he picks out by finding
the queen and a small bunch of bees in the
trap. He then divides those that have
swarmed." This is just as I have always
done, but I found it such hard work and it
took so much time that it always set me to
thinking of automatic hivers in a longing
way. By dividing th£ bees in this manner,
the viyor of a new swarm is lost; it is not
natural and does not satisfy the swarming
mania. The bees will often sulk for days
and all the time the (pieen is in the trap they
are idle, dissatisfied and ill tempered, often

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

69

killing the queen when she is allowed to go
back with the bees. The drone trap is an
excellent device, but it is not an auto-
matic hiver. My idea of a self-hiver is a
contrivance that can be adjusted in the
spring and can be left to care for itself until
the bees are overhauled in the fall. In fact,
I have some colonies arranged for swarming
now upon their winter stands, as an experi-
ment ; besides keeping out the mice, I am
in hopes that the hiver can be worked on
these colonies as a permanent fixture. I
found they had filled four sets of brood
frames solid full of honey, so I concluded to
allow them to stand as they were and note
the result in the spring. One thing I am
sure of, tremendous colonies of bees can be
held together with the hiver, and with tre-
mendous colonies of bees immense quanti-
ties of honey will be gathered, whether it be
in comb or extracted form.
Bevebly, Mass. Feb. 21, 1893.

The Self - Hiver Not Only Hives Swarms

but Discourages Swarming by

Killing Off the Drones.

O. J. BAEBEB.

^jj» HAVE an out-apiary and a home api-
^ ary, and I began the season by putting
•''» 20 self-hivers in my out-apiary. My
experience with them has been very satisfac-
tory, as they were a complete success in hiv-
ing the swarms in good shape. I visited the
apiary in about ten days after first placing
the self-hivers on the hives, and found near-
ly all the drones in the yard dead, and most
of the entrances to bottom hives badly clog-
ged with dead drones. The queen excluders
on front of hive were made of lath, covered
on one side with perforated zinc, and were
1)^x1)^x123^ inches. This did not allow
space enough for dead drones, so I enlarged
the space making it as large again. I had
no further trouble with dead drones clog-
ging the entrance.

I also found that one swarm that had start-
ed queen cells when I put on the self-hivers,
had destroyed the queen cells and given up
swarming. On my first examination after
placing self-hivers, I had considerable
trouble in satisfying myself as to whether
the bees had swarmed or not, as I had placed

in the bottom hive a full set of comb, but I
found that by putting in a set of frames
with starters only, I had less trouble to tell
whether or not they had swarmed.

Having some other hives in the same yard
that had on no self-hivers, I watched them
carefully to see if I could detect any differ-
ence in the work of the colonies, but as far
as I could see the colonies with the self-
hivers did just as well as those without. Of
those colonies with self-hivers I do not think
that more than three or four swarmed dur-
ing the whole season. If the self-hivers are
placed on the hives early in the season I con-
sider them almost non-swarmers, because
they keep the drones killed off.

I have never yet in my experience found
the apex of the self-hiver clogged with dead
bees. I use a hive set upon a loose bottom,
with cleats nailed across the upper ends con-
cealing the ends of the frames. I remove
one of these cleats from the front of the hive
and in its place put a piece of queen-exclud-
ing zinc, directly in front of the apex of the
hiver and I find that about one-half the bees
pass through this zinc, and the other half go
out and in at the usual place.

In the fall I found a queen below, and no
sign of one above. The queen must have
either gone below without swarming, or
killed the young queens, for there were no
signs of queen cells above. From my ex-
perience with the " Pratt " self-hiver during
the past season, I think that if rightly man-
aged it will save the labor of one man in the
apiary, at least nine-tenths of the time as
far as watching for swarms is concerned,

In my out apiary I had 14 colonies on
which I did not use self-hivers. As they
were getting strong and about to swarm, and
I did not want to stay with them, I thought
I would try an experiment. I placed queen-
excluding boxes in front of the hives, large
enough to give room for dead drones. I
made these boxes .3 x 3 x 12)-^ inches. I con-
sider this size as about right. This appear-
ed to kill off the most of the drones. These
boxes I left on the hives during the rest of
the season, except when I visited the yard,
(about once in ten days) when I removed
them and left them oft' while I was in the
yard, in order to let virgin queens have a
chance to become fertilized. I always re-
placed them when I left the yard. This plan
kept the colonies strong, and so far as I could
see worked satisfactorily. I always give my
bees plenty of upper hives and comb to work

70

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

iu. Of the 14 hives treated on this plau, I

fouud one hive witliout a queen in the fall.

Rodney. Iowa. Jan. 23. 1893.

Self- Hivers Versus Queen Traps.— The For-
mer are too Costly and Cause too Much
Labor, Loss and Bisk.

B. L. TAyLOB.

^ S an article to sell what a great thing
a self-hiver would be I It would be
far ahead of the moth trap. To talk
of bees hiving themselves is like real magic,
not mere slight of hand ; for without doubt
bees can be made to hive themselves iu a
way. And herein is the danger. They are
sure to be bought and disappointment and
loss are sure to follow, at least until further
improvements are made.

I have been accustomed to look upon the
struggles of the half dozen inventions of
self-hivers as a source of amusement, but
when the editor of the Review goes so far
as only to say : "If self-hivers prove to be
the success they promise to be," I am a lit-
tle startled and feel like inquiring where is
there any promise ? Not in the fact that the
queen can be trapped and some bees secured
with her, surely. That is easy. But at this
point the trouble begins.

What do we want a hiver for ? Not as a
curiosity. It must be of some practical ad-
vantage. Unless it will pay for itself and
some little more it will be of no utility. It
must effect a saving somewhere, either in
time, money, care, or labor, without a coun-
terbalancing loss in the same items or in the
amount of surplus secured.

The self-hiver has no standing at all unless
at the very outset it practically secures the
entire swarm every time. That it does even
this, judging from what the inventors say of
each others device and the known perversity
of bees in not conducting themselves as the
apiarist thinks they ought to, is not yet by
any means certain. But until it does this it
must fall in competition with the queen- trap
which prevents the loss of swarms at much
less expense with the additional advantage
that it more readily gives up the secret that
a swa*m has passed through it. But for the
sake of the argument let it be admitted that
the hiver will do all that is claimed for it
and that it will practically secure the entire
swarm every time, how does it stand then in
comparison with the queen-trap ?

At the outset the cost of the traps is per-
haps but about one-twentieth of tlie cost of
the hivers for, of course, no one would think
of using them where they are liable to be in-
habited by bees for three or four days be-
fore discovery, without furnishing them each
with a full set of combs or frames of foun-
dation.

The trap is adjusted in a moment perfect-
ly, while the adjustment of two hives to the
same level and to each other, is a most criti-
cal operation, even so expert an apiarist as
Dr. Miller, let his queen get out ; or if one
hive is put on top of the other, difficulties
actually insurmountable are encountered.

If there has been swarming, where traps
are used, the apiarist by walking rapidly
along the rows of hives discovers at a glance
where it has been, but how is it with the
hivers ? Suppose you have an out-apiary of
150 colonies you must raise at best LW cov-
ers to determine where the swarming has
occurred, or if the Pratt hiver, the one that
seems to be in the lead, is used, you must
lift 250 old hii-es with the supers, heavily la-
den, as they are likely to be, to determine
from which hives swarms have issued, for the
hiver is put under the old colony ; and this
every time the apiary is visited if justice is
done. The editor of Gleanings says of Pratt's
tiering-up hiver : "The lifting of the upper
story is no great objection." Whew I I feel
exhausted at the very thought of it. And
then suppose three or four or five swarms had
come out at the same time and had united, as
they would surely do if they were at all like
mine, and had gone into one of the hives to-
gether, you would be sure the hiver was a
great success, but you would be quite oblivi-
ous of the three or four queens hid away iu
the corners of as many other hives with a
teaspoonful of bees each. The old queens
being shut out of their hives and the young
queens soon to be hatched being shut in, the
colony is doomed to speedy destruction un-
less the sharp eyed apiarist discovers that all
is not right. With the trap there is no such
risk or uncertainty.

Again, in the absence of the apiarist, in
the hives having traps whence swarms have
issued, the storing in the supers has gone on
without abatement, while in the hiver, not
only has nothing been stored in sections, but
the brood-chamber has in all probability
been put into such shape that the bees will
be loth to enter the sections when they are
put on.

i'JSE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

71

Of course if the hiver has caught the entire
swarm the rest of the manipulation neces-
sary is not difficult nor is it much more so to
dispose of the colonj' with the trap. You
Lave the queen and you put the supers from
the old hive upon the new, then set the old
hive, without the bottom board, upon the un-
covered sections and drive the bees down
with an abundance of smoke leaving only
enough to care for the brood, or sufficient
bees may be shaken out of the old hive or
from its frames in front of the new hive —
not a difficult thing to do, far preferable to
the task of adjusting two hives together on
the same level so that the queen could not
escape, to say nothing of three sets in that
manner which would be about the usual pro-
portion here. And then with traps it is easy
to adjust one to each of the two hives for a
few days till the danger of the swarm for-
saking its new quarters or of an after swarm
coming from the old hive is past, but if you
used hivers would you have a supply so as to
adjust one to each of the hives, or would you
take the chances ?

Then you have a large number of furnish-
ed hives to keep over the winter, dead capi-
tal, besides requiring for their safety, watch-
fulness and care.

Another serious objection to all hivers yet
suggested, is the fact that it is not an infre-
quent thing, in large apiaries, that young
queens are reared by colonies without any
intention of swarming, to replace queens
that have become old or have met with acci-
dent, and when these undertake their wed-
ding flight they are caught in toils from
which only accident is likely to relieve them
and their ruin means the ruin of the colony.

Yes, as I said at our late State convention,
self-hivers mean too much money, too much
labor, too much loss, and too much risk.

Lapeeb, Mich. Feb. 21, 1893.

How Multiple Tubes May Assist in the Ven-
tilation of Kooms, Cellars or Mines.

O. H. MUEEAY.

'\^ WISH to say a good word for Mr. Cor-
^ neil's ventilating scheme as presented
^^ in the October numljer of the Review,
but, in this device, volume is increased at
the expense of velocity. There is no delu-
sion, or notion of a creation of additional
energy, as implied by one of your correspon-

dents. The scheme is in active operation in
many mines of the west for the purpose of
ventilating the mines, by drawing the foul
air through the shaft by means of the escape
pipe of the engine at the surface of the mine.
It is also applied to facilitate the discharge
of water from a pipe. Mr. C. has not pre-
sented the most effective form of the appara-
tus. [Mr. Corneil did not furnish the illus-
tration. It was arranged by myself from
looking at an illustration found in a report
of a committee in regard to lighting, heat-
ing and ventilating the Capitol at Wash-
ington, D. C. — Ed.] It is now made as a
series of enlarging truncated cones superim-
posed one above another, the draught enter-
ing the smallest one. By carefully conduct-
ed experiments made at Washington City, it
was found that a jet discharging in a series
of five cones was fifty-two per cent, more ef-
fective than if it discharged without them.
Each sectional cone should partly enter the
one above it. Bad drawing chimneys can be
remedied by this device being placed on top
of them. This could be applied to a bee-
smoker and would greatly increase the vol-
ume of smoke.

Elkhaet, Ind. Feb. 24, 1893.

Working the Bees of Two Queens in

One Set of Supers and Thereby

Preventing Swarming.

B. TAYLOE.

[The following was written to me as a private
letter, its author intending to experiment an-
other year before tiiving the plan to the public,
but 1 urged upon him the greater certainty with
which the matter could be settled, as regards the
profitableness of the scheme, by having hun-
dreds instead of one or two experimenting, and
he has consented to allow me to publish it now.
-Ed.]

I HAVE been work-
ing eight years
trying to perfect a
non-swarmer, and
work the bees of
two or more queens
together during the
main honey flow. I
have had good suc-
cess in part in work-
ing out the problem.
I have been working
on the plan of set-
ting two hives together, facing the same
way, and at the commencement of the main

72

THE BEE-KEEPERS ' REVIEW.

honey flow turning one hive with its en-
trance to the rear, thus throwing all the bees
into the other hive ; then in six or seven
days changing it back and turning the other
hive in the same way.

I have learned many new and strange facts
about bees in this work ; facts that upset
many old notions. I found that swarming
could be prevented with the greatest certain-
ty by this method, that is, by simply chang-
ing the hives every six days and removing
queen cells. But the unsealed bees would
sometimes die and turn black in the hive
thus robbed of its working bees. In nice
warm weather there would be no trouble,
but many times in bad weather there would
be great loss of unsealed larvie. My idea in
making the revolving hive stand was to avoid
this trouble. My experience in moving hives
led me to believe that daily changing the
bees would so upset all calculations that prep-
arations for swarming would never be
commenced, but last year's trial proved
that this plausible theory was not true, as
the bees, although changed to a new hive
and a new queen, kept right on building
queen cells, and swarmed all the same as
those left undisturbed. But I made an im-
portant discovery in this revolving experi-
ment that I now expect to utilize in making
a non-swarming system, and that discovery
is that the bees in any number of hives can
be worked as one colony in perfect, old-
fashioned, socialist style, without the least
disturbance of peace, and I have now in-
vented a hive to utilize this fact and make it
possible to work all the bees of two queens
together as one swarm, and prevent swarm-
ing by changing the bees every six days and
removing the queen cells from the depopu-
lated hive. Generally the bees will tear
down the cells themselves, but I have proved
that it will not do to depend on them in all
cases

My hive is a double one for two colonies
with a thin board partition between them.
There is an entrance the whole width of both
hives, both front and rear, and these en-
trances are closed by heavy blocks extend-
ing the whole length of the width of each
hive, two in front and two in the rear of each
hive.

When the bees are set out in the spring the
rear blocks will be moved together until the
rear of the hive is entirely closed. The front
ones will be placed so as to have the entrance
for both hives in the center of the double

hive with only the % inch partition that di-
vides the two colonies between them. The
bees of both colonies thus use, as it were,
the same entrance, and will go into either
hive just as they happen to alight, and all
work as one colony so far as the bees are con-
cerned. This is not theory ; I know it to be
a fact.

A, front entrance (open).

B, back entrance (closed).

C, entrance blocks.

D, side walls of hive.

E, thin division board.

At the blossoming of white clover I will
push one entrance block up and entirely
close the entrance to that side of the hive,
compelling all the flying bees to go into one
hive. The supers, if any, being all moved to
that hive. At the same time the rear block
will be moved back and an entrance made to
the closed hive at the rear. On the morning
of the sixth day I will move the supers to the
other hive, open the entrance in front, close
it in the rear and close the entrance to the
other side in front and open it at the rear,
and when this colony is deserted by its
working bees, look for and destroy queen
cells, and repeat in six days, thus keeping
both queens laying all the time, and work
their bees in an undivided colony during the
season.

The hive with only a thin board between
the colonies is intended to keep the deserted
hive warm and keep the brood from getting
chilled which was the main trouble here-
tofore.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

73

You will see that in this plan I have no
traps of any kind, the hive is just a simple
box with movable frames.

Changing the supers may seem like too
much work, but with my supers on top of
queen excluding honey boards I can make
the change in less than one minute to each
hive, changing entrances and all.

Now, Mr. H., I do say that I can do just
what I have here outlined, but do not say
that it will prove profitable ; that is what is
yet to be proved.

You know I never had any confidence in
any kind of non-swarmiug traps or self-
hivers ; they will never give practical satis-
faction, and I do not know as my own will,
but I shall follow it to failure or success.

And, now, Brother Hutchinson, I will close
this by admitting that I am so much inter-
ested in my experimental work for the api-
ary that I have laid in my bed and studied
all night without going to sleep at all. I
know I shall not make money by it, but I
pity the man that has nothing nobler to do
than to make money.

FoEESTViLLE, Minu. Jan. 30, 1893.

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHIiT.

W. Z. HOTCHUMSOri, Ed. & Pfop.

Terms : — Si. 00 a year in advance Two copies,
«1.90 ; three for S2.70 ; five for $4.00 ; ten, or more,
70 cents each. If it is desired to have the Review
stopped at the expiration of the time paid for,
please say so when subscribing, otherwise it
wUl be continued.

FLINT, MICHIGAN. MAR. 10, 1893.

H. P. Langdon, of East Constable, N. Y.
has sent an excellent description of his
"largest house apiary in the world." The
article will appear soon— probably in the
next issue.

Self-Hivers, of anything approaching a
practical nature, are of comparatively re-
cent introduction, hence, it is diflScult to
find many bee-keepers who can write of
them from experience. If any points in
their construction and management have
been overlooked in the present discussion, I
should be glad to be informed in regard to
them before giving a " summing up" in the
next issue.

Bko. Yoek, of the A. B. J., has my thanks
for a kindly notice of the Review and its
editor, in which he vouches for the honesty
of the latter and calls attention to the wide
awake, valuable character of the former.

Texas bee-keepers will hold their conven-
tion April oth and (3th (instead of March as
given in last Review) at the home of Mrs.
Jennie Atchley, one mile north of the Court
House, in Greenville.

©

" Hasty's beview is good and will be a
great feature," so writes J. A. Green ; while
E. R. Root writes : " Hasty is a good re-
viewer, and you are to be congratulated on
jiour good judgment in selecting him."

Unfinished Sections, those filled or near-
ly filled with drawn comb, left over from
last year, are very valuable to give the bees
a start in .he spring. In my experience they
are worth nearly as much as sections filled
with honey. The objection has been urged
against them that their comb-surface is un-
even and that when filled and sealed they
do not have the smooth, clean appearance
that we so admire in combs newly built from
foundation. To remedy this unevenness,
some have pared down the surface of the
combs with a knife. This is a slow, unpleas-
ant and puttering job, but Mr. B. Taylor
has invented an inexpensive arrangement
whereby the cells can be shortened and the
combs brought to a level as rapidly as the
sections can be handled. It will be illus-
trated and described in the next Review.

Mr. Taylor's new house-apiary, also, will
probably be illustrated and described in the
next issue.

The Bee-Keepers' Union, 348 strong, has
elected the following officers; President,
R. L. Taylor; Vice Presidents, C. C. Miller,
G. M. Doolittle, A. I. Root, A. J. Cook, and
G. W. Demaree. Secretary, Treasurer and
General Manager, T. G. Newman. The
constitution has been amended so that the
Union can use its influence and money for
ctHi/ purpose that is thought best by the ad-
visory board. Beginning with Jan. 1892,
the General Manager will receive, as his sal-
ary, 20 per cent of the gross receipts. Thus

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

broadened in scope, if the Union is only
managed with the same wisdom that has
characterized its past career, it will become
a power in the laud.

By the way, the Union has already scored
one victory the present year. A bill was
introduced in the Missouri legislature for
the enactment of a law prohibiting the
keeping of bees in any city, town or village,
nearer than 50 feet from the line of any real
estate owner. An appeal was sent to the
Union, and copies of the decision of the
Supreme Court of Arkansas, in the case
where a bee-keeper was prosecuted for re-
fusing to move his bees from a city, were
sent to the members of the legislature, and
letters were written to them, and when the
bill came up in the lower house it was
promptly killed.

Q

THE WELLS SYSTEM.

"Two souls with but a single thought; two
hearts that beat as one."

( )ur bee-keeping friends across the Atlan-
tic are now greatly interested in what is call-
ed the Wells system of managing bees. In
one point it resembles the plan described by
Mr. Taylor in this issue of the Review. It
resembles the Taylor plan in that the bees of
two queens are worked together in one hive
and one set of supers, but the division board
between them is of perforated, queen-ex-
cluding metal instead of being a thin, solid
board. There is also a queen excluder be-
tween each brood nest and the super above
it; thus each queen is kept on "her side of
the fence." There is no attempt at prevent-
ing swarming, the great advantage claimed
being that populous colonies and large yields
are secured. This arrangement is not call-
ed two colonies in one hive, but one colony
with two queens, and in one sense it is an
acknowledgement that the "queen power"
is not sufficient to run a hive of the size used
— two queens are required to keep the popu-
lation of one hive at the profitable iioint.
It is really an argument in favor of smaller
brood nests. There is one poiut, however,
that ought not to he overlooked: there may
be a mutual benefit in the combined heat of
the two colonies. If the bees of two (jueens
will thus work together in harmony, then
it would be the same with three, the same
with any number, and we could, if we wish-
ed, have a great long hive with a dozen
queens, each being kept in her proper sphere

by queen-excluding metal. What a remedy
for weak coloniesi I must confess that this
idea looks more novel than practical, but so
many things are being done now days that
there is no knowing what )nay be done next.

AFTEK-SWAKMING PREVENTED BY THE USE OF
THE BEE-ESCAPE.

Frank Coverdale writes me that he has pre-
vented after-swarming by hiving the swarm
on the old stand, then placing the old hive
by its side with its entrance near that of the
newly hived swarm. The old hive is then
closed except that a bee-escape is placed in
the entrance on the side next to the new
hive. Of course, every bee that leaves the
old hive never gets back, but finds its way
into the new swarm. All of the working
force, and all of the young bees when they
come out to play, are thrown into the new
swarm. In seven or eight days the old hive
can be given a new stand, the same as in the
Heddon plan, but it will be completely rob-
bed of all the bees except the young, downy,
just hatched ones, which is not the case with
the Heddon plan, as was explained in the
Extracted Department (Doolittle's article)
last month, and after-swarming will possi-
tively be prevented in every case. If no in-
crease is desired the escape can be left in
place for a longer period, 21 days if the
weather is warm, or, if it is cool, it may be
taken away at the end of two weeks. When
the bees have all hatched out, the few re-
maining may be shaken off in front of the
new swarm and the honey extracted from
the combs, or they can be used in any way
thought best. Or the matter may simply be
carried to such an extent that the old colony
will be so weakened that not only will it not
swarm but it will not be sufficiently popu-
lous for winter, but will still be able to care
for and protect the combs until fall, when
the two colonies may be united, the better
queen being preserved.

EXXRMOXeD.

The Pratt Self-Hiver a Success in the Hands

of E. R. Root.

At tiie Washington meeting of the North

American, Mr. E. R. Root read an essay on

self-hivers and their use. As the manner in

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

75

which the hivers were arranged and man-
aged was given in my leader of last month, I
will not repeat it here, but I will copy two
or three paragraphs from the essay, show-
ing the extent and success of his experience.

"The following summer, we rigged up
some 10 or 15 hives, on the principle before
stated; and although I was sanguine of suc-
cess in the very beginning, the result great-
ly exceeded my expectations. If I remem-
ber correctly, there was not a single failure.
The colonies were not only automatically
hived in every case, but they went to work
in their new quarters, building comb, stor-
ing honey just as they would have done had
they begn hived in the old-fashioned way in
a new location.

By way of experiment, some of the colo-
nies were left from three weeks to a month,
to see what the final result would be. Young
bees hatched in the parent colony, and
finally began to add their numbers to the
swarm. The latter, in the mean time went
to storing honey to the extent of 50 or 60
pounds in two or three instances; and one in
particular had stored it to the phenomenal
amount, for these poor seasons, of 150
pounds.

I am not prepared to say that the Pratt
automatic hivers will prove to be as success-
ful in the hands of others, because bees do
not always follow an invariable rule, espec-
ially when their owners try to make them
do just as they plan they ought to do, or as
they do for others under like circumstances;
so it will probably take another year or so
before we can speak definitely with regard
to its success in the hands of bee-keepers in
general."

Conditions Under Which Bees Gather the
Most Honey.
What bee - keeper has not noticed that
when everything seemed to be apparently
equal, some colonies stored a much larger
surplus than others? It often happens that
a colony weak in numbers stores more sur-
plus than the most populous colony in the
yard. Even in some poor seasons some col-
onies store a fair surplus. Last year, one of
my colonies stored more than 75 pounds of
of comb honey, while the average was less
than 40 pounds. Some colonies did not go
much over 20 pounds each. Who hasn't notic-
ed these things and wondered why? If we
could discover the why and wherefore, and
apply the remedy so that all colonies would
come up to the high water mark what a
stride it would be. Mr. C. J. H. Graven-
horst of Germany is trying to solve the prop-
lem. The Rev. C. Spaeth, of Berne, Mich.,
sends me a translation of an article upon
this subject that has appeared in the bee

journal published by Mr. Gravenhorst, and
from it I make the following extract.

"There are not many attentive bee-keep-
ers of long experience who have not noticed
that in so-called poor seasons one or more
of their colonies not only stored enough hon-
ey for its own use but perhaps even a sur-
plus; while the majority of colonies may not
have secured even sufficient for their winter
stores. Likewise, in a good season it must
have been noticed that some colonies give an
astonishing surplus in comparison with
others.

These results are the more striking if all
the colonies had access to the same pasture,
and if the work was carried on under seem-
ingly exactly the same domestic conditions
as regards combs, hives, strength of colon-
ies, etc.

Even in the beginning of my business as a
practical bee-keeper, it often happened in a
poor season that three or four of my colo-
nies in the round straw hives with no frames
had more than enough for winter, while the
majority, often stronger in bees, had not
sufficient for winter. Then in a good honey
fiow I often observed that some of the small
colonies went far ahead of the stronger ones.
I have had four-frame nuclei give me from
ten to twenty pounds of extracted honey in
a season, while others of the same strength,
and stronger ones, gave me scarcely as
much. Still more remarkable seemed the
fact that small queen-rearing colonies that
had in the aggregate not more comb than
one full sized frame, little by little at a
time, would finally yield five or six pounds,
or more, of honey, while others in appa-
rently the same condition gathered only their
daily supply. In the face of all this, the
assertion is frequently heard that only
strong colonies yield a surplus!

When such results come about with the
colonies, comb, hives and pasturage appa-
rently the same, there must be other factors
not so easily discovered. By repeated ex-
amination and observation I have learned
that there exists a certain condition under
which a colony will gather the most honey
whether it be strong or weak. If this con-
dition has not yet been reached, or if it has
been passed, the storing of surplus will be
neglected or at least carried on only moder-
ately.

That being the case, the question naturally
arises, what is this condition? By an exact
examination there will be found five central
points. Three of these are well-known to
first class bee-keepers, and they are men-
tioned only that I may be able to give a com-
plete statement, and in my second part be
able to refer to them if desirable.

1 — The ideal colony must have a faultless
queen; hardy, sound of body and, above all
things, fertile, and her progeny distinguished
by diligence.

2— Nevertheless, such a queen alone does
not make an ideal colony. ' At the right
time, that is, when honey is coming in free-
ly there must be plenty of empty comb that
no time nor honey be lost in building comb.

3 — Our ideal colony must swarm at the
right time or not at all. It swarms at the

76

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

right time when it swarms so early that the
queeus of the after-swarm, if such are al-
lowed, become fertile, aud the first or prime
swarm has its combs completed, before the
opening of the main harvest.

4 — Tlie ideal colony must not be over-pop-
ulous. A hive is over - populous when its
working force is too great in comparison to
the dimension of the hive and to the num-
ber of wax-building bees.

Such a condition is intolerable to the bees
and they try to help themselves by loafing.
Their instinct teaches them to begin this
loafing even before the hive is over-popu-
lous. The bees seem to see that the combs
are filled and capped, that bees are daily
hatching and that they will soon be crowded.
A colony in such a condition will never per-
form the wonders in gathering honey that we
may expect from one less populous. Such
a colony feels instinctively that its abode
will soon be too small, and the swarming
fever sets in, and we know that when that is
awakened the bees will continue to loaf.
At the most, only as much honey will be
gathered as is needed for making the swarm-
ing prepartions. A colony with the swarm-
ing fever is of little value as a honey gath-
erer.

5 — The best honey gathering colonies are
not kept at home during the best honey
flow by the nursing of too much brood.
If there is too much brood in proportion to
the working force, most of the honey gath-
ered will be consumed by the brood. The
bee-keeper whose bees rear a large amount
of brood during the main honey harvest, or
near its close, will find, as he stands before
his colonies at the close of the harvest, that
although they are strong in bees and the
combs faultless, the latter will be empty and
will stay so."

Mr. Cravenhorst has promised to tell in the
next issue of his paper how, by taking ad-
vantage of the foraging points he has swell-
ed his harvest to the very highest notch; and
Mr. Spaeth has promised to furnish the
Review with a translation.

The Latest Improvement in Self - Hivers.

The bees being compelled to pass through
an empty hive before reaching their own,
when the Pratt self-hiving plan is used, is
regarded as an objection. Of course, a
little time is needed for the bees to pass
through the empty hive, and to that extent it
is objectionable, but even that objection is
in a fair way to be removed, as shown by
the following article from Mr Pratt publish-
ed in Gleanings.

"I am sending you by mail one of the
185)3 patterns of the Pratt automatic hiver.
You will see that I have greatly cheapened
the construction, and attached it to a honey-
board, all in complete condition to put di-

rectly on a hive when received. Many of the
purchasers last season did not understand
how to attach the hiver to their hives, and
there were some who could not understand,
although it was explained to them very care-
fully. I therefore deem it necessary to sup-
ply the escape-board and excluder all com-
plete, with directions to place on the hives
in the simplest form.

With these facts in view I have endeavored
to construct the device complete in itself,
and you will readily understand the advan-
tage this hiver I am sending you has over
all the others.

THE LATEST, PEATT. SELF - HIVEB.

First, you will notice that it is in two parts
(divisble at H), making it convenient to
pack and mail at a very moderate cost.
These two parts intersect and form the
honey (or escape) board to cover an eight-
frame Dovetailed hive, and can be fastened
together by the receiver with three or four
nails or not, as he sees fit. As you notice, it
is a cheap and light board. I have reduced
the escape triangle (H, C) to two simple
pieces of %Ti%: also the zinc surface that
covers the triangle is less than half that of
the orignal. The entrance through the
board, connecting the triangle with the col-
ony, can be as I have it, or three or four \}4
inch holes, as you see fit to make them.

You will also see that I have attached the
excluder D to the front end of the board,
with entrance there, and discarded the old-
style separate piece. This is much better,
as it not only does away with loose parts
but affords better ventilation. It is impos-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

7?

sible for this to become clogged by drones or
rubbish. Drones will work to the extreme
front end. and fuss there out of the way un-
til they become exhausted and fall down on
the bottom-board, to be scooped out occas-
ionally through the lower entrance G, which
is kept blocked up tight. It matters not
how many drones a hive may contain, the
excluder will never be found so stopped up
that there is not ample passage for the full
working force, and for complete and per-
fect ventilation.

Another advantage in having the excluder
as it is here is this: A free and open en-
trance, with no zinc to pass until the bees
are inside the hive (a great advantage, I
find), affording excellent opportunity for
rapid passage to and from the hive, besides
aiding perfect ventilation and a direct and
short path to either hive.

The little strips of wood, F, F, shoved into
the entrance, are on pivots, to open like
gates, as shown. These are to support the
zinc and wood while in the mail, and are to
contract the entrance for any cause when
necessary. After a swarm has been hived,
these gates can be closed entirely, and the
lower entrance opened to them, when the
board will act as a bee-escape to reinforce
the swarm as the young bees hatch out.

E. L. Pbatt.

Beverly, Mass., -Jan. 10.

The editor of Gleanings comments as
follows upon the foregoing.

"When Mr. Pratt first sent the new device
for 189.3 we were not favorably impressed
with it, and wrote him to that effect. How
ever, we instructed our artist to make a pic-
ture of it, and the result is shown above.
Subsequently, in following the description
through more carefully, we found that Mr.
Pratt had still preserved the vital principle
of his other hivers. that were so successful
with us last summer; viz., that the bees on
returning go back through an entrance to
which they have long been accustomed, but
into a different hive, preceded by the queen.
If the reader will understand that the lower
entrance, G, is supposed to be closed, he will
readily see that the bees are obliged to use
the entrance E only. Of course, before they
have swarmed they pass through the en-
trance E upward to hive No. 1. After
swarming they return to the same entrance,
and thereafter pass downward to hive No. 2,
because the main attraction — the queen —
has gone down below, into an empty hive,
affording those conditions that are supposed
to satisfy the swarming mania.

The device above differs from the one of
last year, in that the perforated zinc in
front of the entrance, as at D, was, in the
1892 hiver, placed before the entrance G.
This seemed to be objectionable to some
(although we never so regarded it), that the
bees should travel through an empty hive
every time in order to get to the brood-nest
in hive No. 1, from which it was expected
they would swarm. Mr. Pratt, contemplat-
ing this objection, has, in the 1893 hiver,
placed the entrance centrally, so that it af-
fords equal access to both hives.

Although Mr. Pratt says nothing about it,
we assume that the apiarist, at his conven-
ience, after the swarm has issued, say with-
in two or three weeks, removes the parent
or upper hive, opens the entrance G, and for
a time at least allows the bees to have access
to both entrances. After they have become
partly accustomed to the lower entrance,
this special swarming-device is to be remov-
ed, and the cover replaced, when of course
the entrance G will be used exclusively.
There will be, of course, a little confusion
for a day or two, but the bees will very read-
ily adapt themselves to the change.

We see no reason why this latest pattern
should not work as well as the one of last
year; and as it is simpler, and avoids the
long bee travel, it will doubtless be prefer-
red to the others. The queen also will be
more likely to get into the lower hive be-
cause the light from the entrance E is so
close to the apex C of the zinc cone. This
may make all the difference between success
and failure."

A Condensed View of Current

Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

How many words of reading matter, by
actual count, did the several journals place
before their .January readers ? To be sure
this is not the weightiest consideration in
judging relative merit ; but it is usually one
consideration. I say usually, because if a
journal succeeded in keeping its matter far
above the average in quality many readers
would prefer a medium quantity, so they
could read it all, to the difficult job of culling
to get the best in a " Benjamin's mess " of
five times the amount. As matters now
stand, however, the journals that furnish the
least quantity are quite as apt to be low in
quality as the big ones are ; and it would be
almost stretching things to say that any
journal is keeping its columns entirely clear
of matter which the reader might skip with-
out serious loss. Moreover the little-end-of-
nothing-whittled-out journalism if extinct
is not sure to stay so. At any rate let us for
the moment inspect the actual amount of
"gold and silver, wood, hay and stubble"
set before us. The pronouncing class will
now come forward,

TOES ON THE MARK.

Bee Matter. Total Reading

Am. Bee .Journal 58.675 Same

Gleanings 42,229 64,685

Canadian B. J. 24,254 Same

Guide 16,.566 18,316

Review 15,099 16,836

Apicultarist 9,205 Same

Am. Bee Keeper 7.093 7,770

Progressive 5,959 Same

78

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

So Gleanings has pronounced the most
words, but the A. B. J. has pronounced the
most words about bees, and thereby stands
at the head of the class. Attention to other
topics, for which Gleanings gets its ear
warmed sometimes, amounts to 22,4r)G words,
a little over one-third of its total matter. Ex-
actly what the size of the model journal should
be is a difficult problem. Certainly it should
be nowhere near the bed-blanket character
of our daily newspapers. Probably also
down below 10,000 words a month is not the
place to stay, except temporarily while get-
ting strength to go higher. Yet I suppose
there is a class of readers who take a journal
from a queer sort of sense of duty, and they
like the one best which they can scramble
over the quickest. They know their system
requires a dose, but they want the smallest
dose possible.

THE GUIDE,

When a new bee-paper is born the old es-
tablished ones can well afford to be polite in
speech toward it (soon die any way, you.
know) but if it forgets to die, and refuses to
be reminded of that interesting duty, it may
have thick slices of pretty cold shoulder to
feed on for many years. It looks rather sad
to me that such steady, patient merit and
perseverance as the Guide has shown for six-
teen years should have realized no more than
it has toward making it a good paying piece
of property. 'Pears like I have noticed, for
say a year back, that the leading papers car-
ry a little more sister-like air toward it, as if
they thought so too — as if they would say,
" Sister Guide, you don't die worth a cent,
come in out of the snow, and sit in the sit-
ting-room a spell." The Guide's strong
point is the ability with which it selects.
Doolittle's " Living hive," and Mackenzie's
foul-brood report, and our comrade R. L.
Taylor's " Funny little mouse " article, and
Prof. Cook's "Suyar Syrup Honey" are
conspicuous examples of its January loot.
Specially interesting things not pertaining to
bees are also continually drawn on. Among
its original matter Wm. Camm roconnoiters
scarlet clover, the Dadants discuss feeding
and feeders, and Demaree gives a strong ar-
ticle "kind 'o scattering round" some of
the shot whizzing quite close to the sugar-
honey "shebang." The Dadants are very
competent authority, and they give almost
unbounded recommend to the simple invert-
ed fruit-can feeder, with muslin tied over it.

Let it stand in a dish a little while for the
excess to drain out.

" I ouce tliouglit 1 knew a great deal about tlie
CAUSES favorable and unfavorable t<j nectar flow.
Butlknow mighty little now."— (t. W. Demaree.

The Guide holds on with both hands to the
symposium method of answering apicultu-
ral questions, which is being abandoned in
some quarters. Four questions, covering
nine columns, appear in this number. Good
thing to hold on to, if respondents can be
held to a real interest in it, and not get to
regarding the whole thing with thinly dis-
guised disgust.

The Canadian Bee Journal

Is one of the journals that honestly tries to
be "worth its keep" to the subscriber.*
Over six pages of its new year's number are
occupied by a report on foul-brood by the_
government Bacteriologist, J. J. Mackenzie.
Original investigations of this sort are so
few in number that we cannot afford to neg-
lect them when set before us in intelligible
shape. The modesty of this scientist is re-
markable. Witness below —

" I certainly would not be prepared to ' sjjot '
foul-brood in an apiary, although 1 certainly
think loan under the microscope."

There are slight shades of difference in the
appearance of our enemy, the bacillus, as
seen by Cheshire in England, and by Mac-
kenzie in Canada. Here is the latter's
view —

" It is a bacillus similar to tliat of CheBhiie in
size, produces spores which are somewliat thick-
er, giving the bacillus a clubbed appearance.
On agar jelly it grows rapidly, so as to cover the
whole surface. In gelatine its growtli is very
Dccnliar, shooting o\it from the infected point
in all directions On potato it produces a yel-
low gfowth."

To throw light on the solemn question
whether foundation can communicate foul-
brood a great harvest of spores were raised
and stirred into melted wax, taking care not
to have the wax very hot. Wax from the
under side of this infected cake would start
a luxuriant growth of the bacillus. With
wax from the upper side of the cake he had
no success. With ordinary wax from foul-
broody combs he had repeated failures, and
only one success. But that one success is
sufficient to send a shiver down the spine of
the foundation-user who doesn't want the
disease.

My own opinion and confidence all along
have been that melted wax had of itself power
to kill the germs, just as melted grease kills
flies, without regard to the degree of heat

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

79

required to kill them. My theory 9eems to
go to smash under these experiments. The
remarkable immunity which foundation
users have certainly had (for the most part)
seems to rest mainly on the fact that live
spores are very heavy, and go to the bottom.
But just think how easily a little of the dregs
might be bungled into one of the dark color-
ed sheets.

Our enemy is a salamander. In wax kept
at the boiling point he held out two hours.
Two and a half hours finished him. When
the heat was moderated to 194° it took three
hours. He laughs at germicides. Put in a
two per cent, solution of carbolic acid, he
was at the end of six days still " holding the
fort." One per cent, of Beta Naphthol put in
the hot wax had little or no effect in hasten-
ing his death. So far as drug remedies go,
the upshot seems to be that they temjioraxily
stoj] the germs from growing, and in the
interim the bees themselves (and nature)
may get the upper hand. As the best that
can be done, where frames and hives are to
be cleansed without prolonged boiling, Mac-
kenzie advises ten per cent, of soft soap in
water, or a strong solution of washing soda.
Either, if used thoroughly enough, and hot
enough, is declared better than five per cent,
of carbolic acid.

A windfall joke occurs on page 311. Man-
ager Newman telling how hard he is going
to work for the new Union against honey
mixers, tries to say he will send his letter to
every bee-paper and endeavor to get the
vieivs of the editors ; but the wicked types
make him say " endeavor to pe< the tnews of
the editors." Not a bad idea, from a worldly
point of view. If you want to get anything
out of an editor pet his views.

Canadian No. 2 is mainly occupied with an
excellent report of the Washington conven-
tion, and No. 8 with the Ontario convention.
The Dominion folks got so entranced with
our editor that they said he would pass for a
Canadian anywhere. On page 341 friend
Dibbern thinks a home-made brick furnace
eight inches thick (doors from an old cook-
stove) the proper thing to warm a cold win-
tering cellar— gives such a steady heat, and
holds it so long. McEvoy's plan of winter-
ing on early sealed combs from the super,
and holding the late honey and stuff from
below in reserve for spring, seems splendid
tactics for the bees. Takes a good location
to be able to afford it. I would also amend
by allowing one outer comb with pollen in

it. Bees get to be cannibals when they have
no pollen, if I am right — break up the bodies
of the dead and suck the juices. In visiting
184 apiaries the foul-brood inspector found
about a thousand cases. His office is not a
sinecure, certainly.

The General round Up,

0

That is a wonderfully spirited engraving
of Doolittle in A. B. J. No. 7. You could'nt
tell from the look of him whether he was a
Major General or the Commander in Chief.
I don't believe he is quite so ferocious.
Since Jan. 1st we have had also a fine picture
of Dr. Miller, tolerable ones of Elwood and
James A. Green, and poor ones of B. Taylor,
Adam Grimm and Eugene Secor.

Baldensperger in Gleanings, page .53, gives

valuable and rare records of the fertilization

of queens, one the first day after leaving the

cell, two the second day — and so on to one

which was fertilized the 30th day, and did

pretty well. A medal to our brother from

the Holy Land. But possibly unusual blood

had something to do with these unusual

facts.

"The average time is six or seven days." —
Dadant.

Cases of impregnation at 40 days, and 46
days given on page 48 of Gleanings.

Wanted. The usual time when a queen
passes beyond hopes of fertilization.

Dr. Miller in Gleanings, page 47, says of
the emerging of queens, "Thirty years ago
sixteen days was not the orthodox time. It
was 17 or 18." And now often 15.

Is it just barely possible that the accelera-
ted development of queens, as compared
with workers, is a recent development ? and
still going on ? and much more manifest in
bees manipulated for several generations
than in neglected ones ?

In order to get young bees to shift their
quarters, as Doolittle shows, the hive must
be moved while they are out at play.

Edwin France saw bees working across a
lake six miles wide. A. B. J., page 8S.

The compression of getting into a worker
cell is not what determines that an egg shall
be worker and not drone. Mrs. Atchley in
repeated cases of eggs laid in her hand has
made her bees rear workers from them —
never drones. Even the ones reared in
drone cells were workers. Medal for -Jennie.
Also she finds that Cyprian workers lay mul-
titudes of eggs inside of 48 hours from the
removal of the queen. See A. B. J., page

80

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

108. She longs for a government grant, that
she might go to an island anil settle lots of
things. Alas, guvornments usually employ
mediocrities, and I'm "afeerd"Mrs. Atchley
is not one I

The new wurk that is running in the Api-
vulturist more than maintains its character ;
and Alley owns up to the authorship. Di-
rections given for opening a hive are especi-
ally able : but, mercy I who wants to keep
at all bees that need to be scientifically be-
sieged fifteen minutes before you dare open
them ? Lead 'em off, friend Alley, and give
us some civilized kind.

" When 1 have been stung ami have takon the
trouble to examine, I have found that in nearly
every case it was done by quite a younsbee."
—Alley.

My opinion has been that it was usually
hardened old wretches, who had adopted war
as a profession, doing nothing else than
hang round the entrance like cross dogs. An
idle bee would keep its fur better than a la-
boring one.

RiOHABDS, Lucas Co., O., Feb. 18, 1893.

AD VE RTISEMENTS

HIVES

Twenty of Root's Dovetailed Hives,
all made up and furnished with six sec-
tion holders and eight brood frames,
only 90 cts. each. Twenty of Root's
story and a half, chaff hives, made up
and furnished with eight brood frames,
and a case to hold twenty sections, only
|1.2.") each. ( Regular price, *1.7r>. )
Twenty chaff hives with one movable
side, and furnished with nine brood
frames and a crn-e holding six section
holders, only ^IJiO each. ( Regular price
!|2.00.) I also have fifty colonics of

BEES

For sale. They are in eight an<l ten
(L.) frame story and a half hives. Colonies
in t«n-frame hives, $4.(X) each: in eight-
frame, only SiS.iiO If five or more arc t;ikf»n
at one time, a five cent discount will be
given. Bees are in good condition and hives
new. A discount of ten per cent will also be
given on section holders, brood frames and
shipping cases until May Is*. 12-;i2-12t

I, M. KINZIE, Rochester, Mich.

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establishment in the world. First-
class Second-hand Instruments at half new prices.
Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Ma-
chines sold on monthly payments. Any instru-
ment manufactured shipped.privilege to examine.
EXCHANGING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues P>ee.

TYPEWRITER j si Broadwav, New York.
HEADQUARTERS, ] ^^ Monroe St., Chicago.

$1.50

AVill buy a good two story
Chaff Hive, ^hall 1 send you
one ? Send a card and 1 will
mail my price list. Geo A.
Kirkpatrick, Union City, Ind.

HIVES.

D O V ET A I LE D

Frames, Sections, Honey

Crates, Foundation and .Vpiarian Supplies of

all kinds. Catalogue free.

E. L. KIXCAID, IValker, Mo.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundation and sec-
tions; warranted good as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the most favorable
conditions ever offered on foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list of a full line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT.

1-93-tf Bell Branch, Mich.

Ta^l^e I^Totice !

If you are looking for the bees that give the
most profit, and are the most gentle, try the

Ai:.Bino.

I can also fnrnisii the gokleii Italian, but my
preference is the Albino. Send for circular and
price list and see what others say of them and
how cheaply ' sol] th'^-n. I also inannfac*nre
niid d-p' i" Hives, Sections, Founda-
tion, Extra'^tors II ■■ apuiiiiu Mip-

pues S VALENTINE,

;j-93-2t riagerstowu, Md.

Bee Literature ^**^aie.

(iLE.VNJN(4S-Vols. .S-9-l() U-12-l(i bound in
'• red goat " Vols. 17 l.S-'9'20 unbound.

AM. BEE.roURNAL-Vols. 2v! 23 24 bound in
black leather. ;md Vols. 2.">-26-27 and 2,s unbound.

Al'lCl'LTCRlST-Vols 1 to 7, inclusive, un-
bonnd.

(tU IDE -Vol. 12, unbound.

Kach of 'he following lack one or two num-
bers fif lieing complete.

ADV ANCE-Vols. 17 and l.s.

CANADIAN B. .1. — Vol. for ISNS.

BRITISH B. .!.— Vols, for l,SRsis9n and 1891.

CAN. HONEY PRODUCER-Vole. for 1,W-
iss^ and is,s9. Also odd numbers of all the
above journals.

How. much am I otfi'red for .'iny or all of the
above ^

ARTHUR C. MILLER,
Box .■>7.">. Providence, R, 1.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

81

'"'■'-SA ORIFICE^

SUPPUES. WRITE FOR LIST.

1 also have "office helps " for sale. 3-93-tf

UNO. C. CAPEHART, St. Albans, W. Va.

I HAVE FOUR SINGLE COMB

OB5ERVATORY HIVES

That I wish to disp<ise of. They are fiuoly made
of "quartered" oak and polished. They cost
$5.(X) each, but I am out of the show business
aiKl am open to offers

ARTHUR ('. MILLER,

2 93-tf. Box 575, Providence, R. I.

•mainay ai/; uoijuaiu dsvsjj

FREE QIJEEN-

Send for circular giving particulars, telling
how to introduce queens and giving the
price of hive protectors and nucleus col's.

2-93-4t J. F. MICHAEL, German, Darke Co., Ohio

Please mention the Reuiew.

No. 1 SECTIONS 12.50.

No. 2 SECTIONS !|1.60.

DOVETAILED HIVES 7.5c. UP.

Smokers, Foundation, Feailers, Bee Veils,
and all things needed in the Apiary. Wholesale
and retail. Send for Reduced List, Free.
W. D. SOPER,

2-9.3-tf. Jackson, Mich.

Early Queens From Texas,

From my choice golden stock. My bees are
very gentle, good workers, and beautiful. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. One un-
tested queen, April and May, Sl.OO; six for $5,00;
later, 75c. Orders booked now ; money seilt
when queens are wanted. Send for price list.
J. D. GIVENS.

Lisbon. Texas.

l-93-9t Pl.-ase mention the R.iuieui.

Sea Hives and SeGtion Boxes.

SimpHcity, Langstrotli-Simplicity, Standard
Langstroth. Doverailod and (Champion Chaff
Hives, Supeis, One Piece Sections anil Shipping
i^lases. Foundation, Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16 page Circular.

HONEY HLPiG

l-92-tf

PAGE & KEITH, New London, Wis.

Please mention the Reuiew

1:;;:^M0KERS.5ECTI0NS;

^ \5''\ALLAPlARlANi SUPPLtES.;

AND Bee Books,

OF ALL KINDS,
A LARGE STOCK.
MY NEW Ii:,t,XTSTKATEI>

Catalogue and Price List of Supiiliea
for tlio Apiary will be sent free to all
who may apply. Send a postal card
for it. writing your name and address
^plainly. For every Order of $10.00
and over. I will make you a present.
The Catalogue tells you all about It.
T. ©. Newman, 147 So. Western Ave., Chicago.

Please

the Rev

lieathei? Colored

HONEY QUEENS, from Imported Mother, war-
ranted purely mated, after June lOth, at f l.OO
each ; six at one time, $5.00. Untested queens,
75c. each. Address

C. A. BUNCH,
l-93-7t. Nye, Marshall Co., Ind.

— If you are going to —

BIJY a buzz - SAW^,

write to the editor of the Review. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
make you happy by telling you the price at
which he would sell it.

ITALIAri QUEEr(5

Bred for Business, (ientleness and Beauty. Un-
tested, 80c, each ; throe for $2.25; six for $4.00;
12 for $7.50. Tested. $1.25 Select tested, yellow
to the tip. breeder, $1.50. Will commence ship-
ping April 15th. On all orders received before
March 1st, accompanied by the cash, 10 per cent,
discount. Safe arrival guaranteeil.

G. E. DAWSON,
l-93-12t, Carlisle, Sonoke Co., Ark.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Doqe at the Review.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOI^ 189S.

Before you purchase, look to yonr interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P, H. BROWN,
1-88-tf. Augrusta, Georgia.

Please mention the Reuiew.

82

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cat represents oar
(/ombined Circalar and
Scroll Saw, which is the
best machine made for
Bee Keepers' nse in the
construction of their hives,
sections, boxes, etc.

11 -92-1 6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOR OATALOGtl, PR lOS, TC,
Address W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rockford, Ilia

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural iield more
completely than any other publiHliod, sond fl.nO
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
for his

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

PleaP" mention *he Reuiew.

Warranted Purely Mated.

Italian honey queens. They are very prolific
and tlieir workers cannot be excelled in gentle-
ness and industry. Nothing but the choiceHt
QUeeiiH sent out ; try me and see. Send your
order at once Single queen. S() cts : 3 for Igli.fW :
6 for il.(K) ; 12 for $7.7.5. Ready April »)th. Iit3.fit

M. H. DeWITT, Sang Run, Ml

iUTCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

I withthelui proved Cvrialcinr Inniihafnr

Excelsior Incubator.

Simple, I'erfect, ,Sv;/.AV.;«.
latiiuj. Thousands in suc-
cessful operntion. Guaran-
teed to batch a larger per-
centage of fertile eggs at
less cost than any other
Hatcher. Lowest priced
first-class Hatcher made.
GEO. H.HTAHL. (Iiilncy.lli.l

I Banded (^uzzns

AND

^<^A SPECIALTY.

April May

One untested (lueen, $1.(H) $1.(K)

Six " (lueens, .5.(10 5.00

One tested (lueen, 2.00 1.50

Three " queens .5.00 4.00

Select tested <}neen, 2. .50 2..50

Two-frame nuclons with any queen $1.50 each,
extra. Three - frame nucleus with any queen
$2.25 each, extra. Safe arrival guaranteed.

m. J. E^I:,I:,ISOn,

3-93-3t Catehall, S. C.

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,

FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SE(^T10N PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWRY .JOHNSON,

1-93-tf. Masontown, Pa.

OOIMIB
FOUNDATION

AND SESTIOriS.

CA UTION .

Do not buy a thick, heavy base comb founda-
tion for use in your seotionR when you can get
14 to 16 siiuare feot to the pound. Also be sure
and bay vour si'ctions where you can get a nice
box at a low price. Send mo your address and I
will bo jdeased to 8'»nd you a sample section, a
sample of the

THINEST COMB FOUNDATION MADE,

And prici'K at wliich they may be bought.
W. H. NORTON,

2Si:!-tl. Sknwhi'gan, Me.

Plf-asp mention the Review.

Cheap Freight and Quick Transportation.

Being located at the most central point of railroail and exijress comjianies enables us to furnish
bee keepers with supplies at less cost to themselves than any house in the country. We furnish
cverytlnng ni^eded in the apiary, as low as the lowest and as good as the best.

QQOI^'S OOl^FLiBTE lil'V^B condMnes all the most approve<l methods
of hive making. It is a complete arraugenu^nt for out-door wintering ami is equally well adapted to
producing comb or extracted honey Send for circular. Fine l'>t of Bees for Sale ciieap.

J. H. M. COOK, [Kx^?^"^sp7NwYLJ 78 Barclay St., New York City.

The BEE-KJEEPERS' REVIEW.

SB

HILL'S SMOKER and FEEDER.

Smoker buins h ird wood cliii)8 without spe-
cial preparation. Very rt'liable. Greatest
smokiDg capacity. Easiest to start. Cheapest
beeaui^e it saves time. Price, $1.20. By mail,
81.40. Per dozen, $1. 80.

Best Bee - Feeder. Most
convenient. Saves f.eed. No
daubing or drowning. Two
to seven feeders full may be
given a colony at one time
which will be stored in the
combs in ten hours. Price,
per pair, 30c.; by mail, 40 c;
per doz., Sl.SO. Hasasaleof
2,000 per month. Address
A. G. HILL, KendallviUe,
Indiana.

These smokers and feeders are kept in stock
by Thos. G. Newman & Son, Chicago, 111
G. B. Lewis & Co,, Watertown. Wis.
W. H. Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.
Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111.

E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa.

H. McWilson & Co., 202 Market St., St. L uis, Mo.

F. H. Dunn, Yorkville, 111.

W. D. Soper & Co., Jackson, Mich.
Chas. A. Stockbridge, Ft. Wayne, Ind.
A. F. Fields, Wheaton, Ind.
W. S. Bellows. Ladora, Iowa.
E. F. Quigley, Unionville, Mo.
Gregory Bros., Ottumwa, Iowa.
Miller Bros., Bluffton Mo.

G. K. Hubbard, Ft. Wayne, Ind.

Theodore Bender, 18 Fulton St., Canton, Ohio.
Math and Son, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Levering Bros., Wiota, Cass Co., Iowa.

Please mention the Reuieui.

Great Reduction.

SECTIONS AT GREATLY REDUCED

PRICES.
HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, &c., AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.
WRITE FOR FREE, ILLUSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

1-93tf. Please mention the Reuieui,

BINGHAM PERFECT

BEE SMOKER

Fafd 1878, 1882, & 1892.

Cheapest & Best on Earth.

Send Card for Circular to

I Binglmiu & Hetherington

^BROKIA, MICH.

Muth's :;

NEY EXTRACTOR
I'ERFECTiON
Cold-Blast Smokers,
SquzLre eizk^ss Honey Jar?, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to Chas. F. Muth & Son,
Cor. Freeman & Central Aves.. Cincinnati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepers.

l-93-tf.

Please Mtntion the Reuieut.

SECOND HAND

SUPPLIES CHEAP.

I have given up the bee business for the prac-
tice of law. I have a lot of supplies on hand,
both used and unused, which I will make it an
object for any one needing them to buy. There
are about 80 of the New Heddon Hives, over 250
T supers, 36 new 60-1 b. honey cans, honey ex-
tractor, glass for 12-lb shipping cases, sections,
surplus foundation, queen - excluding honey-
boards and almost everything to be found in a
large apiary. No circulars. Write me what you
want and I will let you know condi. ion and
price. All these goods are at Newton, Jasper
Co., Iowa, and wiU be shipped f rfmi there in
April by my brother. Address WM. L. DREW,
122 Oxford St., North Cambridge, Msss.

" FLORIDA." 300

LEATHER-BACK ITALIAN QUEENS.

By my special method of taking a crop of
honey by the "Migratory" system, I shall
have 300 tested queens for delivery about
March 20th Prices $10 per dozen. None over
six months old My crop the past season from
one yard of 42 colonies, spring count, was 10,800
pounds and increased to 150.

A. F.BROWN,
l-93-4t Rockledge, Fla.

QUEEN CAGES

Are my epefialty. I make the Benton cage in many
styles and sizes. A light cage saves postage ; a neat cage
creates a favorable impression : one properly arranged
carries its occupants safely in either hotnr cool weather ;
and my special machinery and large trade enable me to
furnish extra nice cages, having all these advantages, at a
very low price. Sample cages and prices on application.

O. W. COSTELLOW, Waterboro. Me.

84

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

'^Falcon'' Sections

Better ttiZiT) any.
Cheap a5 n7any.

Our No, 1 Sections

Equal to n^any*
Cheaper tban arjy.

Any Size, /\ny Quantity.

At Any Tin7«.

Also, all styles HIVE5 ai?^ BEE-
FIXTURES Gbeap. New cata-
logue ar)<i price list free. Sarpplcs
of Falcon Sections for 2c. starpp.

,W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co.,

JAMESTOWN. N. Y.

Golden,
^r^ 5-B2vi7decl,

My Bees are as good honey gatherers as there
are in the country, while for Golden Beauty
they cannot be excelled in tlie world.

Warranted Queens, 75 cents each.

Tested, $1.00 each.

Breeding Queens, $2.50 to $3.00.

Ten per cent discount on orders for five or more
queens. Satisfaction guaranteed. Make money
orders payable at Caldwell. Texas. Address

C. B. BANKSTON, Chrisman, Texas.

2-93-tf Please mention the Reuiew,

1 TELL yon what. Jones, Lev-

t^ ering Bros, sell the best goods

"-> and at the lowest prices of any

\ one I've struck yet. The lar-

^Stest and bett equipped

Bee- Hive Factof|

In the West. The Dovetailetl
Hive and New Hoffman _ self-
spacing frame a specialty.
Everything used by practical
bee-keepers by wholesale and re-
tail. Send for their free Illus-
trated Price-List, and save money. Supply Deal-
ers, send for their Wholesale List. AddresslJ

LEVERING BROS.,,.^
2-9:i-6. WIOTA, ('ass:c;o.. Iowa.

IF you wish to advertise anything anywhere at
any time write to GEO. P. ROWELL & CO.,
No 10 Spruce St , N. Y.

1852.

REDUCTION ON THE PRICE OF

1891

L^angstroth on the Honey Bee

(REVISED.)
PR/CE BY MAIL, $1.4-0: BY EXPRESS OR FREIGHT WITH OTHER GOODS $1.25.\

By its copious indexes, by its arrangement in numbered paragraphs, including reference numbers
on any question in bee culture, any information can be instantly found. This book is the most com-
plete treatise on bee keeping yet published. A FRENCH EDITION JUST ISSUED.

's^e DAD ANT'S COA\B FOUNDATION, 's^.

A\ore tban Ever. Better than Ever. Wholesale an«J Retail.

Haifa Million lbs. Sold in 13 Years. Over S200,000 in Value.

It is THE BEST, and guaranteed every inch equal to sample. All dealers who have tried it have
increased their trade every year. Samples, Catalogue, free to all. Send your address.

We also make a specialty of Cotton and Silk Tulle of very best grade for bee-veils. We sapply
A. I. Root and others. 7,000 Yards just received. Prices Very Low. Samples Free.

Smokers, Honey Sections, Extractors, Tin Fails for Honey, Etc. Instrnctioni to Beginners

with Circulars Free. 4-92-12.

Mention Hevi,u,. CHA8. OADA|4T & SOfi. Hamilton, Hao«o«k Co., Ill«.

April, 1893,

r\t, Micl^igaq. — Or\i

8«

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

RDVEnxISmO t^ATES.

All advertisements will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cents per line. Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : rilines of Nonpareil space make linch.
Discounts will be given as follows :

On 10 lines and upwards, S times, S per cent ; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 1.5 times,
40 per cent.

On »0 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; fi
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing liist.

1 will send the Review with—

Gleanings, (»1.00) $1.7.5.

American Bee Journal ( 1.00) 1.75.

Canadian Bee Journal . . . ( 1.00) 1.75.

American Bee Keeper ...( .50) 1.40.

Progressive Bee Keeper... ( .50) 1.40.

Bee Keepers' Guide ( .50) 1.40.

Apiculturist ( .75) 1.6.5.

Bee-Keepers' Magazine. . . ( .50) 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, Quotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— A,ll sections to be well filled ; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; aU the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled, bat combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed; both wood and
comb unsoiled hy travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be_ classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That js, there will be " fancy white,"
" No. 1 dark," etc.

('HICAGO, 111 —We quote as follows : Fancy
white, 17 to l.H; No. 1 white, 1+ to IR ; fancy amber,
11 to 13; fancy dark, 10; white extracted. 7 to 9;
amber extracted, 7 to H; dark extracted, 8 to 7 ;
beeswax, 2;5 to 25 .

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,

April 3. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

KANSAS CITY, Mo.— The demand for extract-
ed honey is good and the supply light The sap-
ply of comb honey is fair arid the demand the
«ame. Shipments of No. 1 would meet with very
ready sale. We quote as follows: No. 1 white,
16 to 17 ; fancy amber, 15 to 16; No^ 1 amber 13
to 14 ; fancy dark, 12 to 13 ; No. 1 dark, 10 to U ;
white extracted. 6H to 7; dark extracted, 5 to 6;
beeswax, 22 to 25.

CLEMONS-MASON CO.,

Jklar. 6. 521 Walnut St., Kansas ('ity Mo.

(;INC1NNATI, Ohio.— There is no choice comb
honey on the market. A fair article brings 14 to
16 in a jobbiuK way. The demiiiid is good for
extracted at from 6 to 8 ctn. TIrtc is a good de-
mand for choice yellow wax at from 24 to 27 cts.
(HAS. F. MUTH & SON..

April 1. Cincinnati, Ohio.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn.-- There is a good su^)-
ply on hand but it Ib mostly dark. This stock is
slow, but what little white there is on the market
moves readily. We quote fancy white, 17 to is ;
two pound combs, 16 to 17 ; buckwheat, 15 to lt> :
extracted honey, 10 toll.

J. SHEA & (^O .
Feb. 13. 14 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.

BUFFALO, N.Y.— Demand somewhat easy and
stock light. The prospects are that honey will
clean up with satisfactory prices. Extracted is
in light demand. Beeswax is firm for choicr
lots. We quote as follows: Fabcy white, 17 to
18; No. 1 white, 15 to 16; fancy dark. 10 to 11; No.
1 dark, M to 9 ; beeswax, 28 to 30.

BATTERSON & CO .

April 1. 167 & 169 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

CHICAGO, ILL —We anticipate slow sales on
all grades of honey for the balance of this season.
There is a poor demand for extracted at present.
Beeswax is in good demand. We quote as fol-
lows : Fancy white, 16; No. 1 white, 15: No. 1
dark, 12; white extracted, Hij; dark extracted,
7 ; beeswax, 15 to 26.

J. A. LAMON,

April 1. 44 &48 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

NEW YORK.— The market is bare of comb
honey. Fancy white could be sold at 14 to 15 ;
fancy amber at 12 ; and dark at 10. The market
is quiet on extracted and no movement. Large
lots of West India and Mexican are arriving and
the market is well supplied. This class of hon-
ey sells at from 65 to 75 cts. per gallon. Beeswax
is quiet but firm at from 27 to 29.

HILDRETH BROS. & 8EGELKEN,

April 3. 28 & 30 West Broadway New York.

ALBANY, N. ¥.— Stock of honey very light.
Prices well sustained. Demand will be better
as the weather warms up. We quote as follows :
Fancy white. 15 to 17; No. I white, 14 to 15;
mixed, 12 to 14 ; fanpy dark, 11 to 12 ; No. 1 dark.
10 to 11; white extracted. 8V4 to 9'/j ; amber «x
tracted, 7 to 7!4; dark, 6'/i to 7. Beeswax, :;>
to 30.

H. R. WRKiHT.

Feb. 13. 326 Broadway, Albany, N. Y .

HIVES.

D O V ET A I LE D

Frames, Sections, Honey
Crates, Foundation and .Vpiarian Supplies of
.all kinds. Catalogueffree.

£. L. KINCAID, IValker. Mo.

4-93-tf

Don't A\ooKey

>vitb cross b9«s or poor
jroods. Sen4 for our circu*
I&r of bees, ^ueeps &n<l
bee-Keepers' supplies.
JHO. rtEBEL. 6- sort,

Hi<?b Hill, A\o.

fftftse mentiun the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

87

THE I-OSS OF ODE

Queen in introducing" means a loss greater than the cost
of a copy of "Advanced Bee Culture," which has
one entire chapter devoted to " The Introduction of
Queens." It shows when the cause of failure lies with
the colony, when with the queen, and points out the
rondihons necessary to success. Althoug^h one infalli-
ble method is g-iven, but little attention is g-iven to
the setting- forth of exact rules and methods, the sub-
ject being- treated with a view to teaching- principles
that may be followed to success.

Price of the book, 50 cts.; the Rp:vievv one year and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HOTCHINSON, Flint, Mieh.

WHITE POPLAR

SECTIONS.

We hnve New Steam Power, and Ni^w Biiild-
inKH, and are now ready to furnish White Pop-
lar Sections, Clamps, Crates and Wood Sidts at
short notice. Workmanship, Quality and Price
unsurpassed. Send for sample and price list.

PRIME & GOVE,
1-90-tf Bristol, Vermont.

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OF BEE HIVES. SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

198-12t. RIVER PALLS. WIS.

'V («??

2-i*H.tf Please mention the Review',

Spray

your

Fruit
Trees

and

Vines

\\ ( rm\ Frim an 1 I f^f Blight of Apples, Pears,

i„ri riles anil I'unus preventea ; also LJrape and
Potato Rot— b> spra.Miig with Htahl's Double
Acting Kxcelsior spraying Outfits. Best in the
market, rhousands in use. Catalogue. describing
all insect.s injurious to fruit, mailed Free. Address

WM. STAHL, QUINCY, ILL.

88

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

^ Names of Bee -Keepers. I seen our Dig Dllio Ul-

T llMlliwv wi Mww p ^ AlAXUK FOR 1893? Sev-.-uty lUuslrat^d

^ i

il TYPE WRITTEN. B

PSraRBFiPFiPPiPlCCEBFiFiCPeirEBiBBBCiB

The names of my customers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in tlie largest States) .
and. althougli this list lias been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at 82.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2.50
per 1000. but 1 now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, 1 can furnish them
at $2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

-^ We have a large lot of •^

DOVETAILED HIVES

which wp will sell for -iO cts. eacli. including

supers, section holders and l)ror>fl frames. This

offer is limited to this lot of 1 lives. l-92-12t

WM. H. Brigiit, Mazcppa, Minn.

HAVING PURCHASED the en-
tire s ock aui. ousiiife.siM .,.D.bi.t,e. at. Jackson
Mich.. I am now prepared to furnish -> piarian
Supplies to all who have usually purchHsed of
Mr. Sopor, and to all others who wish Apia-
rian goods at the lowest prices. Orders filled
promptlv. Send for price list and circular.

E. H. TRUIVIPER,
4.93-;^t Hiinkers. Mich.

Alley's Drone and Queen Trap.

A RELIABLE SELF HIVER. 100,000 ID DSE.

Adjustable to any style liives without altera-
tion of hive <>r trap. Guaranteed to hive every
swarm, catch every queen and drone, or the
monev will he refunded. Trap mailed for f>^
cents'; or, .Vmh:bi('AN .VpiruLTURisT one year, in-
cluding queen-rearing number, and sample trap,
for $1.1X1. Punic. Italian and golden Carniolan
queens ready to mail May 2U. Purity and safe
arrival guaranteed. HE^NRY ALLEV

Wenham, Mass.

PATENT. WIRED, COMB FOUNDATION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

THIN, FLAT BOTTOM FOUNDATION

Has No Fish Bone in Surplus Honey.

Heing the cleanest is usually worked

the quickest of any foundation made.

,J. VAN DKUSKN & fSONS,

(SOLE M.\NUF.\CTDBER8),

3-90.tf Sprout Brook,Mont.ro.,N.Y

VIAXUK FOR 1893? Sev<-uty illus^rat.
pages. Sent FREE '.u any bee-keeper. BEE-
SUPPLIES, at retail and wholesale Kveiy-
tning used in the apiary -(lireatest vaiiety and
largest stock in the West
l-9a-tf. E. Kretchmer, He.l Oak, Iowa.

DO NOT GIVE YOUR ORDER FOR SECTIONS
UNTIL YOIT GET OUR PRICES ON THE

"BOSS" ONE -PIECE SECTION

I 1R^5t=^^ I

We are in better shape than ever to fill orders
promptly. Also,

DOVETAILED HIVES. ------

- - - FOUNDATION, SMOKERS, Etc.

f^^— Write for Price List. .„^J

J. FOHNCROOK <St CO.

Watertown, Wis., Jan. 1, 1S93.

Please mention the Revieu)

l-W-tf

n II r r II A A large number of fine ones on
llllh^N^ liand: yelhnv and i-rolific;
UULLIlUi ready April 15th: warranted
queens. Si: ti for $4.r)(l; select
tested, yellow to the tips, suitable for breeders,
«2 each! Reference, .\. I. Root. M:? tf

W H. L.\WS, Lavaca, 8eb Co . Ark.

Dowo Tbey Go !

To induce vou to try them 1 now offer my
beautiful, s-to-the-foot, all in one pi-ce. white
poplar sections at $1.5(1 per crate of ."ilH) Also
7 to-the-foot basswood sections at same price.
My sections fold up S(iuare and firm. Beeswax
worked into foundation by the pound. Samples
of sections, found ''ion "y- '"^ >' orice list

free O. H. TO"WNSEND.

|.r,S-lt .\lamo. Kii. * >., -Mich.

Reference. Editor REVIEW.

Please mention the Review.

lllnstratefl Advertisements Attract Attention.

cuts Furnlslieil for all lUastratlua Purposes.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

89

FLORIDA.

Leather- Back, Italian

500 -"- QUEENS

Really for delivery April 2Uth fo May lOth. $10
per dozen; special prices on threedozen or more.
Safe arrival Eruaranteed. Tlie :300 queens me i.-
tioned in last advertisement are all sold.

.\. F. BROWN,
l-9:J-tf Huntington, Fla.

Dadant's Comb Foundation.

Wholesale and Retail. Even our competitors
acknowledge that our goods are the STANDARD
of their kind. Lang'^troth on the Honey

Bee, Revised.. New edition. Bee Veils:
and veil material at wholesale. Bee Supplies,
Sections, Smokers, etc Samples of Founda-
tion and veil stuff with circular free. Instruc-
tions to beginners Send your address to

GHAS. DAD&NT & SON, Hamilton, Ills.

$1.00

Each.

Liglit, large anil prolific Italian rjneens reared
in .Ian 1892, by the most improved mothods.
Orders filled by return mail.

J. W. K. 5HAW &■ CO.,
4 94-7 1 Loreauville, La.

Great Reduction.

SECTIONS AT GREATLY REDUCED

PRICES.
HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, Ac, AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.

WKITK FOR FREE, ILLUSTRATED CATA
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

l-93-tf. Please mention the Review.

i^ooyooot

Second Hand

Supplies .

F ^\^

the ^-^ ^

second ?.

hand supplies that
1 nave been advertis
ing in the Review, the
following remain unsold :

100 old-style, Heddon surplus
cases at 20 cts. ( as a non-separatored
case, they have no superior) ; 2r> slatted
honey boards at 10 cts. : 40 "dummies" for
contracting the brood nest, 3 cts. : 20 Heddon
feeders at 40 cts. : 25 Alley queen and drone
traps at 2.5 cts., and half a dozen single-
comb nuclei for exhibiting bees at fairs.
They have glass sides, removable covers and
are painted a bright vermillion. They cost
!5;2.00 each, but will be sold at half - price.
All these are practically as good as new.

I also have 2,000 new, four - piece, white
poplar sections at $8.00.

W. I HDTCHINSON. Flllll. Mlclliaii.

Printing Presses

— AND —

Ppinting I^aterials.

CirculArs Free. Sp^cirpen BooK of
Typ<i, Etc., 10 Ct5

JOS. WATSOf*.
25 Murray St., New Vork I'ity.

Muth's ::]

lEY EXTRACTOR

PERFE( TION
■Blast Smokers,

S^u^re eizkss Honey J&rj, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to Chas. F. Muth & Son.
Cor. Freeman & Central Aves., Cincinnati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hinte to Bee-Keepers.

1-93-tf. Please Mention the Reuiem.

QUEEN CAGES

Are my specialty. I make the Benton cage in many
styles and sizes. A light cage saves postage ; a neat cage
creates a favorable impression; one properly arranged
carries its occupants safely in either hot or cool weather ;
and my special machinery and large trade enable me to
furnish extra nice cages, having all these advantages, at a
very low price. Sample cages and prices on application.

C. W. COSTELLOW. Waterboro. Me

90

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

i I

L.OW Freiebt Rates

\A/HEN j'DU ar(^ considerinn whoro to sond for
your Bupplips the comiuK spaKon, wet pricpis

u

Freight

And no Delzvys.

/
/
/

aufl a list of ^oods on haud, from one of llie fol-
lowing dealeis, who handle ROOT'S GOODS
in carload lotw, thus secuniiK them at luwcni
cost. Most of them, oxct-pt thi se far distaiil,
sell fjoods to users at factory prices while those
far <listant ad approximately onlv the carhiad
rate of frei«lif so that yoii will SAVE TIA\E
ArtD A\OnEY by buying your supplies of
one of tlief-e (ieaiers. We cannot tjive here a list
of floods kept, as it varies some at tlie <liflfcreiit
places according to the varying needs of each locality. Write to tlie place nearest you for list with
prices, and when you write ^'ive a list of the goods yon want, and mention this paper.

QUITE a full Hue of goods are sold at factory prices by F. A Salisbury. Syracuse, N. Y. :
H. G. .\cklin. 1024 Mississippi St., St. Paul, Minn.; Jos. Nysewander. Des Moines, Iowa.
A good assortment is also kept for the far West by Barteledes <t Co., Denver, Col. For
California by G. G. Wickson tt Son, San Francisco and Los Angeles. For Oregon and
Washington by F. L. Posson &, Son, Portland, Oregon. For the Southeast Atlantic coast
by Baltimore Farm Implement Co., Baltimore, Md.: and for the Far South by J. M. Jenkins,
Wetumpka, Ala.

A smaller assortment, consisting cliieHy of Dovetaile<l hiv(is, sections, smokers, foundation, and
extractors is also kept by the following :

Henry F. Hagen, Rocky Ford. Colo. : W. K. l?all, Reno. Nev ; W. O. Victor, Wharton, Tex.; .Ino.
Nehel & Son. High Hill. Mo. ; Thos. (i. Newman, Chicago, III. ; Walter S. Ponder, Indianapolis, Ind. ;
Vicker Bros., Evaiisville, Ind. Our Hives, Comb Fdn., Smokers. Extractors, Perf./.inc, etc., are fur-
nished by a nmltitude of other dealers toc) nu-
merous to mention. If you want to buy goods
ma<le at the Home of the Honey Bees, you can
get them as cheap as you can anywhere when you
consider qiialily and workmanship, and your
orders will be taken care of promptly. Dt>n't
expect to get- all the goods we advertise,
from any of the above dealers, and don't
expect to get goods they do not agree to
furnish ; but find out what they agree to furnish,
and at what price, by writing to address nearest
you. Flezis^ /^«ntion R«vicv>r.

/ A. 1. ROOT, /

A\cclin2^» Ohio.

/

Two for the Price of ope.

Here is your Chance-

By Thos. G. Newman, ex-editor of the American Bee Journal,
Is a book of over 200 pages, that we send FKEE to every iie\t

Mib^crlber who mails us $1.00 for a year's subscription to the old

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

^ The Largest, Best, Cheapest, and only weekly bee-paper in all
' .\nierica, ,32 pages: established 1861 '^end for a free Naniple
copy with description of book offer GEO. W. YORK & CO ,
.56 Pilth Avenue. - - < HI€AOO, ILLS.

To New Siscritiers : Tlie Journal Alone Sent for Tbrce Months for 20 Cents.

IT IS NO LONGER

,^^|^B^ ^^BP^fl^^^^^ lk\ XT', , \ A (luestion of whether yon shall use a bee-

JMplWll mf _~][^lli«L_ i /, .escape, but ..f WHICM ONE. Yon want
ptImK I / m Ifnlk^t'^'^fll'k li ■<' •'" escape through which the bees can pass

T^ 'iW^^SfW J2 f r / READILY, through which they cannot re-

turn, and one that never cloggs. There is
no escape possessing these characterictico that
works more easily than the PORTER.
The reason is that each of two spnugs can be
bent slightly more easily than OIK- wp'-ing can
be bent twice as far. You run NO RISK if
you bay of the manufacturers, as. if the escapes do not prove superior to all oth''rs, and satisfa'-toty
in every respect, they may be returned and the monev will be lefuuited. Send for circular and testi-
monials and read what others say of thein. PRICE, 2tt ceTi<-= each, by mail : per dozen. SJ.i.'S.
1-9?-tf Mention Review. R. & E. C. POBTER, Lewistown, lUs.

r*igA^" ^5

^e (§ee-J\eepeps' JAeVieCu.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Iqterests of Hoqey Producers.

$L00 A YEAR.

W. Z.HUTCHH^lSOri, EdltoK & Pvop.

VOL. VI, FLINT, MICHIGAN, APRIL 10, 1893. NO. 4.

TIMiELi^S' TOFICS.
No. 3.

B. L. TAYLOB.

■' Come gentle Spring, ethereal mildness
come."

r^HIS is an excel-
L lent season for
the cultivation of the
new bee - keeper's
powers of observa-
tion with respect to
the weather. In look-
ing back to former
seasons before he be-
came interested in
bees, he remembers
that the last half of
April was crowded with rapturous, ethereal
days, but, somehow, the possession of bees
has lessened both their numbers and their
quality ; so the novice, like a lovelorn youth,
goes about dejected, casting glances at his
silent hive^ and cursing the weather. It
may not be amiss, then, for us to say, for
the benefit of all such, that it was always
thus. If the bees get out of their hives in
this latitude on more than two or three days
per week, on the average, at this season of
the year, it is owing to unusually favorable
weather ; besides, this, and similar things,
bring with them certain compensations. If
all things were at all times favorable, turn-
ing out as we would be likely to wish them
to, if there were no obstacles to overcome
and no dangers or evils to guard against.

how small would be the encouragement to
the prudent and energetic. The careless and
indolent could not be excelled by the active
and vigilent, but all would be alike success-
ful, and attention and prudence would no
longer be at a premium. Happily there is
no immediate danger of any such chaos.
The long, severe winter just passed will
prove of great advantage to the skillful,
alert bee-keeper. By the destruction of the
bees of neglectful and incompetent owners,
competition will be decreased and prices en-
hanced and greater yet will be the affirma-
tive result of labor and care well bestowed
during April and ilay, and this, naturally
enough, will be principally in the line of
food and clothing — stores and protection.

These matters should be attended to with-
out delay and should be pursued with thor-
oughness and certainty. If not already
done, the condition of each hive with respect
to stores should be determined on the first
day possible. The great majority can be
safely "diagnosed" as either being easily
heavier than necessary, or too light, by
" weighing " them in the hands — those near
the dividing line may either be put on the
scales or opened and examined. If the hives
are alike, and one knows the average weight
of hive and combs, and allows two or three
pounds for bees, but few hives need be
opened. Then the needy opes should be
supplied, and I should always aim to give an
abundance, and a superabundance would be
preferable to the least danger of a deficiency.
Combs of honey or combs filled with syrnp
can be exchanged for empty combs and this

92

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

is a aafe and practical way of supplying
stores and is the safest way if the colouies
are weak — strong colouies will take supplies
from feeders.

Next in importance to feeding is the mat-
ter of protection. In the first place the loca-
tion should be a protected one. A wind
break of trees, a rise of ground, a tight high
board fence, buildings, or a hedge on the
north and west, would secure the proper pro-
vision. But without doubt the bee-keeper
may profitably go farther than this. Stock
men have come to the unanimous conclusion
that it is more economical to keep their
stock warm by means of well-walled quar-
ters than by means of fodder and grain.
The same rule must hold true in the apiary.
The most obvious means of protection, and
perhaps the most effective compared with
the expense, if one has a supply of empty
hives or empty supers without divisions like
the old Heddon case, is to place such hive or
case over the brood chamber, spread any
kind of a cloth over the frames, pack with
four or five inches of chaff, sawdust or
leaves, and put the cover over all. Good di-
visiou boards used for closing the bees up
on as few combs as possible, especially if
the hives are large and the colonies not very
strong, I have found quite advantageous,
and if used with packing above, leaves lit-
tle to be desired. A rim large enough to
cover the entire hive, leaving room for two
or three inches of packing on all sides and
on top, protected by a good cover, is largely
employed, and, on the whole, perhaps noth-
ing is better. (Jther simple methods maybe
used and will occur to anyone. If bees have
been in the cellar the danger is that all meth-
ods will be neglected in the hope that there
will be no more weather so severe as to be
harmful to bees. But almost, if not quite,
every year proves this to be a vain hope, and
he is a wise man who judges by former sea-
sons and not by the temperature of the day
on which he removes his bees from thecel-
lar. Whatever protection is to be given
should be ready before hand and applied at
once, or half the possible advantage will be
lost.

There is not much necessity, even at this
time of the year, of opening hives and hand-
ling combs, and this should not be indulged
in to any great extent if one's time is of any
special value ; and never except the need is
very pressing, unless the weather is warm
enough to permit the bees to fly freely, but

when hives are opened make the most of the
operation. Straighten crooked combs, re-
place empty combs that are materially de-
fective by perfect ones, gather and save the
pieces of burr combs and keep an eye out
for the condition of the queen and the col-
ony. In doing this work don't bend over the
hive standing on your feet, not so much on
account of the present discomfort as on ac-
count of the danger of permanent injury that
is likely to result. Always carry and use a
light seat fitted to hold the necessary tools,
fuel for the smoker, the pieces of wax
gathered, queen cages, ifec.

I want to say in conclusion that with the
foundation-fastener described in the March
numl)er of the Review, pieces of foundation
as large as are desirable can be put into sec-
tions without any inconvenience, and 1
would have them large enough so as barely
to clear the section at the sides and come
within a quarter of an inch or less of the
bottom, as this secures the thorough fasten-
ing of the honey to the section on all sides.

Lapeek, Mich. April, 189a.

Why Bee E8capes7[Oufht to be of Greater
Capacity.

R. C. AIKIN.

TS there yet room
1 for imp rove -
ment in bee es-
capes ? The Por-
ter seems now to
lead, and I have
no doubt is the
best yet produced,
yet I am confident
we can and will
have escapes as far
in advance of the
present Porter, as
It IS ar\ead of ihose of five years ago ; and
the object of this article is to aid the inven-
tors. Will the Porters and other escape
men please take note of the points I shall set
forth.

The first condition necessary to the suc-
cess of the escape, is to make the bees that
are to escape feel that they are cut off from
the queen. Suppose I set a super off the
hive, but leave it within a few inches of the
alighting board. Usually within thirty min-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

93

utes the bees in the super realize that they
are cut oflf from the colony. Perhaps some
will remaiu separate from the colony lor
more than a half hour before they realize
that they have lost their queen. But many
will realize the loss in fifteen minutes, or
less : so we will give thirty minutes as ap-
proximating the average time.

The loss discovered, the first act of those
bees is to hunt every part of that super in
search of the queeu. After a thorough
search of the super, tliey uext hunt for an
opening to get out. Of course they readily
find this, since I have placed the super in the
open air beside the hive, and they now take
up their march for the hive.

Now, should the super be right on the
alighting board, i. e. in direct communica-
tion with the hive and colony, the news of
the '* lost is found " is soon known in that
super, and the bees therein will cease to
" travel :" but if the connection is entirely
broken between the colony and super, great
hustle will be made to vacate the latter.

Suppose the super has been placed on a
board with a Porter escape in it, and set
upon the hive. As described above, the bees
800U realize their separation from the queen
and colony — not separation alone, but & com-
plete loss — and after hunting the super over
they want to get out, and " want badly."

Now, friends, note right here, this : I claim
that within an hour from the time of sepa-
ration, the highest pitch of excitement is
reached : but that from fifteen to thirty min-
utes will elapse before there is a decided
move to vacate the super. I claim, too, that
right at this time, just when the intense de-
sire to find •* mamma " has possession of the
bees, is the time the escape should do its
work. Right at this point is where the Por-
ter fails, just as a small bit of a hole will fail
to successfully hive a swarm. A large, free
entrance will permit the swarm to rush in
when the " excitement is on ;" but the little
hole takes so long that the swarm will settle
down to quietude before they can all get in-
side. Just so the escape fails ; the bees not
being able to pass when the excitement has
possession of them, they begin to "settle
down to their fate," and thereafter will pass
through very slowly. I believe that, after
the first hour and a half to two hours, but
few bees go out except as they want to take
a fly or go to the fields.

We find, then, that the Porter escape lacks
capacity, and I think I can make this very

plain. Suppose a congregation of 600 people
in a building — reasonable creatures too, that
know their wants and where they are going.
They begin to file out, single file, through a
narrow door with a spring behind it that
compels each one to push for himself. How
long do you think it will take them to va-
cate ? I will just practice a bit by myself
and find out. Well, I have just taken a
walk, and find I took 100 steps per minute.
(!00 people in a solid line, bodies practically
touching each other, would not take over
fifty steps per minute and would vacate the
room in twelve minutes. A line of bees can
pass in single file through a hole at the rate
of about 150 per minute, or 9,000 per hour.
But to get through at this rate they must
almost go on a run in solid file. Now I have
watched bees passing through both cone and
spring escapes and I very much doubt their
passing faster than an average of fifty per
minute for any length of time. That means
;5,000 per hour ; 15,000 in five hours. A bee
usually tries those springs from one to five
times before she passes.

Now if a super contains many bees, it is
almost a physical impossibility to free the
super in the time of the usual excitement
that arises upon the bees finding themselves
separated from ihe queen, and, beyond that
time, I think there will be no question that
the movement will be very slow.

Now, friends, put these figures, and the
statements of those who have tried the es-
capes and reported, together ; and see if I
am not correct, Some report supers cleared
in two to three hours. Such contained not
more bees than could pass in that time. I
made a trial escape (I had poor springs, how-
ever), having six or more openings. Over
the springs I placed glass. Over this escape
I put an extracting chamber — brood cham-
ber hive — and watched the bees pass out.
About one hour cleaned it out. Some of the
springs worked poorly — were too stiff or
close. Then, too, there was not more than
one-third to one-half the number of bees in
the chamber that is usually in an extracting
chamber. The same escape on stronger col-
onies did not do the work in less than three
to ten hours. The limited extent of my ex-
periments proved but little.

Give me an escape that makes the bees
feel that they are completely separated ; that
will allow and favor the passage of 10 to
15,000 bees per hour when they are anxious
to get out, that will keep them out when they

94

TBE BEtJ-KEEPERS' HE VIEW.

are out, and I will go out in the country in
the morning with escapes, put them under
extracting chambers before noon, and load
the same chambers on the wagon and bring
them home in the evening with but few bees
— perhaps some of the tender ones — in them.
Now who will give us such an escape for
this year's use ? IHiCJ will show many im-
provements in appliances. Shall not the es-
cape be one of them ?

LOVELAND, Colo.

March 7, 1«>3.

Some Phases of California Bee-Keeping. —
Rise and Fall of a Bee - Hive. — The
Present Opportunity for Califor-
nia Bee - Keepers.
"bambleb."

^H£ ques-
i/ tion of a
standard hive
and a standard
frame has in
the past had
no end of agi-
tation in the
East and has
at length been
dropped; if
not as a dead
issue at least as a hopeless attainment. How-
ever, on this side of the continent, I find the
old subject coming up occasionally ; and
perhaps California is in better shape to-day
to secure this desideratum than any other
portion of the country. Although, at pres-
ent, this State is getting a diversity of sizes,
there has been a time when bee-keepers had
the pleasure of handling bees in a standard
hive, for, from Oregon to Mexico, the Har-
Ijison hive knew no rival. When Mr. Harbi-
son came to California in 1857 with bees, he
had previously had a brief acquaintance
with the newly invented Langstroth hive.
The acquaintance seems to have been too
l)rief, for it led him to seek an improvement
and the result was the hive that bears his
name and which has been little known out-
side of California. The California section
box was also invented about the same time
and comb honey was the exclusive product.
The invention and introduction of the
honey extractor, however, marked a new era

in honey i)roduction, and the new commer-
cial product found favor, and (jreat favor,
among producers in this State. It was then
discovered that the rejected, loose-frame
Langstroth had merits for this purpose far
ahead of tiie Harbison, and its introduction
was quite rapid. Mr. Harbison never gave
the extractor much toleration, believing that
comb honey should be the only product ;
but in spite of some little opposition the
loose frame hive became the leading one,
and now the Harbison is found only in iso-
lated localities and among those who raise
comb honey.

The Harbison hive has been used, in a
measure, for extracting, by being modified.
The ordinary hive is sawed ofiF just above the
frames and an extracting super attached.
The frames, however, being fixed into mor-
tices, were often torn apart, causing both
delay and vexation. Owing to this quality,
many apiaries are found where, amongst
the sage brush and the rocks, the Harbison
and the Langstroth seek a rivalry — one runs
for comb honey and the other for extracted.

Wherever I have been in California and
have been through a Harbison hive apiary,
a serious objection appeared at the first
glance. A new hive would probably look
well and work finely, but age and a neglect
of paint causes the long rear door to warp,
and I have seen whole apiaries where the
bees were flying out and in at various cracks.
When the cracks become too large, a rag is
stuffed in; and when crowded for room, a
clumsy, ill-fitting super is mounted on top,
making the hive still more elevated and
clumsy.

The original Harbison hive had a perma-
nent cover which precluded tiering up, but
to make use of this plan the hive was made
much larger, which gave it the appearance of
an attenuated wardrobe.

At present, as far as my observation goes,
the variety of frames in use here is not large,
the regular L. is used and a modification
measuring about 10x14. Many use the latter
because they like the size for extracting.
Probably the L. frame predominates : and
the idea is expressed in many quarters that,
being so near a standard frame why not
adopt one ? But a loose frame and a box to
put it in admit of the manufacture of so
many different sizes, that I am not looking
for any great change until we have another
radical improvement.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

95

Although there is much comb honey pro-
duced in California, the State and the Pacific
coast may be termed a greater producer of
extracted honey, and all of the improve-
ments of the times, it seems to me, point in
the direction of another radical improve-
ment in the near future.

The queen excluder, and the bee escape,
shorten the road and cheapen the labor of
I)roduction, and point out the way for the
other improvement that will complete the
series. That improvement will be a stand-
ard, all-round-hive, equally adapted to
comb and extracted honey, and will admit of
easy and rapid manipulation. Rapid work
means that we handle a less number of
frames while extracting. If we reduce one
frame in a hive it makes (juite an item in a
large apiary, but if we could handle all of
the frames hi a suner as one frame it is easy
to understand the advantage gained. Per-
haps the next radical improvement will be in
this line. Be that as it may, no portion of
the country is better prepared for such an
improvement, or even the adoption of a

standard frame, than is California.

Rambleb.

Redlands, Calif. Jan, 14, 1893.

A Defense of the Self - Hiver and Some Crit-
icisms on R. L. Taylor's Use of the Queen
Trap Instead of a Hiver.

O. H. DIBBEEN.

" The inf>untain torrent is deep and wide —
But loud the clarion voice replied .
Excelsior I "

^jg HAD expected a much more thorough
^) discussion of the self-hiver question,
«^ than appeared in the March number of
the Review. I deem the hiver of paramount
importance in modern apiculture, not ex-
cepting the invention of the movable frame,
and believe that any one able to add any-
thing to make this important invention the
perfect success that it soon promises to be,
will confer a boon on the pursuit.

When some writer in the Apiculturist,
some three years ago, called Mr. Alley's at-
tention to the possibilities of such a device,
he evidently recognized its great impor-
tance, and at once replied that such an in-
vention could not be made a success without
restraining the queen, which would " in-
fringe" on his patent for catching drones.
But what we have wanted, and still want
badly, is the perfect self-hiver, without any

reference to any one's patents. When a sim-
ple hiver is possible, that will hive large
swarms, and is without serious objection,
that point can be easily settled. At any rate,
I have nothing to do with that matter here.

At the time mentioned, I was confronted
with the problem of being over-stocked with
bees — having 250 colonies in a territory af-
fording profitable pasturage, in a good sea-
son, for not over 1.50 colonies. I decided to
start an out-apiary, but the difficulty of get-
ting a capable man, willing to stay alone for
five or six weeks, in a lonesome place, in the
woods, besides the expense; was quite a se-
rious matter. It is not to be wondered at
that I quickly became intensely interested
in the hiver as a probable solution of my
difficulties. In a short time Mr. Alley
brought out his original invention, and I had
him send me a sample, but was not entirely
pleased with it, and soon had one of my own
on a modified plan. That year, 1890, T had
100 in use at the out-apiary, but as the empty
hive was at the side, it proved a hiver in
theory only. The trouble appeared to be
that the queen failed to go through the es-
capes and tubes sidewise. After studying
over the matter, I concluded, for the next
year, 1891, to remodel my hivers so as to
place the empty hive on top of the swarming
hive, thus compelling the queen to run in a
natural direction, upward. This promised
to solve the difficulty, but after watching a
few swarms, another difficulty appeared.
While there was no difficulty in getting the
queen in front of the new hive, only very small
swarms could be secured. Of course, where
one could give immediate attention, by ex-
changing hives, etc.. good swarms could be
made. At the out-apiary, I could pretty cer-
tainly detect hives that had swarmed, and by
exchanging hives and shaking enough bees
off the combs of old hives, very good swarm-
ing could be made. I used some 200 hivers
that year, at both apiaries, and while I felt
greatly encouraged, I also felt that the hiver
was not perfect.

For the season of 1892, both Mr. Pratt and
Mr. Alley came out with some new devices
that promised to lessen if not solve the dif-
ficulty. After studying them over for a
wh le, I decided that neither was perfect,
and concluded to confine my changes to ex-
periments with these and other untried de-
vices. I also tried several new devices of
my own the past season, with good success.
One plan is to put the new hive in front of

96

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

the one expected to swarui, over a queen ex-
cluding houey board, allowing the l)ees to
pass under it, with two rows of zinc at the
entrance. When the bees swarm, the queen
and drones pass up through the wire tubes,
and by cutting off the two lower rows of zinc
by placing a square stick in front while the
swarm is out, all the bees will be compelled
to enter the new hive when they return. I
believe I was the first one to suggest this
plan, as well as that of putting one hive on
top of the other in this connection.

Mr. Pratt, in his latest device, has made
important progress, and I am willing to ad-
mit that his device is the nearest perfection
of any now known ; of the unknown, the fu-
ture only can tell. I have some new ideas
that promise good results, but until I have
proven them by experiment, will say nothing
further.

The past season I had about l.'')() hivers in
use, and had something over 100 swarms
issue from them, and perhaps 200 swarms
while I have used hivers. If any one has ex-
perimented on a larger scale on this line, I
am not aware of it.

My general conclusions are, that the hiver
is being perfected by gradual stages, and
that it will soon be all that any one could
desire.

I was a good deal amused by some of the
criticisms in the last Review. It is some-
what singular that such a man as R. L. Tay-
lor should still hang on to the drone trap,
for hiving purposes. He tries to make a
great point in the increased cost of the hiver
over the trap, but in fact one can be made
about as cheaply as the other. In fact, the
cost of hivers is a very small item when
their advantages and saving of hired help, or
time in watching for swarms, is considered.
The only strong point Mr. Taylor makes
against the latest Pratt device is the difficul-
ty of deciding which hives have swarmed,
where one is not present, without lifting off
hives and supers. In a large apiary that
would be a ireighfy question indeed. How-
ever. I have a plan for overcoming even this
difficulty that may prove successful. It is to
bore, say one-inch holes in opposite sides of
the hive, and cut holes through the foun-
dation or combs, so one can look through it.
A small glass and drop pieces can be used to
close the holes. If the new hive is used a la
Hutchinson, with starters only, one could
easily tell if any swarming had taken place.
Really, the real objections to the new Pratt

hivers are disappearing so fast that I may yet
adopt them myself.

In the Taylor drone-trap-inanagement
suppose he is running several out apiaries
that he can visit but once in four or five days,
and swarming takes place the following day
or two. and the queen and drones with a few
bees are caught in the trap as per program,
a heavy, cold rain sets in, and perhaps he is
unable to reach the apiary in even the usual
time, what condition do you think his queen
would be in when he discovers her ? Again,
I do not see how his drone-trap would be
any less fatal to a young queen, in case of
superseding, tlian a hiver. Again, Mr. Tay-
lor gets off that "old chestnut" about
swarms, without any queens, doubling up in
the air, or in trees. Well, suppose they do.
They will not generally stay doubled up long,
but will very generally return each to their
own hives. I have had hundreds of swarms
issue through the hivers, sometimes from
three to live at once, and do not now remem-
ber a single case of doubling up by all
going to one hive. There may be exceptions,
of course, but I think the rule is well estab-
lished. There are some other points that I
would like to notice, but space forbids.

Some have objected to hivers on account
of their bothering the bees in crawling
through the zinc, and imagine that the yield
is thereby lessened. When a considerable
space has to be traveled over, as where one
hive is placed in front of the other, the same
objection has been raised. I do not think
that either is valid, as some of the best yields
I have had during the past two seasons, were
produced from hives under just such condi-
tions.

Milan, 111. March 20, ixm.

A Few More Words of Explanation and De-
fense of the Pratt Self -Hiver.

E. L. TKATT.
" But hiB iieiLjIihor ciuiietli and scarcheth him."
! F{ . H UTCHINS( )N :— I have only just
now read the leader in the February
Review and I wish to say a few
words more in regard to self-hi vers. ( )n page
44 you say " * * But they require some
attention afterwards : the whole arrange-
ment of the hive and super is not what it
would be if the bee-keeper had been at home
when the swarm issued." giving the impres-
sion that the hive must be changed at oncQ>

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

97

after the swarm has been hived. This is not
so with my '!)S pattern, for they may be left
the entire season or until every bee hatches
out of the upper story, ^\■ork will go along
in the hive just as well, besides the bees will
fill the combs in the upper story as fast as the
young bees hatch out of them, thus giving
eight frames of honey that would have other-
wise been lost. I have had hives tiered two
stories high, having more or less brood iu
both, and the bees were at work in boxes at
the top of them.

You made a great mistake when you said :
"There is one point in favor of the Taylor
plan, there would be no break in the work
being done in the sections, whereas, by the
self- hiving arrangement, work is stopped in
the super until the apiarist appears to make
the change necessary to get the bees at work
again in the super."

There would be no break in the work in the
supers with the '93 pattern : on the contrary
it would be resumed with the vigor of a new
swarm.

It matters not how many swarms cluster
together, if there is no queen among them
they will separate and return to their differ-
ent hives. I have had many swarms cluster
in this manner and I find that when they
would not separate, a queen of some kind
was with them. I have seen a little virgin,
so small that she could pass the zinc, hold
two or thi-ee swarms together.

P. S. You perhaps' had in mind my front
method of self-hiver, which wo\ild require
changing at once, but with the 1893 self-hiver
the above is true of its workings.

Bbvekly, Mass. March 10, 1893.

[As I wished, if possible, to finish up in this
number the discussion of self-hivers, I sent
a proof of the articles of Messrs. Dibbern
and Pratt to Mr. Taylor. His reply will be
found below. — Ed.]

Some Strong Arguments in Favor of Queen-
Traps Versus Self - Hivers.

B. L. TAYLOB.

" These newly hatched inventions.
May fascinating be.
But ' Moses and the prophets'
Are good enough for me."

<%g» HAVE examined the article of Mr. Dib-
^ bern and also that of Mr. Pratt wliich
«^ were submitted to me for comment and
I am greatly surprised at some of the argu-

ments used. Mr. Pratt surely cannot be se-
rious where he speaks of the bees filling the
combs of the hive from which a swarm has
descended: " Thus giving eight frames of
honey that would otherwise have been lost."
The fact is, if the bees had been properly
hived that honey would have gone into the
sections, and you may be sure none would
go into the sections while there was room in
the brood combs, and to that extent there
would be a break in the work in the sections.

My assertion that swarms coming out at
the same time in the same yard will unite
and return to the same hive, Mr. Dibbern re-
fers to politely as an " old chestnut," but
neither its age nor its being a "chestnut"
prevents it being true in these parts. Mr.
Pratt also seems to think I am at fault here ;
out in my apiaries, although no queens are
out, the one thing that I can rely on above
every thing else, is that two or more swarms
out at the same time will unite and return
to some hive together unless prevented. The
hiver to be practical must provide against
the idiosyncracies of all bees in all seasons.

Then, as to the trap, why should I not
cling to it, so long as it does all that Mr. D.
claims his hivers do. without a tithe of the
expense, fussing and labor. He admits he
has to exchange hives, shake off bees "»tc."
to get good swarms, and I, at most, do no
more.

Yes, suppose a swarm issues from a hive
with a trap which is not visited for four or
five days, why a suflicient cluster protects
the queen for that time beyond peradven-
ture. I have never known a case in which
drones were sufficiently numerous or rains
sufficiently cold to do any injury : and a trap
is less fatal to a virgin queen because she
is discovered at once and the proper remedy
applied.

It is a significant comment on the success
of the hiver that Mr. Dibbern seems to give
up his own invention, his own child as it
were, and puts his reliance on the Pratt " '93
pattern." Mr. Pratt does the same, and yet
the '93 pattern has never been tested ! It
seems to me that it will not prove to be so
good as the old pattern, for Mr. Dibbern
well says the '"natural direction" of the
queen is upwards. In the old pattern she
was carried dow n with the swarming bees,
but in the new one. if she goes down, she
must practically go alone which I should ex-
pect her generally to fail to do. But if it
works as Mr. Pratt desires, it still preserves

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

the old queens and sacrifices all young ones
whether reared for swarming or for super-
seding. Who conld long stand this item of
cost?
Lapkbr, Mich. March 21, 1893.

Old Combs, in Sections Left Over, Made
Level and Better Than New.

B. TAYLOK.

I.i*SL

■r

,-j>i»»i,

yRIEND H., you
xy know that the
use of old sections
of comb left over
has caused much
discussion among
bee - keepers. All
agree that they are
of great value to
give the bees to re-
fill during a good
honey flow. The ob-
jection to their use
being that they cannot be made into first-
class goods. The nearly universal failure to
secure fine sections when old combs are
used has led a large number of our best bee-
keepers to decide that they had better be
thrown away. The last three years I have
had a large number of unfinished sections at
the end of the season. I extracted the honey
and used them the following year and they
proved very profitable so far as getting them
finished up was concerned ; in fact, nearly
all the finished section honey I have secured
the last two seasons was of this kind. I had
shaved the combs down with a knife as even
as possible, but the honey was still unsatis-
factorily uneven and of bad color, and I set
about searching for a remedy. I have found
it. It consists of a little machine made of
tin or sheet iron bent so as to make a square
cup, D, the size of the inside of the sections
and two inches deep. This is turned upside
down in another pan, C. like a square pie
tin with sides one inch high. This latter pan
has a hole three inches in diameter cut in its
center and the edge of tin around the hole is
turned up one inch and the first square cup,
D, is soldered open side down on the bottom
of the larger pan over the three inch hole.
The pan is then set on a suitable box. A, to
allow a small lamp to be set under it with
the chimney directly under or rather up in
he hole in tho bottom of pan. We now-

light the lamp, turn up the wick so as to heat
our small square box, D, just right to melt
the combs in the sections which are pressed
first on one side and then on the other on
the hot iron, D. (By the way the tendency
is to heat the center of D too hot, while the
edges are not hot enough. For this reason a
tin cone is fastened to the center of the un-
derside of D, and it completely remedies the
difficulty.) A stop at each end of D allows
the section to go down just far enough.
When the section is pretty full, put the wide
sides on the stops, and when the comb is
thin, put the narrow sides on the stops.

The perfect way in which the surface of
the combs is melted down smooth and level
is worth coming from Michigan to Forest-

TAYLOB S COMB I^EVELER.

ville to see. The comb is not only leveled,
but the thick, dark wax on the ends of the cells
is melted away and the cell edges left thin
and white, and all is done as fast as yon can
pick the sections up and lay them down
again.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

99

I first made the arrangement with a hole,
F, in one corner of the tin C to allow the
melted wax to run out into a cup G, but I
have now dispensed with this and simply
empty the tin, C, when it gets full. A little
water is kept in the pan C. Have a common
table knife to scrape the comb refuse from
the top of the iron D.

Friend H., this is not theory. I used it on
many hundreds of sections last year ; in
faci, all the honey (about 1,500 pounds)
that I got finished was in these prepared
sections, and a nicer, whiter lot of combs
you never saw. It brought 18 cents here as
soon as crated.

I am making machinery to make them and
shall claim a moral patent, at least. Every
bee-keeper that has seen it says, " Yes. 1
want one."

FoRESTViLLE, Minn. Feb. 12, 1893.

A Description of the "Larg-est House- Apiary

in the World," and its Successful

Management.

H. p. LANGDON.

■' E pluribus uiiom."

TN telling my
1 bee - keeping
friends about the
largest house-api-
ary in the world,
let me, first of
all, thank all those
who, during the
past ten years,
have written
through the bee
j ou rna 1 s anything
in regard to the
house-apiary question ; as it is only through
their experience that I have been able to
make my house what it is. I took each point
under careful consideration, then took a lit-
tle here and a little there from all these dif-
ferent articles, to make a perfect whole that
would suit me. So, although friend B. Tay-
lor's advice on page 38 of the Review is
good, all these experiments had demonstra-
ted the plans that would suit me best. That
is why I built so large for the first one.

The house, 11x100 feet, stands a few de-
grees W. of S. on a good stone and mortar
wall, with ventilating openings on each side.
The sills are two pieces of 2x4 ; the lower
joists are 2x8, two feet from center to center,

and the same distance as the studding. Tlie
floor is double Jg, both layers planed, with a
strip of sheet-iron between, close to the
boarding and around the studding, to prevent
mice from gnawing up through. A platform,
12 inches high and the width of a hive, runs
lengthwise of the building, in the center of
the room, except that a space of eight feet is
left at each end and six feet in the middle.
This platform is for holding extra hives, su-
pers, etc., that the alley on each side may be
left clear. It is a great convenience. On
each side of the platform every six feet are
openings 0x22 inches for bottom ventilation.

The studding is 2x4 and of such a length
as to make the top of the plate (2x4, two
pieces) come 8,^' feet from the floor, and the
upper joists (l^-^xS) are nailed across the
rafters one foot above the top of the plate,
thus making the room 9^2 feet in the clear.

The roof has the common pitch for this
width, and is well shingled.

On the floor at each side of the room is a
platform the length of the room, three
inches high and three inches wider than the
hive, which stands upon it flush with the in-
side edge of the studding. This platform is
permanently stufl:'ed with planer shavings.
I use the Root simplicity hive, square joint,
flat cover, and it stands on this platform,
sidewise to the wall, two feet from center to
center, thus bringing the ends but 'd% inches
apart.

The entrance in the boarding is nearly on
a level with the floor, then rises on a slant to
the top of the platform, and opens into the
hive four inches from its outer side. This
leaves a space for dead bees to accumulate,
so I think no rim will be needed under the
hive in winter. Over this space, between the
hive and wall, level with the bottom of the
hive, is a loose cover with an inch hole in it.
Then, over this, nearly to the top of the hive,
is another cover, resting on cleats on the
studdings. This forms a sort of box (4x22x9
deep) between the hive and the wall, and is
just the thing to get rid of bees that must be
shaken off the covers, combs or other things.
By tipping this little cover back against the
wall, shaking the bees in, dropping the cov-
er in place, and letting them go down
through the inch hole and up into the hive at
their leisure, one troublesome feature of most
house-apiaries is avoided. These two plat-
forms provide for 100 hives.
■ Above these platforms, i}^ feet from the
floor, is a shelf, formed by nailing an arm of

100

THE BEE-KEEPERS ' REVIEW.

inch stuff, twenty inches long, on each side
of each studding, with a brace 2x4x11-1 nailed
between them at their outer ends, and spiked
on the edge of the studding below. These
brackets are floored over just like the lower
platform, entrances and all, and packed for
winter in the same way.

To work these upper shelves, there will be
a track of inch square hard wood laid on the
floor in each alley, with a platform truck
2>2x8 feet to run on it, with the top at a con-
venient height, and a couple of steps at each
end. This is not built yet, but is as is in-
tended for working these shelves.

For the wall boarding I bought second
quality spruce at $7..50 per thousand and
made shiplap of it in my shop, to go on hor-
izontally, the best for the siding, next for
ceiling, floor and roof boards.

Right here let me say, I cut nearly every
piece, except the frame, siding and roof
boards, to pattern, in the shop, so all I had
to do after the frame was up, was to nail
them on, without any hand work of high
priced carpenters, which made quite a dif-
ference in the price.

The windows are one light, 14x20, with the
sash set into the wall without casings, and
screwed to a cleat on each side, that is nail-
ed inside the boarding. There is a window
in front of every third hive, of both lower
and upper rows, with the bottom of the sash
six inches above the top of the hive. This
gives three hives to each window and makes
the question of light perfect. It would be a
useless expense and labor to make the win-
dows so they would open, as ventilation is
provided for and the space in front of each
hive gives the needed conditions for shaking
bees off covers, comb, etc. A hole is bored
through the top sash close to the edge of the
glass and around each opening the wood is
cut away on each, inside, to lead out all bees
that fly to the window. I had no trouble
with their coming back, but I think a small
wire cone ought to be in each to be sure to
keep them out in a honey f<imiue.

.Just above the level of the cover of each
hive is a two inch hole bored through the
wall, with a wire cone in each. These are
the bee-escajies proper of the house. All
windows, except the one nearest the hive
being manipulated, should be curtained quite
dark, or the bees do not leave the room well.
Also, instead of using an escape board on
the hive to rid tilled supers of bees, set the
filled cases across the cover cleats of any

hive, close to the wall, cover the cases with a
cover and the bees will all leave promptly
through this cone, leaving the case to be set
back on to the middle platform without
opening the hive again to remove an escape
board. This makes a big difference in tak-
ing oft' the honey from a large number of
hives. I removed 75 cases (1,^00 pounds) in
this way in four hours, and put back as
many empty ones. The next morning they
were all free from bees.

Upper ventilation is obtained by three
shafts 8x8 (I shall put in four more) through
the ceiling and roof into a cowl over each
on the roof. Both these and the openings
below can be closed in cool weather. The
draft is so strong most of the time that it
will draw up a piece of paper, consequently
no trouble is experienced by reason of smoke
in the room.

The side walls are painted five different
colors of as much of a contrast as could be
made, six feet of each in rotation. This
brings a window of each upper and lower
row into the center of each color, also three
entrances to each color. It works admirably
in helping the bees locate their hives. Some
bee-keepers say that bees cannot tell colors,
but if they could see the way this plan works
with fifty entrances in a row, two feet from
center to center, they would be obliged to
admit that they are not color blind.

Each entrance has an alighting board the
same color as the wall above.

For wintering, a cleat ii}4 feet long is
screwed to the edge of the platform and
shelf, with a wide board running lengthwise
on the inside. This makes four troughs KK)
feet long, with 50 hives standing in each.
Planer shavings are then packed around the
hives, both sides and ends and over the top,
and the bees are then ready for winter.

Up to date, they have had three or four
nice flights which they could not have had if
the hives had stood on the ground. I expect
to lose a few light ones as they did not have
proper care, as building the house put me
behind all summer, so that I did not get
them all packed until very late. However,
I know I can winter bees i)acked in single
hives, and I am sure that this plan is better
still, on account of their being up high and
dry.

If I were going to build again, I know of
but one thing I would change, and that is, I
would make the building twelve feet in
width, instead of eleven, especially as all

TSE BUiJ-KiJEPE^S' REVIEW.

101

crating and sorting of honey will be done
there instead of in a separate honey-house
at one end, as I first intended ; and my ad-
vice to any one thinking of giving a house a
trial, would be, not to build too small. Don't
be cramped or you won't ever be suited with
it.

In conclusion I might n^me a few of the
advantages of a house-apiary, but as Mr. B.
Taylor has done so well in his articles on
pages 324, 325, 32(5, of December Review, I
will only add that I indorse every word that
he says in favor of them, only he does not
praise them enough.

Swarming did you say ? Oh ! yes, sure
enough ; but I must leave this for another
chapter, as this article is long enough al-
ready. But in the meantime, if you are
thinking of building a house-apiary, don't
let the fear of swarming hinder you, as that
can be very satisfactorily settled. I am as-
tonished that some of our headlights should
think and say that bee-keeping has reached
the climax of perfection, or "' reached the
end of the rope." Why, last year came self-
hivers. and next will come non-swarming
without extra work, and with more and a
better quality of honey, this I know to be a
FACT. Watch for it.

East Constable, N. Y. March 8, '93.

Some Experiments and Arguments Showing

that Multiple Tubes do not Increase the

Blast in a Bee Smoker.

LOWKY JOHNSON.

^i|»N reference to Mr. Cornell's theory of in-
^ creasing the draught from a smoker, I
«»^ have to say that I have just completed a
series of experiments with his multiple
tubes, as illustrated in the October number,
page 2.59, of the Review, and find that, other
things being equal, there is no increase of
draught or blast by that means over the or-
dinary method of using a continuous tube
or discharging the air directly into the fire
box as in the Bingham smoker.

A light thin board was suspended so that
it could vibrate freely; a blast from a smoker
bellows having the multiple tubes, as sug-
gested by Mr. Cornell, was directed against
this suspended board and the distance it vi-
brated was noted. This was done several
times, the board being first brought to a
rest each time. Each time the board swung
the same distance. Then these multiple

tubes were removed and a simple continu-
ous tube used and the same operation per-
formed again. The board swung or vibrated
the same distance as when the multiple tubes
were used, thus proving that there was no
increase of the blast.

Not being entirely satisfied, I again
affixed the multiple tubes and directed
the blast against the board five times in
succession as the board returned, and noted
tlie distance that it was caused to swing.
Then, removing the multiple tubes, I again
inserted a simple continuous tube and per-
formed the same operation and the distance
the board was caused to swing noted, and
I found it just the same as when the multiple
tubes were used, thus proving conclusively
to my mind that there can be no increase of
the blast by a series of tubes, one discharg-
ing into a larger one.

Mr. Cornell seems to have overlooked the
fact that the inertia of the greater amount
of air in the larger tubes must be overcome,
together with the friction of the same.
While the volumeot air in motion is greater,
the siieed, from the above cause, is necessa-
rily less, so that the velocity of the air from
the smaller tube multiplied by its transverse
area is equal to the transverse area of the
larger tube multiplied by the velocity of the
air from it.

In the case of ventilation, it is quite dif-
ferent from a smoker. The heated air ex-
pands and becoming lighter, has a tendency
to rise of its own accord and not from any
increased draught from these multiple tubes.

Masontown. Pa. Feb. 13, 1893.

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. H^TCHiriSOri, Ed. & Prop.

Terms : — $1.00 a year in advance Two copies,
$1.90 ; three for $2.70 ; five for $4.00 ; ten, or more,
70 cents each. If it is desired to have the Review
stopped at the expiration of the time paid for,
please say so when subscribing, otherwise it
will be continued.

FLINT, MICHIGAN. APRIL. 10. 1893.

In this age of progress and improvement,
when men are cutting loose from old lines
and establishing new, when every day brings
to our ears tidings of some new discovery or
invention, bee-keepers may well ask them-
selves, "what has the future in store for us?"

102

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The Scraps of quotations that appear at
the head of some articles, furnishing a sort
of index to the character of what is to fol-
low, are placed there by the editor ; they are
not always of his choosing, however.

Eight Extba Pages in this issue are the
result of the usual press of advertising at
this time of the year, and of the large amount
of unusually interesting correspondence with
which the Review has of late been blessed.

"Out - Apiaeies." This is the answer
given by J. H. Larrabee, in the A. B. J., in
his reply to the query : " What shall we
plant for honey ?" Seldom is so much un-
expected wisdom found in so few words.

The Apictjltukist for March probably
contains more information on queen rearing
than was ever befere put into a single copy
of a bee journal. By the way, too, somebody
is deserving of praise for the mechanical
neatness with which the Api. is always got-
ten up.

The " ^lameless Bee Disease," or bee par-
alysis, is a trouble that may become more
troublesome. A bee-keeper in N. Y, writes
that his bees are troubled with it now, and
he thinks it is often the cause of winter
losses. Who knows what causes it and what
is the remedy ?

Pbeventing Aftek-Swabming by the use
of the bee-escape as practiced by Frank
Coverdale and reported in last Review has
also been tried by H. P. Langdon. He
writes: "I can endorse, to the letter, all
that Frank Coverdale says about the preven-
tion of after-swarming by the use of the bee-
escape, as I gave it a good trial two years
ago."

^

C. H. DiBBEBN has sent me a sample of
his latest bee-escape. It is a series of spurs
made of perforated tin and all point out to-
wards the opening. In short, they might be
described as like the Porter, only they have
stationary "springs" or spurs of perfora-
sed tin with their outer ends so far apart that
a bee can pass the points. If a bee should
attempt to return she would likely run up
against a "snag."

Dbone Comb, built by bees having a caged
queen is an indication that the bees would
not accept her were she released, while the
building of worker comb is an indication
that she is regarded favorably. This is the
assertion of Mr. Gravenhorst. I must con-
fess that I have never made any observations
in this direction, hnt if there is " anything
in it," it is well worth knowing.

"Questions and Answebs," is to be the
heading of a new department in the A. B. J.
It is not designed to take the place of
"Queries and Replies," but the editor says
there are some questions that can be just as
satisfactorily answered by one as by twenty-
five persons, and the reply can be given
sooner by not being obliged to wait for the
numerous experts to answer the (lueries.
This department is to be principally editori-
al. Bro. York is certainly working hard to
make his journal " worth its keep," as friend
Hasty says.

The Type used in the headings of Hasty 's
review is too light - faced to suit Dr. Miller,
who thinks it looks "as though it needed to
be fed up." Aside from this, the Doctor
thinks Hasty's review is tip top. A, I, "just
what he sxpected." I suspect that the Doc-
tor made this little criticism simply to show
how hyper-critical one must be to find any
fault with Hasty's review, but now that the
subject of light-faced type is brought up I
wish to say that neat, artistic, light-faced
type is a hobby of mine. I greatly prefer it
to the bolder, black-faced, heavier styles that
make a page, especialy an advertising page,
look like a circus poster.

Sealed Covebs, especially in a severe
winter, with bees in the open air. do not
seem to be just the thing. At Medina, Ohio,
they "got a black eye," last winter, as "E.
R." says in Gleanings. I have never seen
bees wintered more successfully out of doors
than with a space a foot square left open to
the outer air, right over the cluster. There
were six inches of chaff between the bees
and this opening, and the opening was pro-
tected from storms. This was in Northern
Michigan. Mr. B. Taylor is very much op-
posed to sealed covers. He writes that he
has visited a man who takes the covers en-
tirely off his bees in the cellar, and they
winter well.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

103

Consumption of Honey by bees when in
their winter quarters, the amount and pro-
portion according to the season, may be de-
termined by keeping colonies on the scales
while in the cellar. Last fall, Nov. 20, I put
my bees in the cellar, and set three colonies,
in 8-frame-Langstroth hives, on a pair of
scales. The gross weight was l.'xJ pounds.
They were weighed frequently, and there
was an average loss of two pounds per col-
ony, each month, but I could not detect that
there was any difference between one month
and another in regard to the amount con-
sumed. They were placed on their summer
stands April 5, having lost, on an average,
nine pounds per colony during their four
and one-half month's confinement.

THE PBOGEESSIVE BEE-KEEPEB, ITS NEW EDI-
TOK AND SOMETHING ABOUT HIS BUSINESS.

"(jreat oaks from little acorns grow."

Of the newer bee journals there were none
showing greater promise than the Progres-
sive Bee-Keeper. Bro. Quigley was a practi-
cal bee-keeper and had the " knack " of get-
ting up a good paper. But his office was de-
stroyed by fire, and there was a lack of
means to put in a new outfit, and the result
is that the paper has been sold to the Leahy
Manufacturing Co., of Higginsville, Mis-
souri. As most of our readers know, Mr. R.
B. Leahy is at the head of the firm, and, as
he has now become editor, it will be inter-
esting to know something of his past life.

Mr. Leahy was
born 3C years ago,
at Port Richmond,
N. Y. At the age
of two years his
mother died and
the family moved
to a farm on Long
Island. Here he
knew what it is to
have a mother not
his own, and he
spent much of the
a. B. LEAHY. time on the beach

watching the ships pass to and fro and see-
ing the breakers roll in and dash upon the
sand-lined coast. His father was a sea cap-
tain, and was drowned when the boy was ten.
Then he felt that he was nobody's child and
wandered away to the nearest seaport town
where he was found in tears by some big

hearted fellow who took him aboard his
ship ; and this was the beginning of a sea-
faring life that lasted until he was 21 ; three
years being spent in the U. S. navy.

When between 21 and 22 he took Horace
Greeley's advice and finally settled down to
work on a farm in Illinois, where in two or
three years he married Miss Henrietta
Braeutigam. They have had one child only
and that died in its infancy. They had much
sickness to contend with. Finally drifted
into bee-keeping. Ten years ago he went to
Higginsville, Mo., to secure an unoccupied
field. Here a partner was taken in and the
supply business added to bee-keeping. It
was started in small way with a Barnes saw
in a one story building 14x24. The business
has grown with wonderful rapidity until it
has developed into a stock company with a
capital of .f 19,000. Perhaps one secret of
this success has been the liberal use of prin-
ters' ink. $1,000 were spent last year in ad-
vertising and as much more will be spent
this year. The addition of a journal will un-
doubtedly help the supply trade and the sup-
ply trade will probably not injure the
journal.

It is very pleasant to know that, notwith-
standing Mr. Leahy's success he still wears
the same size hat that he did several years
ago.

SELF-HIVEBS.

There are self-hivers that will hive all of
the swarm. There is question about this
point. One objection to their use is the cost,
not only of the hiver, bat an empty hive
must be furnished for each colony that may
swarm, while one-half of the colonies may
not swarm. Another objection is the labor
and annoyance necessary to learn if a colo-
ny has swarmed. With a few colonies this
fault does not appear, but in a large apiary
it would be quite a task to loosen up and
even turn around "cat-a-cornered," as E.
R. Root says he does, all the hives. By the
way, in the last Review the types made Mr.
R. L. Taylor say " lift 250 hives with their
supers " in an out-apiary of 1,50 colonies. Of
course it should have read '' lift 150 hives."
I have seen the time when half of my col-
onies would have three supers each nearly
filled with honey. To lift these alone is no
light task. Then add to this the weight of the
colony itself. It is evident that those who
find in this lifting of hives but a slight objec-

104

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

tion have never been extensively engaged in
comb honey production where ^ood crops
could be secured. Mr. Dibbern suggests a
" peep hole " in each side of the hive. I
should not mind so very much the getting
down on the hands and knees and peeping
through if the self-hiver gave any decided
advantages over the use of the queen trap,
but I must confess that I see none. Any
doubts that I had on the subject have been
swept away by the clear, practical reasoning
of Mr. R. L. Taylor. If there must be manip-
ulation after a swarm has been hived with
a hiver, and the queen trap allows us to ac-
complish the same ends with no more manip-
ulation— yes, less — what is gained by using
the hiver ? The idea that a hiver can be ad-
justed to a hive and left without further
manipulation, even though a swarm issued,
might possibly answer for the raising of ex-
tracted honey, but every practical comb hon-
ey producer knows that it would not answer
his purpose.

With me, as a rule, swarms without queens
do not cluster ; but if one or more unite in
the air, the great mass of the bees will fol-
low the first few that return to their hive. A
few stragglers will return to their own hive,
but at least four-fifths will be in, or on the
outside, of one hive. I do not see, however,
that this has any bearing on the question of
hivers versus traps, except that with the traps
it is easy to learn which have swarmed, by
the presence of the queens in the traps, while
with the hiver this is impossible without a
careful search of the hivers. The simple
twisting around of the hive and looking into
it would not answer, as the queen and a few
bees might not be discovered without a care-
ful examination.

EXTEAOTOKS AND EXTEAOTING.

If a bee-keeper is going to buy an extract-
or, what kind shall he buy ? If he is a bee-
keeper in a small way, and expects to remain
such, it will not pay him to invest in auto-
matic-reversible machines, or any thing of
that kind. A plain, simple, cheap, but sub-
stantial extractor is all he needs. For the
money, I know of nothing better than the
Novice, made by Mr. Root.

For the average bee-keeper, the one with
from 50 to 100 colonies, the Cowan would
probably answer as well as any. This ma-
chine is reversible, although it does not re-
verse automatically. The operator has to
swing the baskets by hand, but this is more

quickly and easily done than to remove the
combs to reverse them.

There are several practical, reversible
honey extractors, those in which the combs
may be reversed without removing the
combs from the baskets. Some of these ex-
tractors are automatic as well as reversible ;
that is, the baskets reverse by simply stop-
ping the machine and reversing it quickly
with a sort of a jerk that throws the baskets,
around in the opposite direction. The Stan-
ley and the machine made by Goold, Shapley
& Muir Co., of Ontario, Canada, are of this
style, but I doubt if invention will stop short
of a machine that can be reversed automat-
ically while in full motion. I do not know
that such a machine has been made, but Mr.
E. A. Daggitt, of White House Station, New
Jersey, has sent me drawings of two or three
arrangements by which this may be accom-
plished. I give an illustration of the one
that seems to me to be the best. The en-
graving makes all so clear that almost no ex-
planation is needed. By pressing down on
the lever A, the bar B is forced downwards.
The lower end of the bar is bent at right an-
gles and its point enters a groove cut in a
collar C, through which passes the main
shaft. (By the way, there are two points
that the engraver did not make quite cor-
rect. He has shown the handle A, with too
short a leverage and with a piece of cord at-
tached. I presume his idea was to have this
cord attached to a pedal to be operated by
the foot. This would be all right for revers-
ing in one direction, but how about the oth-
er ? Then he has shown the collar C, square
in shape when it should have been round
with a groove around its circumferance, and
the lower end of B would constantly remain
in the groove, and force the collar up or
down as the handle A was raised or lowered.
On the whole, however, he has done well and
has shown the idea so that I think it will be
understood.) To the collar is attached a
piece of metal D, having cogs upon one side.
These cogs fit into the cogs on the circum-
ference of the wheel F. To the opposite end
of the shaft to which the wheel F is attached
is a beveled-geared cog wheel that turns the
wheel G, and this is attached to the upper
end of a shaft that passes through the center
of the comb basket below. It will be readily
seen that a depression of the handle A, will
force down the collar C, and the cogs on D
will turn the wheel F, and the result will be
that the comb basket below the wheel G will

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

105

be reversed. Below the wheel G, upon the
same shaft, is another wheel H, in the cir-
cumference of which are notches or cogs,
and into these cogs fit the links of a steel
chain that passes around similar wheels upon
the tops of the shafts passing through the
centers of the other comb baskets. It will
be seen that when one comb basket reverses,
all four must reverse. <Jnly one comb bas-

DAGGITT, AUTOMATIC, KEVEESIBLE EXTRACTOE.

ket is shown in the drawing, as the produc-
tion of all of them would make a confusion
of lines. To such an extractor should be
added a brake that can be operated by the
foot.

It will be readily seen that reversing combs
upon their centers instead of at the edges will
will give a much smaller can.

The use of bee-escapes is going to do
away with that most disagreeable part of
raising extracted honey — the brushing and
shaking of bees in the hot sun. Supers of
extracting combs will be brought into the
extracting room just as supers of comb hon-
ey are now brought in. Unless the honey is
left on until late in the fall, it never extracts

more readily than when first taken from the
hives, before it has lost its natural heat. Of
course it would extract just as easily if
warmed, but if extracted at once the trouble
of warming is avoided.

Just how extracting should be conducted
depends upon circumstances. With a large
apiary, or with out-apiaries, and basswood
yielding at its best, with a limited number
of supers and" combs, it would require a
" gang " of workmen to keep things cleaned
out. I should prefer an abundance of combs
and supers so that the honey could remain
on the hive a little while and the work be
done a little more leisurely. I should think
that three would ordinarily make a good ex-
tracting "team." One to get the honey off
the hives and return the empty combs, one
to uncap and one to run the extractor. With
an extractor such as is illustrated here, I
should suppose that one man could extract
as fast as two could uncap — perhai>s faster.

By the way, it seems to me that inventors
ought to turn their attention towards discov-
ering some more rapid method of uncapping
combs. I believe they have machines in
England for uncapping combs. At least I
have seen them illustrated and described,
but I have an opinion that they are not prac-
tical. Mr. B. Taylor, who describes in this
issue an arrangement for leveling the combs
in sections kept over from the preceding
year, has tried uncapping sections of honey
in this same way, viz., by the use of heat.
He has tried using steam for heat, but says
that it does not give a suificiently high tem-
perature for the rapid uncapping of honey.
If we could discover some way of uncapping
combs as rapidly as we could pick up a comb
and press it against a heated surface, the
discovery would be of more importance than
an automatically, reversible honey extractor,
as more time is consumed in uncapping than
in reversing the combs by hand.

I would be obliged for hints, suggestions,
and the relation of experience upon this sub-
ject with a view to giving in the May Re-
view a special discussion of this topic.

EXXRMOXED.

The "Old Reliable" is Fairly Booming.*

There is no one who notices so soon the
presence or absence of editorial work in a
paper as the editor of a similar journal. I

106

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

have several times noticed the large amount
of editorial work done by Bro. York, of the
A. B. J., but I doubt if I could have ex-
pressed myself quite so nicely on this point
as has Bro. Root in Gleanings. He says : —

"G. W. York is making the old reliable
American Bee Journal fairly boom. Every
page shows that he is putting a good deal of
hard work on it, and we hope that his sub-
scription list may roll up strong ; for we have
always noticed that, when any of our rival
publications are booming well, it helps boost
along Gleanings ; so you see we are interest-
ed from a selfish point of view. Why is it
that editors of publications in other lines
fail to see this ? They look upon a success-
ful rival as dangerous to their own success,
and then write more like an idiot than a re-
sponsible being. But perhaps a point should
be made here : An editor who takes no in-
terest in his own publication but to get out
copies of his paper filled with ' stuffing ' will
almost surely sufifer if there is an energetic
rival in the field. He who is jealous of a
rival, confesses the weakness of his own ef-
forts in the journalistic line, and he had bet-
ter step down and out. Such kind of editors
are not wanted, and sooner or later they are
obliged to step down and out."

The Strengthning of Weak Colonies in

Spring.

\\ hat to do with weak colonies in spring is
often a puzzle. It may not be best to unite.
How shall they be strengthened and made to
" pull through " is what we would all like to
know. From an article contributed to
Gleanings last June by Mr. Gravenhorst I
make the following extract that has a bear-
ing on this point. Speaking of the manner
in which German bee-keepers manage their
bees in the spring, he says : —

" In April and May, on some fine days he
visits his bees to look them over with the ut-
most care for three or four days. As he has
mostly colonies with young queens of the
previous year, he has seldom to unite queen-
less colonies with others. Weak colonies, if
he has such, he provides with bees from his
best colonies. This is accomplished in the
following manner : When the bees are fly-
ing best, he sets a weak colony in the place
of a stronger one, but never a very weak one
in place of a very strong one, because the
queen of the weaker one would be killed.

Another way to build up a very weak col-
ony is this : Toward evening he puts a flat
feeding-trough, with honey, under a strong
colony. As soon as the bees cover the food,
upon which he has put some shavings or
straw, he takes the trough, with all the bees,
and sets it under the weak colony. This he
repeats for three or four evenings. In this
manner he goes on in April and May till he

has equalized his colonies. If the honey-flow
in these two months is very good, then he
does not feed ; but if not, he will feed very
liberally for three or four days. By equaliz-
ing and feeding the colonies at the right
time he shortens the swarming season. All
his first swarms will issue, according to the
weather, within eight, nine, or ten days, and
those colonies that do not swarm at this
time he will swarm artificially by driving.
Most of the natural swarms he takes in
swarm-catchers to prevent missing the
swarms and killing the queens."

How to Make Bees Stay in Their Hives

"While Being Carried From the Cellar

to Their Summer Stands.

(Jne of the disagreeable features of cellar
wintering is that of carrying out the bees
and placing them on their summer stands.
The admission of fresh air and the excite-
ment stirs them up and they come rushing
out and sting the one who is carrying them.
Besides this, they have been in the hive so
long that their old location is forgotten, and
wherever they leave the hive there they seem
to "hang around," and assault anything that
comes near. When the bees are wintered in
hives with the bottoms removed these
troubles are aggravated. Mr. Doolittle, in
an article in Gleanings, tells how he over-
came these difficulties. From this article I
make the following extract : —

" One day I thought of the spring wheel-
barrow, so I tried setting them on that and
wheeling them to their stands. This was
much easier for me ; but there was a certain
amount of jarring to it, in spite of the
springs, that irritated the bees so that they
were ready to rush out en. masse when I was
lifting the hive from the barrow to the
stand ; and often the bottom of the barrow
would be covered with the bees which had
come down before the stand was reached.
This saved all the bees, as they all marked
the right spot, but did not do away with the
stinging from the bees which flew in the air
before the hive was on the stand. I next
took an old sheet and wet it, and, after doub-
ling, put that on the bottom of the wheel-
barrow and up over the front end-board.
This took off all the jar, and also kept the few
bees which might straggle down on to the
bottom of the barrow from staying there ;
for as soon as they came in contact with the
wet sheet they would run back.

I now went into the cellar, took a hive of
bees, nd placed it on the sheet, tipped it up
a little in front so as to blow under three or
four puffs of smoke, lowered it to its place,
and put a wet rag down in front over the en-
trance, when I had the thing just as I want-
ed it, for I could wheel them wherever I
wished, without their apparently breaking

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

107

the cluster at all. The wet sheet gave a chill
to the air inside of the hive so the bees did
not feel the warmth, and the wet rag at the
entrance excluded the light, so that they ap-
parently did not realize but that they were
still in the cellar till they were safely on
their stands. I now have no dread of set-
ting the bees out of the cellar, and they also
are not in such a hurry to rush out but that
they properly mark their entrance, thus sav-
ing the mixing of bees so frequently occur-
ring in the old way, by which some colonies
have more bees than they should, and others
being deficient."

The Infinence by Which Bees are Actuated
When Pasing Throaeh a Bee Escape.

Mr. R. C. Aikin^ in another column, ad-
vances the theory that the controlling inilu-
ence leading bees to desert the supers when
the bee escape is used, is their desire to get
back to the queen from which they find
themselves cut ofif. Mr. Halley advances
the same idea in Gleanincjs. He says: —

"I find that no one in Gleanimjs has yet
given thel true principle upon which the
bee-escape is supposed to work. The super
from which it is desired to rid the bees being
shut off from the heat of the hive, it would
seem that, when the weather got cool, the
bees would go down much faster: but such
is not the fact. It may then take days in-
stead of hours for the sections to be cleared.
The true reason is, that, when the bees find
they are separated from the queen, they get
panicky, and leave forthwith in pursuit of
the queen. It is a mistake to suppose that
the ragged edge of the tin or paper prevents
the bees from going back into the sections;
but the fact is, the cause that induced them
to leave prevents them from going back.
Now for the proof: You will find inclosed a
piece of tin. This was formed over a 20-
penny wire nail. This I tack over a hole on
the under siHe of a board. This is my bee-
escape. It will be seen that the bees can go
one way as well as the other. My section-
cases ail have crlass. I put on the escape in
the morning, so I could watch them, which
I did closely. Some will miss the queen
very soon, and the sections will be cleared in
two or three hours. Others will remain
quiet for several hours; but when they dis-
cover their isolated position they will be
seen in a perfect panic, which they keep up
until the last bee leaves the sections. Among
others I put sections, containing about 60
lbs. of honey, over a board fixed with three
of these tins. The next morning when I
took off my sections I found bees enough to
make a fair swarm, clustered all over under
the board. There were many bees deep
over the tins. They had commenced comb-
building; but not a bee had gone into the
sections. I have used these tins through the
past season with unvarying results. In no
case did the bees go back into the sections. *
I believe that a zinc queen-excluder, if plac-
ed on an empty section-holder, and the zinc

all covered up but a narrow strip, would
make a good bee-escape.

William Halley,

Rockton, 1)1., Jan. 23.

The editor of Oleanings comments as fol-
lows :

[It is very possible that you may be right,
and we hope those, of our readers who have
made observations in regard to the actual
workings of the bee-escape will let us know
what they think about it. Another summer
shall not go by without our fixing up an ob-
servatory hive, to watch the actual operation
of the various bee-escapes. However, even
if your point is true, would it not be better
to have something like the Porter, so the
bees will actually be prevented from going
back, even if they should desire to do so ?
The Porters, who have conducted a long
series of experiments along this line, will
doubtless be able to give us some informa-
tion."

The Wax in Comb Honey is Indigestible
but not Injurious or TInwholsome.

'• My son, eat thou honey because it is good ;
and the honeycomb, which is sweet to thy taste."

Mr. Henry M. Hawley writes as follows to
GJeaningft :

" I desire to say that I am surprised to
find a dyspeptic advocating the use of comb
honey, as, in all lessons learned or teachings
taught, the prime principle is that the comb
is indigestible. I judge, if you eat ' Schu-
macher ' graham gems for a few months the
bran will be sufficient irritant for the stom-
ach without the comb that will not digest nor
melt in the stomach."

Those are in error who imagine that be-
cause wax is indigestible its consumption in
comb honey is attended with injurious re-
sults, or that it is in the least unwholesome.
Ten years ago. Prof. Hasbrouck, in the
Bee-Keepers' Magazine, explained most fully
the philosophy of this subject. He said : —

" So much is said now-a-day* by such in-
fluential men as King, Dadant, .Tones, and
many others, to ' boom ' extracted honey,
that it seems necessary that something
should be said to recall the claims of comb
honey, that its virtues may not be forgotten
and its production neglected. It may be
that, for the present, more money can be
made in running bees for extracted honey —
five dollars to one, as Jones says ; but I
think I can see reasons why, with increased
production, we may expect extracted honey
to depreciate in price much faster than coAb
honey. Extracted honey must always com-
Viete with similar sweets ; such as sugar, mo-
lasses, syrups, and glucose, and its princi-
pal recommendation will be its novelty or
cheapness ; while it is weighted in the race
for popularity by its inconvenient tendency
to candy, and if it does not candy, it is im-
mediately exposed to the suspicion of being

108

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

adulterated. On the other hand, comb hon-
ey stands without a rival — a thinK^'i" (jeneris
— captivating to the eye — the symbol of
sweetness — a royal luxury. But so industri-
ously have they who ought to know better,
talked about the enormity of eating ' indi-
gestible wax,' that the proper use of comb
honey is almost a ' lost art.' People strug-
gle to reject every flake of wax, or else eat
their hot biscuit and honey as a forbidden
indulgence, dared with full expectation of
gripes and nightmare as a penalty. The
fact is, that honey comb is one of the most
wholesome foods ever eaten. It will make
hot biscuit and fresh bread easily digesti-
ble. These alone are rightly considered
much harder of digestion than stale bread,
from the fact that they pack, in chewing,
into masses impermeable to the solvent
juices of the digestive organs. But when
they are eaten with honey comb, the delicate
flakes of wax prevent the packing, while the
honey pervading the whole mass, is readily
dissolved out, leaving free access for the gas-
tric juice to all parts of the food. The scales
of wax, though indigestible, are soft and
smooth, and will not irritate the most deli-
cate membrane.

But besides being a delicious and whole-
some article of food, I regard comb honey
as a specific cure for many difficulties of di-
gestion and irregularity of the bowels. In
our day, drugs are at a discount for the
treatment of chronic diseases, and people are
generally seeking health from a proper se-
lection of foods instead of medicines. For a
long time Graham bread and bran crackers
have been prescribed by the medical faculty
for dyspeptic affections and obstinate con-
stipation ; but the doctors are about finding
out that these things will ruin the digestion
of anything but a horse, as the rough, silici-
ous scales of bran irritate and lacerate the
delicate membranes of the digestive organs,
to their speedy ruin. I can assure all per-
sons whose digestion needs a little assis-
tance, that they will find in comb honey,
eaten wax and all, just the thing to help them
— and a very agreeable medicine to take, it
is, too.

The flakes of wax furnish a gentle stimulus
to the digestive membranes, without in any
way injuring them. To bee-keepers I would
say, produce extracted honey by all means,
if you can make more money by it ; but for
your own bread and butter, and hot biscuit
and hot cakes: use comb honey, without Vje-
ing anxious to save all the wax to make up
into foundation, and see if it isn't the best
way to eat honey."

Barnet Taylor's Latest House Apiary.
, Mr. Taylor has finished his house apiary,
and I copy the following illustration and
description from Farm, Stork and Home.
It will be seen that the arrangement is al-
most exactly that of the Langdon house
apiary described in another column.

"We illustrate herewith a sectional view of
our new house apiary and give as plain a des-

cription as possible. It is very important
to have these buildings right in every detail
at the start, as they cannot well be altered
after occupied by bees. In constructing it
we have used our past experience to make it
as near perfect as possible.

This house is Ki feet long, S feet wide and
8 feet high to ceiling. The roof is 12 feet
wide, projecting 2 feet on each side, protect-
ing the hive entrance from rain or snow. Its
capacity is .'52 swarms without crowding.
There are four shelves, 2 feet wide, running
the length of the house, for holding hives;
the bottom ones are raised <> inches above
the floor, and the two upper ones placed
midway between them and the ceiling, and
are constructed to have a space under them
packed with pine leaves to keep the bottom
of the hives warm in winter. Sawdust or
chaff may be used for packing, but as it
is to be permanent the dry pine leaves, when
procurable, are best, as they will not be-
come damp. The packing under the bot-
tom shelves is 8 inches thick, and that at the
top 4 inches. This is the only permanent
packing about the building.

Ill Foundation posts. (2) Endsofsille. (31 Plat-
form for hives. (4) Entrances— Alighting
hoards, ("d Table for liaiullinc hives.

The hives are two feet apart from center
to center, and set ;! inches from the outer
walls. There are 8 inches space between the
hives and .'> inches between back of hives
and back of shelves. At the back of shelves
there are movable walls 22 inches high to
hold the winter packing (sawdust) in place.
When the hives are packed for winter there
are '^ inches of sawdust in front, 8 inches
between, r> inches at the back, and 8 inches
on top of them. If properly done this will
winter the bees with safety in a severe win-
ter.

nWe pack the bees at the first approach of
freezing weather in the fall, and leave it on

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

109

until all cold weather is over in the
spring. When unpacking, the movable walls
are taken from the back of the hives, the
sawdust shoveled into gunny sacks and piled
overhead under the roof, to be kept dry and
handy for use again.

Any hive can be used in the house, but we
have made a special one for house use that
has many advantages and is plain and cheap.
The entrances through the sides of building
are 14 inches wide and one-half inch deep,
and the alighting boards are 8x16 inches,
and are so constructed as to receive the
swarm catcher.

The building is sided with good stock
boards 12 inches wide, and the cracks neatly
battened. But if we were building again
we would use matched flooring for the sides
and leave battens off. The roof is shingled
and the ventilator is a galvanized chimney
suitable for receiving a stovepipe if one
should ever be required. The passage way
from the walls of house to hives is covered
by a movable strip of suitable thin wood.
The door is in the we5t end and hung on the
outside. In the east end there is a sliding
sash of six lights of glass, 10x14, on the in-
side; on the outside there is a revolving wire
cloth screen for ventilation, and to let bees
out when handling swarms. There are es-
capes to let bees out at all times.

In the alley between the hives there is a
movable table, 2x() feet, to work on in hand-
ling hives. There are also shelves in suit-
able places to hold the queen excluding
honey boards, bee escape boards, and all
other things needed in the house manage-
ment. We intend to have six swarms in the
attic — three in each gable, but will not rec-
ommend this feature until we have used it a
while.

This building will cost about two dollars a
colony for each swarm, and is built and
painted in a neat and thoroughly lasting
manner. A much less costly house would
answer every pratical purpose. We intend
to build one or more cheap ones, for out
apiaries, this season, and when we get one
of them finished will describe it.

The house foundation is ten cedar posts
set 3 feet in the ground and projecting an
average of K! inches above ground. The
house stands southeast by northwest, so as
to let the sun shine on both sides."

The Conditions Under Which Bees Gather

the Most Honey, and How we Can Make

This Knowledge the Most Profitable.

It will be remembered that in the last Re-
view was given an extract from an article
by C. J. H. Gravenhorst, published in his
paper in Germany. In this article were
pointed out the five requisites of an ideal col-
ony for storing honey. These requisites
were a faultless queen ; plenty of empty
combs : swarming at the proper time or not
at all : not too many bees and not too much
unsealed brood during the harvest. In the

next issue of his paper Mr, Gravenhorst tells
how he takes advantage of this knowledge,
and I have condensed somewhat the trans-
lation furnished by Mr. Spaeth and present
it below :

" A queen may be faultless in the fall, and
fail in the spring. To discover this failure
early in the spring and give the colony an-
other queen is all-important. To introduce
a queen with no danger of loss, remove the
poor queen and all of the combs, giving the
latter to some colony that can care for them
temporarily. Allow the bees three or four
frames with starters only. Give them the
new queen in a cage. Watch closely and see
what kind of comb they build. If it is drone
comb they will not accept the queen. Cut it
out and let them start again. If no honey is
coming in they must be fed. When they be-
gin building worker comb it is a sign that
they have accepted the queen and it is safe
to release her. The second day after her re-
lease three or four of the brood combs are
returned. The remainder are given the next
day. As a rule, queens are not kept after
the second year. If the colony with the new-
ly given queen does not prove diligent, ex-
change three or four of its combs for the
same number of combs of sealed brood taken
from the most industrious colony in the
yard.

The second point is that of supplying col-
onies with abundance of empty combs.
When the bees build their own combs there
is not only the loss of the honey that is con-
sumed to furnish the wax for comb building,
but the bees that are secreting the wax and
building the combs could be gathering honey
were they not thus employed. I have always
worked with all my power to have on hand a
sufficient supply of comb, but I must admit
that I have sometimes wished that I had
more. At such times I would have given
much if I could have gotten Warnstorf's
combs, but his discovery is of recent date
and I was obliged to use foundation which is
a great help, but not the equal of completed
combs. (The Warnstorf combs with full
depth cells, cannot be used for raising comb
honey as they are twice as heavy as natural
comb, but they are excellent, strong combs
for use in extracting.)

The third point is that the bees swarm at
the right time— that the mother colony has
a fertile queen and the young colony has its
brood combs completed before the main
harvest comes. Colonies that make prepa-
rations for swarming at the height of the
harvest, or towards its close, miss the best
opportunity for honey gathering. A swarm
that comes late can but build its combs and
secure a store of honey for winter, while the
parent colony will not become sufficiently
populous until the harvest is past and gone.
At the end of the season the bee-keeper will
stand before his colonies and complain of
the average season, or, perhaps, the poor
season. The only strange thing about it is
that colonies "X" and "Z" have done all
that could be wished. At least, they have
gathered twice as much as the others. By
close searching after the causes of these

110

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

things the bee-keeper will find that in nine
cases out of ten, the colonies that are starv-
ing in the spring swarmed at the wrong time,
while "X" and "Z" swarmed at the right
time. If swarming at the wrong time is the
cause of a small crop, then the bee-keeper
will not doubt a moment as to what he ought
to do. The only point is hotv it shall be
done. Of course, we want early swarms, not
simply individual swarms, but we want the
whole apiary to swarm early. To accom-
plish this, that is, have the whole apiary
swarm early and within a period of a week
or ten days, those colonies that are in the
rear must be helped at the expense of those
that are too far advanced. This is done by
the exchange of combs. From the time the
bees are wintered until the opening of the
main harvest, I work with this end in view,
that of having them all enter the field equally
strong. During this preparatory period,
many of them build combs. Of course, if
colonies are too far in the rear it may be best
to leave them to themselves or unite them.
There are other means than exchanging
combs for equalizing colonies but they must
be practiced with great caution. If some of
the colonies do not swarm when it seems
they ought to, they can be divided. An arti-
ficial swarm that is made like a natural
swarm and at the right time, will work with
the same energy as a natural swarm, and in
some conditions is to be preferred. To get
early swarms, the bees must have protection
and an abundance of stores. In the prov-
ince of Hanover, where bee-keeping has been
made a specialty for a few hundred years,
stimulative feeding is practiced, and it is
only by this plan that an early and short
swarming season can be secured. I use a
swarm catcher and would not think of doing
without one.

To remove the trouble from over-popu-
lousness we have only to have a hive that is
large enough, or that can be made large
enough, and see that it is enlarged before it
really becomes too populous. If we have a
hive that cannot be enlarged, then we must
remove some of the sealed brood and give it
to some colony that is not so populous. Man-
aged in this way, the whole apiary will be in
the best condition to take advantage of the
honey flow when it comes, instead of having
in it a few giants surrounded by dwarfs.

Lastly, is the point of having too much
unsealed brood in proportion to the number
of workers. To remedy this some of the un-
sealed brood is taken away and given to
some coloiiy having more bees in proportion
to its unsealed brood. Empty combs are
given in place of the brood removed. The
empty combs are placed at the side of the
brood nest. If there is danger of weaken-
ing the colony too much, capped brood may
be given in place of the unsealed that is re-
moved."

I believe that Mr. (iravenhorst is correct
in his views as to the conditions under which
bees gather the most honey, and that by fol-
lowing his instructions those conditions may
tie secured, but I doubt whether such a course
is always profital>le. It might be in some

conditions. If a man has a few colonies, and
plenty of time in which to make the manip-
ulations, well and good, but instead of this,
if a man has the capital I believe it will pay
him better to have more bees and do less
manipulation. It is really a question of
" Bees Versus Manipulation." I don't know
but that would be a good topic for special
discussion. I say don't fuss with weak col-
onies. Have enough bees so tliat you will
have enough if some of them do die. Don't
fuss with changing combs so that every col-
ony will step across the swarming line like a
platoon of soldiers on dress parade. Many
of our most successful bee-keepers do not
see the inside of the brood nests of their col-
onies from one year's end to the other. It is
well to know the conditions so well laid
down by Mr. Gravenhorst in regard to
when bees store the most honey, and to take
advantage of them when it can be done in
some wholesale, short-cut manner, but ever-
lasting puttering makes costly honey.

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings

E. E. HASTY.

"It seems like n story from tlie world of spirits
When anyone obtains tliat which he merits.
Or merits that which he obtains."

I felt pretty sober over the proposition
that I should include the Review and its
writers in my criticisms. It is not usually
thought desirable that a child should wield
the rod over his fellow children, much less
over his " dad." I'll try and remember that
criticising those who have equal or superior
right to be criticising me is rather peculiar
business. If I forget then my brothers must
privately remind me. But, on the other
hand, if I make these papers a mere whole-
sale distribution of taffy the reading public
will spew me out of their mouths,

THE REVIEW.

The Review's theory of what a bee journal
should be is vnncent ration. Concentrate the
really valuable things scattered through
many pages in many papers, and let the resi-
due go. Apply the same principle to the
collection of original matter : focus things
by taking up one topic at a time ; call out
the writers wlio know most about that topic :
let them feel tliat facts and actual experi-
ences are what is wanted : and so serve up

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

111

for the reader a real, helpful, concentrated
food. If a writer has humor or style, all
right, if made subservient to the main ob-
ject, but all wrong if an attempt gets started
to palm off humor or tine writing as a sub-
stitute for fact and experience.

The interest which topic concentration
aroused rather overgrew the first part of the
plan for a while, insomuch that our editor is
used to having his ear warmed with the ques-
tion, " Why don't the Review review ?"
but he has not abandoned any part of his
theory, and is getting around to" a fuller re-
alization of it. Not to praise Mr. Hutchin-
son a little would be mere affectation of
judicial loftiness. It is but just to give him
his due — or a part of it. In a time when
everything favored a decline and loss of in-
terest in bee literature, as well as in every-
thing else pertaining to bees, he has pushed
up his own work, and compelled nearly
eveiybody else to push up theirs. Our bee
papers, some of them (I wish I could say all
of them) are edited by men quick to notice
and " scratch around " if some one else in
the class makes movements and improve-
ments for which they have no equivalent.
Mr. Hutchinson has long been the one chief
provocative to " scratching around " all
along the line. The good he has done inside
his own paper is but a fraction of what he
has done apicultural journalism as a whole.
Unless this can be denied, surely our rank
and file ought to remember it in their sub-
scriptions. Take the Review, and your other
favorite paper will doubtless be kept wide
awake. Had the Review died three years
ago the whole field would have been dull and
spiritless compared with what it is now.
Take the Review even if it has not the cash
just yet to spend on splendid illustrations —
it will have some day if merit has its proper
reward — and you are not looking out for the
interests of our craft if you let it be pinched
down by lack of support. You know in
ancient times they had priests to conduct the
worship, and prophets to make the priests
'tend to their business. W. Z. is a prophet.

What is the Review's most conspicuous
fault ? Not sure but it is that the editor
writes so little for it himself — pays good
cash to somebody else to fill columns; when
the reader would like them better if filled
by the editor. Hutchinson's calm, clear,
pellucid style, with little attempt at orna-
mentation, is like good bread ; one can eat a
good deal of it every day without getting

tired of it — as compared with that other fel-
low that is ginger snaps, and that other one
that is "floating island" inflated with big
words, and figures of speech, and classical
allusions.

How about the matter of free advertising
in the reading columns ? Most first-class
journals shut down on it completely, refuse
to tolerate anything that even smells of it,
no matter if the public interest does occa-
sionally suffer, and good things die unborn
for want of notice. This is far the easiest
way to do it. Some line must be drawn,
else half the paper would be filled perpet-
ually with advertising that brings no reve-
nue. Among bee journals, however. Glean-
ings set the pace many years ago that really
valuable things unknown to the public, and
liable to stay so, were to be brought forward
and set before the people. Why should a
really valuable invention be used in only one
apiary, or a few apiaries, because the inven-
tor don't believe it would pay expenses to
make and advertise it for sale ? This is a
right sentiment, but difficult to carry out
properly : and this critic thinks the Review,
just at present, has sailed across the danger
line. What would it do if each advertiser
should proceed now to send in an able arti-
cle describing his wares ?

Now for the seriatim of the February
number. If comrade R. L. Taylor is as good
as he looks we may safely trust in him. He
gives the junior class this time a compre-
hensive talking to. He does not all the time
keep clear of disputed points, but holds well
away from counsels that are risky and dan-
gerous. The climax items are very good —

Don't marry an unproved liive. my dear;
Don't bungle things when you "carpenteer."

Wish I could obey that last command my-
self.

Next comes " Rambler," — Ah, he's been
trading off his umbrella for a three-legged
hoss ; and now if he gets after me on the
hop-aty-hop I may have to drop that sugar-
honey, and " pike it " down the road at a
very undignified rate of speed. The news is
quite newsy which he gives us about Mexi-
can California — the honey flow getting bet-
ter and better the further one goes down
into it. But 'pears to me I remember that
drouth gets more and more the rule as one
goes south. And so young men in Califor-
nia make their ^7s^ capital at bees, and then
step out into some other business. Ho, ho !
Few vocations offer so good a ladder for en-

112

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

terprise aud bare browu hands. Catch your
swarms instead of buying ; make your own
fixtures, and go in.

I'll cheat Dr. Miller out of part of his dues
this one time, as he happens at the same
trade as myself, reviewing, and kindly re-
views me in advance. If I review him in re-
turn, and then we reciprocally review each
other a few more times, our reciprocations
might get as reiterative as the nursery story
of the kid that would'nt go ; and the Review,
on a candid review of our mutual reviews
might wish itself out of the whole business
" an hour and a half ago." By the way what
is the famous Stray Straw page but a review
of all beedom, boiled down to its most con-
centrated, vivid, sparkling form ?

The Daggitt smoker certainly looks prom-
ising. If a satisfactory double bellows can
be constructed of suitable size it promises a
royal cure for an arch-nuisance, soot and tar
just where they are least wanted. But many
a winning idea lingers for years for lack of
a winning body to mate its soul. Only when
concrete and tested can we proclaim it the
smoker. If this bellows were put upon the
Clark smoker would not the Clark continue
to work in the same delightful way it usually
does when new ? The smoker is our most
important tool ; a poor one is the plague of
one's life ; the best possible one is greatly to
be longed for : and now we have smoker on
the carpet let's keep it there till something
to our profit materializes.

B. Taylor seems specially near to us be-
cause we do not often see him spread around
in the other journals. He just belongs to
our own ingle-side. As a writer he has one
captivating quality to an unusually high de-
gree. What to call it I hardly know, unless
we call it transparency. When he is telling
something he is intensely interested in, his
interest becomes visible and contagious ;
and yet he seems to be unconscious of it,
somewhat as the glow-worm is of his shin-
ing. In the present letter something of this
appears where he tells of the joy in making
over again the machinery he sold for nearly
ifl.'jOO last spring. A parallel bar that will
move anywhere without delay, fuss, or mis-
take is indeed a valuable addition to a saw.
May it prove all that is hoped for it, and
come into general use.

R. C. Aikin is one of our Review children
too ; and this time with K. D. arguments he
is defending his Knock-Down hive — just as
most of us would do if standing in his shoes.

This number is a " good number " in hav-
ing nine columns editorial. See how 1 tell
my "pa" to do things after he has already
begun to do them ! News to me is that fun-
ny kink about the California red-wood —
shrinking endwise, and holding its lateral
dimensions true. Cheers for that oil stove
arrangement. Cellar air is quite poor enough
without defiling it with the products of com-
bustion. So let the hood of tin come well
abroad and down to catch the vitiated air,
and the stove-pipe junior run up to join the
big stove-pipe above — just as it ought to be.

And now with shame I shall have to review
my review, and own up to the fib I told. My
memory was positive that I said bees with
stores behind them, meaning toward the
rear of the hive. My pencil-slip says so { I
usually write first in pencil and then copy
with ink for the printer), hut somewhere be-
tween my pencil and the finished print a
change got in. It was printed " stores be-
low them :" and already the ghosts of dead
colonies begin to " shake their gory locks "
at me.

Wanted to "polish off" two journals in
this article, but can't come it. Its already
high time to prepare for the close by call-
ing—

The General round Up

Hear once how C. F. Muth in the Guide
goes back on sweet clover :

" Infernal melilot. * * The English sparrow
iis a daisy to compare with it."

Sparrow was brought over to eat insects.
It does. Never enough to amount to any-
thing. Sweet clover was introduced to yield
honey. It does. Does it often add many
pounds to anybody's surplus 'i Many men
of many minds.

■' May it not be that the heating of the wax at
two distinct times renders the spores [of foul
brood] harmless ?"— J. H. Larbabee in A. B. J.

May be that's it. Half kill a fellow, then
make him wait a few weeks without any
chance to recuperate, then half kill him
again. The professors must experiment on
this also. In such an important matter we
want all the points covered.

The vote for Mr. Heddon as President of
B. K. Union is quite surprising. R. L. Tay-
lor 141, James Heddon VM. Heddon's speech
for letting alone the rogues the Union is
about to sail into was fresh in print if not in
mind at the time. It would be interesting if
we could know how far this vote represents
views of policy, and how- far mere personal
liking for the individual.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

113

On page 245 A. B. J., Dr. Miller tells of a
colony that swarmed out because he gave
them a full set of drone combs. I wonder if
a like result would always follow.

Manum fights robbers with peppermint
water. Gleanings, page S\.

Baldensperger (Gleanhiys, page 88) had
ten virgin queens all fail to be fertilized with
ten colonies about a mile distant. Proving
too much is often all the same as not prov-
ing anything. Few can believe that queens
could not go a half mile and meet drones
coming a half mile in the other direction.
Honey flow bad, I reckon ; drones mostly
killed, and survivors so badly used as to have
no enterprise. Friend B's experience with
drone playgrounds in the Holy Land is that
they are never more than a half mile away,
and sometimes in sight as one stands in the

apiary. Page 121.

Three days steady jarring was sufficient to
candy Mr. Hutchinson's show honey at the
Detroit Exposition. Gleanings, page 87.

Ernest Root tasted himself sick in the in-
terests of science over mixtures of honey and
glucose. (Page 102.) Presume that was
one cause of the illness. There is a dififer-
ence, however, between prolonged tastings,
with rinsings of the mouth and try it again,

and merely eating some of the article and
done with it. The stomach that would stand
the latter well enough might be unable to

bear the former. The rules arrived at for
detecting mixtures seem valuable. Practice

on known glucose till its exact flavor fully
soaks into you. Then hold the suspected

sample on the tongue thirty or forty seconds;

and if glucose is there you'll hear from it.

Having to call in the doctor next day might

be considered a slight drawback.
So Huber, keen as he was, did not find out

that queenless bees always built drone comb.

Langstroth in Gleanings, page 116.

And German Gravenhorst confronts all

our wise Yankee bee authorities, and dares

to say " not overcrowded with bees" as one

of the prime conditions of the best honey

gathering. Stray Straw, Feb. 1.5. How

doctors do disagree ! Dr. Miller, couldn't

you prove somehow that both parties are

wrong ?

" With a temperature of less than 60° brood is
liable to be chilled in handling."— G. M. Doolit-

TLE.

We don't often catch Doolittle in a practi-
cal error. If not an error this is important,
and somebody ought to be more careful.

Baldensperger after these years comes
back upon us like a new broom. His tables
of a colony's gathering and consumption of
honey, though of foreign bees in a foreign
land, are a valuable addition to our scanty
stock. The rapid eating when a batch of
brood was being reared, and the almost no
eating at all for a week (presumably when
brood rearing had a rest) seem nicely illus-
trated. Also his itemized table of the actual
cost of honey has few like it to compare
with. He got 12,000 pounds at a cost of four
cents a pound and sold for eight cents. This
was at Joppa in the Holy Land. Gleanings,
page 120.

The A. B. J. comes out with a new depart-
ment. German investigation and accuracy
is to be heard by the pen of a German In
German land, H. Reepen, of Jugenheim.
His get-to-business air is suited to make a
very good impression on us slip-shod Amer-
icans.

RiOHABDS, Lucas Co., 0., March 8, 1898.

AD VE RTISEMENTS

WILL

SACRIFICE^^

SUPPLIES. WRITE FOR LIST.

I also have "uffice helps " for sale. 3tt:i-tf

UNO. C. CAPEHART, St. Albans, W. Va.

I HAVE FOUR SINGLE-COMB

OB5ERVATORY HIVES

That I wish to dispose of. They are finely made
of "quartered" oak and polished. They cost
85.00 each, but I am out of the show business
ami am open to oifers

ARTHUR C. MILLER,
2-93-tf. Box hlh. Providence, K. I.

Ready to Mail^

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Tested, at $1.50 ; 6 for $7..50. Untested, after
April Ist, $1 .00 each, or (j for 85.00. Safe arrival
guaranteed. Bees, Drones and Sui>plie8. Cir-
cular free. J. N. COIiTVICK,
4_92.tf Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

>BEE5'QyEEK5,

\.5mokers. sections;

^ALLAPIARIAN SUPRLtES

SE1MD FOR CTVTAl-OGUE-

114

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cut repreeeuts oar

Combined Circular and

Scroll Saw, which is the

best machine made for

Bee Keepers' nse in the

construction of their hives,

sections, boxes, etc.

n-92-i6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOR OATALOGD, PR 108, TO.,
Address IV. F. A JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rockford, Ills

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
c«)inpletely than any other published, send $l.uO
to Prof. A J. ("ook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
for his

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

Plea?" mention *he Reuiew.

Warranted Purely Mated.

Italian honey (ineens. They are very prolific
and their workers cannot be excelled in gentle-
ness and industry. Nothing but the choicest
((ueens sent out ; try me and see. Send your
order at once Single queen. .*S0 cts : :i for$2.(X):
(i for$4.()(i; I2f<)r$7.75. Ready April ;«tth. l-9H-6t

M. H. DeWITT, Sang Run, Ml

Please mention the Review.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

Simple, f'rr/erl, Sflf-Kegu.
lalirit/. Thousands in Biio-
cessful operation. Guaran-
teed to hatch a larger per-
centage of fertile eggs at
less cost than any other
Hatcher. Lowest priced
first-class Batcher made
GEO. II. 8TAHL. qiilnoy.Hi;

I Banded Queens

AND

I Frame H^^l^i

^^^A SPECIALTY.

April May

One untested queen, $1.00 $1.00

Six " queens, 5.00 5.00

One tested Queeu, .. 2.00 1.50

Three " queens 5.00 4.00

Select tested queen, 2.50 2.50

Two-frame nucleus with any qneen $1..50 each,
extra. Three - frame niicleus witii any queen
$3.25 each, extra. Safe arrival guaranteed.

w. J. €:i:.i:.isor),

3-93-3t Catehall, S. C.

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,

FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWKY .JOHNSON.

1-93-tf. Masontown, Pa.

FOUNDATION

ANi. SESTIOnS.

CAUTION.

Do not buy a thick, heavy base comb founda-
tion for use in your sections when you can get
14 to Va square feet to the pound. Also be sure
and buy your sections where you can get a nice
box at a low price. Send me your address and I
will be pleased to send you a sample section, a
sample of the

THINEST COMB FOUNDATION MADE,

And prices at which they may be houglit,

W. H. NORTON,

2-93-t4. SkowhegaU; Me.

Please mention the Reuieiv.

-5iTHE PROGRESSIVE BEE- KEEPER ^r

H.B.S Oliangeci Ha-nd-s. It is n.o-w- Fialolislaeca Toy tlie

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

Higginsvllle, Mlssonri.

Money, Experience and Enterprise will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicates. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 28-page Catalogue of Apiarian Supplies.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

115

8ee Hives and Section Boxes.

Siniulicity, Langstroth-Simplicity, Standard
Lcingstrotli, Dovetailed and Cliampion Cliaft
Hives, Supers, One Piece Sections and Shipping
('ases. Foundation. Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16 page C!ircular.
1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH, New London, Wis.

Golden Italians.

My bees are lar«e and great honey gatherers.
1 untested queen, so cte. ; 3 for $2 00. 1 warran-
tee! ()ueen, $1.00; 3 for $2..iO. I tested queen,
$2.00; selected, tested. $2.50. Satisfaction guar-
anteed or money refunded. 4-9:j-tf
C. IVI. HICKS, Hieksville, ^d.

BEE - KEEPERS'

SURRLY HOUSE

J.H.M COOK, 78 Barclay St. , N Y. City.

(SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING.)

4-93 tf Send for illustrated Catalogue.

FREE QUEEN-

Send lor circular giving particulars, tolling
how to introduce queens and giving the
price of hive protectors and nucleus col's.

2-93-4t J. F- MICHAEL, German, Darke Co., Ohio

HIVES

Twenty of Root's Dovetailed Hives,
all made up and furnished with six sec-
tion holders and eight brood frames,
only 90 cts. each. Twenty of Root's
story and a half, chaff hives, made up
and furnished with eitrht brood frames,
and a ci-<e to hold twenty sections, only
$1.2.5 each. f Retrular price. !f;l.7.5. )
Twenty chaff hives with one movable
side, and furnished with nine brood
frames and a case holding six section
holders, only $1.50 each. (Regular price
$2.00.) I also have fifty colonies of

BEES

For sale. They are in eight and ten
(L.) frame story and a half hives. Colonies
in ten-frame hives, $4.00 each; in eight-
frame, only $3.50 If five or more are taken
at one time, a five cent discount will be
given. Bees are in good condition and hives
new. A discount of ten per cent will also be
given on so>t ion liolders. brood frames and
shipping cases until May Is^. 12-92-12t

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establishment in the world. First-
class Second-hand Instruments at half new prices.
Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Ma-
chines sold on monthly payments. Any instru-
ment manufactured shipped, privilege to examine.
EXCHANGING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER i 31 Broadway, New York.
HEADQUAETERS, ( l^e Monroe St., Chicaga

FOK, S^LE

SEVENTY COLONIES ITALIAN : : : : :
:::::::: BEES .\ND FIXTURES.

Also, a lot of new and second-hand Hives at a
bargain. Write for particulars.
WILLIAM IDEN,
2 93-tf. Etna Green, Ind.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundation and sec-
tions: warranted good as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the most favorabJe
conditions ever offered on foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list f)f a full line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT,

1.93-tf Bell Branch, Mich.

Pletisf mention the Reuiew.

Ta<l^e IsTotice !

If you are looking for the bees that give the
most profit, and are tlie most gentle, try t lie

Ai:.Bino.

I can also furnish the golden Italian, but my
preference is the Albino. Send for circular an<i
price list and see what f)t)iers say of them and
how cheaply ^ sell the-n. I also luannfacfure
and d^pi in Hives, Sections, Fonnda-
tion. Extractors Hn.-i.-^ apirt,i.^u s..i.-
i.iies b. VAL-tNTINE,

3-93-2t riagcrstown, Md.

Bee Literature

I, M. KIZIE, Rocliester, Mlcli,

For
Sale.

GLEANINGS-Vols. 8-9-1011-12-16 bound in
"red goat" Vols. 17 18-19-20 unbound.

AM. BEE .JOURNAL-Vols. 2i 23 24 bound in
black leather, and Vols. 2,')-26-27 and 2s unbound.

APICULTURIST— Vols. Ito 7, inclusive, uii
bound.

GUIDE— Vol. 12, unbound.

Each of the following lack one or two num-
bers of being complete.

ADVANCE— Vols. 17 and 18.

CANADIAN B. J.— Vol. for 1888.

BRITISH B. .J.— Vols, for 18881890 ami 1891.

CAN. HONEY PRODUCER- Vols, for 1887-
1888 and 18s9. Also odd numbers of all the
above journals.

How much am I offered for any or all of the
above 'i

ARTHUR C. MILLER,
Box 575. Providi'nce. R. i,

116

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Tin- Oi iKlnal
BINGHAM

To make an im-
meneo smoke lots of
fiiol and lots of fire is

Patented, 1878.

ROQ QmnUaff neetleil in a smoker,
UCC OlllUnCl as elsewhere. Such a
fire makes Jots of heat
—and wide shields are
a great comfort. We
are practical bee
keepers — our tool s
were invented for our
own nse. NVe use no
others. We have all
other kinds, however,
but they are so com-
plicated we can't af-
ford to use them.

Prudent Franklin
said "time is money"
— Bingham smokers
go themselves. The
new handle makes
them easy and safe to
refill, and the turned
cap easiest and safest
to use. Oar other inventions do tlie rest and do
it best. No one liut Bingham has ever improved
a Bingham bee smoker or a Bingham & Hether-
inpton uncapping knife, or ever will. Hundreds
have tried but all have failed—" History repeats
itself." We make a line of smokers so that no
bee-keeper need buy a poor, unscientific bee
smoker on account of price. Our Little Wonder
is not only the best low priced, but the lowest
priced bee smoker made, and with sound, dry
stove wood for fuel, it is a wonder and a delight.
Until our embodiment of the direct draft and
blast principle in bellows bee smokers, fire, even
of rotten wood, could not be depended upon.
Just when most needed, Lo, and behold I no fire
— no smoke remained in the smoker. l>r. C. ('.
Miller, in March number of Gleanings in Bee-
Culture states that "Smokers heretofore liave
either had the cut off or else sucked smoke into
the bellows." The Dr. has told in few words
just what the stat* of bellows bee smokers was
prior to oar invention, and, causually, what all
other bee smokers now do, but the Dr. omitted
saying how much hard, creosote varnish coated
the inside of the leather, the blast tube, the valve
and the springs, if in the inside of the bellows

It does not seem that it wonld need an experi-
ment to understand what the effect of smoke
would be when sucked into a bellows comjiosed
of leather soft and pliable as buckskin and hav-
ing a valve which, to be valuable, must work
freely in all positions. The features that en-
abled us to do what had never been done before,
and what no other bee smoker does now, we
had patented. From time to time we have im-
proved our original smoker and had the improve-
ments patented.

Our designs anil improvements in uncapping
knives and bellows bee smokers mark an epoch iu
apiculture, and have revolutionized the tools of
the apiary and th^ management of bi>es. The
record of our bee smokers and knives is simply
phenominal. Thousands of the smokers have
been in use in all kinds of apiaries and in all
countries from five to ten years and are yet ser-
viceable. The knives will last a lifetime, and no
one. it is safe to say, will ever improve them.
They do perfectly the work required of them,
which is also true of our smokers. Tools that do
perfectly the work required of them are never
changed materially.

We make six kinds and sizes of bee smokers.
The four higher priced have wide shields to pro
tect the hands and bellows from heat; the two
lower priced have narrow shields to protect the
bellows. All are made on the same principle
and have the strongest draft and blast of any
smokers made. Our invention enables us to burn
sound stove wood and chips, bark, rags, rotten
wood, tobacco, shavings, hay, or anything coni-
bnstible without fnssing or loss of fire. Our

" Doctor " and Conqaeror smokers are the larg-
est, most perfect. moBt valuable and most eco-
nomical bee smokers ever nsed by bee-keepers.
They cost perhaps a dollar more, but that dollar
represents only ten cents per year for ten years
of ease, comfort, satisfaction iind instant, cer-
tain, and absolute control of the most vicious
colonies of bees without fear o' favor or fassing
with lost fire. The ten cents jjer year woald be
saved in matches to say nothing of stings and
lost temper incident to nnscicnt ific bee smokers.

The least pressure of a Bingham smt>ker bel-
lows moves tne smoke so gently and in snch a
soft soothing cloud that the bees hardly realize
that they have a master whom they must obey.
Every particle of air that a Bingham smoker bel-
lows contains, and much more, is forced through
the smouldering fuel and utilized. No snapping
of the bellows, no squeaking springe, no nervous
hast<^ frightening the bees into remote corners,
or balling the queen. Witha Bingham smoker the
bee-keepei may smoke much or little just as he
pleases. He is master of the smoker — not the
smoker master of him.

To soothe and contrt)l is the office of a Bing-
ham bee smoker and it does that perfectly, either
side up, in all positions alike, in season and out
of season. Such a smoker inspires the confi-
dence and respect not only of the bee-keeper,
but of the bees.

Our latest smoker invention consists of a
movable cap or hood which deflects or tarns the
blast of smoke nearly at a right angle t« the
stove ; and a coiled steel wire handle firmly at-
tached to the tapering nozzle by which the noz-
zle is removed and replaced, even when the
smoker is red hot, without inconvenience or
danger. The handle may be used without the
hood. These peculiar features were very
thoroughly tested by many noted and extensive
bee-keepers last season and pronounced valuable
inventions. We do not put them cm any smokers
uidess so ordered, as we charge twenty-five cents
extra for them. We send them per mail, post-
paid, with printed directions how to put them
on Bingham smokers now in tise, provided the
order specifies the size of the smoker to be fitted
and contains 2^) cents.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented Jlay 29. 1V70.

Price of Bingham bee smokers and uncapping
knives.per mail, post paid : The Doctor, the
largest bee smoker made, has a stove i:5xH' .,
inches, S2 0f): Conqueror. lUx:?. S1.7.t; Large.
n'.-x2'... $1.50: Extra, U'jxi, »1.2.=i: Plain, 11x2,
$1.(K) ; Little Wonder, 10x1 'i, 6.i cents. Bingham
& Hetherington uncapping knife, SLl.").

To sell again, send for dozen rates.

BINGHAM PERFECT

BEE SMOEEB

Pnt'd 1878, 188'-', <t 180'.'.

Cheapest & Best on Earth.

Send Card for Clrcnhir to

Hiiigliam&IIetlieringtoii

ABRONIA, MICH.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

117

Interesting Monthly for

The Family and Fireside

Welcome In every Home.

I^arge Premiums for Clubs.

Sample Copy sent Free.

Thomas G. Newman,

147 Southwestern Ave.,
CHICAeO, • - 11.1.8.

nientit

lieathep Colored

HONEY QUEENS, from Impoited Mother, war-
ranted purely mated, after .June 10th, at $1.00
oacli ; six at one time, $.i.O0. Untested queens,
75c. each. Address

C. A. BUNCH,
l-93-7t. Nye. Marshall Co., Ind.

PIfCise mention the Reuiew.

If you are going to —

BUY A BtIZZ - SA\Sr,

write to the editor of the Keview. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad ta
make you happy by telling you the price at
whicii he would sell it.

ITAL-IAfi QUEEri5

Bred for Business, (lentleiiess and Beauty. Un-
tested, sOc, each; three for $2.25 ; six for $4.(KI ;
12 for $7.5(1. Tested. 11.25 Select tested, yellow
to the tip. breeder, $1.51). Will commence ship-
ping April 1.5th. On all orders received before
March 1st, accompanied by the cash, 10 per cent,
discount. Safe arrival guaranteed.

(t. E. DAWSON,
1-93 12t. Carlisle. Sonoke Co., Ark.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Dor\e at the Review.

ITALIAN QUtENS AND SUPPLIES

FOR, ises.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, auo
send for catalogue ami price list.

.1. I'. H. BKOWN,
l-8Stf. Augusta, (ieorgia.

P/ense mention the Reuiew.

IMPORT AMT^ ^

-<^T0 BEE-KEEPEt^SI

To make a succei^s of bee keeping, vou wunt
bees that will give the very best results. .My
Go/den Italians have gained a good name oh
their own merits. Those who have tested them
with other bees say "they are the best iiouey
gatherers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are the largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

piVE-BAflDED WORKERS

In March, .Vpril and May. $1.25 each, 6 for $ti.(H);
.June, $1 UJ each, ti for $.5.00; .July to Nov.. $l.(K)
each, 6 for $4. .50. Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriptive circular.
12-92-tf c. D DUVALL.

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

Please mention the Reuiew.

TESTED

Queens are usually sold for ^'2.00. I
will explain why I wish to sell a few at
less than that. As most of my readers
know, I re-queen my apiary each
spring with young

QUEENS

From tlie South. This is done to do
away with swarming. If done early
enough it is usually successful. It will
be seen that the queens displaced by
these young queens are never more
than a year old; in fact, they are fine,
tested, Italian queens i-ight in their
prime: yet, in order that they may
move oft quickly, and thus make room
for the untested queens, they will be
sold for only

$1.00.

Or I will send the Review for 18i>;^ and
one of these queens for only .$1.75.
For !?2.00 I will send the Review, the
queen and the book "Advanced Bee
Culture." If any prefer the young,
laying queens from the South, they
can have them instead of the tested
queens, at the same price. A discount
given on large orders for untested
queens. Say how many are wanted,
and a price will be made.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

118

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

pREE TO ALL.

SAMPLE COPIES EITHEB OF THE

.,^^

OR

C^O^cIiAn Poultry Jouroz^i,

Or both, will he weiiT FRKE to ai)plieaiitH who

(losire them, upon receipt of their names

and addresses.

THE ODELL

TYPE WRITER.

$20

These papers are both of tliem edited and ar-
ranged by practical men. admitte(ily tlie most
experienced in tlieir particular lines to be found
on the continent, and the Journals may tliere-
fore be regarded as authoritative upon the sever-
al subjects of which they treat.

Address BEETON PUBLIBHING CO..

Beeton. Ontario.

Please mention the Review.

'ratfs

Automatic

or So f-tl ver,

Ready for nse, Sent Postpaid to any Address fDr

- 75 cts

Address E. L.

PRATT, Beverly, Mass.

Special Terms to Sealers.

f-leiise rnent,on t

le Reuifw.

Early Queens From Texas,

From my choice golden stock. My bees arc
very gentle, good workers, and beautiful. Safe
arrival and satisfacticm guaranteed. One un-
tested queen, April and May, 81. IK); six for $a.(l();
later. 75c. Orders booked now; mcmey sent
when queens are wanted. Send for price list.
J. D. GIVENS.

Lisbon. Texas.

1-93-9t. Please mention the Reuieui.

will buy theODELL TYPE WRITER
ami CHECK PERFORATOR, with
7,S Characters, and $15 for the SINGLE CASE
ODELL, warranted to do better work than
any machine made.

It combines Simplicity with Durability, Speed,
Ease of Operation, wears longer without cost of
repairs than any other machine. Has no ink
ribbon to botiier the operator. It is Neat, Sub-
stantial, nickel plated, perfect and adapted to
all kinds of type writing. Like a printing press,
it produces sharp, clean, legible manuscripts.
Two to ten copies can be made at one writing.
Any intelligent person can become a good opera-
tor in two days. We offer $l,OO0 to any
operator who can equal the work of the Double
CaseOdell.

Keliable Agents and Salasmeu wanted. Special
inducements to De^ders.

For Pamphlet giving Indorsements, Ac., ad
dress

ODELL TYPE WRITER CO.,

358 Dearborn St.. Chicago. III.

Michigan Bee-K««P«i^s»

You will consult your own interest, by sending
for my catalogue and price-list of Root's Sup-
plies. Beeswax and white extracted honey want-
ed.

CLARK A. AVOWTAGUE,

4-93 3t

.\rchie, Grantl Traverse Co, Mich.

Pleitse mention the Reuiew

mU FOR Sftil

.\«s ineutioued iu the last Review, my
bees have wintered well. 'They are now
on their summer stands, most of them
beiuf^ packed in sawdust. They will be fed if necessary and every attention
given necessary to keep them in the best [lossible condition. I have more bees
than I can manage in connection with the Review, and I should be glad to
sell part of them. They are iu the New Heddon hive, but pnrchasers not hav-
ing the right to use this hive will be furnished free with a permit from Mr.
Heddon. I will sell one colony for .S;(i.OO: ', for $28..5l); 10 or more at ^^.ni) each.
With each colony will be sent a bottom board, cover and one section case.
The bees are all pure Italians and the queens of last year's rearing. Ship-
ments will be made immediately at the do-ie of fruit bloom when the weather
will be neither too cold nor tt)o hot au i there will be a supply of freshly-gath-
ered honey from which the bees can supply themselves with water while on
their journey.

i

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

W^^

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

119

Tbe K. D/' Nop - Sw2irrr)ip5f
Reversible Hive.

No. 1 is a reversible bottom board and feed-
er. Deep side up for winter aud feeding. No.
2 is the brood ciiamber. It takes a closed-
end standing frame 9x17. The bee spaces are
in tlie bottom board and honey board. Botli
sides and ends are compressed upon the
frames by tlie nuts and rods When rele;;sed
for manipulation, the frames rfst upon the
bottom b.iard rim ends. The chamber is re-
versible,

The "lighting board i5i is a part of and at-
tached to the honey board 1 4 1 while the en-
trances i> and 9 1 lead respeciively under and
above the honey board. The queen trap i7]
covers the brood chamber entrance. Nf>. 1(1
is the super, held together by the rods— neith
er super nor brood chamber are nailed at the
corners — and both sides and ends compressed
upon the sections. By compression and
spurs, the super sides and s- parators sup-
port the sections perfectly, without T's,
slats, followers, or wedges. The 8 and Id
frame hive supers take respectively 2 and :i
separators and 24 and 32, 1 ''& wide sections.
They may be full separatored by adding
plain wood or tin separators, or by spur
separators. For extracting, the super takes
8; I's inch thick frames in place of the sec-
tions Nos. 12 and 13 in the inner and outer
covers.

The "Kay Dee" Hive is also a non swarmer.
We meant to have this arrangement illustrated
here, but have been disappointed in getting the
cut ready. We have also been holding back to
perfect some of the details. We have at last got-
ten all according to our notion, and now present
you a brief description, and if you will drop us a
card we will mail you an illustration.

Two " Kay Dee " brood chambers, each con-
taining a colony, are placed one above the other,
with a separating board between. Like the hon-
ey board, this also has a dt>uble entrance in its
edge. In this entry way is placed an alternator
— a cheap, simple device. The bees of the up-
per colony fly from the top of their chamber
through the honey board entrance, while those of
tlie lower hive fly from the top of their cham-
ber through the alternator, and when they re-
turn to the point of exit, are led into the upper
hive ; thus they leave one chamber, and, return-
ing, enter in *a natural way the other not two
inches from the point of exit. This puts the
working force of the lower colony into the upper,
and of course into the supers above.

Once a week the super should be examined ;
while doing this, remove the honey board with
the supers, place a bottom upon the hive, and
reverse the two colonies en masse To aocom-
plish the reversing we make a pair of clamps and
a hoisting appliance that will cost about $2.00
per apiary, so that the hives are clamped togeth-
er, elevated, and rolled over as you would turn a
wheel on its axis.

Reversing puts the depopulated hive on top,
and the populous one below, and queen cells, if
any, pointing up.

The alternating again takes the bees from the
lower hive to the upper, with no interruption of
work. Alternate them once a week until 8\Yarrn^
ing time is over.

It will be seen that there are two colonies in
one hive, and only one set of svipers, They are

made to depopulate one chamber this week, the
other next week ; yet all is done in a simple, easy
manner You can't afford to miss trying this
plan this year.

Send 20c. and get our illustrated pamphlet
giving detailed description, method of manage-
ment, and much valuable information. The
pamphlet free to purchasers of hives.

The hive goes out nailed and painted but " K.
D." at following prices, F. O B.. Brood frame
starters are included, but no sections :

Eight Ten
ONE SUPEB WITH EACH HIVE. frame, frame.

A single hive as in cut 1 $2 50 $2 7S

Same with plain bottom and cover 2 15 2 40
Two colony non-swarming hive.. . 3 80 4 15
Same with plain bottom and cover 3 40 3 80

HIVE PARTS.

Combined bottom and feeder 35 40

Plain bottom 20 25

Brood chamber, including frames, 70 80

Brood frame f 'd'n starters 10 10

Honey board and queen trap ia 50

Super with spur separators ... 50 50

Inside cover 10 10

Outside cover 30 35

Separating board, equalizers and

alternators , — ■ 50 50

Plain Cover 20 25

Shallow extracting frames. 1% in.

wide, per net 12 15

.Address

AIKIN BROTHERS & KNIGHT,

Itoveland, Colorado.

120

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

'^Falcon*' Sections
Our No, 1 Sections

Equ^I to rpziny.

Cheaper tban z^ny*

Any Size. Any Quz^ntity.

At Any Tirn«.

Also, zM styles HIVE5 an«J BEE-
FIXTURES Gbezip. Mew cata-
logue ai7«l price list fre«. San)ples
of Falcon Sections for 2c. starpp.

W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co.,

JAMESTOWN. N. Y.

Golden,

It^Iizvn Queens

My Bees are the best honey gatherers there
are in the country, while for Golden Beauty
they cannot be excelled in the world.

Warranted Queens, 75 cents each,

Tested, $1.00 each.

Breeding Queens, $2.50 to $3.00.

Ten per cent discount on orders for five or more
queens. Satisfaction guaranteed. Make money
orders payable at Caldwell, Texas. Address

C. B. BANKSTON, Chrisman, Texas.

2.93-tf

Please mention the Reuiew.

GRAY CARNIOLANS
GOLDEN ITALIANS.

Bred from pure mothers and by the best known
methods. Send for price list. +-9:i-tf

For Carniolaus to I For Italians to

JOHN ANDREWS, L. E. BURNHAM,

I \ Patten's Mills, N. Y. | Vaughns. N. Y.

BIG OFFER.

To any person sending
me his order for ten

CHAFF HIVES

in April or May I will
mail one of .J. F. Mich-
isel's Golden Queens in
June. Write for price
list, sent free. 4-93-lt
GEO. H. KIRKPATRICK, UNION City. Ind

PItiattP nifntion the fietihw.

1 TELL you what. Jones, Lev-
ering Bros, sell the best goods
and at the lowest prices of any
one I've struck yet. The lar-
a^ gest and best equipped

Bee -Hive Factory

In the West. The Dovetailed
Hive and New Hoffman self-
spacing frame a specialty.
Everything used by practical
bee-keepers by wholesale and re-
■ _ tail. Send for their free Illus-
trated Price-List, and save money. Supply Deal-
ers, send for their Wholesale List. Address

LEVERING BROS..
2-93-6. WIOTA, Cass Co.. Iowa.

Gorr)b Leveler .

Sections full of comb kept over from last year,
wlien used to induce the bees to begin work in
the supers, are worth nearly as much as sections
filled with honey. The only ot jection to their
use is that the comb is (jften uneven and gives
the honey a rough appearance. By the use of
Taylor's Handy (\>mb Leveler the combs can be
brought to a level as rapidly as the sections can
be handled, and the comb of honey, wlien fin
ished, will have all the fine appearance of that
produced with fresh foundation. Price of the
leveler (except the wooden box in which to set
the lamp! 60 cts. by mail. Box and all, $1.10
by mail ; by express, Sl.OO.

B. T/VYUOR, Porestville, /AJnn.

"Golden" ^^ loriila.

Nearly all of my full colonies have selected
tested, breeding, "golden" queens. Untested
queens. April and May, $1.00 each ; 6 for $i.'i't ;
one doz., $8..'>0. Jane and later, 7.5 cts. ; 6 for
$4.(X); one doz., $7.50 Tested, $1..'V0; selected,
teeted, $2.00; breeder. $2.50; best, $:1.00. All
reared by the Doolittle method. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. 11-92-tf

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

Pfvaae mention tht Reuleui.

May, 1893,

At Fliqt, Micl^igaq. — Oqe Dollar a Year,

122

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

flDVE^TISIflG t^ATES.

All advertisemente wiU be inserted at the rate
of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make 1 inch.
Discounts will be given as follows :

On 10 lines and upwards, S times, 5 per cent; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On !<0 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing Iiist.

1 will send the Review with—

(jleaniDgs, (351.00) . .

American Bee Journal. . .( 1.00)..
Canadian Bee Journal . . ( 1.00) . .
American Bee Keeper ( .50)
Progressive Bee Keeper... ( .50). .

Bee Keepers' Guide ( ..5(1) . .

Apiculturist ( .75) , .

Bee-Keepers' Magazine. ..( .50)

.$'.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.40.

. 130.

. 1.40.

. 1.65.

. 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; botli wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otlierwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— .\11 sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise.

In addition to tliis tlie honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white,"
" No. 1 dark, " etc.

(INtlN NATI, Ohio,-Tht'n( i^ no choice comt)
honey on the market. A fair article brings 14 to
16 in a jobbing way. The demand is good for
extracted at from 6 to 8 cts. There is a good de-
mand for choice yellow wax at from 24 to 27 cts.
CHAS. F. MUTH & SON..
April 1. Cincinnati, Ohio.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn.- There is a good sup-
ply on hand but it is mostly dark. This stock is
slow, but what little white there is on the market
moves readily. We quote fancy white, 17 to IS ;
two pound combs, 16 to 17 ; buckwheat, 15 tolO
extracted honey, 10 to 11.

in u ,o TT J- ^HEA & CO .

betj. 13. 14 Hennepin Ave., -Minueapolis, Minn.

BUFFALO, N.Y.— Demand soinewliat easy and
stock light. The prospects are that honey will
clean up witli sat isfnctory prices. Extracted is
in light demand. Boenwax is firm for choice
lots. We quote as followH : Fancy white, 17 to
18 ; No. 1 white, 15 to 16 ; fancy dark. 10 to 11: No.
1 dark, 8 to 9 ; beeswax, 28 to 30.

BATTERSON \ CO .

April 1. 167 & 169 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

CHICAGO, ILL —We antic. pate slow sales on
all grades of honey for the balance of this season.
There is a poor demand for extracted at present.
Beeswax is in good demand. We quote as fol-
lows : Fancy white, 16 ; No. 1 white, 15 ; No 1
dark, 12; white extracted, 8'4 ; dark extracted,
7 ; beeswax, 15 to 26.

. ., J. A. LAMON,

April 1. 44 &48 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

NEW \ORK.-The market is bare of comb
honey. Fancy white could be sold at 14 to 15 ;
fancy amber at 12 ; and dark at 10. The market
IS quiet on extracted and no movement. Large
lots of West India and Mexicari are arriving and
the market i.s well supplied. This class of hon-
ey sells at from 65 to 75 cts. per gallon. Beeswax
18 quiet but firm at from 27 to 29.

HILDRETH BROS. & bEGELKEN,

April 3. 28 & 30 West Broadway New York.

ALBANY, N. Y.— Stock of honey very light.
Prices well sustained . Demand will be better
as the weather warms up. We quote as follows :
Fancy white. 15 to 17; No. 1 white, 14 to 15;
mixed, 12 to 14; fancy dark, 11 to 12; No. 1 dark,
10 to 11; white extracted, 8i4 to 9'/4 ; amber ex-
tracted, 7 to IVt; dark, 6'/i to 7. Beeswax, 28
to ;jO.

H. K. WRIGHT.

Feb. 13. 326 Broadway, Albany. N. Y.

CHK'AGO, 111 —We quote as follows : Fancy
white, 17 to 18; No. 1 white, 14 to 16 ; fancy amber,
11 to 13; fancy dark, 10; white extracted. 7 to 9;
amber extracted, 7 to 8; dark extracted, 6 to 7 ;
beeswax, 23 to 25

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,

April 3. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

KANSAS CITY, Mo.— The demand for extract-
ed honev is good and the supply light. The sup-
ply of comb honey is fair and the demand the
same. Shipments of No. 1 would meet with very
ready sale. We quote as follows: No. 1 white,
16 to 17 ; fancy amber, 15 to 16; No. 1 amber 13
to 14 : fancy dark, 12 to 13 ; No. 1 dark, 10 to 11 ;
white extracted. 6'/2 to 7; dark extracted, 5 to 6;
beeswax, 22 to ■^^■^.^^^o^q_^^^q^ ^.q.,

I4ar. 6. 521 Walnat St., Kansas City Mo.

Foundation Reduced.

Deduct three centa per pound from prices
given in my Illustrated Price List for 1893.

M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mloh.

On Anotheb Page is an advertisement
wherein I offer for sale some pure Italian
bees in new Heddon hives. I wish to add
that I have a few colonies on Langstroth
frames, and customers preferring them, can
have them at the same price " as long as
they last." I also have a few colonies of
Garniolans to spare. W. Z. Hutchinson.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

123

THE I-OSS OF OHE

'®>

Queen in introducing" means a loss greater than the cost
of a cop3' of "Advanced Bee Culture," which has
one entire chapter devoted to " The Introduction of
Queens." It shows when the cause of failure lies with
the colony, when with the queen, and points out the
condihons necessary to success. Althoug^h one infalli-
ble method is g"iven, but little attention is g-iven to
the setting- forth of exact rules and methods, the sub-
ject being- treated with a view to teaching- principles
that may be followed to success.

Price of the book, 50 cts. ; the Review one sciw and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian,

W. Z. HIJTCHINSOH, Flint, JVTich.

WHITE POPLAR

SECTIONS.

We have New Steam Power, and New Build-
ings, and are now ready to furnish White Pop-
lar Sections, t'larups, Crates and Wood Sides at
short notice. Workmanship, Quality and Price
unsurpassed. Send for sample and price list.

PRIME & GOVE,
1-90-tf Bristol, Vermont.

•ITALIAN Qup-^^"^,. A SPECIALTy.

• CLOVER SEEDS .^^NS AND B E t= _^ BUCKWHEAT :

^^Sampleof_our_beej.ournalThe WESTERN i
BEEKEEPER ALsoOur CATALOGUE
JOS.NYSEWANDER. DesMoines.Iowa.

■.i-9:i.tf l^lease mention the lii'vi

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OP BEE HIVES. SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

im-m. RIVER PALLS. WIS.

P^. ; Spray

< ^ ^y your

Vf ^U^J^fll and

^^'C^t. Vines

\\nrmj I nut and It if Blislit of Apples, Pears,
Cherries and Plums prevented ; also Grape and
Potato Rot— by spraying with .Stahl's Double
Acting ExQplsior Spraying Outfits. Best in the
market. Thousands in use. Catalogue, describing
»U insects injurious to fruit, mailed Free. Address

WM. STAHL, QUIIMCY, ILL.

124

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

AND B£E Books,

OF ALL KINDS,
A LARGE STOCK.
MY NEW 1I>I.XTSTKATEI»

Catalogue and Price l>ist of Supiilics

for the Apiary will be sent free to all

who may apply. Send a postal cant

for it. writing your name aurt adflresw

\plainly. For'every Order of $10. 00

^and over. 1 will raalte you a present.

Tbe Catalogue tells you all about It

T. ©. Newman, 147 So. Western Ave., Chicago.

Please mention the Reuieui,

Iieathep Colored

HONEY QUEENS, from Imported Mother, war-
ranted purely mated, after Juno 10th, at $1.00
each ; six at one time, f 5.00. Untested queens,
75c. each. Address tittv^-tt

l-93-7t. Nye, Marshall ('o., Ind.

Please mention the Reuiew.

—If you are going to—

BtfY A BtfZZ - SAW^,

■write to the editor of the Ueview. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and wt)uld be glad to
make you happy by telling you the price at
which he would sell it.

ITALIAri QUEENS

Bred for Business, fientleness and Beauty. Un-
tested, 80c, each; three for $2.25 ; six for $4.(K);
12 for $7.50. Tested. $1.25 Select tested, yellow
to the tip. breeder, $l.."iO. Will commence ship-
ping April 15th. On all orders received before
March Ist, accompanied by the cash, 10 per cent,
discount. Safe arrival guaranteed.

G. E. DAWSON,
1-93 r2t, Carlisle, Sonoke Co., Ark.

Please mention the Reuieui.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

r

Have it Doqe at the Review.

ITALIAN QITEENS AND SUPPLIES

fo:r ises.

Before you purchase, look U> your int4sre8t, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BKOWN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georgria.

Please mention the Review,

IMPORTAWT^^

-<^T0 BEE-KEEPEHSI

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gained a good name on
their own merits. Tlioise wlio have tested them
with other liees say "they are the best lioney
gatherers, cap tlieir honey the whitest, as geiitli'
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are the largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

FlVE-SHflDED WOfJKEf^S

In March, April and May, $1.25 each, (5 for $(5.00;
June, $1 00 each, 6 for $5.IKI; July to Nov.. $1.00
eacli, 6 for $1.50. Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriptive circular.

12-92-tf C. D DUVALL,

Spencervi] le, Montg. Co., Maryland.

Please mention the Reuieui.

TESTED

Queens are usually sold for $2.00. I
will explain why I wish to sell a few at
less than that. As most of my readers
know, I re-queen my apiary each
spring with young

QUEENS

From the South. This is done to do
away with swarming. If done early
enough it is usually successful. It will
be seen that the queens displaced by
these young queens are never more
than a year old; in fact, they are fine,
tested, Italian queens right in their
prime: yet, in order that they may
move off quickly, and thus make room
for the untested queens, they will be
sold for only

$1.00.

Or I will send the Review for 1898 and
one of these queens for only $1.7.5.
For $2.00 I will send the Review, the
queen and the book "Advanced Bee
Culture." If any prefer the young,
laying queens from the South, they
can have them instead of the tested
queens, at the same price. A discount
given on large orders for untested
queens. Say how many are wanted,
and a price will be made.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

125

GRAY CARNIOLANS.

GOLDEN ITALIANS.

r AXE are headquarters in the United States for GRAY CARNIOLANS. A full de-
>*^ scription of this n- mle f I and hard , race of bees is given in our price list
for 1893. ()ur GOLDEN ITALIANS are as good as the best. Each race is bred for busi-
ness, in a separate apiary near no other bees. Get our prices before ordering, as we
can save you money. Der:criptive price list free. 5-93-tf

F. A. LOCKHART & CO., l-ahe George, n. Y.

30Ttii[l|.!eai'sEKpefieiice, 30

Try Our Hardy Strains of Bees.

Leather colored ItalianB and golden Carnio-
lans. Qaalities : extra honey gatherers, loug-
lived and hardy. To each customer we present
our latest method of queen rearing. Catalogue
free. Queens fl.OOeach. H. ALLEY,

Wenham, Mass.

Queens,

13. Catalogue free.
.i-93-tf

3 or 5-banded, $1.00 each,
6 for Sri.(X(. Nucleus colo-
nies cheap. Eggs for
hatching: B. P. Rock and
Brown Leghorn. 81. 0() per
CHAS. H THIES.

Stecleville, 111.

NOTICE OUR PRICES-

No. 1 Sections 82.7.5 per 1,(I0(I Thin, surplus
foondatiou. best quality, -MJ cis per pound.
A full line of supplies, including Root's Dove-
tailed Hives, on hand. Send for circidar and
free sample of foundation 5 93tf

J. H. & A .li. BOYDEN,

Saline. Mich.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundation and sec-
tions; warranted good as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the mf>st favorable
conditions ever offered on foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list of a full line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT,

1-93-tf Bell Branch, Mich.

Doift Mm beSs

.,r Poor (ion. is. Sead tor our
< 'atalogue of Bees, Queens and
Bee - Keepers' supplies.

JOHN NEBEL & SON,
1 93-tf HlftH rilLL. Mo.

GOLDEN iTuiiH QUEENS

Now ready for $1.(»0 each. Do not order your
supplies until you see our circular for 1S93. For
the price, we have the best spraying outfit made.
Send $l..iU and get one. Wm. H. BRIGHT,
l-93-12t Mazeppa, Miini.

Are You Tired

of New Bee .Journals ? Send 15 cts for
3 month's euliscription to that bright,
new bee paper, " The Bee - Keepers'
Enterprise," and receive FREE the
Enterprise Souvenir — a Work of Art

Tbz^t will rest Your Eyes.

Burton L. Sage, New Haven, Conn.

LEININGER — BROS.

Will sell Italian queens and nuclei cheap the
coming season. Write for special prices.

.5-9J tf Ft. Jennings, Ohio.

Ready to Mail^

ITALIAN QU££NS,

Tested, at $1.25 ; 12 for $13.U0. Untested, after
April let. $1.00 each, or 0 for S5.(TU. Safe arrival
guaranteed. Bees, Drones and Supplies. Cir-
cular free. J. N. COLIVIGK,

4-92-tf Nonse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Phase m^„l,on the Reuieiu.

L5M0KERS. Sections;
^4 Comb FOUNDATION and

^->ALL APIARIAN SUPPLtES.rJn

->ALL APIARIAN SUPPLtES.
SrisTta F O R -C ATAtO Gi?E

126

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

Mew Cr2ioe SrnoKer Now Re^dy.

5rnoKin5 Cz^pevcity evpd
Str^nSltb of Blzvst

Th« W^w, 7Soii-Sn)oKe-SucKifjg Cb^cK-
Vzklve, by which a sreat blast is secured and the
l)oll<)Ws kept clean, and the Double L-irjios: of
Asbestos, a.n<l Sb««t-Stccl, by which the fire-
cup and nozzle are kept from becoiiiintr uncomfortably
hot dnring uease, are DlSTIiSCT!\?E and VALU-
ABLE features alone possessed by the now imple-
ment. It would bo impossible to tell all of its uniipie
features, and so we say, try it and fall in love with it.
Price, witli a 3'2-inch fire cup anil curved nozzle, by mail, $2.0(); by ex pros, %\.l^^. If jour
nearest dealer in supplies does not keep it, write to the authorized manufacturer.

A. I. ROOT, rVedinev, Ohio.

ti. B
5upplies,

Don't forget tbzvt Vsre are be&tlquzvrters for all Kin<ls of bee - peeper?'
Our n«Nv 1693 catalogue of 52 pages nov^ rea<ly for rrjailing.

rugl^SB!

Keepers Supplies.

Free ! 200-Page Bee-Book !

TO EVERY NEW YE.\Rr>Y SUBSCRIBER TO

The Weekly American Bee Journal

.'5-:; pages, 5;i.00 a year. Send for freb Sample Copy with full description of Rook.
\ddress, GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 56 Fifth Ave., CHICAGO, ILL

To New Siitecrilers: Tlie Journal Alone Sent for Ttiree fflontlis for 20 Cents.

POKTCR B€£ €SCJiP£S ^'■*' °'^'^ ''"•^ pronounced the 8

^^ _^ best, and highly recommended

as great labor-naving implements by ('has. Dadant & Son, Prof A. .J. Cook, ('has. F. Muth,
Jno. S. Reese, J. H. Martin, Jno. Andrews, F. A. (iemmill, Wm. McEvoy, A F. Brown,
Thop. Pierce, and many other i)rominent bee-keepers. Descriptive circular and testimo-
nials mailed free. PRICES: each, postpaitl, with directions, 20 cts. ; per doz., 92.25.

RETURN THEM AND GET YOUR MONEY BACK AFTER TRIAL. If- NOT StATISFIED. For s.lie by dealers. ?
9 MENTION THE REVIEW. Address R. &, E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL. C

S

ee-

\eepeps' J \eVieaj.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Iqterests of Hoqey Producers.

$L00 A YEAR.

W. Z.HOTCHlNSOfl, HditoP & PPOp.

VOL, VI, FLINT, .MICHIGAN, MAY 10, 1893. NO. 5.

TIl^EJ-i^S" TOPICS.
No. 4.

K. L. TAYLOE.

"Sowing in the morning, sowing in the sunshine,
Sowing in t he noon-tide and the dewy eve ;
Waiting for the harvest, and tlio time of reaping,
We shall come rejoicing, bringing in the sheaves."

[AY should be
i-i'l a very happy
month for the
bees, for, though
there are frequent
exceptions, yet,
generally, warm,
bright day.s have
become the rule,
and such days,
with the abound-
ing bloom of wil-
lows, dandelions,
sugar maples and all manner of fruit trees,
invite the bees to an almost continual, al-
though uncloying, feast ; and to the bee-
keeper, too, if his bees have survived the
winter in a condition of vigorous health,
this should be a time of cheer ; for, though
it is not a season of harvest it is a seed-time
that, if duly observed, gives promise of
abundant harvest in due course.

This is the seed-time because every thing
depends on what is accomplished during this
month. Honey and other food supplies are
the seed and it is not every planting that
produces as abundantly ; not, indeed, di-
rectly in kind, but in bees which must be de-
pended on to gather in kind a little later.

Much may be gathered now but large quan-
tities are needed, and if everything should
not prove auspicious, the amount gathered
may come far short of what is required.
Judicious management and abundant stores
now may easily double the future crop, and
care and food these days tell more decidely
on the profits of the year than the efforts of
any other period ; so the apiarist must now,
if at no other time, be on the alert to detect
the necessities of the apiary and prompt to
supply them.

Each colony should be as snug as possible
and possessed of a good working queen and
an abundance — what would generally be
called a superabundance of stores. No col-
ony will do well on the hand to mouth meth-
od. It is not easy to account for all the good
effects of a superabundance of stores. In
taking my bees from the cellar in April I was
struck with the fact that those colonies hav-
ing last fall from forty to fifty pounds of
stores seemed to be twice as strong in bees
as those having but twenty-five pounds and
this condition as a rule will continue. Does
it produce a sort of contentment that pre-
serves vigor and longevity ? I think so ; and
the solid walls of honey it may be are just
the kind of protection the bees need, and
perhaps also when there is so much honey
there is not suificient empty comb for the*
bees to cluster on and so they are actually
compelled to keep warm the honey for their
daily use, so that they partake of it without
hesitation when needed while those having
plenty of empty comb cluster there and have
only the cold honey outside the cluster to go

128

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

to for food and so actually suffer and maybe
starve from reluctance to go outside the
cluster. However this may be, it is unques-
tionably profitable to supply food without
stint, not for winter only, but more especially
during the six weeks prior to the appearance
of white clover. A fear of want on the part
of the bees is about as disastrous as an actual
want. If one's time is valuable the amount
necessary for this work may be reduced
within very small limits and if one has time
to spare he may, I believe, profitably try
stimulative feeding during any periods from
the first of May to white clover when honey
is not being gathered. Keep all colonies
prosperous and get them strong as soon as
possible.

If in the natural order of things one -has a
prospect of more colonies than one desires,
about the first of -June is the ideal time for
reducing stock by uniting those that are not
very strong. To put it in another way, if I
had two hundred colonies and desired to keep
no more than that number, I would gladly
have one-half of them cast swarms every
year, or more if they would do it early, which
I would hive and then reduce to the desired
number the following year by uniting, say
ten days, before the opening of the early
honey season. I have no desire for a race of
non-swarming bees ; I want a fair amount
of swarming and I want it early. It is from
such colonies that the large amounts of sur-
plus come. I would not willingly forego the
advantage to be derived from the large re-
inforcement of vigorous young queens that
may be had at swarming time for almost
nothing, to be relieved of the labor involved
in caring for the swarms.

If necessary to be certain of having all the
young queens I can use, I remove the colony
from which a swarm has issued from beside
the hive containing the swarm to a new
stand before the queens are due to hatch, and
divide it into from two to four nuclei taking
care that each has one good cell. In a few
days the queens are laying and can be used
to replace old queens that are still coming
out with swarms or otherwise and the nuclei
reunited or given ripe cells and allowed to
rear another batch of queens.

Although at times during the spring con-
siderable honey may be coming in, yet there
are always some bees on the lookout for hon-
ey that can be got in an easier way than the
honest way, therefore continual watchful-
ness during this entire month, if there are

weak colonies in the apiary, is necessary if
robbing is to be prevented ; indeed, watch-
fulness should begin at the very opening of
spring. Perhaps there is no other item in
the management of the ai)iary that requires
the same degree of skill as this, and the dif-
ficulty, especially with beginners, is rather
in its detection than in stopping it when dis-
covered. Where it is suspected, the most
decisive measures should be used to learn
the facts, and if it exists to discover and
thwart the offending colonies. These mat-
ters may best be determined by visiting the
apiary just before and just after the bees en-
gaged in honest industry are on the wing.
Like human beings, the bees are more in
earnest in the doing of evil than in the doing
of good ; so those engaged in deviltry are
busy both earlier and later than those hon-
estly employed. A few minutes at such a
time will reveal the whole situation. Ordin-
ary care will prevent danger from robbing
except where there are colonies that will not
defend themselves. The weakest colonies
can protect themselves wheii so disposed if
the entrance to their hive is sufficiently con-
tracted, and every careful apiarist will see
that they have at least this much assistance,
but when the bees will not defend their hive,
contracting the entrance is no remedy. In
such cases the only satisfactory method of
dealing with them is to exchange the hives,
(. e., to put the hive of the robbers in place
of that of the robbed and vice i-ersa. By this
plan the weak colony is strengthened and
that by bees that will vigorously defend their
new home. And the robber colony — it is
laughable to see how completely it is non-
plussed by the new arrangement. The alter-
ed situation seems beyond the power of their
little heads to comprehend. With me noth-
ing but good effects have resulted from the
use of this plan while every other is more or
less a failure.

It is now time that all preparations for the
early honey season should be approaching
completion, and, among the rest, plans for
securing swarms should be matured. In the
first place, I would have all queens clipped,
especially would I advise it in the case of
beginners, even if queen traps are also to be
used, it is such a source of convenience and
security. Then I would have at least a few
queen traps. Even when one is to have his
apiary watched during the swarming time as
a rule, yet there are many times when this
might be inconvenient and in the early part

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

129

of the forenoon and during most of the af-
ternoon this would be hardly necessary ; so,
during the time when the first few straggling
swarms of the season are appearing, a suf-
ficient number to bridge over such times as
these I consider indispensable, If one can
make them himself the expense is very small
and in such case he may well secure a full
supply.

Lapeee, Mich. April 14, 1S93.

Successful Wintering of Bees in the Cellar
With No Covers on the Hives. — A Boun-
tiful Crop From Alsike.

B. TAYLOK.

'■ The eea of knowledge with its din
Before us breaks, and we —
We thrust our little dippers in
And think we've drained the sea."

ruHERE is a bee-
-L keeper, Hitt by
name, living at
Dover, Minn,, who
has a local reputa-
tion for wintering
bees successfully.
Having a curiosity
to learn his method,
I made him a visit
last March, and
found him to be a
retired blacksmith
of about 65 years. The first glance around
the premises established the fact in my mind
that the owner was a man of more than ordi-
nary good taste. The plain buildings showed
neatness without and comfort within.

I at once opened the discussion on the
question of bee-keeping by asking if he was
engaged in apiarian pursuits, to which he
replied " Yes, I still keep bees, but I have
been trying for fifteen or twenty years to
get out of the business." I asked if it had
failed to be profitable. " Oh, no, I never
earned better pay than by working with bees,
but I am getting old and have too much
work to do and will have to give up some-
thing and it would be the bees ; but I never
could get out of the business." He said
that several times he sold nearly all his col-
onies, but in a few years he would have more
than ever. They would increase at a won-
derful rate and but few ever died. One time
he sold all of his own swarms, but a neigh-

bor had left a swarm in his care, and when
this friend found that he had found a mar-
ket for all his colonies he was greatly dis-
appointed that Mr. Hitt had not included his
single colony in the sale ; and to pacify him
he offered to keep and care for the bees for
half the honey and half the increase. In
two years he had some thirty colonies again,
when he told his friend that he could not
stand the trade any longer, that he would
give him ten pounds of honey each year for
every colony then on hand or he must take
his bees away and care for them himself.
But after a time they increased beyond his
ability to care for them and they were taken
away.

I listened to this story in a half amused
and interested way, for Mr. Hitt had already
told me that he had never read a book on
bee-keeping, had never taken a bee journal,
but my distrust of his ability to accomplish
what he claimed quickly gave place to con-
fidence when I began to question him in re-
gard to his method of wintering. "What is
your idea of the key to successful winter-
ing ?" I asked. "Well, in my past life,"
said Mr. Hitt, " I have made it a sacred duty
to give all life entrusted to my care an abun-
dance of necessary food. I always made it
a rule as fall approached to see that each col-
ony had from twenty -five to forty pounds of
sealed honey in its hive, and then I put them
all in the cellar on the first approach of real
cold weather." " How did you prepare your
hives for cellar wintering ?" was my next
question. Mr. Hitt answered with a look of
surprise. " Why, I didn't prepare them at
all ; I just set them in the cellar in single
tiers one or two feet from the cellar bottom.
When they became quiet I just took the top
off every hive and then let them alone until
time to return them to the summer stands
again in the spring. No, I never prepare
my bees for winter at all. I just winter
them, and that is all there is of it." " Do
you mean to say you leave your hives entire-
ly uncovered all winter ?" " Yes, sir ; I do
not use even a cloth or paper cover. Just
leave the top of the hives entirely open, and
my bees have wintered with scarcely any loss
for the last twenty-five years, and never have
a mouldy comb."

Now, Mr. Editor, here was an entirely un-
learned man, so far as books or journals are
concerned, who was filling the whole re-
quirements of successful wintering. You
will yet see, by looking over back numbers

130

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

of the Review, that in two articles I wrote
a year or more ago, protestiug against the,
to me, very near criminal advocacy of "seal-
ed covers," by leading bee journals. Such
teaching, at this late day of experimental
knowledge, raises the question in my mind
sometimes wliother the bee journals had not,
in their well-meaning but careless teaching
of uuatural and unproved theories, done
more harm than good. Now, if this man
had been reading the journals, he, like my-
self, would have been led to distrust his own
practices, as thousands of others have, great-
ly to his loss ; and I ha.ve no doubt that this
pernicious tampering with sealed covers re-
commended by so-called great lights, has
caused the loss of tens of thousands of colo-
nies in the winter just passed. I see the
leading journals are calling for the fullest
reports in regard to the success of sealed
covers the past hard winter and this is great-
ly to their credit as showing an honest de-
sire to find the truth. Bee-keepers should
make full and careful reports in regard to
the comparative results of sealed covers and
other methods, and then be very careful in
the future to recommend nothing as truth
until well established experiments have de-
monstrated the facts. I see Mrs. Axtell, in
a late number of Gleanings, speaks of their
tine success in wintering four colonies, in
box hives, but she mentions the fact of their
abundant stores and also that other impor-
tant fact of there being four holes, three by
four inches in diameter, in the top of each
hive. Here was, I contend, all the " law and
the prophets" of the prime conditions for
successful wintering.

Those that liave read the early writings of
M. Quinby will remember that before he
adopted the moveable frame hive, that he
wintered his box hives by turning them up-
side down in a dark room and leaving them
entirely uncovered, and I say it is an equally
good plan to winter frame hives in the same
way. How absurd to believe that box hives
have any superior quality for wintering, ex-
cept wliat accident has given them. Let me
here mention that Mr, Hitt uses frame hives.

My own method of covering the hives with
one thickness of building paper has some
features to recommend it over entirely open
hives, viz., ecjual dryness and a better reten-
tion of the heat of the bees. But my present
feeling is that a single thickness of cotton
sheeting over the hives placed in a warm
cellar furnishes first-class conditions fo_

safe wintering when joined with the indis-
pensable abundant stores.

Last fall, however, I prepared sixty hives
as follows and placed them in one division
of my new cellar. I gave each colony two
sections of my double hive ; I removed two
combs from each section, leaving eight
combs in each. These eight combs were
spread to fill the 10-frame hive. The hives
were raised two inches from the bottom
board. When all was quiet, a square of light
cotton cloth was spread over each hive, and
on top of this was placed a shallow box three
inches deep, full of sawdust. The entrances
at the bottom were left open the entire
width of the hive, front and rear. Now, re-
member, these swarms were each left on six-
teen combs in two sections of a shallow hive,
thus making very roomy quarters. Each
had large stores of sealed honey, mostly in
upper sections. The temperature was about
42= without 2' of variation.

These bees have remained quieter the en-
tire winter than any like quantity I ever
knew, and I examined them to-day (April
(ith) and the colonies are all alive and abso-
lutely (juiet. There is not a speck of dysen-
tary on one of the white hives, and there has
been less dead bees on the cellar bottom than
I ever had from a like number of colonies.
Those bees are still in the cellar, and at
present it looks like a case of perfect winter-
ing; but it does not prove that they might
not have wintered equally well without cov-
ers of any kind and with less work in pre-
paring. I shall use these bees to fill my new
house-apiary which is now being given the
finishing touch of painting, and it looks, to
my mind, to be as perfect as one could ask.
I have managed to find room in the little
building (t<xl(!) for forty-six colonies with-
out extra crowding. I shall not remove the
bees into it until the soft maples are in
bloom and will not pack the hives in saw-
dust this spring, just cover warmly with saw-
dust in shallow boxes. I will feed each col-
ony two or three ounces of honey each day,
for a month or more, regardless of the sup-
ply in the hive. This feeding will be done
at the rear of the hive at tlie bottom, in new
feeders that I have made especially for house
use, although they are equally good for yard
use, in which I can feed the forty-six colo-
nies in thirty minutes without seeing, hurt-
ing or exciting a single bee. Now, if this is
a good honey year, and I don't get a good
crop from the house apiary, then they are

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

131

not good, and I have laid myself liable to be
couderaned for the same fault that I have
scolded others, viz., recommending a thing
I did not know to be good.

Before I quit, I must report another very
interesting fact learned by friend Hitt. He
said that several years ago there were forty
acres of alsike clover four miles from his bee
yard and that his bees made thirty pounds
of fine comb honey per colony from it in
two weeks. I asked how he knew the honey
was made from that field. Well, said he, " I
do not })osifively know that they did ; but at
daylight the bees would fly in immense num-
bers in that direction, would keep returning
from the same direction until dark, the clo-
ver was full of bees and there were no other
colonies of any account in the neighbor-
hood, the honey flow in my yard stopped
when the clover was cut, and it seemed rea-
sonable that they got the honey from that
field of alsike, as there was nO other visible
supply."

FoBESTViLLE, Minn. April G, 1893,

^V^^V^J

Experiments to Test the Blast of Smokers,

S. COBNEIL.

'■ It cannot be, and yet it is."

TN making tests to
X determine the rel-
ative strength of the
blast in different
smokers, a principal
object I had in view
was to ascertain
which gives the
stronger blast, a
smoker having an
open space between
the exit tube in the
bellows and the fire
barrel, giving an induced current, as in the
case of the Bingham, or one in which the
current of air passes through an enclosed
passage from the bellows to the fire barrel,
as in the case of the Crane. In favor of the
latter method it is contended that all the air
driven from the bellows passes through the
fuel, without any part of it being lost by a
reverse current, and that this quantity of
air will give a stronger blast, and therefore
more smoke, than can be obtained in any
other way. Mr. Root says that on account
of the " cut off " in the Bingham, the blast

is considerably weakened, and Mr. Bingham
does not deny the accuracy of his statement.
It is contended by others, however, that
smokers of the Bingham pattern have a
stronger blast in consequence of the large
quantity of air induced to join the current as
it passes from the bellows through an open
space into a larger tube behind the fuel,
even though a portion of the air under pres-
sure in the air chamber "bounds back," as
it certainly does, when the barrel is charged
with very closely packed fuel.

Mr. Hutchinson, of the Review, kindly
furnished me with a Crane smoker and a
Bingham smoker, both being of the same
capacity in every respect, and I made one of
my own of the same size as the other two.
Mine differs from the Bingham in having a
double " cut off," that is, the air passes from
the exit tube in the bellows, through an open
space into a larger tube attached to the leg,
and from this tube through another open
space into a still larger tube, which extends
into the fire barrel about half its diameter,
preventing the possibility of ashes or cinders
falling into the bellows. The fire barrel is
supported on legs two and a quarter inches
above the bellows, about an inch higher Mian
in the case of the Bingham.

The fire barrels were all new and clean. I
removed the barrels and tested the bellows
for leakages. The Bingham and my own
were air tight, and after making some little
repairs the Crane was air tight also, except
at the junction of the air passage in the
checkvalve with the covered passage to the
fire barrel. At thi? point there is a little
leakage which I could not see any way to
prevent.

Instead of testing the Crane against the
other two to decide the merits of the en-
closed current as against the induced cur-
rent, I decided to temporarily convert the
Bingham and my own into enclosed current
smokers, by connecting the bellows with the
fire barrels by means of tubes well cemented
at both ends ; and after testing them in this
way, removing the tubes, and testing them
as induced currents smokers, all the other
conditions, as to capacity and obstructions,
being the same for both tests. By placing
the hand over the mouth of the fire barrel,
and pressing the Ijellows, I found that, after
the tubes were cemented, I had two air tight
smokers, having enclosed currents.

It has been contended that, in order to
have a fair test, the fire barrel should be

132

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

filled with planer shavings. To overcome
the diflBculty of packing three fire barrels
equally tight, I made a cylinder of wire
cloth, four meshes to the inch, and over one
end I sewed on a cap of eight meshes, to pre-
vent the fuel from wasting. I then put in
basswood planer shavings, packing them
down with the handle of a hammer, till it
was within half an inch of being full. In
correspondence with Mr. Crane he expressed
the opinion that his smoker would give a
stronger blast through a charge of fuel, par-
ticularly if there happened to be a layer of
spent fuel on the grate. To get a layer, of-
fering an obstruction equal to this layer of
spent fuel, I first laid a large piece of cheese
cloth over the shavings in the cylinder, and
on this I packed enough fine sawdust, from
beneath the table of my foot power saw, to
fill the cylinder. I next doubled over several
thicknesses of cheese cloth, and over all I
sewed on a grate, having legs as in the Bing-
ham. To make the cylinder a tight fit in the
fire barrels I wrapped around it, an^ sewed
fast some four or five thicknesses of cheese
cloth, making it so tight that it required
considerable pressure to send it down in the
barrels, and requiring a bail to draw it out.

In my experiments I first put this cylinder
in one barrel and noted the result. I then
withdrew it and placed it in another barrel,
and so on. In this way I had exactly the
same obstruction in each case.

I wish to say in passing that I now think I
overdid the matter in packing the fuel so
tight. I believe that an examination of the
cylinder, now in Mr. Hutchinson's posses-
sion, will show that the obstruction is greater
than ever occurs in practical work. In con-
sequence, the Bingham smoker and my own,
which had most to lose by a reverse current,
showed up to worse advantage than they
would have done with an ordinary charge.

To enable me to hold the nozzles firmly at
the same distance from the instrument, I
bored a hole in a board to take the nozzles,
and nailed the board to brackets, so that I
could fasten it down on edge.

With these preparations I went to Toronto
and was fortunate in there meeting with Mr.
Gemmill, president of the O. B. A., who
kindly assisted me in the experiments, which
lasted over two hours. I am under obliga-
tions to Messrs. Smead, David A Co., for the
use of their anemometer.

After some preliminary trials we decided
that after each stroke of the bellows we

would wait till the force came to a dead stop
before giving another puff, and that in each
experiment one of us should give four puffs,
and note the result, then the other four puffs,
and note the result again. The figures be-
low show the distance travelled by the indi-
cator as the result of four puffs on the fan.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1.

Enclosed currents in each smoker. Empty
fire barrels. Distance from anemometer 17

inches.

Operated by Operated by

Smoker Cornell. Gemmill. Ave.

Bingham 18 21 19'/j

(liane 10 12 11

Curneil 36 36 36

BXPEBIMENT NO. 2.

Enclosed current. Fire barrels loaded.
Distance 12 inches.

Operated by Operated by

Smoker. Cornell. Gemmill. Ave.

Bingham 16 18 17

Crane M 10 10

Cornell 30 30 30

EXPERIMENT NO. 3.

Bingham and Cornell smokers with in-
duced currents, the connecting tubes being
now removed. The Crane as before. Fire
barrels empty. Distance 17 inches.

Operated by Operated by

Smoker. Corneil. Gemmill, Ave.

Bingham 28 22 25

Crane 11 10 ^QV^

Corneil 52 50 51

EXPERIMENT NO. 4.

Air currents same as in No. 3. Fire bar-
rels loaded. Distance 17 inches.

Operated by Operated by
Smoker. Corneil. Gemmill. Ave.

Bingham 10 10 10

Crane 6 7 6'/i

Corneil 12 12 12

Comparing the average in No. 1 with the
average in No. 3 we have

Enclosed Induced
currents, currents.

Bingham IS'i 25

Crane .11 —

('orneil '^ 51

Unfortunately through an oversight, which
I did not discover till after I returned home,
experiments Nos. 2 and 4 were conducted at
different distances. On this account we
cannot make an accurate comparisou in the
case of the Bingham and the Corneil
smokers, with enclosed and induced cur-
rents, when the barrels were loaded. I re-
gret this very much. The Crane was in the X
same condition in both experiments, except M
as to distance. At 12 inches the distance
travelled by the indicator is represented by
10 (see experiment 2), and at 17 it is G)^
(see experiment 4). Supposing the results
in the cases of the other two smokers to M

J

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

133

vary in the same proportion as they did in
the case of the Crane, the result of experi-
ment No. 4 at 12 inches would have been as
follows :

Bingham 15 5-13

Crane 10

Cornell ...18 6-13

Substituting these figures for those in No.
4, and comparing Nos. 2 and 4, we have

Enclosed Induced

current, current.

Bingham 17 15 5-13

Crane 10 —

Cornell 30 18 613

The foregoing experiments show that, with
fire barrels loaded with very closely packed
fuel, the induced current is weaker in the
Bingham and in the Cornell smoker than it
is in the same smokers with an enclosed cur-
rent, such as these smokers had had ; and it
shows that the enclosed current in the Crane
smoker is weaker than either the induced or
enclosed current in the other two smokers.
How much of this weakness should be at-
tached to the slight leakage above mentioned
it is difficult to say, but I am of the opinion
that, considering the expenditure of force
required to open the checkvalve, and the
loss through friction in a long air passage,
and in turning a right angle, it is not possi-
ble to construct a Crane smoker, having a
blast as strong as that of the Bingham, when
each is loaded with an ordinary charge of
fuel. The experiments show also that in
every case the blast in the Cornell smoker is
stronger than it is in either of the others.
The greatest volume of smoke necessarily
accompanies the strongest blast, when the
fuel is properly managed.

The relative strength of the blast of two
smokers may be tested approximately, with-
out an instrument, by placing a handful of
heavy tacks or light wire nails on a table and
blowing upon them with one of the smokers,
at such a distance that the current will dis-
turb them just a little. Then try placing
the nozzle of the other smoker at the same
point, and blowing, it can easily be seen
which blast is the stronger

The three smokers and the cylinder of
fuel, just as they were, when I made them,
are now in the possession of Mr. W. Z.
Hutchinson, of the Review, who, I am sure,
will willingly lend them to anyone wishing
to repeat my experiments.

Lindsay. Ont. April G, 1898.

[After reading Mr. Corueil's article I was
quite a little puzzled to comprehend ivhy
there should be so much difference between

the Cornell and Bingham smokers when both
wore used with enclosed currents. Both had
the same size of bellows and fire barrel, and
with a tube passing from the bellows to the
fire barrel it seemed to me that they were
exactly identical. There was only one point
in which I could conceive that there might
be a difference, and that was in the size of
the openings for the blast to leave the bel-
lows. I wrote to Mr. Cornell for an expla-
nation, and found it was as I suspected. It
is impossible to give Mr. Cornell's explana-
tion in full in this issue, although I may do
so at some future time, but I will try and
give the gist of it. Among other things he
said :

" The tube in the Cornell bellows is 42-100
of an inch in diameter. I have not meas-
ured the tube in the Bingham so accurately,
but I believe it is about 5-lG, making a dif-
ference of less than 1-8 of an inch in the size
of the tubes. * * * * I do not believe
that delivering a bellows full of air against
the fan in the time required by the Cornell,
instead of the longer time required by the
Bingham, affords a complete explanation.
When testing the smokers for leakages, I
found that if the pressure was continued and
the vent kept closed, only a short time was
required to close the bellows, although there
was no perceptible escape of air. The air
must escape through the walls of the bellows.
Since the time required for discharging the
air of the Bingham bellows is greater, a cor-
respondingly greater* proportion of the air
would escape through the walls of the bel-
lows. * * * * In using the size of tube
that I did it never occurred to me that its
differing in size from that of the Bingham
would effect the result, but I can see that a
blast might be reduced, by using a small
vent, to such a state of attenuation that it
would not reach the fan at all, at 17 inches,
but would be overcome by the resistance of
the air between the nozzle and the instru-
ment. To a slight degree the Bingham blast
may be affected in this way, but it is hard to
believe that it accounts for the whole of it.

* * * * There is now an element of
uncertainty as to how much I gain by my
induced currents. I may try the whole thing
over again. You see when we commence to
experiment we never know what may be re-
vealed."

When I met Mr. Bingham last winter at
our Michigan State convention, we talked
smokers long if not loud, and he called my
attention to the fact that the size of the vent
in his smoker bellows was the result of care-
ful experiments. If smaller than it is, the
blast would be too weak ; if larger, it would
be so strong that fire and sparks would be
driven out at the nozzle. The present size is
the "golden mean."

Of course, the true test of a smoker is ac-
tual work in the apiary. If it suits there, if

134

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

it does the work with the greatest satisfac-
tion, that is the smoker that is wanted. At
the same time, when it is asserted that such
and such a smoker has the strongest blast, it
is only by such tests as Mr. Corneil has taken
the trouble to make that the truth can be
known. I sincerely hope that Mr. Corneil
will repeat his experiments, and that he will
guard against every possible uncertainty.
It may seem unimportant, but I think the
smokers ought all to be new throughout. I
presume that Mr. Root would be glad to
furnish a new Crane made exactly the size
that is needed to compete fairly with the
others. — Ed.]

How California Bee-Keepers Might Secure
Better Prices for Their Honey.

" KAMBLEK."

"Through wiMlom is a house buildert ; and by
understanding it is established."

¥HILE the
questions
of the best
bees, the best
all purpose
hives and the
best bee pas-
turage are agi-
tating the best
thoughts of
the California
bee - keepers,
there is the still greater question of the most
profitable marketing of the product, which
not only interests California bee-keepers,
but all bee-keepers as well. The first 400
lbs. of honey obtained in California sold for
%lJ^Q to .$'2.00 per lb. This was comb honey
and obtained in not particularly fancy style,
the mere fact that it was comb honey and
of limited amount boomed the price.

The rapid increase of bees, however, soon
enabled the producer to ship honey to the
eastern markets, and in V>TA the first full car
load was sent across the continent.

The first shipments of honey resulted in
good profits to the producer. California
honey was a novelty to eastern people. The
amount was limited and the price had an up-
ward tendency. Larger shipments, however,
had a tendency to equalize the markets,
though up to the time of the introduction of

the honey extractor, it is claimed that the
California comb honey shipments were
highly remunerative, and many of the older
bee-keepers regret that the extractor was
ever introduced, claiming that when extract-
ed honey was sold on the coast at 3 and 3)^
cents per lb. that it in like manner deteri-
orated the price of comb honey. The ex-
tractor is, however, i^ the field to stay and
the distribution of our honey at a fair price
is the problem.

The same problem of distribution and sale
at remunerative prices confronts the fruit
grower, and more intensely, from the fact
that the product is increasing rapidly every
year, and when shipped direct from the tree
or vine it is of a perishable, nature. The
distribution, like that of honey, has been
through commission houses. The results,
too, are not wholly satisfactory and new
methods are sought after. Along these lines
fruit and honey have a common interest,
and the plans that will benefit the fruit
grower will also benefit the honey producer.

Fruits and honey have heretofore been
massed in large quantities in a few trade
centers from which distribution takes place
with all of its attendant good and many evils,
when applied particularly to honey. As the
production becomesgreater, radic 1 changes
in methods of distribution become a neces-
sity and several plans are outlined by fruit
growers. They consist mainly in sending
fruits in car lots to the large cities to be dis-
tributed direct to the consumer by salesmen
and in such a manner as to advertise the sec-
tion of country from which the fruit is ship-
ped. These plans if carried out in our large
trade centers would result in antagonizing
the commission men, and there might be a
rivalry that would defeat the end sought for.
A better plan, it seems to me, would be to
combine interests and ship car load lots of
fruits, nuts and honey to the smaller towns
that are not likely to be supplied and instead
of working from the center out and com-
peting with the commission men, work from
the circumference toward the center and
thus between the commission houses and
this plan the whole country would be cover-
ed. The mure of our products we could sell
to the outlying towns would so far relieve
the pressure upon the great centers of dis-
tribution and better prices would be sure to
follow.

The success of this plan when applied to
the distribution of honey would necessitate

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

135

a radical change in the style of package, es-
pecially for extracted honey. While the GO
lb. can is the standard for wholesale ship-
ments from California, smaller packages of
ten and five lbs. would have to be used. In
this matter of distribution in small pack-
ages we have a very good example in the way
maple syrup is put upon the market, and of
small packages for honey I find California
remarkably free. A small stantard pack-
age for this State and the sale propdrly
pushed would result in a large home demand
for our proauct.

The small package in connection with the
larger wholesale package would give our
product a wider application in trade and
would enable the producer to sell his honey
direct to the consumer under his own label
or trade mark. If bee-keepers themselves
would put their honey upon the market in
this way instead of allowing the adulterator
to repack it for him, there would be less dis-
satisfaction with the honey markets.

In studying the fruit and bee-keeping in-
dustries of California and comparing their
past history, present condition and future
prospects, I believe that the bee-keeper has
less external obstacjes to contend with than
the fruit grower. Fruit production is enor-
mously on the increase and a greater amount
is thrown upon the market every year. Hon-
ey production on the other hand fluctuates,
and if the production has not already at-
tained its highest point it will do so in the
near future unless a cultivated honey plant
comes to the front. The sterile mountains
do not yield honey in amount equal to the
fertile valleys, and the rank growth of hon-
ey plants in the valleys, where our tons of
honey have been distilled, is being rolled
under by the plow of the home-seeker, and
the bee-keeper is compelled to fold his tent
and depart.

The proper distribution of honey is not
only of vital interest to the California bee-
keeper, but it has an equal bearing upon the
eastern producer. It is a well known fact
that towns of 10,000 population and under,
that are remote from the great centers of
distribution, seldom have upon their mar-
kets honey from California. It is also a fact
that thousands of towns of 5,000 population
and less are inadequately supplied with hon-
ey of any kind.

The first movement then toward the de-
velopment of a new and better method of
distribution and sale is a thorough organiza-

tion of bee-keepers ; next is the working up
of the home markets ; next the outlying
unsupplied markets ; these points attended
to, the great centers will take care of them-
selves. At this stage of bee-keeping it is
time to give the problem of distribution
more attention. Let us heed the signs of the
times and be up and doing.

Rambler.
Redlands, Cal. March 16, 1893.

Criticisms on the B. Taylor Plan of Pre-
venting Swarming and the Offering
of a Substitnte.

H. P. LANGDON. *

J^nHAT bees can
iT be worked as
commoners with-
out fighting a s
Mr. B. Taylor says
en page 71 March
Review, is a set-
tled fact, and
thereon hinges
the key to the im-
portant question
of non-swarming.
Mr. Taylor says
he sometimes had great loss of unsealed
brood by exposure in trying to work two col-
onies together. This has not been my ex-
perience in running bees from one hive to
another ; but supposing this does occur, why
is it any worse than caging or removing the
queen entirely for two or three weeks at the
beginning of the honey season, as do
Manum, Elwood, Hetherington and a score
f other head lights ? They claim it to be an

* Herbert P. Langdon is 30 years of age and has
always lived in Constable, his native town. His
father and grandfather, who were farmers, hav-
ing kept a few bees, and he. being more of a
mechanical turn of mind, than a "born farmer,"
became interested in them, and when they finally
got down to one swarm "' fnssed " it to death.
In 1882 his father purchased him eight colonies,
from which he has increased to 175, and in 1892,
just over the Canadian line where his out-apiary
was located in 1890, he built the largest house
apiary in the world. Bees have been the means
o' bringing him the greatest hajjpiness of his
life, as they have some other bee-keepers, for he
was married to the daughter of a prosperous
Scotch Canadian farmer in 1892, and an acquain-
tance comically said : " What is the difference
between Sampson and 'Herb.' Langdon? One
found the honey while he was going to see his
best girl, while the other found his best girl
while going to see to his honey." He was elected
and ordained to the office of Ruling Elder in the
Presbyterian church at the early age of 26.

136

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

advantage and prove it, too, by their honey
yields. To the idea of unqueeuing I was
converted almost against my will by an im-
partial trial of it. I thought the queen, like
an engine in a shop, must be kept going ;
but, like friend Taylor, I have been looking
for something better than hunting queens
and cutting cells.

I have no doubt the plan outlined by the
use of the double hives will work, as far as
non-swarming is concerned, provided the
cells a7-e cut once a week, but, according to
my experience, there are objections that will
make it impracticable.

A double hive need not be used for a trial
of this : simply place two hives side by side
with both entrances in front. Before swarm-
ing time comes, turn one hive with the en-
trance to the rear. This throws the flying
bees into the other hive, which holds the
supers for the two hives. One week later
turn the reversed hive back to the front, cut
out cells, if any, shift the supers to this hive
and turn the entrance of the other hive from
front to back.

So far, this maybe all right, as friend Tay-
lor says, but a week after this, when the shift
is again made, the trouble begins ; for dur-
ing these two weeks a force of bees nearly as
strong in numbers as those in front, and be-
ing constantly added to, have become located
at the rear of the hives, and they simply
jump from each closed hive — which holds the
supers — to the other with their loads of hon-
ey, just where they are not wanted.

In fact, they act just like a "teeter board,"
for while the force in front jumps from one
hive to the other, following the supers, the
rear force also jumps to the hive just re-
versed, thus keeping the hives equalized
with bees cocked and primed for swarming,
which is only prevented by cutting out cells
at each transfer of supers. The rear force
is also storing honey all this time in the
brood combs, instead of the supers on the
hive from which they are excluded.

However, the working of two whole forces
of bees in the same super is a grand good
one.

There are also good points in favor of self-
hivers mentioned in the same number, if
nothing better could take their place, but
as has been said by some one in the journals.
" No self-hiver will be a success, that catches
the queen and allows the swarm to go into
the air and return to any hive they choose."
This is self-evident from the fact, that.

sometimes, in a large yard, half a dozen
swarms seem determined to enter the same
hive on returning. This is my experience.

Dr. C. C. Miller said in one of his late
"Straws" in Gleanings, ih&t I had a plan
whereby bees had not even the desire to
swarm, and said the "proof of the pudding
was in the eating." So I have, and I ate
quite a slice of this "pudding" last season
in the shape of an extended trial of 100 colo-
nies, so I know whereof I speak. There are no
hives moved, no queens hunted, no cells cut
out, no combs handled or even the opening
of brood chambers — and all this without dis-
couraging the bees. It meets the require-
ments of the editorial on page :%!, Novem-
ber, 1892, more fully — especially when com-
bined with the house-apiary — than any other
invention in apiculture since the frame hive
came into use.

East Constable, N. Y. March 28, '93.

[For a description of the non-swarming
arrangement referred to by Mr. Langdon,
see the "Extracted Department." — Ed.]

Vital Points in the Construction of Honey

Extractors. — How They May be Reversed

While in Motion.

E. A. DAGGITT.

fN this age of advancement, no progres-
sive bee-keeper will remove the honey
from the combs in the old antiquated
way of crushing the combs and draining and
straining out the honey, often giving a com-
posite product of honey and bee-bread, to
which is sometimes added the juice of crush-
ed bee-larva and wax worms. Even if these
objections did not exist, the waste of val-
uable comb would be both foolish and ex-
travagant. An extractor will, of course, be
used for the purpose, for by a proper use of
it we save the combs and get only pure
honey,

This machine should be strong and dura-
ble and as light as possible consistent with
these necessities. It should do its work with
eificiency and rapidity. The tendency in
getting up this machine has been in the
direction of cheapness rather than utility.
This is a mistake, for it should be as per-
fect in its sphere as a locomotive in its.

Since its invention the extractor has been
greatly improved, but ample room is left

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

137

for still further improvement. Indeed I am
confident that it can be so far improved, that
its capacity can be almost if not quite
doubled, and at the same time be more easily
operated. How it can be improved I will
endeavor to show, but before doing so I wish
to call attention to two of the most impor-
tant improvements in it,

The first is the invention of a reel without
a shaft, that revolves on gudgeons, as in the
duplex and hollow reels of the U. S. honey
extractor, and that allows the combs to be
reversed without removing them from the
reel ; and, second, the invention of the re-
versible extractor that reverses the combs
without handling them. If the first has not
been as successful as it should have been, it
is because it has not been properly made
and put on the market, aud shows that it is
not best for any one person to have a monop-
oly of manufacture and sale of any one ar-
ticle.

The oldest invention of a reversible ex-
tractor that I ever saw, was in the American
Agriculturalist of about 1S73. I believe the
time will come when all extractors will be
reversible and those for small honey pro-
ducers will also embody the hollow reel
principle.

Extractors should be neatly finished and
attractive. They should be strong and dura-
ble, yet as light as possible without sacrific-
ing these necessities. A stand should con-
stitute a part of every extractor. The reel
shaft should run down through the stand
and have its lower boxes attached to it. In
large extractors at least, there should be at-
tached to the stand a frame work to support
the standard or cross bar that contains the
upper reel box. This arrangement takes all
strain from the can as it should be, and al-
lows it to sit in loose.

The gearing to revolve the reel should
have the crank at the side of the machine.
The crank should be slip-geared with its
shaft, and should move in a vertical plane.
The rest of the gearing may be at the top of
the machine, 'but I think it best to have it at
the bottom and sides — horizontal shaft and
spur gear at the bottom and sprocket wheels
and chain belt at the sides.

The brake should be applied directly to
the reel shaft or an enlargement of it, at the
bottom. It may be a simple lever operated
by the foot, the small arm pressing against
the shaft. It would be better to use two such
levers placed horizontally with each other

and have their longer arms pressed apart by
a toggle joint, while the small arms grasp
the shaft.

The reel should be stiff and strong and
made of steel. The material should be put
in such forms as will give the greatest
strength with the least amount of material,
so as to secure lightness. The proper work-
ing of the machine depends more on this
part than on any other. That I may be more
clearly understood hereafter, I will say that
by reel, I mean the whole revolving frame
work which carries the combs, and its at-
tachments within the can ; in a complete
reel consisting of shaft, or gudgeons as in
hollow reels, a top and bottom horizontal
frame work, which for convenience I will
call spiders, posts or uprights, comb baskets
or pockets, and reversing aparatus when the
machine is reversible. The parts of a spi-
der are : hub, spokes or arms, and side bar.

The most important improvement yet to
be made in the extractor is the addition of a
device for reversing the combs while the
reel is in full motion or nearly so. This im-
provement would so increase the capacity of
the extractor that few bee-keepers will re-
quire a larger one than a four frame, and I
think it can be added to the machine without
much increasing its cost. An illustration of
such a device is given in the leader on the
present topic in the last issue of the Review.
The device shown is what I call the horizon-
tal shaft device. The principle on which it
works is shown by the engraving and the ex-
planations of it in the leader, but not as
clearly as it should be ; so I will try and
make the matter plainer. A round collar
should have been shown on the reel shaft
and the cogged (upright that gears with the
spur wheel on the inner end of the horizon-
tal shaft, should have been set to one side
and attached to the collar by a flange so as
to allow the horizontal shaft to be set in line
with the diameter of the spider. The cogged
upright could be attached directly to the
collar and the horizontal shaft set out of
line of the diameter of the spider , but such
an arrangement does not look so well. The
collar should have a perpendicular groove in
the inside of it to receive a pin attached to
the reef shaft so that it will revolve with the
shaft. It should have a neck to it above the
flange and cogged upright. In this neck
should be a horiznotal groove to receive a
band made in two parts and joined together
at opposite sides of the collar. At these two

138

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

points of junction of the band two arms of a
bar should be attached. This bar should run
up through the standard or cross bar close to
the horizontal bevel wheel on the reel shaft
and should be joined to the lever by a link.
The lever should be attached to a fulcrum
that is rigidly attached to the standard.

If preferred a hollow reel shaft can be
used and the collar and its attachments can
be moved up and down by a core or rod in
the shaft. This core has a cross pin attach-
ed to it that passes through slots in the reel
shaft and into the collar. The core is joined
to the reversing lever by a revolving joint
and link connection. My first idea was to
move the core by having a revolving cap like
those used on carpenter braces, attached to
it. The lever fulcrum and guide can be at-
tached to a circular bed plate that surrounds
the shaft and is held in place by a collar.
This will allow the lever handle to be placed
in the position that best suits the operator.
The reel shaft should be thicker where the
slots are cut into it, and the lower journal
should be solid and pass into the hollow part
of the shaft. This, I think, will make a nice
arrangement, especially if the gearing to
give motion to the reel is at the sides and
bottom of the machine.

White House Sta., N. J. April 17, '93.
(To be continued.)

If the Porter Escape Lacks Capacity, Ex-
periments Have Not Proved It,

B. & E. 0. POBTEB.

>R. AIKIN'S theories regarding bee-
escapes, as given in the last issue of
the Review, although plausible, as
such, are not in accord with the facts in the
case as we find them in actual experience.
While, on first thought, it seems reasonable
to suppose that enlarging the exit capacity,
or increasing the number of outlets of an
escape, would proportionately increase the
rapidity of its working, yet extensive and
pains-taking experiments, made by our-
selves and others, during several seasons of
practical work in the apiary, with a view to
determining this very question, have satis-
fied us that nothing is gained in time by the
use of more than one properly constructed

Experiments to prove any thing regard-
ing different forms of escapes must, neces-
sarily, be comparative and made with great
care, under precisely the same conditions, or
erroneous conclusions will be reached, es-
pecially as there are so many influences,
aside from those any particular character-
istic of the escapes themselves may possess,
that have their effect to vary the length of
the time occupied by the bees in passing
through them. The time of the day the es-
capes are put on, the state of the weather,
the presence or absence of a honey-flow, the
different dispositions or traits of the bees of
the different colonies, or whether or not
they have unsealed brood or a queen below,
all these have their effect.

Limited tests, made with but one form of
escape, as were those made by Mr. Aikin,
can prove nothing regarding any other
form.

It seems almost needless to add that the
reason the Porter escape, which, by the way,
is not, as some seem to suppose, merely a
particular or specific form of escape, but
which, on the contrary, embraces all forms
in which one or more laterally yielding or
leaf springs are used (see the Porter patent
application filed Aug. 10, '91, issued Jan. 10,
'93), is on the market in the form that it is,
is because, after having been carefully
tested for an entire season by several expert
bee-keepers in a large number of different
forms, embracing those in which the bees
pass out under the springs, those in which
they pass out over them, those in which they
pass out between them, those in which they
pass out between them and the sides of the
escape, those having exits varying from one
to a dozen, and those in which perforated
tin was used for the tops, also for both tops
and bodies, this one (the one adopted)
proved in every way the best. The univer-
sal favor with which it has been received
after extensive use in both America and
Europe, the sale of thousands with the priv-
ilege of being returned and having money
refunded, if, after trial they are not found
superior to all other kinds of escapes and
satisfactory in every way, but not one re-
turned nor a word of complaint from any
one, and the scores of complimentary letters
received, lead us to think that we have made
no serious mistake in the matter. Yet, even
this will not cause us to remit our endeavors
to imi)rove.

Lewistown, 111. April 22, 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

139

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

w. z. HOTCHiNsofi, ed. & PKop.

Terms : — $1.00 a year in advance Two copies,
$1.90 ; three for $2.70 ; five for $4.00 ; ten, or more
70 cents each. If it is desired to have the Review
stopped at the expiration of the time paid for.
please say so wlien subscribing, otherwise it
will be continued.

FUNT, MICHIGAN, MAY 10, 1893.

Man Grows as higher grow his aims.

^

One Man's Story is no story at all — hear
both sides.

O

TheLambton (Ont. Canada) Bee-Keepers'
Association will meet in the Town Hall, at
Sarnia, on Friday, May 1!>. As this is on the
line between the two countries, a special
invitation is extended to the United States
bee-keepers to attend the meeting. This
will also be an excellent opportunity to visit
that triumph of engineering skill, the St.
Clair tunnel. The editor of the Review ex-
pects to be present.

@

" The Entebpbise " is to be the name of i
new bee journal that is to be published
monthly at New Haven, Conn. Burton L.
Sage is the editor and proprietor. I have
not yet seen a copy, as the first issue is not
to appear until the 15th of this month, but,
' judging by the prospectus sent, I can agree
with Bro. Root in saying that it will rival in
appearance any of the journals now pub-
lished.

" Bee-Keeping foe Profit," is the title
of a little book by Dr. G. L. Tinker, of New
Philadelphia, Ohio, When the book was
first brought out, three years ago, it was
given an extensive review in these columns.
Geo. W. York & Co., of Chicago, 111., have
now re- published the work, adding a chapter
on " Pasturage a Necessity," taken from
Mr. Newman's book, " Bees and Honey."
Some additions have been made to the work,
particularly in regard to perforated zinc and
its uses.

"The Pbogbessive" comes out with a
new title page engraving which, among
other things, shows the evolution of the bee-

hive. At the bottom is the straw hive, next
the log gum, then the old style of Langs-
troth, next the Dovetailed, and at the top the
"hive we prefer," or the " Higginsville
Hive," which is a dovetailed hive with a
raised cover. The last number gives an il-
lustration and write-up of some of the lead-
ing smokers. A department for beginners is
to be added, and this is to be printed in Ger-
man. The Progressive is living up to its
name.

Eight extba pages again this month, and
still there are several articles that it seemed
must go in. I could only commence the dis-
cussion of " Extractors and Extracting,"
and I have articles from such men as E.
France, Frank McNay and Dr. Miller. I
commenced on the one sent by Mr. Daggitt
as it was so long that it could not all have
been given in the next issue. I have always
rather prided myself on the small size of the
Review. I have felt that it should be small
but good. When it was enlarged to 28 pages
I said to myself, " This is the last time it
shall be enlarged," yet this is the third time
within the last six months that I have been
compelled to add eight extra pages. Is it
possible that another permanent enlarge-
ment is actually forcing itself upon the Re-
view ?

Me. R. C. Aikin writes that he would be
glad to have bee-keepers try his plan of run-
ning two colonies together and preventing
swarming, and that it may be done without
buying his hive. Almost any ordinary hive
may be used by fastening the frames so that
the hives may be inverted, or the hives may
be alternated, but with the alternating plan
the queen cells would not be inverted, and
whatever advantage, if there is any, that may
be gained from their inversion would be
lost. If hives were used that had no space
at the bottom, the separating board would
need a bee space on each side. The equal-
izer and alternator are a little difficult to
describe, and samples are needed to work
from. They can be mailed for 15 cents.

— y —

Peevention op Swabming by shifting the
field force, and with it the supers, from one
hive to the other, is certainly a new idea, and
it appears to be an important one. There
are different methods of accomplishing this,
that of turning the hives end for end, as de-

140

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

scribed by B. Taylor, that of using one hive
above another and reversing or alternating
them and using a peculiar device at the en-
trance that will conduct the returning bees
into the upper hive, as brought out by Mr.
Aikin, and the use of bee-escapes and pas-
sageways to keep the bees out of one hive
and turn them into another, as invented by
Mr. Langdon. The latter has stood the actual
test of one season's work with 100 colonies.
There may yet be some details that will need
remodeling with any of these plans, but the
fundamental principle of shifting the bees
from one hive to another is one that I be-
lieve will eventually settle the swarming
problem. The freest criticism and fullest
discussion is invited in the Review.

A MODEBN BEE FABM — NEW EDITION.

Ths first number of the Review contained
a review of this work by S. Simmius of Eng-
land. A copy of a new and revised edition
lies on my desk. I will notice briefly some
of the points not found in the first edition.

All may gain health and pleasure in
bee-keeping, but only the few who have
special qualifications may expect to find for-
tunes.

Honey in the comb will ever remain a
luxury, but extracted honey is destined ere
long to be found in general use in almost
every family in the land. (Comb honey is
nearer a staple than is extracted, and I
think it will remain so. Extracted has to
compete with cheap syrups and the like.
—Ed.)

Extracted honey is more profitable to pro-
duce than is comb honey. (Don't agree.
No one industry, or branch of an industry,
is more profitable than another. If it were,
it would soon bo overdone and brought
down to its proper level. It is the man and
the environments that make one business
more profitable than another. — Ed.)

Bees can always be united without fight-
ing if they are first made queenless.

The use of supers with no space or pass-
ageway between the tiers of sections is rec-
ommended. How a practical bee-keeper can
recommend such an arrangement is beyond
my comprehension. The increased amount
of propolis used and the killing of bees in re-
placing supers are enough to condemn the
arrangement.

If porous covering is used above the clus-
ter in winter, a small entrance is allowable;

if "sealed covers" are used, then the en-
trance should be generous. "Sealed covers"
should always be covered with some warm
material.

With the Simmins non-swarming system
as now used, tlie comb built in the lower
frames is not cut out and fitted into the sec-
tions, but foundation is fitted into the sec-
tions, or, rather, half -sections (sections one-
half the width of regular sections) and when
sufliciently drawn the sections are placed in
the supers.

Bee escapes ("bee-traps" they are called)
are condemned. They were much in vogue
some fifteen years ago, says Mr. Simmins,
but fell into disuse, and he is greatly surpris-
ed that advanced apiarists should be entrap-
ped into thinking there is anything to be
gained by re-adopting this old and discard-
ed fad. (The bee escapes of America have
come to stay. — Ed. ) The instructions for re-
moving sections are to give a few puffs of
smoke which will generally send all (?) the
bees below. If this fails, take out the combs
one at a time and brush off the bees with a
feather. I fail to see any health or pleasure
in removing sections one at a time and
brushing off the bees, and there is certainly
no profit. A whole case at a time, and no bees
in it, is the way to remove honey. It is urg-
ed, and truly, too, that the work of taking
them off one at a time, must be done quick-
ly, or the bees will bite holes in the cappings
to get a sip of honey, particularly if it is
after the honey season. The bee escape is
objected to on these very grounds, vhat the
disturbance will cause the bees to bite the
holes in the cappings. I fear that Mr. Sim-
mins cannot have had experience along this
line. This is one very strong argument in
favor of escapes, as everyone knows who
has removed honey late in the season. The
putting in of the escape board is a very
slight disturbance compared to taking the
sections out one at a time and brushing off
the bees with a feather. An escape board
can be put in place so quickly that the bees
will scarcely look upon it as a disturbance.

Sections of honey that are a little "off" in
color can be whitened by exposing them to
the light and air. I knew that wax could be
bleached in this manner, but it never occur-
red to me that combs of honey might be
whitened in this way. — Ed.)

The Simmins method of direct introduc-
tion of queens by the fasting plan is to keep
the (jueeu confined without food at least half

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

141

an honr before she is to be released. She is
then to be allowed to run down from the top
of the hive after darkness has set in, using a
lamp to see to do the work. It makes no
difference how long or short a time the col-
ony has been queenlesa, or if it has brood or
not, or queen cells in any stage of develope-
ment. The colony must be left undisturbed
two days. This method is almost invariably
successful. If a queen dies in a cage it is
from lack of food or because she has been
injured by the bees outside the cage. To
remedy the latter fault, have the meshes of
the wire cloth not larger than a pin head.

The Wells system of working two queens
in one hive with a division of perforated
metal between them, or with a solid division
but a union of force in the supers, is not
supported by Mr. Simmins. He says that
it simply shows that at the right time, viz.,
at the main harvest, there should be a large
force of workers in proportion to the
amount of brood. Here he agrees with
Gravenhorst. He says that at the close of the
season a permanent division must be made
between the two colonies or the bees will all
join one queen and allow the other to perish.
He says that queens once fertilized never
fight. He has had as many as a dozen fer-
tile queens in one compartment with no
injury to any of them. I had always sup-
posed that fertile queens would fight, but
come to think of it, I do not know as I
have seen them fight. It is the workers
that get up a row

EXXRKOXED.

EflTectiveness of Smoke From Propolis.

"And out of their mouths issued fire, and
smoke, and— propolis."

When at the Washington convention I
heard Mr. J. E. Crane mention the very
pungent quality of smoke that comes from
the burning of cloths covered with propolis.
He covers his bees with burlap, and when
the covers become too "stuck up" to be
handled with ease, he uses them for fuel.
Mr. Manum, in one of his chats with a
neighbor, as related in Gleanings, "gets ofif"
the following: —

"What is it you are burning in your smok-
er, that smells so strong?

It is particles of propolis sprinkled over
the fuel in the smoker-barrel. Mr. J. E.

Crane told me of this when he was here a few
days ago; and I tell you, Charles, it is worth
knowing. I never tried any thing that
would just drive the bees out of the way as
nicely as this will. I think it would be a
good plan to melt up a lot of propolis and
dip pieces of wood into it, and keep them
handy by, to be used whenever the bees are
troublesome, for it will quiet them in a
moment."

A Novel and Inexpensive Feeder.

Many bee-keepers would probably try
feeding bees in spring, before the beginning
of the regular honey flow, were it not for
the trouble and expense of getting feeders.
Those who wish to give it a trial need not be
deterred for this reason, as here is a feeder,
described by Mr. F. S. Comstock, in Glean-
ings, that costs almost nothing. Here is
what Mr. Comstock says: —

"Having 70 colonies we bought 70 one-
quart tin cans. In the bottom of these cans,
with a smooth awl, and from inside out, we
punched a hole large enough to drop a %
inch, flat, smooth-headed wire nail in easily,
but leaving a good catch for the head. All
our hive boards have a two-inch hole in the
center, covered with a block which becomes
glued, and these give us no trouble when
not in use. We place these cans over these
holes; carry a faucet can of 70 lbs. of honey
to the center of the yard, and, by the use
of a cofl'ee-pot, we have, in 20 minutes, fed 70
colonies a pound each, more or less, as
desired, and not seen a bee, nor chilled one
either. The wire nail makes the feeder work
automatically. By looking into the can
after feeding, you will see the head of the
nail shaking about. This is caused by the
bees. It regulates the flow, and keeps any
sediment from clogging the feeder."

Around many houses may be found empty
tin cans in which fruit or vegetables have
been bought, that could be used for this
kind of feeders.

An Artificial Watering-Place After Nature's

Ways.

" The very law which moulds the tear,
And bids it trickle from its source."

My old apiary at Rogersville was near a
small stream. On warm days in early
spring, and again in August after the honey
flow from basswood was past, I have seen
the sand along the edges of this stream fair-
ly alive with bees sucking water. I am
reminded of this by reading the following
in Gleanings,

"Observant people will notice that bees,
while drinking at a branch or pool, never sip
the water, but abstract it from the sand
close by, through which, by the way, it has

142

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

filtered by capillary attraction. Trying]
always to get close to Nature's ways I built
me a watering-place for my bees. A trough
of wood 14 iuclies s<iuare and one inch deep
was tilled up with clean sand, and a three

R

is the description of the plan and of the cir-
cumstances that led to its use.

"Along in the early part of the summer
we purchased some twelve or tifteen colonies
that we really did not want, but took them

'ApJztzxsii^s^xrz'^U'^^^

half an inch under the sancT. The surround-^
ing sand soon absorbed moisture, and littl

fc fjthem
r ; loose

we did not really want
was because the combs were built in

t;'^^"^!'t.'^T-^^^;:"' .??,!':- 1 '^"Z 'S^i^i;^-s:!^Sf^ K:

the water in the jug, as the water in the
sand exhausts. By scooping out a little hole
in the sand, enough water will gather to
furnish the poultry. Put syrup in the vessel,
and you will have the best outside feeder I
know of, for there is no end to the extent of
the sand surface you may use, and the sand
does not foul, as water or syrup would if
given alone. In order to introduce this to
the bees I put a piece of comb honey on the
sand. After they had carried off the honey
they looked about for more, and, discover-
ing the water.have found out that it is a near
and good thing. The principle of this water-
ing device is well known, but I have not
heard of the use of sand in that connection.
Please give this a trial, if you have not such
in use, for there is nothing new under the
sun. To hold up the jug or bottle, bore
four holes in the bottom board, and put in
pegs, or, better still, nail a half-hoop of tin
or strap iron against a wall or board fence,
and put the jug mouth down through it.

AbTHUB T. GOLDSBOliOUGH.

Washington, D. C, Sept. 1."

An Easy Method of Transferring and Get-
ting the Honey out of the old Combs.
No one who has ever transferred bees by
cutting out the combs and fastening the
crooked, uneven things into frames, fancies
the job- It is not only unpleasant, but it is
wasteful. Several years ago Mr. Heddon
gave a method whereby this might be avoid-
ed. It consisted in driving out the bees, or
most of them, and hiving them on a set
of frames filled with foundation. Three
weeks later, when all of the brood had hatch-
ed in the old hive, the bees were again
driven out, the young queen hunted out and
killed and the bees given to the swarm that
was first driven out. This left the old combs
free of brood, and the honey could be strain-
ed or extracted, and the combs melted into
wax. Warm weather was necessary for this
plan, otherwise the brood in the old hive
would be chilled. The editor of Gleanings
tells in his journal how he used a modifica-
tion of this plan, even carrying it so far as
to compel the bees to carry the honey out
of the old combs after the brood was hatch-
ed out. This plan also has this advantage
over the Heddon, it can be put in practice
even if the weather is not warm. Here

dedly crooked, to say nothing of being bulged
out of all decent projiortions. The bees
purchased were placed at the out-yard, and
the boys were instructed to select one of the
> best combs of each colony containing un-
sealed larva?, and place it in a new hive, to-
gether with a full complement of Hoffman
frames of wired foundation. Another hive
with the old combs was placed on top with a
perforated zinc honey-board between. The
bees and the queen were then shaken off in
front of the entrance, and allow to crawl in.
This plan was pursued.with all the colonies.
As the queen could not go above, of course
no more eggs were laid in the old combs.
In two weeks' time we went down and found
that the frames of foundation below were
being drawn out, particularly next to the
frame of brood of old comb. In the mean
time the young bees in the upper story were
hatching out and coming below to take care
of the young larvje in the lower hive. In
about a month's time the bees had taken up
their quarters more or less below, while the
upper combs, crooked and undesiral)le, were
emptied of brood, and filled, to a greater or
less extent, with honey. The drone brood
(and there was a good deal of it) was un-
capped at the time the hives were changed.
The honey season came on rather before we
expected it in the out-yard; and the result
was, that most of the crooked combs were
filled with honey. These we expected to
extract, and melt up the old comb: but cir-
cumstances so transpired that we did not;
and finally, toward the end of the season,
we took ofif such combs and placed in a stack
of Dovetailed hives piled six or eight high.
The entrance at the bottom hive was con-
tracted so that only about two bees could get
out or in at a time. Virtually we allowed
the bees to rob the honey out; but it was so
slow an operation that it made no commo-
tion in the apiary.

With little or no labor we had the bees all
transferred on Hoffman frames, filled with
nice beautiful worker comb made from
foundation on horizontal wires; and all that
remained was a lot of crooked combs which
were soon converted into wax, the home-
made frame stuff making excellent fire-
wood for the boiler-furnace.

Now, there is nothing particularly new in
any of this. The plan of transferring is
simply a modification of Heddon's short
way, mentioned in the ABC book. The
scheme of emptying the honey out of old
crooked combs was nothing more nor less
than what was described by Dr. Miller some
two or three years ago. It works so well
that we shall never again leave a lot of
combs stored here and there with a little
honey iu them to tempt robbers.'^

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

143

How Young ftueens are Lost in Q,aeen

Searing.

" Mother, dear mother, come homo."

Mrs. Jennie Atchley, that veteran queen
breeder of the "Sunny Southland," writes
as follows to the C. B. J.

"I have discovered that queens do not
often get lost on the mating trip; but, upon
their return, are apt to enter the wrong hive
and get killed. As we keep several hun-
dred nuclei together, or in adjacent yards, we
have had scores of queens return to the
wrong hives, which, being queenless most
of the time, they were accepted. But she
always destroys the cell that is in the nucleus.
I noticed that where there are only one or
two hives apart by themselves the queens do
not get lost. Even the drones in the drone
hive will scatter all over the yard, and queens
act pretty nearly the same way. Who ever
found a queenless bee-tree? I do not believe
that one queen in a hundred gets lost or is
captured by birds; they simply return to the
wrong hive. and get killed. If I had time I
could tell you a long story of what I have
learned of queen mating."

I agree entirely with Mrs. Atchley. I have
often noticed that when a nucleus stood oflf
by itself, or was in some peculiar hive, there
was no loss of young queens. Don't set your
nuclei in regular, prim rows. Scatter them
about, the more promiscuously the better.
If they can be situated in a grove, or
among buildings, so that the queens can
have something as a landmark, so much
the better.

Bee Journa's and the Supply Business.

" For the gift blindeth the wise, and pervert«th
the words of the righteous."

It would seem that some apicaltural editor
had been bragging that he didn't deal in
supplies, if we are to judge from the follow-
ing which appears in the Progressive Bee-
Keeper for March.

"It seems that some of our editors are try-
to make capital out of the fact that they are
not in the supply business. If they are so
narrow and contracted that they cannot
give good honest advice for fear it would
hurt their business, it is well for them that
they are not. If we look back over the field
of bee journalism we will see that the edi-
tors and founders of our best journals, were
dealers, and the same editors are to-day
giving us the best journals we have devoted
to bee culture."

It seems scarcely possible that the fore-
going was aimed at the Review, as that
journal has done very little crowing over its
lack of a supply trade. In fact, its editor has
come so near being in the supply business
that he couldn't consistently say very much.

When the Review was started, its editor
was in the queen trade and he has not
yet dropped it. When he gave up the
production of honey as a business, he adver-
tised the fixtures on hand. Several times it
has become necessary to take goods in pay-
ment for advertising, and then it became
equally necessary to advertise and sell them.
From actual exp»;rience I have learned
that it is very dilficult for the editor and
proprietor of a bee journal to never offer
anything for sale except his journal: and
perhaps there is not so much praiseworthy
in keeping bee journalism entirely free from
trade as some of us have imagined. Yes, I
know that the most of us poor mortals are
more or less given to bias and prejudice in
favor of our own wares, and I would not for
a moment ignore this point, but, on the
other hand, the dealer is more in touch
with the consumer, he knows what practical
men are buying and using, and this expe-
rience has its influence upon his journal. If
he uses his journal, or rather JHi.suses it, to
boom his goods at the expense of truth, or
at the expense of space that ought to have
been used in giving good, valuable reading
matter, there will be a reflex action — it will
become a boomerojif/.

Class journals are a little peculiar in this
respect. The men who have had experience
in some lines of business are the ones in
position to make valuable journals pertain-
ing to these kinds of business. A nursery-
man can make an excellent horticultural
journal. An advertising agent can get up
the best journal devoted to advertisins.'; yet
he deals in advertising; while the other man
sells fruit trees.

Another point, in making a financial suc-
cess of a journal, a dealer or manufacturer
can sell his journal at a very low price be-
cause it advertises his goods.

While I have no desire to engage in the
supply business, preferring simply the
Review and a small apiary, with peace,
quietness, happiness and contentment, in
place of a large business with its hurly
burly, even if accompanied with greater
financial success, yet I have had no
quarrel, and shall have none, with the man
who prefers the latter; as I fully believe
that the brightest journal, the one filled
with the freshest and most practical ideas,
the one with "a touch of Nature" upon its
pages, can be made amid the hum of bees
and buzz saws.

144

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The Langdon, Non-Swarming Device.

For several mouths I have known that
Mr. H. P. Laugdon, of East Constable, K.
Y., last year devised and put into successful
practice a device for preventing swarming.
It was used in connection with his house
apiary described in the last Review. It is
not until now that Mr. Langdon 's arrange-
ments for patenting have reached that stage
where he is ready to publish a description.
The following is an extract from an article
written by Frank Benton and printed in Vol.
V, No. 4, of Insect Life, a journal published
by the Agricultural Department at Washing-
ton. D. C. I hereby thank this journal for
courtesies extended in the way of furnishing
advance proofs and cuts.

'•Although the self-hiver in its more per-
fected form has scarcely been subjected to a

The immediate condition which incites a
colony of bees to swarm has been quite well
recognized as its general prosperity — its
populousness, the abundance of honey secre-
tion, and crowded condition of the brood
combs, or, in general, such circumstances as
favor the production of surplus honey es-
pecially surplus comb honey, and it has of
course been taken for granted that honey
could not be secured if these conditions were
changed. Nor would it, without any knowl-
edge of the system proposed by Mr. Lang-
don, be easy for experienced bee-keepers to
believe that all it proposes to do could be
accomplished without much manipulation
and perhaps also the use of some complica-
ted device. I was, however, agreeably sur-
prised at the whole simplicity of Mr. Lang-
don's plan, when, in December last, he made
it known to me and sent a non-swarmer for
purposes of illustration. And in answer to
the request as to what I thought of it, I wrote
him at once that I was of the opinion that he
had made one of the most valuable additions

Fig. 31.— Bee Hives with Langdon non-ewarmer attached : A, B, hives; 8. S' Ruoers; D, non-swarm-
ing device; e, e' entrances corresponding to hive entances; si, slide for closing entrance ; c, c',
conical, wire cloth bee escapes ; ex', exits of same.

thorough test it promises to do all that has
been expected of it. But it will not take
away the desire to swarm.

This is exactly what Mr. H. P. Laugdon,
of East Constable, N. Y., says he can do by
the use of the non-swarming attachment in-
vented by him and now for the tirst time
made public. Moreover, he keeps all of the
field force of his colonies storing surplus
honey under the most favorable conditions
as long as there is any honey to be obtained
in the field or forest, and simplifies to such
an extent the work of the apiary during this
portion of the year that he can attend to
several times as many colonines as under the
old way.

to the list of apiarian inventions that had
appeared in a long time — one that, after the
frame hive, would rank equal with or ahead
of the honey-extractor and comb-foundation
machine.

Mr. Laugdon has applied for letters patent
on his device in this and other countries,
and with the specifications as a f)asis, a copy
of which he has kindly sent to me, together
with permission to make the matter public,
I have written the following description of
the device and system.

At the ijeginning of the honey season the
non-swarming device D, shown in Fig. 31, i.s
placed at the entrance of two contiguous
hives each of which contains a queen and

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

145

full colony of bees. The continuous pass-
ageways, e and e', on the under side of the
device, correspond to the entrances of
the hives A and B, respectively. The bees
will then pass, quite undisturbed, out of and
into their respective hives through these
passageways. By inserting the slide, sl,ya.
the end of the non-swarmer until it occupies
the position indicated by the dotted horizon-
tal lines the passageway leading to hive A
will be closed at its juncture with the hive-
entrance, preventing any bees from entering
said hive. The wiie-cloth cone exit, ex, still
permits flight-bees to come out of hive A, as
a hole h. Fig. 33, through the non-swarmer

t

non-swarmer by the bees at the entrance, e,
and with these bees will enter hive A, thus
bringing about in hive B the same condi-
tions as were previously induced in hive A
by closing the latter. At the same time the
field-bees of both hives are working contin-
uously in the supers on the hive A, the en-
trance of which is open, and the flight-bees
in hive B are escaping through the cone exit,
ex\ and joining those of hive A.

In about a week the supers are again
placed upon hive B the entrance to which is
then opened while that of hive A is closed.
In another week another transfer is made,
and so alternately during the flow of honey.

^^^.,

.'"= V

Fig. 33. — Langdon non-swarming device ; rear view, showing apertures (e, e' and h, h') corresponding
to similar openings in the fronts of hives.

connects the cone exit, ex, with a correspon-
ding hole, h. Fig. 32, in the front of hive.
The super cases S of hive A are then placed
on those of hive B.

The flight bees of hive A finding their
hive-entrance closed on their return are,
upon alighting at the entrance e. Fig. 31. at-
tracted along the gallery shown at g, in the
cross-section. Fig. 34, by the buzzing of the
bees at the entrance e' of hive B, and enter
said hive. This withdrawal of the field-bees
from hive A leaves this hive so depopulated
and so disconcerts the nurse bees left therein
that they will not swarm ; meanwhile work
is going on without interruption in the su-
pers on hive B by the field force of both
hives.

This alternate running of the field-bees
from one hive to another and back again,
and the simultaneous transfer of the supers,
so disturbs the plans of the nurse-bees and
temporarily depopulates the hives succes-
sively closed, that organization for swarm-
ing is not effected, hence, no swarms issue,
and the Jield-bees of both hives work unitedly
and without interruption throughout the
entire gathe Hng season.

Fig. 32.— Hive showing entrance (e) and hole (h)
corresponding to like apertures on back of
non-swarmer.

At the expiration of eight or ten days, thus
before the bees of hive B have made prepara-
tions to swarm, the super, S and S', Fig. 31,
on this hive are all transferred to hive A,
the slide, si, is withdrawn from entrance e,
thus opening this hive, and is inserted in the
opposite end of the non- swarming device so
as to close the entrance «?', to hive B. The
bees thus excluded from hive B will be
called along the gallery, g. Fig. 34, of the

Fig. :34. — Langdon non-swarming device ; cross-
section at sctn. (Lettering as before)

The experienced bee-master will not only
readily see that this meets the requirements
mentioned in the first part of this article as
advantageous to secure, but also that in
many other ways it is likely to prove a sys-
tem of great value in the apiary. Mr. Lang-
don has mentioned some of these and I will
therefore quote from his letter :

ill Two light colonies that would not do much
in sections if working separately make one good
one by running the field forces of both into the
same supers.

(2) No bait sections are needed, as the bees
can be crowded into the sections without swarm-
ing.

146

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

(3) The honoy will be finished in better condi-
tion, that i«, witli less travel-stain, because the
union of the field forces enables tliem to com-
plete the work in less time.

(4) There will bo fewer unfinished sections at
the close of the lioney harvest, for the reason just
mentioned.

(5) Also for the same reason honey can be
taken off by the full case instead of by the sec-
tion or holder full.

(6j Drones will be fewer in number, as a double
handful will often be killed off in the closed hive
whUe tiie other is storing honey rapidly,

(Tj Artificial swarms and nuclei can be more
easily made, as combs of brood and bees can be
taken from the closed hive in which the queen
can be found very quickly.

As there is in carrying out this system of
swarm prevention no caging of queens, cut-
ting out of queen cells, manipulation of
brood combs or even opening of the brood
chambers at all during the honey season, and
all the vexatious watching for swarms and
the labor and time involved in securing
these are done away with, and instead of this
a simple manipulation attended to not
oftener than once a week is substituted, it is
plain that very many more colonies can be
managed by one person, and, indeed, Mr.
Langdon informs me that he ' can care for
200 colonies with one day's work in a week
with no help, instead of working all the time
with 100 colonies.' It will, therefore, prove
a great boon to all having numerous out-
apiaries.

One of the greatest advantages over any
plan for the prevention of swarming yet pro-
posed, which Mr. Landon's system will
have, should it prove on further trial all that
it now promises, is that it will not only pre-
vent more effectually than any other the ac-
tual issuance of swarms, but, while not re-
quiring any manipulation antagonistic to
the known instincts of bees, it will prevent
all desire to swarm, will completely do away
with the ' swarming fever,' so fatal to the
hopes of the comb honey producer. Another
great feature of it will be the more rigid
selection of breeding stock, which it will
facilitate. Intelligent selection can accom-
plish for this pursuit as much as it has done
for the breeders of our larger domestic ani-
mals. Furthermore, a strong natural incli-
nation to swarming on the part of any race
of bees, otherwise possessed of very desira-
ble traits, will not, under this system, oblige
the rejection of such race. Eventually the
disposition to swarm must through constant
suppression become less, or. in time it may
even disappear, giving us the long-sought
non-swarming strain.

A brief statement of the success which has
attended Mr. Langdon's practical test of his
system during 18!t2, will be of interest in this
connection. In a letter dated December 24,
18!)2, he wrote:

Last season I tried the device on ICKI hives.
Except in one instance the bees did no fightiner.
Why they do not fight when united in this way I
cannot say. It cortainly did not discouragethem
in honey gathering, for my yield from the 10(1
hives was (l.OtJO pounds of comb honey or an
average of 60 pounds per hive, some i)airs yield-
ing l')0 pounds, and it has been counted a poor
season for bees in my locality this year. .Vfter
one season's trial of the device and plan I do not
know of a single fault or objection to it.

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings

E. E. HASTY.

It seemed like going to extremes for Prof.
Cook to declare, as he did a bit ago, that he
knew of no literature less in need of im-
provement than that pertaining to apicul-
ture. His point seems to be well taken how
ever. There is grumbling enough at our pa-
pers, to be sure ; but the real trouble in most
cases is lack of enthusiasm on the part of
the reader. What ever can an editor do for
the man who is disgusted with the subject of
apiculture ? Nothing, except he plunge
deeper into comicalities and side issues ; and
this, although it may temporarily stop the
grumbling, makes matters worse in the end.
Yes, we would gladly see our papers better,
but they are already better than those de-
voted to most other specialties. I wanted
one day an example of how not to write —
wanted an article spending the opening one-
third of its space in explaining why the
reader need not expect anything worth read-
ing, or some equally idiotic trash — and I did
not find one. They used to be common
enough. This high grade of excellence which
our average paper has reached is liable to be
a stumbling block to the editor who reads
outside literature much and bee papers little.
He thus unconsciously judges himself by a
standard which is too low.

AMERICAN BEE- KEEPER.

This paper is edited by one of the most
gentlemanly and excellent of men, and there-
fore its reviewer finds it quite unpleasant to
say that it seems of late to be getting down
in relative merit, and going below its class-
mates. The fact seems to be that its large
supply business gives it great advantages in
obtaining and holding subscribers, and it
leans on these advantages too hard — good
paper though, if we could only refrain from
comparing it with its cotemporaries. Per-
haps I forget that we should not expect as
many strawberries for .">0 cts. as we get for
a dollar. And I'll try to disprove my own
position by working hard at the seriatim of
the March number.

Friend De Witt, who appears each month,
does a very fair job at iiosting the begin-
ners.

Order your supplies in spring; and read
your bee paper, if you have one. — (S. E.
Hitchcock.)

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

147

" Sometimes I think the poor seasons when we
have to study and work for the benefit of our
bees, are the best ones in tlie end." Mrs. Hol-
lenbeck.

Next Franklin Thoru, a New Jersey school

teacher, keeping some bees for his health,

rather turns the dial back for us to the time

wlien it was not unusual to be interested in

bees.

"Anything but a desirable race of bees. (Pa-
nics. ) * * * Have you ever noticed how
nmch quicker a light in the cellar will disturb
the Italians than the Carniolans ? * * * a.
few years ago 1 noticed that the colonies that
had ail buckwheat honey for winter stores came
out of winter quarters in better ctmdition than
those that had white honey. * * * Buckwheat
honey does not become thin and sour when in
the cellar nearly as quickly as white honey."
F. A. Lockhart.

The same writer advises asparagus tops
slightly wet with kerosene to cover the door-
way of a colony that is being robbed. Friend
Lockhart seems to be a man of ideas, and a
person we shall be willing to hear from any
time anywhere.

C. F. Teel of Elmont, Texas, rather pa-
thetically illustrates how not to do things
when foul brood is around. But it generates
itself, foul brood does.

The selection of copied articles is Dema-
ree's "Outlook," and a chat of H. D. Stew-
art's from the Guide, and Jennie Atchley's
very excellent transferring article from A.
B. J., and a picture and life sketch of John
F. Gates from the Canadian.

The February number swallows the non-
sense about a single ounce of . honey repre-
senting millions of miles of travel ; but
older papers have done the same.

T. R. Common (page 20) seems to add
somewhat to the knowledge of drone play-
grounds. He locates them on the lines
where workers are passing back and forth.
I think he is wrong however in supposing
that the fertilization of workers is anything
more than an extremely rare occurrence. A
worker bee rudely seized by its fellows puts
out a tiny drop of honey if it has any, as a
ransom for its life perhaps. If it is true that
drones habitually seize workers on the wing
I suspect it is because they have learned this
as an easy way to get refreshments. Per-
haps it is only play, or idle wantonness of
which they expect nothing. Awaiting final
judgment let us have more witnesses as to
the exact facts.

The initial article of the year by C. J.
Robinson is an extra good one. And Dr.
Tufts, on page .5, gives valuable observations
on fertile workers as below.

" Although I have many times seen them in
the act of depositing eggs in the cell, I never
could detect that the other bees paid them any
particular attention. I have at various times
caught and killed a bee when 1 found her de-
positing eggs. I could not see, however, that it
decreased the egg production in the hive to any
extent, which surely ought to be the case if only
one was concerned in egg laying."

Mrs. Henze, on page 7, gives a singular case
of the efifect of stings on her baby. Badly
stung on Thursday, swelling did not occur
to marked extent at the time ; but the next
Monday both ears swelled to twice their
natural size.

On page 8 what seems to be very pestilent
advice is given to beginners about winter
tactics. It is indeed said to disturb as little
as possible ; but still the idea is conveyed
that to pull the hive up from the bottom
board, and to open it and look in at the bees
from the top, are proper things to be done
every week if desired — just the naughty
tricks beginners are too much inclined to do
any way.

The Progressive.

This is our baby, and it's sold to Higgins-
ville : so any comments on the cut of its
editorial jib would be out of date. By wait-
ing a bit we shall find out how its present
master, Mr. R. B. Leahy, sets a jib. Appar-
ently its family of correspondents is not to
be very much changed and we will sample
them as below —

" Have to pry and pall and sweat to get the
first frame or dummy out." Jennie Atchley's
compliments to the Hoffman frame, page 3,

" Two crops of about 100 lbs. as an average per
colony, so far this season, * * with prospects
for a third one. * * I am the last man located
up the St. Lucie river, [Florida] 10 miles from a
neigh boi , 50 from a store ; * * baching it.
* * 'Tis sweet here among the mosquitoes
and sand flies." A. F. Brown, page 4.

" Plenty of honey and a good tight hive will do
more toward getting bees ready to gather the
harvest than any other method, and it is per-
fectly safe for a beginner.'' Editor Quigley,
page 17.

There, now ! We might have known that

Mrs. Atchley was a man in disguise, with a

Jennie glued on to his name. Listen to him

once.

" I will just let him have the last lick and quit,
rather than argue too far." Pago 18.

Such disguises are more certain to get out
than murder is, Mr. Jennie.

" You will find there the crank, the bore and
the talkative person, the agreeable man, the
thinker and the modest person ; but in no other
place will you meet such genuine cordiality."
Bee convention as seen by E. R. Garrett, page 19.

148

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

" O'lT all the world a golden ray

Of peace ami happiness is cast.
While nature's myriad voices say,
Old winter Krini and cold, is past."

W. W. Mitchell, pase :«.

" Well ! Here we are, bat we don't know; as
much about running a bee journal as we did a
mouth ago." New editor, page 50.

By the way, Progressive hardly got a fair
show in my comparative count. The Jan-
uary number was mostly taken up with the
report of a bee convention, all chopped up
into little short paragraphs, and thereby it
missed wurds, missed more than a thousand
of them. In fairness we should accept the
February count, 7,124, instead of January
with r>,;».")9. Also -4. i?. J. calls attention to
the fact that its count was not full justice,
owing to the fact that five numbers a month
come in four times a year. Allowance for
this would raise its monthly total from 58,-
^u.'^ to GS.i'MM.

THE GENERAL ROUND UP.

'Nother baby to spank, there's going to be.
It expects to arrive in this baby-devouring
world May 15th ; and Burton L. Sage, New
Haven, Conn., will rock it. The youngster's
name is The Bee-Keepers' Enterprise. But
no undertakers need apply just yet, as the
editor claims to see his way clear for two
years ahead without asking baby to pay
board.

Saul among the prophets I Demaree comes
out in the Guide with a new kind of sugar-
honey. We shall almost expect to see Bro.
Newman putting an improved glucose on the
market now.

An interest seems to be developing in the
beautiful Italian clover that may result in
advantage to the bee fraternity in some lo-
calities. I believe I saw no bees visiting
mine ; but I had only a very few, and long
ago.

Weygandt, a German, thinks he has suc-
cess in supplying bees with pulverized wax
inside the hives. He reduces the wax to
powder with alcohol. A. B. J., 208. A Yan-
kee might guess that those bees simply blew
the powder away, and then drew on their
own pockets for the wax.

An isolated case of a drone mating with a
worker bee is said to be proved up in Ger-
many. A. B. ./., 208.

During one fall and winter Mrs. Atchley
had 100,000 pounds of honey retailed in the
two cities of Dallas and Fort Worth. -^4 . B.
J., 301. Looks like biz. And she tells us not

to sell the dark honey, but to eat it our-
selves. Not right. With some of us half
the crop is dark ; and it takes me several
months to eat .50,000 pounds of honey. With
both on the wagon, and a reasonable con-
cession in price, I find the dark honey sells
as readily as the best.

" Years of experience have proved to me that
each of the united colonies would often pull
through alone, while if united [in early spring 1
all would perish." Doolittle, A. B. J., :W6.

Hear the Canadian on the difficulty of re-
porting conventions with satisfactory accu-
racy—

" The best reporter on the face of the earth
will make mistakes; if he doesn't the speaker
whom he is elaborating will ; if either or both
forget this plain part of their (luty they may rest
confident that the compositor will attend to it."

If anybody has thought Rambler's vein
exhausted he should read Ramble 79 in
Gleanings. He is still quite able to get into
queer situations, and " sling English " with-
out being troubled with a lame arm. Notice
how the skies cliange from blizzard to Indian
summer when a season-footed resident drives
up and lends them a whiffletree.

"Here we are, ten miles from a house, in a
howling wilderness, with bears, wildcats, coy-
otes, and a broken whiffletree— its all your fault.

* * Blessed he the name of Joe Beals and his
Spanish wife. Blessed be his dozen (more or less)
half-breeds; and blessed be his horses and oxen,
his dogs and his bees."

Next I think I must read Gleanings a little
lecture. It not only inserts the following
rank nonsense, but actually heads it " sen-
sible words." Page 178.

'"In England a fruit grower was surprised to
find that, in one corner of his garden, in which
were placed colonies of bees, the trees were
heavily laden with fruit, while those more remote
had set very sparingly. Then he called to mind
the circumstance of its being very dark and
foggy during the blooming of the trees, so that
the bees flew but a short distance from their
hives."

Of course if the fog and darkness were
such that bees could not find the way from
one tree to another throughout a garden they
would not come out at all. Moreover they
show no preference for flowers near the hive
over those 40 rods away — probably prefer a
moderate fly. How easy it is to attack wrong
statements when they are of no profit to us,
and yet cravenly take the advantage of mis-
conceptions when they happen to be in our
favor ! By the way Isn't the above yarn an
old customer that we have been dealing with
for the last 25 years ? Brethren, let us
straighten up.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

149

Bees were not carried to Tahiti, south Pa-
citic, till 1870. Thousands of colonies there
now.

And now the idea is pushed that we don't
need any bee escape at all, beyond a simple
orifice or tube.

" The cause that iuduced them to leave pre-
vents them from going back." William Halley,
Gleanings, 173.

Glad to see once more J. H. Nellis, the old
*'bo8s" after whom thou and I, friend Hutch-
inson, used to ride years ago. He brings
out the singular fact that although now bees
snowed under deep all winter are spoiled by
over breeding and loss of vigor, it didn't
use to be so previous to 1870. Gleanings,
172.

That accidental bee candy of Miss Wil-
son's that kept in perfect condition for more
than a year, may possibly prove a very val-
uable discovery — if they can find out why the
process that contemplated cake-frosting
turned out soft candy that would not dry.
Quite possibly the syrup underneath kept it
moist at first, until the egg, without spoil-
ing, took a changed character, seasoned and
impervious, which prevented loss of moist-
ure at last. I hear that eggs do not beat up
well the same day they are laid — so their vir-
tues are a varying quality. See Gleanings,
page 167.

Vogel in Germany says the workers and
not the queen are the reigning element in the
hive. Gleanings, page 1G9. I should say
jniblic sentiment reigns in a bee hive : and
so))tetimes the feelings of the queen count
more in forming public sentiment than the
votes of many hundred workers could do.

The Germans are also digging earnestly
into the facts in regard to the queen's sper-
matheca. Metzger finds, as might be ex-
pected, that the immense number of sperm
cells required are not all developed in the
beginning and kept on hand : but the devel-
opment of them goes on steadily during the
season of laying.

That scale record on page 103 of last Re-
view surprises me, and knocks one-half of
the appetite for cellar wintering out of me.
There must be something weak and rotten
in the system if bees are going to eat two
pounds a month in November and Decem-
ber. That is double the normal consump-
tion— weather being moderate. Kind o'
smell that they are in a strange place, and
prisoners, and worry a trifle about it, 'pears
like.
RiOHAKDS, Lucas Co., O. April 19, '93.

AD VE RTISEMENTS

WILL

SACRinCE^^

SUPPLIES. WRITE FOR LIST.

I also have "office helos " for sale. 3-93-tf

J NO. C. CAPE HART, St Albans. W. Va.

Please Mention the Reuiew.

BEE - KEEPERS'

SURRLY HOUSE

J. H. M COOK. 78 Barclay St., N. Y. City.

{SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING.)

4-93-tf Send for illustrated Catalogue.

Ac^<3er fi'trnnun the Reuiew.

Bee Hives and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Langstroth-Simplicity, Standard
Langstroth, Dovetailed and Champion Chaff
Hives, Supers, One-Piece Sections and Shipping
Cases. Foundation. Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16-page t'ircular.
1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH, New London, Wis.

Please mention the Review.

HAVING PURCHASED the en-

tire Block ana ousiiiec>s t)f v\ . D. Soper at Jackson
Mich., I am now prepared to furnish Apiarian
Supplies to all who liave usually purchased of
Mr. Soper, and to all others who wish Apia-
rian goods at the lowest prices. Orders tilled
promptly. Send for price list and circular.

E. H- TI^U^VIPEf?,
4-93-3t Bankers. Mich.

Please men' ion the Review.

Muth's ::

Ey EXTRACTOR

PERFECTION
Id-Blast Smokers,

Squzk^re 6I»^ss Hopey Jzirj, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to Chas. F. Muth & Son,
Cot. Freeman & Central Aves., Cincinnati, O.
Send lOc. for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepers.

1-93-tf. Please Mention the Reuiew.

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establishment in the world. First-
class Second-hand Instruments at half new prices.
Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Ma-
chines sold on monthly payments. Any instru-
ment manufactured shipped, privilege to examine.
EXCHANGING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER j 31 Broadway, New York.
HEADQUARTERS, i ^^ Monroe St., Chicago.

Please mention the Review.

150

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

^^sz.

This cut represents oar

("ombined Circolar and

Scroll Saw, which is the

best machine made for

Bee Keepers' nse in the
construction of their hives,
sections, boxes, etc.

11-92-16t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOR OATALOGU, PR 10S,5cyT0.,
Address W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rockford, Ills.

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send $l.uO
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
for his

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

Plea?" mention *he Reuieu).

Warranted Purely Mated.

Italian honey (lueens. They are very prolific
and tlieir workers cannot be excelled in gentle-
ness and industry. Nothing but the choicest
qiu^eus sent out ; try me and see. Send your
order at once Single queen, SO cts : 3 for $2.00 ;
6 for $4.t)U ; 12 for $7.75. Ready April :5()tli. l-9?-6t

M. H. DeWITT, Sang Run, Ml

Please mention the Reuiew.

TESTED
:f:i.oo

Qcaexeins

Liglit, large and prolific Italian queens reared
in .Jan 1892, by the most improved methods.
Orders filled by return mail.

J. W. K. 5HAW &■ CO.,
4-9+-7t Loreauville, La.

Please mention the Reuiew.

% Banded Queens

AND

I J^PExtne flaclei

^^^A SPECIALTY.

April May

One untested queen, $1.00 $1.00

Six " queens, 5.00 5.0O

One tested queen, 2.00 1.50

Three " queens 5.00 4.00

Select tested queen, 2.50 2.50

Two-frame nucleus with any queen fl.50 eacli,
extra. Three - frame nucleus with any queen
$2.25 each, extra. Safe arrival guaranteed.

w. J. €:i:,i:.ison.

3«93~3t Catehall, S. C.

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,

FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SE(^TION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWKY .JOHNSON,

l-9;5-tf. Masontown, Pa.

oo:m:b
FOUNDATION

AND SESTIOMS.

CA UTION .

Do not buy a thick, heavy base comb founda-
tion for use in your sections when you can get
14 to 16 square foot to the pound. .Also be sure
and buy your secfions where you can get a nice
box at a low price. Send me your address and I
will be pleased to send you a sample section, a
sample of the

THINEST COMB FOUNDATION MADE,

And prices at which tliey may be bought.

W. H. NORTON,

2-93-t4. Skowhegan, Me.

Please mention the Reuiew.

-4 THE PROGRESSIVE BEE- KEEPER V^

H.S.S Ctia-ngeci Ha-ncis. It is no^;v Pvitolislaeci Toy tlie

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

Hlgginsvllle, Missouri.

Money, Experience and Enterprise will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicatefi. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 28-page Catalogue of Apiarian Supplies.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

151

HILL'S SMOKER and FEEDER.

Smoker bums hard wood chips without spe-
cial preparation. Very reliable. Greatest
smoking capacity. Easiest to start. Cheapest
because it saves time. Price, $1.20. By mail,
81.40. Per dozen, $10.80.

Best Bee - Feeder. Most
convenient. Saves feed. No
daubing or drowning. Two
to seven feeders full may be
given a colony at one time
which will be stored in the
combs in ten hours. Price,
per pair, 30c.; by mail, 40 c;
per doz., $1.60. Has a sale of
2,000 per month. Address
A. G. HILL, Kendallville,
Indiana.

These smokers and feeders are kept in stock
by Thos. G. Newman & Son, ( 'hicago. 111
It. B. Lewis & Co,, Watertown. Wis.
W. H, Bright. Mazeppa, Minn.
Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Hancock (^o.. 111.

E. Kretchmer, Pied Oak, Iowa.

H. Mc Wilson & Co., 202 Market St.. St. L' uis, Mo.

F. H. Dunn. Yorkville, 111.

W. D. Soper&Co., Jackson, Mich.
Chas. A. Stockbridge, Ft. Waj-ne, Ind.
A. F. Fields, Wheaton, Ind.
W. S.BeLlows, Ladora. Iowa.
E. F. Quigley, Unif>nville, Mo.
Gregory Bros., Ottumwa, Iowa.
MiUer Bros.. Bluff ton Mo.

G. K. Hubbard. Ft. Wayne, Ind.

Theodore Bonder, 18 Fulton St., Canton, Ohio.
Muth and Son, Cincinnati, Oliio.
Levering Bros., Wiota, Cass Co., Iowa.

Please mention the Reuieuf

A II r r 11 n A large number of fine ones on
llllrrNn hand; yellow and prolific:
y U L L 11 Uj reads' April l-5th ; warranted
queens. $1 ; 6 for S4..")0 ; select
tested, yellow to the tips, suitable for breeders,
$2 each. Reference, A. I. Root 3-9.3 tf

W H. LAWS, Lavaca, Seb Co . Ark.

Pleas. ....:..... !■■ Reuiew.

DO NOT GIVE YOUR ORDER FOR SECTIONS
UNTIL YOU GET OUR PRICES ON THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTION

We are in better shape than ever to fill orders
promptly. Also,

DOVETAILED HIVES. ------

- - - FOUNDATION, SMOKERS, Etc.

i^~ Write for Price List. =.^1

J. FOI^NCf^OOK <St CO.

BINGHAM PERFECT

BEE SMOKER

I'atd 1878. 1882, & 1802.

Hicapest & Best on Earth.

Sond Card for Circular to

Biiighjiiii & Hetherington

ABKOXIA, MICH.

Sections Still Lower!

8-to-tlie-foot, one-piece, white poplar, and
7 '• " " and I'g, one-piece basswood,
all 4'.i X 4^4 square. Sample of either and price
list free- Satisfaction and good measure guar-
anteed. O. H. TOWNSEND,
4-93-tf Alamo, Kal., Co.; Mich.

Reference: EDITOR REVIEW.

SSBiplueCat-

ALOfiUE FOR" 1893? Seventy illustrated
pages. Sent FREE to any bee-keeiier. BEE-
SUPPLIES, at retail and wholesale. Every-
thing used in the apiary. Greatest variety and
largest stock in the West
1-9.3-tf. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa.

HIVES.

DOV ETA I L.E D

Frames, Sections, Honey

Crates, Foundation and Apiarian Supplies of

all kinds. Catalogue free.

E. L. KINCAIS, Walker, Mo.

Names of Bee - Keepers.

TYPE WRITTEN.

W.\TERTowN, Wis., Jan. 1, 1893.

t'leaae mention tii*' Reuiew

1-93-tf.

g
g
a
m

The names of my customers, and of those ask-
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) .
and, although this list lias been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2..'i0
per KMJO, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using tlie manifold process, I can furnish them
at 82.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

152

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

fion-'SuaSiPminQ

SYSTEIW.

i'liis is the first perfect and prac-
tical NON - SWARMING plan that has over
been brought to completion.

"If we can entirely prevent swarming, and
keep all tlie bees at home storing lioncy all the
season, we shall get enormous crops frt)m a sin-
gle hive " (A B (' of Bee Culture, 1891, page 289.)

Remember, 1 worked this plan on 1()0 colonies
last season, and my average yield, per colony, of
ct>mb lioney, was tiO lbs., increase M percent;
hence it will be seen that I am not talking at
random in making the following statements, as
each point has been fully tested and tried.

Ill Two light colonies that would do but little
in the sections if worked separately, do excellent
work by running the field force of both into the
same set of supers. (More honey, j

1 2) No bait combs are needed, as the bees can
be crowded into the sections without tlieir
swarming. (No coaxing.)

(3) The honey will be finished in better condi-
tion, that is, witli less travel-stain on the honey
or propolis on the sections, because the union of
the field forces completes the work in less time.
(More sliekels. i

1 4) There will be fewer unfinished sections at
the en(l of the honey harvest, for the reason
just mentioned. (Less waste.)

(5) Crowding the supers with bees induces
them to begin and finish all the sections in eacli
case at about the same time, thus permitting the
removal of the case with no unfinished sections
in it, instead of being obliged to take the sec-
tions out as fast as finished to keep them clean.
(Saves time.)

(i5i Drones will be fewer in numbers, as tliey
are killed off in the closed hive while the bees of
the other are storing honey rapidly. ( More honey)

(7 1 There is no hunting or caging of queens,
no cutting out of queen cells nor manipulation
of brood combs, and no MOVING or LIFTING
of hives or even the opening of brood chambers
during the honey season. iSaves your muscle.)

|8) With eveythmg in readiness, one man can
get a crop of lioney from 20O colonies with only
one day's work each week, i Lowers cost of pro-
duction.)

(9) All the vexatious watching for swarms and
the labor and time involved in securing them
are done away with. I Less cost and loss of tem-
per. )

1 10) Combining tlie field forces gives better
comb building facilities in the supers on account
of econonuzing the heat during cool nights.
(More honey. I

111) For this reason more honey will be stored
in the sections without resorting to contraction
of the brood nest. (More honey. I

1 12 1 A larger field force leaves the hives than
if thev had full possession of bolh brooil cham-
bers.'(MORE HON FY.)

Dii:ii All bees old enough to go to the field are
not discouraged or hindered in the least. iMORK
HONEY.) , . ,

I 111 Artificial swarms and nuclei can be more
easily made, as combs of bees and brood can be
takeii from the closed hive in which the queen
can l)e found very (iiiickly. i Easy increase, i

In fact, to the man who is willing to keep his
eyes open and attend to things at the proper
time (no slipshod beekeeper need apply), this
system offers a new era in bee - keeping, and he

who does not make use of if in these days of low
prices will not '' keep up wi(h the procession."
You cannot afford to let the opportunity pass
without giving the plan a trial. Letters patent
have been gianteci in Canada, and have been ap-
I)lied for in the U. S. and foreign countries. The
device will be put on the market within the reach
of all, and, if your dealer is not yet ready to sup-
ply them, they may be ordered of me at tlie fol-
lowing prices :

Complete, by freight or express, 75 cts. each ;
$f,.W for ten, or $40.0(1 for KM). By mail, 35 cts.
extra for each.

Notice that f)ne device works two hives, hence,
when ten are i)urchased at one time, the cost is
only 25 cents per hive None genuine that do not
bear my stain !>. Circulars free. Send for one.
H. P. L.ANGDON,

East Constable, N.Y.

Please mention the Review,

HIVES

Twenty of Root's Dovetailed Hives,
all made up and furnished with six sec-
tion holders and eight brood frames,
only 90 cts. each. Twenty of Root's
story and a half, chaff liives, made up
and furnished with eight brood frames,
and a case to hold twenty sections, only
$1.2.') each. ( Regular price, ll.T."). )
Twenty chaff hives with one movable
side, and furnished with nine brood
frames and a case holding six section
holders, only .f l.-W each. ( Regular price
$2.00.) I also have fifty colonies of

BEES

For sale. They are in eight and ten
(L.) frame story and a half hives. Colonies
in ten-frame hives, $4.(X) each ; in eighth
frame, only $3.50 If five or more are taken
at one time, a five cent discount will be
given. Bees are in good ccmdition and hives
new. A discount of ten per cent will also be
given on section holders, brood frames and
shipping cases until May Is*. 12-92-12t

I. M. KINZIE, Rochester, Mien.

Please mention the Review.

Illnstrateil Advertlseients Attract Attention.

cuts Furulslied for all illastratlng Purposes.

Please mention the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

153

FLORIDA.

Leather- Back, Italian

500 vou.c QUEENS

Ready for delivery April 20th to May 10th. $10
per dozen ; special prices on three dozen or more.
Safe arrival guaranteed. The 300 queens men-
tioned in last advertisement are all sold .
A. F.BROWN,
1-93-tf New Smyrna, Box 16, Fla.

Dadant's Comb Foundation.

Wholesale and Retail. Even our competitors
acknowledge that onr goods are the Standard
of tlieir kind. Langstrotli on the Honey
Bee, Revised. New edition. Bee Veils;
and veil material at wholesale. Bee Supplies,
Sections, Smokers, etc Samples of Founda-
tion and veil stuff with circular free. Instruc-
tions to beginners Send your address to

GH&S.DAD&NT& SON, Hamilton, Ills.

4-93-l2t Pleasp mention the Reuiew,

I

Second Hand c

c
©

F %^ Supplies. I

the

second
hand supplies that
1 tiave been advertis- 9^
ing in the Review, the
following remain unsold :

100 old-style, Heddon surplus
cases at 20 cts. (as a non-separatored
case, they have no superior) ; 25 slatted
doney boards at 10 cts. : 20 Heddon feeders
at 40 cts. ; 2.5 Alley queen and drone traps
at 2.5 cts., and half a dozen single - comb
nuclei for exhibiting bees at fairs. They
have glass sides, removable covers and are
painted a bright vermillion. They cost
)«;2.00 each, but will be sold at half - price.
All these are practically as good as new.

I also have 2,000 new, four - piece, white
poplar sections at ifS.OO.

GrGdt R6dUCtiOD. ' W.^JUTCHlNSONJllnlMicliipil.

SECTIONS AT GREATLY REDUCED

PRICES.
HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, &c., AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.

WRITE FOR FREE. ILLUSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, W'is.

7 93-tf. Phase mention the Review.

JBGG Hives, ta'ife^d^ nailed

up all r o m ■
plete for comb honey, only SI •!(». An Italian
Queen free on a SUMK^' order All supplies
<-.,eap. A. F. McADAMS,

r)-33-tf V uiumbus Grove, Ohio.

Bee Literature

For
Sale.

GLEANINGS— Vols. .•<-9-10-ll-12-16 boun.i in
'•red goat " Vols. 17 IS- 1 9-20 unbound.

AM. BEE .JOURNAL-Vols. 22 23 24 bound in
black leather, and Vols. 2.5-26-27 and 28 unbound.

APICULTURIST— Vols. 1 to 7, inclusive, un-
bound.

GUIDE Vol. 12. unbound.

Each of the following lack one or two num-
bers of being complete.

ADVANCE— Vols. 17 and IS.

CANADIAN B. .J.-Vol. for 18SS.

BRITISH B. .1. -Vols, for 1888 1890 and 1891.

CAN. HONEY PRODUCER-Vols. for 1887-
1888 and 1889. Also odd numbers of all the
above journals.

Hf>w_ much am I offered for any or all of the
above ?

ARTHUR C, MILLER,

Box 575. Providence, R. I.

thev

Hastings' Lightning Ventilated Bee Escape.

~~ — Oherbv Vallev, N. Y.. March iO. 'ftJt.

*'l shall take pli?a^ure in reconimendiog them
as the best I have ever ii^ed.

Truly yours, J. E. HETHERINGTON.
"We believe you have an Escape that 'downs'
the PorhT."

T. PHILLIP & CO., Orillia. Ont.. Canada.
"Your Kscapte knocks out all competitors."

A. J. LFN'DLKY. Jordan. Ind.

**They did not clog, and cleared the supers

rapidly. Tnfactitis the best Escape I have

A trial you yet usfd, I cannot speak too highly of it. and

j consider it a great boon to bee-keepers."
ion. ^*. K. CLARK, (Jriskanv. N. Y.

RICULTir.AL r

nl.l.EGE

M

.■h. Sent

n, ■9-.'.

lave
inrt

tin

•rt the
i them

-iu'luni

1?
Iv

thp <..|ua

pvs j-ou
1 of th.

r. a

1.1

ih.-ir s

iperi.ir

ti)

th" ^.■a^

on thai

till

■Ml

II V a -v,
-l"ciri]

(K.T more rapidlv.

ly, J. H. LARRABEE.

Ohio.

'•It is ouropini' n that you hav.' th
Escape everiiitrtidiice I."

A. I. ROOT. Mid
HoNOLKi.i;, Hawaiian r^lari.is. April 2.5. 'UJ.
"Plea'iescnil III.- Ill- return ni:iil 5 Liihtniir-
V.'niilatirt Bet E-i-ai'i-^. I have the Porter.aml
the Dihhi-rn an.1 Ih.y hi.lh clns.'

Yours, truly, JOHN KAKXSWORTH.

Price, ty mail, each, 20c. per doz. J2.25.

"IT I.F.AnS THFH ALL."
Read Tevtimonlals of a few ^uceessful

Send fur Sample anil afte

M. E. HASTINGS, NEW YORK MILLS, ONEIDA CO.,N.Y.

154

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

pREE TO ALL. Jl

SAMPLE COPIES EITHER OF THE

C^i7A<liAn Bc«? Journal

OK

Cziozvclizir) Poultry Journal,

Or both, will bo sent FREE to applicants who

(losire tliom, upon receipt of their nainee

and addresses.

These papers are both of thorn edited and ar-
ranged by practical men. admittedly the most
experienced in their particular lines to be found
on the continent, and tlie Journals mav there-
fore h(> regarded as authoritative upon the sever-
al subjects of which they treat.

Address BEETON PUBLISHING CO.,
Beeton, Ontario.

Early Queens From Texas,

From my choice golden st^ck. My bees are
very frentle, good workers, and beautiful. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. One un-
tested queen, April and May, $1.0(1; six for $5.(10;
later. 75c. Orders booked now; nionev sent
when queens are wanted. Send for price list.
J. D. (ilVENS,

Lisbon. Texas.

l-93-9t.

PIfase mention the Review.

PATENT. WIRED, COMB FOUNDATION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

THIN, FLAT BOTTOM FOUNDATION

Has No Fish Bone in Surplus Honey.

Being the cleanest is usually worked

the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

(sole MANUFA0TUHEB8),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook,Mont.Co.,N.¥

Golden Italians.

My bees are large and great honey gatherers.
1 untested queen, 80 cts. ; 3 for $:i()0. 1 warran-
ted queen, $1.00; 3 for $2. .50. I tested queen,
$2.00; selected, tested, $2..50. Satisfaction guar-
anteed or money refunded. 4-93-tf

C. IVI. HICKS, Hieksville, JVId.

FREE QIJEEN-

Send for circular giving particulars, telling
how to introduce queens and giving the
price of hive protectors and nucleus col's.

2-93-4t J. F. MICHAEL, German, Darke Co., Ohio

Ta-lse IsTotice !

If you are looking for the bees that give the
most pront, and are the most gentle, try the

Ai:,Bino.

I can also furnish the golden Italian, but my
preference is the Albino. Senfl for circular and
price list and see what others say of them and
how cheaply 1 sell them. 1 also manufacture
and deal in Hives, Sections, Fonnda>
tion. Extractors H.I.I ..Hiei apiaucin sup-
plies 5>. Valentine,

;?-93-2t llagerstown, Md.

JVrichigan See-K^^P^^s,

You will consult your own interest, by sending
for my catalogue and price-list of Root's Sup-
plies. Beeswax and white extracted honey want-
ed.

CLARK Pi. A\OrtTAGUE,
4-93 3t Archie, Grand Traverse Co, Mich.

As meutioned in the last Review, my
bees have wintered well. They are now
on their summer stands, most of them
being packed in sawdust. They will be fed if necessary and every attention
given necessary to keep them in the best possible condition. I have more bees
than I can manage in connection with the Review, and I should be glad to
sell part of them. They are in the New Heddon hive, but purchasers not hav-
ing the right to use this hive will be furnished free with a permit from Mr.
Heddon. I will sell one colony for ,$(;.(X); ."> for ■$28.r>(): 10 or more at $r>M) each.
With each colony will be sent a bottom board, cover and one section case.
The bees are all pure Italians and the queens of last year's rearing. Ship-
ments will be made immedialely at the clo>e of fruit bloom when the weather
will be neither too cold nor too hot and there will be a supply of freshly-gath-
ered honey from which the bees can sujiply themselves with water while on
their journey.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

^ ^ ^;^ ^
?#^^^^>

The "K. D." Non - Swarming, Reversible Hive.

No. 1 is a reverpible bottom board and feed-
er. Deep side up for winter and feeding. No.
2 is the brood cliamber. It takes a closed-
end standing frame 9x17. The bee spaces are
in the bottom board and honey board. B<.th
aides and ends are compressed upon be
frames by the nuts and rodt* When releused
for manipulation, the frames rtst upon the
bottom board rim ends. The chamber is re-
versible,

The H lighting board (.5) is a part of and at-
tached to the honey board i i i while the m-
trances (8 &nd9^ lead respectively imder and
above the houey board. The queen tra.. i6i
covers the brood chamber entrance. No. 10
is the super, held together by the rods— neitli
er super nor brood chamber are nailed at the
corners— and both sides and ends conipn ssed
upon the sections. By compression :ind
spurs, the super sides and s-paratorn sup-
port the sections perfectly, without T's,
slats, followers, or wedges. The 8 and 10
frame hive supers take respectively 2 and 3
wparators and 24 and 32, I's wide sections.
They may be full separatored by adding
plain wood or till sepaiatore, or by spur
tieparators. For ext/acting, the super takes
8, I'a inch thick frames in place of the sec-
tions Nos. 12 and 13 are the inner and outer
covers.

The two- colony, non swarming, combination
brood chambers (B and C cut No. 2) each con-
tain a colony of bees. K is tlie separating board
dividing the colonies. J is the alternator that
passes the bees out from the lower hive and re-
turns them to the upper, thus working two col-
onies in one set of supers. To prevent swarming
both colonies are reversed en masse once a week
in the swarming Sr-ason. The hives are clamped
together by the appliance M, elevated by the
hoister (Ll and revolved as a wheel on its axis.
Thus, once a week the queen cells are upset
and the bees alternated. The clamp and hoist-
ing appliance for reversing, costs $2.00.

Send 20c. and get our illustrated pamphlet
giving detailed description, method of manage-
ment, and much valuable information. The
pamphlet free to purchasers of hives.

The hive goes out nailed and painted but " K.
D." at following prices, F, O B.. Brood frame
starters are included, but no sections :

Eight Ten
ONE suPEK WITH EACH HIVE. frame, frame.

A single hive as in cut 1 $2 .iO $2 75

Same with plain bott'^mand cover 2 1.5 3 40

Two colony non-swarming hive.. . 3 80 4 15

Same with plain bottom and cover 3 40 3 80

HIVE PARTS.

Combined bottom and feeder 35 40

Plain bottom... 20 25

Brood chamber, including frames, 70 80

Brood frame f 'd'n starters 10 10

Honey board and queen trap .... 45 50

Super with spur separators ... M) 50

Inside cover 10 10

Outside cover 30 35

Separating board, equalizers and

alternators .50 .50

Plain Cover 20 .25

Shallow extracting, frames. 1% in.

wide, per set 12 15

.Vddress

AIKIN BROTHERS & KNIGHT,

Ijoveland, Colorado.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

^'Falcon'' Sections

Better than z^rjy.
Cbeap a? njaoy.

Our No, 1 Sections

Equz^l to niaoy*
Q\)Zi^p^r tbz^p any.
/\ny Size. Mny Quantity.

Pii Any Tin7«.

Also, all styles HIVE5 ao<l BEE-
FIXTURES Gbeap. yscw cata-
logue an<J price list free. Sarpples
of Falcon Sections for 2c. stan7p.

W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co.,

JAMESTOWN. N. Y.

Golden,

5-B2indcd,

MzWZiT) Queens

My Bees are the beet honey gatherers there
are in the country, while for Golden Beauty
they cannot be excelled in the world.

Warranted Queens, 75 cents each.

Tested. $1.00 each.

Breeding Queens. $2.50 to $3.00.

Ten percent discount on orders for five or more
queens. Satisfaction guaranteed. Make money
orders payable at ("aldwell, Texas. Address

C. B. BANKSTON, Chrisman, Texas.

2.93-tf

Please mention the Review.

GRAY CARNIOLANS
GOLDEN ITALIANS.

Bred from pure mothers tind by the best known
methods. Send for price list. 4-93-tf

For ("arniolans to I For Italians to

JOHN ANDREWS, L. E. BDRNHAM,

I'atten's Mills, N. Y. | Vaughns, N. Y.

GEO.

BIG OFFER.

To any person sending
me his order for ten

CHAFF HIVES

in April or May I will
mail one of J. F. Mich-
(aelV (Tolden Queens in
June, Write for price
list, sent free. 4-93-lt
H. KIRKPATRICK, UNION CiTY. IND
Please mention the Heview.

I TELL you what. Jones, Ley-

-jk ering Bros. »ell the beet goods

^ and at the lowest prices of any

\ one I've struck yet. The lar-

' ^gest and best equipped

Bee- Hive Factory

In the West. The Dovetailed
Hive and New Hoffman self-
spacing frame a specialty.
Everything used by practical
bee-keepers by wholesale and re-
tail. Send for their free Illus-
trated Price- List, and save money. Supply Deal-
ers, send for their Wholesale List. Address,

LEVERING BROS..
2-9:}-6. WIOT.V, Cass Co.. Iowa.

Gorrjb Leveler.

Sections full of comb kept over from last year,
when used to induce the bees to begin work in
the supers, are worth nearly as much as sections
filled with honey. The only otgection to their
use is that the comb is often uneven and gives
the honey a rough appearance. By the use of
Taylor's Handy ('omb Leveler the combs can be
brought to a level as rapidly as the sections can
be handled, and the comb of lioney, when fin-
ished, will liave all the fine appearance of that
produced with fresh foundation. Price of the
leveler (except the wooden box in whicli to set
the lamp) (K) cts. by mail. Box and all, $1.10
by mail ; by express, $1.00.

B. T/VYLOR, Forestville, A\ion.

"GoWen" -^^ Florida.

My locat ion enables me to rear good queens
N O W as cheaply as they can be reared in the
North at anytime. Untested queens, 75 cts.
each ; 6 for $4.U0; one dozen, 87.50. Last year's
tested queen, S1.25; select, 81.75 ; breeder, (2. 50.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. U-92-tf

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

Pleat* mention the Reuleu).

JUNE, 1893.

At Fliqt, Micl^igaq.— Oqe Dollar a Year.

158

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ADVEt^TISlHC f^ATES.

All adTertisementa wiU be inserted at the rate
of If) cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch.
Disconnts will be given as follows :

Oil 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On HO lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing liist.

1 will send the Review with—

ttleanings m.OO)

American Bee Journal. . . . ( l.OO)

Canadian Bee Journal . . ( 1.00)

American Bee Keeper . ( ..lO)

Progressive Bee Keeper... ( .50)... .

Bee Keepers' Guide ( ..50)

A picnlturist ( .75)

Bee- Keepers' Magazine . . . ( .50)

.$1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.40.

. 130.

. 1.40.

. 1.65.

. 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, (juotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— \11 sections to be well filled; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides; botti wood and combunsoiled
by travel-sstain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white,"
"No. 1 dark,"' etc.

CHICAGO lU.— The bulk of the offerings in
comb honey now consist in dark lots that are
difficult to sell. Pare beeswax is in good de-
mand. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 18;
No. 1 white, 15 to 16; fancy amber, VlUtV.i\ No.
1 amber, 10; fancy dark. 12: beeswax, 23 to 25

R. A. burnh:tt& (^O.,

May 25. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

CHIC.\(iO, 111.— The honey season is practi-
cally over for the year. Tlie cold spring has been
the cause of working ofiF what honey has been
shipped to this market. There will bo a clean
market to work on by tlietime new honey ar-
rives, and we anticipate quick sales with good
prices. We quote as follows : Fancy white, 15
to 16; No. 1 white 14; fancy amber, 1?; fancy
dark, 10 ; beeswax, 22 to 25.

J. A. LAMON.

May 25. 44 &48 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

CINCINNATI, Ohio.— There is no clioice comb
honey on tlie market. A fair article brings 14 to
16 in a jobbing way. The demand is good for
extracted at from 6 to 8 cts. There is a good de-
mand for choice yellow wax at from 'li to 27 cts.
CHAS. F. MUTH&SON..

April 1. Cincinnati, Ohio.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn. - There is a good suy-
lily on hand but it is mostly dark. This stock is
slow, but what little white there is onthe market
moves readily. We quote fancy white, 17 to 18;
two pound combs, 16 to 17 ; buckwheat, 15 to 16;
extracted honey, 10 to 11.

J. SHEA & CO .
Feb. 13. 14 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.

BUFFALO. N. Y.— Honey market is very quiet
and stock light. A limited amount of fiincy
could be handled to good advantage, but the
commoner grades are hard to move. Beeswax
is wanted and would sell well. We quote as fol
lows : Fancy white. 17 to 18; No. 1 white, 15 to
16; fancy dark, 8 to 10; No. 1 dark, 6 to 7 ; bees-
wax, 25 to 30.

BATTERSON & CO ,

May 25. 167 & 169 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

KANSAS CITY, Mo.— The demand for extract-
ed honey is good and the supply light The sup-
ply of comb honey is fair aLd the demand the
same. Shipments of No. 1 would meet with very
ready sale. We quote as follows: No. 1 white,
16 to 17 ; fancy amber, 15 to 16; No. 1 amber 13
to 14 ; fancy dark, 12 to 1.1 ; No. 1 dark, 10 to 11 ;
white extracted. 6!4 to 7; dark extracted, 5 to 6 ;

beeswax, 22 to 25,

CLEMONS-MASON CO.,

Mar. 6. 521 Walnut St., Kansas City Mo.

NEW YORK.— The market is bare of coinl.
honey. Fancy white could be sold at 14 to ir> ;
fancy amber at 12 ; and dark at 10. The market
is quiet on extracted and no movement. Large
lots of West India and Mexican are arriving and
the market is well supplied. This class of hoii
ey sells at from 65 to 75 cts. per gallon. Becswa
is quiet but firm at from 27 to 29.

HILDRETH BROS. & SEGELKEN,

April 3. 28 & 30 West Broadway New York.

Queens reared from the above, .^0.00 a doz.
PERCY COVINGTON, Appleton, Md. J

Please mention the Reuieui. '■'

Illustrated AdyertlsemeDts Attract Attention.

Cats FarDlsM for all illastrattng Purposes.

Please mention the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

159

THE LOSS OF OHE

Queen in introducing" means a loss greater than the cost
of a copy of "Advanced Bee Culture," which has
one entire chapter devoted to " The Introduction of
Queens." It shows when the cause of failure lies with
the colony, when with the queen, and points out the
conditions necessary to success. Althoug-h one infalli-
ble method is g-iven, but little attention is g-iven to
the setting" forth of exact rules and methods, the sub-
ject being" treated with a view to teaching- principles
that may be followed to success.

Price of the book, 50 cts. ; the Review one year and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HOTCHlNSOfl, Flint, Mich.

:©
®

'©)

WHITE POPLAR

SECTIONS.

We have New Steam Power, and New Build-
ings, and are now ready to furnish White Pop-
lar Sections, ('lamps. Crates and Wood Sides at
short notice. Workmanship, Quality and Price
unsurpassed. Send for sample and price list.

PRIME & GOVE,
1-90-tf Bristol, Verinont.

•ITALIAN Qi,^»i«Br,p^ SPECIALTY.

•CLOVER SEEDS'Vi'^NS AND BEt^,^.-^ BUCKWHEAT

-t?" Sample OF OUR bee journalThe WESTERN t
BEEKEEPER ALso Our CATALOGUE
JOS.NYSEWANDER. DesMoines,Iowa.

2-93-tf Please mention the Keview.

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OP BEE HIVES, SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

193-12t. RIVER PALLS, WIS.

MAKE MONEY

While You Sleep.

STAHL'S

EXCELSIOR

FRUITDRIER

Evaporate? Fruit DAY

and NIGHT. Catalogue

free upon application.

Aildress

WILLIAM STAHL

EVAPORATOR COMP'Y,

QUmCY. ILL.

160

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Interesting Monthly for

The Family and Fireside

Welcome In every Home.

I^nrgrePremlumii forClabs.

Sample Copy sent Free.

Thomas G. Newman,

147 Southwestern Ave.,
CHICJL60, - - IUL8.

lieathep Colored

HONEY QUEENS, from Imported Mother, war-
ranted purely mated, after June 10th, at $1.()0
each ; six at one time, $5,00. Untested queens,

75c. each. Address

C. A. BUNCH,

l-93-7t. Nye, Marshall Co., Ind.

Please mention the Reuiew.

Dadant's Gomb Foundation.

Wholesale and Retail. Even our competitors
acknowledge that our goods are the Standard
of their kind. Langstroth on the Honey
Bee, Revised, New edition. Bee Veils;
and veil material at wholesale. Bee Supplies,
Sections, Smokers, etc Samples of Founda-
tion and veil stuff with circular free. Instruc-
tions to beginners. Send your address to

GH&S. DADANT & SON, Hamilton, Ills.

4 -93-121 Please mention the Reuiem,

IMPORTAIMT^^

^<^^TO BEE-KEEPERS I

To make a success of 1>ee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gaine<l a good name on
their own merits. ThoBo wiio have tpsted them
with other bees say "they are the best honey
gatherers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as buttertiies, lieautifiil to look at, are the largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

FIVE-fiAflDED WOI^KHt^S

In March, April and May, $1.25 each, 6 for $fi.nO;
.June, $1 (Kteach, 6 for $5.(K); .July to Nov., $1.00
each, 6 for $4..50. Special prices on large orders.
For fuU particulars send for descriptive circular.
12-92-tf C. D- DUVALL.

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

Please mention the Review.

FREE QUEEN-

Send for circular giving particulars, telling
how to introduce queens and giving tlie
price of hive protectors and nucleus col's.

2-93-4t J, F. MICHAEL, German. Darke Co., Ohio

Bee .Hives^

Root's Dove-
tailed, nailed
up all fTom-
plote for comb honey, only $1 00. An Italian
Queen free on a $1().0(J order All supplies
Cheap. A. F. McADAMS,

5-33-tf V oiambu.-^ lirove, Ohio.

Langdon's Non • Swarming Attachment. (Patent Allowed.) "You Push ihe Slide;
Nature Does the Rest." If Your Dealer Does not Keep Them, Send for Circular to H. P,
LANODON, East Constable, New York,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

161

Great Reduction.

SECTIONS AT GREATLY REDUCED

PRICES.
HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, &c., AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.

WRITE FOR FREE, ILLUSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

7-93-tf. Please mention the Reuiem.

HAVING PURCHASED the en-

tirebLock auu ousiue^sui »\.D.Sopei atJackson
Mich.._ I am now prepared to furnish Apiarian
Sapplies to all who have usually purchased of
Mr. Soper, and to all others who wish Apia-
rian goods at the lowest prices. Orders filled
promptly. Send for price list and circular.

E. H- TRUMPET,
4-93-3t Bankers, Mich.

Please men'ion the Revieiv.

Muth's :::^

lEY EXTRACTOR

PERFECTION
■Blast Smokers,
S^uzire 6l2iss Hooey J'zirj, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to Chas. F. Muth & Son,
Cor. Freeman & Central Aves., Cincinnati, O.
Send lOoa for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepers.

1-93-tf, Please Mention the Review.

— If you are going to —

BxJy a ^\}ZZ - SA\S^,

write to the editor of the Review. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
make you happy by telling you the price at
which he would sell it.

Foundation Reduced.

Deduct three cents p«r pound from prices
given in my Illustrated Price List for 1893.

M. H HUNT, Bell Branch Mioh.

Second Hzind I

the
second

Supplies, f

hand supplies that ^5u
I have been advertis- 3U
ing in the Review, the ®>
following remain unsold : —

100 old-style, Heddon surplus
cases at 20 cts. (as a non-separatored
case, they have no superior) ; 2,5 slatted
honey boards at 10 cts. ; 20 Heddon feeders
at 40 cts. ; 25 Alley queen and drone traps
at 2.5 cts., and half a dozen single -comb
nuclei for exhibiting bees at fairs. They
have glass sides, removable covers and are
painted a bright vermillion. They cost
$2.00 each, but will be sold at half - price.
All these are practically as good as new.

I also have 2,000 new, four - piece, white
poplar sections at .^3.00.

W. I. HUTCHINSON, Flint, MlcHian.

ITALIAM QUEEM5

Bred for Business, Gentleness and Beauty. Un-
tested, 80c, each; three for $2.2.t ; six for $4.00;
12 for $7.50. Tested. SI. 25 Select tested, yeUow
to the tip, breeder, $1.50. Will commence ship-
ping April 15th. On all orders received before
March 1st, accompanied by tlie cash, 10 per cent,
discount. Safe arrival guaranteed.

G. E. DAWSON,
l-9312t. Carlisle, Sonoke Co., Ark.

Please mention the Review.

BEE - KEEPERS'

SURRLY HOUSE

J. H. M COOK. 78 Barclay St . N. Y. City.

{SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING.)

4-93-tf Send for illusfrated Catalogue

Hastings' Lightning Ventilated Bee Escape.

-■ ~ - — Cherry Valley, N. T.. March 20, '93.

Agkicultckal College, Mich, Seot. 17, '92

"I have used the Lightning Bee Escapes you

seot and find them certainly the equal of the

Porter, and their superior for the reason that

they will enaptv a super more rapidK."

Yours respectfully, J. H. LAEE.\BEE.
**It is our opinion that you have the best Bee
Escape ever introduced."

A. I. ROOT, Medina. Ohio.

HoNOLCHj, Hawaiian Islands, April 2.5, '92.

"Ple.%se send nie liv return mail 5 LijhminK

Ventilated Bee Ksraf.cs. I have the Porter, and

tb« Dihhern and they hoth clog."

Yours truly, JOHN FAENSWORTH,

Price, by mail, eacb, 20e. per doz. $2.25.

"IT LEADS THKfl ALL."
Read Testimonials of a few successftil

Bpo-kpi'per^.
Send for Sample and afler a trial you

will use no other.
('a*alo&:ue sent on nppliratinn.

*'l shall take pleasure in recommending them
as the best I have ever used.

Truly yours, J, E. HETHERINGTON.
"We believe you have an Escape that 'downs'
the Porter."

T. PHILLIP & CO., Orillia, Ont., Canada.
"Your Escape knocks out all competitors."

A. J. LI.VDLEY. Jordan. Ind.

"They did not clog, and cleared the supers

rapidly. In fact it is the best Escape I have

yet used. I cannot speak too highly of it. and

consider it a great boon to bee-keepers."

W. E. CLARK, Oriskany, N. Y.

M. E. HASTINGS, HEW YORK MILLS, ONEIDA CO., N.Y.

162

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

New Creipe SrnoKer Now Ree^dy.

5rnoKin5[ CzvpevcJty evpd

5tr^05tb of Blzvst

5inr)ply Aro2vzinsi.

TJ7« rt«w, TSon-SrpoKe-SucKins Cb«cK-
Vz^Ive, by which a Kreat blast in secured and the
bellows kept clean, and the Double Lininj; of
Asbestos, aio<I Sb?«t-Stcel, by which the fire-
cup and nozzle are kept from becoming uncomfortably
hot during usage, are DlSTl/HCTlVE and VALU-
ABLE features alone possessed by the new imple-
ment. It would be impossible to tell all of its unique
features, and so we say, try it and fall in love with it.
Price, with a S'i-inch fire cup and curved nozzle, by mail, S2.00; by expres, $1.75. If your
nearest dealer in supplies does not keep it, write to the authorized manufacturer,

A. I. ROOT, A\cdin2v, Ohio.

n. B. Don't forget tba^t -we. arc be2k<I<juarters for All Kin<ls of bee - Keeper?'
supplies. Our n^xv 1893 catalogue of 52 pages no-w rea<ly for roailing.

Free ! 200-Page Bee-Book !

TO EVERY NEW YEARLY SUBSCRIBER TO

The Weekly American Bee Journal

32 pages. $1.00 a year. Send for free Sample Copy with full description of Book.
\ddress, GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 56 Fifth Ave., CHICAGO, ILL

To New Siitecriliers: The Journal Alone Sent for Tliree Monttis for 20 Cents.

»yoooooee<

PORTER Bee escRpes

Are ased and pronounced the
best, and highly recommended
as great labor-saving implements by Chae. Dadant & Son, Prof A. J. Cocik, ('has. F. Muth,
Jno. 8. Reese, .7. H. Martin, .Tno. Andrews, F. A. Gemmill, Wm. McEvoy, A F. Brown,
Thop. Pierce, and many <)thi>r i)rominent bee-keepers. Descriptive circular and testimo-
nials mailed free. PRICES: each, postpaid, with directions, 20 cts. ; per doz.. 92.25.

2 rW£M AND GfcT YOU MONEY BACH AfTE TIAL, IF SOT SATISflED. For sale by dealers.

9 MENTION THE REVIEW. Address R. &. E. C. PORTER, LewiSTOWN, ILL. 6

ee-

\eepeps' jHev'ieCu.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Iqterests of Hoqey Producers.

$L00 A YEAR.

W. Z.HUTCHINSOJ*. Editof & PPOp.

VOL, VI. FLINT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 10. 1893. NO. 6.

rrxi>/L^i-tir tofics.

No. 5.

B. L. TAYLOB.

"A little house (brood nest) well filled."

¥E have now
almost ar-
rived at the very
summit of the
year. The fields
are already white-
ning to the har-
vest, the point for
which our labors
for many months
past have been
preparing. Happy
is he who has not
to say : The laborers are few ! But on ac-
count of the untoward character of the sea-
son, many will not have this blessedness, for
most colonies have not arrived at the swarm-
ing stage and strength. However, by prompt
energy, there may still be time to retrieve
the situation. To accomplish this there are
two principal points to which I now direct
especial attention : First, to increase the
amount of the brood to the utmost, up to
the point of time beyond which eggs laid by
the queen will be of little benefit except so
far as they may be necessary to keep up the
life of the colony, and, secondly, at that time
to have the brood confined in as small a
space as possible. In this locality the best
seasons of honey gathering last till about
the first of August. An easy calculation

makes it safe to say that any extension of the
brood nest after the 2.5th of June would prove
unprofitable ; before that, extension may
yield a profit. Before that time I secure all
the brood possible. To begin with, the
usual warm weather of June is favorable ;
then I make certain that stores are plentiful
and that room is given when necessary. I
strengthen a weak colony with brood some-
times when safe and there is no danger of
spreading disease. At this time of the year,
if there should be a dearth or a period of
bad weather, a little judicious feeding helps
mightily. Often both the spreading of brood
and feeding may be well done by inserting
in the brood nest an uncapped comb of hon-
ey. But judgement must be exercised both
in what is done and when it is done as well
as in the amount of time expended. One
must weigh his time against the possible ad-
vantage of gain in surplus. There is a limit
to the amount of labor that can be profitably
employed in this manner. There must be a
margin greater or narrower according to the
value one puts on his time.

Then, secondly, it is hardly less important
for the best results in the production of comb
honey that the brood be as compact as pos-
sible. What is done should be done with a
view to getting combs with brood full of
brood. Breaking the cappings of the honey
in such frames will conduce to this. This is
important, because, by confining the bees to
such combs as will be almost entirely occu
pied by brood by the 25th of June, the sur-
plus honey they gather must go into the sec-

164

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

tiouB where it is doubly valaable. The small
number of frames into which the brood is
compressed should not occasion alarm. Five
L. frames may easily contain what is often
spread over ten, while the former means
forty pounds of comb honey and the latter
none at all ; the live additional combs se-
cure part of the possible surplus in the
brood combs and convert the rest into val-
xieless bees. In a poor season a colony con-
fined to comb equal to that of five L. frames
gave me fifty pounds of section honey — more
than twice the average of the apiary — and
this though all the time it was afflicted with
'• foul brood."

To meet the difficulties of this second point
I find the new Heddon hive convenient.
Some fill one section only of the hive with
brood, others may need a little help to do
even that. All such are of course confined
to the one section. Others fill more than
one, and others still, nearly two. By a little
manipulation, every colony is confined either
to one or to two sections of the hive which
in either case is substantially full of brood
by the 20th of June and each hive presents
the same top surface for the reception of
sections.

As to the time of putting on the first case
of sections I follow one simple rule. When
the bees are found lying above the honey
board in considerable numbers, say a pint
or less, they are ready for work above, and
the sections go on at once. There is nothing
like the incoming of nectar to expand a col-
ony and they hardly ever lie above the honey
board in the early part of the season unless
there is considerable nectar to be gathered.
When a second and succeeding cases should
be put on depends on various circumstances.
The strength of the colony, the prospective
length of time before the end of the run of
nectar and the amount of work done in the
case last adjusted, must all be weighed in
the determination of the question. On the
one hand the danger of loss from too much
crowding, and, on the other, too many un-
finished sections consequent on giving too
much room, are the Scylla and Charybdis to
be shunned. Early in the run a colony
rather weak in Vjees may be allowed to near-
ly complete the first case before another is
given ; a medium one should be supplied
with a second when the first is about half
tilled and a strong one that crowds the first
case should be furnished with a second as
soon as the first is fairly started.

These are to be taken as general directions
if everything is favorable for a good^honey
flow. Each succeeding case should be
placed under the last one, i. e., immediately
upon the honey board, until towards the
probable end of the honey flow, when it is
better to place it above the one that is still
unfinished to make the completion of those
already begun more certain. As the season
advances more and more caution must be
exercised in the adding of sections. In the
height of the season, I aim to give the bees
at least as many sections as they will occupy
and work on, and as the end of the flow ap-
proaches I allow the space where work is to
be done to become more and more contract-
ed so that at the last there may be few sec-
tions containing honey that are not com-
pleted and fit for market. During a good
season, some colonies may have completed
five cases each and some only one. It will
be of great assistance in forming a sound
judgement in the matter of putting on sec-
tions to have regard to the condition and
probable continuance of white clover, which
depends largely upon the amount and fre-
quency of the rains. One must also observe
the time of the blooming of basswood and
know the usual time during which it lasts in
one's locality.

I am in no haste to take off the hives even
finished cases of honey. They can be in no
better place for the ripening of the honey
and there need be no fear of travel stains so
long as honey is coming in and there is room
lower down in unfinished sections for the

It only remains to speak of swarming and
the manipulation incident thereto. As a
preparation I have the queens clipped, the
entrance of each hive guarded by a queen
trap, and a sufficient supply of hives for the
reception of swarms. The hives consist each
of a single section of the Heddon hive fur-
nished with comb, or, preferably, founda-
tion, besides bottom, cover and queen ex-
cluding honey board, and are kept in a cool
place in the yard where they are convenient
of access. A swarm is seen issuing ; I take
a hive to the spot, turn the old hive around
out of its place and replace it with the new
one. I then watch to see if the queen is
safely in the trap. When I see her I place
the trap at the entrance of the new hive and
remove the sections from the old hive to the
new one. In some seasons a few swarms
cluster on trees but return soon. In that

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

165

case, as soon as they are entering the hive
rapidly I release the queen and let her run
in, and replace the trap leaving it for a few
days at least, to be certain that the swarm
does not gratify a desire to abscond. If two
or more swarms are out at the same time,
care must be taken by the use of sheets to
cover the hives, aided by a good smoker, to
see that they are properly divided. When
swarms are given to clustering, I entice
them to do so on some convenient branch,
and when the cluster is once formed, swarm
after swarm will join it, so that it is an easy
matter to divide them by shaking a sufficient
quantity for a swarm into a basket and hiv-
ing it as in the former case. A trap is also
placed at the entrance of the old hive, unless
the colony is divided to save young queens,
and by two or three movements in the course
of a week it is brought side and side with
the new hive and in a day or two it is re-
moved to a new stand, leaving most of the
field bees to join the swarm where they will
be of the greatest use. The trap on the old
hive prevents the absconding of after-
swarms and also prevents the young queen
from locating her hive until it is removed,
which should be done when the hive is placed
on its new stand.

If the swarm issues quite early, I would
not strip the old hive to such an extent of
the field bees, for by removing one section
of the hive in twenty-one days, when the
young queen should be laying, and giving
the colony a case of sections, it should do
good work in storing a surplus.

Of course, in all these matters there are
details which want of space forbids my men-
tioning, but the thoughtful person will have
no difficulty in working them out.

Lapeee, Mich. May 23, 1893.

>>^>7^^r^l

Conveniences and Arrangements Needed to

Make the Work of Extracting Pleasant

and Profitable.

FBANK m'NAY.

" Man reaches truth only by passing through
all possible phases of error."

^ NY work that may be done without
the trouble of learning, by careful
instructions, is seldom well done ;
and the greatest obstacle in the way of
thorough work in regard to extracting, is
the fact that it can be and is done with but

little if any instructions. This is a great
mistake, for there is a right way and several
wrong ways of doing most kinds of work,
and one seldom hits upon the right way by
chance — it must either be by experience or
from instructions.

The neglect to provide the proper conven-
iences for extracting, make it a very dis-
agreeable task and often causes trouble in
the apiary by inciting robbing and causing
the bees to become irritable and cross.
Much may be done to make extracting
pleasant work by purchasing proper conven-
iences for doing the work in a neat and
practical manner.

The first requisite is a room to extract in.
This may be small and plain, but it must be
perfectly bee-tight and should be provided
with double screen windows, i. e., two wire
screens, one on each side of a frame, so as to
prevent bees on the outside from coming in
reach of those on the inside, for there are
always a few bees carried in on combs, that
will go to the windows to escape. It is a
good plan to have each window hung on a
pivot at the center so it can be reversed
quickly to let out bees.

The extractor should be firmly secured to
the wall to prevent shaking, and it should be
high enough to let honey run from the gate
into a large pail.

For a strainer I prefer a large barrel with
the head removed, also with the upper hoop
removed. I lay a cheese cloth over the top
of the barrel letting it sag down in the bar-
rel about a foot, then replace the hoop which
will hold the cloth securely and make it per-
fectly tight.

By having a honey gate in barrel near the
bottom and setting the barrel on a stand of
sufficient height, the honey can be run from
the gate into barrels or any other receptacles.

I would also urge the necessity of a tight
bottom in the box in which the combs are
carried from and to the hives. This is to
prevent dripping honey about the apiary. I
have known this dripping of honey to excite
robbing so that work had to be suspended.

In getting bees off the combs, I find that a
slight trembling motion will dislodge them
much more quickly than a severe shake, and
for sweeping the balance off I find a com-
mon household whisk broom, cut down to
about one-third the usual thickness, is the
best thing that I have ever tried.

Never store honey in a cellar. Many sup-
pose it should be kept in a cool place, but

166

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

this is a mistake, as heat will improve in-
stead of injuring either comb or extracted
honeys.

There are several other conveniences that
I might describe, but I fear it would take too
much space to make them understood with-
out cuts.

Mauston, Wis. April 22, 1893.

Is an Automatic, Reversible Extractor Really

Worth the Effort Being Expended

in Its Invention T — Uncapping

Machines a Greater Need.

C. C. MIIiLEK.

"Alas, the slender spigot stream we stay,
While from the bung the cider runs away."

T THIISK you've
X struck the truth
pretty straight, Mr.
Editor, in thinking
that the matter of
uncapping really
needs more atten-
tion than does some-
thing to save the
few seconds of time
necessary to turn
a frame in an ex-
tractor ; for, unless
the honey is pretty thin, there will be
much more time employed in uncapping
than in running the extractor.

Of late years I have extracted very little,
and have never had anything but the Pea-
body extractor, and while I have sometimes
longed for something better I have felt that
for the little extracting I do it doesn't make
a great deal of difference.

In working the extractor, I don't mind the
turning, nor putting in the combs, and iiot
so very much taking out the combs, but
turning the combs in the extractor, with the
attendant liability to get honey daubed over
every thing, is the part that makes extract-
ing especially disagreeable. Anything to
help that is a desideratum.

So I don't wonder at the desire for some-
thing to reverse the combs automatically.
But isn't a little too much stress put on the
"automatic" part? How much would you
give for an automatic spoon to carry your
soup to your mouth? If you had one you
would still have to give your attention to

having your mouth at the right place and
opening it at the proper time, and as your
hand is at the time unoccupied with any-
thing else it may just as well be holding the
spoon. The simple fact that there is some
automatic part about an extractor may
amount to nothing, and it is no better than
another extractor unless it will save time or
labor.

Now let us see what we really want? I
mean more particularly the great mass of
beekeepers who have only a moderate
amount of extracting to do. The first thing
is to get rid of the "dauby" part of revers-
ing the combs. If we can have the inside
of the extractor so constructed that the comb
can be reversed, without taking it out of the
extractor, than I think the worst part of the
trouble is overcome. Nothing automatic is
needed for that. As to methods, that is best
which does it with the least time and labor,
whether it be automatic or not. As I said, I
have never owned anothing but the Pea-
body, but I have tried others to a consider-
able extent, and I must say that I can hard-
ly see how an automatic reversing can be
any better than such a one as is accomplish-
ed in the Cowan. You slow up the motion,
just as you must do with an automatic, then
a little push with the left hand reverses the
combs, and on you go again, without stop-
ping the motion or the direction of the
motion. Now what better would it be to
have it work automatically? With the
Cowan you can turn either way or both ways
in succession, and I think it a bit easier to
turn in the same direction all the time, where-
as with all automatics yet brought out the
machine must not only slow up but actually
stop to reverse and then turn in the oppo-
site direction. The left hand is not occupied
at anything else, and may just as well do
the reversing, and if you take account of
the labor of the left hand it is offset by the
fact that less labor is required on the part of
the right hand, for it certainly takes less
force to slow the machine than to stop, and
it is better to have the labor divided than to
have it all put on one hand. To say the
least,I think the Cowan can be reversed in
as little time as though automatic, so 1
think it has no disadvantage either as to
time or labor.

Please don't understand me as opposing
automatic appliances. In the majority of
cases they may be very advantageous, only
it mast not be understood that in all cases

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

167

a thing is necessarily better simply because
it is automatic. But some day we may be
startled by some genius bringing out an ex-
tractor that will automatically do the turn-
ing and reversing, with a tithe of the time
and labor now required. He will be hailed
with delight. In the meantime, I do not be-
lieve it is worth while to lament very much
over the few seconds employed in reversing,
with the advance already made.

AVhy may not the uncapping machines of
England be practical? A slaw cutter is con-
sidered a good thing, and it works on the
same principle. One trouble is that combs
must be true and adapted to it, but it would
not suprise me to see all difficulties overcome,
so that a comb would be less time in the
hands of the uacapper than in the extractor.
As you say, beekeepers may well ask them-
selves, "What has the future in store for us?"
and a perfect uncapping machine may be
one of the things.

Makengo, 111.

April, 15, 1898,

>>^>T^r^i^i

Reversing Combs on Their Centers ; Some

of the Difficulties to be Overcome and the

Advantages That May be Expected.

E. A. DAGGITT.

" And through the sandy waste of cogitation
We seek beyond a land of habitation."

[Last month Mr Daggitt told us of several
vital points to be ponsidered in the construction
of honey extractors. After this, in the article
that he sent, he described sevpral different meth-
ods whereby combs might be reversed without
stopping the machine. 1 could not see that they
possessed any particular merit over the one al-
ready given in the Review, so I decided not to
illustrate and describpthem, at least not for the
present. After finishing h description of the
different plans for reversing, he continued as
follows :— Ed.1

After inventing some of these devices for
reversing the comb baskets of reversible ex-
tractors, I became very much impressed
with the disadvantage of having such large
reels as were being used in reversible ex-
tractors, so I went at work to see if there
was not a way to overcome this disadvan-
tage, when I conceived the idea of oscillat-
ing the comb baskets upon their centers when
reversing them. This principle is shown in
the engraving accompanying the leader, but
both the editor of the Review and the artist
have fallen into the error of representing
the comb baskets as running on hafts in-

stead of gudgeons, as they should. But the
trouble was, how to get the combs in and
out of the comb baskets. My first idea was
to have a bottom bar and gudgeons at the
bottom of each basket, while at the top of
each basket was to be an arrangement some-
thing like this : on each side at the front and
equally distant from the edges of the basket
was to be a segment of a disc having in its
upper surface a circular groove to receive a
flange on the under surface of a disc that
projects from the reel spider. This disc was
to be made in such a way that that part of it
over the inner segment on the basket sh 11
be fixed and its flange remain in the groove
of the segment at all times, while the other
part is to be hinged to it so that it can be
thrown inward to allow the combs to be put
in or taken out of the basket.

Afterward, while studying how to get the
combs in and out of these baskets that re-
verse on their centers, I conceived the idea
of doing this by making the basket sides
movable, or by having the baskets in a re-
versing frame. This plan of putting in and
reversing the combs allows a top bar and
gudgeon to be used at the top of each basket
and permits the reversing apparatus to be
at the top of the reel. As most combs have to
be reversed twice, or when this is not neces-
sary it can be done easily by the reversing
apparatus, only one basket side will need to be
movable, and if the comb rest is attached to
the movable side, the comb will come out with
it when it is brought outward. The side may
be hinged at the bottom, and the top be
tilted outward, or it may be made so that it
can be " jumped " or swung out at both top
and bottom at once. If the first method is
employed, the side should be self-fastening
when the top is pushed to its place, and be
put on so that the top will spring outward
when the fastenings are de. ached. By means
of a simple device the fastenings can be de-
tached by the simple pressure of a finger. If
the second method is employed in removing
the side, an arrangement will be necessary
that will detach the side and also fasten in
position when brought out and closed
against the basket uprights. If the basket
is put in a revolving frame it will need to be
arranged in a similar way as the latter
method of arranging the movable basket
sides.

This plan of reversing comb baskets by
oscillating them on the center, if practicable,
will settle the question of the size of reel"

168

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

for in those liaviut; four or uiore comb bas-
kets there is uo loss of space at the coruers
of them, as is the case with those that reverse
their combs by swiuging tliem from oue side
of the reel to the other, for the edges of the
baskets are brought close together ; while by
combiuiug this principle with the hollow
reel principle we can get a two-frame reel as
small as any reel should be.

This new style of reel has some other im-
portant advantages besides size of reel.
They can be made stronger with less ma-
terial. They can be started and stopped
more easily and cm be run with less labor.
The combs can be reversed more easily, and
with less danger of injuring them. And the
baskets are not liable to sag.

Any of my reversing apparatus can be ap-
plied to those that use a reel shaft and pos-
sibly also to those with a hollow reel. By
means of the.n the comb baskets can be held
at any angle, while the reel is in motion,
either by hand or by means of ratchets and
palls. The baskets may be self-fastening as
soon as they reverse, and the fastenings can
be detached by giving the wheels on the bas-
ket gudgeons some independent motion so
that they will start a little before the baskets
do and detach the fastenings.

The second form of the lever device I
think could be applied to a two-frame hol-
low reel of this kind. The pins in the wheel
on the reel gudgeon would have to be so
placed that one basket will start at the prop-
er time before the other, and they will have
to be detachable from the levers in one direc-
tion. The slotted ends of the lever could be
bent in the proper direction to secure this.
If the baskets are not self-fastening, the
levers would have to be in one direction, and
the fastenings could be detached by the
wheel when the pin re-enters the lower slot.
Probably the same detachable principle can
be applied to all the devices at the cog gears,
especially at the inner gear of the horizontal
device as illustrated in the leader.

While studying on the subject of smaller
reels I " hit on " the idea of swinging the
comb baskets from side to side in a hollow
reel when reversing them. Several months
afterwards I found out that the same princi-
ple was embodied in the Cowaii extractor.
"Honor to whom honor is due," should be
the motto of all, so I will say that I believe
the inventor of the Cowan machine is en-
titled to the honor of being the first inventor
of reversing combs in this way.

Now I wish to say that I have not the facil-
ities to give the different reversing apparatus
and new style of reel a proper trial, and if
any one wishes to do so and make for sale
extractors embodying any of them, he will
please inform me of the fact.

Before closing, I wish to say a few words
on inventions. The creations of a man's
brain areas much his property as anything
he possesses, and any one who appropriates
another's invention to his own use wiihout
his consent does the inventor an injustice
and takes what does not belong to him. It
matters not whether the invention is patent-
ed or not. Patents are issued by the govern-
ment to protect inventors in this right, but
this often fails as in the cases of Whitney,
Goodyear, Langstroth, and many others.
Thos. A. Edison, the great inventor, says that
he has already spent over a million of dol-
lars in defending his patents. Besides, it is
doubtful if oue invention in four ever pays
the inventor. Now if it should be an estab-
lished rule among those interested directly,
or indirectly, in our pursuit that the rights
of every inventor in any invention he shall
make will be recognized, it would no doubt
be a great incentive to improvement. I
believe such a rule is recognized by all
our leading manufacturers of bee-keepers'
supplies, and if there are any that will not
recognize it, they should be treated accord-
ingly by bee-keepers.

White House Sta., N. .J., May 2, 1893.

Reversible Extractors. — Bee - Escapes No
Help in Running Out -Apiaries for Ex-
tracted Houey. — Ten Hands Make
a Good Extracting Team.

E. FRANCE.

^|» HAVE never seen a reversible extrac-
ts) tor, and, in view of our past poor sea-
«A» sons, I can but wish that I had a crop
as big as I could extract with a non-reversi-
ble extractor. With a good honey flow, one
man can extract .5,000 pounds in a day with
a non reversible extractor. Still, if we could
get a good, handy, easy-running, reversible
machine it would save work, and that is
what we want. I have studied over the mat-
ter a great deal— tried several plans — but
none of them proved satisfactory. I can
make a machine in which I can reverse all

THE BEE-KEEPERS REi^ lEW.

169

the baskets at once, but I have to stop the
machine to do it. I don't like so mucli ma-
chinery to be started and stopped every
time we extract a set of combs. The heavier
the load, the longer it takes to start it and
stop it. It could be stopped with a brake.

As to the use of bee-escapes to rid the ex-
tracting combs of bees, I don't want any.
The most of my hives are single story hives,
so I must sweep off the bees. In my home
yard I work the hives three stories high, and
I can drive the bees down into the lower
stories, have the upper set of combs out and
every bee off in two minutes, and not a bee
killed by putting in an escape board. Per-
haps there may be some combs in the second
story that I will want to take out and extract,
and I drive the bees down with smoke and
finish with a very thin brush-broom. As I
understand the workings of bee-escapes, it
takes 24 hours or more for the bees to get
out of an upper story, after the escape is put
on ; that won't do at all for an out-apiary.
We start from home and get theie and get
ready to go to work about it a. m. We want
to start the extractor just as soon as we can
get the combs. By the time that basswood
is in bloom we are likely to have from 80 to
100 colonies to work — will some one tell me
how we can save time by using escapes ?
You say you would prefer to have an abun-
dance of combs and supers, so the honey
could remain on the hives a little while so
you could take your time for it, etc. You
would find that extracting honey after the
honey-flow is no fun — bees are cross and
steal for all they are worth.

You think three would make a good ex-
tracting team. One to get the honej off the
hives and return the empty combs, one to
uncap, one to run the extractor. That just
made me smile ! Of course, you have never
done much extracting. When we go to an
out-apiary with a full team of ten hands, and
go through 100 colonies in a day, go from
home six or eight miles and back again and
extract sometimes from 2,000 to 3,0(_>0 pounds
of honey, one man does all the extracting,
strains all the honey and puts it in the bar-
rels : and one man does all the uncapping.
The other eight hands do the field work, get
the combs into the tent and back into the
hive again, make new colonies, cut out queen
cells, etc. In fact, they do all that has to be
done, except the tent work. Of the eight
hands in the field, one is the boss of the
whole outfit and has no set place to work ;

he looks after everything— in the tent and in
the field— .lud sees that everything is done
in a proper manner. The other hands are
divided up two or thi ee in a team. Two can
work to good advantage, but three can work
together in good shape, two to open hives
and brush bees, while the third hand carries
the combs to the tent and brings back others
to fill the hive again, puts the combs into the
hive and shuts the hive.

No hive ever gets its own combs back
again. Each team of boys, when they com-
mence in ttie morning, take out all the com bs
that need extracting, then shut up the hives
without combs uutil the yard is finished.
Then the first extracted gets the last combs.

The boss looks after all the hives, balances
up the brood according to the strength of the
colonies, and when lie has a surplus of brood
combs, more than can be safely left in the
old colony to prevent the old one from
swarming, he makes new colonies with the
surplus brood, putting frames of foundation
in the old colonies in place of the brood
combs taken away.

PliATTBVILIiE, Wis.

April 24, 1893.

[I was well aware that one man could run
the extractor faster than one could take
honey off the hives in the old fashioned way
and return the combs, but I did not suppose
that eitjlit men would be required to get the
honey off and the couil)s back again as rap-
idly as one man could run the extractor. It
seems, however, that with Mr. France's man-
agement these eight men are supposed to do
something besides simply getting the honey
off the hives and the combs back in place.
They are to make up artificial colonies, cut
out cells, equalize the brood, etc. If these
things are to be doae I do not dispute that
wliile the crew is there extracting, is the time
to do such work, but when I mentioned three
is a good extracting team, I did not have in
mind any work except tliat of extracting, and
I still think that one man might do the out-
side work ; especially, if, as Mr. France says,
only two minutes will suffice to free the
combs of the upper story from bees. Mr.
France has nad a long experience in raising
extracted honey, hence it is with some little
deference that I ask if time might not be
saved by sending two of those boys to each
apiary a day in advance of the extracting
crew, and have them put bee escapes under
the upper stories ? If upper stories are not
used, would it not pay to use them ?

170

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

When I referred to the more leisurely work
thiit might be doue wlieu there was an aliun-
dauce of empty combs, I did not intend to
convey the idea that the extractintj miylit be
deferred until the season was over, a la
Dadant, Hlthouy;h I think that by the use of
bee escapes tlie work could then be doue with
little annoyance from robbers, but what I
had in mind was the tentjjorary respite that
might be gained by the usj of empty combs.
If all of the colouios of one apiary can be
given an abuudauceof empty combs, a little
time is gained in which to extract the honey
at some other ai)iary.

I am well aware that when a man has de-
veloped some system of mauagement and
followed it for years, it m.iy not be profit-
able to add some new feature, like the use of
bee escape-. His system may not be adapt-
ed to the chiuge, and it may not be advis-
able to II ake the changes necessary to bring
in the new inveutiou, but each man should
look the situation over carefully, consider-
ing all things, and then follow the course
that appears the best. In some eases it may
be well to do some experimenting before
coming to a final decision. — Ed.]

Winter Losses of Bees in California.

" BAMBLEB."

" And every prospect pleases
And only man is vile—
Enoush to let his ' bees es'
in winter die the while."

njHERE is a
±^ great dif-
ference in the
manage m e n t
of bees wliere
the hives sur-
round ,t h e
home, and are
arranged in a
tastefully kept
yard, and
where they are
kept in some remote mountain glen, and vis-
ited only when care is absolutely needed. The
Eastern bee-keeper, if he is a lover of the
business and something of an enthusiast,
will be found, even after the work of the
honey season is over, wending his way to
the apiary, and, with a friend, or even with-
out, looking at the qualities of his latest bred
Italians, or, if any unusual commotion is"

heard in the apiary, his eyes and his ears
are open to catch its signification. If the
bees are put in the cellar durin_g the winter,
he is often found in their cosy (juarters listen-
ing to the quiet hum, and allowing his olfac-
tory organs to test the condition of the air,
and if any thing is going wrong it is instant-
ly remedied if possible.

Bees are as much of a pet, collectively, to
the enthusiastic apiarist as the hand-raised
colt or sheep is to the family, but the colt or
the sheep turned out to pasture ten miles
away is a pet no longer, and while tlie for-
mer pet enjoys unrestrained freedom, the
owner in a measure forgets it. The balmy
climate of southern California allows the
bees to fly every month in the year and the
necessities of the occupation of the bee-
keeper, or the conditions of the pasturage in
a great majority of cases, results in turning
the bees into a distant pasture, with but lit-
tle pride as to arrangement or beauty of"
hives, if the outfit will only bring in the dol-
lars. The months of greatest rest to the bees
and the bee-keeper are October, November
and December. The conditions change with
different portions of the State, for nearly
all climates are enjoyed, and though we find
rigorous weather in the mountains, there is
no place where protection is deemed neces-
sary. In such a climate one would suppose
that the winter losses would be slight, but it
may surprise some to learn that the winter
losses are as great if not greater than in the
East. Let us see : I know of several apiaries
of about -200 colonies each, which, during the
past winter have lost on an average of .W
colonies each, and there is at least one in-
stance where about 1,200 colonies were re-
duced to less than 400. A loss of so many
would seem to be irretrievable, but the own-
er takes courage and says, "never mind,
with one good honey season I will fill every
hive again." The question will now natur-
ally arise, what is the cause of all these
losses ? As far as my observation goes,
which is only for two years, there is l>ut one
answer — criminal carelessness. Although
bees gather so much honey and pollen in this
climate, it it just as necessary to leave win-
ter stores, as it is in the East. In fact, the
same principle of having enough honey in
the hive at all times for a winter supply is
just as applicable here as in any other por-
tion of the country. If all of the honey is
taken away up to the last of .Tune, the possi-
bilities are that a later flow will give the bees
enough to winter uiion, but the getting of

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

171

this later honey depends upon the late rains
which are very liable not to put in an appear-
ance. The apiary being several miles away
is neglected and many colonies starve even
before the late rains are expected. Many of
the losses are laid upon the shoulders of the
helper who has gone beyond his instructions
and extracted too close and too late. Heavy
feeding is resorted to in many instances and
the bees saved, but even feeding at a late
date does not leave the bees in as good shape
as a good supply of natural stores. The best
method of feeding ever devised for Califor-
nia, or any other country, is to have good
sealed combs of honey, I think the losses
would be much less were the apiaries located
near the home of the bee-keeper, for wher-
ever we find them so we find the most suc-
cessful results. Another source of loss is the
bee moth ; the ravages of this pest of the bee
hive are not so great as one would, expect in
this warm climate, but a little neglect of
keeping good queens in every hive results in
many ruined colonies. The past two years
that have come under my observation may
be exceptional years, but from the careless
methods generally pursued by many of the
California bee-keepers, there is more or less
useless loss every year, and closer attention
to business would result in the saving of a
great waste and give a better reputation to
the bee-keeping industry.

On the Bee Ranohe, Calf., April 28, '93.

A Combined House Apiary and Self-Hiver,
and a Combined Hive and Self-Hiver.

O. W. DAYTON.

^OME eight or
VQ ten years ago>
ill .June, I experi-
mented with house
apiaries. One dif-
ticulty that I could
not overcome was
the loss of young
bees when brush-
ing them off the
comb inside ; but
the bee escape has
almost entirely
done away with
Another thing, the

the brushing of combs.

wind and chilly air on the sides of the house
away from the sun, on cloudy days, or late
in the afternoon, caused many bees to re-
main out over night and perhaps never get
into the hives again. All these, and more,
prevented my using a larger structure than
for four or six colonies. These were very
satisfactory.

Here in California there is little wind, so,
if the bee house is located in a warm place,
or not on the north side of a hill or moun-
tain, the bees have no trouble in getting into
the hives.

Summer nights in California are much
colder than they are in any Eastern States.
They are really very chilly ; so much so as to
drive all the bees down out of the sections
into the brood nest. Then the middle of
the days are very hot, and it is seldom an
unshaded hive gets through the summer
without its combs melting down.

These diffijulties, and others, have turned
my attention toward bee houses in Califor-
nia as being as beneficial as in any country,
and I have read and re-read the articles pub-
lished in regard to them. We need them to
keep the hives warm nights, and cool days.

Another very useful feature of the house
plan is in locating an apiary. Good loca-
tions where the bee hives may be spread
ovc a space of 100 feet square are scarce
here. There are thousands of acres of un-
occupied land but it is nearly always moun-
tainous and rocky. If it is level some one
has fruit or grain on it or it will be where
the sun does not shine favorably, and bees
want all the sun there is during January,
February, March, April and May, because
these months here are all alike, and are
about like May in Iowa or Wisconsin on the
43 parallel. I always dislike to have hives
on unlevel ground, as it makes the work
much harder — if you use a stool in examin-
ing hives it is slanting ; the smoker will tip
over ; if a hive gets off its foundation it may
roll over, etc. Now, in using a bee house a
level place 10x20 feet may be made with pick
and shovel against the side of a hill or
mountain out of the way of everybody and
in a warm sunny position, and I have, accor-
dingly, constructed two after the plans of
Messrs. Taylor and Langdon.

Here there is no need of packing of any
kind, BO I have left that part out ; nor is there
any need of Mr, Taylor's wide eaves to
keep off snow and sleet, but just common
eaves.

172

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

Mine are roofed with tin and there are es-
capes and ventilators in the gable ends.
Instead of windows, as Mr. Langdou uses, I
have constructed the outside boarding in
sectional parts, and when light is wanted a
section 2x;} feet above the hives may be re-
moved in the opposite side of the building
from the hive 1 am manipulating. There is
need for all the light we can get when ex-
amining for eggs in a comb.

I have adopted a new frame, also ; and
that after using, heretofore, about an equal
number of Liuigstroth and Gallup frame?,
lu localities where nights are cold and days
hot it causes the brood to be located toward
the front ends of a frame as long as the
Langstroth (if the hives face the north), so
that Mr. Aikin, of Colorado, said in his arti-
cle on dequeening a year ago, that lie spread
brood by changing ends with each alternate
frame. While I have for years practiced
spreading brood, I do not think I have ever
gained a bee thereby, and I am certain that
brood has been destroyed. According to this
conclusion and the conditions of the brood
nest in so long a frame as the Langstroth, it
almost compels this needless, and as I said
on page .5GG of i\\e A. B. J. "cruel," prac-
tice, so I have adopted a frame the same
depth of the Langstroth but 4^4 inches
shorter. In this frame the brood circles
touch the top, bottom, and side bars. By
using ten frames in a hive there is the same
capacity as the eight frame Langstrotli, if
not more, considering the more thorough
occupancy of the combs. My hives are 14I4
inches both ways, inside measure. I studied
long as to whether the frames should ap-
proach the entrance endwise orsidewise. In
lifting out the frames when tliey are side-
wise the brood face of the comb comes be-
fore our eyes at once but the other plan has
its advantages that caused me to adopt it.
Mr. Langdon uses them sidewise and he may
be right. A shallower frame than the Gal-
lup is better for comb honey and a smaller
frame than the Langstroth allows of more
manipulation and leading of the bees along
into the upper stories more gradually than
when too much space is given, and Mr. Hill
is right when he says that a super three
inches deep is more readily occupied than
one 4 '4 inches deep. Then my frame hangs
in the extractor the same as in the hive and
a shallow frame can be taken out to reverse
about as quickly as a long frame put in end-
wise can be manipulated and extracted in a

reversible extractor. And again there is not
the danger of the comb breaking out and
piling up on the bottom (as Mr. Hughes
spoke about some time since) when they
hang in the extractor. A frame of this length
admits of a hive, twoof which may be placed
crosswise of a wagon bed, requiring no
si)ecial racks for moving. In moving bees
I much prefer piling them up several deep
tiian to spread them out over a large surface
and this one advantage in handling the hives
will outweigh all the special features of a
17- inch frame.

On page !)!», Mr. Langdou says " the en-
trance in the boarding is nearly on a level
with the floor, then rises on a slant to the top
of the platform, and opens into the hive four
inches from its outer side." In mine the
entrances in the boarding are 'i^^ inches be-
low the floor of the hive and rise on a slant
the same to the hive, eight inches from its
outer side. The hive entrances are % inch
deep and have a strip of two-rowed perfor-
ated zinc nailed over them the whole width
of the hive. In this strip of zinc is arranged
a cone to allow drones and queens to pass
outward. Also in this slanting space is a
strip of perforated zinc 2x14 inches tacked to
the slanting floor and sloping outward and
upward and rests against the boarding alcove
the outside entrance. Tnis is to prevent the
escape of queens and drones and completes
a trap. My studding are the right distance
apart so that brood frames, including pro-
jecting arms, will go in between them paral-
lel with the front of the hive and are 1x8
inches. Over this sloping space in which the
zinc is arran ed and on a level with the rab-
bets in the hive are tacked cleats against the
studding for frames to hang upon. I always
leave a ■'g space at the rabbets behind the
projecting arms of the frames for bees to
pass around the ends — that is, my rabbets
are % inch deep and % inch wide. In fact,
my hives do not have a real rabbet but a
rest for the frame is formed on the whole
thickness of the boards by nailing a cleat on
the outside. To form this frame-rest, the
cleats are % inch in thickness. Above these
cleats, and even with the top of the hive, are
two more thin cleats to support a light cover.
This forms a box eight inches by the other
dimensions of my hive and holds six frames.
In tiie outer side of this box against the
boarding is hung an empty comb and be-
tween this and the hive are live frames with
3^2 inch foundation starters. When a swarm

TEE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

173

issues or the queen comes along and sticks
her head into one and then another of the
perforations, its sloping feature leads her up
against the bottom bar of the empty comb
or else she makes a failure of getting back
into the hive and the bees tind her outside on
returning. This top cover is loose and may
be raised and the inside of the box easily and
quickly seen. When the drones are trapped
this sloping floor may lie removed by un-
hooking it from below the hive and the
drones emptied into a pan and carried out.

This forms a sort of combination of the
inventions of Pratt, Alley. Langdon, Taylor,
Dayton, etc., and I can run this house apiary
by visiting it about once a week. A building
not only protects the bees and admits cheap-
er and more lasting hives, but suffices for a
honey house and extracting room.

Pasadena, Calif. May 10, 189.^,.

Since mailing my communication on the
hive I have adopted, I have had some farther
experience with my hiving contrivance by
its hiving two swarms that were not in the
bee house. Some time ago I made fifty new
hives and of these six were provided with my
swarmiiig arrangement. I have been in the
habit of making the front and rear boards
of my hives of % inch lumber and the sides
of }-2 inch and the sides were nailed on to the
ends of the fronts and backs. You under-
stand my hive is 14J4 inches long and 14V
wide inside. In making the six above men-
tioned hives the sides were enough longer to
project 7I4 inches forward of the front board
of the brood chamber like a Langstroth por-
tico, and an additional front board put in
making a sort of ante room before entering
the brood chamber proper. The sides were
also increased to % inch in thickness so as
to bear rabbeting % inch back on the part of
the board opposite the ante room. This &y^
inches space was to ac ommodate five brood
frames. An entrance was provided under
both of these front boards and a strip of
perforated zinc tacked over each on the out-
side. To permit the drones and queen to
pass the inside zinc a boring 3^ inch deep
was made with a two inch bit directly under
it in the bottom board. Then another hole
still farther into the ante room was made
with a one inch bit. Another of %, and still
another of % which last was located about
three inches from the perforated zinc. All
the holes cut into each other to allow the
passage of bees. Over all these holes except
the % and the half of the two inch hole in-

side the brood nest was tacked wire cloth.
This was a substitute for a cone which came
in the way of the brood frames hanging in
the ante-room. Besides it seemed to possess
an advantage over a cone as it caused the
queen to travel on foot all the way through
and across the aute-room. When the bees
swarm and return on account of the reten-
tion of the queen, they don't rush quickly
into the hive, but stand on their heads and
fan before the entrance and all the way along
into the brood nest, in which case they will
be quite sure to find the scent of the queen
and track her up like hounds after a fox, so
I endeavored to have the tracks close by
their noses. The upper stories go on the
same as the portico Langstroth, and the ante-
room has a small cover for itself and which
may be ra sed about as we raise the falling
door when we drop a letter in a street mail
box. I do not think my contrivance can be •
adapted to any hive that is not square, be-
cause in the brood chamber proper the
frames run from front to rear and in the
ante-room the other direction. While others
have studied to hive colonies on full sets of
combs, and Mr. R. L. Taylor uses the drone
and queen traps with no combs at all, so,
also, some have experimented with reversi-
ble frames and others with reversible hives,
I use the ^medium number of five combs in
the " queen restrictor " and also use a me-
dium of five in a hiver. Like Mr. B. Taylor
I claim a moral right to my square hive and
hiver. For me a hiver can be provided for
less than fifteen cents per hive, and my hive
is perfectly adapted to the one pound sec-
tion in all its various manipulations.
Pasadena, Calif. May 18, 1893.

The Bee and Honey Exhibits at the World's
Fair and how they are Progressing.

ALLEN PBINGLE.

I DITOR Review ; Dear Sir— In re-
sponse to your favor of 20th inst.,
I may say the apiarian department of
the World's Fair, like almost every other de-
partment, is in a very backward condition.
The honey cases, which were constructed
under contract from the Agricultural De-
partment of the Fair, were only completed
the other day, and as some of them required
much inside work of shelving etc. after,
they came from the contractor's hands, it

174

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

will readily be seen that the backward state
of the department is not altogether the fault
of the apiariau olficials or superiuteudeuts.
As for myself, although I have been here
some six weeks my exhibit is not yet in-
stalled. But, I have more inside or extra
work on my case than any of the others, for
the reason that no other exhibitor, so far,
has so much honey on hand to get into one
case.

There are, I believe, three State exhibits
completely installed, viz., that from Wis-
consin, Nebraska, and Ohio. That from
Iowa is well under way as well as that from
New York. The Minnesota exhibit arrived
a day or two ago and is being installed by
Mr. Cooper, from that State, who is Secreta-
ry of the State Association. He was not pres-
ent it seems when the exhibit was unloaded
from the car and deposited in the Agricul-
tural Building and he found his exhibit great-
ly damaged. Nearly all the comb honey,
most unfortunately, is quite unfit for exhi-
bition, as it is badly broken and leaking.

I have had the pleasure since coming here
of meeting and making the acquaintance of
several American apiarists with whom I had
never before had the pleasure of personal
acquaintance. Among these are Dr Miller
and Miss Wilson who have very tastefully
arranged Mr. A. I. Root's fine exhibit of
apiarian appliances; Dr. Mason, who has
charge of the ( )hio exhibit, accompanied by
Miss Mason; Mr. Whitcomb of Nebraska who
has charge of the exhibit from that State;
Mrs. Whitcomb; Messrs Hatch and Wilcox
who installed the Wisconsin exhibit; Mr. Hill
from Kretchmer of Iowa, who installed the
Iowa Exhibit and also an exhibit of appli-
ances; Mr. Hersheiser from New York Slate,
which sends a large exhibit of honey, occu-
pying 3 or 4 cases, and supplies also, I be-
lieve, and others whose names I am not able
to recall. I had also the pleasure of meet-
ing Mr. York the genial and industrious
editor of the old A. B. ./. and its former ed-
itor Mr. Newman, who, I was glad to hear,
as, no doubt, all will be, is rapidly recover-
ing his health and strength.

As near as I can judge from the present
appearances, the apiarian and all other de-
partments of the great Exposition will be
completed about the middle of June.

Chicago, 111. May 24, 18i«.

[Mr. H. D. Cutting, of Tecumseh, Mich.,
writes me that at a late day Michigan has ap-
propriated $500 for the purpose of making

an apiarian exhibit at the great show at
Chicago. Mr Cutting is to have charge of
the exhibit, and would be glad to corres-
pond with bee-keepers who can furnish any-
thing for exhibition. Illinois bee-keepers
have also received recognition at a late day,
and those who can help in the matter should
write Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring, 111.
— EdJ

Some More Smoker Experiments.

J. E. CEANE.

_" One man's story is no story at all— hoar both
sides."

mHERE seems
"T to be a good
J, ^^ deal of misunder-

Ji w standing in regard

9 .-"^^m i£)i^S ' to the relative

merits of the Bing-
ham and Crane
smokers. I had
hoped that Mr.
Cornell's experi-
ments might throw
some light upon
the subject, but
his report is in some respects, so different
from my experiments and experience that I
fear the average reader will be more con-
fused than ever unless some explanation is
offered.

Some time in February I received a letter
from Mr. Cornell saying that an experiment
was soon to be made to test with scientific
accuracy the relative strength of an enclosed
blast as in the Crane smoker, — a single cut
off as represented in the Bingham smoker, —
and a double cut off as represented in the
Cornell smoker.

It was not to be a war of smokers, but
simply a test of principles. He wrote me
further that the Crane smoker he had re-
ceived was in bad shape owing to some ac-
cident and would not probably be used in
the trial. He also asked me for any sugges-
tions I might have to offer.

In my reply I made no suggestions as I
remember further than to say that the trial
would be of more value if made with loaded
fire barrels. I also stated my entire confi-
dence in his fairness and ability to conduct
such an experiment.

Now if these trials or this test of princi-
ples had been made with a single smoker,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

175

alternating the connections between the bel-
lows and fire barrel for this purpose, this
scientific test would have been very interest-
ing, although so far as I can discover of very
little practical value. As it is, in summing up
the results of his experiments Mr. Cornell
says : " The foregoing statements show
that, with fire barrels loaded with very close-
ly packed fuel, tlie induced current is weaker
in the Bingham and in the Cornell smokers
than it is in the same smokers with an en-
closed current." The figures which he gives
for the Cornell smoker is 30 for the enclosed
current, and 18 for the induced current,
which tallies quite closely with some experi-
ments I have made.

The Crane smoker does not appear in these
scientific tests to have cut a very handsome
figure, nor could I or anyone have expected
it would who knows all the circumstances in
the case.

This particular smoker was not made for
the purpose of testing scientific principles
or to be put to any scientific tests. It was
one of two or three smokers that I made
with wooden valves for experimental pur-
poses and I sent this one to the editor of the
Review to show that a most excellent
smoker could be made with an enclosed
blast, which was strong enough to satisfy
the most exacting requirements of the bee-
keeper and yet keep the bellows free from
sparks and smoke. I was well aware that
the check valve was imperfect, which had a
tendency to \\ eaken the blast. To remedy
this defect, I made my lielJows larger and
thus secured as strong a blast as necessary.

Now what was the Bingham srjioker ?
Was it such as he is accustomed to sell as a
three inch smoker ? Not at all, as I under-
stand it, but one constructed especially for
this purpose with a bellows two or three
times the usual size, and, of course, two or
three times the power. I say two or three
times the usual size. I had in my shop an
old three inch Bingham smoker and by
actual measurement I found the bellows
only about one-third the capacity of the bel-
lows I have been in the habit of using. I
may, however, have been in error in regard
to the size of the Bingham bellows as the
original leather was ruined by sparks being
drawn into the bellows and the bellows had
been covered with a new leather which may
have been smaller.

In Mr. Cornell's report he speaks of the
tests as those of the Bingham smoker or the

Crane smoker, etc., and it might look as
though there was a war of smokers on, and
I fear it would be very misleading if it were
not understood that the bellows attached to
the Bingham smoker in these trials was very
much larger than what he ordinarily useiS
while the Crane smoker had the same size
of hi Hows.

After reading the report of Mr. Cornell, I
found myself saying, " It can not be and yet
it is," or something of that sort, or wonder-
ing if the same natural laws hold good in
Canada and the United States. The next
morning found me at work in my shop as
soon as up. With one stroke of the hatchet
I split the Bingham bellows and soon had
the barrel separated and ready to place on
the same size of bellows as a Crane smoker.
In all my experiments I had never tested a
Bingham cut ofl" blast with my own size of
bellows. I measured the two bellows and
found the Crane nearly three times the size
of the Bingham. I was surprised. Can it
be that I have been fooling myself all these
years ? I took out the blast tube very care-
fully. Whew ! I found it nearly full of creo-
sote, and so hard I could not dig it out safely
with iron or steel until I had soaked it in
water to soften it. What a fool I have been !
I wished I had never bothered my head about
smokers. No wonder my Bingham smoker
had failed to give a strong blast ! Should I
ever have the courage to admit that I had
been in error ! But I determined to know
for myself just what the difference was.
Soon I had a Bingham fire barrel and cut off
blast wed to a Crane bellows. So far as
I could see the union was perfect. I gave
this smoker a new nozzle, "bright and
shiny," that just fitted it.

Now then, taking a Crane smoker that had
a fire barrel that had seen service, for I
wished to show no partiality, I gave one to
my hired man, who has been with me for
many years, " Now let us see which can
throw smoke the fartherest." Many trials
were made, frequently changing smokers
with each other.

These tests seemed to indicate very clearly
that the Crane smoker had decidedly the
stronger blast, but how much, who could
tell. I had no anemometer at hand. One
must be made. I took a smooth board. A
line across one end indicated the point be-
yond which the end of the smoker must not
go. Now placing a very light, small box
just in front of this line, let us see how far

176

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

we can drive this box on the board from the
line. Many trials were made. With a Bing-
ham fire barrel and cut off wed to a Crane
bellows, I could drive the box just seven
inches from the line, while my servant Dan-
iel could, with the same instrument, drive
the box 7'2 inches. Then taking a Crane
smoker, I could drive the box 14 inches,
while Daniel could drive it W., inches.
Many experiments or tests were made with
substantially the same results. In these
last trials theiire barrels were empty. I was
surprised that it did not turn out exactly the
opposite after reading Mr. Corueil's report.
Queer, isn't it ? And science is sometimes
queer, too. Chemists tell us that a diamond
is nothing but carbon, and yet who would
not rather have one hand full of diamonds
than both hands full of lampblack ?

Now the blast of either of the above
smokers with which I experimented is ample
for all the needs of the apiarist. If one or
the other was not sufficient, how easy to in-
crease it by increasing the size of the bellows
a little. There is no patent on the size of a
bellows one may use.

Just a few words in regard to that "golden
mean " blast tube. For years, if I mistake
not, Mr. Bingham has advised the use of
hard wood, split fine, for smoker fuel, that
the blast of his smokers would be strong.
Now we are told that a medium size blast
tube is used that the blast will not be too
strong and blow fire and sparks out of the
nozzle, as though the average bee-keeper did
not know enough to add more fuel or work
the bellows slower. My experience is that a
large blast tube or bellows if worked freely
will draw fire and sparks out of the other
end of the smoker from the nozzle in a very
uncomfortable way.

After experimenting the other day with a
Bingham and Crane smoker with my assist-
ant, we looked over a yard of bees. I left
him to select a smoker for use. I noticed he
used a Crane smoker. I said to him later,
" Why did you not take the Bingham smo-
ker ?" "I have had all the clothes burned
with a Bingham smoker years ago that I
care for," was his prompt reply. Queer !
that Mr. B.'s trouble comes from one end of
the cut off blast smoker and mine from the
other, isn't it, when the blast is very strong.

These experiments correspond exactly
with my experience extending over many
years with the Bingham cut off blast and
many cut off blast smokers made by myself

of different patterns. If I had had a new
Bingham smoker throughout, it might have
made some difference, although I do not see
how. I hope Mr. Root or some one who has
the conveniences, will try the experiment of
how far you can blow a small box upon a
smooth table with dfferent smokers and
note the results. It is real fun. If I were a
sporting man I would bet all the tobacco
pipes I ever owned against Mr. Bingham's
Thomas cat, that the enclosed blast is the
stronger. But I won't bet. " It is against
my principles."

After all is said, what is all this ado for ?
The Bingham smoker with a bellows one-
half the size of the one I have been using,
will do good work when new and clean.
Who says it will not ? Not I. The diflticulty
is not here. But after it has been used awhile
the blast tube becomes clogged with creosote
and the blast greatly weakened. Note what
I said in an article written at your request
last summer for the Review. Now if a
" scientific test " of the blast of a Bingham
and Crane smoker as they come from the
manufacturers could be made, and other
tests after each had been in use for three or
six months, it might be of some real service
to the bee-keeping public. The true test of
a soldier is on the battle field rather than on
dress parade. But when one takes a Crane
smoker poorly constructed and the inven-
tion not even perfected, and pits it against
one fully perfected with a bellows two or
three times its normal size, to test, without
so much as saying to the inventor of the new
smoker, " by your leave, sir," it looks at
this distance as though it was a deliberate
attempt on the part of some one to strangle
the Crane smoker as soon as born. It still
lives, however, and since Mr. Root has
adopted " the infant " its breath is stronger
than ever, and if Mr. Bingham or any one
else is anxious to test the actual merits of
the two smokers as above so that bee-keep-
ers may know just which is best, I have no
doubt they can arrange with Mr. A, I. Root
for such a trial.

And now in closing, Mr. Editor, I will say
if these scientific tests and smoker discus-
sions shall serve to improve the various
brands of smokers manufactured in this
country, they will not, after all, be useless.

P. S. Mrs. C. says she does not like what
I have written about betting on tobacco
pipes ; that I havn't got any pipes and never
had, and she doesn't want anybody to think

THE BEEKEEPERS' UK VIEW.

177

that I ever smoke, and so I will take it all
back.

MiDDLEBUBY, Vt. May 2t), 1893.

[I am sorry that wheu speaking of the size
of the Bingham bellows, Mr. Crane should
refer to it as " two or three times the size of
his ordinary bellows." It is evident that
Mr. Crane has not seen a modern Bingham,
or even one of a moderately late date. I
have a Conqueror bellows ten years old,
and it is seven inches loug, five wide, and
three inches across the wide end when the
bellows is distended. I have a new Doctor
and the bellows is the same size, except that
it is half an inch longer. It is true that the
bellows to the smoker used in this trial was
a little larger than Mr. Bingham uses upon
the regular size. It is six inches wide, 8I4
long and 8)2 across the wide end when the
bellows is open. It was given these dimen-
tions that it might be of the same size as the
one on the Crane.

That the blast from an enclosed current is
stronger when there is the obstruction of
fuel to overcome, is shown by the experi-
ments of Mr. Cornell. In both the Bing-
ham and the Cornell, a stronger blast is
secured with enclosed currents when the
smokers are loaded, while the reverse is true
when they are empty. This is as I should
expect to find it. In the tests that Mr. Cor-
nell made it is evident that the Crane was
not " in it," in any of the phases. It can be
attributed to only two things, either to the
imperfection of the implement itself, or to
the friction of the air in making two turns.
What is needed is a correct decision in re-
gard to principles. If we work upon the
right principle, the minor imperfections will
eventually be overcome.

I have a new Bingham of the Doctor size.
I also have a new Crane as now sent out by
Mr. Root. The barrels are very nearly of
the same size. They are the same on the
outside, but the asbestos lining in the Crane
takes up a little room. The Bingham nozzle
is a trifle taller, but it is more tapering.
Each bellows is the same length, but the
Crane is half an inch wider. I made a little
paper " snuff box," as we children used to
call them, and laid it on the smooth surface
of my imposing stone. I filled both smokers
with planer shavings. I took the Bingham
and tried to see how far I could drive this
box over the marble surface. I tried it re-
peatedly, and the average distance to which
it was driven was two feet. I tried the Crane

in the same way, and the average distance
was three feet. The old Crane smokei that
Mr. Cornell used in his test would drive the
box only 18 inches.

Ot course, the blast of a smoker is not the
only thing to be considerd ; to remain free
from clogging by dust and creosote is an
important point.

I have no interest in smokers aside from a
desire to find out which is best and let bee-
keepers know it. The fullest discussion
will be allowed so long as it is courteous.
And right here I wish to say that I think Mr.
Crane is mistaken in thinking that there has
been any attempt to "strangle" his smo-
ker.—Ed.]

Non- Swarming Plans.— A Brief Outline of
a Year's Work in the House Apiary.

B. TAYLOR.

" Do what thou doest with thy might,
And toil and happiness unite."

T HAVE at length
1 got the new house
apiary filled with
bees. To say that
I am greatly pleased
with it, is to speak
tamely. If you were
here to see me feed-
ing the twenty-four
colonies that are in
it in five minutes by
the watch, yon would
feel the ground of
my enthusiasm. I give each colony a little
feed every evening without lifting a cover,
or seeing a bee.

This is the worst spring I ever knew for
bees. I never got my bees from the cellar
until May 8th to 12th. Thirty-three per cent,
were dead. Ninety-five per cent, with sealed
covers were dead. I am not discouraged,
but regard this as a first-rate chance to make
bees pay. I have many fine colonies and
shall give them better attention than I ever
gave bees before. I don't believe we do one-
half as well with bees as we could. We have
too much windy talk and too little earnest
practical work.

The non-swarming idea embraced in the
double hive arrangement is receiving great
attention. I shall give it my best thoughts

178

THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW.

this season. I had intended to start for
Chicago in one week, but fear that absence
now might interfere with my experimental
work, and this mus-t not be. I will be at the
bee-keepers' meeting in October if well
enough to go.

I will have a photo, taken of the new house
apiary when I can get an artist here. Will
give a full description and my latest experi-
ence with the house plan to readers of the
Review.

I shall make it my special business this
year to finish my eight years' work on the
non-swarmer. I am confident that the plan
that has no traps of any kind, holds the
trumps. I have tried a large number of de-
vices, and always found that some obstacle
would turn up. The revolving stand proved
to me that none of them were needed. I re-
gard the revolving stand as clearing away
more fog than any experiment I ever tried.
It led to the practicability of a single en-
trance for two swarms in a single hive. I
now have the partition of wire cloth, two
sheets }4 inch apart ; the idea is to have the
warmth of both colonies for the entire hive
at all times. This is what I claim as my dis-
covery, two swarms in a single hive with
one entrance for both, and to be worked as a
single colony without swarming. I claim
this and will let others have all queen catch-
ing traps. I see in May Review that friend
Langdon kindly criticises my plan. He
seems to think that my way makes it neces-
sary to always cut queen cells. I expect to
work my 4iives before there are any queen
cells started, and then there will probably
never be any started, but if there are, with
hives depopulated of bees, and with my wire
end frames which can always be lifted with-
out any tools except the fingers and put in-
stantly in their place again, it will be but a
few moment's work to clip queen cells ; and
I will here say that there will be no more
likelihood of queen cells in my plan than in
friend Langdon's. The only thing that I do
not like in my plan is it does not work in the
house apiary, and I have not yet seen my
way clear to adapt it to house use. I shall
try to solve the problem and as I have never
been stalled in getting out of mechanical
diflficulties, I hope to succeed in this. Friends
Aikin and Langdon are both younger than I
am and have more of their lives ahead of
them, and success to them means much
more than to me. Here brothers Aikin and
Langdon is my hand, and my hearty wishes

for your success. I assure you there shall be
no jealousy between us on my part.

To say that this has been a very disastrous
winter and spring to bee-keepers in the
Northwest, is but to tell the truth. The For-
estville apiary has lost thirty-three per cent.,
while many have lost all. One man near
here lost seventy-five out of seventy-eight ;
another in Olmsted county, every colony
(253), and so it goes generally. At this date,
May l.^th, the fruit trees are not in blossom.
The box alders, soft maples and willows are
not fully in bloom, and the buds are hardly
swelled on the trees, but the clover is star--
ing as never before. I anticipate a good
honey crop for those that keep their bees
booming.

The good swarms in the house apiary win-
tered in as perfect a condition as you could
possibly ask. Many of the bottom boards
are as clean as in summer : the combs dry
and entirely free from mold, and now warmly
covered with sawdust boxes, in each of
which is one of my new feeders with which
the feed is taken directly into the brood nest
without the bees leaving the cluster and
where I can, and have for some time, been
giving each colony one-half pound syrup
each evening, without lifting a cover and in
less than two minutes time. The bees are
just booming while those outside are getting
weaker each day. Do you wonder that I am
filled with enthusiasm ?

I shall give each colony '4 pound of syrup
each night regardless of the honey they may
have in the hive. This I shall continue until
white clover blooms.

I will at the time of such blooming, have
the hives just booming with bees, and then
with more than 150, 24-section supers, each
filled with 12 sections filled with leveled
combs and the other 12 filled with thin foun-
dation ; I am going to get some honey if the
flowers are not entirely dry. At the end of
basswood I will take off all the sections,
crate all finished ones and immediately ex-
tract all unfinished ones, and sell, as I did
last year, this extracted honey for at least
12}^ cents per pound, and I will get the
highest market price for the comb honey,
and make some money if any can be made
from bees in Minnesota in 1H'.»8. With one
of the handy comb levelers I will immedi-
ately level the empty combs to equal size,
set them away in a clean, safe place to use
in the year 1894.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

179

I will now give each colony an extra hvie
filled with nice straight empty brood combs
exactly like the brood combs iu the hive be-
low. I will raise up the extra hive, under
which is a queen excluding honey board, and
as fast as nearly filled with honey and put
an empty one under it. Tliis I will repeat
as often as needed until the end of the honey
flow for the year 18'J:5. I will now take off
all surplus hives, examine each colony, and
give to each at least thirty pounds of honey
from the best filled coml>s in the extra hives,
set up the partitions at the rear of hives and
till with dry sawdust level with the top of the
hives. I will now let them stand until the
usual time to put bees in the cellar. At this
time I will remove the covers from all hives
and place on© of the shallow boxes of saw-
dust.with a feeder in it, on each hive, and
cover all with six inches of dry sawdust that
is to remain until cold weather is over in the
spring. During the winter, if the weather is
very severe, I will, once or so each month,
after January 1st, build a good fire in the
ample stove that will stand ready in the
house, and thus thoroughly warm the whole
building to let the bees remove a supply of
honey from the sealed combs to the brood
nest. In the spring, about April 1st, I will
remove all the top packing, level with the
top of the sawdust covers. This will leave
the feeders exposed, and I will feed each col-
ony 14 pound of syrup each evening as be-
fore.

About May 1st, I will take down the par-
titions at the back of the hives, shovel the
sawdust into sacks, pack them over head
ready to use again in the fall. The sawdust
boxes will still remain witli the feeders on
the hi\»es, and tlie light stimulative feeding
will continue until lime to put on supers
again, when tlie feeders will be taken ofif
aud a saper iirepared with half drawn and
leveled combs be put on and the last year's
work repeated again.

Tftis work will all be done in a comfort-
able house where I can work equally well in
good or bad weather without getting bedrag-
gled in wet grass, with no bee yard to care
for with its never ending demands, the hives
all free from any danger of molestation
from thieves, skunks, or other intruders, and
where I can do all the work in more comfort-
able surroundings and in less than one-half
the time required to do the same in an open
yard.
FoBESTviLLE, Minu., May, ir>, 18'.):^.

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHIflSOJ^, Ed. & PfOp.

Terms : — $1.00 a year in advance Two copies,
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will be continued.

FLINT. MICHIGAN. JUNE 10, 1693.

Eight Extea Pages.

Gleanings did eventually notice and de-
scribe the Weed artificial comb. (See Has-
ty's article.)

®

Absokbing Cushions, with ventilation above
them (italics mine) are preferable to sealed
covers over the bees in winter. Gleanings
says this is shown by scores of letters re-
ceived.

The Nobth Amekioan Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will meet in Chicago, October, 11, 12
and 13. It was a wise policy that fixed the
date so early, that those from a distance
may make their plans in advance to be pre-
sent at what will probably be the largest
gathering of bee-keepers ever witnetsed.

As Agbicultuke is at the foundation of
all other kinds of business, so everything
connected with bee culture rests upon honey
production. When that ceases (o be profit-
able, queen rearing, the manufacturing and
sale of supplies and the publication of api-
icultural liturature will be dropped. Profit-
able honey production is the basis.

Uncapping Machines are being talked of.
"Rambler" once suggested uncapping by
means of a wire heated by electricity. No
scheme for uncapping will be a success
that does not remove the cappings from
the comb. Simply cutting them loose will
not answer. The Bingham honey knife is
superior because its beveled edge raises the
cappings from the comb. A thin knife slips
under the cappings leaving them adhering
to the comb, from which they must be poked.

180

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

FoDL Bkoody hives, that is, hives iu which
there has been foul brood, may be used
again without any scalding or disinfecting,
yet the disease will not be communicated to
any healthy brood that may be placed in the
hive; at least, so writes Mr. Mc Evoy, foul
brood inspector for Canada, in an article
contributed to the A. B. J. Many who have
had large experience with foul brood have
found it othenuise, and a matter that may
be so easily accomplished as the disinfect-
ing of hives ought not to be neglected even
if there may be grounds for doubts regard-
ing its necessity.

(^

Mk. Bingham writes that he liad demon-
strated what Mr. Cornell calls "induced air
currents" before bee-keepers had ever heard
of a Bingham bee-smoker. He says that
the direct draft, upon which all smokers
now depend, is liis invention, and the more di-
rect and straight the draft, the better the smo-
ker. He has received many letters suggesting
blast features, and reads about cuuiinuous
blasts, etc., and while it could be easily
shown why they are not adapted to bee smok-
ers, he does not think it worth while to use
space for the purpose. In the fourteen years
that he has made and sold his smoker he
has received only one complaining letter, and
that came indirectly through interested par-
ties. He wishes to express his gratitude to
the Review, Mr. Cornell, and to the bee-keep-
ers, and promises that in the future, as in
the past, their interests shall be his interests.

y(

THE BEE-KEEPEES' ENTEBPBISE AND ITS
EDITOR.

"Thrice welcome now born stranger
O'er this wiih^ world a ran^'er ;
May he wht> tilled the manger
' Make plain tlie path for thee."

According to promise, the Bee-Keepers^
Enterprise came to hand promptly on the
15th of May. As might be ex|)ected, when
we know that its editor is a practical printer,
it is very neat iu its mechanical make up.
Reaching from the top to the bottom of the
front page is a twig from an apple tree.
Bees are flitting al)0ut and working upon the
blossoms. Across the center of the page
upon a sort of a spider web back ground ap-
pears the title of the paper. In one lower
corner is a section of honey with a circle
drawn upon its center and in tlie circle is a
sectional hive. Taken all in all, it is rather

a unique and striking design. The editorial
department and "Gleanings from our Neigh-
bors' Wheat Fields," are the most interest-
ing. In the latter may be found very short,
but very seasonable, extracts from the cor-
respondence of other journals. For the first
issue I think the Knlerprise is good — the
editorial instinct for getting hold of good
things and setting them forth in a bright
way, crops out quite strong.

And while we are waiting to see what Bro.
Sage will do next, it may be interesting to
know what kind of a looking man he is and
something of his
past life, so I will
tell you that Bur-
ton L. Sage was
I )orn 'i\ri years ago
in the town of
Sandisfield, Mas-
sachusetts. Three
years later his
parents moved
to Pittsford, N.
Y. When he was
10 years old they
BUBTON L. SAGE. moved back to

Sandisfield and settled on an old farm that
was good for nothing except to raise rabbits
on. The next five years were passed in
hunting rabbits and partridges, fishing for
speckled trout and extracting honey from
the nests of bumble bees. When he reached
his l.'ith year, the family moved to Colebrook,
Conn. Here he worked out summers and
attended school winters. At the age of 24
he purchased a milk route in New Haven.
A year later he bought a lot. and with his
own hands built a two-story cottage, and
when it was finished and furnished, jwstnine
years ago this month, lie brought to this
home a wife — one of England's fair daugh-
ters, then only K! yeais old. Soon after a
small printing office was set up iu one of the
rooms of the home, and wliile on his milk
route he took orders for printing and the
young wife did the work. Six years later
the milk route was sold and the printing of-
fice moved to 780 Chapel St. Side by side
husband and wife worked at the case until a
little girl, now old enough to say " up a da,
da," came to claim all of the mother's spare
moments.

Mr. Burton's interest in bees dates back to
187K, when the post- master, by mistake,
handed him a copy of (ilecntiiigs. It opened
up a new world to him. Since then his iu-

rHE BEE-REEFERS' REVIEW.

181

terest has grown until he feels that he would
like to have a journal of his own. The re-
sult is the Enterprise, which is well named.
Pleasant indeed are such pictures of success
from humble beginnintj?. as the result of
perseverance and enterprise.
O

MICHIGAN IS TO HAVE AN EXPEBIMENTAL,
APIAKY.

At several of the bee-conventions that I
have attei Jed there have been resolutions
passed .liking that the general government
or that tlie State Experiment Stations do
some experimental work in the bee-keeping
line. At one or two of them a committee
was appointed to try and secure the desired
action. If this is all that is done, no expe-
rimental apiary wid be established.

At the last meeting of the Michigan State
Bee-Keepers' Association, this subject was
discussed and a committee appointed to try
and induce the State Board of Agriculture to
secure the services of a competent bee-keep-
er for managing the State apiary in an ex-
perimental way, for, be it known, Michigan
was already the possessor of an apiary. The
Hon. R. L. Taylor, the Hon. Geo. E. Hilton
and myself were the members of the com-
mittee. As chairman of the committee I
addressed a letter to each member of the
State Board of Agriculture.

I called their attention to the fact that of
the $15,000 received by each State from the
general government for experimental work,
almost nothing was devoted to apiarian re-
search ; I pointed out the fact that each
State ought to conduct experiments in the
lines that would benefit the industries of
that State. Experiments in cotton growing
would not be appropriate in Michigan. Ex-
periments in bee-keeping would. Isot only
is bee. keeping important for the wax and
honey produced, but for its benefit to the
fruit grower and horticulturist. Without
bees, these two industries would languish.

I then called attention to the different ex-
periments that ought to he made, and in the
name of the bee-keepers of Michigan I most
respectfully but most earnestly urged that
they give the matter an early consideration.

I then had circulars printed showing what
I had done and urging the recipient to write
to the members of the Board and ask that
bee-keeping be recognized by the appoint-
ment of an apiarist for doing experimental
work. These were sent to about 100 of the

most prominent bee-keepers of the State. I
also wrote about twenty personal letters
urging these friends to write. Mr. Hilton
also wrote and sent out circulars. All this
was done shortly before a Board-meeting,
and when the Board met, Mr. Taylor and
myself went before it and urged our case.
The matter was urged almost solely upon
the ground that bees were a benefit to other
purtuits ; that the honey and wax were of
less consequence than the benefits derived
from the bees by other pursuits. ,Mr. Taylor
said that bee-keeping was looked upon by
many as a small business, as one beneath the
dignity of a man — a bee-keeper was looked
upon as a sort of a " hen-wife." If the
State would recognize and encourage it, it
would add dignity to the pur.-uit, and lead to
more extensive keeping of bees.

The Board then wanted to know what were
the experiments that bee-keeping so much
needed. Said one member: "The sheej)
and dairy men, and those from other indus-
tries, come before us just as you have done
and say ' do something for us,' and when we
ask what, they are at a loss to answer. Tell
us what experiments you want done ard we
will try and see that a man is found to do
the work."

I then went to work and prepared a list of
perhaps a dozen different experiments that I
considered the most important, and, as none
of the members were practical bee-keej er- 1
went into details and explained each jioint
so that the importance of the work could be
understood even by one not a bee-keeper.

It was then asked if a bee-keeper could not
do this work cheaper in his own apiary, than
he could come to the College and do the
work. I replied that he could. I thought he
could do the work for half the money that he
would need if he were obliged to move to
Lansing and pay rent. The next question
was, "How much pay ought a man to receive
for conducting experiments in his own api-
ary ?" I thought .*.500 a year a fair com-
pensation.

To make a long story short, $500 a year has
been appropriated for paying a man to con-
duct experiments in apiculture, and the
Hon. R. L. Taylor, of Lapeer, has been ap-
pointed to do the work. He has had ex-
perience, he is careful, methodical and con-
scientious, and it is no disparagement to
other bee-keepers to say that probably no
better man could have been chosen for the
work.

182

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

An early issue of the Review (if uot the
July, then the August issue) will probahly
be devoted to a special discussion of "Ex-
perimental Apiculture," and Mr. Taylor will
thereafter have charge of a department in
the Review headed " Work at the Michignn
Experimental Apiary." In this department
he will tell what he has done, is doing, and
hopes to do. Readers will be invited to say
what experiments they would like con-
ducted, or how they would like particular
experiments conducted, to criticise, com-
mend and encourage. Mr. Taylor would be
thankful for suggestions of any kind by let-
ter at once, touching work that can be done
to advantage only during the swarming
season. Of all the good things that have
come to bee-keepers through the Review,
I lirmly believe that this will prove Becond
to none.

I have been explicit as to the methods em-
ployed in securing the appropriation, be-
cause I thought it might help bee-keepers in
other States in their efforts to secure recog-
nition at the hands of the State Board.
Somebody has got to go ahead and do some
hard earnest work, and there will be some
expenses for printing, postage, car-fare and
hotel bills in going to visit the Board ; but
these expenses ought to be borne by the bee-
keepers of the State — perhaps be paid out of
the funds of the State Association. There
is no use in trying to avoid this expense ; for,
as one of the board wrote me after the meet-
ing was over, " All of the talk and writing
would have amounted to nothing, had not
you and Mr. Taylor come before us in the
proper spirit ; then the thing went through
like a charm, without a dissenting voice,
and with the most hearty good feeling."

EXTRT^OTED.

How to Introduce Queens by the Hatching
Brood Method.
When one has a valuable queen to intrq-
duce, the plan of letting her loose on combs
of just hatching brood, combs from which
all the bees have been brushed off, is some-
times resorted to. Of course, the hive is
closed for several days, until there are suf-
ficient bees hatched to form a cluster and
defend the hive. ( )ne trouble, unless it be
very warm weather, is the danger of loss
from chilled brood. In Gleauintjs, Dr.

Miller gives a plan that is ahead of that. He
says:—

"When I get an imported queen I generally
use the plan of having two or three or moio
frames of hatching brood, if possible hav-
ing no unsealed brood. Doolittle speaks of
this plan, and seems to think it's all right,
except that sometimes one may forget to
bring it in at night, or it may not be warm
enough in the house, and so there's a chance
for chilling. Let me tell you how I man-
age so there is no danger of chilling. I bore
in the bottom of a hive a two-inch auger-
hole. On the inside of the hive I nail over
this hole a piece of wire cloth. Turning the
hive upside down I nail on the hole an-
other piece of wire cloth. Then this hive is
placed over another hive containing a strong
colony. Nothing is between the two hives,
so that the heat from the lower hive goes
directly through the auger hole up into the
hive above. In the upper hive I put the
frames of hatching brood, make sure that
every thing is bee-tight, put the queen on
top of the frame, and auickly V>ut on the cov-
er. In five days the upper hive is allowed
an entrance large enough for the passage of
one bee at a time, and I have seen those five-
day-old babies bringing in loads of pollen.
In a few days more the hive can be removed
to a new location. It would be better, I
think, to have the hole larger, so that the
heat would pass up more readily. The hole
being doubly covered with wire cloth, there
is no chance for the bees below to communi-
cate with the ones above, so there is no dan-
ger of their hatching mischief. I have, how-
ever, sometimes used an upper hive without
any bottom board with a single sheet of wite
clotli between the two hives."

Some of the Things I Wouldn't do.
Bro. Alley, in the May Api., gives about
three colums to mentioning some of the
things he wouldn't do and some that he
would do. I give a few of those that he
wouldn't do.

"I wouldn't introduce a new (jueen for the
sal?e of changing the racn of any prosperous
colony of bees. Those who do so will be the
losers in the end. After the swarming and
honey season are over, then change queens
if necessary.

I wouldn't put sections on a hive no mat-
ter how populous the colony, till I could see
that the bees are gathering some honey and
had started to build brace combs between
the top bars of the frames. Then I would
put a few sections on, but not over one set
of twenty-four sections at a time.

I wouldn't use a section case that is non-
reversit)le. When sections are half full, or
even quite full, if reversed the bees will at-
tach the combs solidly to all sides of the
section. Honey so stored can be shipped a
long distance without breaking or leaking.
I have no section cases for sale, nor am I
puffing my own goods. Don't misunder-
stand mo.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

183

If two or even three swarms should issue
at the same time, and all settle on the same
limb,or other object, I wouldn't separate the
bees, nor even look for a queen, unless they
are valuable ones. I would put all the bees
in one tiive and give them all the sections
they could work in to advantage. Whew!
what a pile of section honey such a horde of
bees would store. I have had two swarms
that united, fill the brood-chamber and 100
one-pound sections in less than three weeks.

I wouldn't bother about wiring brood
frames if I could purchase the Van Deusen
wired brood foundation. This celebrated
foundation is made by placing the wire be-
tween two thin sheets of wax and then the
wax is subjected to powerful pressure. The
wire never works out, nor do the bees ever
gnaw the wax ofiE the wire as they do in all
cases where the frames are wired, instead of
the foundation."

Empty Brood Comblb. — Their Most Profit-
able Use.

In some parts of the country bees have
died quite extensively thfe past winter, and
many bee-keepers will find themselves the
possessors of large numbers of empty combs.
Before deciding to hive swarms on them it
would be well for them to read carefully and
consider well the following advice given by
J. A. Green in the A. B. J. :

" Sooner or later every bee-keeper is apt
to find himself the possessor of a number of
empty brood-combs. If he seeks informa-
tion from authorities as to the best way to
utilize them, he is liable to receive very con-
tradictory advice.

Some will tell him that these combs are
very valuable ; ' as good as money in the
bank;' 'the sheet anchor to success,' etc.,
while others will say that the best thing he
can do with them is to melt them into wax.
As usual, the truth will be found to lie some-
where between the extremes. Their value
for use in the hives will depend very much
upon circumstances. At times they are very
valuable, and at other times they might bet-
ter be thrown away than used.

The most natural and common use is to
hive swarms upon them. We know that a
new colony must have brood-combs before
it will do much at storing honey, and nothing
could be more natural than to suppose that
by giving them these combs already built,
they will be greatly helped and enabled
thereby to commence sooner the profitable
work of filling sections.

But if we experiment carefully, we will of-
ten find that what looks so plausible in theo-
ry, does not turn out so well in practice.
The colonies that we had supplied with full
sets of ready-built combs somehow do not
give as great a surplus of honey as those
which had to build their combs anew. There
are several reasons for this. One is, that
bees, as well as human beings, will often take
more time to patch up an old thing than to

make a new one. Combs usually require
considerable fixing over before the queen
will lay in them.

The most serious objection to their use in
this way is, that the bees will begin to fill
them with honey at once, and will do little
or nothing in the surplus department until
the brood-combs are full of brood or honey.
Very often they are filled first with honey,
and unless the queen is an unusually smart
one, this honey stays there, reducing the
brood-rearing capacity of the hive, weaken-
ing the energy of the bees for storing in the
supers, and lessening decidedly the amount
of marketable honey. If there are empty
combs enough, they may have just as much
honey put into them as would be put into the
supers — perhaps more — but this honey will
not be worth nearly as much as if it had been
stored in sections.

As previously stated, the value of combs
depends upon circumstances. There are
times when combs may be very profitably
used in hiving swarms, while under other
circumstances we may find that we have used
them at a loss. To use them advantageous-
ly, certain rules must be followed.

In the first place, if honey is coming in
freely, and this honey-flow is not likely to
last more than a month, which is the case
nine times out of ten, too many combs
should not be given. Nothing could be naore
fatal to the chance of securing a large yield
of comb honey, than to hive the swarm in a
large hive filled with finished combs.

Ordinarily the swarm issues during the
early part of the honey-flow, which does not
last more than two or three weeks longer —
often a shorter time. At such a time the
brood-chamber should be contracted to a
space equal to five Langstroth frames, and
I think the fewer finished combs are used the
better.

On the other hand, if swarms issue very
early, before the main honey-flow begins, it
will be found profitable to give them as
many combs as the queen will occupy with
brood before they are filled with honey.

As the honey-flow draws toward its close,
it again becomes profitable to hive swarms
upon finished combs, as otherwise the col-
ony may not be able to build sufiicient
combs for its needs, in which case brood-
rearing is restricted, and the colony rapidly
dwindles. At this time, too, all colonies that
have been hived in a contracted brood-cham-
ber should be looked over; and empty combs
added as fast as they can utilize them. In
this way colonies weak in numbers may of-
ten be brought up to good working strength
in time for the fall crop.

The time when empty combs are most val-
uable, is when it is desired to increase the
number of colonies as rapidly as possible.
W^ith vigorous, prolific queens, plenty of
empty combs, and judicious feeding when
pasture is short, an apiary may be increased
in numbers at a very rapid rate, and it is this
very elasticity — the ability to recover quick-
ly from heavy losses — that relieves bee-keep-
ing of much of the uncertainty and risk that
would otherwise make it a much more pre-
carious occupation than it is."

184

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

Mistress Mary,

Qnite contrary,

Ht)w does your f,'arden grow ?

The above jingle, dear to the ear of child-
hood, suggests one chief pleasure of garden-
ing critical, as well as of gardening floral
and vegetarian, the pleasure of seeing some-
thing changed for the better, of seeing some-
thing grow. We now take up the journals
for the second time. How much have they
grown since the present year begun ? One
that has grown is —

The apiculturist.

It has put off its dingy red and put on that
delicate pale green which makes so artistic
a back ground for anything put upon it. Its
face is made up with taste, and not crowded
— rather a rare merit. As the journals lay
side by side which is the best looking, sup-
posing that outside looks were all ? The
jury would disagree doubtless, but I feel sure
that some good judges would give the Api.
the first place. The Apic dhiist is also
growing confirmed in the style of being al-
most wholly an editorial paper. As friend
Alley outranks most of his correspondents
this is, for the present, an improvement —
and yet a little like climbing an easy side
spur of the mountain while your rivals are
striving for up the main peak— have to climb
down from there eventually, else get left.
At present editor Alley can say, the Api. is
myself. And it has lots of —

"This rock shall fly
From its firm base as soon as I ;"

especially when earnest friends privately
labor with it to have those Punic bees put
overboard. (See page 47.) Bump of self-
esteem ? Yes —

" We strive to pronounce as many practical
ideas as all the other papers combined." Page 74.

But this 'ere " Mary " is so contrary that
she will not concede the full success of that
laudable effort just yet. But even Mary will
concede that the queen-rearing number is a
valuable thing to have in the house. And
here is " Queen Rearing " boiled clear down
to cracklings. Feed — Warm weather — Near-
ly new comb — Queenlessness 24 to 48 hours
— Care in getting the bees off — Hot room to
operate in. — Thin, sharp knife kept hot —

Pencil record on the top bar — Old comb X
cut away to wax the egg strips upon — Don't
cook the eggs — Two quarts of queenless bees,
shut in with wire portico— Keep cool 24
hours, then to a strange location and let fly
— Leave only two cells — Two days later give
another quart of not queenless bees at night.
This is nucleus rearing.

A doubt is expressed whether the up-cham-
ber method, which utilizes a full colony with
queen, and at work storing honey, turns out
quite as good cells and queens. The object
in view is the saving in bees and time. In
this method the queen is kept below by per-
forated metal, and all the combs of brood
except one for a nest-egg. are put above
every 21 days. Such a top story does not
usually start cells ; but if supplied with cells
24 hours old they will work steadily at the
business of finishing them all the season —
and store honey too. While Doolittle makes
the cups, and puts in larv;e by hand, Alley
seems to prefer having a queenless colony
first do 24 or 36 hours work on each set.

The whole thing can be done however by
one colony. Have but a few inches of per-
forated metal in the chamber floor, the rest
being thin board ; and fix a tin slide capable
of shutting the chamber up tight ; and ven-
tilate through wire netting above. With 18
hours of this they will be willing to build.
Then give eggs, stop the top ventilation, open
a fly hole in front, and fix a board in front
to make them return right. But although
one colony ivill do all the work thus, it is
still economy to make one such hive start
the cells and another finish them.

When we read that after August 10th near-
ly every colony made queenless for old style
work will perish in winter, the need of a
more merciful and less expensive way ap-
pears quite evident. The season's work of a
good colony by the new method is immense,
;^0 cells, panning out (with the help of fer-
tilizing nuclei, of course) 250 queens. Col-
onies with old queens do the best work.

THE TOPIC OF THE HOUR.

Mary is quite hasty to have that young
phenomenon, H. P. Langdon, under manip-
ulation, and weed his little garden bed for
him. Needless to say that nothing of equal
promise has been proposed for many a year.
Even the " forbidden fruit " of sugar-honey
is in danger of being forgotten if out-apiaries
can be planted without fear of swarm losses.
Fine stroke of enterprise in the Review to

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

185

be the first to promulgate the thing. As by
the Review came the scratches, even so by
the Review came the ointment to cure it.
The general lines of thought and effort are
similar to those followed by Taylor, Aikin,
Wells, Coverdale, and probably others ; but
Langdon's method has a finished, practical,
licked-into-shape appearance to which the
others will probably bow with the best grace
they can command. " Beat the drums, here
the conquering hero comes," having won the
first campaign of a season's work in a large
apiary. Mary herself (on different lines) has
been a hard fighter against the swarming
nuisance — licked every time — and now with-
out tears she takes off her bonnet and walks
behind the victor's chariot — example for the
rest of you who have got left. And what a
lot of schemes and dreams, self-hivers and
self-everythings, queen-traps and rattle-
traps are now invited to go amiably to the
rubbish heap ! Still the hero of the first
campaign is not sure to turn up president at
the close of the war. But the method will
have a great run no doubt. In localities
where the honey season is short, sharp, early
and sure it hardly looks possible for it to
fail. Where swarming and surplus are both
possible for four or five months it may yet
run against some unforeseen stump. Mary
will venture the guess that it has come to
stay in nearly all comb honey out-apiaries,
but that many home yards will discard it
after awhile.

Bee-keepers incline to be aesthetic in feel-
ing ; and they have greatly decried the old
bee-keeping, with its brimstone pit, for
cruelty. It is in order therefore to remem-
ber that the new plan is a cruel one — much
more cruel than extinguishing once for all
half the colonies in autumn. All the same I
suppose we must have the new plan, cruelty
and all, if it works. With experience we may
learn practical ways to mitigate the severi-
ties so that only the young queens and drones
will be starved, or at most only part of the
young workers. Water fount inside, and
wire grating to let the nurses on the plenty
side share the nectar they are holding with
the distressed nurses on the famine side,
look feasible. But if we should mitigate
all the cruelty the baby queens would not be
destroyed, swarming would follow, and the
whole thing " bust up."

In a normal colony there are often several
pounds of partly grown larvae. Several
pounds of substance, largely water, must be

forthcoming within three or four days to
complete the growth. Slide closes and not a
drop of water or a pellet of pollen can enter
for a week. Honey cannot possibly fill but
part of the need. There is some pollen on
hand, and some cells of diluted nectar food.
Then the nurses can probably draw on the
juices of their own bodies to a certain extent.
Next the larval drones are torn up and their
juices sucked out. Then, if the worker
brood are not grown, the full bitterness of
famine and death has come — not pleasant to
contemplate. The society for preventing
cruelty to animals has already arrested a
man for dehorning his cows ; and his fellows
are preparing to chip in and run the thing
up to the highest court. If that powerful
and popular society should summon friend
Langdon to come up to the captain's office
they would have a much stronger case than
can be made against the dairymen.

The General round Up.

We must keep a sharp eye on that Ram-
bler, and the plan he proposes in last Re-
view, page 134. Outwardly we cannot very
well howl " Swindle ! fraud ! dishonesty !"
but how some of us will ruminate these
words inwardly, if he sends a car load of
California fruits, nuts and honey to each of
our county towns ! In fact man is so got up
that he thinks whatever pinches his individ-
ual corns must be a fraud — no further argu-
ment needed, or tolerated. But, from a Cal-
ifornia point of view, the wisdom of using
commission men instead of antagonizing
them, and then sprinkling car loads all
through the territory they do not cover, is
superb,

S. E. Miller in the Progressive addresses
his chief as " Mr. Higginsville," because he
neglects to run up his name. Right. Hit
him again. In specialist journalism when
an editor wants to hide his personality of ten-
er than not it is because he is ashamed of
his work — or lack of work. Make him avow
himself and he'll do a better job.

The last American Bee-Keeper, with a
quiet dignity that sounds like an editorial
from some other world than this, says of
sugar-honey —

" We are perfectly willing to have the subject
thoroaghly discussed through our colnmns."

Doolittle in the American Farmer, quoted
in the Guide, page 70, proves the point that
bees do not always die from losing their
stings. Somewhere, not long since we had
seemingly reliable observations of the num-

186

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ber of hours in which such bees did die in
several cases.

What kind of beings are we all any way ?
Such a distinguished apiarist as Simmins
would hardly assert that fertile queens never
fight unless he had something to back him
up. Yet that we should have all jumped to a
false conclusion without any proof seems
very improbable too. Market for the man
who has seen a fertile queen fight. (Review,
page 147.)

Dr. Miller in Gleanings, page 259, gets in
an unanswerable dig at the scientific doc-
trine that stings are modified ovipositors.
He wants to know if queens once had two
ovipositors.

Doolittle has not had a nucleus robbed
since he found out the right way to have
things. Have the nucleus at one side of a
full sized chaml)er, with the outer entrance
at the other side, so the bees must first come
in and then travel across to destination.
(Gleanings page 251.)

One part ordinary floral honey shaken with
three parts pure alcohol and left 15 minutes
will be clear. If there is glucose in it it will
look milky. (Gleanings, 355 and 275.)

The world moves, Gleanings included.
When Weed was at artificial comb-making it
preserved a silence that could be cut into
chunks with a knife. I think the Review
was about the only journal that frankly told
right out all it could get hold of to tell. But
now Warnstorf is at work at the same job,
Dr. Miller and the editor chat freely over
the matter, and neither shows the slightest
consciousness that they are perpetrating
wickedness. Well, if people will only get
into the right shape we will not grumble if
they do forget quickly their absurd past.
Very earnest folk have two very different
ways of looking at new things and an editor's
duty concerning them. One brother is sol-
emnly impressed that the public must be de-
fended from hearing all but the most ortho-
dox and doubly guaranteed news. He would
defend them as vigilantly as little girls are
defended from hearing obscene talk. The
poor, dear, unsophisticated, public ! How
cruel to let doubts and fears and disputings
get started among them ! And their busi-
ness sometimes suffers if immature and
awkward news and doctrines get loose. The
other brother vehemently says, That man —
nay that " critter " who in this dawn of the
twentieth century wants a conspiracy of
silence organized on any subject whatever — I

don't want him killed exactly ; Vjut if noth-
ing worse happens to him than to have his
business broken up he'll get but few tears
from me. I called this latter individual,
brother, but possibly he is a nearer relative.
Might see him when I look in the glass.

How far behind I am getting in the des-
perate effort to " lecture " on all the meaty
topics the journals bring up. On A. B. J.
especially, I am many leagues in arrears.
This is partly because it has its innings the
next one, and I was hoping to reach it in the
present number. It will have to go over to
next time, excepting two of the more inter-
esting points in tlft number for May 4th.

Dathe, a German sent to Ceylon after
Apis Dorsata, after many trials in the gen-
eral style of Frank Benton, hit upon a short
cut which is worthy of a Yankee. The Dor-
sata is very migratory ; and by scattering
honey around he succeeded in making them
pull up sticks and come to him, How nice
to return at eve and find your colonies all
emigrated to your neighbor's apiary because,
forsooth, he feeds more liberally than you
do ! Yet, for all its queer ways, quite likely
this giant bee would be a " hummer " if we
could get him started once in the forests of
Florida. Might take Blackstone and his
whole family to straighten out the questions
of meum and tuum that would arise. The
Dorsata will not feed the brood of ordinary
bees it seems. Looks as though they would
have to be transported outright without mix-
ing in any other race to help on. We learn
these things at the hand of H. Reepen the
new German itemist. Friend Reepen lives
in Grossherzogthum. And do the children
there sing —

Grossherzogthum my happy home
Name ever dear to mo ?

Doolittle gives an excellent solution of the
so-called queen cramp on page .504. Most of
us have seen a horse get the lines under his
tail, and then make a fool of himself hang-
ing on and resisting all attempts to get
them out. It seems queens are just so, only
a great deal more so. When a queen is
captured and held up by the wings we can
hardly blame her for squirming and gyrating
her members about. It seems that occasion-
ally a foot gets thrust into the forceps-like
extremity of the body. AVhen this occurs
she excitedly hangs on to it for all she's
worth ; and her puzzled owner thinks she is
having a mortal spasm of some sort.

RicHABDS, Lucas Co., O., May 16, 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

187

30 Tliirlf leaf's Expenence, 30

Try Our Hardy Strains of Bees.

Leather colored Italians and golden C'arnio-
lans. Qualities : extra honey gatherers, long-
lived and hardy. To each customer we present
our latest method of queen rearing. Catalogue
free. Queens fl.Weach. H. ALLEY.

Wenham, Mass.

Please mention the Rev

HIVES.

D O V ET A I LE D

Frames, Sections, Honey

Crates, Foundation and Apiarian Supplies of

all kinds. Catalogue free.

E. li. KINCAID, Walker, Mo.

"""-"^SACRIF-ICE

SUPRUES. WRITE FOR LIST.

I also have "office helos " for sale. 3-93-tf

J NO. C. CAPEHART. St. A /bans. W. Va.

Please Mention tfie Review.

n II r r II n A large number of fine ones on
II II r r N n hand; yellow and prolific;
y U L L II Uj reads' April 15th; warranted
queens. $1 ; 6 for $4.5U ; select
tested, yellow to the tips, suitable for breeders,
$2 each. Reference, A. I. Root. 3-93 tf

W. H. LAWS, Lavaca, Seb. Co., Ark.

Pleas

I he Rev

DO NOT GIVE YOUR ORDER FOR SECTIONS
UNTIL YOU GET OUR PRICES ON THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTION

We are in better shape than ever to fill orders
promptly. Also,

DOVETAILED HIVES. ------

- - - FOUNDATION, SMOKERS, Etc.

1^=- Write for Price List. =^8

J. FOF^NCROOK St CO.

Watehtown, Wis., Jan. 1, 1893. l-93-tf.

f^l^tififi ntenlion the Review

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Doqe at the Review,

I Banded Queens

AND

I pt^ame fiuelei

^^^A SPECIALTY.

April May

One untested queen, $1.00 $1.00

Six " queens, 5.00 5.00

One tested queen, 2.00 1.50

Three " queens 5.00 4.00

Select tested queen, 2. .50 2.50

Two-frame nucleus with any queen $1.50 each,
extra. Three - frame nucleus with any qaeen
$^.25 each, extra. Safe arrival guaranteed.

w. J. ©ivwson,

3"93"3t Catehall, S. C.

jvriehigan Bec^ J^eepers,

You will consult your own interest, by sending
for my catalogue and price-list of Root's Sup-
plies. Beeswax and white extracted honey wanl^
ed.

CLARK A. AVO/HTAGUE,
4-93 3t Archie, Grand Traverse Co, Mich.

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,
FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWRY JOHNSON,

1-93-tf. Masontown, Pa.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOE, ises.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BROWN,
1-88-tf. Aus:u8ta, Georgia.

Please mention the Review.

Don't T^ooK^y

•witb cros5 b^C5 or poor
g:oo<l5. Urjt«ste<J, ItZk^Ii&n
queens, 75 ct5 each. 5 for
$2.00. B«5t 5tocK. 5«n<I
for c^^tzklogu? of supplier.
Jfi°. WEBEU &- 50W, Higb Hill, /Ao.

188

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cat represents oar
Combined Circular and
Scroll Saw, which is the
beet machine made for
Bee Keepers' use in the
construction of their hives,
sectionB, boxes, etc.

11 -92.1 6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOB CATALOGUE, PBI0K8, ETC.,

Address W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rockford. Ills.

Please mention the Reuiew.

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send $1.|'0
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
for his

Bee- Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

Plea?" mention *he Review.

Early Queens From Texas,

From my choice golden stock. My bees are
very gentle, good workers, and beautiful. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. One un-
tested queen, April and May, $1,00; six for $5.00;
later, T5c. Orders booked now ; money sent
when queens are wanted. Send for price list.
J. D. GIVENS,

Lisbon, Texas.

1-93-9t. Please mention the Review.

$1.00

Light, large and prolific Italian queens reared
in .Jan 1892, by the most improved methods.
Orders filled by return mail.

J. W. K. 5HAW 6- CO.,
4-94-7t Loreauville, La.

Please mention the Reuiew,

£ ol Bi^ Blu6 Cdt-

ALOGUE FOR 1893? Seventy illustrated
pages. Sent FREE to any bee-keeper. BEE-
SUPPLIES, at retail and wholesale. Every-
thing used in the apiary. Greatest variety and
largest stock in the West
1-93-tf. E. Kretohmer, Red Oak, Iowa.

Please mention the Reuiew.

TESTED

Queens are usually sold for $2.00. I
will explain why I wish to sell a few at
less than that. As most of my readers
know, I re-queen my apiary each
spring with young

OUEENS

From the South. This is done to do
away with swarming. If done early
enough it is usually successful. It will
be seen that the queens displaced by
these young queens are never more
than a year old; in fact, they are fine,
tested, Italian queens right in their
prime; yet, in order that they may
move off quickly, and thus make room
for the untested queens, they will be
sold for only

$1.00.

Or I will send the Review for 1893 and
one of these queens for only $1.75.
For $2.00 I will send the Review, the
queen and the book "Advanced Bee
Culture." If any prefer the young,
laying queens from the Sonth, they
can have them instead of the tested
queens, at the same price. A discount
given on large orders for untested
queens. Say how many are wanted,
and a price will be made.

W. Z. HUTGHINSON, Flint, Mich.

^,THE PROGRESSIVE BEE- KEEPER ^r

Has Olnetnged Ka-nds It is now Fu.fc>lislneci toy tla©

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

Hlggingvllle, Missouri*

Money, Experience and Enterprise will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicates. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 28-page Catalogue of Apiarian Supplies.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW-

189

GRAY CARMIOLANS.

GOLDEN ITALIANS.

y AXE are headquarters in the United States for GRAY CARNIOLANS. A full de-
^^*^ scription of this wonderfxd and hardy race of bees is given in our price list
for 1898. Our GOLBEN ITALIANS are as good as the best. Each race is bred for busi-
ness, in a separate apiary near no other bees. Get our prices before ordering, as we
can save you money. Descriptive price list free. 5-93-tf

F. A. LOCKHART &• C^., LaKe George, M. Y.

Notice our prices.

No. 1 Sections S2.75 per l.CKX) Thin, surplus
foandation, best quality, 50 cis per pound.
A full line of supplies, including Root's Dove-
tailed Hives, on hand. Send for circular and
free sample of foundation 5 93-tf

J. H. & A .L. BOTDEN,

Saline, Mich*.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundation and sec-
tions ; warranted sood as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the racist favorable
conditions ever offered on foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list of a full line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT.

1-93-tf Bell Branch, Mich.

I Names of Bee - Keepers. I

u

a TYPE WRITTEN. B!

ia £

BBBBBEiBBEBBBEraEHBEiEEIBBBBBB

The names of my customers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) .
and, although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of df)llars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The f<jrmer price was S2..'jO
per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I can furnish them
at $2.00. W.Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

GOLDEN iTJLUH QUEENS

Now ready for $1.00 each. Do not order your
supplies until you see our circular for 1893. For
the price, we have the best spraying outfit made.
Send $l..iU and get one. Wm. H. BRIGHT,
l-93-12t Mazeppa, Minn.

Arc You Tired

of New Bee Journals? Send 15 cts for
3 month's subscription to that bright,
new bee paper, " The Bee - Keepers'
Enterprise," and receive FREE the
Enterprise Souvenir — a Work of Art

TY)2ii will rest Your Eyes.

Burtoli L. Sage, New Haven, Conn.

LEININGER ™ BROS.

Will sell Italian queens and nuclei cheap the
coming season. Write for special prices.

5-92 tf Ft. Jennings. Ohio.

Ready to Mail^

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Tested, at $1.25; 12 for $13.00. Untested, after
April 1st, $1.00 each, or 6 for $5.00. Safe arrival
guaranteed. Bees, Drones and Supplies. Cir-
cular free. J, N. COIiWICK,
't-92-tt' Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Please mention the Review.

/SEE5'QyEEM5

^3mokers. Sections

y \ALLAPIARIAN SUPPUES.
•SEMD FOR CATAtOCtlE-

190

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

HILL'S SMOKER and FEEDER.

Smoker burns hard wood chipb without spe-
cial preparation. Very reliable. Greatest
smoking capacity. Easiest to start. Cheapest
because it saves time. Price, $1.20. By mail,
$1.40. J'er dozen, $10.80.

Best Bee - Feeder. Most
convenient. Saves feed. No
daubing or drowning. Two
to seven feeders full may be
given a colony at one time
which will be stored in the
combs in ten hours. Price,
per pair, 30c.; by mail, 40 c;
per doz., $1.60. Has a sale of
2,000 per month. Address
A. G. HILL, KendallviUe,
Indiana.

These smokers and feeders are kept in stock
by Thos. G. Newman & Son, Chicago, 111
G. B. Lewis & Co,, Watertown. Wis.
W. H, Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.
Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111.

E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa.

H. Mc Wilson & Co., 202 Market St., St. L. uis, Mo.

F. H. Dunn, Yorkville, 111.

W. D. Soper & ( 'o., Jackson, Mich.
Chas. A. Stockbridge, Ft. Wayne, Ind.
A. F. FiekLs, Wheaton, Ind.
W. S. Bellows, Ladora, Iowa.
E. F. Quigley, Unionville, Mo.
Gregory Bros., Ottumwa, Iowa.
Miller Bros., Blnffton Mo.

G. K. Hubbard, Ft. Wayne, Ind.

Theodore Bender, 18 Fulton St., Canton, Ohio.
Math and Son, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Levering Bros., Wiota, Cass Co., Iowa.

Please mention the Reuieui.

Sections Still Lower!

8-to-thc-foot, one-piece, white poplar, and
' ' " " and 178. one-piece basswood,
all i^i X 414 square. Prices : r)(X), either kind,
$1.50. 1.000, $2.7.-). 2.000, $.'5.25. 3,000 to 5,000.
$2.51) per 1,000. 5,000 or more, $2.40 per 1,000.
Satisfaction guaranteed. Sample free. Please
give the size you want.

O. H. TOWNSEND,

4-93-tf Alamo, Kal., Co.; Mich.

Reference: EDITOR REVIEW.

Golden Italians.

My bees are largo and great honey gatherers.
1 untested queen, SO cts. ; 3 for $2 00. 1 warran-
ted queen, $1.00; 3 for $2.50. I tested queen,
$2.00; selected, tested, $2.50. Satisfaction guar-
anteed or money refunded. 4-93-tf

C. JH. HICI^S, HieksvlUe, jnd.

PATENT. WIRED, COMB FODEATION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

THIN, FLAT BOTTOM FOONDATION

Has No Fish Bone in Surplus Honey.

Being the cleanest is usually worked

the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

(SOLE MANUFACTUREBS),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook,Mont.Co.,N.Y

For $1.50 I will jend
the Review for 1893
ZiT)<l 2v fine, young,
Iziyiog, It^lizvn queep.
Queen alone, 75 cts.

QUEENS

For $ 1 .75 1 will send the
JS Review, the queen z^n^l ** Advzvnced Bee Gul-
^ ture." Tested queen5» $ J -OO- The Review zvnd

ry^ ^\ A discount on izvrge

W r^d\^ia\.F m order?. W. Z. Hutcb-

M inson, Flint, A\ich.

REVIEW

mM^M&'v^^MS/S^^m^^i^m&'Sii^Jmfii

i

TITE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

191

Bingrham Perfect Smokerfl.

Cheapest and Best on Earth .
Patented 1878, 1882 and 1892.

Bingham, Perfect Smokef Series,

The Doctor, S'i-inch stove, largest smoke and
fuel capacity made, price !'2.(X). The t'ouqiieror,
3-inch stove, price $1.75. The Large, 2' i-inch stove
price tl.50. These pricet; include postage. These
smokers all have wide sliields. movable bent noz-
zles, coiled steel wire handles and inverted Bingham bellows with Bingham,
cleated joints. The Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Knife belongs in the
perfect i-eries also. PerTect in principle, perfect in detail, and 14 years the
standanl in every country— price §1.1,5 by mail. Our smaller smokers— "original.
unimprt)ved, Bingham, bee smokers " — are as we have always made them. Little
Wouiler. Pj^-inch stove, narrow shield, 65 cts. Plain, narrow shield, 2-inch
srove. Slut'- Extra, 2-inch stove, wide shield, $l.la. For further description
and ^ld^>z. (or more) rates, address the original inventor and only maker of them,
T. F. BINGHAM, Abronia, Mich.

JOHE 25

By my system of dequeening at the opening of
of the harvest, 1 will have 300 TESTED
QUEENS of the leather back strain of Ital-
ians, for delivery about .June 25th, at 75 cts each
or $'i.M per dozen. These qn^'ens are all young
and prolific— none over O A/ £■ YEAR OLD.
Book your orders now and pay when the queen
arrives. None will be sent at these prices be-
fore June 20th nor after July 10th. First come
first served. A. F. BROWN,

1-63-tf Box 16, New Smyrna, Fla.

(Foumer!y ot Huntington, Fla.)

' Please mention the Reuieuf*

pREE TO ALL. ^

SAMPLE COPIES EITHEB OF THE

Cz^nz^^iz^n Bc^ Journal

OB

Ca.i72icli2in poultry Journzil,

Or both, will be sent FREE to applicants who

desire them, upon receipt of their names

and addresses.

These papers are both of them edited and ar-
ranged by practical men. admittedly the most
experienced in their particular lines to be found
on the continent, and the Journals may there-
fore be regariled as authoritative upon the sever-
al subjects of which they treat.

Address BEETON PUBLISHING CO.,
Beaton, Ontario.

Please mention the Reuiew.

Ta-lse ^Totice !

If yon are looking for the Ijeee that give the
most profit, and arc the most gentle, try the

I can also furnish the golden Italian, but my
preference is the Albino. Send for circular and
price list and see what others say of them and
how cheaply T sell thf^i. T also manufacture
and d-ai in Hive8, Sections, Founda-
tion, Extractor8.Hni-''ii->- apiarian sup-
plies S. VALENTINE,
3-93-2t Hagerstown, Md.

Please mention the Reuieui,

THE LARGEST

Establishment in Michigan devoted exclaeively
to the manuf Bcture of bee-keepers'

SURRLIES.

Snow white sections $3.00 per 1,000. No. 2 sec-
tions. 82.00 per 1,000.

A complete hive for comb honey, sonsisting of
bony, half story, six section holders, eight brood
frames, bottom board and cover, all nailed up,
for only $1.00: in the flat, 90 cts. A chafi hivo,
with movable side, all complete, for only $2,00.
A full line of bee-keepers' supplies. 20-page
price list free. J. M, KINZIE.
12-92-12 t Rochester, Mich,

Bee Hives and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Langstroth-Simplicity, Standard
Langstroth, Dovetailed and ('hariipion Chaff
Hives, Supers, One Piece Sections and Shipping
Cases. Foundation. Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16page Circular.
1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH. New London, Wis.

Please mention the Reuieui.

Queens,

13. Catalogue free.
5-93-tf

3 or 5 banded, 75 cts each,
6 for $4.25. Nucleus colo-
nies cheap. Eggs for
hatching ; B. P. Rock and
Brown Leghorn. Si .00 per
CHAS. H THIES.

Steeleville, 111.

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establ ishment in the world. First-
class Second-hand Instruments at half new prices.
Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Ma-
chines sold on monthly payments. Any instru-
ment manufactured shipped, privilege to examine.
EXCHANGING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Dlustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER j 31 Broadway, New York.
HEADQUARTERS, 1 186 Monroe St., Chicago,

Please mention the Review,

192

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

FOWDDATIOD ■ H ■ B
DBS)® Six Cents a Pound

less than formerly. Also other bee supplies at lowest rates. Send for illustrated catalogiJe and

price list, also copy of the fliA\ERICft/S BEE-KEEPER.

(ESTABLISHED 13 YEARS.) W. T. FALCONBR Mfg^. CO., Jamestown, N. Y.

Golcleoy
jr 5-B2vodecl,

My Bees are the beat honey gatherers there
are in the country, while for Golden Beauty
they caunot be excelled in tlie world.

Warranted Queens, 75 cents each.

Tested. $1. CO each.

Breeding Queens, $2.50 to $3.00.

Ten percent discount on orders for five or more
queens. Satisfaction guaranteed. Make money
orders payable at Caldwell, Texas. Address

C. B. BANKSTON, Chrisman, Texas.

2-93-tf Please mention the Review.

GRAY CARNIOLANS

- AND -

GOLDEN ITALIANS.

Bred from pure mothers and by the best known
methods. Bend for price list. 4-93-tf

For (^arniolans to I For Italians to

JOHN ANDREWS, L. E. BDRNHAM,

Patt«n'8 Mills, N. Y. | Vaughns, N. Y.

BIG OFFER.

To any person sending
me liis i.rder for ten

CHArr HIVES

in .Vpril or Ma'y 1 will
mail one of .1. F. Mich-
ael's (iolden Queens in
June. Write for price
list, sent free. 4-93-lt

INO

GEO. H. KIRKPATRICK, UNION City

P/ec/s*? mrntion the Reuiftu

I TELL you wiiat, Jones, Lev-
ering Bros, sell the best goods
and at tlie lowest prices of any
\ One I've struck yet. The lar-
' \ gest and l)est equippetl

Bee- Hive Pactoff

In the West. The Dovetailed
Hive and New Hoffman self-
spacing frame a specialty.
Everytliing used by practical
beekeepers by wholesale and re-
tail. Send for their free Illus-
trated Price-List, and save money. 8upj)ly Deal-
ers, send fortiieir Wiiolesale List. Address;

LEVERING BROS..
2-9a-6. WIOTA, Cass Co., Iowa.

Gorr)b Leveler.

Sections full of comb kept over from last year,
when used to induce the bees to liegin work in
the supers, are worth nearly as much as sections
filled with honey. The only objection to their
use is that tlic ccmib is often uneven and gives
the honey .i rough appearance. By the use of
Taylor's Handy Comb Leveler the combs can l)e
brought to a level as rapidly as the sections can
be handled, and the comb of honey, when fin
ished, will have all the fine appearance of tliat
produced with fresh foundation. Price of tlic
leveler (except the wooden box in which to set
the lamp) tH) cts. by mail. Hox and all, %\.W
by mail ; by express, $1.00.

B. T/VYLOR, Forcstvilic, A\ii7n.

"Golden" ^^ Florida.

My location enables me to roar good queens
NOW as cheaply Be they can bo reared in tin
North at anytime. Untested queens, 75 cts.
each; 6 for S4.00; one dozen, $7..")0. L.ist year's
tested queen, $1.25; select, $1.75; breeder, $2. 5tJ.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. l-it2-tf

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

Pleaa€ mantion the Reuieut.

CS-OLXDEIISr O.^I^2SriOI-.-A.3SrS.

-A- Faiiltless Strain of* Bees.

One queen, $1.00 I i_,©a.ttLer Oolored ItELlians

Ihree queens, . 2.75 | same prices. Satisfaction guaranteed.

bix " 5.50 1 HENRY ALLEY,

rjwelve " 10.00 | Weubam, Mass

July, 1893.

a Year.

194

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

ADVEJ^TISIflG l^flTES.

All advertiBemente will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cente per line. Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch.
Discounts will be given as follows :

Ou 10 lines and ujjwards, 8 times, 5 per cent ; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 percent ; t>
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On aO lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; B
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing Iiist.

I will send the Review with—

Gleanings, f jJl.OO)

American Bee Journal.. ..( l.fld)

Canadian Beo Journal . . . ( 1.00)

American Bee Keeper . . . ( .50)

Progressive Bee Keeper... ( J)0)

Bee Keepers' Guide ( ..50)

Apiculturist ( .75)

Bee-Keepers' Magazine. . . ( .50)

.$1.7.5.

. 1.75.

. 1.7,5.

. 1.40.

. 1.30.

. 1.40,

. 1.65.

. 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attaclied
to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all tlie colls sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detiiched at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, tliere will be " fancy white,"
"No. 1 dark," etc.

NEW YORK— The new crop of extracted from
California and the South is arriving very freely.
There is a limited demand and prices have a
downward tendency. VVe quote as follows:
White extracted, (i'A to 7 ; Amber, ti to tj!4; Dark,
5!4to6. Beeswax, 26 to 27.

HILDRKTH BROS. & SEGELKEN,

July 7. 28&;J0 West Broadway New York.

CHin.\GO, ILL.-There is not any of tiie new
crop of comb hcmcyonthe markc^t at present.
What few sliipmonts have come in have sold at
about 16 to 17 cts We expect some now daily,
and if it is choice it will bring 17 cts. Extracted
is very dull and selling prices are nominal. Par-
ties who want, buy for immediate use, paying
from 6 to 7 cts, in a small way. Beeswax, from
23 to 25.

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,
July 6 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

KANSAS CITY, MO.— We cannot give any
quotations, as there is no new comb or extract-
ed honey in the market. No.l, white comb
would bring about 16 or 17 cts.

CLEMONS-M.ASON CO.,
July 7. 521 Walnut St., Kansas ('ity Mo.

('1N('1NNAT1, Ohio.— There is no ciioice comb
honey on tiie market. A fair article brings 14 to
16 in a jobbing way. The demand is good for
extracted at from 6 to 8 cts. Tlierc is a good de-
mand for choice yellow wax at from 24 to 27 cts.
CHAS. F. MUTIl & SON..

April 1. Cincinnati, Ohio.

MINNEAPOIjIS, Minn. - There is a good sup
ply on hand but it is mostly dark. This stock is
slow, but wliat little white tliere is on the market
moves readily. We quot.e fancy wliite, 17 to 1.'^ ;
two pound combs, 16 to 17 ; buckwheat, 15 to Hi :
extracted honey, 10 toll.

J. SHEA & (X) .
Feb. 13. 14 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.

BUFFALO, N. Y.-Too early to sell brisk. In
due season we can place almost unlimiicd
amounts of all kinds of honey as well probably
as it can be sold in any market in tiie Unitcil
States. We quote as follows: Fancy white, 15 to
16; No. 1 white, 14 to 15; Fancy Amber, 11 to 12 ;
FancJ Dark, 8 to 10; No. 1 Dark 7 U> 8; white ex-
tracted, 7 to 8; Amber, 5 to 6; Dark, 4 to 5.
Beeswax, 20 to 25.

BATTERSON & CO..

July 6. 167 & 169 Scott St., BuflFalo, N. Y.

CHICAGO, ILL.— Old stock of houey is entire-
ly cleared up and market in gooil condition for
tue coming season. Our experience has been
that honey sent to the early market brings tlir
best price. We received our first new conih
honey this week and (jiiotc as follows: Fancy
white, 18; No. 1 white, 17; Vancy Amber, 15; No. 1,
.Vmber.lS'i; Fancy Dark, 12' j; No. 1. Dark, 10;
White Extracted, 8; Amber, 7'i; Dark, 6. Bees
wax, 22.

J. A. LAMON,

July 6. 44 &48 So. Water St., (Chicago, 111.

Queens reared from the above, $fi.00 a do/,.
PERCY C( )VINGTON, Appleton, Md.

Pleasf mention the Reuieui

Illustrated AdvertlsemeDts Attract Attention.

cuts Farnlslieil for all illostratlos Porposes,

Pleaat mantion the Keuieui.

THE BEE-REEFERS' REVIEW,

195

'®)

FEEDIHG BAGK

•®)

Honey to secure the completion of unfinished sections can
be made very profitable if rig-htly manag-ed during- the hot
weather of July and Aug-ust. In " Advanced Bee Cul-
ture " may be found complete instructions reg-arding- the
selection and preparation of colonies, preparation of the
feed, manipulation necessary to secure the rapid capping-
of the combs, time for removing- the honey, and how to
manag-e if a few sections in a case are not quite complete ;
in short, all of the "kinks" that have been learned from
years of experience and the ' ' feeding back " of tons of hone}-.
Price of the book, 50 cts.; the Review one year and the
book for $1.25. Stamj^s taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HUTCHlNSOrl, Flint, JWich.

:©

'®)

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OF BEE HIVES, SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THS NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

ira-l-2t. RIVE^ FA'.LS. WIS.

MAKE MONEY

While You Sleep.

STAHL'S
E)SeELSIOR
FRUIT DRIER

Evaporate? Fruit DAY

and NIGHT. Catalogue

free upon applicatiOD.

Address

WILLIAM STAHL

EVAPORATOR COMPT.

QVin«Ti lUn

Oh, llaiiima !

Have you heard of the

■C|TT3 L| 'TCP

200-Page hamk

given to every ,"%'K^V
Subscriber to the old

AMERICAN

BEE JOURNAL?

Oldest, Tvargest, Best,
Cheapest aud the only
VFeekly Bee -Paper
in America. 32-pages ;
$1 a year. Sanqile free

-GEO.W.YORK&CO

56 Fifth Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL.

0 New Subscribers: The Journal Aione
^ent for Three Months for Twenty Cents.

A large numlier of fine ones on

hand; yellow and prolific;

J read.\ April l.'ith ; wan anted

iliieens, $1; t> for $4. .")(); select

tested, yellow to tlie tips, suitable for breeders,

$2 each. Reference, A. I. Root. 3-93 tf

W. H. LAWS, Lavaca, 8eb. Co., Ark

196

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cut reiireeents oar
Combinpil Circular and
aoroll Haw. which is the
best machine made for
Hee Keepers' use in the
Construction of their hives,
sections, boxes, etc.

11-92-161

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOR CATALOGUE, PRICKS, ETC.,

Address W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rockford, Ills

Please mention the Reuteiv-

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers tin- whole apicultiiral field more
completely tliin .iny other publishoil, scud fl. 0
to Prof. A J. Cooli, Attricultural ('(illeirc Midi ,
for his

mUUUWiiUMMUUU'miU\iiUW^iiUUUUUU

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

f/ea5^ mention *he Reuieuu.

Early Queens From Texas,

From my choice nolden stocir. My bees are
very trentle. Rood woi kers. and beautiful. Safe
arrival and satisfaction Kuaranieed. One un-
tested rjueen, April and May, $1.(K); six for S.'i.CMJ;
later, 75c. Ortlers booked now; money sent
wiien queens are wanted. Se'ul for price list.
J. D. GIVENS.

Lisbon, Texas.

1-93-9t. Please mention the Review.

Ready to Mail^

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Tested, at $1.25 ; 12 for f 13.(X). Untested, after
April Ist, Sl.()() each, or 6 for $.5.0(1. Safe arrival
guaranteed. Bees, Drcmo'; .-(ni) Sniii)lic8. Cir-
cular free. J. N. COLWICK,
4-92- tf Norse, Bosque Co.. Texas.

Names of Bee - Keepers, i

ia TYPE WRITTEN. B

ia l:

The names of my customers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (.in llio largest States) .
and, although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, 1 would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2. .50
per 1(K)0, but 1 now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I can furnish them
at $2.00. W. Z. HDT(;H1NS0N. FUnt, Mich.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundation and sec-
tions; warranted good as .my made. Dealers,
write for special prices ami the most favorable
conditions ever offered on foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free pricp-lisi of a full line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT,

1-93-tf Bell Branch, Mich.

BEE - KEEPERS'

SUPPLY HOUSE

J. H. M COOK. 78 Barclay St , N Y. City.

(SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING )

4-93 tf Se d for illus'rated Catalogue

CATCHALL

)rder8 for un-
tested (jUBPUs at 75 cts each : six for $4,IKI. Tt sl-
ed queens, $1 .5(1 each, three for $4.0i\ Two-
frame nucleus with any uuctm $1.50 each, extra.
Safe arrival guaranteed. 7 S3-'t

W.J.EUISON, Gatcbaii, S. C.

-4 THE PROGRESSIVE BEE -KEEPERS

Irises Claangeci KCancis

It is now Futolislaeci toy tli©

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

HlgginsTllle, Mlssonri.

Money, Experience and Enterprise will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicates. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 28-page Catalogue of Apiarian Supplies.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

197

Great Reduction.

SECTIONS AT GREATLY REDUCED

PRICES.
HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, .fee., AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.
WRITE FOR FREE. ILLUSTRATED CATA
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

1-93-tf.

Please mention the Review,

The Golden Beauties.^

Our five-banded Italian queens, warrantr-d
purely mated, at 75 cte each : two for $1.25.
Tested, $1.0() eacli ; two tor $l..=iO Safe arri-
val guaranteed C. B. BANKSTON.
2-y;^-t£ ("hriesman, Texas.

Pleiise mention tin: Keuieui

Muti's ::

lEY EXTRACTOR

PKRFECTION
>ld-Blast Smokers,
S^UA^re Glziss Honey Jzirj, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to ('has. F. Moth & Son,
Cor. Freeman & Central Aves.. ('inciunati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hints to Bee Keepers.

1-93-tf. Plense M ntion tie Rfuiem.

— If you are Koing to —

BiJy a biJzz -SAVS^j

write to the editor of the Review. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
make you happy by telling j'ou the price at
which he would sell it.

Foundation Reduced.

Deduct three cents oer pound from prices
givon in my Illustrated Price List for IS!>3

M. H HUNT, Bell Branch Mioli.

Second Hand I

©

Supplies, r

c

'%

the

second
hand supplies tliat
1 nave been advertis- '®^
ing in the Review, the ^'
following remain unsold : —

100 old-style, Heddon surplus
cases at 20 cts. (as a non-separatored
case, they have no superior) ; 2.'> slatted
honey boards at 10 cts. ; 20 Heddon feeders
at 40 cts. ; and half a dozen single - comb
nuclei for exhibiting bees at fairs. They
have glass sides, removable covers and are
painted a bright vermillion. They cost
^2.00 each, but will be sold at half - price.
All these are practically as good as new.

W, Z. HDTCHINSON, Flint, Micbip,
Don't A\ooK?y

witb cros5 b?C5 or poor
gootlj. Unt?stc<l, itzilizvn
queens, 75 ct5 each. 5 for
$2 00. B«$t 5tocK 5«r7<I
for catalogue of suppliej.
JtHO. f4EBEL &■ 50VH, Higb Hill, A\o.

Are You Tired

of New Bee .Journals? Send 15 cts for
3 month's subscription to that bright,
new bee paper, '* The Bee - Keepers'
Enterprise," and receive FREE the
Enterprise Souvenir — a Work of Art

That will rest Your Eyes.

Burtoti L. Sage, New Haven, Conn.

Pl,;,.sr n.^iltiot, I :„> R^,.iem.

Hastings' Lightning Ventilated Bee Escape.

Agricultural College. Mi'_-h. .^eot. 17, '9:

"I have u.<efl the LightDiiig Bet- Escapes you

sent anil find them certainly the equal of the

Porter, and their .superior for the reason that

thev will empty a super more rapidly."

Yours respectfully, J. H. LARRABEE.
'•It is our opinion that you haye the host Bee
Escape ever introduced."

A. I. ROOT. .Medina, Ohio.

HoNOLULir. Hawaiian Islands. April 25, '92.

'•Please send me hy return mail 5 I,i?htnin^

Ventilated Bee Rsr-apes. I haye the Porter. and

the Dibhern and they holh clo.;. "

Yours truly, JOHN FARNSWORTH.

Price, by mail, each, 20c. per doz. $2.25.

IT lEAnS THEM ALL
Kead Testimonials of a few sucressful

Bee-keepers.
Send for Sample and .ifler a trial you

fa'alu

Valley, N. Y., March '20, 'OT.
"1 shall take pleasure in recommending them
as the best I haye ever used.

Truly yours, J. E. HETHERINGTON.
"We believe you have an Escape that 'downs*
the Porter."

T. PHILLIP & CO., Orillia, Ont., Canada.
"Your Escape icnocks out all competitors."

A. J. LI.VDLEY, Jordan. Ind.

"They did not clog, and cleared the supers

rapidly. Infactitis the best Escape I have

yet used, I cannot speak too highlv of it, and

consider it a great hiMtn to bee-keepers. *

W. E. CLARK, Oriskany, N. T.

XUf sent oil appliration.

M. E. HASTINGS, MEW YORK MILLS, ONEIDA CO., N. Y.

198

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

A Gr2ii7<J Success.

i

m

m
m

m

m
m

A\cntion R9vie>v.

New Cowan Reversible

HONEY EXTRACTOR.

May De Reversed WitHon: stopping llie Macliiiie.

S ">ii«. well made in i-vfry tesiioct,
lii^'hr, niul of > uiivenifiii size. Tin- can is
l)u: li. tie larger than that nf tin- Novice.
Tli> !- r '8 ll"- ("le.l anil covered hy an
iron shield, . nd the crank outside the
0 111. Ilk iM C.N' ay. of Mansion, Wis., a
bee keeper who produces tons and tons
of ex r.tc el honey, say« of ii:

"After caef\dly cxaniiniiiK and trying
till Cowan Extractor, I hav(> failed to
find a weak part, anil 1 do not hesilate to
saj that it is the best Extractor made,
both in regard to convenience and dura-
bility, and I .'-hall rep'ace all of my live
in,icliines with iiie Cowan as soon as pos-
"-ible,"

It is endorsed also by .1. F. Jlclntyre, an
ex'ensive extracte<l honey prodncfr of
California; by W. Z Hutchinson, Dr. C.
C >liller, and others.

Price all Complete, Jipaonad and Lettered,
fcr L. Frame, $10.

R. I. ROOT, JWedina, O.

\\\\\\\\\ \ \ \ N \ \ \

/

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/

/

/
/

/
/

/

/

/
/

/
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/

/
/

/
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/

JUHE 25

Hy my system of deiiueening at thi. opening of
of the harvest, I will iiave 300 TESTED
QUEENS of the leather back sliaiiiof Ital-
ians, for delivery almut June 2."ith. at TTi els each
or S7..")l) per ilozen. Thesi^ (lui-ciis arc all Mniiig
anil prolific— none over OAfE' YEAR OLD.
Hook your ord'^rs now and pay when the iiueen
arrives. None will be sent at these prices be-
fore June 20th nor after -Tnly Kith. First come
first served. A. F. BROWN,

1-KJtf Box 16 Now Smyrna, Fla.

{FoumerUj ot Huntington, Fla.)

GRAY CARNIOLANS

- AND -

GOLDEN ITALIANS.

Bred from pure mothers and by the best known
methods. Send for price list. 4-9.'5-tf

For Carniolans to I For Italians to

JOHN APREWS. L, E. BURNHAM,

Paltai.'e Mills, N. Y. | Vau-lins. N. V.

(% . best, and highly recommended ^

2 as great labor-saving implements by Chae. Dadant & Son, Prof A. J. Cook, Chas. F. Muth, ^

5 Jno. 8. Reese, J. H. Martin, Jno. Andrews, F. A. Gemmill, Wm. McEvoy, A F. Brown, ©

|C Thos. Pierce, and many other prominent bee - keepers. Descriptiv? circular and testimo- x

fl nials mailed free. PRICES: each, postpaid, with directions, 20 cts. ; per doz.. S2.25. B

2 RETUHN THEM AND GET YOUR MONEY BACK AFTER TRIAL, IF NOT SATISFIED. For sale by dealers,
MENTION THE REVIEW. Address R. &. E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL.

Tb

e (4)ee-

eepeps' JHeViecu

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Iqterests of Hoqey Producers.

$1,00 A YEAR.

W. Z. HUTCHlNSOrl, EditoP & Pfop.

VOL, VI, FLINT, MICHIGAN, JULY 10. 1893. NO. 7.

No. 6.

B. L. TATLOK.

" What shall the harvest be ?"

rrjHE work of
'x this month is
largely a contin-
uation of that of
-June. Care must
he taken that the
l)eea have suffici-
ent room for stor-
ing what they are
able to gather but
greater heed than
ever must be given
that only neces-
sary room is allowed them, for too much
space now means an unnecessarily large
number of unsalable sections which proper
vigilance will prevent. As aids in this mat-
ter one should have a thorough knowledge
of the sources of one's honey, and constantly
cultivate a close acquaintance with the con-
dition of those sources. As having a bear-
ing upon the probable continuance of the
honey flow the weather must be observed.
Hot, dry weather not only hastens the open-
ing of bloom but also its disappearance.
The bloom of white clover is greatly pro-
longed by copious and frequent showers,
while drought cuts it short. The bee-keeper
who desires the greatest success must keep
wide awake and preserve a judicial state of

mind in all these matters. He must not be
pessimistic and so become disheartened
without reason nor must he allow his eyes to
see everything in the future clothed only in
a rosy hue.

Swarming may continue to some extent
and young queens are mature frona previous
swarming. Make the most of them. They
are the apiarist's most valuable property ;
save as many as can be used. Pinch the
heads of all two year olds and have them re-
placed by those reared under the swarming
impulse. It may be possible to rear better
queenr. than those iiroduced under that im-
pulse, but in ninety-nine cases in a hundred
th ) latter are the better. An apiarist can
get all of these he needs for almost nothing,
so it cannot pay him to attempt to rear them
otherwise. Two combs with a pint of bees
at this season supplied with a choice cell
taken from a colony that cast a swarm a
week ago will give you a better laying queen
in a few days than you generally get for a
dollar, and the same pint of bees may be
made to repeat the operation several times.
Dividing the combs of the colony, from
which a swarm has issued, into two or three
parts with a good ceil in each and giving
each part a separate hive for a few days is
an easy way to get plenty of good queens.

Besides the necessary attention to be given
as suggested above, there is little else to re-
quire much labor during this month except
the gathering of the harvest. In the June
number of the Review I advised that there
be no haste in taking the surplus from the

2UU

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

hives, but there comes a time during this
mt)nth wheu that advice would be changed
aud that time is towards the close of the
white clover and basswood season. Watch
carefully for signs of the approach of that
period and before it comes rush off all cases
that are completed. Take this course be-
cause it can then be done without interfer-
ence from robber bees, and therefore with
much less labor. When the honey How is
excellent bees will pay no attention to honey
in comb whether sealeU or not, when the
yield is only fair they will take honey from
unsealed cells, but will not take the trouble
to uncap honey, so that when the honey flow
is fair or better, finished comb honey may
be removed and freed from bees without the
use of tents, bee-escapes or other contrivan-
ces. At such a time simply drive the bees
down from the completed cases with two or
three puffs of smoke, remove the cases, re-
place the cover, and set the cases on end, on
the top of the hive, flush with the front of
the hive or a little more. Give them two or
three puffs of smoke, when the remaining
bees will begin running down the front of
the hive to the entrance and the honey will
soon be entirely free from them except per-
haps now and then a robber looking for an
open cell of honey. What remains should be
removed promptly on the cessation of the
white honey season for it will very soon
receive injury in its appearance after that
time. All the bees cannot be conveniently
gotten out of this lot without piling it ui>
open to the light under a tent, or in a room
having an exit for the bees, but no entrance,
or in some other of several well known ways.
Of course no reader of the Review will ever
think of removing honey from the hive by
pulling out of the case one section at a time
and brushing the bees off it with a feather
and replacing it with an empty one.

After the honey is off the hive it is highly
important that it should be well cared for.
I pile it up on end, i. «., put the cases on
end so as to be fully open to the circulation
of the air in a warm dry room — the warmer
and drier the better so that it is not warm
enough to cause. the wax to yield. Unless
one allows the wax moth to breed extensively
about the premises I think there need be no
fear of its doing injury to the comb honey.
I never knew any injury from this cause
when disposed as I have indicated above. I
coTiaider it important also that it be allowed
t< reiiKiin in the cases until it is to be put

on the market. It is better there than in-
closed in shipping crates, besides the comb
is more liable to injury than when it becomes
thoroughly ripened and the weather some-
what cooler.

It is always timely in warm weather to
utter a warning against the danger of injury
to coml)s from the wax moth. They may be
safely kept for a time in a very cool cellar.
If kept where it is warm they must be kept
separated an inch or more and where the air
has free circulation, but on hives where bees
can care for them is the best place of all.

Lapeek, Mich. June 21, 1893.

A Mammoth, Solar and Furnace-Heat, Wax
Extractor.

B. O. AIKIN.

" Profit iir loss verj' often turn on those things
which maybe saved, but which oft are wasted."

kAST year w e
made a port-
able, solar, wax
extractor. Its size
was ;{ x G feet. It
could be wheeled
into the honey
house to load or
unload it ; shifted
to face the sun ; or
moved about for
any purpose. Be-
tween the effects of
heat aud moving, the lumber became split
and warped until it refused to do good work.
Better lumber and workmanship would have
remedied this trouble. As it was, we got
about ;500 pounds of wax through it and then
did not get all melted.

In order to get the best results the refuse
should be allowed to drain for days, yes,
even weeks. So we decided to rebuild aud
make some improvements. We will try and
make plain our new solar extractor and show
the advantages it possesses. We will make
some rude drawings to illustrate it that will
be much better than a lengthy description in
making it plain to the reader.

Cut No. 1 is the ground plan. The walls
and partitions are of brick set on edge. A
small furnace is arranged to give heat from
b'^neath when desired. The partition divid-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

201

ing the fire chamber part way, throws the
heat forward. At about 12 to 1(J inches high
a sheet iron covering is laid in the brick
work from the back to the partition dividing
the wax chamber from the fire chamber.
The iron being laid into the brick work,
completely closes in the tire chamber from
the other compartments, so no smoke can
get into the extractor.

AIKIN's SOLAE and FDKNAOE - HEAT WAX
EXTBACTOB.

Fig. 2 shows the front and one side wall,
and the wood and iron sash. The sash is set
on the brick work in mortar and is not to be
removed. The wax chamber door opens in
from the side and is just large enough to al-
low the wax pan to slip in endwise. The pan
is about ten inches wide and deep by about
28 or 30 long. The outside measure of the
extractor is about 4x6 feet. The bars that
support the glass have T tins wired on to
them and make the glass rest on rabbets.

Fig. 3 is a back view and shows the fur-
nace door and draft opening and the flue.
At the top is a door hinged at the top, and
extending clear across the end. This door
is to put in combs and to remove the refuse.
The hand hole near the center is to insert
the hand and arm with a stick or scraper to

stir the combs, or to draw all back near the
highest point.

The drip pan is made of two boards about
4)2 feet long and six or eight inches wide,
having four bars of iron (we used old buggy
tire) with the ends bent up at right angles.
The boards we screwed to the uprights, or
ends, of the iron bars. In this skeleton is
placed a tin bottom nailed to the side boards
and having about a two inch " turn up " at
the upper end. This drip pan can be drawn
right out at the door behind, very much as
you would draw out a bureau drawer.

In hot weather no tire is needed in the
furnace, but a tire will help us out in the fall
and spring when we have work to do. Yes-
terday (June 13) we melted 32 lbs. of wax,
some of it being comb, but the bulk was
cakes of wax brokeu up to remelt.

Being built right ou the ground, and hav-
ing brick walls, it holds heat through the
whole night. This morning when I removed
the 32 lb. cake of wax, it was so warm on
the under side that the wax was quite soft.

We used less than \M brick and laid them
in mud mortar. Tlie sheet iron to cover the
furnace cost $1.00. Tin about TjOc, glass
!i;2..">0. This makes a cost of about ifSS.OO for
material. A much better and larger one
could be maile for $10.00, or less.

Candied honey can be melted very rapidly
in it. You would only have to see it in op-
eration to say it is a good thing. I think,
with an apiary of 100 and more colonies an
apiarist could profitably afford a solar on
this plan. A little extra room in a solar
comes very handy now and then.

I forgot to mention that the furnace is
made of the " running gears " of an old,
small sized, heating stove, a coal burner.
No patent on any part of this.

LovELAND, Colo. June 14, 1893.

Working Three Colonies in One Set of Su-
pers and Preventing Swarming.

GEO. B. WEIiLEE.

" Beautiful schemes, beautiful schemes,
How they prosper in our dreams ! "

(HE May Review is very good. I wish
the eight extra pages were permanent,
if quality would not be sacrificed for
quantity; many golden grains of apiarian
knowledge I lose, most unwillingly, beca

202

THE BEE-KEEPERS* REVIEW.

I have not time to sift them from amoug the
mass of rubbish, in which tliey are buried.

Messrs. Laugdon, Taylor, Aikin aud oth-
ers have made marked progress aloug the
uon-swarming liues ou which many bee-
keepers are working aud they deserve great
credit. However, the same results can be
accomplislied, at less cost, aud with some
marked advantages, by three hives being
worked together in place of two. Place
three hives, fronts in line, as close together
as possible, arrange two boards with escapes
Bo they will close the entrances, cover the en-
trances of the escapes with perforated metal,
with these close the entrances of the two
outside hives and place sufficient surplus
cases on the center hive for the prevailing
honey How. All workers must return to the
center hive. At tlie end of four or five days,
change places with the center and one of the
outside hives, place an escape board under
the surplus cases, as they having the atten-
tion of the workers from three hives will be
about completed, remove them when clear
of bees, place other cases over the hive now
in the center, aud, after four or five days
change places between the center and the
other outside hive ; care for the surplus, and
arrange other cases over the hive now in the
center. Repeat the programme as long as
the honey flow continues,

In all these manipulations it is understood
that the outside entrances are closed, except
that bee escapes allow the bees to leave the
hives, but they are compelled to enter the
center hive.

By this arrangement each hive will be
cleaned of all < xtra bees alternately, for a
period of from eight to ten days, which will
effectually repress all desire to swarm, yet
each is boomed with all the bees for only
four or five days at one time; consequently
the swarming fever will not develop as it
would if they were boomed for eight or ten
days. ( )bserve, the workers do not have to
change entrances every time a change is
made, but work at the center entrance all
the season, nothing patentable is used, no
extras, that need cost a nickel.

The perforated metal behind the escapes
is important. If a young queen should be
raised and took her mating flight through
an escaiie, she must return to the wrong hive
and be lost, the metal will confine her, not
longer than eight or ten days when she will
have a chance to leave the center hive, and
it being in a group of three, she cannot miss

it on her return. In house apiaries the
manipulation will be easier than out of
doors.

So many workers thrown together will re-
sult in extra surplus, in extra tine shape.
Truly we are " getting there " in good style.

To the special self hiving number of the
Review, and subsequent articles, belong the
credit of getting together the accumulations
of experience on these lines, so it could be
sifted, and we would know where we were,
and be thereby the better enabled to work
out further improvements. "May it live
long, and prosper."

Beblin, Mo. May 22, l»m.

[It is possible that the above plan would
work satisfactorily. One objection is that
the hives would need lifting about, which is
now not the case with the Langdon method.
Then, again, I am not snre that such a great
mass of bees works to the best advantage.
Possibly they are in one another's way. It
is one of the things that I confess I " don't
know." It is an experiment that could be
easily tried and would not be expensive. A
few months ago, Mr. R. L. Taylor said it
would be desirable if all the bees in the api-
ary could be induced to store their honey in
one common pile of supers. When we get
three colonies to work satisfactorily in one
set of supers, we are, as Mr. VVeller says,
"getting there."

Since the foregoing was written I have re-
ceived a letter from Mr. Corneil in which he
suggests placing two hives side by side with
the supers all on one hive and the entrance
to the other hive closed with the exception
of a bee escape opening outwardly. The
workers will pass out through the bee es-
cape, and, upon their return, they will even-
tually find their way into the adjoining hive.
In a few days, simply change places with the
hives, always keeping the supers upon the
hive standing, say, at the right, and the en-
trance of the hive standing at the left closed
with a bee escape. As the workers will al-
ways be in the habit of returning to the hive
at the right, there will be no confusion. To
this plan there is the objection of having the
hives to handle.

Latek — Since the above was jiut in type I
have visited the Michigan, Experimental
Apiary and learned that such a great mass of
bees as the working force of even two colo-
nies thrown together is quite likely to swarm.
See Taylor's report of work in Michigan,
Experimental apiary. — Ed.]

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

203

There is a Lack of Qaeen Breeders on the
Pacific Coast.

" BAMCLEK."

T N looking
i over the
advertisiug
pages of the
bee jouruais,
I tiud that
the majority
of those who
advertise
queens for
sale are loca-
tediu the
Middle or far Eastern States, and, although
many of the breeders live in States that pro-
duce but little honey, and would seem to
turn to queen rearing for a livelihood, still
many of those in the queen business are in
good honey producing districts. Itis a fact,
however, that the great honey producing
States and islands, like California, Florida
and the island of Cuba, have but few who turn
their attention to queen rearing. S[)eaking
more particularly of California there is not
one that advertises in any of our journals,
and only one that advertises in one of the
agricultural papers of this coast. One
would suppose that if queen rearing would
pay in the small honey i)roducing State of
Mass. that it would pay better in a large
honey producing State like Calif., not only
large in honey production but also large in
area, and where there is more need of re-
queening than in any of the Eastern States,
where, owing to the shorter honey season,
the usefulness of the queen is not impaired
so quickly as in a climate where the breed-
ing goes on uniuturrupted for many months
in the year. In the semi-tropical climate of
southern Calif, the only rest for the queen is
a short time during the fall months. In Jan.
there is usually a good amount of brood; in
Feb. the amount increases; in-Mar. it is still
further accelerated, and from that time un-
till Aug. she is kept under high pressure
work. The majority of bee keepers know
the state of affairs and remedy it during the
dull season by raising (pieens and thus keep-
ing their apiaries in the highest working
order, others not so provident allow the bees
to supersede the worn out queen at their
own convenience, and as usually happens in
snch cases many swarms do not requeen at
the right time, and there is consequently

many weak colonies at the commencement
and even all through the honey season, and
many that are altogether queenless and sub-
ject to the appearance of fertile workers
which are quite a common thing in Calif, api-
aries. The importance of this requeening
and its effect upon the honey yield was recog-
nized and discussed at the last meeting of
the Calif. Bee Keei)ers' Association, and
those who have the best success in getting
large yields of honey are the ones who pay
attention to this important feature in bee-
keeping. This point was thought of so
much importance by a bee-keeper in Inyo
County that he journeyed several hundred
miles to look up the queen rearing resources
of the coast counties, and to tind where he
could get a supply of virgin queens with
which to requeen his entire apiaries in the
early spring mouths, before he could rear
queens in his own higher and colder climate.
Young queens early mean vigorous colonies
for the gathering of honey as soon as the
season opens, not only in the higher altitudes
is this the case but tlie rule holds good in
more favored localities. Much honey is lost
from the bees not being strong enough in
numbers to secure the honey from the early
flowers. This gentleman was level headed
enough to see where the profits came in and
was in search of the remedy and I have no
doubt but that he found it, for there are
many localities on this coast where queens
can be reared in every mouth in the year,
there are also islands where queens can be
bred in great purity from selected strains,
but thus far no one has made much of an
effort to build up a queen rearing business
on this Coast and for our select strains we
depend largely upon the Eastern breeders.
Queens from nearly every portion of the
East are found here. We find those who
favor Mr. Alley and his various races of bees
and iving praise to Funics and Carniolans.
Doolittle and others come in for their share
of commendation, while many prefer queens
reared in the south, thinking them more
adapted to our climate. The mail facilities
are so great now that it makes but little
difference where the breeder is located if the
strain of bees is satisfactory to the purchaser.
It is evident that honey production is of
more profit on this coast than queen rearing,
except as it is carried on for the purpose of
requeening one's own apiary, and the honey
producer is willing to secure his choice
(lueens from old, established, and time tried

204

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

sources. The houey producer is also iu uo
lit mood to rear queens for the trade duriiiy
or after a very busy season of several
mouths of hard work with the bees, he pre-
fers to hie away to the sea coast or the
mountain for a rest. The only remedy for
our backward state iu the (lueen rearing in-
dustry is for some Jennie Atchley to take
it in hand and even us up with the other
States of the Union.
Redlandh, Caltf. June, 25, 18t);j.

Pi^>:?V^^J|_.ei^

Extracting — Bee - Escapes — Wide Top Bars
Prevent Brace Combs.

O. W. DAYTON.

"That which is rightly done is easily done.
Flurry, fume and pcrtpiration simply show that
we have uol lound the right way."

T was with fear
and trembling
that I came lug-
ging a self - hiver
into the June Re-
view, thirty or six-
ty days late, when
our editor had ar-
ranged to finish
the discussion in a
previous number.
I have been os-
cillating between
two apiaries seven
miles apart, running them for extracted
honey and increase. It takes four days to
do an apiary, and then I fold my tent at
two to three o'clock in the afternoon and ar-
rive at tiie other apiary an hour or so before
sundown.

My plan of using the bee escape is to put
a dozen in place on the evening of arrival,
and wheel the upper stories into the extract-
ing room the next morning before break-
fast. From then until noon is required to
extract this houey and put the combs back
on the hives. After dinner the old plan of
brushing the bees off the combs is followed,
and five or six more stories extracted. If I
were in any way rushed, I should use more
escapes, and perliaps extract thirty or forty
stories in a day, but, as I have never han-
dled enough colonies to be rushed, escapes
were used merely as an experiment, and,
from my little experience, I believe nearly
twice as much work can be done with as
withoat them.

If one makes increase and evens up colo-
nies by exchanging brood as Mr. France
does, or admits brood into the upper stories
during the extracting season, I can see that
escapes would be of little use.

When there are prospects of there being
honey to gather, my plan is to bank the
forces by giving the brood to the strongest
colonies. In putting the extracting stories
on the strongest colonies I fill them with
brood taken from weaker colonies, giving
empty combs to the weak colonies which I
expect only to build up for wintering. This
lessens the number of hives to be manipula-
ted and the combs are filled more thorough-
ly. If the brood chambers are not too large
the best colonies will occupy the upper sto-
ries some time before the harvest, so, when
they are ready to extract the first time, the
brood will be hatched out of these extra
combs that were placed in the upper stories,
and escapes may be used.

A dozen escapes can be put on in as many
minutes, but half an hour ought to be used.

I am of the same opinion as Mr. Aikin —
that there is something lacking in the pres-
ent forms of escapes or the manner in which
they are fastened in the escape boards. When
they have been on a few hours the escape-
board is covered with slivers which have
been gnawed from the corners where the
escape-board and upper story come together.
In listening, there may be heard a crackling
noise not unlike that heard when the en-
trance is too small. Tlie bees at such an en-
trance are pulling and biting at the wood to
enlarge it, and the angles become rounded.
While the bees above the escape may be anx-
ious to find their queen, which I very much
doubt, their first move would not be to get
into the dark hive below, but to take wing
in the open air.

How aggravating it is when we raise the
upper story to put an escape under, to have
some of tiie of the lower combs raise also,
and when they are well up, drop and slide
back into the hive with a thud. This is a first
class way to smash and anger bees. There
may be some who would object to escapes on
this account and who, for this reason, would
remove and brush the combs one at a time,
but, even then, the brace combs will not neg-
lect to set the honey running, and as the
brush is plied it is soon too much daubed
for pleasure.

The building of brace combs is governed
to a large extent by tl»e width of the frame

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

205

material. From '82 to '8(5 my frames were
of % staff; '8G to '81). one inch ; 'DO and '1)1,
1 I-IG. As mentioned in tlie June Review,
my hives now are 14>4 inches inside, and
contain ten frames. There are many hives
of that width containing ten frames, but I
have never seen TjU frames outside my own
hives that were more than % wide. My
frame material is cut 1^8 wide and % thick.
If the width is right it does not matter
about the thickness. Ten frames take up
11)4 inches, leaving three inches for the 11
bee passages between the top bars — a trifle
more than ^^ for each passage. Ten frames
}i wide are 8%, leaving iV.j inches, or %
inch for each bee space.

In the brood nest I use ten frames, but in
the extracting story the number is reduced
to eight. This is done to cause more honey
to be stored in a comb, which lessens the la-
bor of uncapping and of extracting, and the
depth of the cells prevents the queen from
laying in them. Eight, 1 \ -frames equal 9
inches, leaving .514 for the spaces between
the top bars, or 1-44 of a space less than the
space between % top bars with ten frames
in the hive. I have 50 or more colonies in
this way : ten frames in the lower story and
eight in the upper with a -^h space between
the upper and lower frames. There is also
a % space between the top bars of the ex-
tracting combs and the cover.

Now for results : In raising the 50 upper
stories three times they have not disturbed
a frame in the lower story. In raising the
cover to the extracting story 200 times, I do
not think there was once but from one to six
combs were raised. Then I have ten colo-
nies where there are eight combs in each
story and the combs of the lower story often
raise and slide and drop with a thud. In 25
single story hives containing ten combs each
there are no brace combs whatever. In the
same number of similar hives with only
eight combs I am obliged to raise the cover
a little and insert a knife or chisel to separate
the frames from the cover every time they
are opened.

This brace comb business is one of the
most fruitful sources of dauby work in ex-
tracting. In producing comb honey over
narrow top bars it will usually pull the bot-
toms off the sections, which makes a very
expensive experiment.

Another cause of daubing honey all around
is putting the combs into the extractor end-
wise where the lower end comes up always

dripping. This may be remedied by hang-
ing them in the extractor the same as in the
hive. Automatic reversion will not cure this.
If we can prevent brace combs also, nearly
everything we handle will be dry.

Where we can keep up with the bees and
extract, as soon as the combs are two-thirds
capped I would use only eight combs, but if
they go long enough to cap the honey all the
way down, they will extend pieces of comb
out past the side bars against the hive. To
avoid this it will require nine combs, if not
ten, in the hive.

In 1889 I ordered 1000 all-wood brood
frames of one of our most extensive manufac-
turers. In about a month he wrote me that the
size I ordered (1 inch) was difficult to fur-
nish and 7s was the customary width, so I
wrote that I would try the % width. One
hundred were tried during the season beside
the others (1 l-ltj) which I sawed out with a
Barnes saw. The next spring the remaining
iKX) were used to kindle the tire.

One other point in favor of frame stuff l^i
inch wide in a 14^4 inch wide hive is the ease
with which the frames are spaced, as if one
space is left a little wider than the others
another bee space will be filled with propolis.
It is far easier to leave just room enough for
a bee pass between each two top bars than to
make the spaces alike when the spaces are
the width of three bees. Any type setter
will vouch for this truth as a bee space (the
width of a bee) is to bee keeping what the
3-em space is to type setting.

Pasadena Calif. June 27, 1893,

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHINSOfl, Ed. & PPop.

Terms : — $1.00 a year in advance. Two copies,
$1.90 ; three for $2.70 ; iive for$4.U0 ; ten, or more
70 cents each. If it is desired to have the Review
stopped at the expiration f>f the time paid for,
please say so when subscribing, otherwise it
will be continued.

FLINT, MICHIGAN, JULY 10. 1893.

The Blast Tube in the Crane smoker is,
I believe, about twice as large as in the
Bingham. I did not mention this when
making the report in the last Review of my
experiments. It is perhaps but fair that this
point be mentioned.

206

THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW.

Ten tons of honey from 180 colouies, and
a good prospect of getting a few more tons,
is the report that " Rambler " sends me.

"Bkes ake Booming," is the report that
comes from all parts of the countrj'. E. R.
Root writes me that it is the same story that
comes to Medina. We are having a good
flow from white clover here at Flint.

E. R. Root asks if the lifting of supers
does not apply as an objection to the liang-
don, non -swarming system the same as it
does to the use of the Pratt self-hiver. Yes,
it does, so far as the supers are concerned,
but with the Pratt hiver we have the hive to
lift in addition to the supers and this doubles
the load.

Old Bee Books are being written of in an
interesting manner by the proof reader of
Gleanings, and his writings printed in that
journal, but he says that the " awful dark-
ness in which those writers lived render their
works to-day of no practical benefit aside
from literary curiosities."

Mks. Atohley's apiary of 400 colonies,
among which are sprinkled the members of
the Texas Bee-Keepers' Convention, is nicely
shown in Gleanini/s by a full page illustra-
tion. The tall, sprangley oaks make a splen-
did back ground. As a " picture," it is as
good as Gleaninys has shown in sometime.

&

Papeb Caktons, for enclosing sections of
honey that are sent to market, do not re-
ceive much endorsement from the two doz-
en proment apiarists that answer the "que-
ries and replies" in the A. B. J. The long
and short of it is, if it pays to use them in
your market, use them; if it does not, then
let them alone.

—& •

Alsike Clover is being cultivated to a
much greater extent in Michigan than was
formerly the case. In a ride of twenty miles
the other day on the railroad I saw several
fields that were masses of bloom from the
pink-white blossoms of the alsike. I fre-
quently hear farmers say: "I have sowed a
field of alsike this year. " An insect pest is
making such havoc with the red clover that
it is proving unprofitable. " It is an ill wind
that blows nobody any good. " This exten-
sive cultivation of alsike will be a boon to
bee-keepers.

The Bee-Keepebs' Guide has suspended
publication. Bro. Hill writes that he has
been running his journal, the bee hive bus-
iness, the bees, etc., without competent help,
and he is overworked. The Kendallville
bank has failed, times are haid, Mr. Hill's
health is failing under the load he has V)een
carrying, and he finds himself compelled to
give up something, and that sometliing
proves to be the Guide. The unexpired
subscriptions will be filled out by the
Review.

— Hi —

E. R. Root, made a trip of 400 miles down
East, one year, and I believe that A. I. has
been to California once or twice. ( )ne ob-
ject in making these trips was to secure in-
teresting matter for Gleanings. And now
they have discovered that within four miles
of them was a first-class, most successful
bee-keeper of whose existence they did not
know. His name is Burt and he is to make
some practical experiments for the Roots.
One thing learned from a visit to his apiary
was how successfully sheep could be made to
answer the place of a lawn mower for keep-
ing the grass down in an apiary. I know
from experience that it is no small task to
keep the grass down with a lawn mower. In
the busy season there is a temptation to neg-
lect it.

f<>

The Langdon, non-swarming arrange-
ment has not proved a success with Mr. Tay-
lor as will be seen by reference to his report.
When I was over there I saw a swarm issue
from one of them. Frank Coverdale of Iowa
also writes me that he is having swarming
with them. It is not the depleted colony
that swarms, but the one that gets the double
dose of bees. It seems that such a great
mass of bees will swarm even without mak-
ing preparations for swarming. I must con-
fess that I am disappointed. I thought that
this arrangement was certainly going to en-
able us to do away with swarming. It seems
that it did work all right last year with Mr.
Langdon. He used it in the house apiary.
Whether this would have a bearing I do not
know. There is also a difference in seasons.
I shall be glad to get reports from others who
have used them.

OLD BEES DO NOT LOCATE THEIR HIVE WHEN
THEY 8WABM.

I had a little experience this season that
would seem to prove the truth of the above

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

20t

title. I was practicing the Heddon method
of preventing swarming, that of leaving the
old hive by the side of the swarm for seven
or eight days, and then moving it away. I
neglected to move one hive until the ninth
day in the afternoon. Within half an hour
after the removal a second swarm issued.
The queen did not go with the bees ; prob-
ably she was too young to fly. According
to the rules, the bees should have returned
to the hivey.from which the issued. About
one-third of them (probably those that had
never before left the hive) returned to the
hive from which they had swarmed, and the
rest of them went back to the old location
and joined the swarm that was hived nine
days before on the old stand.

THE SIMMINS METHOD OF INTRODUOINO yilEENS
— IT IS NOT ALWAYS SUOOESSFUIj.

I have been trying the Simmins method of
introducing, or rather of releasing queens.
The central idea, and it is a good one, is to
keep the queen away from the bees without
food for half an hour, and then allow her to
run down from the top of the hive just at
dusk, or a little later, when a lamp must be
used. I made up ten nuclei and left them
qneenless three days, then gave each a caged
queen and allowed her to remain in the cage
one day. Just at dusk the queens were re-
moved and each put in a box by itself, the
boxes being numbered and the hives also, so
that no mistake would be made in returning
the queens. As it was cool the queens were
taken in the house and kept there from one-
half an hour to nearly an hour. Then they
were introduced by lamp light. Without
using smoke, one corner of the quilt was
carefully turned back and the queen allowed
to run down into the hive. There was no
running or squealing. The first bee she met,
out came her tongue — she was hungry and
humble — and soon there was a crowd around
her offering her homage and pabulum, and it
is in this manner she slowly passed down be-
tween the combs. Every queen was accept-
ed— I presume they would have been if they
had been released without the fasting, but,
of course, I do not know. Mr. Simmins says
it makes no difference as to how long the
bees have been queenless, nor whether the
queen has previously Vjeen caged among
them, so I tried making four nuclei in the
forenoon and in the evening releasing in

them queens that had not been previously
caged in the hive. Two queens were accept-
ed and two were killed. I think it is a good
way to release queens, but I doubt if it is any
better than allowing the bees to do the work
by eating out candy from the entrance of
the cage.

LOOSE BOTTOM BOAEDS.

We frequently see inquiries and discuss-
ion in regard to the desirability of loose bot-
tom boards compared with those fastened to
the hive. The advantage of the fast bottom
board is apparent when we wish to ship bees.
It is also easier to pick up a hive and carry
it to some part of the yard when the bottom
is fast to the hive. ( )f course, we can reach
under the hive and hold the bottom board
fast to the hive as We carry it along, but this
is not so convenient as to grasp a rim of
wood nailed around the hive near its top, or
to insert the fingers in hand-holes in the
sides near the top. A hive may be removed
from the bottom board when it is carried,
but it is usually stuck fast with propolis, and
the loosening of it irritates the bees and they
come rushing out and make it interesting.
If we depend upon the propolis to hold the
bottom board fast to the hive, it usually
proves a case of misplaced confidence, the
bottom tumbles off on the ground with a
"dull thud," throwing a lot of enraged bees
into the air. These are the objections to
loose bottom boards.

The advantages of loose bottom boards are
that two colonies can be very easily united
by simply setting one above the other. If
the hives can be raised two inches from the
bottom in winter, all rubbish and dead bees
drop away from the combs, and if there is
an entrance at the top of the rim put under
the hive, it can never be clogged with dead
bees. In cellar wintering there seems to be
a decided advantage in wintering the bees
with no bottoms to the hives. When bees
die in winter, or, if the colony does not per-
ish wholly, only there are a large number of
dead bees in the bottom, they will be wet
and mouldy and the combs stuck together
with filth if the bottom board is close to the
combs. In order to clean out the hive, the
combs must all be lifted out and the debris
shoveled out. With loose bottom boards
this may all be avoided. In raising extract-
ed honey upon the tiering up plan, the same
kind of a hive body answers either for brood

208

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

nest or upper story. If the bottom hoards
are fast, and we run short of upper stories,
we cannot utilize any lower stories that we
may happen to have, as they have bottoms
on them and cannot be used for supers.
1 prefer loose bottoms.

EXPERIMENTAL APIOULTUEE.

" Could wo but surely know
Aught of those uutried fields and meadows low
Who would not t^o ?

All of our bee journals are published sim-
ply to tell of new things, of those not before
known, or, at least, not generally known.
From whence come these facts? From ex-
perience; from experimenting. Scattered all
over the land are bee-keepers. In the spring
each one starts in with a more or less defi-
nite plan of how he will manage his apiary
that season, but many times during the sea-
sou must he make a choice of several differ-
ent methods. Some of them may be of
minor importance, others may make all the
difference between a fair crop and being
obliged to feed the bees for winter. Suppose
the bees are in the cellar; how early shall
they be taken out, shall they be protected
when taken out, shall they be fed to stimu-
late them, shall swarming be allowed, shall
foundation be used in the brood nest in hiv-
ing swarms, shall there be an effort to make
the number of unfinished sections, at the
end of the season, as small as possible or
shall abundant room be given to the end of
the harvest, and then feeding back be resort-
ed to for completing the unfinished sections?
These, and many more questions, would bee-
keepers like answered.

The trouble with the average bee-keeper
is that he is likely to choose some one of
these plans and carry it out with his whole
apiary. No comparative work is done. If
he gets a good crop with the plan adopted
he reports it as a success. Perhaps some
other plan might have been more successful.
A writer in a recent issue of the A. B. J., in
criticising my advice not to hive swarms on
drawn comb at the height of the honey har-
vest, when working for comb honey, men-
tioned two or three instances where he had
done so, and, by the way, one was where he
had put two swarms together, and secured
good results. If he tried hiving swarms on
starters only in the brood nest, he does not
mention it. If he did not try it, he does not
know thatit wonld not have been more prof-

itable. Mr. Doolittle, a few months ago,
mentioned in the Review an experience of
his in stimulative feeding in the spring. A
part of his apiary was fed and went booming
ahead at such a rate that it was a great temp-
tation not to feed all of the colonies. As a re-
sult of resisting the temptation, he learned
that in that instance, at least, not much was
gained by the feeding. It is in such ways
as this that experiments ought to be conduc-
ted.

It is not every bee-keeper that is "cutout' '
for an experimeter. It needs a person of
a judicial cast of mind, one that is perfectly
willing, so speak, that an experiment shall
prove the truth. Too many of us are inclin-
ed to make a decision jirat, and then go to
work and try to prove what we already be-
lieve. This will not answer. An experimen-
ter ought to be wholly disinterested in the
results, that is, be willing that an experi-
ment proves either side of the question.

It costs money, time and bees to experi-
ment. The average bee-keeper cannot af-
ford to spare much of these without a reason-
able supposition that there will be a money
return. If he desires to experiment he is
confronted with the query, will it pay? Un-
less there are fair prospects of a money re-
turn, it must be abandoned.

The foregoing are not the only reasons why
it would be advisable to have competent bee-
keepers employed by the government to take
charge of experimental apiaries. There is
another reason that perhaps but few have
thought of, viz., that such a person would
be clothed with authority. What he said or
did would be looked upon with respect by
the outside world. For instance, when queen
bees were thrown out of the mails, it was
mainly through the efforts of Prof. Cook
that they were readmitted. Last year a duty
was placed upon queen bees imported into
this country. Again it was through the in-
strumentality of Prof. Cook that this duty
was removed. Prof. Cook told me himself
that as an individual he could never have
accomplished these results, but, as Professor
of entomology in the Agricultural College of
Michigan ho was heard and his arguments
given consideration. Cases like these are
liable to came up at any time, and a good
man at the head of a State Experimental
apiary would be a power for good.

It seems as though no arguments are need-
ed to show that an experimental apiary in
each State would be a great benefit. We all

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

209

know that there are many questions connect-
ed with bee-keeping that are unanswered,
and that the correct answer to them would
make of bee-keeping a more safe and ijrof-
itable pursuit. Frank Benton writes me that
there are about twenty different lines of ex-
perimental work that he would like to take
up, in some of which he has already planned
the experiments that he would conduct, and
he considers some of them of more impor-
tance than his climatic mailing cage and
food for shipping queens, but he has no op-
portunity to make these experinents at pre-
sent.

Not only this, but there are new problems
continually coming up that will need to be
solved. One man, working in a careful
methodical way, having bees, appliances
and means at his command, can do more to
settle the knotty problems of apiculture, than
can all of the bee-keepers of the State work-
ing in a hap hazard manner. If each State
and Territory had an experimental apiary
manned by a competent person and the re-
ports of the work published in the journals,
so that bee-keepers could read and criticise
and suggest as the work is going on, "climb
up in chairs and help," as friend Hasty puts
it, bee-keeping would receive another boom
and such a one as would help those already
in the business. The Review is going to
work to try and have bee-keeping recog-
nized at the State Experimental Stations.
Each State and Territory receives from the
general government $15,000 annually to carry
on experiments in agriculture, horticulture
and the like. You do not need to be told
that bee-keeping has been almost entirely
neglected at these stations. Dr. Miller gives
as reasons for this neglect that the directors
of the Stations or the State Boards of Agri-
culture, are uninformed in regard to the im-
portance and needs of apiculture, and that
bee-keepers have been too modest in asking
for their rights. I think he is correct. I
feel confident that the bee-keepers of any
State can have an experimental apiary if
they will only go to work to secure it. But,
as I said last month, passing resolutions and
appointing committes at conventions will
not do it: there must be some work done by
some one. The resolutions and committees
are all right as preliminary moves. The
State Board of Agriculture will listen to a
committee from the State Association of bee-
keepers when it would pay very little atten-
tion to individual reiiuests. Put the right

men on the committee. Men of experience
and good sense. Another thing: raise some
money, even if you have to do it by subscrip-
tion, to pay the expense of the committee in
meeting with the State Board of Agricul-
ture. Of course the expense may not be
very heavy, but the individual members of
the committee ought not to be asked to bear
it. Perhaps the funds of the bee-Keepers'
Union might be used to advantage in helping
to bear the expenses of such committees.
If the Union would bear half of such ex-
penses I believe it would be money well
spent. What does its manager and others
think?

After a State Board has decided to use
money for apicultural experimental work,
let bee-keepers look to it, and look sharp,
too, that the work is placed in the right
hands. This is the most important point of
all. Let the bee-keepers select the man.
Perhaps it would be a good plan to select
him by a vote at a meeting of the State As-
sociation. Let him be a practical bee-keep-
er, one who has raised some honey and
managed a good sized apiary. There is
nothing like actual work in a good sized
apiary to euable a man to comprehend what
bee-keepers really need to know. Don't get
simply some theoretical writer for the press.
Get a man to whom bee-keepers will look
with confidence. I could name half a dozen
men in as many different States, who, I
know, would fill the bill.

The August Review is to be devoted to a
discussion of ''Experimental Apiculture,"
and I shall be glad of articles on the subject.
Send in suggestions as to the establishment
of experimental apiaries, the selection of the
apiarists, experiments that ought to be con-
ducted, how the work should be done, etc.,
etc.

A VISIT TO THE MICH. EXPEBIMENTAL APIAEY.

I have just returned from a visit to Mich-
igan's experimental apiary which is now in
full blast. Mr. Taylor has put the State api-
ary right in with his own and will devote
more or less of the whole 300 colonies to ex-
perimental work. As shown by the cut on
the next page, the apiary is very pleasantly
located. The ground slopes toward the East
and the numerous trees give an abundance
of shade. In fact, about one-half of the
hives are hidden from view in the picture by
the trees. In the background may be seen
the top of the wind-mill and the roofs and

I.

210

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

sables of the house, barn, honey house and
shop. The bees are wintered in the cellars
under the residence and honey house.

From eight o'clock in the morning until
half past one iu the afternoon (when I left
for home) there was scarcely a moment
when there was not a swarm in the air, and
sometimes two or three. There were queen
traps on almost all the hives. As two or
more swarms would unite and then go piling
into one hive, i)erhap8 one from which a
swarm had not issued, Mr. Taylor would re-
mark, with a smile, " I wonder what Mr. So
and So (mentioning some man who had said
that bees always go back to their own hive
when the queen is not with them ) would say
if he were here now."

It did me good to see the enthusiasm,
thoroughness and exteusiveness with which

experiments were being conducted. Swarms
and hives and cases were weighed, etc., etc.
The note book was kept right iu tlie yard
and everything jotted down on the spot;
there was no waiting uutil the day was over
and then depending upon the memory.

I found a large solar wax extractor in op-
eration. Mr. Taylor told me he should
render some combs infected with foul brood
and then make the wax into foundation
without heating it any hotter than it was
heated by the sun, and then use the founda-
tion and see if foul brood would result from
its use. But I must not forestall Mr. Taylor,
as he has promised to tell us all that he
does : and I will close by saying that, as an
experimental apiary it comes up to my ideal
— it is the realization of a dream that I once
feared might never come true.

r

^H^M^KM^Sag' > : *W£^ JL

\ :;',;,. Wr- :'.

1^^' H^fe '

^^^

-'-y^i

ssS^^kS^^^ishhB^^^SL.— ' ^^ '' Tb'^jIm

'i^0^ ^'-

•■

^- -

MICHIGAN, EXPEBIMENTAL APIAliY. LOCATED AT LAPEEE.

W"ork: at IVEicliigaii's

Experimental

Apiary.

E. L,. TAYLOB, APIAEIST.

«%|»N this first article concerning the work
(S) at the Michigan Apicultural Experiment
«A» Station, I must confine myself briefly
to a statement of some of the items of work
already undertaken, and to indicating some

of the benefits which it is hoi)cd may be de-
rived from them, only briefly alluding to re-
sults so far as they yet appear, without enter-
ing into details.

It must be remembered that I have been
plunged into the midst of the work of the
Station at the most important as well as the
busiest season of the year, by an appoint-
ment as director only a short time before
the opening of the honey season — an ap-
pointment which I had previously not the
remotest thought of receiving — and so no

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

211

doubt many of the methods pursued will
prove cruder than they might have done had
I had the advantage of time for previous
thought directed to the maturing of plans
best calculated to secure the clearest results
in some of the still unsolved matters that are
of especial interest to bee-keepers; indeed,
I already see more than one point where im-
provement could have been made. It is to
be noted also that thus far I have been left
to my own resources for the selection of
points to be investigated in conducting the
work, but it is to be hoped that in the near
future direction may be given in this respect
by a committee appointed by those who on
account of their vocation or avocation are
specially interested.

FOUNDATION FOB COMB HONET.

No intelligent, well-informed, practical
apiarist can avoid the rising of numerous
questions with regard to the comb-founda-
tions prepared for use in sections, some of
which are : Are those of all makers equally
good ? Do the bees have a choice and con-
s >quently work more readily upon some than
upon others ? Has the thinner any advan-
tage or disadvantage as compared with the
heavier ? Is that long made equally as good
as that just out of the machine ? Are all
kinds in equal daiiger of a weli founded ac-
cusation of leaving a " fish bone ?"

With the hope of throwing some light upon
some of these I procured a variety of foun
dations, to the number of eight, distin
guished from each other either by weight,
make or age. Each kind for the purposes of
the experiment was distinguished by a letter
of the alphabet and the number of feet to
the pound of each carefully determined, all
of which was made a matter of record. Each
was then cut to the same size and fastened
into sections. Twenty-eight sections of each
were used for the purpose of the experiment
and each section was plainly marked on the
top with the letter used to designate the kind
of foundation with which it was filled. These
actions were then put into cases without
separators, alternately, each case, after the
first, beginning with a section marked with
a letter immediately succeeding the letter
nsed in marking the final section of the pre-
vious base. These cases thus prepared have
been adjusted to colonies best fitted by their
character and condition to work in all parts
of the case equally. What valuable results,
if any, can be expected ? Worked out under
such circumstances can those least liable to

produce the "fishbone" be determined by
comparing the combs ? Can those most
profitable to the apiarist be determined by
comparing the weights of the comb honey
produced from each ? I shall later desire
the assistance of a few of the most compe-
tent apiarists in making comparison of the
septums of comb built from these ditferent
kinds of foundation.

IS COMB FOUNDATION PROFITABLE IN THE
BKOOD-CHAMKEB ?

This is an old but still unsettled question.
To obtain some difinite information if pos-
sible on this matter I prepared four sets of
hives, each hive being one section of the new
Heddon. Each set consists of three hives —
one filled with drawn comb, one with foun-
dation, and one with frames furnished with
narrow starters only. The sets are numbered
1, 2, 8 and 4 and those furnished with comb,
foundation and starters are designated by
the letters A, B and C respectively. A record
is made of the weight of each hive and of the
cases adjusted at the time of hiving each
swarm, and, also, of the bees in each swarm.
Each hive with its cases and bees was again
weighed upon the morning of the day suc-
ceeding the hiving to determine as far as
possible the extent of change which had
taken place in the denizens of the hives by
their going from one hive to join another as
they frequently do when there has been any
commingling of bees in swarming. It will
be seen that at the end of the honey season I
can easily determine the increase in weight
both of the brood-chamber and of the supers
and so be able, I hope, to draw some solid
conclusion with reference to the comparative
value of comb, starters and foundation for
use in the brood-chamber.

These sets of hives, it has occurred to me,
are well adapted to throw light upon another
question which perhaps is not given the con-
sideration it deserves, viz : Do colonies pro-
duce results in proportion to their strength,
or is there a golden mean in this respect
and is it true that when that is either ex-
ceeded or come short of, there is less rela-
tive profit ? How the above mentioned sets
of hives may help to elucidate this question
will be evident when I mention the fact that
swarms put into 1 C, 2 C, 3 C and 4 C weighed
respectively 73^, 10%, 5 and 414 pounds.
Among the swarms hived upon combs and
amon/ those hived upon foundation there
was also a considerable difference in weight,

212

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

though not to the same extent. I am look-
ing with great interest for the results insofar
as they may have a bearing upon this poiut
and much care will be taken that the exact
facts shall be arrived at.

pkatt's hivebs.
Five of these hi vers were procured and
adjusted to as many hives, and as I must be
brief I shall now only mention results thus
far by giving an outline history of No. 2,
deferring further mention till another time.
To this hive the hiver was adjusted .Tune 17
upon the issuing and return of a swarm.
After this adjustment the queen was of
course in the old brood-chamber, notwith-
standing which, the swarm did not issue
again till June 2itth when it was allowed to
return. On July "ind it again issued and be-
came mingled with other swarms so that it
was necessary in making a division to allot
the proper portion which was returned to
the hive. This colony, though furnished
with a case of sections filled with well drawn
comb, has done comparatively nothing in it.

LANGDON's NON-8WARMINO ATTACHMENT.

Lack of space will permit but a few words
touching this invention by way of closing
this article. Five of the attachments were
adjusted to double the number of hives, on
the 22nd day of June, since which time
seventeen swarms have issued from these
hives ; in each instance thus far the queen
was returned to her own hive and the swarm
to the sister hive, although it quickly became
evident that it was worse than useless to do

BO.

Full details of this line of work may be
looked for in my next article from which I
think any intelligent apiarist may easily de-
termine the reason why the attachment has
failed in these cases to honor its first name
and whether it can be made practical any-
where.

Lapeee, Mich. July 4th, 1893,

EXTRKOXOD.

ceive a great number of stings. I am a
temperance man, but I believe that the ad-
vice given by Bro. Hill of the Guide, is cor-
rect. Here is what he says : —

" Britton, Mich., Sept. .5, lSi)2. A valuable
pair of horses belonging to L. Lowe, a
prominent farmer, was stung to death Fri-
day. The boy who was plowing near the
apiary, left the team standing while he went
for a drink of water. Tlie horses upset a
hive and the angry bees pitched into them,
stinging tliem so badly that both died in a
short time. Mr. Lowe was also badly stung
while trying to help the horses. This drink
of water cost Mr. Lowe al>out $200.

[We have had some experience in severe
cases of stinging like the ones mentioned
above, and fully believe that if large doses
of whisky be given at once or as soon as it
can be procured, dose every half hour, there
would be no deaths from bee stings. The
use of cold water is, in our judgment, the
very worst thing to use, or even wetting the
skin or hair, because it chills the surface and
causes the blood and poison to concentrate
in the interior vital organs, heart and lungs,
and causes death. If we give whisky it stim-
ulates the heart and lungs to resist the pois-
on, throwing off the effects of it and the
whole surface of the body will become very
red and warm, which is necessary, or na-
ture's method of relieving the patient of the
effects of poison. If we wet and cool the
skin we simply shut the i)oison in and pre-
vent the escape by natural methods, and we
believe the cold water, not the bee stings,
kills the patient.

We do not advise whisky to be used for
every bee sting, but only when the case is so
severe that the heart and lungs are affected.
Smoke is tlie only effectual tiling to frighten
bees with in such emergencies. It can be
gotten ready quickly. Coals from a stove
put in a pan, and covered with chips or
straw, a whole box of matches may be used
to light some cloth, shavings or straw, mak-
ing a smudge that if held on the windward
side will soon drive the bees away. After
the battle is over carefully scrape off the
stings, or pull them out. Give whisky and
keep the animal or person in a cool sliady
place, not allowing any working or moving
of muscles until the effects of the poison
have passed, which will be from twelve to
forty-eight hours.]"

What to Do When Stung a Great Number
of Times.

*• And every earthly ill doth serve in fact
Some other equal ill to counteraot."

The time of year is now here when an ac-
cident may cause a person or animal to re-

How the Robbing Propensity of Bees May

Be Used to Advantage.

"The highest art consists not in obeying rules
but in breaking them properly."

The propensity of bees to rob has been
looked upon as an unmixed evil ; beginners
are always cautioned (and rightly, too)
against allowing robbing to get started, and
yet there are instances in which the bees may
be allowed to indulge their disposition to

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

213

carry away honey already stored, and only
good results will follow. Dr. Miller tells in
Gleanings what he has done in this line, and
then the editor follows with his experience.
As the robbing season will soon be here I
think it will be well to copy the whole arti-
cle ;

"Fbiend RooT:^That item of your expe-
rience on page 782 is quitejiuteresting read-
ing, and I think you are somewhat at fault
fthat you do not give us more of the details
of your own apiary, particularly the bad
things. I am glad you have learned that,
under proper management, robbing is not
such a dangerous thing. It is hard to know
just what is the right ground to take in this
respect ; for few young bee-keepers, until
they have had some sad experience, have
any just conception of the danger connected
with robbing.

I would give something to make my assis-
tant as afraid of robbing as I am. In former
years I had such a severe breaking-in that
the sight and sound of a single robber when
I am at work strikes me with alarm. But
Emma has not had the same experience, and
can work on placidly with the music of rob-
bers about her. I say to her, 'You must be
very careful or the robbers will get the start
of us.'

' Oh ! I guess not. I havn't seen any yet.'

' Why, don't yon see them there this very
minute, right under your very nose ?' and
the emphasis I give is perhaps not as pleas-
ant as it ought to be ; for if there is any
thing that demoralizes me it is to have rob-
bers offer their assistance when a brood-
chamber is open. So it is that it is con-
sidered not the orthodox thing to say any
thing in favor of allowing bees to do the
least thing in the line of robbing. Too often,
however, it is the interference of the officious
bee-keeper that makes most of the ti'ouble.
A weak, queenless colony is attacked ; and
the only thought in his mind is, that that
thing must be stopped. So the hive is taken
away, perhaps put in the cellar for a time,
and the robbers, not finding their prey in its
proper place, pounce upon the nearest hives,
which, in their turn, are taken away and
thus the trouble spreads.

On another occasion a similar case oc-
curs, but the bee-keeper is in blissful igno-
rance of it : and the first thing — in fact, the
only thing— that he knows about it is, that
the hive is completely cleaned out — cleaned
out several days before he noticed it. In
that case no harm is done. The colony was
not worth saving, and perhaps it was a good
thing to have the honey transferred where it
would do more good.

I very much doubt the correctness of the
time-honored tradition, that, if a bee once
does any thing in the line of robbing, she will
never return to honest labor afterward. You
know very well, that when, by reason of bad
weather, the honey flow suddenly stops, care
must be taken not to start robbing ; and if
by some carelessness it is started, and per-
haps 20 pounds of honey i-obbed, thousands
of bees being engaged in the plunder, if the

next morning opens up clear and bright,
honey yielding freely, every bee in the api-
ary will seem to be hard at work. Where are
the thousands that yesterday were robbers ?
Don't tell me that none of them have gone
back to honest ways.

Last spring the disastrous losses left a
large number of hives untenanted ; and the
combs, numbering more than a thousand,
had more or less honey in them. The fuller
combs were convenient to put in colonies
needing them, but a great many had only a
little honey in them. What was to be done
with them ? They might stand as they were,
but on the whole it was perhaps better that
they should be emptied out. Perhaps you
may remember that they were hung over-
head in the cellar. Well, the door of the cel-
lar was left open and the bees were invited
to take possession. They promptly accepted
the invitation.

Now, there were two things that surprised
me. One was, that it took the bees so short
a time to clean out those combs. Another
was, that it took them so short a time to set-
tle down quietly after they got through the
job. For a half a day or a day after the
honey was gone there were more or less bees
searching through the cellar, and at the end
of that time there was nothing in the apiary
to indicate that anything unusual had been
going on.

Another thing, if you allow a section of
honey to stand out, the bees will tear it all
to pieces. These combs I have been telling
about were not torn at all. Whether it was
that they were tougher, or that the bees had
so large a surface to work over, I do not
know ; but I am inclined to the opinion that
bees do not tear old combs so badly.

When the clover harvest closed, what little
there was of it, all sections were taken off.
A goodly number of supers had so little done
in them that the best thing was to have the
bees clean them out. A somewhat large ex-
perience in trying to get bees to empty sec-
tions on or under the brood-chamber made
me dissatisfied with that sort of thing. So
one day a number, perhaps 15, of such su-
pers were piled up in the cellar in such a way
that not a very large number of bees could
enter at a time. They were promptly clean-
ed out ; and 24 hours after the work was fin-
ished, there was no commotion in the apiary.
The same thing was repeated with a larger
number, and with the same result.

Now I'll tell you what I think. If you had
allowed the bees to work on these combs that
you had piled up, without restricting their
entrance so much, the result would have been
the same, provided you did not take the
combs away till after the bees had emptied
them, and had got discouraged working over
them. The whole matter lies just in this :
If bees get to robbing you must not take
away every thing they are working at, but
leave them to work on the very same spot
until they are satisfied that they have finish-
ed up the work themselves. Perhaps it may
do to empty out a hive they are working at,
providing the hive itself is left, and nothing
about its appearance changed ; but I think I
would rather leave some comb in the hive for

214

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

them to work at. I fancy I see A. I. R. shake
his head wheu he reads this, sayiug, ' That's
dangerous. We can't be too careful about
the matter of robbing, and hardly ought to
publish any thing of the kind.' Yet the
whole truth ought to be known. I'm just as
much afraid of rolibers as you are ; but I l>e-
lieve it is well to be posted on all points; and
witli that never-failing safeguard, the foot-
note, I feel sure all will be well.

C. C. MiLLEB.

Marengo 111.

[We indorse every thing you say ; and, like
yourself, we are afraid of I'obbing, and only
wish that our helpers regarded it with the
same fear. We can not ourselves endure to
have even a single robber hovering over the
frames, while our helpers think nothing of
it to have as many as half a dozen. To use
a colloquial phrase, we have been ' through
the mill,' and know the bad results of allow-
ing the bees to pilfer from hive to hive.
While we hold robbing in great fear, we are
inclined, on the other hand, to let tlie bees,
under certain circumstances, help them-
selves. A year ago last summer, at the Shane
yard, as a result of transferring the bees on
to Hoffman frames, we had a quantity of
old crooked combs in home-made loose
frames — too crooked to be used in new
frames. Instead of transferring these we
carried them a few rods from the apiary and
laid them in the shade of a tree ; but, mind
you, we did not expose them until we had
finished work in the yard. On one or two
occasions we waited long enough to witness
the result. The bees pounced on to the
combs in a perfect storm, and speedily
emptied them of every thing sweet. The
next day we returned and found the apiary
comparatively <iuiet, nor were there any dead
bees at any of the entrances, as a result of
previous conflict. One time, we remem-
ber very distinctly of setting a couple
of combs under a tree a few rods
away, while we were in the midst of our
work. All at once the bees began to be cross,
and to pilfer over the top of the hive. The
first incoming laden bees notified those al-
ready in the hives that honey was to be had
somewhere. As we have noticed many times
before, they began to hunt around, and, very
naturally, turned to the hives where we were
working, because they had noi yet discov-
ered the source of honey from which the
first supply was obtained. It is needless to
say we stopped right then and there.

MODE ABOUT THAT STACKED - UP - HIVE
FEEDING.

Now, we would by no means advise the
scattering of partially filled combs a few
rods from the apiary where it is located near
dwelling-houses ; but in out-yards situated
as the one mentioned, nearly a quarter of a
mile away from buildings, it may be done
at times to advantage. The plan that can
always be pursued safely where it is desired
to empty out combs containing a little hon-
ey, is, to place them in hives stacked uj)
two or three high, with a small entrance, as
explained in our editorial on page 782.
While these stacks of hives, we know by ex-

perience, can be placed right near the drive-
way, and yet horses and persons can go hy
without the least interference, we would not
recommend it.

This plan of feeding creates an artificial
condition of things during a dearth of honey
— that is, a dearth from natural sources —
much like that wheu honey is coming in
freely from the flowers in nature's own way.
Instead of robbers flying around and steal-
ing, they are given something to do ; and the
result is, that we have been able, during the
past few days, to go on with our work of
uniting, etc., in the apiary, with very little
interference from robbers. And, again, we
observe the honey itself is being distril>uted
throughout the apiary, not, as we should
naturally supjiose, in the strongest colonies,
but witli a very fair and even distribution
througliout all the hives. Our Mr. Spaft'ord
said that he could see the result of this open
air feeding in the hives. Queens were be-
ginning to breed, and every thing was going
on just as if nature had taken a sudden
boom. Nearly every apiarist every spring
has a few combs containing a little honey ;
and what a good effect this kind of out-door
feeding may have in stimulating brood-rear-
ing at the time of year we most desire it,
with so little labor, the reader can figure out
for himself. Besides the increased amount
of brood-rearing, he will have a lot of nice,
clean, dry combs, no more tempting to rob-
bers later on in the season.

We are sure that bee-keepers have not yet
experienced the many advantages that may
accrue from this kind of feeding. They have
known of it, it is true, but have not as yet
utilized it. Now, doctor, while we may be
at fault for not giving more details of the
work in our own apiary, we hope we have re-
deemed ourselves, at least temporarily.

P. S. — A. I. R, has witnessed the results of
this stacked-hive feeding a la Miller, and
acknowledges that it is a success in more
ways than one. At first he felt a little
skeptical about it, and was slightly alarmed
lest we ' boys ' might be getting ourselves
into trouble.] "

The caution that the Doctor gives about
taking away whatever bees are working
upon and leaving nothing for them to
work upon, is excellent. I have noticed a
great many times that if robbers were al-
lowed to go on and " clean out " what they
are at work' upon no trouble follows, hut if
they are suddenly " robbed of their prey,"
something else will have to suffer. One sea-
son, after the main harvest was over, I al-
lowed the bees to clean up the cappings that
had accumulated. They were taken out a
pailful at a time and spread out in large tin
cans a few rods from the apiary. In ten
minutes from the time a pail of cappings
was placed in the cans, the bees would be in
full flight from almost every hive. The
bees went straight to the " feeding place "
every time. Within an hour all would be

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

215

quiet, except a few bees might be seen hover-
ing over the cappiugs. I have had combs of
honey emptied as the Doctor relates, and I
have had sections cleaned up in the fall, and
I have frequently fed in the open air, and no
trouble has resulted. My principle objection
to the plan of out door feeding is that the
feed is not equally divided. Some colonies
get a great deal more than their share. But,
for getting things cleaned up I know of no
better plan.

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

The idea brought down from the last num-
ber is the recent growth of our papers. Most
of us have well in mind the need of avoiding
that stolid, uuprogressive, knot-on-a-log
character which "organs," when they think
they have a sort of mortgatre on their pat-
rons' support, so readily fall into. Our
journals, most of them, seem to be no longer
in danger in that direction. At present they
have need to remember (just a little bit) that
there is a second and opposite danger, rest-
less, tom-tinker f ussiness of change. Changes
which are made just for the sake of chang-
ing are not always wise. I am very glad to
reach at length the turn of the

AMERICAN Bee journal.

I find I have sixteen numbers not finally
laid away ; and the task of properly review-
ing such a volume of literature is so enor-
mous that I just give up the most of it.
Friend Yo- k. your bed in the garden is like
the State of Illinois — so Viig that your small
reviewer can't weed it all river. The new
master of .4. B. J. is great on starting new
departments and cho|ipiiig things up fine.
The de[)artmejjt of General Questions is, I
believe, the youngest and is designed for
dealing with such questions as it is not
thought Vjest to have answered by the sym-
posium method. The symposium which was
hailed as the best thing out, and which has
been very useful for a long time, shows de-
cided signs of decline. In one department
at least the A. B. J. is not choppy but
thorough, and has a clear lead of the host,
that is the Biography Department. And its
excellence is no doubt the result of much
and patient editorial hard work. By the way
outsiders mostly think that editorial work is

all, or most all, in writing editorials. The
fact is that of successful editors some write
much editojial matter and some write very
little ; but all have to have tact and industry
and persistence in getting other people to do
their best. Friend York evidently works
hard at getting the right writers to write
right in these personal sketches. The pictures
too, although we are still treated to occasion-
al poor ones, average quite tolerably, with
few very bad. Of these interesting memoirs I
will refer to but one, Ralph Benton, youngest
member of the North American ; not yet
nine, earned the money for his initiation fee
by apiary work. Hurrah for aristocratic
Washington and wooly Texas, as represented
by their child bee-keejiers, Ralph Benton
and Leah Atchley ! And should they some
day both get into the same State, that re-
puted best State in thii Union — well, at least
we will not come around at the vmtimely
midnight hour and make such music as is
appropriated for bees a-swarming.

Editor York also takes the liberty, j)erfect-
ly proper when properly confessed as this is
(page .'520) to ask otlier suitable persons to
writ'^ editorial notes. But an editor so doing
needs to " watch out " real sharp lest time
and carelessness trap him into letting things
•he is not exactly willing to be responsible
for disport themselves under his editorial
robe.

On page 4.3(S for April 16th, is the oldest
article I will at this time refer to. This is
friend McGuire's record of a colony on the
scales. Well kept records of this kind are
not plenty by any means ; and it is desira-
ble that they should he encouraged, especi-
ally such as are ho^ enormous or exceptional.
The monstrous things are all very well
to notice ; but the aver 'g' realities of '-ature
are of much more imiiortance to us. In this
record the best day's run is 9 i^ pounds on
May 130 ; the season is nine weeks long : and
the total at the runs is 11.5)^ lbs., well dis-
tributed through the rather long season.

On page 4(i2 for April 13th, friend Cnllins
tells us how to get the start of (he midnight
skunk, and his deeds of darkness. It is'nt a
very tidy way, but it is evidently effective —
just pile the entrance with boulders too big
for his ill-savored majesty to move with
ease.

According to the German itemist Reepen,
most of the bee-masters of Germany hold
that honey dew is sometimes a direct exuda-
tion of the leaves and not an insect secre-

216

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

tion. Oue would thiuk that the more logical
way would be to use two terms — exudatiou
honey aud iusect honey. But then if the two
are so much alike that common folks can-
not tell which is which perhaps one term will
have to answer for a spell longer. It seems
that in the Black Forest and in the Vosges
mountains there was an immense yield of
honey dew last season — 845 pounds of it ex-
tracted from one hive. And by the way I
have not yet given sufiBcient credit to the A.
B. J. for the solidity and excellence of its
German department. It is a notable evidence
of its recent growth. ( )ne cannot say that
the "Old Reliable" is very badly affected
with the pop-gun disease when he considers
how much that is thorough its columns con-
tain. And June 1st we are reminded
that the present hand has held the tiller just
one year that day. Honestly a good deal has
been well done during that year.

Turning now to the latest number, Ju')e
ir)th, we invoice it as two pages of editorial
notes (thirteen of them crowded in) three
columns of general queries and answers, 43.2
columns biography of Dr. Mason, four col-
umns of Jennie Atchley's Southland, a page
of Query !S7"), eleven columns of contribu-
tors' articles (six articles) and four columns
of letter box clippings.

That was meant for a very fine picture of
Mason, but it errs, as his pictures are quite
apt to do. in having a too sober aud slightly
moribund look, quite foreign to the good Dr.
as viewetl when he is alive. The sketch is
O. K. — and written by a person \ iiose first
object certainly was not to get the job fin-
ished and out of mind.

Sunny Southland is getting Ut strike me as
a little too mucli like a journal within a jour-
nal. I would not lay much stress on this re-
mark, as perhaps it is a mere notion of mine,
not shared by the reading public. I cer-
tainly do not object to Mrs. A. when she
takes the field and says things herself. And
as her space in this number is wholly hlled
with two of her own best articles lioiled into
one, my criticism is a little like complain-
ing in dog-days iit an ancient snow storu).
Her theme is (pieen-rearing. a sciet)ce of
wliich herself and Alley and Doolitfle Mre
"professors." Letusdipin. Twenty strong
colonies and ten queens — and the queens
jumped back and forth every time a batch is
finished. And, here's a royal point — extend-
ing a favorite breeding aueen's life by con-
fining her on three combs, though all the

time in a powerful colony, kept so by combs
of brood from outside sources. The breed-
ing drones are localized in one colony, and
this kept from swarming by holding it
queenless most of the time. (Not so sure of
the absolute correctness of that practice.)
And so introducing virgins is N. (t. They
waste time in the virgin state, while home-
born ones get immediately to biz.

Going to say something naughty aVtout
Query 87.5 and a previous one ; but I won't
say it now.

Aud now those six contributors have got
to go to bed with a spank apiece. Friend
Latham skirmishes uiml)ly over the question
of the queen control of the sex of her eggs,
but leaves matt( rs on the field about as he
found them. Friend Common says

"I am cfnivinced th.it the bees will give doable
the suiplns honey if hived ou drawn combs, if
rifjrhtly managed."

Me too. But the opposite practice no
doubt works well good years in first rate lo-
cations.

Montreal thinks winter bee-diarrhea can
be cured by a few drops of spirits of pepper-
mint spilled underneath them. Well, at
least he will not be prosecuted for cruel mal-
practice if he doctors thus — and his out
door wintering plan is not bad.

Friend Dayton went to bed in a buggy
locality and discovered that fifteen thick-
nesses of paper all over and projecting a few-
inches all round the bed circumvents the un-
circumventable B. B.

Friend (retaz thinks queen trap practice
to control swarming is unsatisfactory to both
bees and bee-keepers, and results in the
death of queens. Me too.

Friend S. E. Miller's article was not writ-
ten primarily for A. B. J., but is none the
worse for that. He seems to " argy " it a
critical matter to know just when to put on
the supers. I suppose we are to infer that
the wise man will hit it, and the blunder-
head miss it. 'Spects I'm wise enough to
know that I have some that ought to be go-
in this minute — and here I am writing.

The General round Up

The most important thing since last " sur-
round" is doulftless the establishment of the
Michigan experimeiii station. We will tol-
oralc the Michigan Committee in wearing
pretty good sized feathers in hoTior of their
diligence and succe^^s. We shall look with
much expectation to that new department in
the Review. The really good work that is

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

217

done under National and State auspices
seems to be about half lost to the general
public just from the lack of intercommuni-
cation between the workers and those who
would really like to know what is going on.
When we were boys we found that watching
the evolution of the doughnut was a wonder-
ful appetizer for doughnut. We hope there-
fore that experimenter Taylor will let us
climb up in chairs and " help " — and see
everything from the sifting of the flour to
the hanging up of the spider, as the Michi-
gan doughnuts are evolved.

It will do no harm, though, to look at the
matter from another direction. Experi-
menting in quest of valuable discoveries is
very like raising new seedlings in quest of
valuable new varieties. Many thousand
strawberry seedlings are carefully raised for
every one new strawberry that comes into
general cultivation. Even so, many sets of
experiments may be wisely planned and ably
executed before we all get rich and go to
the World's Fair on the proceeds. But even
if our doughnuts do all turn out unedible
mud-pies in the end, we want to have the
fun of seeing them made.

The Ckmadian, having encountered a little
racket in rough waters, is recovering and
catching up.

Oleanings pleads not guilty about the
Weed comb. Looks like a bad case of blun-
dering on my part. I must investigate dates
a little (when bees are not swarming) and if
the description was promptly given, before
people had largely learned the thing from
other sources. I will eat " humble pie " as if
I liked it. Humble pie is good for hasty
folks any way, only it don't taste good.

Tlie Proyrpusive gives the Review and ray-
self the very hi'jh compliment of commenc-
ing a new department on the same general
lines as this Condensed View. I am specially
pleased to see that the writer repeats and
earnestly seconds my estimate of Mr. Hutch-
inson's work. The opening article is illus-
trated, thus going the Review " one better."
Tlie Review appears in the illustration as at
the head of the race : but W. Z., do you when
you go a bikinar ride a three wheeled con-
cern, like an elderly physician whose sands
of life have well nigh run out ?

The department is signed " Somnambu-
list;" and who Somnambulist is will be a
first-class conundrum for a bit. But when
we look closely It appears as if his tracks
were not entirely covered. If he has a lady

assistant in his apiary — and if he has rustled
around for " straw " till the surrounding
fields yield scarce enough to make a peewit's
nest — and if he has a lower estimate of Stray
Straws than any one but the modest author
is likely to have — why then possibly we can
locate him. Dear Somanambulist don't
make your nest upon one of those lofty pinna-
cles at the World's Fair. Remember that
somnambulists go in lofty places with per-
fect safety so long as they are sound asleep ;
but the minute they wake up they fall and
break all to pieces. 'Hist ! I shall wake
him.

The Progressive also has a picture and
biography, apparently intending to " follow
suit" on A. B. J.'s strongest department.
Altogether the Progressive seems quite meta-
morphosed. And editor Leahy (his name is
run up this time) I guess we may set him
down as one of those fellows who will make
a horn spoon or teetotally spoil the horn,
and a good jack-knife too.

There, I'm going to let the rest of the
drove go. and see if I cannot stop my swarmy
bees from being driven to still hotter swarm
fever by lack of place to put their honey.

RioHAEDs, Lucas Co., O., June 20, 1893.

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Have it Doqe at the Review.

218

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

NO ORDERS,

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REVIEW

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

219

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to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER \ 31 Broadway, New York.
HEADQUARTERS, ( l*^ Monroe St., Chicaga

IMPORTANT-^^

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gained a good uame on
their own merits. Tliose who have tested them
with otlier bees say "they are the best honey
gatherers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are the largest
and sirongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers tliat produce uuifonuly
marked

piVE-BflflDED WOt^KHt^S

In March, April and May, Sl.25 each, 6 for $6.00;
June, $1 (It) each, (i for $'>.W; July to Nov., fl.UO
each, 6 for Sf.'jO, .Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriptive circular.

12-92-tf C. D DUVALL.

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS.
FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWRY JOHNSON,

1-93-tf. Masontown, Pa.

HONEY HLPKHG

Please mention the Review.

AND Bee Books,

OF ALL KINDS,
A LARGE STOCK.
MY NEW I1.1,VTSTKATE»

Catalogue and Price List of Supplies
for the Apiary will be sent free to all
who may apply. Send a postal card
for it. writing your name and address
kplainly. For every Order of $10.00
*aud over. I will make you a present.
The Catalogue tells you all about It.
T. O. Newman, 147 So.Western Ave., Chicago.

220

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

FOV/HDATIOn (a (§: (s: ©:

;©) ;©);©) ;g) si:>^ Cents a Pound

less than foniiorly. Also other boo supplies at lowest rates. Bend for illustrated catalogue and

price list, also copy of the AV^^ERICAW BEE-KEEPER.

(ESTABLISHED 13 YEARS.) W. T. FALCONBR Mfg. CO., Jamestown, N. Y.

THE LARGEST

Estnblishinont in Michigan dovoted exclusively
to the manufacture of bee-keepers'

SURRLIES.

Snow white sections $3.(K) per l,(XKt. No. 2 sec-
tit)n8. $2.00 per 1,000.

k complete hive for comb honey, consisting of
body, half story, six section holders, eight brood
frames, bottom board and cover, all nailed up,
for only $1.00 : in the flat, iK) cts. A. chafi hive,
with movable side, all complete, for only $2,00.
A full line of bee-keepers' supplies. 20-page
price list free. J. M. KINZIE,
12-92-12 t Rochester, Mich.

Please mention the Review.

PATENT. WIRED, COMB FOUIATION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

Thill, Flat - Bottom Foniidatioii

HAS NO FISHBONE IN SURPLUS HONEY.

Beiug the cleanest, it is usually
worked quicker than any fdn. made.
J. VAN DKIJSKN & SON.S,
(SOLE MANUFACTURERS),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook, Mont. Co.,N.Y

Please mention the Reuietu.

Italian Queens

From imported uiotlier, warranted purely mated,
$1.(X) each ; six at one time, $.").0O. Untested
queens, 75 cts each.

C. A. HUNCH.
7-9B-2t Nye, Marshall Co., Ind.

Please mention the Reuieiv,

"Golden" ^^ Floriila.

My location enables me to rear good queens
NOW as cheaply as they can bo reared in the
Nt)rth at anytime. Untested queens. 75 cts.
each; 6 for $4.01.); one dozen, $7.50. Last year's
tested queen, $1.25; select, $1.75 ; breeder, $2. .50.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. 11-92 -tf

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

Please mention the Reuleui.

1 TKLL you what, Jones, Lev-
ering Bros, sell the best goods
and at the lowest prices of any
one I've struck yet. The lar-
\ge8t and best equipped

Bee- Hive Paclofj

In the West. The Dovetailed
Hive and New Hoffman seU-
suacing frame a specialty.
Everything used by practical
bee-keepers by wholesale and re-
tail. Send for their free Illus-
trated Prico-List. and save money. Supply Deal-
ers, send for their Wliolesale List. Address
LEVERING BROS..
2-93-6. WIOT.V, Cass Co.. Iowa.

Gorr)b Leveler.

Sections full of comb kejit over from last year,
when used to indace the bees to begin work in
the supers, are worth nearly as much as sections
filled with honey. The only objection to their
use is that the comb is often uneven and gives
the honey a rough appearance. By the use of
Taylor's Handy Comb Leveler the combs can be
brouglit to a level as raiiidly as 1 be sections can
be handled, and the comb of honey, when fin-
ished, will have all the fine appearance of that
produced witli fresh foundation. Price of the
leveler (except the woo<len box in which to set
the lamp) 00 cts. by mail. Box and all, $1.10
by mail ; by express, $1.00.

B. T/VYLOR, Forcstvillc, A\»«>*>-

Golden Italians.

My bees are large and great honey gatheroi
1 untested queen, 80 cts. ; 3 for $2 00. 1 warrai.-
ted queen, gl.OO; 3 for $2.50. I tested queen,
$2.00 ; selected, tested, $2..tO. Satisfaction guar-
anteed or money refunded. 4-93-tf

C. M. MICKS, Hieksville, JVId.

Please mention the Review.

Just Splendid.

Mr. Alley— 'l"he (lueen 1 got of you lust fall is
just splendid I She is the best queen in an api-
ary 1.50 colonies. 1 would not take $10 for her.
John A. Pease, Moravia, Calif.
Price of such queens is $1.00 each.

HENRY ALLEY,

Wenham, Mass.

Please mention the Reuieut.

AUG., 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ADVEf^TISIflG {^RTES.

All advertisemente will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cente per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lineH of Nonpareil space make linch.
Disconnte will be given as follows :

On 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lineB and upwards, 3 times. 10 percent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times.'
50 per cent.

Clubbing Iiist.

1 will send the Review with—

Gleanings, (tfl.OO)

American Bee Journal ( l.OO)

Canadian Bee Journal . . . ( 1.00)

American Bee Keeper . . . ( .50)

Progressive Bee Keeper.. . ( ..50) . . .

Bee Keepers' Guide ( ..50)

Apiculturist ( .75)

Bee-Keepers' Magazine. . . ( .50)

.$!.7.5.

. 1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.40.

. 130.

. 1.40.

. 1.65.

. 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules: ~

Fancy.— \11 sections to be well filled; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there will be " fancy whit«,"
"No. 1 dark,"' etc.

NEW YORK— The new crop of extracted from
California and the South is arriving very freely.
There is a limited demand and prices have a
downward tendency. We quote as follows:
White extracted. 6>/i to 7 ; Amber, 6 to 6' 4; Dark,
5'/i to 6. Beeswax, 26 to 27.

HILDRETH BROS. & SEGELKEN,

July 7. 28 & :iO West Broadway New York.

0H1('A(U), 111.— Fancy white clover in the
comb, wirh every thing perfect about it brings
16 to 17. No. 1 white brings about 15 The darker
grades are unsalable at present. White extract-
ed brings 6 to 7, amber and dark, 5 to 6. beeswax,
18 to 22. There is very liftle activity in the
market just now. Some lots of the new crop of
honey are arriving which present a very fine
appearance and the quality is also excellent.
R. A. BURNETT & CO.,
Aug, 1, 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

KAN.SA.S CITY, MO.— We cannot give any
Quotations, as there is no new comb or extract-
ed honey in the market. No.l, white comb
would bring about 16 or 17 cts.

CLEMONS-MASON CO.,

July 7. .521 Walnut St., Kansas City Mo.

( INCINNATl, Ohio.— There is no ciioice comb
honey on the market, A fair artichf brings 14 to
16 in a jobbinir way. The demand is good for
extractetl at from 6 to 8 cts. There is a good de-
mand for choiceyellow wax at from 24 to 27 ct-^.
CHAS. F. MITTH & .SON..

April 1. Cincinnati, Ohio.

MINNEAPOLIS, ^inn., We tliink honey will
sell much lower later on and now is the time to
market it. We quote as follows: Fauv-y white,
18t.o20; No. 1 white. 17: fanfy amber, 16; No.l
amber. 14; fancy dark, 13; No. i dark. 11; white
extracted. 8 lo 9 ; amber, 7 to S ; dark. e'i. Bees-
wax is unsalable

116 First Ave., North. Minneapolis, Minn.
Aug. 1,

CHICAGO, 111.— The warm weather checks the
sale of honey. We are looking forward to a good
season with sood prices for fancy stock. Dark
and damaged comb honey is a poor seller. We
quote as follows: Fancy white, 17 ; No. 1 white,
i6; fancy amber, U; White extracted. 8 to 8'/i ;
amber extracted, 7 to 8 ; dark, 5' i to 6. Beeswax,
21 to 22.

J. A. L.4M0N,

Aug 1. 44 &48 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

BUFFALO, N. Y.— We cannot advise the ship-
ment of honey to this market at oresent, nor
for perhaps several weeks. There is too much
fruit arriving to handle honey to advantage. At
present there are a few small sales of fancy, one
pound combs at about 14 to 15. The lower
grades sell from 12 downward. There is no sale
at present for extracted. Later ou, during the
proper season, we can handle many tons of
honey as satisfactorily as it can be handled in
any market in the United States, andwe shall
be glad at that time to correspond with those
having honey to sell.

PATTERSON .<tCO.

Aug. 1. 167 & 169 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

BEE - KEEPERS'

SURRLY HOUSE

J. H. M COOK, 78 Barclay St., N Y. Ciiy.

(SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING.)

4-93tf Send for illustrated Catalogue

lUnstraiefl AdyertlseieDts Attract Attention.

Cnts Firnistied for all illnstratlna Purposes.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

223

FEEDIDG ©AGK

Hone}' to secure the completion of unfinished sections can
be made very profitable if rig^htly manag-ed during- the hot
weather of July and August. In " Advanced Bee Cul-
ture " may be found complete instructions regarding the
selection and preparation of colonies, preparation of the
feed, manipulation necessary to secure the rapid capping
of the combs, time for removing the hone}^ and how to
manage if a few sections in a case are not quite complete ;
in short, all of the "kinks " that have been learned from
3'ears of experience and the "feeding back " of tons of honey.
Price of the book, 50 cts. ; the Review one year and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U, S. or Canadian.

W. Z. H^TCHINSOJ^, Flint, ^ich.

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

or BEE HIVES, SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

193-12t. RIVER FALLS, WIS.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cut represents our

Combined Circolar and

Scroll Saw, which is the

best machine made for

Bee Keepers' nse in the

construction of their hives,

sections, boxes, etc.

1 1-92-1 6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOR OATALOGIJE, PBIOKS, ETC.,

Address W. F. & J NO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St . Rockford, Ills

Please mention the Reuiew.

0]i,!IaDima!

Have you heard of the

200-Page Bee-Hodk

given to every I\EM'
Subscriber to the old

AMERICAN

BEE JOURNAL?

Oldest, Largest, Best,
Cheapest and the only
Weekly Bee -Paper
in America. 32-pages ;
^1 a year. Sample free

GEO.W.YORK&CO

56 Fifth Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL.

To New Subscribers : 1he Journal Alone
Sent for Three Months for Twenty Gents.

n||rri|n a large number of fine ones on
1 1 1 1 I r 11 n hand ; yellow and prolific ;
y U U U 11 U J read}- April 1.5th ; warranted
queens, $1 ; 6 for |4..50 ; select
tested, yellow to the tips, suitable for breeders,
%t each. Reference, A. I. Root. 3-93 tf

W. H. LAWS, Lavaca, Seb. Co., Ark.

224

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW,

A GrziO<i Success.

ii

p

A\ention Review.

New Cowan Reversible

HONEf EXTRACTOR.

May be Reversed Witloiit siODpiiig tlie MacWiie.

Strong, well made in every respect,
light, and of convenient size. The can is
but little larger than that of the Novice.
Tlio sear is beveled and covered by an
iron shield, and the crank outside the
can. Frai k McNay, of Maustfin, Wis., a
bee keeper wlio produces tons and tons
of extracted honey, says of it:

"After ca efuUy exaiiiining and trying
the Cowan Extractor, I liave failed to
find a weak part, and 1 do not hesitate to
say that it is the best Extractor made,
l)()tli in regard to convenience and dura-
bilit.\. ami 1 shall replace all of my five
macluncs with the ('owan as soon as pos-
sible."

It is endorsed also by •!. F. Mclntyre, an
ex'^en'.ive extracted honey producer of
Ciiifornia: by W. Z Hutchinson, Dr. 0.
( ' MilJcr, and others.

Price all Complete, Japanned and Lettered,
fcr L. Frame, $10.

A. I. I^OOT, IVIedina, O.

Foundation Reduced.

Deduct three cents per pound from prices
given in my Illustrated Price List for 1893

M. H HUNT, Bell Branch. Mioh.

LEININGER — BROS.

Will sell Italian queens and nuclei cheap the
coming season. Write for special prices.

592-tf Ft. Jennings. Ohio.

Please mention the Review.

GRAY CARNIOLANS
GOLDEN ITALIANS.

Bred from pure mothers and by the best known
methods. Send for price list. 4-93-tf

For Carniolans to I For Italians to

lOHN APREWS. L. E. BDRNHAffl, '

Patten's Mills. N. Y. | Vaughns, N. Y.

Keepers Supplies.

OOOy@@®OQOQOOOQO®0^iOQ®0®Q®OOQ>®0@Q&@@>000000000@yOOO€ OOG

PORT€R 8€€ €SC^PCS

Are used and pronounced the
best, and highly recommended
as great labor-saving implements by C^has. Dadant & ?on. Prof A. J Cook, Chas. F. Muth,
Jno. S. Reese, J. H. Martin, .Jno. .Vndrews, F. A. Gemmill, Wm. McEvoy, .\ F. Brown,
Thop. Pierce, and many other prominent bee-keepers. Descriptive circular and testimo-
nials mailed free. PRICES: each, postpaid, with din^ctions, 20 cts. ; per doz., ^2.25.

RETURN THEM AND GET YOUR MONEY BACK AFTER TRIAL, IF NOT SATISFIED. For sale by dealers.

MiNTiON THE REVIEW. Address R. &. E. C. PORTER. LewiSTOWN, IlL.

i

Tb

e (5)ee-

eepeps' JHev^ieOu.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Interests of Hoqey Producers.

$1,00 A YEAR.

W. Z. HUTCHINSOfl, Hditop & PPOp.

VOL, VI, FLINT, MICHIGAN, AUG. 10. 1893. NO. 8.

Work at IVXicliigaxi's

Experiraental

Apiary.

e. l. tatloe, apiaei8t.

langdon's non-swaeming attachment.

SS stated in my
former arti-
cle, five of these
attachments were
adjusted to hives
on the 22nd day
of June last, and
that the condi-
tions may be un-
derstood as fully
as possible, I
must explain
that at that date
swarming to a moderate extent, had been
going on in the apiary for a week or ten days;
the hives employed also varied in capacity,
three sizes being used, viz., the single story,
new Heddon, double story, new Heddon,and
the eight - frame dovetailed. The hives of
course are used in pairs and for convenience
each pair is designated by a number. Nos.
1 and .5 were each composed of one double
and one single Heddon, No. 2 of two single
Heddon. No. 3 of two double Heddon and
No. 4 of two dovetailed hives. I wish to ex-
plain liere also once for all that in this line of
experiments wherever a swarm issued it was
never returned to the hive from which it

came but always to the other member of the
pair.

The details of the swarming are as follows:
No. 1 cast a swarm .June 24th, 28th, 30th and
July 4th and 10th, five times; No, 2 cast a
swarm June 23rd, 24th, 25th and 26th and July
1st, 4th and 7th, seven times; No. 3 cast a
swarm but once, on June 30th; No. 4 cast a
swarm June 27th and July 2nd, twice; No 5
casta swarm June 24th, 26th and 29th and
July 4th and 10th, five times. In other words.
No. 1, consisting of one single and one double
story Heddon hive; swarmed five times, three
times from the single story and twice from
the double story; No. 2, consisting of two
single story Heddon hives, swarmed seven
times; No. 3, consisting of two two story
Heddon hives, swarmed once only; No. 4,
consisting of two dovetailed hives, swarmed
twice ; and No. .5, consisting of one sin-
gle story and one double story Heddon,
swarmed five times — three times from
the single and twice from the double story,
that is, it appears, the larger the hive the
longer are the bees able to resist the inclina-
tion to swarm.

It will be observed that there was little
opportunity to operate the attachment for the
purpose of throwing the bees from one hive
to the other ( except as swarms issued ) and
it was only practiced in the cases of Nos. 3
and 4, twice in No. 3 and once in No. 4. In
each of these this was done on June 26th, the
fourth day after the attachment was put in
place. But it will be noticed that the very
next day, June 27th, No. 4 cast a swarm,

226

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

and No. ;? cast a swarm on the 30th, indica-
ting tliat when other conditions are favorable
very little if any preparation at all in the way
of queen cells is required before the bees feel
at liberty to swarm.

One hive of No. 2 lost its queen which was
replaced by a tine young queen which had
been laying but a few days, yet this young
queen came out with a swarm within four
days, and within a week was lost, apparently
destroyed by the bees.

As might have been expected under such
circumstances the bees of these colonies did
not do very good work, but those that did the
most swarming did fully as well as the
others. As I estimate it, these bees yielded
about G.'i to 75 per cent, of the surplus they
would have yielded had they been managed
in the ordinary -way. What especially sur-
prised me was the remarkable slowness
shown by these strong colonies in capping
their surplus honey.

It was always very evident that the desire
to swarm was thoroughly eradicated from
the colony from which the bees had been
thrown — this was frequently very soon shown
by the casting out of immature drones. I
could not see that worker brood suffered
materially.

Why was it that the inclination to swarm
was not also removed for a time from the
working force of the two colonies thrown to-
gether into a hive in which there was no be-
ginning of preparations for swarming?

I have hereinbefore remarked that it
appears that the larger the hive the longer
the bees are able to resist the inclination to
swarm. But the size of a hive is a relative
matter and the largest one becomes small if
too many colonies are united and put into it.
The theory of the Langdon attachment is
that the prevention of the completion of the
usual course of preparation for swarming
common in normal cases will prevent
swarming in all cases. The mere statement
reveals the fault in the reasoning. The
attachment answers completely to the theory
but the theory is wrong. It is not an in-
frequent occurrence that swarms issue with-
out leaving a sign that there had been a
thought of preparation, and this is only on the
line between the normal and the abnormal.
If several swarms are out at once and unite
and are hived after an unequal division the
colony having an unduly large proportion of
the bees will generally persist in the desire to
swarm. That condition is abnormal and

creates dissatisfaction. To unite the work-
ing force of two strong colonies when the
swarming fever is in the air is highly ab-
normal, and if this is done, this abnormal
condition must be provided against if swarm-
ing is to be prevented. At least the result of
the experiments thus far seems to point that
way.

If a course of operations creates abnormal
conditions it should be required to make
efficient provision to cope with those condi-
tions.
Lapeeb, Mich., .July 27, 1893.

TIlilH!rj"y TOFIOS.
No. 7.

E. L. TATLOB.

j^ LL cases of sections containing the
product of white clover and basswood
were safely housed some time ago and
these of course contained most of the sections
which had been adjusted to the hives but un-
doubtedly there were some cases in which lit-
tle or no honey was stored and there is a temp-
tation to allow them to remain in the hope
that they may be filled in September, but it
is a mistake to do so. The bees have now a
month's vacation and they use it in making
the best preparation they may for the ap-
proaching bleak half of the year. Every
thing must be made snug — as wind and
water-proof as wax and gum can make it.
It is interesting to observe at this season the
little masons on the outside of the hive with
their pollen baskets filled with propolis as-
sisting those within to efifectually close some
ciack that is calculated later in the year to
minister to their discomfort. Wax they find
makes fairly good mortar and finding it
ready at hand hanging useless in the sections
they do not scruple to cut it out to eke out
their more laboriously gathered propolis.
Then, apparently for the purpose of pre-
venting moisture from finding a lodgement
even in the woodwork of their home, they
varnish the whole with their wonderful,
spicy gums while the mid summer sun
makes them spread and adhere well. Of
course the new white sections invite the first
and fullest attention so that by the advent
of the equinoxes they could no longer be
recognized as the same. Their value has
departed and if in the mean time they are

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

227-

filled with honey it has doubly departed.
The careful apiarist will therefore not fail
upon the falling of the petals of the bass-
wood blossom to remove them from the hive
and to store them where they will be secure
from moisture, vermin and dust.

Taking a hint from the concern which the
bee has exhibited in her use of propolis for
the continued prosperity of her family, the
apiarist will next turn his attention to the
needs of the individual colonies. That the
owner is more liable to neglect the necessary
preparations for winter than the bee herself,
is a startling commentary on human energy
and intelligence ! During the pending peri-
od of dearth the utmost alertness should be
Exhibited that no opening be left any where
for robber bees. No honey should be ex-
posed and nuclei and small colonies furnish-
ed with the effectual means of self-defence
which a small entrance supplies. It should
be remembered too that during the month
of August almost all the eggs are deposited
from which the bees that are to start house-
keeping anew next spring are to come, and
since this is so, too much care cannot be ex-
ercised as to the condition of each colony
now as regards its ability to produce a con-
siderable amount of brood in the near future.
The life and vigor of a queen, now two years
old, are highly uncertain, and if depended
on are liable to fail when most needed. If
any good degree of certainty in wintering and
in a prosperous opening of the next spring
is desired, all such must be at once replaced
by young laying queens reared from cells
produced during the late swarming season.
The lame and those otherwise injuriously
defective should share the fate of the aged.
To make this work easy, each of my hives
carries a simple record indicating the age
and the peculiarity, if any, of the queen em-
ployed within. The clipping of the queer's
wings is also so done as to make her age
known at sight. Sometimes it may be neces-
sary to have a care that stores are not want-
ing, but in some districts where the fall hon-
ey flow is very abundant, that care should be
directed to the giving of sufficient room to
the bees that they may not be compelled to
unload their fresh nectar into cells destined
for brood and so circumscribe the domain
of the queen. Enough good stores being
granted, plenty of brood in August and a
vigorous young queen are prime requisites
for successful wintering and prosperous
building up the following spring.". In con-

nection with this work all required uniting
of colonies should be attended to, and for
the highest success in it all care and dispatch
are needed that robber bees may not inter-
fere injuriously. To circumvent these it
may be necessary to choose the early hours
of morning or the late hours of the after-
noon for the work. The novice may even
require a tent, while the adept will do so
quickly what is required to be done with any
particular hive that it is closed by the time
the robber appears. Well planned, quick
work, not too long continued at one time,
will prevail.

If attended to at once the careful apiarist
may profitably secure the completion of sec-
tions that tne close of the basswood bloom
left not quite ready for market by collecting
them in cases, putting them on populous
colonies of hybrid bees and feeding extract-
ed honey copiously for a few days. Two to
four cases may be put on to a hive at once
and more added later, but the brood cham-
ber should be contracted to about the capac-
ity of five L frames. The honey resulting
should be marketed and consumed at once,
as a candying is likely to ensue on the ap-
proach of cool weather.

It only remains to be said that where a
crop of fall honey may be expected, prepa-
rations should be made to receive it, for it
is sometimes very abundant. Unless it is
liable to be white or nearly so, as it some-
times is where the white aster abounds, it is
doubtless more profitable to secure it in
combs for extracting. It is in such cases
that ready drawn combs especially reveal
their value. Whether combs or sections are
used, let them be adjusted promptly as soon
as the nectar begins to come in.

Lapbbb, Mich. July 22, 1893.

t-e^^^s^^;^

With Energy and the Bight Management

Bee - Keeping Need Never be a

Failure in California.

WM. G. HEWES.

Let not thy dish be upside down
When showers of honey strike the town.

«||»N many parts of California were it not
^ that brains and energy are lacking one
«»'» could not do otherwise than make a suc-
cess at bee-keeping. We have a country in
which four or five hundred hives may be

228

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

profitably kept in one place*, and, although
poor seasons are common, good ones are not
rare. Seasons of total failure are very few.

Our climate is such that there need
never be any loss of colonies except that oc-
casioned by the death of queens during the
fall and wintei months.

A specialist should own at least .'iOO hives.
If he has the requisite knowledge to manage
them intelligently and the energy to do most
of the work himself, there are comparatively
few seasons in which he would not get liber-
al returns from the capital invested and the
labor performed, and occasionally there
comes one of those extraordinarily bounti-
ful years when the bees bring in honey as
though there were lakes of it from which to
gather. In such seasons an intelligent api-
arist should clear ten dollars to the hive,
which, if there are 500 or 1,000 hives, gives
him a snug little sum with which to tide
himself and bees over the years of absolute
failure. Instead, however, of feeding the
bees when the years of absolute failure do
come, a majority of the apiarists get dis-
couraged and neglect them at the very time
when the most attention is needed. The
past two seasons have been poor ones, and
owing to neglect, two-thirds of all the bees
in this district have perished. If the coming
season (1893) should be a bountiful one, (It
is — Ed.) but few of the apiar sts will have
bees enough left to be in a position to profit
much by the opportunity.

Another reason why so many bee-keepers
realize but little from the apiary is because
they know but little about the management
of bees. They own no bee books and take
no papers relating to the pursuit. Putting
a swarm in a box and taking the honey there-
from when it has been filled constitute
about all they know. Some, too, have such
exaggerated ideas of the amount of help re-
quired to run an apiary that a good part of
the proceeds from the crop has to go to pay
for the harvesting of it. On visiting some
apiaries the proprietor and his dollar-a-day
helper will often be found comfortably
seated in some shady nook killing time by
talking politics and swapping yarns, yet be-
lieving that they are at work, because now
and then a glance is bestowed upon the api-
ary to see if any swarms are out.

* In 1884 an apiary of 700 liives, belonging to
Mr. Robt. Wilkin, averaged 130 pounds of ex-
tracted honey and that too wlien surrounding
them within one and two miles distant were api-
aries aggregating l.:iOO hives more.

Sometimes two men are employed to assist
in extracting a crop which, if the owner had
been energetic, he could easily have taken
alone.

As I think over the bee-keepers of my ac-
quaintance I do not recall one (myself in-
cluded) who, I believe, gets, by a third, one
year with another, as much honey as he
should. The reasons for which are, we keep
too few bees and do not give even these few
the best attention.

To sum up — the best advice I can give
bee-keepers, with the help of the bee- book
and papers learn how to do the right thing
at the right time, then banish laziness and
do it.

Newhall, Calif. Dec. 5, 1892.

Uncertain Behavior of Great Masses of Bees.

— Problems for Experiment. — Escapes

That Turn Bees Into the Open Air.

B. 0. AIKIN.

" One boy is a boy, two are half a boy, and
three no boy at all."

P'

)OSSIBLY,one,
two and three
colonies of bees
are the same, yet I
am by no means
ready to give it up
— that a great mass
of bees can be
profitably worked
together. I know
that I have never
had all the colo-
nies in my apiary
do good super-work even the best of seasons.
In fair seasons perhaps one or two colonies
in ten give me satisfactory work.

Where we have a fall honey flow we can
mass bees far beyond what we do in a sum-
mer flow, and no swarming results.

I believe that we can and ivill control
swarming, although I am not sure that we
have all the details yet. Cut out cells once
and prevent swarming, do it two or three
times until the fever is on good and strong,
and the bees will often the next day after
every cell is destroyed !

Last year we could do but little in the way
of experiments. This year is still worse.
Not two per cent of our bees have even tried
to swarm. For two years the " far-famed "

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

229

alfalfa has failed to "give down." Red
clover has kept us alive. We did get a little
honey, but only from the strongest colonies
and such as we had doubled up. The best
single colony has not finished one super.
Three or four that were doubled and trebled
have finished a super each on an eight-
frame dovetailed hive.

When dividing was iirst practiced, we
over did it ; will we now go to the other
extreme .''

By dequeeuing I have held together colo-
nies equal to two average colonies, and they
worked successfully in as many as iive or six
supers at once, but I want to know how to
do it with less labor. Friend Taylor, can't
we put our bees all in sliallow chambers,
and before the flow and swarming comes,
slip an excluder between the two chambers ;
then, eight or nine days later, the one 'tother
side from the queen will have only sealed
brood, can't build cells, you see, then use
one or two sealed brood chambers on the
old stand for the honey gatherers, and make a
new colony with the one having the queen ;
then, three or four days later, put a cell or a
virgin queen in the honey gathering colony
having the sealed brood ? If I live and get
a good year I shall try it.

For extracted honey I am not sure which
would pay best, to make 10 colonies into 20
before the time for swarming ( shallow
brood chambers would be best), to hold the 10
together, or to run them as jive colonies. I
think likely the first plan would give the
best results in raising extracted honey, and
the last when comb is produced.

Another problem for experiment is to get
200 more queens to do service where now
but 100 are used : say a queen to each shal-
low chamber or its equivalent, so instead of
pushing our queens, they, instead, will push,
and completely fill, each their chamber,
which means lots more workers. The
queens, not being over worked, will last
longer. A queen must do her best to get
enough workers to do good super work in a
summer flow. Even Doolittle robs his
weaker colonies to help oat the average
queens in getting enough bees.

But to have these extra queens to use,
they must be wintered over, and how ? Or
they must be reared in April or May. This
is too expensive. Give me two queens
through the period of April 15th to .June 1.5th
and I will almost if not quite double my
surplus.

The State, or a combination of apiarists,
could find out these things ; a bread and

An experimental apiary ought to have
butter winner cannot, and men of compe-
tence do not care to — so we plod,
branches, that is, different locations. This
might be helped out somewhat by local api-
arists. The winter problem, the getting of
the workers in the spring, and the control of
them after they are gotten are the main
things to determine. Settle these, then we
can give our attention more to the " use and
abuse " of foundation and the like.

Friend Dayton, when your bees get to
making the " splinters " fly after yoa have
some escapes under the supers, just lift the
cover and see how quickly they will take
wing in the open air. If the escape had a
big window before it so the bees could see
where it it is, how they would "git for it.'
But all is new and they are just crazy, and
they begin to gnaw at any crevice, and that's
the time they ought to be let out, and they
would yet out, too, if they knew how and
where and had a chance. It's one of two
things, or both, to find the queen, or get out
of prison. (I think the latter. — Ed.)

Last year I made some cone escapes in
parts of old hives, then removed extracting
chambers and placed them on these entirely
away from the hives. Almost invariably,
15 to 20 minutes would put the bees into
a great excitement, and if they were all old
bees, one to two hours found them gone.
. Young bees would not leave so soon, and
would return if they did. Bees from a col-
ony that has been dequeened and all the
brood hatched, and all of the bees some
days old, leave verj' quickly. Bees in a col-
ony with a large proportion of very young
bees are slow in passing through our escape,
yet they will go in search of their queen
fairly well. Now, how can we help them out?

LovELAND, Colo., July 27, 1893.

[In the same mail that brought the fore-
going article came a letter and a sample bee
escape from Mr. R. .J. Stead, of Lanark, Ont.,
Canada. The escape consists of a half a
dozen light gates made of metal and arrang-
ed side by side. If they were all raised at
one time it would furnish an opening % x 3
inches. The bees push against the gates,
which raise and let the bees pass out, then
they drop back by their own weight. I do
not know as there is any thing new in this
principle, but the escape is adjusted a little
differently from the fashionable escape of

230

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

the day. Instead of conducting the bees back
directly into the brood chamber, it is placed
in an opening in the rim that surrounds the
escape board and forms the bee-space, thus
turning the bees into the open air. As Mr.
Aikin suggests, this is all right so far as the
old bees are concerned, but Mr. Stead over-
comes the objections as regards the young
bees, by having the opening in the escape
board come over the regular outside entrance
of the hive. Besides this, he does not allow
the bees to pass out when the escape is first
put in place, but lays a piece of iron rod on
the gates until the bees are terribly excited
in their efforts to escape, which time usually
comes in about half to three-fourths of an
hour, when the weight is removed and the
bees come rushing out very much like a
swarm, thus freeing the super very quickly.
The old bees go to the entrance and set up a
buzzing which soon calls all the young bees
into the hive. I should fear that the gates
would become waxed or propolised were it
not that they are on the hive so short a time.
Mr. Stead has applied for a patent.

I do not know how much experimenting
there has been with escapes that turn the bees
into the open air, but it strikes me that
allowing light to enter the super through the
escape would be a very important point. It
also seems that all trouble from young bees
might be avoided in such a manner as that
practiced by Mr, Stead. — Ed.]

Old-Time Bee-Eeeping in Calilornia.— Some

Appreciative Words fer Gleanings

and the Review.

ISAAC BUMFOBD.

— " Could be happy with either, wore 'tother
dear charmer away."

[ VER since receiving the copies of the
Review I have felt like sending my
thanks for the offering of such a pub-
lication to the public. Between 1880 and
1884 I was in the honey producing business
to the extent of one hundred hives ; having
built up from two swarms by increase and
purchase as I learned to manage the little
musicians and make their labor profitable.
It was the way that the Lord opened to
enable me to earn a living for my family and
pay a debt of over a thousand dollars that

had been eight years outlawed. During that
time I wrote " Beginnings in Bee-Keeping "
for the a ral Press, and considered Glean-
ings as the bee journal, par excellence. How
we all loved to get that journal. When it
came from the office in Bakersfield, some
eight miles away, all work was put aside un-
til it was read from cover to cover. We
wired our frames, made our own foundation
and tilled every frame full ; made our own
extractor out of an old barrel, and one sea-
son produced 13,000 lbs. ; an average of
about 150 lbs. to the hive ; getting 300 lbs.
from some. How we worked and loved the
work and what a joy it was to see all those
debts paid by the little workers. Is it not
natural that I should love those little work-
ers ?

About 18M4 the Lord called me into an ex-
clusively spiritual field and I have seen no
more of the bees nor read any bee literature
until last year I subscribed for Gleanings
for my son who has about 25 stands and at
present I am permitted to help him care for
them. I wanted the most advanced thoughts
of the age on particular parts of the subject,
and thank the Lord here comes the Review
to fill the bill. I don't have to buy papers
half full of all about keeping bees through a
hard winter. (We raise oranges here.) I
wanted a paper full of all about the special
subject under consideration. Say, one about
smokers. That decided me to send for a
Crane ; and we like it the best of any we
have tried. It fills the bill. One about wax
extracting. Another on producing the most
extracted honey and retaining the flavor of
comb honey ; and we found it. I tell you
that plan of making one number represent
one subject is right up to the times. The
Review has almost opened the way for us to
do without Gleanings; would if our dear
friend Root did not put in so many good
hints on the subject of gardening and we
like some of his old fashioned sermons. I
would suggest that you keep to the plan of
one subject for each number, then when
there is a new article on the subject comes
up, print it as a suplement so it can be taken
out and stitched into the old number ; or if
the subject should be so thoroughly reviewed
as to fill up another number they could be
tacked together. You might reserve a few
pages in the back of each number to note
important passing subjects just as Root puts
in about gardening and Our Homes.

Los Gatos, Calif. May 5, 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

231

Congratulations for the Experimental Api-
ary. —Prejudiced Enthusiasm of Some
Inventors.— Costly Experiments.

.JAMES HEDDON.

It LLOW me to
t\ express my-
self as highly plea-
sed with our suc-
cess in getting
even the small ap-
propriatiou of $500
M year for apiarian
experiments, and
not less plea-ed
over the selection
of Senator Taylor
as superintendent.
As 1 look at the matter, the salary is small,
when we consider the work to be performed;
a work which we all know Bro. Taylor will
do, if he loses money as a result. I would
suggest that bee keepers aid the splendid
and valuable effort by donating such imple-
ments as they believe of value, and desire
should gain the reputation they merit.

I am looking for much amusement aris-
ing from tests of articles that no one but the
inventors can find to be practicable. Much
the same may be looked for along the line
of processes. Perhaps, it sometimes occurs
that a discoverer may partially succeed with
•an implement, or method, with which no
one else can, but if there are any such in-
stances, they are so rarely met with, that we
hardly experience one in a life time. It is
usually the case that the inventor is of an
impractical turn, and certain it is that his
inventions and devices are of no value in
the hands of the practical, successful bee
keeper.

Most experiments to be of value must be
made upon a more comprehensive scale than
the small bee keeper can conduct or the
successful honey producer can usually
afford. Fifteen to twenty years ago, when
we had little bee literature, I had one or two
large apiaries, and my thirst for knowledge
in place of the wild theories I found in
journals, was such that I made some com-
prehensive experiments, and I found out
then what it cost. The price was high, but I
had to have it in my business. If you desire,
I will write two or three articles for the
Review, detailing; the results of some of
these experiments. I will leave others to
discuss this subject, trusting that perhaps I
have touched one point that few others will.

I desire to be placed on record as predicting
most satisfactory results from our exper-
meut station. Let each and every one of
us aid Bro. Taylor all we can.

[Certainly, friend H., if those old exper-
iments have a practical bearing upon the
bee-keeping of to day, we should all be glad
to hear of them. We would also like to have
you and others say what experiments you
would be pleased to have taken up by experi-
menter Taylor.— Ed.]

Frolicking Drones and Their Trysting Places

W. A. PKYAL.

" Theirs not the reason why.
Theirs but to do and die."

T S it is yet a mooted question whether
^) drones congiegate in certain spots
and there hold high carnival, as it
were, while they await the advent of a queen
who would a wooing go, I think I will at-
tempt to throw a little light upon the sub-
ject.

There is a spot on a hill about a hundred
feet high and not more than 300 yards from
where my bees are located, where, for almost
as long as I can remember, drones have
gathered in the afternoon. The air would
be full of them and the buzzing they would
make was something that could be heard for
quite a distance away. Their buzz was more
musical, If I may so express myself, on this
occasion than when they were flying about
the apiary. We are all quite familiar with
the buzz of these lazy fellows when they are
near their own doorstep, but I should judge,
from what I have seen in the bee journals,
that few have heard drones enjoyin a dizzy
dance in mid air. It is truly a dance of
death to many of them, as after results often
prove.

This place I speak of is in what may be
called the thermal belt on the hills to the
north of the apiary. I should think that the
several currents of air that circulate about
the hill and the little valleys formed by
these hills, meet here and form a gentle
whirlwind which, while warm, is inviting to
the drones. I am the more convinced of this
belief for the reason that there is another
spot where the same sort of a drone picnic-
ground is maintained. This second place is
at the southwest base of the aforesaid hill.
The spot is noted for being one where a warm

232

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

current of air is to be encouutered at almost
auy time. Persons who have been riding in
a veliicle perceive the change of air as soon
as they strike this spot.

Many a time I have watched the drones
thus enjoying themselves : at first I thought
they were : duiig bees, but observation proved
that they were male bees.

This question presents itself to me, does
the young queen, through natural intuition,
flj' to those localities where the atmosplieric
conditions are such that they are a safe place
for the two sexes to carry on their connubial
relations ? It seems to me that these queens
know this ; that the drones will be at a tryst-
ing-place appointed by Nature, and there
the queen goes, provided she is not stopped
by some lu-^ly (iroue who attacks her on the
"king's highway," as it were. It may be
fellows like this that have been seen assault-
ing queens while flying about the apiary,
who knows ?

NoETH Temescal, Calif. March G, '93.

i^:"t<^^^<;^

Fads and Fancies.

WALTER S. POUDEB.

Everj'bddy, good or bad,
Has a fancy or a fad ;
Has the best red clover (jueen.
Or an automatic bee-machine.
Has a great invention to reveal.
Or likes to ride astride a wheel ;
Jn fact, no matter what his rank,
Every body is a crank.

EE-KEEPEKS are given to whims
and fancies more than any other clan
of workers ; they have their own
ideas, their own inventions and their own
peculiar way of accomplishing a certain
piece of work, and all the world couldn't
change the ui.

With th(! amateur this is different, he is
ready to try every new thing that comes
under his observation, besides experiment-
ing and going over ground that has been
gone over by others. His first and highest
ambition is to attain numbers of colonies,
and of course this increase is at the expense
of the honey season and no surplus is ob-
tained : still worse, feeding has to be re-
sorted to in order to pull them through the
winter. He knows that some of the bee
fraternity are making lots of money for he
sees proof of it in stacks of beautiful honey
at the commission houses, honey stores, gro-
ceries, etc.

The watchword of the amateur is prog-
ress; his first hobby — to increase to a cer-
tain number — is an expensive undertaking,
aud one that usually contains many disap-
pointments. Those with experience tell us
that the greatest amount of bee-money is
made in the yard that is run for the exclu-
sive production of honey. The beginner
thinks that he sees something that has been
overlooked by the expert, viz., a small for^
tune in queen rearing. At once he begins to
equip himself for the new hobby and tlie ex-
pense attached is not a small affair, for the
whole yard must be brought up to a standard
of purity, expensive advertising must be re-
sorted to, and— what a pity it is that the peo-
ple are afraid to send to the unknown adver-
tiser for a queen. The chances are that
sales will not amount to enough the first
year to pay advertising bills. I do not mean
to infer that queen rearing can not be made
profitable ; on the other hand I know that it
can be made to pay, but it requires patience,
long coutiuued business, prompt dealing
and a high grade of stock. I say it requires
patience for it is only those who " stick to
it " and keep their names constantly before
the public who succeed.

The next rank to which the knight of the
apiary aspires is that of the supply dealer.
It is important that he should be an experi-
enced bee-man ; that he may know how to
cater to the wants of the honey producer.
Supply dealers are numerous which is an
advantage to producers, as they can get sup-
plies near home, and competition has re-
duced the price on many articles, thus saving
money for the toiler of the bee-yard. Again,
the supply business flourishes for about five
months in the year, therefore his time must
be devoted to another calling the remaining
seven months. This is usually dealing in
honey, which can be made profitable and a
very great advantage to producers, as the
dealer can find an outlet for the over-pro-
duction and dispose of it where there is a
scarcity.

The next craze liable to attack the " bee-
crank," is to edit a bee paper; and like the
supply dealer, failure is much more common
than success, and those who start with pomp
and fashion are sure to have their downfall
sooner or later. The successful ones have
all started at the huuible bottom round of
the ladder, and climbed slowly from an eco-
nomical basis.

Indianapolis, Ind. Feb. 2, 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

233

Bee-Kepeers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HOTCHiriSOri, Hd. & PKop.

Terms : — $1.00 a year in advance. Two copies
$1.90 ; tliree for S2.TU ; five for $4.00 ; ten or more.
70 cents each. If it is desired to liave the Review
stopped at the expiration of the time paid for,
please say so when subscribing, otherwise it
will be continued.

FLINT, MICHIGAN AUG. 10. 1893.

" A Califoknia Number, " is what this
issue might almost be called.

yj

All Humans have a strong love for in-
herited ideas no matter how cumbersome or
obnoxious modern science may prove them
to be.

Eugene Seoob has been appointed judge
of the apiarian exhibits at the World's Fair.
Both Mr. Secor and the exiiibitors are to be
congratulated.

)d

The Progressive and the Enterprise are
making rapid strides. I tell you the man who
starts a bee journal in these days has got to
hustle if he succeeds.

^

Mb. E. a. Daggitt suggests that the leath-
er to smoker bellowses be treated with some
substance that will till the pores and thus
stop the escape of air in that direction.

Loose Bottom Boaeds may be held on by
means of hooks, as suggested by a Minne-
sota correspondent, but this plan always
seemed too expensive and too much rigging.

- — ©

Glucose Bakbels, second-hand from the
candy factories, is what A. N. Draper uses to
ship honey in, and he has found nothing
cheaper or better; so he writes to the
Ainerica7i Bee-keeper.

y

E. Kbetohmee's Piotube (a good one) and
a sketch of his life written by his twelve
year-old daughter, appear in the last Pro-
gressive. There is something peculiarly
pleasant in reading the life of a man written
by his little girl.

H. P. Langdon writes to Gleanings that
his non-swarmer has not worked satisfacto-
rily in every instance in his own apiary this
season.

R. C. AiKiN ?ays in the Progressive, that he
has asserted for years, that not more than
one-third more extracted than comb honey
can be secured. He now doubts if we get
even that much more. I think much depends
upon the management.

C. W. Dayton, in referring to the fact that
bees do not tear combs to pieces when only
a small opening is given them into the hive,
says that he thinks it is darkness that pre-
vents their tearing comb. He gives several
illustrations to show the correctness of his

views.

— yi

The Enebgy of a newly hived swarm is
more apparent than real; so writes R. C.
Aikin in the Progressive. There is no brood
to care for — nothing to do but to gather
honey and build comb — hence the apparent
energy and the great rapidity with which
stores accumulate.

1^

White Glue is used by a Mr. Hunt, of
California, for fastening foundation in sec-
tions. For applying the glue he uses an ar-
rangement similar to the one used by R. L.
Taylor, and described in a recent issue of
the Review. "Rambler" describes the
Hunt plan in Gleanings

" Pulled " Queens is the name given
queens that are helped out of the cells by
man. It is easy to get these by opening a
hive just as the young queens are hatching.
Dr. Miller says in Gleanings that the giving
of one of these young queens to a colony
having fertile workers is a sure cure of the

trouble.

— 'yi

That Foul Beood may generate from
dead brood is believed by the editor of the
Nebraska Bee-Keeper because he sent some
decomposing brood to a person who claimed
to be something of an expert with foul brood,
and this person said it was foul brood. Dead
brood that isn't foul brood has been mis-
taken for such in so many instances that it
would be much more satisfactory in this case
if we knew how good an authority this un-
known expert is.

234

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Black Bees and half-depth frames in the
supers enable Mr. G. L. Head of La Valle,
Wis., to dispense with bee escapes and brush-
es. He simply shakes the bees oft. He has
driven ten miles to an out-apiary and extract-
ed 1,000 pounds of honey in a day. So far
this year he has extracted !),000 pounds from
109 colonies and increased to 165.
®

HOW MUCH HONEY IS KAI8ED IN THE UNITED
STATES ?

As I was at work in the shop the other day
putting foundation in sections it occurred to
me that if every manufacturer of sections
would report how many sections he had sold
during the year we could get something of
an estimate as to how much honey was pro-
duced in a year, something as the number
of queens sold last year was estimated. I
went into the house and found Gleanings on
the desk, and in looking over the editorials I
found that its editor had thought of the
same thing in advance of me. Let each sec-
tion manufacturer report to Gleanings at
the end of the season, how many sections he
has sold during the year, and we can guess
someivhere near how much honey was pro-
duced this year.

@

BE YOUBSELF.

There is one idea expressed in E. E. Hasty 's
article this month that it would be well for
young writers to bear in mind, that of being
natural, of writing " from the inside. " How
well I remember my first composition, how
I tried to write just as folks did in books.
Frequently I might have written of some in-
teresting fact, and probably in an interesting
manner if I had written in a straightforward,
simple way of my own, but I forbore because
"other folks didn't write of such things in
such a way, " forgetting, or not knowing,
that the man who is different from the others
may be the most interesting man in the
crowd. Be yourself. Be natural. Don't
strain after some style that you may happen
to admire and thereby ruin what might
otherwise be a better style than the one you
are striving to imitate.

DEAD BKOOD THAT IS NOT FOUL BROOD.

When I was over at the Michigan Experi-
mental Apiary, Mr. Taylor showed me a col-
ony in which at least one-fifth of the brood
was dead. I presume a novice would have
pronounced it foul brood. There were

sunken, perforated cells, and dark, brown,
coffee- colored dead larvii?. But two of the
characteristics of foul brood were lacking :
the thick ropiiiess and the odor. The skin
to a dead larva was tough and held its con-
tents as a rubber sack would hold water.
And, by the way, the contents were often
watery, the thick ropiness was lacking. It
certainly was not chilled brood as it was in
July. Mr. Taylor admitted that he did not
know what was the cause of the malady.

©

" BiBDs OF Michigan, " is the title of Bull-
etin 94 prepard by Prof. Cook, of the Mich-
igan Agricultural College. It contains 150
pages, is freely illustrated and handsomely
bound, and is bringing forth deserved praise
from high authorities. It is sent free to all
Michigan people who apply. Others who
are interested should write to the College to
learn upon what terms they can procure
copies.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOUKNAL TO BE PUBLISHED
BY THE GOOLD, SHAPLEY & MUIE CO.

As mentioned in another place, the
Canadian Bee Journal has been burned out;
but a communication from Mr. R. F. Hol-
terman informs me that the Goold, Shapley
& Muir Co. has bought the subscription list
and will continue the publication of the
journal. It will be enlarged, changed to a
monthly, better paper used and an effort
made to fill it with first class material. The
first issue will be out in September. Mr.
Holterman is to be the editor. There is
certainly room in Canada for a bee journal,
and as Mr. Holterman is not without ex-
perence, the firm has capital, and the journal
will start out with a good subscription list, I
do not see why it need not be a success. I
hope it will.

SuPEKS may be taken off when robbers do
not trouble by smoking out most of the bees
and then placing the super where the few re-
maining bees can run out into the entrance
of the hive. Mr. Taylor speaks in a recent
article of setting the super on toj) of the hive.
This is all right where the super can be left
long enough, but the bees will get out more
quickly if one corner of the super is leaned
against the alighting board of the hive. Al-
though the basswood season is past and the
bees are gathering nothiug, I took off a doz-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

235

en supers the other evening and freed them
from bees by setting them at the entrance of
the hives. The supers were taken off just as
the bees had nearly stopped flying. A few
enterprising bees came around to see what
was " in the wind, " but it was soon too dark
for them to fly.

EXPEBIMENTAL APICULTUEE.

I am a little disappointed at the small
amount of correspondence that has come in
on this subject. It does not seem possible
that bee-keepers have no interest in the sub-
ject. Possibly the leader of last month con-
tained all that needed to be said on the sub-
ject; if so, well and good. There is one
point, however, that I wish emphasize, and
that is the necessity of being able to use good
arguments before the State Boards of Agri-
culture. Unless you can do this, unless you
can make a point, there is no use in going.
The arguments used before our State Board
have already been given, and I would call
attention to those used in Dr. Miller's article
in this issue, as being very good. If a copy
of this article could be placed in the hands
of each member of a Board previous to the
meeting it would be a good move.

One thing more. Haven't you some sug-
gestions as to what experiments you would
like tried? The experiments in regard to
wintering can be taken under consideration
none to soon. Let's hear from yon as to
what they shall be and how they shall be
conducted.

EDITOBIALS ABE NEVEB PAID FOE.

Sometimes when sending in an advertis-
ment the sender will ask that he be given an
editorial notice. If one advertiser is grant-
ed this favor, all are entitled to the same,
and if each were given a notice, where would
be the advantage? Samples of implements
are sometimes sent witli the intimation that
an editorial notice would be the proper thing
to give in return. Others even go so far as
to say right out fair and square, '* Give me a
good editorial notice and I will pay you any-
thing reasonable. " I wish it distinctly un-
derstood that I have no editorial opinion for
sale. I do not mean that I shall never notice
and give praise to articles that are for sale.
On the contrary I think it is an editor's busi-
ness to learn which are the best things and
then to say so, but what he says should come
about as the result of his own judgement —

should come out spontaneously without so-
licitation. I do not mean that a dealer, man-
uf cturer or inventor must never call an
editor's attention to the superiority of his
wares; far from it, that is all right and prop-
er, and then let the editor use his own judge-
ment as to what he shall say, if he says any-
thing at all, but let it be understood that
what is said eaitorially is said freely with no
money consideration in connection with the
saying. I believe that our bee journals are
almost wholly, if not entirely, free from this
fault.

— 1^

BEE-PAEALTSIS INHEBENT IN THE QUEEN.

When discussing bee-paralysis with Mr.
Taylor this season he mentioned one fact
that goes to show that it comes from the
queen. A neighbor called and wanted a
queen. Mr. Taylor had none to spare ex-
cept the one in a colony affected with paral-
ysis. He was going to replace this queen
and told the man he might have her until he
could spare some other queen. If she turned
out all right, well and good — if not he would
replace her. When her bees began to hatch
out in the colony to which she was intro-
duced, and to take their places in this work-
a-day-world, the colony became affected
with paralysis.

@ '

WHY SWABMS DO NOT ALWAYS BETUBN TO
THEIB OWN HIVES.

E. R. Root quotes what I said last month
in reference to the swarms going together
over at the Michigan Experimental Apiary
and all returning to one hive. He closes by
saying: "Nevertheless, Mr. So and So
doesn't give up yet but that swarms are more
apf to go back to the old location." Yes,
bees are more likely, almost certain, to go
back to their own hive if only one swarm
is in the air at the same time, but when more
than one issues at the same time they are
almost certain to unite unless water is used
freely to keep them apart. When two or
more swarms unite, they become, to all in-
tents and purposes, a single swarm, and
behave very much as one swarm would be-
have. A very few of the bees will eventu-
ally return to their respective hives, but the
great mass of them will go together, some-
where. Some of the bees of one of the
swarms will usually begin returning to their
old location, then nearly the whole mass
of bees will "follow my leader " into this

L

2H6

THE BEE-KEEPERS' HE VIEW.

hive. That is, they will if allowed to do so.
It is not usually best to allow this, but what
shall be done is " another story," aud one
that will bear considerable variation accord-
ing to the circumstances.

LOOK AFTEB YOUB INSUBANCE.

Within the past few weeks two of our bee-
keeping friends have suffered severe losses
by lire. The office of the ^anadian Bee
Journal has been burned up entirely ; loss
about $5,000 with light insurance. Levering
Bros, of Wiota, Iowa, have sustained a loss
of about $30,000 with only $3,000 insurance.
Of course, these friends have our sympathy,
but it will make their burdens no heavier if
their losses are used as a warning to others.
Is your insurance exactly what you would
have it if you knew that your buildings
were to be burned tomorrow ? If not,
then attend to it at once, to day. To toil
for years and then see the results swept
away in an hour, to begin life anew with
nothing but the bare hands, is a bitter expe-
rience. Many bear it bravely as becomes a
man, but it can be so easily avoided, while
at the same time there is the comfortable
feeling that comes from the possession of
protection together with the knowledge
that the small ^ums paid out go to relieve
the distress of others who have met with

losses.

(^

Canada's foul bbood inspeotob.
Mr. McEvoy is foul brood inspector of
Ontario, Canada. He believes that foul brood
originates from dead brood. He also be-
lieves boiling hives in which there has been
foul brood is unnecessary. He cures foul
brood by taking the combs away from the
bees, allowing the bees to build comb four
days (long enough to use up or store in the
combs any foul broody honey they may have
in their sacs) then cutting out the combs
and allowing the bees to go on and build
more combs. This frees that colony of the
disease. He is doing a great and good work,
and it is a pity that he is so given to sneer-
ing at science aud to riding his asaertions,
whip and spur, over his critics. In justice
to him I must say that his having cured so
many cases of foul brood without boiling
the hives should not be passed over lightly.
When I was over to the Michigan Experi-
mental Apiary, I asked Mr. Taylor what he
thought of this. He said it was possible that

the only source of contagion about hives
might be honey that adhered to them. If this
should be true, it will be seen that with Mr.
McEvoy's plan of cutting out the combs in
four days, it is possible that such hives
would not communicate the disease, as the
bees would lick up all spots of honey aud use
it. Mr .Taylor said he had always boiled
the hives and considered it a safe thing to
do. Let's hear from others on this point.

INTEEESTED IN PHOTOGBAPHY. •

Few are the dollars that I have spent in
amusements — so-called. My own life, my
own work, have been so interesting to me
that I have cared little for what the world
calls amusements. This summer, however,
I have spent a little time and money in what
might, in this instance, be called amusement.
That word " amusement " does not seem to
me the right word to use. It does not seem
to me that the enjoyment, the happiness, the
interest, that come from the studying of a
science ( I am learning to use the camera )
snould be called " amusement. " To learn
the effects of light and shadow, to decide
upon the best point of view for the most ar-
tistic effect, to learn how to give sharpness
of outline or " detail" to a picture, or to
have instead a delicate softness, to use the
judgement in regard to length of time that
shall be given in making each " exposure, "
to learn how to correct when " developing "
the plate any errors tliat may have been
made in "timing, " to make " pictures" of
the bee yard, of the grand old trees about
the home, of the old school house among
the maples where my children first went to
school, and the children themselves, ( baby
Fern in her cab was my first attempt ) have
aroused my enthusiasm to a pitch that I
did not suppose it would ever again
reach. It is the same as it was with bee-
keeping and the art of printing. Of course,
I do not expect to make any money out of it,
it is the one thing I do simply for doing. It
may turn out to my financial advantage, as it
will probably improve the Review by in-
creasing the number of illustrations. That
cut of the Michigan Experimental Apiary
was made from a photo, of my taking. In
order to get the exact point of view that I
wished, it was necessary to build a high plat-
form out in a wheat field, but I was deter-
mined to get exactly the view that I thought
was best.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

237

INDIVIDUAL CHECKS — THEY ABE EXPENSIVE TO
THE REOEIVEK.

Many people who have a bank account
( fortunate mortals ) pay almost every bill
with a check. This furnishes a record of
where the money goes and each check is the
same as a receipt for the money paid. To a
person living in the city where the bank is
located at which an individual check is pay-
able, such a check is as good as the currency,
as all he has to do is to step into the bank
and have the check cashed at its face value.
When the check is sent to a distant city and
presented at a bank for payment it must be
returned for collection to the bank at which
it was issued. For making this collection
the bank charges from 10 to 2.5 cents accord-
ing to the distance and locality of the issuing
bank. The amount paid for collection is
called exchange and the one who pref ents
the check for collection is paid that much
less money. I have presented a check for
40 cents and found the excliange to be 1.5 cts.
Twice have I received a check of §1.00 from
Florida and found the excliange to be 40 cts.
These are unusal, but only a short time ago I
presented four checks amounting in the ag-
gregate to f 36.00 and had to pay .$1.00 ex-
change. It may be thoughtlessness on the
part of the makers of these checks, but there
is certainly an unfairness about it. Of
course the amounts are small and one does
not feel like complaining to a good customer,
but the amount in the aggregate for a year
is quite a sum. It is of so much importance
that some business houses have a notice in
their bill heads that says: "We pay no ex-
change. " A man who has a sum of money
to send to a distance, and wishes it to go
safely, ought not to thrust the expense
of the safety upon the one to whom it is
sent. A draft on New York or Chicago, for
any ordinary sum, can be bought at an ex-
pense of ten cents and will be paid at its
face value at any bank. If a man prefers to
use his individual check in order to have a
complete record in one place of the money
paid out, then let him add at least 15 or 2C
cents to the amount to pay for collection.
^

BE PKUMPT IN YOUK COBRE8PONDENCE.

Only a business man fully realizes the
annoyance and loss that arises from procras-
tination in the matter of correspondence.
I remember having an order for a dozen
queens early one spring from a customer in
an Eastern State. It was before I had raised

any queens of my own that year, and I sent
the order to a Southern breeder to fill, and in-
formed my customer what I had done. This
breeder had usually filled orders promptly,
but he didn't this time. My customer
complained because the queens didn't come
and I wrote to see what was the matter and
to learn when they ivoitkl come. No reply
came. This matter of complaint and inquiry
was kept up for nearly a month, when I sent
my customer queens from some other source
and told my Southern friend that he need
not send the queens. Then he wrote that he
could send the queens: he had been kept back
by cold, wet weather, and the reason why he
had not replied was that he could give no
definite answer as to when they oould be
sent, as he did not know himself, and he
wanted to wait until he could tell me posi-
tively when he could send them. If he had
told me as much in the first place all would
have been well. If you cannot give a corres-
pondent a definite answer, write and tell
him so, and give the reason why; let him
know as much as you do about it. Even
when I only wished to think the matter over
a little before answering a letter I have writ-
ten my correspondent that his proposition
was received and would be given considera-
tion and when I had decided I would let him
know. Perhaps this is carrying it a little too
far, but my idea of the matter is that for
every letter received requiring an answer,
some sort of an answer ought to go back by
return mail, even if nothing more than an
acknowledgement of its receipt. Men who
get letters by the hundreds each day answer
promptly; men who get one letter a week
make you wait that long for an answer. I'
am aware that where enough letters are re-
ceived so that the answering of them be-
comes part of the business of the day, they
are more likely to be answered promptly
than when the writing of a letter is only an
occasional "task," as some people call it,
but there is no excuse for allowing a letter to
remain unanswered day after day — yes, in
some instances, week after week.

There is another phase of this matter that
I must touch upon. A man writes and asks
you to trust him, saying when he can pay.
You accommodate him. When the time of
payment comes he does not pay. Finally he
is written to. He may answer and say why
he could not send the money, and say when
he will send it. The time of payment comes
around again, but no money comes. He is

238

THE BEJB-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

again written to. No reply. Weeks and
months pass and no money comes. The
man ia written to repeatedly, but there is no
reply. Nothing is much more aggravating.
There may be good reasons why the man
cannot pay. If so, why not write and say
so? Such men often pay up after awhile
and then explain ivhy they have not paid
before and apologize for their neglect.
How much better to have explained before.
I have frequently been obliged to ask a
creditor to wait, and I have never yet been re-
fused such leniency, but I have always an-
swered all requests for pay, and explained
exactly how I was situated and what were the
prospects for payment. Most of us are
willing to grant favors to our fellow men,
bat when we ask for favors in return, and
these requests are completely ignored, feel-
ings are roused that might better have
slumbered.

EXXRMOTED.

"Somnambulist" and the Apicnltarist.

The Progressive Bee - Keeper has a very
bright correspondent that writes under the
nom de plume of " Somnambulist." "Way-
side Fragments " is the title given to these
somnambulistic writings, and they are a
bright, fresh, sprightly review of bee jour-
nals, bee men and bees ; something after the
manner that friend Hasty gets up his depart-
ment in the Review. Here is a character-
istic paragraph :

" And now let's wheel right off from Bro.
York's biographical sketches, and take no-
tice of Henry Alley. Did you ever see any
one hump himself as he has done this sum-
mer ? (Apicultural editors hare to hump
themselves now-a-days, Mr., Mrs., Miss, or
whatever you are. Somnambulist. — Ed. Re-
view.) Don't he remind you of a widower
looking up a new wife ? He has wheeled
that vehicle by which he conveys his
thoughts to the public, and which he calls
the Aj^icjiltiiri.st, into line, and brightened it
up surprisingly. Therein one's eyes meet
'cells, cells, cells,' but after all the paper,
I'll warrant you, is no .se//."

Honey Analyses.

" The sharper the rat the better the cat."

Prof. Cook of the Michigan Agricultural
College has for years been securing honey
from different sources. That gathered in

different localities from different sources
and under different conditions. Some of
this was gathered very rapidly and some of
it was honey dew. Some, also, was sugar
honey. The object in making this collection
was to try and learn of the different charac-
teristics of honey with a view to deciding
whether the chemist could say positively
whether a given sample of honey was adul-
terated. As has been previously stated in
these columns these ;")() samples of honey
were submitted to three able chemists for
analysis. One of these was Prof. H. W.
Wiley, the government chemist ; another
was Prof. M. A. Scovell, Director of the Ex-
periment Station at Lexington, Kentucky,
and the other was Dr. R. C. Kedzie, Prof, of
Chemistry at the Michigan Agricultural Col-
lege. Prof. Cook has now gotten out a bul-
letin of 16 pages in which all of the facts and
particulars, the whys and the wherefores are
given. lam sorely tempted to give the Bul-
letin in full, but, as it would use nearly all
of one issue of the Review, the idea must be
dismissed with simply giving the summary
which reads as follows :

" 1. That chemists can easily detect adul-
teration of honey by use of glucose, in all
cases where it is likely to be practiced. The
same would be true if cane sugar syrup was
mixed with the honey.

2. That a probable method to distinguish
honey dew from honey adulterated with glu-
cose has deeii determined by these analyses.
The right-handed or slight left-handed rota-
tion together with the large amount of ash,
and small amount of invert sugar indicate
honey dew honey. As honey dew honey will
never be put upon the market, this question
is of scientific rather than practical impor-
tant e.

8. As yet the chemist is unable to distin-
guish between cane sugar syrup honey — by
which we mean cane sugar synip fed to the
bees and trausformed by them into honey,
and not cane syrup mixed witli honey, which
is adulteration pure and simple, though a
kind not likely to be practiced — and honey
from flowers. As the best cultivated taste
cannot thus distinguish, this seems of slight
imt)ortance. If it should prove to be impor-
tant to be able to distinguish them it is prob-
able that the chemist will discover the
means, as chemistry has very delicate eyes,
and can usually search out very slight dif-
ferences.

We see that there are yet unsolved prob-
h ms in this direction. And it is desirable to
follow up the investigations. Prof. H. W.
Wiley is desirous to do so till the last fact is
discovered. To better accomplish this he
desires samples of three or four pounds each
of honeys from any k)toivii source, especially
honey dew honey, and that gatliered very
rapidly. Sugar syrup honey will also be very

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

239

acceptable. Such samples may be sent to
Prof. H. \V. Wiley, Division of Ctiemistry,
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.
C. The express will be paid by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

I wish to thank the three distinguished
chemists who have rendered such able assis-
tance in determining these valuable results.

A. J. Cook."
Agbicultukal College, Mich., /
June 29, 1893. )"

Prof. Cook will send this Bulletin (96)
free to all who ask for it. I presume
there are but few bee-keepers in Mich-
igan who have not already received it, as it
has been sent to a list of 1,200 that I fur-
nished the Secretary of the State Board of
Agriculture for that purpose. I wish that
every bee-keeper in the land might read it.
Send for the Bulletin if you have not already
received it and then if you can help in the
way of furnishing samples for further work,
do so.

Experiments in Apiculture Made at tlie

Michigan Agricultural College in 1892

by J, H. Larrabee.

Mr. Larrabee's report of his work at the
Michigan Agricultural College Apiary has
been out for a month or more but lack of
space has prevented nae from noticing it. I
can do but little more now than give a sum-
mary of the results.
, Removing the queen during 13 days of the

W honey harvest was tried with one colony and
compared with another colony of equal
strength. The colony having a laying queen
gained 4(3 pounds in weight during this
period and the queenless one gained 37
pounds. If five pounds were deducted from
the one having the queen to represent the
weight of the brood, only four pounds extra
would be left as the gain resulting from the
presence of the queen.

An experiment upon a larger scale would
be more satisfactory. By the way, I have
the same criticism to make in regard to
several of the experiments made.

Two colonies were fed honey to learn how
much honey is used in the consumption of
wax. Eight pounds of honey were required
in the secretion of 153^2 ounces of wax.

The planting for honey experiments were
brought to a close with the conclusion that
" no results have been obtained with any
plant sown or planted for honey alone

that will warrant the bee-keeper in spending
money or labor in this direction."

One of the most interesting experiments
was that of evaporating thin or unripe hon-
ey. I quote as follows from the report :

" There were constructed a series of six
shallow pans 19 by 28 inches in size, with
partitions 2 inches in hei^hth, open on alter-
nate ends, similar to the partitions in a
maple-syrup evaporator. These were ar-
ranged in a cabinet, one above the other, so
that honey entering at the top was obliged
to flow some 75 feet before passing out at
the bottem. An oil stove was placed be-
neath the whole, and a pipe at the top caused
a current of heated air to pass upward over
the honey. The fumes of the stove were car-
ried ofE by means of a second pipe, in order
to avoid all danger of their injuring the
flavor of the honey. Honey of average body
with 10 per cent, by weight of water added
was reduced again to the normal condition
by passing twice through the pans at a tem-
perature of 120% and about 100 pounds per
day were evaporated at that temperature.
Thin nectar, extracted from the hives very
soon after being gathered, was evaporated to
the thickness of good honey at about the
same rate. This apparatus was kept in op-
eration about ten days upon honey of vari-
ous thickness and upon clear water with the
above definite results. The flavor of the
first honey was injured — probably by the
first acid action of the honey upon the outer
coating of the tin. Afterwards this was not
as apparent. The color was also somewhat
affected.

The heat of the sun was also tried for pur-
poses of evaporation. A shallow pan 28 by
54 inches in size was filled 3 inches deep with
thin honey. This was covered with glass 6
inches above the honey and left in the sun
for four days, when about five per cent, of
moisture was evaporated. As the honey lies
at rest the water rises to the top, somewhat
aiding evaporation. The flavor and color
are not afifected as much as by the method
of running through pans. In this way honey
with 30 per cent., and even 40 per cent., of
water added was evaporated to the consis-
tency of very thick honey in three weeks'
time, so thick that it has not at this date
showed any signs of granulation. During
favorable periods of sunshine a temperature
of 1.55= was reached. By this method a tank
4 by 6 feet, with 6 inches of honey and
weighing 1,300 pounds, should be evaporated
10 per cent., or from the consistency of fresh-
ly gathered honey to that of average body,
during about two weeks in .July or August.

The common method of exposing to the
air in open vessels in the warm upper story
of a building was also tested with honey to
which 10, 20, .30, and 40 per cent, of water
had been added. That having 40 per cent,
added became strongly fermented in a
week's time, while only a slight change had
taken place in the ;30 per cent, dilution, and
at the end of a month it tasted like a very
poor quality of commercial extracted honey
or like honey dew. The 20 per cent, dilution

240

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

was not nearly as bad, and the honey, with
only 10 per cent, of water added, was during
the month returned to the consistency of
very fair honey.

Nectar extracted two or three days after
the combs were placed in the hives contain-
ed, during the dry weather of July and Au-
gust, from 10 to If) per cent, of water above
the amount always found in honey that has
been sealed in the comb by the bees. This
was determined by evaporating in test tubes
in hot water.

Summary.— (1) The method at present
promising best results for artificial evapora-
tion is that by solar heat under glass well
ventilated. A small portion of a greenhouse
or forcing- house arranged for conserving
the heat of the sun, and so located that honey
could be run into the shallow vats directly
from the mouth of the extractor and drawn
off from the bottom of the vats into market-
ing receptacles, should give good practical
results.

(2) Very thin honey or nectar will not
sour as quickly as supposed by many, and
may be safely kept during any period of
cloudy weather we may have during the hot
summer months.

(3) The method of exposing to the air in a
warm room can not be depended upon to
ripen very thin honey, although it may be
serviceable for evaporating a very small per-
centage of water.

(4) The method of evaporating by artifi-
cial heat of stove or furnace is expensive
and troublesome, requiring constant watch-
ing and care and not giving as good results
as had been hoped for.

(5) The possibilities in the line of evapo-
rating honey for the purpose of increasing
the yield and preventing granulation are
very great. A series of experiments to de-
termine the increase in production by ex-
tracting freshly gathered honey would be
next in order and value. When the utility of
this method is fully demonstrated supers
with fixed frames and extractors holding
whole cases will be used and other appara-
tus conformable to the needs of the new sys-
tem."

Feeding back honey to secure the comple-
tion of unfinished sections at the close of
the harvest was also tried with five colonies.
From the feeding of .S38 pounds there was a
gain in weight of 254 pounds. There was
also an aggregate gain of 3(5 pounds in the
brood chambers. With extracted honey at
8 cents and comb honey at 14 cents there was
a profit of $11.20. Feeding honey where
there were no partly finished combs to give
and the bees were obliged to build combs
from foundation was not profitable. It was
tried with only two colonies and ll^^Jpounds
fed. 7i)}^ pounds of honey and an increase
in the weight of the brood nests amounting
to lG3ij pounds was the result. Only .f 1.81
for the trouble. The honey was thinned with
12 per cent, of water and fed warmed.

Why Bee-Keeping is Neglected at the State
Experiment Station,

The bee, like charity, begins to hum,

Of that sweet nectar, Solons, give me some.

The following article by Dr. Miller was
written for the Illinois, State Bee-Keepers'
Convention, and I copy it from the A. B. J.

"Many thousands of dollars are annually
spent in agricultural experiments, the money
therefor being taken from public funds. To
prove the wisdom of this, needs no very ex-
tended argument. Only by actual experi-
ment can a farmer ascertain many things
necessary for the profitable prosecution of
his calling. If in each township one farmer
should make experiments for all the rest, the
cost would thereby be greatly reduced; and
if a single set of men at one place, having
all the requisite appliances, with the power
to command the most favorable surround-
ings, make the experiments for all the farm-
ers in the State, then the cost is reduced to a
minimum per capita.

Perhaps, however, the simple fact that in
the different States these experiment sta-
tions are continued year after year, funds
being freely voted for such purpose, is the
strongest proof of the wisdom and economy
of such outlay.

It is a notorious fact that with very few
exceptions the interests of bee-keeping are
utterly ignored in all the experimental sta-
tions. In our own great State of Illinois, I
do not know that a single dollar of public
money has ever been spent in apicultnral ex-
periments.

The utter neglect of this branch of agricul-
ture can only be justified, if it can be justi-
fied, at all, ou one of two grounds. First, on
the ground that the products of bee-keeping
are too insignificant to warrant an outlay
for experiments. Let us look at this.

Suppose that throughout the r>.'>,000 square
miles of the State all the various vocations
are nicely adjusted, so that all are full, just
the right number of farmers, merchants,
blacksmiths, etc., for the highest welfare of
the State, only there are no bee-keepers.
Now suppose a bee-keeper be dropped on
each 10 square miles of territory with 100 col-
onies of bees. Then suppose an average
crop of iiO pounds per colony, at an average
price of 12>^cents per pound. The 5,600 bee-
keepers would produce 21^^ million pounds
of honey, worth in round numbers $3,500
000. Is that amount of clean-cut addition
to the total resources of the State not worth
considering?

The census of 1880 shows the potato crop
of that year in the State of Illinois te be 10,-
3r)5,707 bushels. At 25 cents per bushel, the
value is .$2,.5;»1,427. Our estimated honey
crop is worth about a third more than this.
Of buckwheat there were raised 178,8.59
bushels. At 75 cents per bushel, $i:M,143—
not one twenty-fifth the value of our esti-
mated honey crop. Were there no experi-
ments on behalf of potatoes and buckwheat?
Of cheese, in 1880, Illinois produced 1,035, -
0<)9 pounds. Figured at the same price as
honey, that makes $129,384. Multiply by 2G,

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

241

and it does not come np to honey. Do the
cheese-markers have no attention at the ex-
perimental station?

Add together potatoes, buckwheat and
cheese, and you must incease the combined
value by half a million dollars to make it
equal the honey. In view of the outlay made,
and very properly made, for experiments
relating to the three articles mentioned, it
can hardly be said the products of bee-keep-
ing are too insignificant to warrant an out-
lay for experiments.

If it be objected that the products men-
tioned— potatoes, etc. — are the actual pro-
ducts of a year, while the amount of honey
mentioned is only a possible product, please
remember that experiments are made on
the basis of possibilities, with the view of
something different from what has been.

Or, it may be said, "If possibilities, are
to be figured on, then estimate potatoes not
by the actual but the possible, and the crop
will assume one hundred times its present
importance, for 100 times the number of
bushels might be raised." Please go back
to our supposition, and that was that all the
vocations were nicely adjusted so as to secure
the greatest good to the greatest number,
and in that case there will be just the right
number of potatoes raised, for the general
good. If you increase the number of pota-
toes raised, it must be at the expense of
some other crop, the additional potatoes
raised will take the ground otherwise occu-
pied with corn or something else. So there
will only be a change of products, and as we
have supposed a perfect adjustment, any dis-
arrangement of this adjustment will make
a decrease instead of an increase of wealth.
But in the case of the honey, it will be quite
different. Any increase in the honey crop will
not mean a decrease in any other crop, but
as before said, will be a clean-cut addition
to tl\e total resources. Indeed, it will be
more than the addition of the honey crop,
for according to good authorities, honey is
only a by-product of the bee, its chief use
being the fertilization of flowers. The value
of the beeswax produced is also an item
worth considering.

It seems, then, pretty clear that the neg-
lect of the bee-keeping interests does not
arise from the fact that the products are too
insignificant to warrant any outlay for ex-
periments.

The second ground on which the neglect
might seem to be justified, is the fact, if it
be a fact, that everything pertaining to bee-
keeping is already so fully understood that
there is no room for experiment. The very
suggestion of such a thing will bring a smile
to the lips of any practical bee-keeper. If
there is any set of men that are exception-
ally noted to be always on the strain in the
investigation of some unsettled point, lying
awake nights over some unfinished problem,
losing every year considerable parts of the
crop in seeking some better way, surely they
may be found among bee-keepers. It is idle
to pursue further such a thought.

What, then, is the reason that so far near-
ly all that has been done has been a matter
entirely of private enterprise? Is it not be-

cause those who have in charge such mat-
ters have not been fully awake to the impor-
tance to the public interest of bee-keeping,
and that bee-keepers have been too modest
to assert their claims?

In view, then, of the importance of an in-
dustry that adds to the general wealth in a
double way without detracting from any-
thing else, and in view of the fact that bee-
keepers are largely engaged everywhere in
experiments that could be more economi-
cally and more satisfactorily carried out at
a place fully equipped for the purpose, there
seems only one answer to the question
whether bee-keepers need an experiment
station.

As to the details of carrying out anything
of the kind, I will make no suggestion ex-
cept the single one, that whoever is at the
head of such an experimental station should
be a bee-keeper through and through — one
in touch with the mass of bee-keepers, know-
ing their needs and in entire sympathy at all
points with the work. To such a one they
would look hopefully for light, and cheer-
fully render all the aid in their power."

Marengo, 111.

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

Like Paul " I magnify my office." The
true critic's office is a very high and rare
one. It may seem "cheeky" in me to try
and fill it ; but I'm in for it now, and I re-
flect that failure in trying is not so bad as
failure for lack of trying. It is easy to dis-
tribute taffy to every one you touch, and
shut eyes to all faults ; but what's the use of
that kind of criticism ? It interests for a
little while, and theu gradually becomes dis-
gusting to every one — the recipient of taffy
included. The approbation of a critic who
will praise by the half column the emptiest
scribbler who ever drove a quill just as freely
as he would praise Homer — who can receive
his praise without making up a wry face on
the sly ? On the other hand there is the old-
bloody-Tom sort of criticism, which banks
entirely on the popular fondness for seeing
somebody minced up. Some critics, as well
as some readers seem to enjoy it ; but where
do morals come in in such wicked sport ?
The true critic's bearing toward those whom
he reviews is like that of a noble teacher
toward a scholar — no malignity at all — a pre-
ference for praise, yet perfect fearlessness
of dispraise, even toward the strongest and
most irascible. One editor thanks a critic

212

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

for his adverse judgment, ana another, for
a dozen years, makes him feel that he has
an enemy on his track ; yet the true critic
must be just to both, and keep sweet through
it all. Moreover the true critic must see and
mention the shortcomings and flaws even in
very able papers and writers. The true teach-
er does this for his ablest scholars. It is a
sad damage to a scholar to think that there
are no defects in his work which mortal man
can discover. Ability to see faults does not
necessarily imply superiority, or even equal-
ity. Man criticises cake without being able
to make cake at all. Had I lived in Homer's
day I think I could have told him, moderate
as my own literary capital is, that his terriiic
and ingenious gloating over human slaugh-
ter, while indeed increasing his popularity
with the crowd in his own generation, would
lower him a little in the estimation of all
good men for all coming time. And so I
think I'll take courage and mention the de-
fects of the big papers and writers just when
they think they have none. Any man that
lives may utterly mistake in such work, and
surely so may I, but here goes all the same.

BEE-KEEPERS' Enterprise.

The Enterprise has a very fair stock of
juvenile merit. If we should take its first
number and compare it with the initial num-
bers of Gleanings. A. B. J. and Review, these
leaders in the class might some of them look
a little abashed. Our last baby's strongest
merit seems to be individuality, a way of
doing very commonplace things in such a
style that they almost seem unique. The se-
lection of a large amount of quoted matter
from other bee papers is a commonplace af-
fair ; but the style in which it is done in the
department called " Gleanings from our
Neighbor's Wheat Fields," gives it an inter-
est, and gives us an interest in the doer of
it, Most papers wishing to quote my count
of words in the various bee journals would
just chop it out unchanged. Not so editor
Sage. He adds up the totals and then com-
ments on the results of his own work. This
sort of art and industry, which makes into
practically original matter the things which
are quoted is very valuable either in an edi-
tor or any other writer, and it promises well
for the future of the journal. A lazy editor
don't put editorial elbow grease into clip-
pings.

There is also a plainly visible inclination
(shown by Mnmm'a Visit on the first page)

to draw strongly on the editor's own person-
al experiences. This is an excellent remedy
to prevent that unnaturalness which is the
curse of so much of modern writing. We
can all find " a touch of nature " by looking
inside ; yet few seem to have wit enough to
do that.

I'm not sure about the wisdom of giving
up part of the rather scanty space to child-
ren's letters. The cartoon on A. I. Root is a
decided hit ; yet I'm not sure it looks just
right to see so youthful an urchin guying his
grandpa. A. I. Root is to apiculture what
Horace Greeley was to the Republican party;
and as in the other case the business of
poking fun at him is considerably overdone.
The favorite source of quotation seems to
be Mrs. Harrison. Might have chosen a
worse one surely. Brother Pratt opens the
second number with a stray straw sort of
article which is very good, only lacking the
humor of its prototype. Yet one bushel of
his " sound grain " seems to me to be un-
sound— where he gives unqualified prefer-
ence to cotton string for transferring. All
right when honey is coming in freely ; but
sometimes bees are transferred when they
are secreting no wax, and rather disinclined
to work with wax at all ; yet all the while
they may be A No. 1 at nibbling up string.

There is nothing juvenile about the ap-
pearance of the Enterprise — fresh and bright
as a new pin, or a prosperous journal ten
years old.

The Michigan Bulletin.

Bulletin 96 of Michigan Agricultural Sta-
tion is devoted to honey matters, and writ-
ten by Prof. Cook. It is a matter of regret
that it cannot be fully reviewed without re-
viving the dead snakes of the sugar honey
quarrel ; but I think part of its valuable con-
tents are available. Bonnier is cited as a
specially valuable authority on the composi-
tion of the nectar of flowers. He clears up
matters somewhat by arranging the different
sugars found in nectar into two classes, glu-
coses and saccharoses. Cane sugar stands as
the principal one of the saccharoses. And
here I would predict that chemistry will
eventually divide what is now known as cane
sugar into a group of sugars. There
are three things which determine chem-
ical diversity ; (1) Different ingredients,
(2) Different proportions with the same
ingredients, and (3; The different ways
in which the atoms are put together

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

when ingredients and proportions are the
same. This last is a somewhat recent dis-
covery of chemistry but is well established.
It is not surprising at all. No one would ex-
pect two machines to be identical just be-
cause each contained the same number of
ounces of wood and the same number of
ounces of iron. The putting together often
makes a world of difiference. So I say that
the sugars, already a numerous group, are
likely to stand as much more numerous when
chemistry has completed its work. The
best authorities in England have long pro-
tested vigorously against the use of white
sugar from the beet for bee feeding pur-
poses. When chemistry finally owns up that
the main saccharose of beet sugar and the
main saccharose of sugar from the cane
plant are not identical then we shall begin
to get our house founded on the rock. If I
am right the taste of the two is not identi-
cal. And how about the behavior of the two
under the candy maker's art, is there not a
difiference ? So the claim that the two re-
sults when these sugars are used as bee diet
are not identical has outside support — and
this 'ere Czar of all wisdom advises chem-
istry to own up at once. But let us get back
from our digression. Beside the division
into glucoses and saccharoses there is a cross
division into dextroses (turning light to the
right) and levuloses (turning light to the
left) but, if I infer rightly, all the saccha-
roses yet recognized fall in the dextrose
class. By the way I am not sure that chem-
istry yet admits that there is but one levu-
lose. Sugars are also classified into reduc-
ing sugars and non-reducing sugars, accord-
ing to their behavior toward the salts of cop-
per. The reducing sugars are in the main
the same as those known as glucoses ; but
whether these two classes are exactly the
same as to each individual member is not
made entirely clear to my noddle. Lots of
chances to get confused in the jabber of dif-
ferent chemists about the sugars.

The examination of the nectar of nine
kinds of flowers is given. In fuchsia, clay-
tonia, honeysuckle {Lonicera) and lavender
the sugars known as cane are more than half
the total ; while in red clover, everlasting
pea, vetch, monkshood and crown imperial
the opposite state of things prevails. Fuchsia
seems rather to stand by itself for its rich-
ness in cane sugars, more than three quar-
ters of the total, while the red clover is pret-
ty strongly the other way, just about one-

third to two-thirds. The usual proportion
of water is stated as between 60 and 65 per
cent. — yet sometimes 95 per cent., and what
is most surprising, sometimes almost no
water at all. Extra floral nectars, that is
those which the plant puts out elsewhere than
from within a flower, are stated to have a
generally less proportion of cane sugar than
the floral nectars. I supposed it was the
other way. The remarkable fact is given
that a plant cannot assimilate sugar in the
saccharose form any more than an animal
can. The plant often stores up sugars in
the saccharose form, but when the time
comes for them to be assimilated they are
changed into the glucose form. This ex-
plains why maple syrup will not granulate
after the growth of the buds gets well start-
ed, glucose in it.

Now as to the finished honey. Bonnier
notes that although in general there is but a
faint proportion of cane sugar left in it, that
produced in mountain regions sometimes
has considerable. Prof. Cook suggests that
such samples are gathered too rapidly for
bees to have time to change it all. It seems
that the ugly fact is confessed, both in Eu-
rope and America, that the honey from in-
sect secretions (from the pine especially) is
quite similar to floral honey adulterated with
glucose. At length the chemists rather tim-
idly think that they can discriminate. In
Prof. Cook's test of the chemists by sending
them r>(j samples of diverse honeys and
frauds, numbers 12, 27 and 45 which were
mainly of insect origin passed unsuspected
of being anything else than good honey. A
rogue's mixture of commercial honey and
commercial glucose, or one of honey and
sugar syrup is easily detected — which is
something to be thankful for. I think Prof.
Cook flagrantly wrong in saying that honey
dew will never be put upon the market.
Strikes me we had plenty of very mean bark-
louse honey on the market not many years
ago. The B%dletin is sent free to Michigan
folks — guess if you tell 'em yon take a Mich-
igan bee paper that will make you a Mich-
igan folk — enough to fetch it. Address,
The Secretary, Agricultural College, Mich-
igan.

The General round up

The most striking things in the surround
this time are the failures. Simmins' theory
that fertile queens never fight is knocked
out ; and so (more is the pity) is Langdon's

244

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

anti-swarming device. Brother Alley rather
wins the honors in the former knock out —
and promises to keep queen "'bull lights" on
tap for bee folks who may properly wish to
see them. Brother Simmins was fooled by
the fact that queens fully distended with
eggs generally will not try to tight, sure
enough. They hold off because they realize
that they are too clumsy for any such exer-
cise. But only reduce them to moderate di-
mensions by a few days' caging and most of
them will fight very readily. Jennie Atchley
sent four in one cage directed to the Roots.
When the cage arrived two were lively and
two were " kilt."

But this is only one of the minor matters
of apiculture — alas for our prime discovery
that gets knocked out too ! Any roof is dry
when it does not rain. Any pebble is a gen-
uine mad-stone to cure hydrophobia when
the dog was not mad. Last year bees did
not want to swarm any way. My apiary
which is X X X on swarming did not give
me as many swarms as I wanted to have.
But this year swarming is epidemic, and our
great invention, next to comb foundation
and the extractor in magnitude, where, O
where ! Two moons ago it was —

" Here the conquering hero comes,"
Now it is —

" Poor old soldier
They drummed him out
Because he would not soldier."

At least his nice little do-funny would not.
Never mind, friend Langdon ; as misery
loves company, we'uns who swallowed the
plan so prematurely, we have got to go
shares with you in your discomfiture now.
And next time we'll all look a little out.

And so the Simmins fasting method of in-
troducing queens fails sometimes— failure
No. 3-

And our persevering friend the Guide sud-
denly passes away— failure No. 4.

And the Canadian gets burned out of
house and home— not quite a failure we
hope, but too much a crow of the same nest.

The American Bee Journal has got a new
forehead on its face— That's not a failure,
sure, for it is a good one. The old chunk of
comb had foul brood in it : and the letters,
some fat visitor had squashed them by sit-
ting down on them before they were baked.

Likewise the Review has a new It. L. Tay-
lor. The old one was a gentlemanly lawyer
after dinner. The new one is a bee man af-
ter dinner time — but he has'nt been able to
go, so many swarms.

Rather late, but better late than never,
another section of the report of the Michi-
gan Experiment Station appears in the
American Bee Journal, page i)2. Sweet clo-
ver gets a black eye. Three acres of it em-
ployed the bees, but seemed to have no effect
on the results. And the old, tough, elusive,
ever-being-corrected problem of wax secre-
tion, friend Larrabee evidently thinks that
a rather slightly guarded experiment ought
to be accepted as conclusive in regard to it.
He admits that the results are different from
last year's at the same station, that the bees
had queens just given them (very likely a
little sullen over the change) and that honey
was fed instead of nectar. No, friend Lar-
rabee, not till we can have entirely natural
conditions, and the bees at work on natural
supplies, can this venerable stumbling block
of problems be regarded as complete. I
freely admit that the line of experiment is
an interesting one, and that the whole is a
commendable piece of work, all except the
running it for more than it is worth. It
should be repeated with variations, especially
with two second swarms of the same day's
issuing, and with too little feed for any
temptation to waste it.

RiOHABDS, Lucas Co., O., July 21, 1893.

ADVERTISEMENTS

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—If you are going to—

BUY A l^XiZZ - SAVSr,

write to the editor of the Review. He lias a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
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which he would soil it.

Muth's ::

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For Circulars, apply to ('has. F. Muth & Son,
("or. Freeman & Central Aves., Cincinnati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepers.

7-93-tf. Please Mention the Review.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

245

m Q

I Names of Bee - Keepers, i

ia TYPE WRITTEN. B

Q m

The names of my customers, and of those ask-
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) .
and, although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2.50
per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I can furnish them
at $2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. FUnt, Mich.

Are You Tired

of New Bee Journals ? Send 15 cts for
3 month's subscription to that bright,
new bee paper, '• The Bee - Keepers'
Enterprise," and receive FREE the
Enterprise Souvenir — a Work of Art

Thzit will rest Your Eyes.

Burtoti L. Sage, New Haven, Conn.

Great Reduction.

SECTIONS AT GREATLY REDUCED

PRICES.
HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, <feo., AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.

WRITE FOR FREE. ILLUSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

1-93-tf. Please mention the Review,

S

Second Hand

Supplies .

the

second
hand supplies that
1 have been advertis- ^^Ss,
ing in the Review, the
following remain unsold : —

100 old-style, Heddon surplus
cases at 20 cts. (as a non-separatored
case, they have no superior) ; 25 slatted
honey boards at 10 cts. ; 20 Heddon feeders
at 40 cts. ; and half a dozen single - comb
nuclei for exhibiting bees at fairs. They
have glass sides, removable covers and are
painted a bright vermillion. They cost
$2.00 each, but will be sold at half - price.
All these are practically as good as new.

¥. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Micliip.

The Golden Beauties.:i>

Our five-banded Italian queens, warranted
purely mated, at 75 cts each : two for $1.25.
Tested, $1.00 each ; two for $1.50. Safe arri-
val guaranteed C. B. BANKSTON.
2-93-tf Chriesman, Texas.

Dadant's Comb Foundation.

Wholesale and Retail. Even our competitors
acknowledge that our goods are the Standard
of their kind. Langstroth on the Honey
Bee, Revised. New edition. Bee Veils;
and veil material at wholesale. Bee Supplies,
Sections, Smokers, etc Samples of Founda-
tion and veil stuff with circular free. Instruc-
tions to beginners Send your address to

GHAS. DADANT & SON, Hamilton, Ills.

4-93-l2t PI' as- mention the Reuief.

Hastings' Lightning Ventilated Bee Escape.

AOBICULTURAL COLLEGE, Mich. Seot. 17, '92. (TT

"I have used tbe Lightning Bi
sent and find them certainly the equal of the
Porter, and their superior for the reason that
they will emptv a super more rapidlv."

Yours respectfully, J. H. LARRABEE.
'•It is our opinion that you have the best Bee
Escape ever introduced."

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

HoNOLDLD, Hawaiian Islands. April 25, '92.

"Please send me by return mail 5 Lightning

Ventilated Bee Escapes. I have the Porter, and

the Dibhern and they both clog."

Tours truly, JOHN FARNSWORTH.

Prise, Ij mail, each, 20c. per doz. $2.25.

"IT LEADS THE-M ALL."
Read Testimonials of a few suecessful

Bee-keepers.
Send for Sample and after a trial you

will use no other.
Ca'alo^ue sent on application.

Che

Valley, N. Y., March 20,

*'l shall take pleasure in recommending them
as the best I have ever used.

Truly yours, J. E. HETHERINGTON.
"We believe you have an Escape that 'downs'
the Porter."

T. PHILLIP & CO., Orillia, Ont., Canada.
"Your Escape knocks out all competitors."

A. J. LINDLEY, Jordan. Ind.

"They did not clog, and cleared the supers

rapidly. In factit is the best Escape I have

yet used, I cannot speak too highly of it, and

consider it a great boon to bee-keepers. *

W. E. CLARK, Oriskany, N. Y.

M. E. HASTINGS, HEW YORK MILLS, ONEIDA CO., N.Y.

246

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Cut the Price.

This is what Mr. G. E. Dawson of Car-
lisle, Ark., writes me. You may remem-
ber that he is the man who got no or-
ders. He is raising good queens and is
bound that they shall be tried, hence
he offers them as follows : Untested,
65 cts. ; three for $1.75 ; six for $^.00;
twelve for $5.00. Tested, $1.25. Select
tested, yellow to the very tip, $1.50.
— Ed. Review.

Plea?*' mention *he Reuiew.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Doqe at the Review.

NOTICE OUR PRICES-

No. 1 Sections $2.75 per 1,000. Thin, surphis
foundation, best quality, .50 cts per pound.
A full line of supplies, includiuK Root's Dove-
tailed Hives, on hand. Send for circular and
free sample of foundation 5 93tf

J. H. & A .li. BOYDEN,

Saline, Mich.

GO TO

HEAD
QUARTERS

FOR 4 AND 5 BANDED

Special, breeding queen, $5.00

Best, select, tested, 3.00

Tested, 2.50

Untested, .' 1.00

" per dozen, 9.00

L. L. HEARN.
7-9;J-tf Oakvale, W. Va.

Please mention the Reuieut.

GOLDEN '»Li»H QUEENS

Now ready for $1.00 each. Do not order year
supplies until you see our circular for 1S93. For
the price, we have the best spraying outfit made.
Send $1.50 and got one. Wm. H. BRIGHT,
l-93-12t Mazeppa, Minn.

Pleasr n,ci, T- .■',■ Review.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOI?, 189S.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BROWN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georgia.

Please mention the Reuieui.

sSiT2r^ss?2r^ss?z^^3as?^^sw^^^3SS

QUEENS

For $ 1 .50 I will 5ei7<I

tbe Review for 1893

an<I 2i fine, youog,

levying, Itzilizip cjueep.
^ Queep zvlooe, 75 cts. For $1.75 I will send tbe
j^ Review, the queep zipd ** Aclvzvpced Bee ©ul-
^ ture." Tested queepj, $1.00. The Review Apd

e^^^^^^=^ ^te5te<. queen $1.75

^11 A discoupt op Izvrge

RPX^IRW ^1 order?. W. Z. Hutcb-
rvtivitiw jAji j^3Q^^ p,j^^^ ^j^j^

]^is^^Ms^^^ms^^^^m^^r^m&u

A

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

247

Tf^e Cbz^ropion SrooKer.

The ORIGINAL curved nozzle, steel lined, Bel
lows Smoker. The fire-cliaiuber is 3'.jx7 inches
with a corrugated steel lining, which allows a cold
current of air to pass between lining and outside
shell ; keeps the tiuter shell cool and more than
doubles the durability of the Smoker. It has a FOBCE
draff, ;ind spakk-arrestixo oone connecti n be
rween bellows and fire-oli,imher ; a base-valve to
t'i her keejj or extinguish the tuo at pleasnr-; and
a reniovablf spaik-arresting (iKA'l'Ein tlie ciiivmI
nozzle.

Price, by mail, 81.90; by exprcs---, Sl.d")
\( yonr supply dealer cannot supply you, write
to the mannfac nrer,

E. KRETCHA\ER, R«<1 O^Kf Jowzi.
Bee Supply (.'atalog of 7 i llliisi rated Pagos, free.

GATGHilLL

Tlie orders for un-
tested queens at 7.5 cts each : six for $4,00. Test-
ed queens, gl 50 each, three for $4.00. Two-
frame nucleus witli any queen $1..50 each, extra.
Safe arrival guaranteed. 7 flS-H

W. J. ELLISON, Catchall, S. C.

8eb lliv s and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Langstroth-Simplicity, Standard
Langstroth, Dovetailed and Champion Chaff
Hives, Supers, One- Piece Sections and Shipping
Cases. Foundation. Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16 page Circular.
1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH, New London, Wis.

Please mention the Review.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundation and sec-
tions ; warranted good as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the most favorable
conditions ever offered on ffinndation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list of a full line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT.

1-93-tf Bell Branch, Mich.

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establishment in the world. First-
class becoud-hand Instruments at half new prices.
Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Ma-
chines sold on monthly payments. Any instru-
ment manufactured shipped, privilege to examine.
EXCHAXGING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER \ 31 Broadway, New York.
HEADQUARTERS, ( 1S6 Monroe St., Chicago.

Please mention the Review.

IMPORT AWT-^^

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gained a good name on
their own merits. Those who have trsted them
with other bees say "they are the best honey
gatherers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are the largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

FIVE-BHflDED WOf^KEt^S

In March, April and May. 81.25 each, 6 for $6.00 ;
June, 81 00 each, 6 fur S5.0(J; July to Nov., 81.00
each* 6 for $4.50. Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriptive circular.
12-92-tf c. D DUVALL,

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,
FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWEY JOHNSON,

1-93-tf, Mason town, Pa,

Interesting MontMy for

The Family and Fireside

Welcome In every Home.

]L,arse Premiums for Clubs.

Sample Copy sent Free.

Thomas G. Newman,

147 Southwestern Ave.,

cHicAeo, . . ir,r,s.

248

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

— AND —

■ Pasteboard Boxes or Cartons,

EverythiiiK used by Bee - Keepers, (^atalopue and Price lAst free. Ask for a copy of the
AMERICAN 13EE- KEEPER (r)0 cts. a year) especially for he^inners

Til© ^W. T. F^-A^LiOONESK. ^a.:P'Ct. OO., JSLmestown, N. Y.

PATENT. WIRED. COMB FOUNDATION ! Early Queens From Texas,

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

Tliiii, Flat - Bottom Fouiidatiou

HAS NO FISHBONE IN SURPLUS HONEY.

Belug the cleanest, it is usually
worked quicker tlian any fdn. made.
■J. VAN UEUSKN & SONS,
(SOLE MANUFACTUKEKS),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook, Mont. Co.,N.Y

Ready to Mail^

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Tested, at $1.25 ; 12 for $V.iM. Untested, after
April Ist, $1.00 each, or 6 for $5.00. Safe arrival
guaranteed, Hees, Drones and Sui^plies. Cir-
cular free. J. N. COL'WICK,

•t-02-tf Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Italian Queens

From imported mother, warranted purely mated,
$1.00 each; six at one time, $5.00. Untested
queens, 65 cts eacT.

C. A. BUNCH,
7-93-2t Nye, Marshall Co., Ind.

'^Iden" ^^ Florit

My location enaliles me to rear Kood queens
NOW as cheaply as they can be reared in the
North at anytime. Untested queens. 75 cts.
each; 6 for $4.00: one dozen, $7. .50. Last year's
tested queen, $1.25: select, $1.75; breeder, $2 50.
Safe arrival and Hiitisfaction Kuaranteed. 1-92-tf

J. B. CASE, P3rt Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

From my choice golden stock. My bees are
very genth' f^ood workers, and beautiful. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. One un-
tested queen, April and May, $l.(X); six for $5.00;
later, 75c. Orders booked now ; money sent
when queens are wanted. Send for price list.
J. D. GIVENS,

Lisbon, Texas.

1-93-91.

Please mention the Reu

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers tlie whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send $1.''0
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
for his

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

Please mention th*^ Revieut.

BEES

QUEEN'S,

SECTIONS, 8MOKEBS,
^^^^^^^ COMB FOtTNDATION

And all .Vi)ianaii Supiilics. Send for Catalogue.
£. T. FLANAGAN, Belleville, 111.

Please mention the Reuiew.

Just Splendid

Mr. Alley—The queen 1 got of you laat fall is
just splendid ! She is the best qneen in an api-
ary 150 colonies. I would not take $10 for her.
John A. Pease, Moravia, Calif.
Price of eutli queens is $1.00 each.

HENRY ALLEY,

Wenham, Mass.

-4 THE PROGRESSIVE BEE - KEEPER ip^

ila,s Olaanged Hancis. It is no-w Futolislieci toy tlie

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

HlgginsTllle, Missouri.

Money, Experience and Enterprise will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicates. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 28-page Catalogae of Apiarian Supplies.

SEP., 1893.

At Fliqt, Micl^igari. — Oqe Dollar a Year.

250

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

flDVEt^TISIflG l^flTES.

All advertisementB will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make lirich.
Discounts will be given as follows :

Ou 10 lines aiid upwards, 8 times, 5 per cent ; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On HO lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing Iiist.

1 will send the Review with—

Gleanings, ($1.00)

American Bee Journal. . . .( l.OH)

Canadian Bee Journal . . . ( 1.00)

American Bee Keeper . . . ( .50)

Progressive Bee Keeper... ( .50)... .

Bee Keepers' Guide ( ..50)

Apiculturist ( .75)

Bee-Keepers' Enterprise . . ( .,50)

.$1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.75.

. 1.40.

. 1.30.

. 1.40.

. 1.65.

.. 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee - Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled ; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white,"
" No. 1 dark," etc.

KANSAS CITY, Mo.— Honey is seUing at the
following prices: fancy white, 17; No. 1 white,
16; fancy aml)er,15; No. 1 amber, 14; fancy
dark, 12; No. 1 dark, 10; white extracted, 7'i;
amber, 6'/4 ; dark, 5 to 6. Beeswax, 20 to 22.
CLEMONS-MA.SON CO.,

Sep. 4. .521 Walnut St., Kansas City Mo.

BUFFALO.N. Y.- The demand for fancy No.
1, pound combs is improving, and we can soon
satisfactorily place liberal (luantities. All honey
for the Buffalo market should be unglassed—
that is, glass on only the outside of thf cases.
We quote asf'.llows: fancy white. 14 to 15; No. 1
white, 12 to 13; fancy amber, 8 to 10 ; No. 1 amber,
7 to 8; fancy dark. Mo 10;. No. 1 dark, 7 to 8;
white extracted, 6 to 654 ; amber 5 to 5>2 ; dark, 4
to 4H. Beeswax, 24 to 25.

BATTERSON & (^O..

Sep. 4. 167 & 169«cott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

('HICAGO, I U. — Choice white comb honey
is selling at 15 cts. Some fancy brings 16. The
market is not very active, but, so far. we have
been able to sustain tliese prices. Extracted
remains unchanged at from 5 to 7, according to
quality, flavor, and style of package. Beeswax,
20 to 22.

Sep.

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,
161 So. Water St., Chicago. 111.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn.,-We think honey will
sell much lower later on and now is the time to
market it. We quote as follows: Fancy white,
18 to 20; No. 1 wliite, 17 ; fancy amber, 16; No. 1
amber, 14; fancy dark, Hi; No. I dark, 11; white
extracted, 8 to 9 ; amber, 7 to b ; dark, 6V2. Bees-
wax is unsalable.

116 First Ave., North, Minneapolis, Minn.

Aug. 1,

NEW YORK— The new crop of extracted from
California and the South is arriving very freely.
There is a limited demand and prices have a
downward tendency. We ijiiote as follows:
White extracted. 6'/2 to 7 ; Ainber, 6 to 6V^; Dark,
5!4 to 6. Beeswax, 26 to 27.

HILDRETH BROS. & SEGELKEN,

July 7. 28 & 30 West Broadway New York.

CINCINNATI, Ohio.- The demand is fair for
extracted honey at from 5 to 8 cts., with a good
supply 011 hand. Quite a number of small ar-
rivals of nice comb honey found a ready sale dur-
ing the past few weeks. The demand is fair.
The close money market causes slow collections
and makes itself felt in the demand for all 'mer-
chandise, honey included. There is a fair demand
for beeswax at from 20 to 23 cts. for good tn
choice yellow.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON..

.Vag. 23. Cincinnati, Ohio.

CHICAGO 111.— The market is rapidly declin-
ing on all honey. Fancy white is offered in
quantities, by outside parties, at 14 cts. ; but we
think this will not last long. We look for better
prices after small fruits are oiitof the way. The
early shipments of Southern honey, and the low
prices at which it was atfordtMl, tempted buyers
who heretofore never used it ; however, this is
about used up, and Western stock is beginning to
move. We quote as follows: fancy white,15 ; No.
1 white, 14 ; fancy amber.12',2; white extracted, 7
to IVi ; beeswax. 16 to 20.

J. A. LAMON,

Sep. 2. 44 &48 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

CHICAGO.Ill- Honey this year is being
placed on the market earlier than last season,
out the demand is restricted and will be light un-
til small fruits are out of the market: and with
the prospect of a large crop, bu.vers will be par-
ticular as to quality, and the best will find ready
sale upon arrival. No. 1 comb, 16: extracted, as
to quality, 5 to 7. Beeswax. 22 to 24.

We extend to all bee-keepers who visit the city
an invitation to call on U8,likewi8e to make use
of ouroffce. in care of whicli they can have their
mail addressed, and from which they can write
their letters. Hotel accoumiodations secured.

Aug. 18. S. T. Fish & Co.,

189 80. Water St.. (Chicago, 111.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

251

'®)

^IHTER LOSSES

Are not always the result of the same cause. They
may come from starvation ; from poor food ; from
improper preparations ; from imperfect prqjtection ; from
a cold, wet, or possibly a poorl}' ventilated cellar ;
etc., etc. Successful wintering" comes from a proper
combination of different conditions. For clear, con-
cise, comprehensive conclusions upon these all -im-
portant points, consult "Advanced Bee Culture."
Five of its thirty - two chapters treat as many different
phases of the wintering- problem.

Price of the book, 50 cts. ; the Review one year and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HOTCHI^SON, Flint, :|VIich.

'®)

'®)

:©

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

or BEE HIVES. SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

193-12t. RIVER FALLS. WIS.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cut represents onr

Combined Circular and

Scroll Saw, which is the

best machine made for

Bee Keepers' use in the

construction of their hives,

sections, boxes, etc.

7 1-92-1 6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOR OATALOGUK, PBIOKS, ETC.,

Axldreaa W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rpckford, Ills.

Please mention the Reuieiv.

56

Ton
Sent

Ohjanima!

Have you heard of the

200-Page Bee.no(>k

given to every I^'E IV
Subscriber to the old

AMERICAN

BEE JOURNAL?

Oldest, Largest, Best,
Clieapest and the only
%VeeI*ly Bee -Paper
in America. 32-pages ;
$1 a year. Sample free

GEO.W.YORK&CO

Fifth Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL.

ew Subscribers : The Journal Alone
for Three Months for Twenty Cents.

BEE - KEEPERS'

SURRLY HOUSE

J. H. M COOK, 78 Barclay St., N. Y. City.

{SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING.)

4-93-tf Send for illustrated Catalogue

252

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

m

W
I

i

m
m.

m

A Grzvnd Success.

y^cntion R^vievr.

New Gowan Reversible

HONEf EXTRACTOR.

May tie Reversed Without stopping tlie MacWne.

Strong, well made in every respect,
litrht, and of convenient size. The can is
but little larger than that of the Novice.
The gear is beveled and covered by an
iron shield, and the crank outside tlie
can. Frar;k McNay, of Mauston, Wis., a
bee keeper who produces tons and tons
of extracted honey, says of it:

"After ca'efully examining and trying
the Cowan Extractor, 1 have failed to
find a weak part, and 1 do not liesitate to
say that it is the best Extractor made,
botli in regard to convenience and dura-
bility, and I shall replace all of my five
machines with the Cowan as soon as pos-
sible,"

It is endorsed also by J. F. Mclntyre, an
extonsivo extracted lioney ijroducer of
• 'alifornia; by W. Z Hutchiuson, Dr. C.
('. Miller, and others.

Price all Complete, Japanned and Lettered,
fcr L. Frame, $10.

fl. I. ROOT, IVIedina, O.

/

/
/

/
/

/
/

'a

A
%

'^^
^

/
\ \\

CANADIAN

JOURNAL.

Enlarged. Improved. Monthly. R. F.
HOLT ER MAN Editor, Sample Copies ree.
Address the Publishers, GOOLD SHAPLEY
& MUIR CO., Ld.. Brantford, Or.t , Canada.

Please mention the Rpu'iew.

;ww€ cmi

To hold twelve, 178 sections, or fourteen 7-
to-the-foot, at $6.00 per ItMJ-with glass, $6.6.5.
They are of fine material, and the workman-
ship is of the best. Send for free price list of
everything needed in the apiary. 9-93 tf

M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

P/easo mention tie Review

Keepers Supplies.

^ pORi^R ^i€z cbcjipeb ";-d ;•'."■ ' ".'".

3 best, and highly recommended

^ as great labor-saving implements by Chas. Dadant & Son, Prof A. J Cook, Chas. F. Muth,

5 Jno. 8. Reese, ,1. H. Martin, Jno. Andrews, F. A. Gemmill, Wm. McEvoy, A F. Brown,

^ Thop. Pierce, and many other prominent bee - kaepers. Descriptive circular and testimo-

J nials mailed free. PRICES: e.ich, postpaid, with directions, 20 cts. ; per doz.. $2.25.

^ RETURN THEM AND GET YOUR MONEY BACK AFTER TRIAL, IF NOT SATISFIED. For sale by dealers.

(f MENTION THE REVIEW. Address R. 4t E. C. PORTER, LewISTOWN, ILL. ©

ee-

eepeps jAeViecu.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Interests of Hoqey Producers.

$100 A YEAR.

W. Z. HOTCHlf*SOfl, Editor & Pi»op.

VOL, VI, FLINT, MICHIGAN, SEP, 10. 1893, NO, 9.

AV'ork at ]\dIicliigarL's

Experiraental

Apiary.

B. L. TAYLOK, APIARIST.
peatt's HIVERS.

HS stated in a
former arti-
cle the Pratt
Hiver was inclu-
ded in my plan
for a series of ex-
periments to be
conducted during
the white clover
honey sea son.
Five of them were
used, the first of
which was put in
place .June l(5th
on a hive which I shall call No. 1 while a
swarm from it was in the air. As the en-
trance to this hive was not guarded by a
queen trap, and no queen being found in
front of the hive as was to be expected since
I clip my queens, I put a trap to the lower
entrance and caused the bees to enter
through it that I might find and determine
the character of the queen. The result was
ihat I found two or three virgin queens
showing that the swarming was probably
caused by the rearing of queens to supersede
the old one or on account of her death. The
young queens were removed and the trap

left in place to enable me to determine the
purpose of the next queen that should at-
tempt to try the open air. A few days later
a young queen was found in the trap no
swarm having issued. She accordingly was
returned, the trap removed and the lower
entrance left open for the convenience of the
queen.

The history of No. 2 up to July 2nd was
given in my article in the .July number of
the Review. Upon the 13th of -July it
swarmed again, being the fourth time, but
this time I discovered the queen was a virgin,
showing that the old queen had probably been
killed on the return of the swarm .July 2nd.

The remaining three hivers were also put
in place -June 17th.

No. 3 was the only other one of the five
from which a swarm issued and from it,
first, on the 20 of June. On the next day I
found that the queen had been killed by the
bees of the returned swarm, so a trap was
placed at the lower entrance. After this a
swarm issued on each of the following dates:
•Tune 30th and -July -nd, 4th and 8th. In the
last case the swarm was hived in another
hive and given the queen in the trap. In all
the previous ones the swarm was returned
and the queen removed.

In studying results it should be remem-
bered that these five colonies were of more
than average strength and were selected on
that account because I was anxious to test
the hiver by actual swarming.

If the percentage of loss of queens in these
experiments is to be taken in any way as a

254

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

criterion of what it would be in general
practice, quite a serious difficulty is present-
ed to the practical working of the hiver, for
it would mean the ruin of all colonies that
throw off swarms unless constant watchful-
ness is exercised, and if there must be such
watchful-!' ss there would seem to be little
necessity for hivers. Though I should not
expect that the percentage of loss would be
generally so lar;_'<', yet I fear it would be suf-
ficiently so as to be still a serious matter.

(;)f perhaps even greater interest than the
loss of queens is the effect of the hiver upon
the amount and value of the honey pro-
duced. At the tinje the hivers were adjusted
all the colonies in question were working in
the sections except No. 1 though no great
progress hud been made except in case of
No. 3 whicli had nearly filled the first super
of 28 sections. This was an excei)tionally
strong colony and was composed of excel-
lent workers. .Judging by what other colo-
nies did it sliould have produced 7") pounds
of comb honey had it been managed as the
others were. In the same way the other four
would have averaged about one-half as much
or 22.5 pounds for the five.

The actual results so far as comb honey
was concerned were all contained in three
cases, none of which were very well filled, cer-
tainly not to exceed (iO pounds all told, and
this was all produced by No. 3 and by Nos.
4 and .5 which did not swarm. At once on
the close of the clover season the extra hives
— those not containing brood — were removed
and would yield about 1.50 pounds of ex-
tracted honey. Even the colonies that did
not swarm had pretty well filled the hives
below the hivers.

Of course I appreciate the unsatisfactory
character of the comparative result founded
as it is upon an estimate of what the colonies
would have done under other circumstances,
but with a desire to arrive at the exact truth
I have judged as fairly as I am ca[)able of
doing.

Until swarming has once begun the hiver
has apparently a strong tendency to restrain
the swarming fever, but when a swarm once
issues, if the old queen is killed, the fever will
generally persist till all the young queens
but one are destroyed or otherwise dis-
posed of.

Before a final determination as to the util-
ity of the hiver, further tests must be made,
and it is to be hoped that such further im-

provements may be made as may render the
circumstances of future trials more favor-
able.

Lapkeb, Mich.,

Aug. 16, 1893.

TIMIBIj'S' tofics.
No. 8.

B. L. TAYLOB.

" Bees can live without love — what is passion
but piuing ?

But where are the bees that can live without
dining ? "

fF other work of the apiary such as the
uniting of colonies and due oversight
with regard to queens has been timely
attended to there is little to require the at-
tention of the apiarist during the first twen-
ty days of September except the crop of fall
honey in places where there is such a crop.
For the securing of this the bees must have
sufficient room and at the close of the flow
all surplus receptacles sholud be promptly re-
moved and the honey stored in a warm, dry
room.

The clearing of the supers of bees will be
found a much more difficult undertaking in
the fall than it was in July. The bees are
sluggish and stubborn and respond very
slowly even to a deluge of smoke, so that the
apiarist may well try coaxing in place of
driving and make use of bee escapes. No
doubt they will work more slowly than in
the summer but they will still be found a
great luxury.

The extracting of the honey from combs
destined to that end, if stored in a proper
place, should not be very long delayed, else
the operation will be found slow and vex-
atious by reason of the thickening of the
honey through evaporation.

When there has been a yield of fall honey
but little if any feeding for winter stores
will be found necessary even though the
brood chambers be quite small, for at that
season the brood nest is much contracted
thus giving abundant room for stores, but
each colony should be examined, for some of
the best colonies, if the bees have much blood
of the German race and the brood chambers
are small, may have put almost all their hon-
ey into the supers and when found short of
stores the want must be supplied without
delay.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

255

This examination does not imply the open-
ing of hives and the handling of combs.
This should never be done. It is a course
both unpleasant and injurious. Get at the
weight of your hive, supi^osing it to be sup-
plied with empty combs only, by weighing a
few of this description, then add to the aver-
age weight thus found twenty-five or thirty
pounds for honey and bees which will give
the weight which each hive must have to be
safe for winter so far as the amount of stores
is concerned. Now take the scales into the
yard and weigh a few colonies marking the
weight in each case in a convenient place on
the proper hive. When a colony is found
whose weight just about reaches the limit,
replace the colony and tlien bend over and
" heft " it. Do this rejieatedly and study
the weight. Now if but few of the colonies
need feeding most of them go so much above
the limit that it will be perceived at once on
hefting them though it may be necessary to
return to the "pattern" occasionally for
comparison. In this way the great majority
may be quickly disposed of as being clearly
safe. The doubtful and the light ones must
then be weighed and marked.

The syrup to be fed may be prepared by
bringing to a boil any given number of
pounds of soft water and then adding, by
pouring in gently, twice the number of
pounds of the best granulated sugar. When
this is again brought to a boil it is ready to
be fed as soon as it becomes sufficiently
cool.

The kind of feeder used is not important.
The Heddon feeder is most convenient as
enough can always be fed at once and the
bees are always safe from drowning, but a
tin pan with a piece of cloth, with care, an-
swers very well, or any of the smaller feeders
will do if filled so promptly that the bees
will get what they need about as quickly as
they can take it.

All this should be attended to at once on
the cessation of the storing of surplus and
where the fall crop is wanting, the 20th of
September should see that work begun, and
in both cases the work should be finished
early in October.

In localities where there is no nectar to
gather after basswood fails, the amount of
brood reared during August and September
is likely to be exceedingly limited and I
should greatly fear for the safety of colonies
entering the winter with so large a propor-

tion of aged bees as such conditions would
entail. Under such circumstances, if I
wished to make their wintering well as cer-
tain as possible, I should take pains by prop-
er feeding to increase the amount of brood
as much as possible during the first half of
September.

This work of proper preparation for win-
ter is to the apiarist, if much feeding is to be
done, the most trying duty of the year, and
happy will he be who can look back on it
promptly and properly done.

Lapeeb, Mich.

Aug. 23, 1893.

Large Exits and Those Opening Outside the
Hive Are No Advantage in Bee Escapes.

B. & E. C. POETEB.

lEGARDING the matter of escapes
opening outside the hive, mentioned
in your last issue, Mr. Shuck and
ourselves and no doubt many others have
been over this ground very carefully. Mr.
.Ino. S. Reese, several years ago pointed out
in Gleanings the disadvantages of such an
arrangement as compared with the brood
chamber outlet. Admitting light through
such devices into the super does not hasten
matters in the least and very few will ever
care to use such an arrangement. The dif-
ficulty in getting or constructing escapes to
work rapidly, whether opening into the
brood chamber or out side the hive lies in
the fact that as the facilities for getting out
are increased the inclination of the bees to
use them diminishes. All that Mr. Shuck
and ourselves have said regarding escapes,
the most careful experiments will substan-
tially verify. Even Mr. Aikin is getting
around into line. Some time ago we sent
him a number of forms of escapes of varying
exit capacity, to experiment with, one hav-
ing fifteen exits arranged with double sets
of springs so as to completely break the con-
nection between the bees in the super and
those in the brood-chamber. In a letter re-
ceived from him the first of the week, he
says : "I can't see that the big one works a
bit better than the little ones," i. e. our reg-
ular form.

Lewistown, 111.

Aug. 18, 1893.

256

THE BEE-KEEPERS' JtiEVIEW.

Experiences and Views at the Forestville

Apiary. — Great Success with the

House Apiary.

E. K. JAQUES.

Here's the home wliere I stay —
And a gown that was Sal's kinder flapped

on abay —
Not nuicli for a man to be loving, but his

all, as I've hearn people say.

[When Mr. Barnet Taylor, in a private letter,
informed me that he had had for a student the
past sea.son a gentleman who was makng a
thorough study of apiculture, I at onoe wrote
him ^ that I should be very glad of that gentle-
man's views and experience as found at the
Forestville apiary. In a few days there came to
hand the following, very neatly written.— Ed. |

LINE of white pine trees, whose tops
spread forty -two feet, line the road
side. South of these trees, with a
fine grass plat in front, stands the modest
yet pleasing dwelling of Brother B. Taylor.

comb-leveler, and in fact every thing found
in a well appointed apiary ; and the visitor's
admiration for the work turned out from
this shop will only be excelled by that which
he will have for the man when he learns that
the machinery itself, unsurpassed in adapt-
ability to work, in finish and quality, has all
been made by one and the same hand —
brother Taylor's. In the Forestville apiary
there are no warped nor leaky covers, nor
poor joints.

Fifty feet south [to the right in the cut —
Ed. J of the shop on a gently rising slope
stands the iron • honey house and the two
house apiaries. [The new house apiary is
the larger — Ed.] These buildings like all
the others on the place are neat ; nd well
kept.

To me the house apiary was the center of
attraction. In fact a desire to study its

THE APIARY OF liAHNET TAYLOK, FOKESTVILLE, MINNESOTA.

On its right [at the left in the cut, this view
being taken from the rear of the building.
— Ed.] and in line with it stands another
building having the appearance of a dwell-
ing, it is the shop, being one of the attrac-
tions at the Forestville Apiary. In it are
made the Taylor handy bee-hive, his bee-
escapes, honey - boards, swarm - catchers,

workings at brother Taylor's expense led me
to pass a few weeks as a student at the For-
estville apiary.

The first point scored by the house bees
over those in the yard was this, — they built
up faster in early spring thus becoming
strong in numbers in time for the clover har-
vest. There were two reasons, I think, for

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEVir.

257

this : first, the temperature in the house was
warmer and much more uniform on cold
nights and rough days, tlius enabling the
bees to rear brood faster. In the second
place, hives standing in the yard become
heated in sunny yet cold days, the bees being
thus induced to fly while they were sure to
be lost. Many who removed their colonies
from the cellar to the yard early, suffered in

tinguishing features except in color. I am
also of the opinion that where one wishes to
use the young bees and brood, after a swarm
has been thrown off, to build up a weak col-
ony they can do it more conveniently in the
yard where they can place the hive by the
colony to be helped and remove it at will.
The lifting of hives and supers will be found
heavier work in than out of the house.

MB. BAENET TAYLOR'S LATEST HOUSE - APIARY.

the same way and were compelled on account
of the loss to return them to the cellar.

As to ease in handling I hardly know what
to say. Surely here are some of the advan-
tages. It is much more comfortable in the
house, out of the hot sun with all your su-
pers, honey-boards, bee-escapes and the like
on shelves within easy reach. Then, too,
yon will not be troubled as much with rob-
bers and will have little use for smoke and
veil ; for however cross a bee may be
out of doors she becomes a lady in the
house. The house can be kept clean and
there is no necessity for crushing bees. On
the other hand I think the house queens will
be much more apt to get lost while on their
mating trips, there is so much sameness in a
long line of entrances closely crowded to-
gether on the side of a house with no dis-

Now for the results as shown in the honey
gathered up to date, (July 24th.) Twenty
colonies in the house have 100 lbs. each of
comb honey in supers, while twenty of the
best colonies in the yard have stored but 75
lbs. each. We estimate the white harvest to
be one-half over.

I think the house apiary has come to stay,
but I do not think it will be a success except
in the hands of a skillful apiarist.

In the yard are four colonies of bees work-
ing harmoniously together in two of Taylor's
non-swarming hives. They are storing hon-
ey well, and I see no reason why this man-
agement may not become very useful, es-
pecially to those who run out apiaries.

Scattered through the apiary within easy
reach may be seen the Taylor swarm-catch-
ers. Most of the swarms are caught in

S58

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

them and then placed in the cellar to be
hived when convenient. Swarming time has
no more terrors for Brother Taylor.

I most not pass over the comb leveler.
Every super put on this season up to this
date (July 24th) has been one-half filled with
comb on which the comb leveler has been
used, the balance with foundation. The comb
has been placed in the corners and on the
outside of the supers. Brother Taylor would
not use any foundation if he had a sufficient
supply of comb. The sections with combs
placed in the corners have been completely
filled before the foundation ones in the cen-
ter— and that, too, with nice, clean, straight
work.

Bee escapes are in general use. They have
an opening so small that only one bee can
pass at a time, yet they do good work.

Hives and frames almost numberless make
the Forestville apiary a museum in which
one may study the progress made in bee-
keeping for the past generation, Here every
new thing presented has been tried, and
cheerfully commended or sorrowfully con-
demned. Nor is it strange that, in the eager
search for the best, the truly good has some-
times for a time at least, been supplanted by
the new and untried, as was the case with
the little double hive and the wire end frame.
These will soon be the only hives and frames
used in this apiary except for experimental
purposes.

Ckystal, Minn. Aug. 5, 1893.

[After reading the above 1 saw at once that
pictures were needed to make the story com-
plete, and I wrote the same to Mr. Taylor, In
due time they came accompanied by the follow-
ing letter.— Ed. J

T SEND you to day
X photographs of
the Forestville api-
ary from two points
of view. One of
them shows to good
advantage the house
apiary, two of the
non - swarmers and
the entrance to the
wintering cellar.
The yard was put in
just the condition
it would be in the active swarming sea-
son. The swarm catchers are seen scat-
ered about every where. They are a great
thing indeed. The two non-swarmers, one
with two, the other with three supers, show
plain enough except the entrances, which.

for some reason, do not seem plain. There
are but few of the hives in the open yard in
this view, yet I think it would be the view
that would interest readers most as the house
apiary is attracting much thought. Yes, sir,
the house apiary grows in favor the longer I
use it. The new one is so perfect that I can-
not offer an improvement at present. I
shall build another on exactly the same
model.

The first view was taken from the south-
west and gives a more general view, show-
ing the west end of the new house, the iron
curing house, the little house apiary, a por-
tion of the shop and wintering cellar (on the
left) while a glimpse of the dwelling is seen
from more in the back ground. The white
stripe behind the shop is the highway. The
revolving stand with my new solar wax ex-
tractor upon it can be found in front of the
new house apiary. There are but few of the
out hives visible in this scene and everything
seems jostled together a great deal closer
than they really are. Your humble servant
is seen sitting on the revolving stand near
the wax extractor, while his son sits on a
daisy wheelbarrow near the iron honey cur-
ing house.

Forestville, Minn. Aug. 24, 1893.

Ferseverence Has at Last Secured an Ex-
perimental Apiary for Vermont.

H. W. SCOTT.

JRIEND HUTCHINSON :— Your edi-
torial in the J uly Review exactly de-
picts the triah and difficulties to be
overcome in securing recognition from the
State authorities. Suffice it to say, that we
of Vermont have been through nearly the
same thing ; and I am happy to say have
been successful.

On April 13, 1893, Mr. M. F. Crane, repre-
senting a committee elected at our last meet-
ing for the purpose of pushing our claims
for recognition, O. J. Lowrey, prospective
apiarist, F. H. Wheatley, acting apiarist, and
myself, appeared before the Board of Con-
trol of our Station and presented our case as
best we could. The Board heard us very
courteously, and the same day voted to add
hee-keepincj as a branch for exprimental
work at the Burlington experimental farm.

We were allowed a sum sufficient to build
a house 10x30 feet, with one side arranged to

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

259

hold 24 colonies of bees. The building is
finished, and five colonies of bees are now
located in it. It is proposed to ask the bee-
keepers of Vermont, or others who feel so
disposed, to contribute a few colonies of
bees, so as to be able to do good work next
season. There are seven more colonies in
another place that belong to the station,
making twelve in all. ISext year we hope to
have a regular apiarist and to do some good
work.

Burlington is as easily reached from many
places in New York, as from our own State ;
and I shall hope that among bee-keepers
State lines will be disregarded and that those
who can will avail themselves of the welcome
offered on behalf of the Vt. B, K. A. to add
their names to the membership roll, and as-
sist, or better still, all work together in this
experimental work.

Perhaps I shall be able to write more after
a visit to the station, but until then, I must
extend the congratulations of the Vermont
bee-keepers to our brethren of Michigan, on
the beginning of experimental work and
recognition, by the State authorities, of our
industry ; and hope that much good may re-
sult in the years to come.

Babbe, Vt Aug. 18, 1893.

Winter Experiments Needed With Heat
And Ventilation.

C. W. DAYTON.

'■ O the long and dreary winter!
O the Cold and cruel winter I"

¥ELL, it ap-
pears that
the State of Mich-
igan has arranged
for another feast
and invites the
whole United
States to share in
it. I shall endeav-
or to remain so far
in the rear that
those who kicked
so hard at certain
former experi-
ments, can now step forward and demon-
strate their superior f ? i judgement, bearing
in mind that " a fool can find fault, but it
is a wise man who can discern excellence^'"

The experiment that I would like above
all others to have tried just now, is the one
with which Mr. B. Taylor has been storming
the bee journals of late — ventilation or no
ventilation of the hive in winter. To be
sure, the foul brood cures are in a most dis-
ordered condition at present, mainly because
each man strives to hold up his cure as the
cure. A doubtful appearing phase of Mr.
McEvoy's description is in the origina-
tion of the disease. Another thing he says
that all drugs are " worse than useless. "
When I was in Colorado, last year, in Bould-
er county, a big county and a great deal of
foul brood existing. I talked with a Mr.
Adams, whom I had reason to believe to be
an efficient inspector, and he told me that he
not only cured the desease with a drug (it
may have been salicylic acid but he called it
by another name ) but by pouring the same
in a diluted form (m the tops of the top bars
occasionally the bees would track it all
through the hive, thus preventing or check-
ing the progress of the desease. A preven-
tion is better than cures. He mentioned
his own apiaries and the apiaries of several
of his neighbors which by this plan had been
kept healthy for years while apiaries had
died rotten with the disease all about them.

The more I read the more the confusion,
and my next move toward certainty would
be to buy a few foul broody colonies and
try all the remedies.

As the season is so far advanced, experi-
ments on wintering will probably be the
the more seasonable.

I have not the least doubt but whole api-
aries may be wintered safely with or without
ward ventilation and whole apiaries die both
ways.

I think Mr. Heddou demonstrated that he
could winter bees in almost any tempera-
ture and with any or no ventilation by tak-
ing away their pollen. The principal objec-
ion to his plan by the average bee keeper is
changing their food and excluding the pollen.

Mr. H. R. Boardman, I believe, uses no
upward ventilation and always winters suc-
cessfully, but it is more than likely he makes
the conditions of his repositories such that
he himself can not explain or the average
bee keeper understand and apply.

Some years ago Mr. Ira Barber created
quite a sensation by relating his method of
wintering in a very high temperature. Then
he became quiet and his method was forgot-
ten.

260

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The next thiug that came up, Dr. Miller
began to insist that it was foul atmosphere
in the cellar that made bees noisy and roar.

When Mr. Barber gave his method we all
supposed that with so high a temperature if
we should enter tlio rei)Ository with a light
the bees would all leave the hives and come
for it. By testing Dr. Miller's pure air theory
it was found that a high temperature would
not cause them to fly out.

In experimenting with upward ventilation
I went so far as to remove ll."> colonies en-
tirely from their hives and hang them u{)on
racks in the celler as we hang store - combs
on racks in the honey house — no covers, no
sides, no bottoms. I visited this repository
twice and sometimes three times a day all
winter ; that was in northern Iowa. I no-
ticed that sometimes the cluster would be
disturbed and sometimes not and wondered
why this difference, and tiually ol<served
that it varied more or less according to the
temperature out of the doors. A low temper-
ature outside caused a hasty change of air
in the cellar even if it was obliged to make
the change through the cracks. When it was
warm outside the air remained close and
stagnated. On the first day I began to put
these clusters of bees in hives and carry
them out onto the summer stands, it was re-
quired to keep the cellar darkened and even
then there was a great commotion. The
following night the doors were opened wide
in order to cool the cellar. The next morn-
ing these bees could be handled easily with
doors all open and I thought it was the cool
air but when I continued to manipulate their
combs until the day got warm and the sun
shining right into the cellar, I began to be
amazed. Sometimes a person will come to
the conclusion that he is becoming magical
and can do anything he undertakes. Then
again he finds out that all his attempts fail.
It may all be caused by some small hidden
condition.

I read and weighed Mr. Barber's high
temperature method, but Miller's pure air
requirement I did not know of. When I
came to test Miller's pure air I had forgot-
ten Barber's high temperature.

Now it is quite an undertaking to keep
both a high temperature and pure atmos-
phere through a long cold winter.

You may study the bee journals and you
will find that the majority of bees that win-
ter well are kept in a temperature of ^.'"i to
.""•O" with some ventilation. Those wlio do

this seldom have reason to complain of loss.

If the temperature is higher than this the
bees get restless simply because the air is
impure.

If the temperature is lower than this, say
as low as freezing, the bees remain nice and
quiet, but, eventually the coml)s are covered
with sweat whicli causes them to mould, the
honey sours, the bees finally befoul the hive
and it turns out a most wretched affair.

Forty- five to fifty degrees then is the zero
point between pure atmosphere and temper-
ature, ('. e. between quiet and moisture.

When my bees used to be so noisy in the
cellar and affected by every little light or
rise of temperature, I often wondered why
they remained so quietly in their hives dur-
ing the night in summer.

Individual colonies are often known to be
set out of the cellar and it takes several
hours for them to begin to fly from their
hive though the warmth of the day and sun
are the most enticing ; then when they do
fly there seems to be little excuse for it be-
yond a little joyful play spell and many
limes colonies were so slow to get out that I
made examinations to sea if they were dead
or out of food.

The lower the temperature of the cellar is
the earlier in the winter will the combs be
covered with moisture and the nearer the
moisture will locate to the cluster of the
bees. Moisture will accumulate wherever
there is a difference of temperature between
the cluster and the surrounding atmosphere,
and where there is any thing for the moist-
ure to attach itself to. When the temper-
ature is ;5.5 to 40 it shows itself in about a
month. Forty-five to fifty degrees, 2%
months, more or less.

Often the bees seem to winter well and
come out populous the middle of April, but
by the 1st or 10th of May we get very anxious
for the little patches of cai)ped brood to
hatch out to rei)lcni8h the swiftly disappear-
ing forces of workers. There seems to be
something amiss in such management when
at other times the old workers " hang on "
until late in June or July, and it is my opin-
ion that there is not so much for the salva-
tion of the bees in the food they eat as in
the air they breath.

The requisite probably is p re food and
pure air. Cold air is detrimental only by
its effect through the agsncy of moisture.

A high temperature will dispel the moist-
ure but to maintain a high temperature and

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

261

pure atmosphere throughout the winter is
laborious and expensive. Forty-eight is not
high enough ; it only delays the effects a
month or two, but our winters are long
enough to encompass all such lengths of
time. Sixty-iive degrees may answer, but I
am doubtful. If a sufficiently high temper-
ature is applied until the threatning symp-
toms disappear the former low temperature
may be allowed and it is far easier and
cheaper to keep up a temperature of 70- for
a month than 4.5- all winter and the air may
be enough purer by ventilation to materially
leugthen the lives of the bees. In fact the
bees need treatment to the high temperature
just as much at \'i as at 32 only a little
later on.

When I gave my experience in wintering
sometime since, the editor considered it so
much trouble to move the bees into such a
repository and back again.

Of course it was some labor for me to
carry a hive at a time up stairs, but Mr. B.
Taylor would soon invent an elevator to
move eight or ten at once and it would not
cost a fortune to make it.

It is not necessary to be so very careful in
handling hives either, as when the bees come
out they simply run around and join another
colony, when if it is in the colder repository
they fall to the floor and die or the bees of
the cluster sip up the moisture and become
diseased.

The constant and continued watching and
fussing with its attendant anxiety is almost
as hard to endure as a total loss and it does
not begin nor end w ith the six months of
confinement as we are in doubts when the
bees are set in and we are not "out of the
woods " until late in June, when by the
method of which I write each colony may be
divided when set out of the cellar and the
vitality of the bees will enable each half to
build up for the harvest.

There is nearly as much variation in the
winter temperature of different cellars as
there is in the quality of different soils, and
Mr. Barber happened to have a high tem-
pered one where it was easy to keep the tem-
perature high all winter and he may not
have taken the trouble to ascertain the real
whys and wherefores of his excellent success
or whether a less length of duration of high
temperature would not have been as well and
certainly more practical for and better af-
forded by the general class of bee-keepers.

Pasadena, Calif. July 29, 1893.

Practical Breeding.

.JAMES HEDDON.

How doth the little lazy drone,
With industry bred in his bone,
Industrious children sire!

TjP^HOEVER has
A A visited many
apiaries, or bought
l)ees of farmers to
r^ tart an apiary,
well knows the
great difference in
the nature and
working qualities
of different strains
of bees of the same
race, or races. He
also knows of what
great value is this difference. I am sure that
all of you have noticed the immense differ-
ence in the storing (lualities of different col-
onies in the same apiary. What causes this
difference, it is hard to tell, and certain it is
that the difference cannot be detected in any
way whatever, except by practical results.
Here are two colonies, as nearly alike as can
be seen or made : or perhaps No. 2 is, as far
as the expert apiarist can judge, the likelier
colony of the two. Both are in the same
yard, and work in the same fields and on the
same blossoms, we are quite sure. But, lo,
the results are surprising to the inexper-
ienced : No. 2 stores more than twice as
much honey as No. 1, and all the time is no
more numerous in workers. Well, it is not
at all strange that this great difference in
capability should exist in the physiology of
the bee, consequently wholly out of sight of
the bee-master. But because we cannot de-
tect these valuable qualities in any way other
than by actual test, it is no sign we should
not foster and propagate them. There is
every reason why we should, because of the
immense advantage to be gained by so do-
ing, and certain it is that the practical evi-
dences are positive, leaving no mistake as ta
what qualities we are breeding.

I will now proceed, as briefly as possible,
to tell you what experience has taught me to
be the best way ; in fact it seems to me the
only practical way, in a locality like my own,
to bring my colonies up to a high standard.
In the first place, I have been able to con-
trol my field to that extent that in my home
apiary of over two hundred colonies, I own
nearly all the bees in my field. I have about
fifteen hives that purposely contain about

262

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

one-third drone comb, and I so manipulate
them as to keep my most productive and
good natured colonies on those drone combs.
All other hives contain almost exclusively
worker cells. If I lose bees in winter, in
handling over the combs of the dead col-
onies, I mark the hives containing the drone
comb, and into these I put the increase from
those best colonies. In other words, I keep
the air full of drones from the very best col-
onies ki my area. It goes without saying
that when rearing queens, I breed from the
best colonies. But if one will follow this
simple, easy and practical drone rearing sys-
tem, it will not be many years before his
apiary will be markedly superior, even if the
bees are allowed to do all their own queen
rearing, wholly unaided by the bee-master.
DowAGiAo, Mich. Aug. 23, 1893.

Bee-Kepeers' Review.

PUBIilSHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HOTCHINSOfJ, Ed. & PPOp.

Terms : — fl.OI) a year in advance. Two copies
$1.90; three for $:2.7(); five for |4.00: ten or more.
70 cents each. If it is desired to have the Review
stopped at tlie expiration of the time paid for,
please say so when subscribing:, otherwise it
w'ill be continued.

FLINT, MICHIGAN, SEP. 10. 1893.

The Apicultubist occasionally publishes
what might be termed an unpleasant truth ;
but if Bro. Alley could only soften some of
his remarks with the " milk of human kind-
ness" they would be much more palatable.
1^

E. Kbetohmer says in Gleanings that he
thinks the Langdon non-swarmer failed
because it was not applied soon enough —
that the swarming fever had already been
started before the device was applied. An-
other reason is that not enough ventilation
is given.

O

Postage on queens to Canada was former-
ly ten cents, and I have only recently learned
that it is now the same as our domestic post-
age. S. F. Trego called my attention to the
matter, saying that he had paid only one cent
an ounce for a long time. I consulted our
postmaster, and find that Mr. Trego is cor-
rect. If any of you have been paying ten
cents, don't do so any more.

Jennie Atohley has sent out nearly .''),000
queens this season. She has reared all of
them except about GOO. I tell you the North
has no business with queen rearing, as com-
pared with the South.

«^

Sections that are being scraped clean of
propolis must be supported in some manner
while the work is being done, and Gleanings
asks how best to support them. I have al-
ways held the section in my left hand and
used the knife with the other. I supposed
that was the way everybody did. If there is
a better way I should be glad to know it.
The scrapings go into a box or empty hive
placed at my feet.

Experiment Stations in three or four dif-
ferent places in the United States would, in
the opinion of some very good people, be a
sufBcient number. When we have that num-
ber in successful operation we can tell bet-
ter whether more will be desirable. At pres-
ent there is no occasion to call a halt. The
most important point of all is the men
secured to do the work.

The Canadian Bee Journal under its new
management compares favorably with the
other journals. It is well printed on good
paper, the make up is neat, and there seems
to be some life in its reading mutter. If
Bro. Holterman can only keep it up to the
high water mark at which it has started, it
does not seem as though there need be any
question as to its success.

O ■

Robbing in the apiary, that is, the annoy-
ance that comes from the few bees that fol-
low the apiarist about in times of scarcity
and become more numerous as the work is
continued, may be avoided by having a few
combs of honey in hives piled up near the
apiary, and allowing so small an entrance
that only one or two bees can pass at the
same time. (Queens and cells are also more
readily accepted. In short, it is something
the same in its effects as a small honey flow.
E. R. Root writes of this in Gleanings.

The "QuEBiES and Replies" departments
that have had such a "run" in some of the
journals, bring information upon the stage
too late in the "play;" at least, so thinks the

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

263

editor of the Progressive. He says that a
man seldom inquires nutil he wants to know,
and by the time that the replies are gather-
ed and printed it is too late for that year.
There is another objectioii: to many ques-
tions it is impossible to give a correct answer
unless it is qualified, and there is not room
for much of this. Still, I think these de-
partments have conveyed a large amount of
useful information.

The Noeth American Bee-Keepees' As-
sociation will hold its 24th annual conven-
tion in Chicago, on the 11th, 12th and 13th of
October. The meeting will be held at the
" Louisaua Hotel," corner of 71st street and
Seipp avenue. Comfortable accommoda-
tions will be afforded at a moderate price.
For a small room two persons pay If) cents
each, daily. Larger rooms occupied by two,
ifl.OO each. Four persons occupying a room
having two beds will piiy 50 cents each.
Meals can be obtained at the hotel or at the
numerous restaurants in the vicinity. The
hotel is only a few minutes' walk from the
south entrance of the Exposition. An inter-
esting programme is l)eing prepared, and
the coming meeting will lie one that few bee-
keepers can afford to miss.
©

"Bees Versus Manipulation " is the title
that I should give an article contributed to
the Canadian Bee Journal by that old vet-
eran, G. M. Doolittle. His argument is that
a field yields only about so much honey, and
that more of it is secured to the bee-keeper
if fewer colonies are kept and these so
manipulated that they will be in the best
condition possible to gather the crop. He
assumes that the colony left undisturbed con-
sumes just as much honey as the one stimu-
lated to the greatest brood production. I
think these two assumptions are unwarran-
ted, that is, that the yield of nectar is always
the same and that the consumption is the
same per colony regardless of manipulation.
In regard to manipulation or work in the
apiary, do nine cents of work whenever it
will bring in ten cents of pay, but if this
same work can be made to bring in fifteen
cents, so much the better, and it is my hon-
est conviction that the majority of bee-
keepers lose money by not keeping more
bees and then adopting such methods
as will allow the same amount of work to
care for the bees.

WHAT TO DO WITH FOUL BEOOD.

A few months ago Gleanings printed what,
it seems to me, was the best short article I
ever saw upon foul brood. It briefly, clearly
and concisely gave the symptoms and told
how to get rid of it by putting the bees in
new hives, giving cautions as to how it
should be handled. Very wisely, the Api.
copied the article, and says it is good advice,
except that it is better to burn the hives,
bees, combs and all.

If I owned a large apiary, and only a few
colonies were affected with foul brood, and
I knew that they were the only ones diseased,
and that by burning them I should free my
apiary of the pest, I should perform the burn-
ing act, rather than take the risk of curing
the few diseased colonies. If I sfiould find
a large proportion of my apiary afflicted
with the disease, I should cure the diseased
colonies at the risk of infecting the others.
I say at the risk of infecting the others, as
there is a risk, but an intelligent bee-keeper,
who understands the disease and knows how
to cope with it, may make the risk a very
small one. To destroy a large portion of an
apiary, when by perseverence and determin-
ation, coupled with knowledge and caution,
it can be saved with a very slight loss, is not
good generalship.

The most of my readers know that Mr. R.
L. Taylor has had a long and wide experi-
ence with foul brood : in fact, he has reached
that stage where he no longer fears it. If it
comes, he feels that he can handle it to such
a certainty that it will not get the start of
him. When I was over there last summer, I
asked him if his apiary was entirely free
from it. He said there were two or three
colonies in which it was still present. He
added that he might have been entirely free
from it had it not been that he had had on
hand a large lot of empty combs, and some
of them, he knew not which, had contained
foul brood, and he wished to use these
combs. He preferred to use them and keep
a close watch, treating the cases of foul
brood as they developed rather than destroy
the combs or even melt them up into wax.
And this from a man who owns a foundation

machine.

Q

bee-dysenteey, ITS cause and prevention.

Homeopath "similibus curantur, "
Allopath big-pillibu8 banter,
Faith-o-path pietas enchanter —
And get well on the canter.

[The following "leader" is an article that I
contributed to the American Bee Journal, and

264

THE BEE-KEEPERS' HE VIEW.

which appoare<l in its issue of AufjiiHt :il8t, 1WI3,
but it occurs to nie that, as tlie wintering season
will so<in he here, and we have never had a
thoroiif,'h discussion of tliis subject all in one is-
sue, if may be well to take it up for special dis-
cussion in thi' Octolx'r Review. It is true that
\ye have disrusf-ed food, temperature, ventila-
tion, moisture, etc., but we wish now to consider
them collectivel.v in tiieir relations ouo. to the
other and to tiie subject now singled out for
speeiaJ discussion.— Ed. )

" Of all the obstacles with which bee-keep-
ers of the Northern States have to conteud,
none equal the losses of bees in winter and
spring from dysentery. Many are the causes
to which it has been attributed. Cold, con-
finement, improper food, dampness, "pol-
len," lack of food, or ventilation, etc., etc.,
have all been blamed for this trouble.

The disease, if such it can be called, is
simply the result of an over-loading of the
intestines. Cold confines the bees to their
hives until they are unable to longer retain
their fivces, and the result is termed dysen-
tery. Simple enough on the face of it isn't
it ? Doesn't seem as though there could
have been so much discussion about it, does
there ? Well, it comes about something in
this way : ( )ne man says it is caused by the
cold. Another says " ho, it isn't. We have
long, cold winters here, yet my bees do not
suffer from dysentery. If it were the cold
they would have it." He does'nt consider
that his location may furnish a different
class of food. Another says confinement
does not cause the trouble as his bees were
confined in the cellar so many months and
suffered little or nothing. This man forgets
that in a warm cellar much less food is con-
sumed, and, consequently, the longer it
takes to over-load the intestines. Another
lays the difficulty to the consumption of pol-
len. Another says " No, my bees have plenty
of pollen in the hives and they never have
the dysentery. If pollen causes dysentery,
why don't they have it ?" This man forgets
that pollen in the hives does not cause dys-
entery, it is its consumption under such con-
ditions that the bees cannot unload the in-
testines. We may not know exactly what
are the conditions that cause an undue con-
sumption of pollen, but we do know that in
almost all cases of bee-dysentery, the fa'cal
mass is almost wholly pollen. We also know
that when bees have no pollen in their combs,
when their only food is pure cane sugar
(honey contains some grains of pollen) they
do not have the dysentery under the same
conditions when bees with natural stores
have perished by the wholesale. I feel quite

certain that bees with only pure cane sugar
for stores, placed in a cellar where the tem-
perature is about 4r> , will bear a confine-
ment of four or five months with no traces of
disease. Some honey is nearly as good as
sugar for winter stores. At least, bees have
many times passed the winter with it for
food and came out in the spring with perfect
health. The difficulty is to always know
when honey is a healthful food for winter.
There are some sections of the country where
it never is. Mr. Byron Walker in the east-
ern part of this State, near large swamps,
could not successfully winter bees. He tried
almost all known methods for a dozen years
or more, and finally moved to another local-
ity where he is more successful. Before he
moved away he practiced brushing bees from
the combs in the fall, and killing the bees.
They were certain to die in the winter, and
he reasoned that he might as well save the
honey that they would consume, and keep
his combs in a clean condition. In the
spring he went South and bought bees by the
car load and stocked his apiary again. To
be able to decide in regard to the suitability
of honey as a winter food for bees would be
a great step. If a bee-keeper could send a
sample of his honey to some chemist and
learn if it were safe for his bees to winter
upon, it would be a grand thing. If it were
not, he could extract it and feed sugar.
What is it, aside from the floating pollen,
that makes some honey unsuitable for a
winter food for bees ? This is a hard nut
for our Experimental Apiary to crack.

To remove all of the honey from an apiary
when we do not knoiv that it will prove an
unsafe food, and substitute sugar, for the
purchase of which we may not have the ready
money, with honey of slow sale, is a pro-
ceeding that would not be considered busi-
ness-like. Bee-keepers prefer to take the
risk, one year with another, of leaving their
l)ees their natural stores, when these stores
are apparently well ripened honey, and then
using all other precautions possible to ward
off the ill effects of confinement.

If we could only tell in advance what the
coming winter would be we would know
whether to put the bees in the cellar or to
protect them on their summer stands. If
bees could have one or two good purifying
flights during the winter, I should prefer to
winter them in the open air. But of this I
cannot be assured, and, as they winter no
worse in the cellar in a warm winter than

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW-

265

they do in a severe one, I prefer the latter
plan. It is possible that the house apiary
may yet furnish the advantages of both
methods — warmth and an opportunity for
flights when the weather permits. In the
cellar we can control the temperature, also
the moisture to a certain extent. If we give
them sugar stores, we then have everything
under our control except the length of the
confinement, which will nut usually vary
sufficiently to undo our plans. It is only by
cellar wintering that we can have the same
conditions year after year. .Just a few more
words about stores. Ordinary colonies in a
warm cellar consume about two pounds per
colony each month. These stores are taken
from the center of the hive. By feeding
each colony seven or eight pounds of sugar
syrup at the end of the season, it will be
stored In the center of the hive, and it will
be largely this food that the bees will con-
sume during their confinement. This is al-
most the same as their liaving all sugar
stores. Where a man winters his bees year
after year with no trouble from dysentery,
all these precautions are unnecessary. They
are for the man who does have trouble.

To recapitulate : If the honey of any lo-
cality was uniformly good I would give but
little attention to the food. If it frequently
proved unsuitable I would feed sugar late in
the season. I would leave the bees in the
open air until there was slight prospect of
their enjoying another tlight ; yet I would
wish to have them in the cellar before the
advent of snow storms and severe cold. I
would take in the hives with no bottom
boards and stack them up with two-inch
blocks between the hives. I would carefully
watch the temperature and never allow it to
go below 40" nor above i*y . The tempera-
ture can be kept up by the use of an oil stove,
but I would have a hood over the stove and
a pipe to carry oft' the gases of combustion.
If this pipe is connected with a stove pipe in
the room above it will also help to ventilate
the cellar when there is no fire in the oil
stove. I would also have a wet bulb ther-
mometer in the cellar and not allow the de-
gree of temperature marked by the wet bulb
iustrument to approach nearer than 3° to that
of the dry bulb, with a temperature of 45°.
Just as soon as it was warm enough in the
spring for the bees to fly I would remove
them from the cellar. This may be two or
three weeks or a mouth earlier than steady
warm weather may be expected, but it will

be seen that an early removal shortens the
confinement that much. When a bee has
retained its faeces three or four months, a
further retention of three or four weeks may
be all the difference between death and fair
health. But I would not leave the bees with-
out protection. I jiould pack them the same
as I would in the fall if they were going to be
left out of doors all winter, only I might not
do it in so thorough a manner. So thick
packing is not needed, and it may be held in
place in the most simple and cheap manner.
A super filled with sawdust will answer for
the over head packing."

Now, friends, I shall be very glad of your
views upon this subject for publication in
the ( )ctober Review.

EXXRJ^CTED.

Opportunity.

I do not know that I have ever copied a
poem into the Review, but I came across
one the other day, entitled "Opportunity,"
written by Professor Sill, that struck me as
so encouraging to those who sometimes
lament their lackoi opportunity, that I must
let my readers enjoy it with me. Here it is :

"Tills I beheld, or dreamed it in a dream ;
There spread a cloud of dust alontr a plain •
And underneath the cloud, or in it, raged
A furious battle, and men yelled, and swords
Shocked upon swords and shields. A prince's

banner
Wavered, then staggered backward, hemmed by

foes.
A craven hung along the battle's edge.
And thought, ' Had 1 a sword of keener steel-
That blue blade tliat the king's son bears— but

this
Blunt thing—! ' he snapt and flung it from his

hand
And lowering crept away and left the field.
Tlien came the king's son, wounded, sore beset
And weaponless, and saw the broken sword.
Hilt-buried in the dry and trodden sand.
And ran and snatchrd it. and with battle shout
Lifted afresh he hewed his enemy down
And saved a great cause that heroic day !"

What the Experiment Station May Do for

Bee -Keepers.

A servant of servants shall he be unto his
brethren.

Some of the experiments that are to be
undertaken at the Michigan Experimental
Apiary have already been mentioned, but in

266

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

an article in the Grange Visitor, Mr. Taylor
briugs out the poiuts so clearly that 1 thiuk
best to copy the entire article. He says : —

*' Bee-keeping has been carried ou for
thousands of years but it is only within tlie
recollection of living men that it has passed
out of the uiediit'val, which was probably
also the pre-historic stage. It is natural
then, that in this, more perhaps than in oth-
er rural occupations, there should be ques-
tions pressing for solution. It is much that
these questions are being propounded, ques-
tions for which until recently tliere was no
basis, and this very condition gives promise
of certain and valuable results. It is as if
the gates were just opened and the apiarists
were crowding forward to see wliat a view of
the inside would reveal. The interest thus
exhibited will be sure to observe and secure
what is of value.

What the station may do for this class is
to undertake the solution of these questions
that are uppermost, V)y investigations which
the members of the class cannot well under-
take separately. For instance, in the mat-
ter of diseases of the bee there is much to be
learned. It is well known that foul brood,
the nriost dreaded of these diseases, is caused
by a bacillus wliich is liable to convey the
disease to any hive which it may enter. It
is known that it may be carried from one
hive to another in honey. May it be so car-
ried in wax ? May it be conveyed by a hive
put into use again which had before con-
tained the brood combs and bees of a dis-
eased colony ? If so, how may they best be
disinfe<!ted ? Whether the disease may be
conveyed in wax made from combs from an
infected colony and so carried from one part
of the country to another in comb founda-
tion, is a (question of especial interest, and
demands speedy and careful attention.

Again, it is a mooted question to what ex-
tent it is profitable to use comb foundation
in the brood chamber, f )f course a single
exvjeriinent would not settle it, but if care-
fully pursued on a somewhat extended scale,
the truth can be made known. At the sta-
tion this season an attempt in this direction
has been l)egun with twelve colonies. Four
swarms were hived on comb, four on comb
foundation and four on frames with starters
only, and it is quite certain the results will
be instructive. Then there is quite a large
variety of comb foundations used. These
are distinguished by difference in weight as
well as by difference in the shape of the sep-
tum and of the side walls caused by differ-
ences in the machines with which it is made.
Now some bee-keepers select the extra-thin,
some the thin and some the medium : others
choose that with a fiat bottom, others again
want that of the natural shai)e. and in almost
every case the reasons for the choice are
l)urely fanciful. AVhich is really the best?
Which is least objectionable in the honey,
and, by the use of which do the bees secure
the most honey ? By projier experiments
the station should be able to tell the bee-
keepers what is the truth in these matters.

It has been assumed that it is more i)rofit-
able to have very strong colonies rather than

moderate ones during the time when the crop
is being gathered. The station ought to be
able to say definitely in time whether this is
a sound assumption.

Looking in another direction we find from
the very expectancy with wliich new claims
and investigations are regarded, and the
eagerness with which supposed truth is re-
ceived, especially in matters where there is a
promise held out of a saving of labor or
trouble, that it would be desirable that there
should l)e a i)lace where new inventions in
the way of ai)icultural appliances will be
promptly and impartially tested, thereby
saving individuals large amounts in the ag-
gregate for what proves in the end to be use-
less traps ; as well as introducing to fhem
really useful implements which otherwise
would be neglected from a fear that their
purchase would prove a useless expense.
Already in this line, experiments have been
made with the plausible inventions known as
the non-swarmer and self-hiver — experi-
ments which should save the bee-keepers of
the State much money if they will only read
the published reports of their workings.

The foregoing may serve to give an idea
of the nature of the work which the station
ought to perform, and a hint to those inter-
ested of what benefit they ought to derive
from it. ( )f course, other items of work
should be undertaken as the favorable season
of the year for them comes on, and a watch
kept for the rising of new questions which
seem to deserve consideration.

Lapeeb, Mich."

Getting the Bees Ready for Winter.

It is seldom that I come across an article
in which I can so fully agree with the writer
as is the case with sombody who signed his
name A. B. C. and sent the article to Glean-
itKjs. The only thing in which I do not
agree with him is in putting the bees in the
cellar as early as October. I cannot help
wondering if that is what he really means.
Bees often have several flights after that
date and I think those late flights are a help
to them in bearing the confinement that is to
follow. I would leave them out a month
later than A. B. C. advises. I (juote from
the article as follows: —

"I prepared my bees in several different
ways for winter — chaff hives, sealed-cover
hives, chaff cushions on some, others with
folded gunny sacks between the frames and
cover, or top-lioard. .\ll except chaff hives
were in the cellar. I also experimented
witli tight bottoms. Miller's bottom-boards,
no bottom-boards, and wire cloth. As to
the chaff hives, they seem to answer well
for winter, only that tiiey lost too heavily in
bees. In the cellar the tight-bottom hives,
both with sealed cover and pads, lost greatly
in numbers by mold. Tiie sealed covered
hives all showed mold from condensed mois-
ture. The Miller bottom-boards showed

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

267

considerably less mold, either with or with-
out cushions; in fact, they were about as
good as wire cloth, if the latter were left
only a bee-space below the frames, thereby
holding all the dead bees in contact with the
frames.

Two things I am sure at present I do not
want; namely, tight bottoms and sealed
covers. Taking all things into considera-
tion, I have arrived at the conclusion that
the proper method of wintering is about as
follows: There should be strong colonies
on eight, nine, or ten frames, without bot-
toms, or at least wire clotli held about two or
three inches below the frames by a wooden
frame the size of the hive-bottom. The
hives should be tiered as described in A. I.
Root's circular, with a folded gunny sack
between the tops of the frames and the top-
board of each hive. The lower tier of hives
should be two feet from the floor of the cel-
lar, which should be dry and dark. Light,
and extremes of temperature, have more to
do in rendering bees restless than bushels of
fruit and vegetables. They should be put
away as described by about the middle of
October, and allowed to remain as quiet as
possible till the 1st of March, not later than
the loth, if there are some nice days so they
can fly. When on the summer stands at this
early date they should be protected against
sudden changes of temperature."

Self-Hivera. — Another Novel, Non- Swarm-
ing Idea,

Perhaps he is right ti> dissemble his love
But why does he kick as up stairs?

Adrian Getaz contributes the following
very interesting article to the American Bee
Journal :

" Last spring I decided to make 30 self-
hivers, and experiment with them. In prin-
ciple they were similar to the Pratt hivers of
1892 ; that is, a box placed before the hive
and connected with the hive-entrance by a
queen- excluding zinc, with a cone permitting
the queen to come into the hives, but not to
go back. In fact, they were merely queen-
traps transformed into hives. Another zinc
in the front prevents the queen from going
out of the hives.

The first experience was a mishap. My
apiaries are both out of town, and other
business requires most of my time. So one
of the apiaries was a week and a half with-
out attention. When I got there the people
living on the place told me that one colony
had swarmed every day for several days, and
finally the swarm went off. Investigation
showed five dead queens in the hives. The
theory is, that the old queen was killed by
the first virgin hatched, this in turn by the
next, and so on. Probably the last one was
reared from an old larva, and, as usual in
such cases, undersized, and went through the
zinc with the swarm.

Well, other swarms came, and were found
in the hives, or at least the queens were, with

more or less bees. The thing to do is to
move the old hive to a new stand, and leave
the supers, about one-third of the brood, and
the swarm, in a new hive on the old stand.
Thus used, the self-hiver (except perhaps
some particularity of construction) is cer-
tainly a success.

As a non-swarmer it is a failure. The Da-
dauts say that if a swarm is returned to the
parent hive two days after swarming, the
swarming fever being over, the queen will be
permitted to destroy the cells, and the col-
ony will not swarm, at least not until new
preparations for swarming take place, if the
circumstances are favorable to it. Henry
Alley says that after a queen has been three
days in the trap, she will be permitted to de-
stroy the cells. Acting upon these sugges-
tions, I waited two or three days, and then
returned the swarms from the hivers to the
old hives. I soon discovered that the major-
ity were swarming again repeatedly, even
twice a day. Investigation disclosed the fact
that only one queen had destroyed all the
cells, the others had only destroyed a part.
This was not entirely unexpected. It is ob-
vious that the swarms returned to the hive
and left in the hiver are not in the same
condition as those coming out with their
queens, hived in a new hive, and then re-
turned.

As to Henry Alley's assertion, I have to
say that so many conditions influence the
swarming of bees, that he may have suc-
ceeded under some circumstances, while he
might have failed entirely at some other
times.

Well, I then proceeded to destroy the queen
cells myself. Only three colonies quit
swarming ; all the others persisted in swarm-
ing as long as they had either a queen or
some brood from which to rear one. I per-
sisted in returning swarms and cutting cells,
and the bees persisted in swarming again
and again. Finally, four or five queens
' turned up missing,' probably were killed.
Then I acknowledged myself ' licked,' as Mr.
Hasty would put it, I divided some colo-
nies, and removed the queens from some
others.

Here I have gained an important point.
None of the colonies that had been hopeless-
ly queenless for some time (from three or
four days to nearly two weeks) offered to
swarm again. It seems that when they find
themselves without queens or brood (except
capped brood) they give up all swarming
notions and go to work. After new queens
were given, they still kept on working regu-
larly.

One or two points in regard to the con-
struction of the swarmer: Excepting the
one mentioned at the beginning of this arti-
cle, no queen, so far as I know, has passed
through the zinc. The cone ought to be
placed so that the bees are not likely to clus-
ter on the end of it, for when there is a clus-
ter, they cannot go in and out easily through,
the cluster.

The most serious objection to the self-
hiver, as I had it. was that it interferes con-
siderably with the ventilation of the hive.
My hives have ample entrances, the zinc be-

268

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

tween the hive and hiver was of large size
(4x8 inches) with a space behind; and I
thought that it would be sufficient. The
trouble is, that in hot days some of the work-
ers, and w hatever drones are in the hives,
cluster on the zinc and cone, and thereby
obstruct the holes, and not only interfere
with the ventilation, but also with the going
and coming of the honey-gatherers. The
drones live in the hive several days, being
fed there by the workers. This particularity
may sometimes be turned to advantage.
They can be easily destroyed, except those
that may be wanted for fertilization of young
queens. When the queens are out, the front
zinc of the hiver can be removed, and the
select drones permitted to come out. Clos-
ing the cone will effectually prevent the loss
of a swarm while the front zinc is open.

About .June 25th some of the colonies were
so large, and the weather so hot, that I had
to remove most of the zincs ( between the hive
and hivers) to insure better ventilation. I
left the zincs in front of the hivers. Even
thus reduced, the hiver was yet very useful,
as no swarm could go off. As a general rule
any swarm going out and returning will try
again very early the next day, if the weather
is favorable. As a returning swarm hangs
more or less outside the hiver for an hour or
two after returning, by visiting the apiary
between 10 a. m. and 12 o'clock, the apiarist
can tell which hives have swarmed, and need
attention.

After this experience, I doubt very much if
the Langdon and Aikm devices to prevent
swarming will work satisfactorily. I can
only repeat what I said before, that it de-
pends upon the circumstances ; as to work
always, I doubt it. The change from one hive
to another where the bees are equally crowd-
ed could not abate the swarming fever.
Mine swarmed from the hiver as well as they
did from the old hive.

The revolving stand of B. Taylor was also
a failure. The destruction of the queen cells
by the queens cannot do any more good than
when done by the apiarist. It seems very
difficult to prevent the swarming fever en-
tirely. We can give plenty empty room, but
not plenty empty comb as those who pro-
duce extracted honey do. Non-swarming
colonies get to be very strong, and therefore
more or less crowded.

Summing uj), I see three iioints which con-
form to the teachings of our leading writers,
viz. :

1st. The impossibility of preventing the
swarming fever entirely, when producing
comb honey. Of course the actual swarm-
ing could be prevented.

2nd. As long as the swarming fever lasts,
the colony is ' no good,' so far as gathering
surplus is concerned.

ord. The only ways to overcome the
swarming fever are these :

a. Allowing swarming, or an equivalent,
dividing. That is what Doolittle, Hutchin-
son, Heddon, etc., are doing. To obtain a
surplus, they turn over to the swarm as much
of the old force as possible, and whatever
surplus is gathered already. This does not
work very well here, for reasons that I will
explain some other time. The old colony —

well, I don't know, but by their reports, I
suppose that most of the time the old col-
ony is so weak that it dies the following win-
ter or spring.

It. Removing the queen and cells, and not
returning the queen (or another one) until
the colony has been hopelessly queenless for
some time. This is practiced by our most
extensive and most successful comb honey
producers, such as Manum, Hetherington,
Elwood, etc.

This will be my next year's experiment —
as a help similar to the self-hiver, I want to
try the following arrangement :

Have the hive so constructed that the en-
trance can lead either to the brood-nest or
to the supers. Add to the hive, or rather to
the brood-nest, a cone Hivina the necessary
ventilation and permitting the bees to come
out, but not to go back. At the opening of
the honey-flow close the brood-nest, place a
solid board between the brood-nest and the
supers, so as to cut off entirely the commu-
nication between the two, and fix the en-
trance so as to send the whole force into the
supers. Of course, the bees in the supers
having neither queen nor brood will be hope-
lessly queenless and give up (?) any notion
to swarm they may have. (Perhaps they
will, and perhaps they won't. ) The queen in
the brood-nest with only young bees will de-
stroy whatever queen cells may be started.
Three or four days later the board between
the supers and brood-nest can be removed,
and the usual brood-nest entrance opened
atrain. The operation can be repeated again
during the honey-flow, whenever swarming
mav occur.

I'll let you know in a year from now
whether the above scheme will work or not.
At any rate. I think if it fails as a non-swarm-
er. it will be splendid to start work in the
sections, and could also be used in lieu of
contracting the brood-nest, if this is desired
at the end of the season.

Knoxville, Tenn., July 10, 189.3."

As to what becomes of the old colony when
it is robbed of what surplus it may have on
hand at the time it swarms, also robbed of
its flying bees for the first week after swarm-
ing, I will say that it usually proves to be
the best possible kind of a colony the next
season. It has a young queen and it goes on
and raises enough bees for winter, besides
this, if it has swarmed early, it sometimes
furnishes some surplus besides. If either of
the two are likely to succumb, it is the swarm
with its old queen and contracted brood
nest. It must be given more combs in the
brood nest as soon as the white honey har-
vest is over, and fed a little if there is no
honey flow, or else it must be united with
some other colony. I have reference to
cases where severe contraction is practiced
— where only four or five Langstroth combs
or their equivalent are allowed in the brood
nest at the time of hiving.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

269

The idea of throwing the working force
into the supers instead of into another hive
is certainly novel, and just how it would
work is difficult to foresee. I honestly be-
lieve that one thing will lead on to another
until the prevention of swarming will even-
tually become practical and profitable.

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

<^ THINK the first honors this month be-
^ long to Willie Atchley, who is not yet
«^ seventeen, for an improvement in the
queen-rearing process. He changes the
Doolittle model on which the queen cups are
cast so that his cup represents the base of a
queen cell with }g inch of worker cell in the
bottom of it. The latter is flared so that a
real worker cell will slip in and wedge tight.
Now the inside of a cell in which brood has
been reared a few times is not wax, but
woven silk ; and when the comb is shaved
down with a razor as far as it can be without
disturbing the little larvae the silken base
can be lifted out with fine tweezers, jelly,
baby, cradle and all, and put securely into
its destined place. Time saved, baby saved
from bruises and punches, and the risk of
having the bees condemn the job saved to
some extent. I may add that it would be a
great saving to the operator's nerves, if he
were green like me instead of being experi-
enced like Willie. Gleanings illustrates his
invention on page 600.

Gleanings.

This time it is how a great oak has grown
and developed, and not the growth of a lit-
tle and recently sprouted acorn. A bit ago,
but longer ago than these papers. Prof. Cook
used to be in every number from once to
half a dozen times, with his bugs, and bee
plants, and bees, and rattlesnakes, and gen-
eral fund of wisdom. We miss him some-
what ; yet Gleanings seems well able to en-
dure the loss of any one writer. The oak
grows on still, though among its branches
one 'possum goeth and another 'possum
cometh. We also have half lost the " ever-
lasting foot-note." As this was Gleanings'
most prominent individuality it takes some
time to get used to doing without it ; but we

are coming on, and will accept the occasion-
al foot-note in the place of the everlasting
one ere long. And for the present we lose
the closing chapters of Langstroth's Remin-
iscences— unavoidably of course.

In return for these losses we have several
items of gain. The new department of Trade
Notes is one. This is designed to give prop-
er recognition to new devices which are of-
fered for sale. Having such a department
will keep the editor on the look-out for
something to put in it : and so the new hives
and " fixins " will not be so much in danger
of being overlooked. Good idea. Then we
have .lake Smith. Now Jake is a humorist
of considerable ability, and I have no desire
to blow cold on him ; but one thing I can't
get reconciled to, and that is the idea of
having two regular humorists appear in each
number of a bee magazine. Too open a
confession that apiculture is played out, and
that horse-laughs must take its place. I
don't believe the allegation, and therefore
incline to get a little ferocious toward any
editor who gives it countenance.

The most important of the recent changes
is the appearance of Wallace P. Root as a
writer. In this world some workers are
greatly overpraised, and some are as greatly
nnderpraised. Wallace is one of the under-
praised ones. Probably not one-half of
those who read and love Gleanings have any
idea how much the eminence and stability
of that paper is owing to Wallace P. Root —
its accurate proof reader, its tasteful make-
up man, its translator of languages, its sten-
ographer, its general utility man and facto-
tum. Readers have noted the phrase "our
stenographer" perhaps; but whether his
name was Adam or Melchizedek they did'nt
remember. Possibly my impression may be
a little astray, but my idea of the man is that
he has for many years been '• singing the
whole gamut " — doing, on occasion, pretty
much everything from writing editorials to
picking up the peanut shells which careless
people throw on the floor. Now that he not
only writes articles but signs them, we owe
him a "howdy" and shake of the hand.
And, friend Wallace, seeing you are still half
a stranger to many to whom you ought to be
as household words, quit that W. P. R. — get
out of bare bones, and sit with your alpha-
betical flesh on.

Now as to his present series of articles on
the old bee books. Of course we must not
expect warm blood out of cold turnips, nor

270

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

much scientific accuracy in apicultural lit-
erature several generations old. And very
little practical light as to how we can best
produce honey in this year of grace 185)3 is
to be had from such a source. It is sufficient
for the occasion if Wallace makes us pleas-
antly acquainted with the contents of these
queer volumes without the trouble and ex-
pense of owning and reading them — and a
heavy spanking for the groveling bread and
butter man who don't want to know the
ancient status of his handycraft. If the
ancients knew little of bees they scribbled
about them diligently all the same, as we
read that about 400 works were compiled for
the oldest save one of the volumes reviewed
(Samuel Purchas 16.57,)

" Probably the English of those days never
dreamed that queenliood and utility ever exist
in the same body, and hence a queen in the hive
was supposed to be as useless as one on the
throne."

The oldest of the lot is Butler's Feminine
Monarchy (1609), which is two years older
than our English Bible, and 166 years before
the Revolution. But the title is proof that
Butler knew more than some log gum chaps
of the present generation— did'nt call her
" the old king." He also gives us the germ
of the modern frame in wooden bars at the
top to which combs were built. He notices
that bees have poor eyesight — the cause and
extent of which is to this day unsettled. He
knew (what our average population have not
yet learnedj that it was usually safe to walk
quietly around among bees, while in standing
still near their entrances one catches it.
And (human nature) he was distressed as
much as we are by the ignorance of those
who went before him. And, anon, he tells
how bees were made to build a miniature
church, with steeple and windows and bells,
A Catholic woman slyly brought home the
communion wafer in her mouth and gave to
them.

Rusden Q679) having got queens to lay in
his hand, found in the fact proof exactly op-
posite to the truth — they were kings ! Lots
of Rusdens with us still — make up their
minds how a thing is first, and then what-
ever turns up is proof.

" In 1685 Stelluti published a description of
the parts of a bee which he had examined
throiigh a microscope."

Here the morning dawns at last. Of

course dunderheads will continue for a few

generations to ignore the morning light and

reiterate the midnight traditions, but the end

is no longer in doubt.

And how about the other strong men of
Gleanings ? A. I, is still at high pressure
gardening and strawberries ; and Ernest
nicely holds the even tenor of his way at
editing. Both with great facility are flash-
ing to and fro upon their wheels, Ernest af-
ter bee facts, and his father after garden
facts. By the way the latter 's wheel gained
terribly upon the wheels of Time and Gen-
esis when he got the heathen children, born
under the ministrations of John Williams,
parading and carrying banners just one year
from the good missionary's arrival. Never
mind. Somebody's Christian teaching saved
the children from being murdered. But
what a solemn thing is impartial history.
The same John Williams who spread the
name of Christ spread also the curse of to-
bacco wherever he went. But those young
folks at Medina, especially that little boy
who moved his playthings out of sight of the
circus when he had made up his own mind
not to go, I don't see as any discount comes
in there. May some reviewer sometime
write " Huber Root, the best editor, take him
all in all, that Gleanings ever had."

Our Rambler still rambles, and improves
as he goes. Our Miller still grinds — grinds
straw — but lo, out of the butt end of the
straw there spins a stream of good flour.
And our Doolittle still contrives to do a little
in the interests of apiculture. After so many
years of writing, for so many different pa-
pers, the way Mr. Doolittle maintains the
freshness and interest and practical utility
of his writings is certainly very remarkable.
Time was when he was showered thick with
praises. Of late the fraternity seem to have
quit off from praising him — perhaps on the
same principle that Homer refrains from
praising the beauty of Helen — a man must
be a fool not to know without telling that
Helen was beautiful. But as some brethren,
in whom I fear the wish is the father of the
thought, venture to hint, or more than hint,
that Doolittle has written himself out, per-
haps it would not be a bad plan for us once
more to say what we think of our foremost
apiculturist. I sample recent utterances as
below.

Does rain cause robbing ? No.

" During a lieavy yield of lioney, bees seem al-
most glad of a rest for at least 24 hours." Page

6;?s."

" In all my experiencp for the faster) years, I
have never known of a single eyg being conveyed
from one cell to another ; but in scores of cases I
have known larvae to be transferred." Page
556.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

271

A grand tangle of four prime swarms in
one day put 178 little larvae into as many
queen cups they had made.

"A hive that has 20 lbs. of honey in it on the
first day of April will, as a rule, give double the
beee at the commencement of the clover harvest
that one will which has only five lbs." Page 5U.

"One bee load of nectar from the basswood,
in a dry warm time, is equal to three from white
clover, or iive_ from the teasel " [So little
water.] Page iiO.

Cutting foundation.

" One day when I was in a great hurry I drew
the knife through the foundation as quickly as
possible, when, lo and behold ! the whole stick-
ing matter was solved," Page 296.

TAKEN TO THE BARN.

I'm sorry to see how editor Alley gives way
to his besetting fault in the August Apicul-
turist. Several offenses, of which this is the
worst.

" The Canadian Bee Journal has been burned
out. Since that paper published a batch of lies
concerning the editor of the Api. we have no
special interest in it."

My boy, Christianity centuries ago shut
down on this sort of thing ; and that ought
to have been sufficient, but somehow it was
not. Of late years Civilization has taken up
the job which Christianity seemed unable to
complete. She actually bears down hard on
those who give the word "lie," even if the
charge is in a measure true. She ruminates
on general principles that black lies of the
worst degree are not common ; but twisting
the truth, and ignoring the truth, is so fear-
fully common that usually there is lots of it
on both sides when two editors quarrel. As
a rule you can't get her to look deeper than
these general principles : and she feels mis-
erably bored to hear editors call each other
liars under such circumstances. And this
further offense — dancing an Indian war
dance over your adversary the minute a great
calamity overtakes him — she loathes that
particular offense. And she's safe to wreck
the prosperity of any paper or editor who
persists any great length of time in keeping
that far in the Dark Ages. There, my son, I
hope I shall never have to take you to the
stable again.

The General Round Up

Dr. Miller had a young queen pipe while
he was holding her cell in his fingers. With
the sound he felt a surprisingly strong Jar.
Of course if the spunky little lady could jar
so big a man she could jar the whole hive
when in it ; and now our best evidence that
bees can hear has gone glimmering. What
scamps investigators are I

Friend Miller also finds that sheep crowd
hives out of place as bad as cows, and worse
than horses. Rabbits then ? My"animile" .
is the hoe ; but he crowds me out of place
too much.

Just notice how the workers at the bee
escape are drifting in company toward an
intermittent e's,c».\)e, one that first frightens
the bees, and then lets them loose in a flock
outside the hive, within smelling distance of
the entrance. Don't all say "My inven-
tion " at once, boys. Friend Handel hon-
estly reports that his cost- nothing paper es-
cape fails badly when there are crowds of
drones and young bees.

The experience of improved agriculture
driving out bees has recently been repeated
in no less classic a place than Bethlehem, the
birth place of the Lord. See Baldensper-
ger's article. Gleaninys 632.

S. F. Trego in queen breeding helps out
the work of his select mother by having the
cells started with hybrid larvae, and then
picking them out and putting in pure ones.
Gleanings .528.

Muth says the night temperature must be
above 5.5^ else white clover will not yield.

J. D. Fooshe judges the time when, and
the quality how good, of his bees destined to
raise queens by the plaintive moan they send
up when the hive is opened. When they sob
out " We've no mother at all, and not a baby
in the house," then they can be trusted.

Thousands of pounds of foundation, in
which mineral wax is one ingredient are sold
in Germany. So says H. Reepen. A. B. J.
206. There appears to be no attempt at con-
cealment, and a general what-you-going-to-
do-about-it feelin. .

Alberti, a German editor, cut off a branch,
thoroughly clearing it of honey dew and in-
sects, and made it exude more honey dew
while in his room. I suppose he would say
to our doubters, " Vhot kinds mit insect hon-
ey ish dot ?"

If ants bother you read Dayton (A. B. J.
112) and be cheerful again — and thankful
you are not in California.

•Jennie Atchley has found the best place,
and is going there.

And anon Reepen pokes fun at our Doolit-
tle because he has to kill bees to see what
they carry. (We do kind o' like to see
Damascus blade cross Damascus blade. ) As
for himself, the tiny drop a bee can be made
to disgorge is sufficient not only to taste but
to remember. Then he catches bees at the

272

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

hive and tells what flower they have visited.
My. my, my ! See ^. B. J. 109.

Wanted to condense the Langstroth arti-
cles in the last Apiculturist but, alas, must
postpone.

Richards, Lucas Co., Ohio, Aug. 21, '9:?.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Muti's ::::^

lEY EXTRACTOR
PERFECTION
-Blast Smokers,

S^IUAre eia^ss Hoijcy J^^rs, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to Chas. F. Muth & Son,
Cor. Freeman & Central Aves., Cincinnati, O.
SendlOc. for Practical Hints to BeeKeepers.

1-93-tf. Please li/lenfion the Reuieie.

—If you are soing to —

BxJy a buzz - SA\sr,

write to the editor of the Keview. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
make you happj; by telling you the price at
which he would sell it.

IMPORT AIMT^-^

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
beoH that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gained a good name on
their own merits- Those who have tested them
with other bees say "they are the best honey
gatherers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, Ijeautifnl to look at, are tlie largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

FIVE-BRflDED WOt?KEJ?S

In March, April and May, 81.25 each, 6 for $6.00;
.June, Si (HI each, (i for $5.(K); .July to Nov., $1.00
eacii, t) for Sl.TiO. S[)ecial prices on large orders.
For full particularH send for descriptivecircular.

12-fl2-tf C. D DUVALL.

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

Illnstraied Adverllseinents Attract Attention.

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establishment in the world. First-
class Second-hand Instruments at half new prices.
Unpreiudiced advice given on all makes. Ma-
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EXCHANGING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER j 31 Broadway, New York.
HEADQUARTERS, ( l^e Monroe St., Chicagow

Bind Your Back Volumes.

The back volumes of tlio Review are some-
what different from those of some journals ;
many of them are, to a large extent, little pam-
phlets devoted to the discussion of special top-
ics. For this reason they will always bo partic-
ularly valuable for reference. But how provok-
ing it is when desiring to consult some back
number, to find that that particular number is
missing— has been lost or mislaid. To avoid
such annoyance, some have fastened together
the issues of each year by tacking them together
with wire nails, or something of the sort. This
is better tlian nothing, but there is a lack of
flexibility, the book does not open out easily so
that it can be read, there is no protection to the
outside leaves, besides there is nothing hand-
some about such an arrangement.

Tliere is a book binder here in Flint that does
excellent work at a fair price. He will put the
first five volumes of the Review into one hand-
some volume with morocco back and corners,
putting the title on the back in gilt letters, and
giving the edges of the leaves a neat, reddish
tinge — all for $1.2.5.

Send me your back numbers, either by mail or
express, and I will get the work done and return
the book when bound, making no charge for my
services, as the binder allows nie a small com-
mission, and should any of your back numbers
or volumes be missing, I shall be glad to furnish
them as long as the supply lasts, simply charg-
ing the regular price for them, which is as fol-
lows: Vols. I and II, five cents a copy; Vol. Ill,
four cents a copy ; Vols. IV and V, eight cents a
copy.

The time will soon come when some of the
back numbers will be difficult to obtain, and if
yon care for the Review complete from the be-
ginning, nicely bound, now is the time to attend
to it. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

HONEY HLHIHKHG

Cuts rnrnlslied for all illnstratlng Purposes.

f^ND Bee Books,

OF ALL. KINDS,

A LARGe Stock.

MV NEW ll.l.rsTK.VTED

Ciitiilotfue anil I'riic List <if Siii>|>lie»
II' the Apiiiiy will In- wi'iil free to all
who niiiy apply. Send a postal card
for it. writing your name and address
iplalnlv. Kor'every Order of $10.00
^and over, I will make you a present.
The Catalogue tells you all about It.
T. Gt. Newman, 147 So.Western Ave., Chicago.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

273

j Names of Bee - Keepers. [

a TYPE WRITTEN. ^

BBBBBEEBBBEBEBECBEEEEiaEEEE

The names of my cnstomers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have Iseen saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thoasand all
arranged alphabetically Un the largest States) .
and. although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at S2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2.50
per 1000. but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I can furnish them
at $2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

GATGHIILL

The orders for un-
tested queens at 7.t cts each : six for $4,00. Test-
ed queens, $1 50 each, three for $4.00. Two-
frame nucleus with any queen $1.50 each, extra.
Safe arrival guaranteed. ~i 93-1 1

W.J. ELLISON, Catchall, S. G.

Great Reduction.

SECTIONS AT GREATLY REDUCED

PRICES.
HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, &c.. AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.

WRITE FOR FREE. ILLUSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

1-93-tf. Please mention the Review.

'@.

Second Hsvnd I

©

€)

J, %^^ Supplies. I

the ^^^„ ©

second .s^

hand supplies that
1 have been advertis-
ing in the Review, the
following remain unsold : —

100 old-style, Heddon surplus
cases at 20 cts. (as a non-separatored
case, they have no superior) : 25 slatted
honey boards at 10 cts. ; 20 Heddon feeders
at 40 cts. ; and half a dozen single - comb
nuclei for exhibiting bees at fairs. They
have glass sides, removable covers and are
painted a bright vermillion. They cost
$2.00 each, but will be sold at half - price.
All these are practically as good as new.

W.Z, HUTCHINSON. Flint. MicWiaii.

The fiolden Beayties.D

Our five-banded Italian queens, warranted
purely mated, at 75 cts each ; two for $1.25.
Tested, $1.00 each ; two for $1.50. Safe arri-
val guaranteed C. B. BANKSTON
2-93-tf Chriesman, Texas.

Dadant's Gomli Foundation.

Wholesale and Retail. Even our competitors
acknowledge that our goods are the Standard
of their kind. Langstroth on tlie Honey
Bee, Revised. New edition. Bee Veils;
and veil material at wholesale. Bee Supplies,
Sections, Smokers, etc Samples of Founda-
tion and veil stuff with circular free. Instruc-
tions to beginners Send your address to

GH&S. DAD&NT & SON, Hamilton, ills.

Hastings' Lightning Ventilated Bee Escape.

AGRICtII.TL'BAX CoLLKGE, Mioh. ScOt. 17, '9^

"I have used the Lightning Bee Escapes you
sent and find them certainly the equal of the
Porter, and their superior for the reason that
thev will emptv a super more rapidlv."

"Yours respectfully, J. H. LARRABEE.
'•It is our opinion that you have the best Bee
Escape ever introduced."

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

HoNOLCLf. Hawaiian Islands. April 25, *92.

''Please send rae bv return mail 5 Lightning

Tentilated Bee E^cape^. I have the Porter, and

the Dihbern and they both clog.""

Tours truly, JOHX FARXSWORTH.

Price, ^7 mail, each, 20c. per doz. $2.25.

□ pie and after a trial yoD

no other.

nt on application.

Valley, N. Y.. March 20, "93.

*'i shall take pleasure in recommending them
as the best I have ever used.

Truly yours, J. E. HETHERIXGTON.
"We believe you have an Escape that 'downs*
the Porter.'*

T. PHILLIP & CO., Orillia. Ont., Canada.
•'Your Escape kn«x;ks out all competitors.'*

A. J. LIN'DLEY, Jordan. Ind.

"They did not clog, and cleared the supers

rapidly. In factit is the best Escape I have

yet used, I cannot speak too highly of it. and

consider it a great boon to bee-keepers."

Vr. E. CLARK, Oriskany, N. Y,

M. E. HASTINGS, HEW YORK MILLS, ONEIDA CO.,N.Y.

274

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Cut tie Price.

This is what Mr. G. E. Dawson of Car-
lisle, Ark., writes me. You may remem-
ber that he is the man who got no or-
ders. He is raising good queens and is
bound that they shall be tried, hence
he offers them as follows : Untested,
65 cts. ; three for $1.75 ; six for 13.00;
twelve for $.5.00. Tested, $1.25. Select
tested, yellow to the very tip, $1.50.
— Ed. Review.

Pleaf" mention *he Review.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Doqe at the Review.

NOTICE OUR PRICES.

No. 1 Sections $2.75 per 1,00(1. Thiii, surplus
foandation, best quality, 50 cis per pound.
A full line of supplies, includinjj Koot's Dove-
tailed Hives, on baud. Send for circular and
free sample of foundation 5 93-tf

J. H. & A .li. BOYDEN,

Saline, Mich.

GO TO

HEAD
QUARTERS

FOR 4 AND 5 BANDED

mm ri'rrn^

Special, breeding queen, $5.00

Best, select, tested, 3.00

Tested 2.50

Untested 1.00

" per dozen, 9.00

L. L. HEARN.
7-93-tf Oakvale, W. Va.

Please mention the Review.

GOLDEN 'T»Li»H QUEENS

Now ready for $1.00 each. Do not order your
supplies until you see our circular for 1893. For
the price, we have the best spraying outfit made.
Send $1.50 and Kot one. Wm. H. BRIGHT,
l-93-12t Mazeppa, Minn.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOK. 189S.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BROWN,
1-88-tf. Aug:u8ta, Georgia.

Pleasfi mention the Reuiew

^ju^^sm^^m£^^^mu-^smm^^&

QUEENS

For $1.50 I will jen^I
the Review for 1893
And 2v fipe, young,
levying, ItzvliAp queep.
Queen Alone, 75 cts. For $1.75 I will sen<I the
Review, the queen An<l ** Aclvanced Bee Cul-
ture." Tested queen5» $ 1 -00. The Review And

A tested queen % 1 .75
A discount on lArge
order?. W. Z. Hutch-
inson, Flint, A\icb-

m

REVIEW

hm^nMi^s^^diSi^im'^SixiiMifii^^msM

THE SEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

275

Tbc Cbzvnf^pioo SrooKcr.

The ORIGINAL curved nozzle, steel lined, Bel
lows Smoker. The fire-chainber is S'ixT inches
with a corrngated steel lining, which allows a cold
current of air to pass between lining and outside
shell: keeps the outer shell cool and more than
doubles the durability of tlu- Smoker. It has a fobce
draft, and spabk-arhestini; cone connection be
tween bellows and fire-eliamber ; a base-valve to
either keep or extinguish thi- fire at pleasure; and
a removable spark-arrestiug GRATE in the curved
nozzle.

Price, by mail, f 1.90: by express, S1.65
If your supply dealer cannot supply you, write
to the manufacturer,

E. KRETCHA\ER, R«<I OaH, Iowa.
Bee Supply t'atalog of To Illustrated Pages, free.

HONEY

Superior Quality ; Price L.ow.

/Vbout the

NEW HIVE.

A5K for He<l(ion's Circularj. A<I<lress
Jf\S. HEDDOfl, DowAgiAC, TA'Cb-

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundatiou and sec-
tions; warranted good as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the most favorable
conditions ever offered on foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list of a fxill line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT.

1-93-tf Bell Branch, Mich.

Bee Hives and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Langstroth-Simplicity, Standard
Langstroth, Dovetailed and Champion Chaff
Hives, Supers, One- Piece Sections and Shipping
Cases. Foundatiou. Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16-page Circular.
1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH, New Loncjon, Wis.

Please mention the Revieva*

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,
FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWRY JOHNSON.

1-93-tf. Masontown, Pa.

Bee - Keepers' Head - Quarters— The Louisana Hotel !

EUROPEAN PLAN. H. L.DAILEY, MUR.

Located at the Corner of 71st St. and Ave. B, Two Blocks from the South Side of World's

Fair Grounds, and One Block East of Stony Island Avenue and Parkside Station.

Nearly 300 Large, Light and Well- Ventilated Rooms. All modern Conveniences. Hot and Cold
Water on every floor. Free Baths Electric Call Bells. Lighted with Gas an Electricity. Steam
and Electric Cars pass near the Door every 1.5 minutes.

Rates— 50c, 150, aiitl $1.00 w Day. Meals, 25c. and DDwaril.

Hoir to Reach the Hotel. Parties arriving on the Baltimore & Ohio R R., take the
World's Fair train ar tlie Rock island Junction to the Exposition Depot, opposite the Louisiana
hotel; or if you arrive on any of these railroads— Big 1, Nickle Plate, Lake Shore, Pennsylvania,
Michigan Central, or Illinois Central - Get off at Grand Crossing and take an Electric Car to Park-
side Station. If you arrive at the Main Depot of any other R. R., take lUinois Suburban (South
Chicago) train to said Parkside Station, and walk one block east.

276

THE BEE-KEEPERS* REVIEW,

SHiPi*iisra

— AND —

Pasteboard Boxes or Cartons,

Everything used by Bee - Keepers. Catalogue and Price List free. Ask for a copy of the
AMERICAN HEE- KEEPER (.tO cts. a year) especially for besinnere

Til© "W. T. ^A-IjOON-BR, ^^FQ. CO., Jamesto-wn, N. "ST.

PATENT. WIRED, COMB FOUNDATION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

TMii, Flat - Bottom Foaudattou

HAS NO FISHBONE IN SURPLUS HONEY.

Being tlie cleanest, it is usually
-worked quicker tban any fdn. made.
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,
(SOLE MANtJFACTUBEBS),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook, Mont. Co.,N.Y

The Bee- Keepers*

EMTERPRI5E.

A cyclopedia of fresh, bright, original ideas
pertaining to Bee-Culture, carefully selected and
boiled down for busy people. Published niontlily
at .50 cts— sent from now until .Tan. !•."> for 50 cts.

BURTOiH L. SAGE, /Sew Hz^v^n.Copp.

Italian Qixe^ns

From imported mother, warranted purely mated,
$1.00 each; six at one time, $5.U0. Untested
queens, 65 cts each.

C. A. BUNCH,
7-93-2t Nye, Marshall Co., Ind.

"Golden"

Florida.

My location enables me to rear good queens
N O W as cheaply as they can be reared in the
North at anytime. Untested queens, 75 cts.
each ; 6 for $4.(X) ; one dozen, $7. .50. Last year's
tested queen, $1.25; select, $1.75; breeder, $2.50.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guarauteerl. 41-92-tf

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

Early Queens From Texas,

From my choice golden stock. My bees are
very gentle, good workers, and beautiful. Safe
arrival and .satisfaction guaranteed. One un-
tested queen, April and May, $1.00 ; six for $5.00 ;
later. 75c. Orders booked now; money sent
when queens are wanted. Send for price list.
J. D. GIVEN8,

Lisbon. Texas.

7-93-9f.

Please mention the Review.

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send $l.u0
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
for his

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

Please mention the Reuiem.

BEES

QUEEN'S,

SECTIONS, SMOKEBS,
^^^^^^^ COMB FOtJNDATION

And all .\piarian Supplies. Send for Catalogue.
£. T. FLANAGAN, Belleville, 111.

Please mention the Review.

Just Splendid.

Mr. Alley— The queen 1 got of you last fall is
just splendid ! She is the best qneen in an api-
ary 150 colonies. 1 would not take $10 for her.
John A. Pease, Moravia, Calif.
Price of such queens is $l.(i() each.

HENRY ALLEY,

VVenham, Mass.

-4 THE PROGRESSIVE BEE - KEEPER ip

ila-s Otian-ged £lGLXicis. .It is now Fu.tolisli.eci toy tln.e

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

HIgginBTille, Missouri.

Money, Experience and Enterprise will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicates. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 28-page Catalogue of Apiarian Supplies.

OCT., 1893.

At Fliqt, Miclr\igar\.— Oqe Dollar a Year.

270;

THE BEE-KEEPERS' HEVIEW.

ADVEt^TISlHG t^ATES.

All advertieements will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cente per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make 1 inch.
Discounts will be given as follows :

On 10 lines and upwards, S times, 5 per cent ; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 percent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 80 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On »0 lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing liist.

1 will send The Review with—

Gleanings, (81.00)

American Bee Journal. . . . ( 1.00}

( 'anadian Bee Journal . . . ( 1.00)

American Bee Keeper . ( .50) .

Progressive Bee Keeper... { .50)...

Bee Keepers' Guide ( .."iO)

Apiculturist ( .75)

Bee-Keepers' Enterprise. . ( .50)

.81.75.
. 1.75.
. 1.7.5.
. 1.40.
. 1 30.
. 1.40.
. 1.65.
1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading houey were
adopted by the North American Bee Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well fiUed, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed; both wood and
comb unsoUed by travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there will be " fsincy white,"
"No. 1 dark,"' etc.

■ KANS.AS CITY, Mo.— We quote as follows:
No. 1 white, 15 to 16; No 1 amber, 12 to 14; No. 1
dark, 10 tol2 ; white extracted, 6 Vi to 7 ; amber
extracted, 5!4 to 6; dark extracted, 5 to 6. Bees-
wax, 20 to 22.

Sep. 27.

CLEMONS-MASON CO.,
521 Walnnt St., Kansas City Mo.

NEW YORK— The new crop of extracted from
California and the South is arriving very freely.
There is a limited demand and prices have a
downward tendency. We quote as follows:
White extracted, 6'/4 to 7 ; Amber, 6 to 6'/j; Dark,
5H to 6. Beeswax, 26 to 27.

HILDRETH BROS. & SEGELKEN,

July 7. 28 & 30 West Broadway New York.

CINCINNATI, Ohio. Demand from manufac-
turers for extrflcted honey is slow, while that for
table use is fair. It brings from 5 to 8 cts., ac-
cording to Quality. Choice comb honey is in
g'lod demand at from 14 to ;6 cts. Arrivals are
good for all kinds of honey. Beeswax is in slow
demand while arrivals are large. It brings 20 tf)
23 cts. for good to choice yellow wax.

("HAS. F. MUTH&SON..

Sept. 26. (Mncinnati, Ohio.

CHICAGO, 111. — Choice white comb honey
in one-pound sections brines 15 to 16 cts, per
pound. It is selling very well and we have very
little surplus— are liable to b ■ cleanedout at any
time. The receipt* ar« liberal, but, with the
good demand that exists, thev are readily sold.
Dark comb sells slowly, no matter what the
grade. Beeswax is 22 cts

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,

Sep. 27. 161 So. Water St., Chicago. 111.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn., - We are receiving
large shipments of honey but they are mostly of
poor quality. Fancy white is helling at 18 to 20
cts., but we are cleaning in> more No. 1 white at
16 cts. than anything else. We quote as follows :
Fancy white, 18 to 20; No. 1, 16 ; fancy amber. 15 ;
fancy dark, 14; white extracted, 7H to 8; dark
extracted, 6^4 to Wi, No sale for beeswax.
J. A. SHEA & CO.,
116 First Ave., North, Minneapolis, Minn.

Sept. 27,

CHICAGO. Ill— Honey.- We want honey, and
ask you to ship all you have at once. Quote
fancy selling at 16; choice. 15; No. 2, 13 to 14;
poor, 12. With prospects of a large crop, we ad-
vise early shipments to the market, and can
guarantee satisfaction. Extracted selling at 5(4
to 7, depending on color, flavor style of package,
and quantity buyer will take. Beeswax 22 to 24,
and we have no stock on hand.

Sept. 1. 8. T. FISH & Co.,

189 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

BUFFALO. N Y.— The demand is improving
considerably for honey, and we could now handle
quite liberal quantities. We will advance from
10 to 11 cts. on all strictly No. 1., and liberally
on lower grades. We quote as follows: Fancy
white. 15 to 16: No. 1 whit«, 4 to 15; fancy am-
ber, 12 to 14; No. 1 amber. 10 to 12: fancy dark.
9 to 11; No. 1 dark, 9 to 10: white extracted, 7
to 8 ; dark extracted, 5 to 6 ; beeswax, 22 to 25.
BATTERSON * CO .

Sep. 26. 167 & 169 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

CHICAGO III.— We are receiving plenty of
honey— four times the amount that we were re-
ceiving last year at this time. The weather is
cool, and, consequently, business is picking up
in the honey line, considering the abundance of
fancy stock on the market With the scarcity of
fruits and the high price of other products, we
predict a good trade in honey this month. We
quote as follows : Fancy white, 15 to 16 ; No. 1
white, 15; fancy amber, 14; No. 1 amber, 14;
fancy dark. 11 ; white extracted, 7 ; amber ex-
tracted, 6 ; dark extracted, 5 ; beeswax, 20 to 22.
J. A. LAMON.

Sep. 27. 44 &48 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

279

mirv^KH LOSSES

Are not always the result of the same cause. They j©)

may come from starvation ; from poor food ; from H

improper preparations ; from imperfect protection ; from p=^

a cold, wet, or possibly a poorly ventilated cellar; 'W

etc., etc. Successful wintering- comes from a proper [^

combination of different conditions. For clear, con- ]©)

cise, comprehensive conclusions upon these all-im- H

portant points, consult "Advanced Bee Culture." j^

Five of its thirty - two chapters treat as many different .'^

phases of the wintering problem. r^

Price of the book, 50 cts. ; the Review one 3^ear and the '©)
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian. ' IMI

W. Z. HOTCHlNSOfl, Flint, Mich.

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OF BEE HIVES, SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM.

193-12t. RIVER FALLS. WIS.

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cat represents our

Combined Circular and

Scroll Saw. which is the

best machine made for

Bee Keepers' use in the

construction of their hives,

sections, boxes, etc.

11 -92-1 6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOR CATALOGUE, PBIOKS, ETC.,

Address W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rockford, tils.

Please mention the Review.

Oil, Maiiiiiia !

Have you heard of the

200-Piige Uaml

given to every .^'E^V
Subscriber to the old

AMERICAN

BEE JOURNAL?

Oldest, Largest, Best,
Cheapest and the only
Weekly Bee -Paper
in America. 32-pages ;
; ^1 a year. Sample free

GEO.W.YORK^CO

56 Fifth Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL.

To New Subscribers : The Jou nal Alone
Sent for Three Mjnths for Twenty Cents.

BEE-KEEPERS'

SURRLY HOUSE

J. H. M COOK, 78 Barclay St. N. Y. City.

(SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING.)

4-93-tf Send for illustrated Catalogue

280

THE BEE-KEEPERS' HE VIEW.

'0M

m
^^
m.

%
%

m

m

*

f

pop Only BOCts.

*J^* HIS journal has a big circulation because it is made up of

practical ideas, good printing and paper, and tirst-class original engravings

yes, lots of 'em ; in fact, because it has MERIT. But merit alone won't

boom the circulation ; so we propose to offer it TO NEW SUBSCRIBERS
from now until January, 18!)5, for $1.00. For $2.50 we will send the
journal to new subscribers from now until January, 1895, and one of those
new, imoroved. Crane smokers, postpaid. Crane smoker alone, $2.00. Send
for our free, illustrated, 52-page catalogue of bee-keepers supplies and sample
copy of Gleanings.- ^^^^k.

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, 0.

CANADIAN

BEE JOURNAL.

Enlarged. Improved. ¥ionthly. R. F.
HOLTERMAN Editor. Sample Copies Free.
Address the Publishers, GOOLD SHAPLEY
& MUIR CO., Ld. Brantford, 0 t . Canada.

To hold twelve, Vi sectious, or fourteen 7-
to-the-foot, at $B.OO per 1(K)— with Klass, $6.65.
They are of fine material, and the workman-
ship is of the best. Send for free price list of
everything needed in the apiary. 9-93 tf

M. H. HUNT, Boll Branch, Mich.

Please mention the Review

w@%f^^'to''y''''MC^^i^^4^^i>$i^^i^OO^H^^t^ ^^d^

I ?OJ?T€}? 0C€ esc JiP€& ^" ""' "^'""" '""'"''"■

"* best, and highly rpcomnnnded

as grcH! hitxn-siivinK iniplemente by ('has. Dadaiit & Son, Prof A. J. C'ook. Chns. F. Mutli,
Jno. 8. Kcosc, .1. H. Martm, Jno. .\ndrewe, F. A. Gemmill, Wm. McEvoy, .\ F. Brov<ni
Thop. Pierce, and many other ijrominent bee-keepers. Descriptive circular and testimo-
nials mailed free. PRICES: each, postpaid, with directions, 20 cte. ; per doz., ^2.25.

RETU N THEM AND GET YOUR MONEY BACK AFTER TRIAL. IF NOT SATISFIED. For salp hy dealers.
MNTION THE REVIEW. Aiklnss R. &. E. C. PORT ER, LEWISTOWN, ILU

Of^©

\eepeps' JKeviecu'.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Iqterests of Hoqey Producers.
$1,00 A YEAR.

W. Z.HUTCHir*SOr», EditoP & Pi»op.

VOL, VI, FLINT, MICHIGAN, OCT, 10. 1893. NO. 10.

AV^ork at IM^idiigan's

Experiraental

Apiary.

B. L. TAYIiOE, APIABIST.
U.SE OF FOUNDATION IN THE BBOOD-CHAMBEB.

T desire in this
X article to set
forth briefly the
chnracter and re-
sults of the exper-
iments niatle in
the apiriry to test
the comparative
vain e of comb,
foundHtiun and
starters when
used in thebrood-
chamber for
swarms, and in addition thereto to call at-
tention to what the experiments seem to dis-
close touching the comparative advantage
of swarms of different sizes. In the main
all this can be best accomplished by the use
of tables which I have prepared and which
are presented Kerewith.

It was not till the 27th of June that I was
able to pnt i.ilo operation my plans for
making tliB.ie tests. I prepared twelve hives,
four of which were furnished with comb,
four with foundation, and four with starters
only. Tne hivts prepared with comb were
designated by llie numbers one to four in-
clusive with the letter A, those with founda-

tion in like manner with the letter B, and
those with starters with the same numbers
and the letter C, and each hive was marked
with the proper designation and its weight.
Then in each case when a swarm issued,
which was to be used for making this test, it
was secured in a basket and weighed before
hiving : the supers also, whether taken from
the old hive at the time of swarming or sup-
plied subsequently, were carefully weighed
before they were put in place and a record
made on the spot of all items. By referring
to table A all these will be found in the three
columns following the date of hiving except
of course the weight of the cases subsequent-
ly adjusted which appears further along. I
ought also to say that in each case the hive
with the bees and cases was re- weighed early
on the morniag subsequent to the hiving in
order to detect and thereby correct any
change which might chance to take place be-
fore the swarm became settled in its new
home. The only change it was found neces-
sary to make was the addition of the frac-
tion of a pound to the weight of the bees
which may be supposed to be accounted for
by the presen e in the morning of bees which
at the time of swarming were afield.

Other data for table A were obtained by
weighing the several hives, bees, supers and
all upon three different dates, viz., the 6th,
12th, and the 19th of -July (thus dividing the
time of the test into three nearly equal peri-
ods) and by weighing the cases of honey
separately on .July 19th, at the end of the
time given to the test. These data with the

282

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

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THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

283

Previous ones enable me to state the exact
total gain of each colony for each of the
three periods, the gain of each colony in the
an[iount of comb honey together with the
gain in the weight of the hive for the entire
time. From these I deduce the gain per
pound of bees of each colony for each of the
three periods as well as for the entire time,
and also the gain in the weight of the hive
and the gain in the amount of comb honey
for the whole time.

It will be noticed by reference to the ta-
bles that almost nothing has been made of
3A and 2C. The explanation of this is that
the latter persisted in its desire to swarm
until it eventually lost a considerable part of
its bees by their uniting with another swarm
and the former, within a day or two after
swarming, in some way lost its queen and
dispersed more or less in consequence. The
only question with regard to the propriety
of this course arises when we consider table
C wherein the comparative advantages of
large and small swarms are weighed. Per-
haps 2C should have been permitted to cut
some figure in that for it clearly illustrates
one of the disadvantages of very large
swarms.

Table B is a summary of table A and puts
the tables of each group of colonies em-
ployed in the experiment side by side so that
the general results are seen at a glance.

Table C is derived from table A and puts
in contrast the work of the stronger colonies
of each group with that of the weaker ones
of the same group, and table D is an epitome
of table C.

Now what do the tables teach with regard
to the comparati > e profit of the use of start-
ers, foundation, and comb in the brood
chamber as well as with regard to the advan-
tage of larger and smaller swarms ? It
would be too much to expect that upon either
of these points the results shown by the sev-
eral hives taken separately would invariably
point in the same direction. There are so
many inscrutable influences at work that we
may well look for unexplainable vagaries in
the revelations of individual hives. It is
largely for this reason that I think the wri-
ter who in one of the apicultural journals
recently very flatteringly intimated that the
results obtained in the experiments at this
branch of the Michigan experiment station
would be conclusive, was hasty. If several
varieties of wheat, for instance, were sown
side by side upon precisely the same kind of

soil so far as human skill could determine,
and each variety should receive exactly the
same treatment in all respects and at the
same time, and one certain variety was
found to yield twenty per cent, more
than any other, yet the farmer who should
from the one experiment jump to the con-
clusion that the result would always be the
same would be accounted lacking in judge-
ment. The results must be verified repeat-
edly before they can be accepted as the rule.
Just so it is with the matter in hand. Yet
the mutiple character of our experiment with
results so nearly uniform give strong assur-
ance that what seems to be disclosed is in
the direction of the truth.

From the figures given in the last column
of table B, we find that the colonies hived on
comb gained in all more than eleven per
cent, over those hived on starters and that
those hived on foundation gained more than
thirteen per cent, over the same. But if we
examine with reference to comb honey only
we find that colonies "A" (those on comb)
gain less than five per cent, more than col-
onies "C" (those on starters) while colonies
"B" (those on foundation) gain more than
seventeen per cent, over "C." But it may
be said that "C" has an undue proportion of
the weaker colonies, which is true, still, if
we turn to table "C" and consider only the
strong swarms in each group we find that
"A" gains nine and one-half per cent, more
than "C" in comb honey and "B" gains
forty-two per cent, more than "C !" But
strange to say, taking the light swarms in
the same table and column the positions are
exactly reversed, "A" gains nearly one-half
of one per cent, over "B" while "C" gains
nearly thirty-two per cent, over "B." If
space permitted it would be interesting to
inquire why the difference in the weight of
the colonies should cause this reversal in
their positions in regard to ths amount of
comb honey produced.

Referring again to table "B" from the
figures given in the third column where the
gain for the first period is given we deduce
that "B" gains during that period more than
fifty-three per cent, over "C," while "A"
gains more than sixty-eight per cent, over
"C," but during the second period the fig-
ures show that for that period the positions
are exactly reversed, while for the third pe-
riod the positions as to relative gain are again
changed, "A" making a spurt and leaving
*'B" in the rear. Referring again to table

284

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

"C" we find that the strong colonies invari-
ably gain the more in the first period while
the light ones take a decided lead both in the
second and the third periods ; in the amount
of comb honey for the entire time in each
group the strong colonies have a decided ad-
vantage, and so in groups "A" and "B" in
the amount of total gain, but in group "C,"
in this point, the weaker ones are far in the
lead. But this sort of comparison might be
carried on almost endlessly.

If we examine table "A" we find, as was
to be expected, that the results in the cases
of some individual colonies do not always
accord with the general results, yet sufficient-
ly so, I think, to warrant us in putting some
confidence in the general results so far as
they go ; I say so far as they go, for the test
was for three weeks only and time appears
to be an essential element in the experiment.
The colonies that are strong in numbers as
compared with the weak, and those aided
with comb or foundation as compared with
those left unaided, are soonest out of breath
in the race, or, perhaps, the luxury and
wealth of numbers and resources prove de-
structive to energy and ambition; and, on the
other hand, straitened circumstances wheth-
er it be from a lack of numbers or of re-
sources, arouse vigor and persistence in a
determination to supply the lack. At least,
that is what the tables seem to teach, and
we can only guess what the result would have
been had the tests covered the whole of the
honey season instead of the last half. Many
and varied experiments must be made in or-
der to arrive at the exact truth in these mat-
ters. Let no one fear that apicultural ex-
periment stations may be either too numer-
ous or too well equipped. To one who has
entered it the field looks exceedingly large.

For the rest I must be content at this time
to close with a summary of the results pretty
clearly disclosed by the experiments con-
ducted in the manner and for the time stated
but I wish first to invite and urge all who are
interested in the matter to make suggestions
and criticisms both upon my methods and
inferences and let them not, out of a con-
cern for my feelings, so refine their stric-
tures that they lose all their point and with
it their effect. That is not the way, as too
many bee-keepers seem to think, to get at
the truth. At all events, I am not very thin
skinned, and I believe that, at least in these
experiments, I am willing to look at the
naked truth. I know now that in some re-

spects my methods have been faulty and no
doubt they have been so in other points than
those which I have discovered and what those
other points are I am anxious to know.

In this 'summary as elsewhere when I
speak of gain it is not gain per colony for
the colonies vary in strength, but per pound
of bees, which seems to be the only just way.

If then we may trust our tables, they show
for the last half of the summer honey sea-
son: Ist, That for profit, foundation in the
brood chamber for swarms has a decided ad-
vantage in point of surplus comb honey over
both drawn comb and frames with starters
only ; that drawn comb stands second and
starters third. 2nd, That in point of total
gain in both brood chamber and surplus the
same order holds and to nearly the same ex-
tent. 3rd. That fairly strong colonies show
a very decided advantage over light ones in
point of comb honey surplus and also to a
small extent in the total gain. 4th, That
light colonies sustain their rate of gain in
all cases better than fairly strong ones. 5th,
That swarms on starters only sustain their
rate of gain decidedly better than do those
on comb or on foundation. 0th, That of
the light colonies those on starters are de-
cidedly more profitable than those on either
comb or foundation,

I ought to explain here that each swarm
was hived on a brood chamber equal to that
required to hold five L combs.

Lapeeb, Mich. Sept., 22, 1893.

Bee Dysentery.

JAMES HEDDON.

Oh fatal pollen, "dust tliou art" Is still my song!
To dust thou dost return, and take our bees along.

0'

\F course / will
be expected to
advance the " pol-
len theory," It
does not seem to
me, however, that
it can any longer
properly be called
a theory. The lead-
er in the last issue
has very nearly ex-
hausted my stock
in trade for this
article. In fact, Mr. Editor, you have said
very concisely, and better than I could have

I'HE BEE-KEEFERS' REVIEW.

285

said it, the very same things which I said
and intimated through a series of articles
years ago. There is but little left for me to
say now, except that I still coincide with you
and my former declarations ; and I stand
corrected and admit my mistake when years
ago I contended against your proposition to
pack the bees after taking them out of the
cellar in the spring. Since then I have dem-
onstrated that you were right.

When I recall to mind how I was ridiculed
for the pollen theory, and ttiat even the chem-
istry of Profs. Cook and Kedzie, could not
shelter me, I am exceedingly proud that at
this advanced date, the leading editorial in
the best and most advaiiced bee journal the
world has ever seen, practically holds to that
pollen theory.

I think it wholly unnecessary to dilate upon
" prevention," as a correct idea of the cause,
which your leader quite clearly gives, in its
combination, will readily su.gest the cor-
rect method of prevention according to the
circumstances in each case. As I compre-
hend the theory it is about like this : The
food of the honey bee may be divided into
two distinct divisions, oxygenous and nitro-
genous, the former being a heat producer,
and the latter tissue making. Now it hap-
pens that the honey bee lives in two extreme
conditions. At one time of year no breed-
ing, no activity, but pressed with cold ; at
another time of year, extremely active, caus-
ing a rapid waste of tissue and undergoing
marvelous reproduction, demanding the cre-
ation of tissue for the new individuals. Dur-
ing the time of quietude, and accompanying
coniinement, nitrogenous food is not needed
nor could it be safely taken, because, unlike
the oxygenous food it cannot be voiued by
perspiration. It must pass from the body
of the bee througli the intestines. This the
bees will not permit to take place in the liive.
Now suppose sometliiug should cause the
bees to consume this nitrogenous, tissue-
making food during confinement. Intes-
tineal inflammation must result. What will
do this ? A low temperature. Why ? In
their efforts to keep warm, the bees adopt a
second method of consuming oxygen, viz.,
inhalation by way of exercise. This con-
sumes the tissue to replace which the bees
resort to the consumption of bee-bread, and
result is the title of this article.

The chemist finds the diarrhetic excreta
nearly all pollen. I presume many of your
readers remember when I tested the theory.

by giving 73 colonies, clean, dry combs with-
out a cell of pollen, and, after all natural
gathering was past, fed them granulated
sugar syrup and placed them in the cellar
together with IG colonies containing natural
stores. How I let the temperature go below
the freezing point for weeks, and how just
before removing them, I used to go every
day and rattle to wild activity, a certain col-
ony. How all were confined five months,
and on a bright, warm day on the 17th of
April, I removed them from the cellar and
found every colony but one (that was queen-
less) of the 78 alive, while two-thirds of the
1(3 were dead with dysentery in its worst
form. Not one bee from those 7'2 hives dis-
charged any matter whatever ; not even
water. That settled it with me, and it has
been settled ever since. During the years
that have elapsed since that time I have seen
nothing but what went to confirm the cor-
rectness of the " pollen theory."

DowAGiAO, Mich. Sept 11, 1893.

Why Moisture is Injurious in Wiutering
Bees.

B. O. AIKIN.

When all flesh did perish in Noah's time of old,
'Twas moisture did it, not pollen or cold.

M

Y FIRST bee-
keeping was
in Southwestern
Iowa. For over
twelve years I re-
mained in the
same place, and
raised good aver-
age crops of hon-
ey, but with poor
success in winter-
ing. Although
near the south line
of the State, the winters were severe, and
losses frequently heavy. My worst losses
were 93 out of 110, and 70 out of 80 ; other
years 10 to 50 per cent. 'Twas in those times
that James Heddon championed the "pollen
theory." Now, while I could not believe
that pollen was tlie cause of diarrhoea, 1,
know that diarrhoea was mostly the cause of
my losses. Could I have prevented this dis-
ease, I believe I could have made big money
producing honey.

286

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

My pasturage was willow, soft maple, elm,
box elder, apple, cherry, plum, gooseberry,
currant, motherwort, catnip, white clover,
basswood, mustard, locust, hearts ease
Spanish needle, cow pea, and much other
bloom. The surplus was clover, basswood
and mustard in May, June and July, and
hearts ease and Spanish needle in autumn.

The late fall bloom kept up brood-rearing
so tliat the last brood hatclied in October,
hence we had but little spring dwindling ;
and I never saw a regular siege of it until
this season. Go into winter with old bees
and spring dwindling will follow if the
spring is late.

Since wintermg bees in Colorado I believe
that I can give some light upon the winter
problem.

But few reading apiarists have not read
more or less of the discussion in regard to
" sealed covers," led by E. R. Root, the past
year or so. The " sealed cover " is a snare
in cold climates. As this and following ar-
ticles are intended as somewhat of a review
of the question, I shall give not only my own
experience and observations, but that of
others as given both in and out of print.

Each colony should have its brood nest
fully established, and be supplied with suf-
ficient stores, when frost comes. There
should also be a good force of young bees that
have not done field service, yet have had
cleansing flights before cold confines them.

Now, what shall be the external arrange-
ments ? Shall we put them in the cellar,
pack on the summer stands, or leave them
unprotected ? In either case shall it be
" sealed covers," absorbents, or what ?

If the winters are close and severe, keep-
ing them in confinement from three to five
months, I believe I should recommend the
cellar. While in the cellar, they are kept
warm enough so that ihey can get after more
honey when the supply in the cluster is gone,
but a disadvantage is that they must be put
out in the spring without protection, just
when most needed, or there must be more
expense for protection. With open winters
and frequent fligiits, I would recommend
out-door wintering. By out door, I mean
where they have the liberty of flight when
weather permits.

I consider diarrhoea the great enemy in
the East and North, or wherever bees are
long confined by cold. I do not think that
the disease is the result directly of confine-
ment. True, frequent flights prevent, or

cure it, but my opinion is, that the principal
cause is moisture. If the colony has a sealed
cover, the air within the hive will rise to the
top and there remain, and soon it is heavily
charged with moisture exhaled by the bees.
So long as the outside temperature is below
that within, this moisture laden air is held
there by the law of nature, that heated air
rises. This is clearly shown in all mines and
in buildings. Now, the hive covers being
colder than the air within, that condenses
the moisture within until it drops upon the
bees and combs. The only way the bee can
contend with a liquid, is to take it up and
carry it from the hive. So the bees must lick
up the water that drips upon them and the
combs, in order to keep dry. This added to
the natural excrement, with no chance to
void, must certainly produce disease.

Does not this show how it is that flights
prevent or cure diarrhoea ?

If this be true, we may reasonably expect
that if we can keep the colony dry, they can
be long confined without detriment. W' hen
dry, they can endure much cold. It is a fact
that in this dry climate bees will fly freely
at a lower temperature than where a more
moist air exists. Any man knows that cold
is more easily borne when the air is dry. A
hive with a sealed cover will remain reason-
ably dry when there be frequent warm spells.
If the outside temperature rises above the
gent ral temperature inside the hive, the out-
side air will work into the hive and displace
that within, and thus tend to dry the inte-
rior.

Last fall we left about ninety stands with
the covers just as they had been from the
time the supers were removed, from two to
three months previous. We had a severe
spell of winter in December and when the
weather moderated, five colonies were dead.
The bees and all the interior were complete-
ly wet. Wet killed them. We had another
lot packed in sawdust. They were in a hive
within a hive with about an inch of sawdust
between. A plain board was on top, and
sawdust upon this one to three inches deep,
with a heavy gable roof over all, making a
ten-inch space betwean covers. Some had
diarrhoea, and all suffered with wet. Loss
was about two-ihirds.

Now, the easiest way to avoid this conden-
sation, is to give upward ventilation. The
use of absorbents is upward ventilation.
Absorbents may sometimes become so damp
as to be a detriment. At present I am

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

287

strongly of the opinion that we do not want
absorbents at all ; but, instead, direct top
ventilation. We want the colony so ar-
ranged that the outside heat, when there is
any, can easily reach the colony. I have
many times seen bees peeping out the hive
entrance in a clear, still, but zero cold day,
with the sun shining against the hive front
and entrance. That is certainly a decided
relief, when the weather is intensely cold ;
but if the colony be hid away beneath a mass
of chaff or other material so thick as to ex-
clude the sun's heat entirely, and all the time
the interior becoming more and more moist,
it certainly must be a disagreeable and un-
healthy place in which to live. An absorb-
ing cushion is not what we really want.
Packing over head is good so long as it
passes off the moisture and abso hs heat.
Chaff will allow a slow current to pass
througn, and if the cover be removed — or
partly so — the moisture passes oft much bet-
ter, yet will condense somewhat in a long
siege of extreme cold.

In this climate, nearly all bees are win-
tered out-doors, and unprotected. It is a
rcvre thing to have a week of cloudy .\ eather
at one time ; so, even with sealed covers, but
little condensation takes place before a
warm sun shining upon the hive drives it out.

I have been reading over the reports on
sealed covers as given in Gleanings at the
request of editor Root, yet almost invariably
the reports are so limited in detail that no
correct judgement can be given upon the
matter. 1 believe had the reports told wheth-
er the hives were exposed to the sun, or in
the shade, or whether there were long sieges
of cloudy weather and extreme cold, we
might get from these reports something of
value. As mentioned elsewhere, we lost
some colonies in December because of ac-
cumulation of moisture under sealed covers.
That siege of cold was also accompanied by
some snow, and unusually cloudy weather
for about ten days. A part of the time snow
lay upon the hive covers.

At our annual State convention in .Jan-
uary I advocated top ventilation. Present at
the convention were four foul brood inspec-
tors, viz., H. Knight of Littleton, for Ara-
pahoe Co., R. H. Rhodes of Arvada, for Jef-
ferson Co., J. B. Adams and A. M. Preston
of Longmont, for Boulder and Weld coun-
ties, respectively. These men inspected in
the year 1891, over 3,700 colonies of bees.
Mr. Adams at our Honey day meeting in

September last, reported nearly 5,000 colo-
nies inspected ; while Mr. Rhodes reported
2,000 for the season to date of meeting.
Boulder county was reported to have over
ISjOOO colonies, so these gentlemen have had
large opportunities to make observations.
After their wide and extended observations
upon many thousands of colonies, they unan-
imously agreed with me in favoring top ven-
tilation. They tell me that those colonies
having large cracks or openings about the
top of the hive, winter the best, and build
up first in spring. However, this does not
mean that unlimited ventilation is best in
spring, but it does prove that upward venti-
lation is best in wmter. It is reasonable that
if the colony winters well, it will also
spring well. We will discuss more fully the
springing question in the continuation of
this discussion.

LovELAND, Colo. Aug.' 8, 1893.

Warmth, Dryness and Wholesome Food
Will Prevent Dysentery.

B. TAYLOK.

'^ ^

IT,

J never had serious
losses in winter-
ing my bees from
the so called disease,
dysentery. In my
opinion there are
three main factors
that cause dysen-
tery, viz., cold,
dampness and un-
suitable food. In
regard to food, I be-
lieve that any kind
of honey that is gathered from flowers by the
bees is healthful food if properly stored and
sealed and then the hives are so prepared
and housed that the honey shall not become
thin and sour from absorbing too much
moisture.

One fall my hives were heavy with honey
dew, and I was troubled about the result as
that kind of stores was declared by high
authorities to be unfit for wintering. But it
was thick and well sealed, the hives covered
with thin porous cushions so all dampness
could easily pass off, the hives were raised
two inches from the bottom board and
placed in a dry, warm cellar where the tern-

288

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

perature was constantly from 4r> to hO de-
grees, and I never had bees winter better.
I think every swarm came through alive,
there was no dysentery, and I never had bees
build up better in the spring. These bees
were in hives containing ten trames G^4
inches deep and 13 inches long inside the
frame, the hive containing but SUO inches of
comb space.

I favor a small hive well tilled with sealed
stores of at must any kind of natural honey
for safe wintering. In a large hive there is
much space left vacant outside the cluster,
here the air stat-'tiates, damimess accumu-
lates, the combs become mouldy and the air
of the whole hive is poisoned. The honey
absorbs water, becomes thin and innutri-
tions. The bees have to eat a large quantity
of this impure and bulky food. Proper
digestion is interfered with and dysentery
sets in, the combs are from necessity de-
filed, rendering the habitation still more un-
healthy and the colony finally dies. Human
beings would contract disease under the
same conditions and die in the same way.

I believe all life is akin and that every
thing that breathes needs pure air. 1 have
fitted my winter cellar with a larye heating
stove. It is surrounded with a brick wall so
as to let ofiE the heat slowly. I shall cement
the bottom of the cellar and there is a venti-
lating shaft opening near the floor and con-
necting with the stove pipe to give good
draft. Many times this summer I have made
a good fire to keep the cellar from becoming
damp and mouldy, and for some days before
I put the bees in this fall I shall keep up a
fire so the cellar will be perfectly dry and
warm when the bees are put in and once in a
while throutrh the winter I shall make a lit-
tle fire and keep the air moving and pure.
Every hive will have plenty of upward venti-
lation, plenty of sealed stores, and with the
hive so small that strong colonies will cover
nearly every comb. With such prer)aration
I have no fears of dysentery even if the hive
contains inucli pollen. It is natural for the
bees to store |)ollen and 1 do not believe that
nature makes mistakes : we only fail to un-
derstand and misfortune follows to help us
to learn. I use to talk about good and evil ;
I believe everything is good when rightly
understood and that what we call evil equally
with good helps us to learn our lessons.
And now, brother bee-keepers, when we lose
our bees in wintering we should blame our-
selves, and our lack of industry and knowl-

edge, and learn to say less and intelligently
do more, and if heavy losses lead us to do
this they will not be in vain.

I have noticed that bees that die from
starvation in the cellar, nearly always defile
their hives and combs Ijefore they die, re-
gardless of what kind of honey it was, and
this leads me to think that lack of stores has
much to do with the bees dying with dysen-
tery. In such cases it is not pollen or poi-
sonous honey, but the lack of any kind that
causes the trouble. Let us be sure that our
bees have plenty of sealed stores of their
own gathering, put them into such quarters
as I have described and in the way men-
tioned, and I believe you will find the vexed
question of dysentery largely settled.

In my house apiary as soon as the weather
begins to get freezing cold I will pack the
hives on all sides with from three to eight
inches of sawdust level with their tops. On
top of each hive I will put a slatted honey
board with the bee space turned down so
there will be three-fourths inch over the
frame. There will be one tiiickness of light
sheeting tacked over the top of each honey
board and in the center of each a feeder that
I have made for this especial use will be
placed right over the brood nest so the bees
can take feed even in the coldest weather.
These feeders are six inches high, ana I will
at this time cover the hives with sawdust two
or three inches thick. This will be early in
( )ctober, and I will feed each colony five or
six pounds of thick sugar syrup. About No
vember 1st the hives will be covered with
sawdust entirely over the feeders and the
bees will now be left in quiet until about
April 1st, when the sawdust will be removed
enough to uncover the feeders and in the
evening of each day each colony will be fed
two or three ounces of sugar syrup, and this
will be continued until \Yhite clover blooms.

Yon will say that this is getting away from
the question of dysentery, but these bees
will have the entrance to their hives left
open at all times so they can have a cleans-
ing flight whenever the weather is warm
enough outside to invite them to do so. Last
winter I treated the colonies in my twelve-
colony house in this way and the hives,
combs and bottom boards remained as clean
and bright as in summer, and I do not ex-
pect my bees in the new house to have the
dysentery the coming winter or spring.

FoKESTViLLE, MlnD. Sept. 13, 1893.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

289

Bee - Diarrhoea — Is It a Disease 1

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

" By timp subdued, what will not time subdue ?"

T TAVIJNG care-
i 1 luUyreadBro.
Hutchinson's arti-
cle in the Ameri-
can Bee Journal,
which is to be the
"leader" for the
October Review,
as I uuderstaud,
1 would like to say
a few words there-
on, with the edi-
tor's permission.
Before touching the real matter up for dis-
cussion, I wish to say that I supposed it set-
tled some years ago that when we spoke of
oar wintering troubles we were to call it
"Diarrhoea" instead of "Dysentery," as
the word dysentery was not thought to be at
all appropriate to the case. If diarrhoea is
the word, would it not be well for us to all
use that word ?

About the first thing we find in the leader
is, "The disease, if such it can be called,"
and from this I gather that there are some
who still think that the over-loading of the
intestines of the bee is a disease. That diar-
rhoea only exists under like circumstances
has led some to believe that it is the effect
of a cause, rather than a disease, myself be-
ing one of this latter number. The cause
that produces the effect, called "Bee- Diar-
rhoea," is confinement. This, no one has
successfnlly denied, although many have
been the attempts to do so. Bees are na-
tives of a warm climate, where they can fly
at their own sweet will nearly every day, as
winters are really unknown where all of the
environments are suited to bee life, and our
bringing them into aland where the environ-
ments are not all suited to them, is where
the trouble comes in, and that trouble lies
largely in the fact that these latter environ-
ments keep the bees from flying to void their
faeces for from two to six months. " But,"
says one, "canyon tell us why one colony
escapes while another sutters, when both are
wintered precisely alike, if diarrhoea is not
a disease ? Unless you can do this, I must
differ with you." With all due respect to
such, I would ask them to account for this
state of affairs along the line of disease.
This was the very ground on which I left the

"disease theory." To all the "knowing
ones," who answered questions in the bee
papers, I propounded the following ques-
tion : Two colonies sitting side by side and
as near alike, as to stores, bees, etc., as two
peas, as far as can be seen, are prepared in
the same way for winter. One dies before
April 1st spotting the combs and soiling the
hive, while the other comes through in splen-
did condition. What caused one to die and
the other to live ? The reply, vyithout ex
ception, was, " We do not know." Will any
reader of the Review answer the question ?
Let me explain a little and see if it is not
all plain along the line sf being caused by
confinement. In 1878 I was put on record as
saying " that with a long, steady cold winter
would come great mortality of bees, while in
winters during which warm spells occurred,
wherein a chance was given bees to fly, the
mortality would be at a minimum, even al-
though the average temperature might be
several degrees colder than the former."
The twenty years which have elapsed since
then have proven this correct.

Mauy have told us the wintering problem
was solved, but a winter like the last always
proves that a loss of bees is sure to follow
when spring arrives. During one of our
hard winters, a few years ago, I had 145 col-
onies, fifty -five of which were placed in a
warm cellar for winter, and ninety left on
their summer stands. From the 22nd day of
October till the 2Cth day of March, there was
not a day warm enough for the bees to fly,
although the average temperature of the win-
ter was above those we frequently have. The
result was I lost seventy-five colonies out of
the ninety, while of the fifty- five wintered in
the cellar fifty-four came out in splendid
condition. The question is why did the sev-
enty-five die, and why were the fifteen ex-
empt? Simply because from a little more
vitality on their part the fifteen were enabled
to hold out a little longer than the seventy-
five, while a month more of the same weath-
er would have caused the loss of all that were
out door.

There is a period of confinement beyond
which a colony possessing the most vitality
cannot pass, as all must admit, hence, I ask
is it disease which kills the last ? If not,
and the one possessed with the least vitality
succumbs earlier, is it disease which kills
the first ? Again, if bees having this " dis-
ease" have a good fly so as to empty them-
selves, they are cured at once, thus proving

I

290

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

that I am right, for if a flight cures, the lack
of it must be the cause. Once more, with
the same food ami same surroundings which
bring diarrhoea and death here at the north,
if down in Texas or Florida give life and
health. Is it not plain then, that the prime
cause is not in the food, etc., but in the con-
finement ? That food, dampness, poorly
protected hives, etc., have much to do with
our wintering troubles I am free to admit,
but if we had no winter we would have no
ivintering troubles. Is not this plain to all ?
After a careful watching of the matter I find
about this in every case. All colonies pass
through the November and December con-
finement in safety, but by the middle of
January some of the colonies having older
bees or less vitality from any cause, begin to
show uneasiness, and as the days wear on the
bees begin to eat more to support their
wasting tissues, wliile the abdomen becomes
swollen with the accumulating waste matter.
From this strain some now begin to die, and
instinct teaches the survivors that unless
more bees are reared to take the place of
those dying they must soon become extinct.
Chyme is now prepared with which the
queen is fed, so she shall begin egg laying,
when the cluster (or quiescent state) is bro-
ken, thereljy causing the temperature of the
hive to rise from its normal degree of about
55° up to that of brood rearing which is
about 92°. If a chance to fly occurs at this
time or a little before, all the trouble is
ended for another six weeks or two months.
If not, the mortality gains rapidly, as many
times the food is required to keep up this
brood rearing temperature, than was re-
quired for the other, so that the intestines
are soon over-loaded to nearly bursting and
the bees have the so called " diarrhoea." A
chance to fly now helps a little, but such
colony is sure to "spring dwindle" in any
event, and if such a state of affairs occurs as
early as six weeks before warm weather ar-
rives the colony usually dies of exhausted
vitality, during the cool spring weather.
Should this chance not come the combs and
hive are soiled, the bees die by thousands
every day till most of the old bees are dead.
Young bees now begin to hatch, but such
young fuzzy bees h ve not vigor enough to
stand the rigors of our northern spring and
soon all perish together. As week after week
of confinement succeed each other, other
colonies more vigorous than the first, com-
mence to get uneasy and go. through this

same process, this continuing till warm days
come, so they can fly often, after which
nothing more of the kind occurs. From
these careful watchings I am convinced that
no colony could endure more than six months
confinement on their summer stands and
not more than eight when placed in the best
repository. To overcome the environments
of the North which are unfavorable, I now
believe that all we can do is to see that the
bees have plenty of good stores or sugar
syrup, that they are placed in a good cellar
or well protected out door, see that those out
have an opportunity to fly when a warm day
comes and those in the cellar have an even
temperature of from forty-three to forty-five
degrees, and to follow Bro. Hutchinson's re-
capitulation as near as maybe. Doing this
you will not have yourself to blame should
the bees die.
BoBODiNo, N. Y. Sept. 14, 1893,

Beware of Poor Food and the Cold, Damp
Cellar.

PBOF. A, J. OOOK.

JRIEND H. : — You have, as usual, cov-
ered the ground so fully in your
"leader" that it is hardly necessary
to say more, but as there is safety in a mul-
titude of counsellors, I will add a word, more
in confirmation, than in addition.

Bees are natives of a warm climate, and
can in their native home fly forth often. In
the long confinement which we often en-
force, we do violence to their habits, and
unless we provide the best of conditions dis-
aster will often meet us, and very likely
snatch away our success,

I believe, with you, that temperature and
food, and moisture in the surrounding at-
mosphere, are the points to look to in order
of importance.

If we are to have a very severe and pro-
tracted winter bees must be protected eitlier
by cellar or packing or disaster is sure. Per-
haps, with the best food the danger would
be delayed, and, possibly, warded off, but I
do not believe that bees can endure our most
severe winters in our northern latitude of
Michigan, New York, and Wisconsin, with-
out serious, often universal and total loss.
This position is proved by several winters'
experience in almost all our Northern States.
Could we only know that we should not have
such winters, then it were better to leave our

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

291

bees oatside, even with no extra protection,
as then we give chance for frequent flight
and copy their usual condition.

There are many cases besides the one you
give that prove that food is a considerable
factor in the matter of safe wintering. It
seems positive that honey adulterated with
glucose, much fall honey which often has the
glucose like honey dew honey in large pro-
portion, and honey dew honey itself, are all
fatal to bees as winter food ; especially if
the bees are long contined. The presence
of pollen by stimulating activity may also be
harmful, while cane syrup honey is, like
our best early honey, a very safe winter
food. With other conditions most favorable,
probably any food, almost, would be whole-
some and safe, but with other conditions
awry, then the good food may ward off dis"
aster.

Some years since I doubted if dampness
were an obstacle to safe wintering. Our old
bee cellar with water always running
through it was a great success. The bees
always wintered well, and came out bright
and strong, even on fall food, and despite
the winter, whether very mild, or so cold that
the mercury went down among the thirties.
Our present cellar is equally unfavorable,
yet it preserves as high a temperature. I
have known the mercury in the old cellar to
be at 38= F for weeks, and yet the bees came
through all right. In our present cellar,
though the mercury goes no lower, yet the
bees never winter well. The old cellar al-
ways seemed pleasant in summer or winter.
The present one always seems chilly and
forbidding. The one was dry and whole-
some, the other is damy and clammy. The
one was in sand and well drained, the other
is in moist tenacious clay. I feel quite sure
that the constant moisture in our present
cellar is the explanation of its failure. Both
cellars are coated all over with cement, and
I supposed and think now that both are well
drained. Thus I should like a cellar to be
so situated as always to be dry and whole-
some, so that when we enter it we do not
wish for an overcoat. I am inclined to the
opinion that a cellar in sand is better than
one in any hard unyielding clay. I should
prefer to have my cellar in a protected place
rather than on a bleak hill. In such a cellar,
with good food, I believe we will suffer no
perceptible loss, even in the most serious
seasons.

Ag'l Col., Mich. Sept. 16, 1893.

Some Criticisms on the Experiments With
the Lanpdon Non - Swarmer.

FBANK BAUCHFUSS.

Man knows but little here below
Compared with what he longs to know.

IRIEND HUTCHINSON :— In the Au-
gust number of the Review I find Mr.
Taylor's experiments with the Lang-
don device and as you invite suggestions and
criticism of this line of work, I take the lib-
erty in addressing these lines to you,

The report does not mention one impor-
tant point, i. e. whether these colonies which
swarmed had queen cells newly started or
some which were kept over through the time
of depopulation.

In our opinion the devices should be at-
tached very early, before the colonies have
any idea of swarming.

The use of only one story of the Heddon
hive for brood chambers was hardly fair as
almost any colony will swarm thus con-
tracted: how can we expect two colonies
thrown together to be satisfied with such
cramped quarters ? On the contrary we
should like to have seen the experiment
tried with large hives also, such as 10-frame
Langstroth or the Quinby.

During the past season we have used one
Langdon device and besides a number of
our own get up, which are simpler and al-
low both colonies to use the same entrance,
the alternating of which is regulated by a
tongue, this plan avoids confusion in trans-
ferring the bees to one colony, this seems to
be a point where the Langdon is faulty, as
we find that the bees refuse to travel through
the passage-way, cluster outside and stop
ventilation. The hives used were ten-frame
Langstroth and two-story Heddon, and
wherever the devices were adjusted early
enough swarming was prevented and the
yield of those colonies was as large as of any
pair, excepting one, in the yard. The next
day after alternating, the queen cells would
be destroyed and drones killed, still there
seemed to be enough bees remaining in the
closed hive to take care of most of the brood,
although eggs and small larvae were nearly
all gone, but the loss sustained in this way
seemed to be made up again, in that the beea
lived longer as they did not have to take care
of so much brood, at least the present
strength of the colonies seems to prove this.

Although these devices have worked satis-
factorily this season we don't claim them to

292

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

be a success yet until they have been tried a
few more seasons in different localities and
under different conditions. There are several
other ways in which such a device could be
be made useful, for instance, in transferring
colonies from box hives into movable
frames, by the drumming out of the queen
and most of the bees, hiving them in the
frame hive and then putting the box hive
along side of the frame hive, adjusting the
device so that the remainder of the bees will
work into the other. After twenty-one days
the box hive would be deserted and contents
could be thrown into a solar extractor.
Probably foul brood colonies could be treat-
ed in a similar manner. [I fear it would not
answer for treating foul broody colonies, as
some of the bees turned into the new hive
might carry with them some of the infected
honey. — Ed. J

Mr. Taylor mentions in one of his reports
an experiment he was going to make, which
we also haa intended to make this season,
but circumstances prevented it. The exper-
iment is " what quantity of bees will work to
the best advantage." This question seems
to us of great importance and has consider-
able bearing upon the non-swarming ques-
tion. Our plan of making the experiment
was different from Mr. Taylor's. We were
to make artificial swarms, a la Doolittle, by
taking bees from upper stories, caging them
in a box, introducing a queen in a few hours
and in the evening hiving them on inch
starters. We intended to make two swarms
of 8 lbs. each, two of 4 lbs., two of 5 lbs., and
two of G lbs. and give them young queens all
reared from the same mother, by this plan
bees and queens would be as nearly uniform
in working quality and age as it is possible
to get them.

Duff, Colo. Sept. 10, 189P,.

[I sent the foregoing to Mr. Taylor and he
replies as follows : — Ei>.]

In reply to the criticisms of friend Kauch-
fuss I desire to say that I write for those who
think and who read before they criticise.
Time and space would fail me were I to
write at such length as to compel acceptance
without the exercise of thought. I know my
readers have knowledge and I expect them
to use it in interpreting me. This is not for
friend R. especially, but for certain others
also, and, at all events, let the criticism
come ; it will help to get at the truth which
we are all seeking.

As to friend R.'s first point, that I did not
report as to the keeping over of queen cells
during the time of depopulation, I think I
need only say that I stated in substance, as
an evidence that the swarmmg fever was
gone from the depopulated colony, that the
bees left therein generally began carrying
out immature drones; and I supposed that
every thmkmg bee-keeper knew that of the
two, queen cells "go" before the drones.
Friend R. must know that too, for further
along he says, in stating the result of his
own experiment, that the " next day " after
the " depopulation " "the queen cells were
destroyed and the drones killed," so I fear
he did not read my entire article.

I am the more inclined to think this for he
complains that I did not use a large hive
like the ten-frame Langstroth, while if he
had read he would have found that I used no
less than four two story Heddon hives, each
of which is equal in capacity to the ten-frame
Langstroth ; I used four of the single story
Heddon, too, so as to satisfy those who
might otherwise have thought that I should
have used a smaller hive, nor did I omit, in
order to cover the ground well, to use the
medium hive also — the eight-frame L.

R. L. Taylob.

Lapeeb, Mich., Sept. 23, 1893.

T I ]WI B I_i "2- TOFICS.
No. 9.

K. L. TAYLOB.

All feeding for winter stores should have
been finished before the appearance of the
October Review, but should there have been
a failure it may still be done if the weather
continues warm or even if moderately cold
if some suitable feeder is used and is kept
warmly covered. The feeder should be so
adjusted in such a case that the bees can
reach the syrup directly over and in close
proximity to the cluster. Then the food
should be given as warm as the bees can
bear it, in quantities of not more than two
or three pounds and as rapidly as the bees
will take it. If there should be occasion to
feed after the weather becomes too cold for
this plan it may still be accomplished with
a small number of colonies though of course
with somewhat greater chances against their
wintering well, by giving them the food in a
warm room. For this operation each col-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

293

ony must be specially prepared. The feeder
may be the Simplicity or some other which,
like it, recei es the syrap by poaring it from
above. Adjust the feeder to the hive, inclose
the bees at the top by a rim covered over
above with wire cloth and close the entrance
of the hive before bringing the colony into
the warm room. Thus the bees are all in-
closed and may be fed at pleasure by pour-
ing the warm syrup through the wire cloth
into the feeder. The syrup should be fed
warm and as rapidly as the bees will take it
and if they are uneasy on account of their
confinement they should be returned to their
proper stand as soon as possible on the con-
clusion of the feeding.

After completing the task of supplying the
larders of the colonies against the long
period of their enforced retirement, no time
should bo lost in giving all needed protec-
tion against rain, snow, storm and frost. If
the bees are to be wintered out of doors
each one should follow the course in which
he has been successful, but it may not be
amiss for me to urge early and thorough
preparation. Water-soaked packing cannot
conduce to the comfort or safety of the bees.
All who have at command a fair cellar and
who have not met with satisfactory success
in wintering bees out of doors. I would ad-
vise to winter them in the cellar. In this
latitude I think this both the cheaper and
the safer course. This is the method I em-
ploy after tryiug both ways extensively and
I would not now winter a single colony out
doors except it may be in making experi-
ments. It may be helpful to some to know
my method of procedure, so I will state it
briefly.

My cellar, though not a particularly dry
one, is a very good one. It is under the
north half of my shop and honey house and
the barn and barn cellar abut it onthewe^'t
and it is banked up with earth to the sill ex-
cept where its one door and one window for-
bid. As a consequence its temperature is
very even being not easily affected by the
cold of winter or by the warmth of early
spring. It contains a cistern which is gener-
ally well supplied with water. The chimney
of the honey house starts from the bottom
of the cellar and in connection with an un-
derground tile drain no doubt does some-
thing in the way of ventilation. The door
opens directly into the apiary which is
reached without ascending any steps. The
dimensions are 15x30 feet of which the cis-

tern occupies about one-fourth. It gener-
ally contains in the winter upward of two
hundred colonies.

When the time arrives for putting the bees
in, which is, of late years, from the 8th to
to the 1.5th of November, I look out for a
day when it is cloudy and the temperature
stands at about 4.5 , because under these con-
ditions the bees are much quieter than they
are when the day is clear or when the tem-
perature varies much either way from the
above, and, particularly, is a frosty day one
to be shunned for the handling of bees.
When everj thing is to my liking, hive after
hive can be carried into the cellar without
any bottom board with the loss of scarcely a
bee. In the cellar each column or pile con-
sisting of the hives of four or five colonies
stands completely detached from everything
else except its own support which consists of
two one inch strips laid across an empty
hive thus raising the lowest hive in every
case about eleven or twelve inches from the
cellar bottom. I first set the empty hive so
that it stands firm and level, and then put
the two pieces across it. I then bring in a
good strong colony without any bottom
board and place it firmly on the strips.
Then two more strips are placed across the
cover of this hive (unless the cover is made
so as to preclude the necessity for them as
most of mine are) and another colony is
placed in like manner on these and so on
until the ceiling forl>ids more. Each addi-
tional pile Is a repetition of this. I aim to get
the lighter colonies at the top and the
stronger at the bottom as this is the more
trying position. In the case of single story
Heddon hives the bottom boards are not re-
moved ; in all other cases they are. I do not
place any colonies very near either the door
or the window, and I so dispose the piles that
I can go among them at pleasure so as to
see most of their hives and be able to tell
how most of the individual colonies are win-
tering. When the bees are all in I shut the
door tightly and do not concern myself much
about them except to look occasionally to
see that the temperature does not go above,
or fall short of, the limits which I have
fixed as the best, (. e., 42= to 4.5=. If the bees
show much uneasiness during mild weather
I open the door for a night or two during
the darkness until they quiet down.

As a rule, all honey should be shipped
before cold weather.

Lapeeb, Mich. Sept. 26, 1893.

294

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

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will be continued.

did, and continued the experiments from the
tirst swarms to the end of the season, and
while I did not take the pains to weigh every
thing and be so accurate as he has done, I
know that, so far as the amount of honey
gathered is concerned, the use of starters
only is the most profitable. I should be glad
to have Mr. Taylor tell, in some future re-
port, about the amount of drone comb built,
how straight and even the combs were, etc.

FLINT, MICHIGAN. OCT. 10. 1893.

LouisANA Hotel, — that is where the con-
vention is to be held, and let's all stop there.
It is BO much more pleasant to have all the
family at home.

My Camera will go with me to the Chicago
convention. I shall probably try photo-
graphing the bee and honey exhibits— possi-
bly a group of the bee-keepers present,

. (^

The Enterprise has been denied second
class mail privileges. It will change its
name and try again in October at its home
post office — Highwood. I presume the
authorities have to keep close watch over
those who try to palm off as periodicals what
are but little more than advertising circu-
lars, but they make grevious mistakes, as
they have done in this instance, and that of
Prinler^s Ink, which, by the way, has been
re-admitted.

starters may be most profitable.

I am proud of the report from the Michi-
gan Experimental Apiary that appears in
this issue. At the risk of appearing pre-
judiced in tryi'ig to defend my advocacy of
starters only in the brood nest when hiving
swarms that are to be employed in comb
honey production, I wish to call attention to
one or two points brought out by the experi-
ments. Light swarms did give the liest re-
sults when hived on starters, while the heavy
swarms on starters gained on the others from
the start. Had the test been continued
through a long honey flow instead of for
three weeks only, it is fair to assume that
starters only would have proved the most
profitable. I have for several years experi-
mented upon a larger scale than Mr. Taylor

the cause of bee - diarrhoea.

After reading the articles upon this sub-
ject, that appear in this issue of the Review,
I see no reason for changing the views that
I expressed in the last number.

No one thing alone causes the trouble.
(There is no practical benefit in splitting
hairs as to whether it is a disease ; it certain-
ly is a condition that brings death to the af-
fected colonies. ) Cold alone does not cause
it. Bees have been very successfully win-
iered in cold winters, and on their summer
stands at that. Confinement alone does not
cause it, as bees have been confined three or
four mouths with no trace of the disease.
Poor food does not always result in disaster,
as bees with what would be called very im-
proper food have wintered most excellently.
The same may be said of moisture, as bees
have been wintered in a very damp atmos-
phere.

Of course, there must be confinement, no
one disputes that, otherwise there would be
no over loading of the intestines. If there
were no cold there would be no confinement.
The cold causes the confinement, and the
confinement causes the over loading of the
intestines. There is no dispute over this.
When there is a chain of causes and effects
we wish to know which is the link that can
be most easily broken. Now then, we can-
not get rid of the confinement ; but we can
get rid of the cold by putting the bees in a
cellar, but the confinement remains. Hav-
ing gotten rid of the cold, what are the con-
ditions that will best allow the bees to bear
confinement ? If the bees must be confined
three or four months (and, in our Northern
States, this seems safer than to take the risk
of not securing one or two flights by leaving
the bees out of doors) the question of what
their food shall be is one of the greatest im-
portance. Mr. Heddon in liis article brings
out this point very strongly. If the natural

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

food of a given locality is such year after
year that the bees pass the winter in excel-
lent health, then there is nothing more to be
done on that score, but, as I mentioned last
month, if it is not, if a large percentage of
the bees die with the diarrhoea nearly every
winter, then there must be a change of food,
and I know of no better plan than that of
feeding sugar late in the fall as suggested
last month. This is a heat forming food,
free from nitrogen, and its consumption
does not load the intestines. If fed late, it
is stored where it will be consumed during
the months of confinement.

The warmer the cellar the better, provided
itj is not so warm that the bees are excited
to undue activity. Let it be such that they
will remain quietly clustered, but will not be
compelled to consume food largely for the
sake of the warmth its consumption will
generate. A moist atmosphere is detrimen-
tal because it is in effect the same as a low
temperature. Besides this it prevents, or re-
tards, the perspiration of the bees, which the
sooner clogs the system.

Furnish the bees with plenty of wholesome
food, put them in a dry, warm, well-ventila-
ted cellar, and take them out as early as pos-
sible in spring, protecting them with pack-
ing, and all has been done that can be profit-
ably done to prevent diarrhoea.

Dr. Miller says, in his " Stray Straws,"
that if I lived in Marengo I would not fol-
low the plan of taking the bees from the cel-
lar as soon as it was warm enough in the
spring for them to fly. I should not take
them out thus early unless I protected them,
which I think the Doctor does not do. I
think this "Straw" of his is scarcely fair
inasmuch as it does not mention that I
would protect the bees after taking them
out. After bees have been confined sixteen
weeks, a still further confinement of three
weeks makes more difference than many of
us have been aware.

EXXRT^OTED.

Preventing Bee Dysentery by the Use of
Sngar Stores.

Cold cellar did repress their noble rage
And froze the genial current of their soul.

Mr. Heddon, in his article, refers to an ex-
periment that he made in wintering bees on

sugar stores. In his book, " Success in Bee
Culture," he goes more into detail, and I
quote that part of the chapter on wintering
that refers to this particular experiment. He
says : —

" In the autumn of 1884, I placed bees in
two cellars ; one containing 4U, and the other
91 colonies. The old cellar containing 40
colonies was at all times very dry, while the
new one containing the 91, was very damp.
Both cellars were allowed to become quite
too cold, to test the endurance of bees with
sugar syrup ; the temperature in the old cel-
lar was down as low as 10 and 1.5 degrees
above zero, in the new, damp cellar, as low
as 25 degrees. The old cellar contained bees
with sugar syrup only, and of its 40 colonies,
all but five died, with no symptoms of diar-
rhcBa in the hive. The new, damp cellar,
containing the 91 colonies, had T6 colonies
without pollen or honey — sugar syrup only —
10 colonies with little pollen, and stores of
part honey and part sugar syrup, and 8 col-
onies having all natural stores. This cellar
was so damp that mold collected on the
alighting- boards and between the combs, on
the under side of the covers, etc. About one-
third of the colonies had upward ventilation
by way of nails pushed under the board cov-
ers ; the other two-thirds had no upward ven-
tilation whatever. In numerous hives, water
could be seen running out on the alighting-
board. If the covers of those hives which
were tight down, were lifted and turned up
edgewise, water would run from them. In
spring, the health of the 91 colonies stood
thus : Of the 8 on natural stores, 6 died with
diarrhcBa, and the other 2 came out in good
condition. All were treated alike with no
upward ventilation. Of the 10 with little
bee-bread and mixed stores, 8 lived, while 2
died. Of the remaining 73, with nothing in
the combs but pure sugar syrup, not one
showed any signs of diarrhoea, whatever.

I will now state how matters stood with the
out-door colonies of this same home apiary.
I had 49 coUonies, each on 6 American
frames with combs, in tenement hives, that
in summer contained 19 combs, all resting
horizontally. On either side of the 6 combs
and bees, was a 2-inch chafif , cloth-sided di-
vision-cushion ; over all, in the upper story,
was a large chafiE cushion, about six inches
thick. These hives were painted white, and
rested high, so that they were above the most
of the snow. Twenty-five of them contained
no honey, and only a cell of pollen here and
there, and were well supplied with sugar
syrup ; 24 contained a little honey and bee-
bread, and all the rest of the food was sugar
syrup. I had no idea of losing any of these
colonies, but in this I was in error, for every
one died. Among the 25 there was scarcely
a sign of disease ; the combs were clean and
nice. Among the other 24, there were occa-
sional symptoms of diarrhcea, here and
there, but not to amount to anything. I have
had colonies show many times more symp-
toms of disease and survive, and come up
strong for the June honey harvest. None of
these colonies died of diarrhoea. Of what
did they die ? Cold, too long continued ;

296

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

and those in the old. cold cellar did the same.
But how in the cellar ? Cold is a giaut in a
cellar. Why ? Because it continues ; there
is no ray of sunlight, no immediate raising
of temperature, or chance for the bees to
change position. What degree can bees
stand ? That depends upon the duration.
Here is the important point that too many
of us have overlooked. Forty degrees below,
can be endured for a short time, but 10 tol.'i
degrees above, will kill bees if continued,
diarrhtea or no diarrhuia.

It is the temperature within the hive, that
effects the bees, and it requires time for the
temperature without to effect the temper-
ature within.

In the same yard stood 17 colonies lower
down and packed warmer than the 49 just
referred to, all being on full natural stores
of honey and pollen, and in the regular 8-
frame Langstroth hives. All but two died.
All of them had diarrhoea badly. Not until
we could remove bee-diarrhtea, could we get
a clear view of any other causes which might
result in the death of our bees.

Just to the left stood 73 colonies packed
like the above 17 ; these had little pollen in
their combs, and stores of a mixture of su-
gar and honey, just the same as the 10 refer-
red to in the new, damp cellar. They, like
the 17, were low down, and were pretty well
covered with snow during the severe weath-
er. Of these 73 colonies, about one-half sur-
vived.

Of my out-apiary of 208 colonies, all pack-
ed, and all on natural stores, nearly all
died."

Where the Langdon Non-Swarmer Differs

From the Taylor. — What Hopes There

Are of the Latter.

Little people,

(ireat big people,

Coniiiion size o' men.
If your trying

Knds in crying

Try him once again.

E. R. Root voices my sentiments exactly
where he says in a recent issue of Gleanings
that we should not drop new things too
quickly when they are apparent failures.
He refers to the Langdon non swarmer as
one of the new things that ought to be given
a more extended trial. I still have faith in
the finding of some method for preventing
swarming. The Langdon has failed in a way
that I did not expect. At first I could see
but little difference between it and the
method advised by Mr. B. Taylor ; in fact,
the Langdon seemed the t}iore promising of
the two. Mr. Taylor, however, has several
times told me in private letters that he had
no faith in it, but never did he so clearly set

forth the reasons why as he has now done in
the following article which I copy from
Gleanings ;

" Fbiend Root: — The fact that I am and
have been experimenting in a non-swarming
hive or system of manipulation to effect that
purpose, is generally known to the readers of
the bee journals. I see that the Langdon de-
vice has failed to come to time, the results
and reports of R. L. Taylor and Mr. Secor
settling that fact. The editor of the Bee-
Keepeks' Review knows that I have never
had any hope of the Langdon plan succeed-
ing, there being more than one reason for
expecting failure, to one who had already
practically explored the ground occupied by
both Langdon and Aikin.

My experiments this year have not dark-
ened the hope of yet perfecting a practical
plan whereby swarming can be controlled,
even if we could not get quite so much hon-
ey. A plan that would enable us to escape
that constant watching through the whole
working season that is now a necessity, and
enable us to keep either a home yard or out-
yards by visiting them and giving a little at-
tention once a week, would be a great boon.
This much 1 will assure the bee-keepers : I
will not offer any thing, either for sale or
even trial, until I have something certain to
offer. The plan I am now working on is
radically different from the Langdon plan.
There is a similarity in some respects ; but
the radical difference is, that the plan of Mr.
L. contemplates two hives and two entirely
distinct families, with entirely separate en-
trances ; while my plan is one hive with
practically but one family, all the bees using
one common alighting-board and entrance,
but with two queens, these queens to be kept
separated by a wire-cloth partition through
the center of the hive. This partition, how-
ever, serves other purposes than keeping the
queens apart, as it is entirely necessary in
order to manipulate the bees as desired.
The possibility of working a single colony
of worker V)ees with two queens in a single
hive divided by a gauze partition is no lon-
ger an experiment. I now state here the
fact that I am working such colonies with
entire success, the whole colony of workers
using either side of the hive, and accepting
either queen, without the least disturbance.
This is what I claim as my discovery, and I
shall keep myself protected legally in its use,
so that, if it ever proves successful in serving
a useful purpose, there will be no question
of priority to dispute about.

The bees I used in the new hives this sea-
son were blacks ; and to determine whether
the bees did fully fraternize I removed one
black queen from each of two hives early in
the season, and replaced them with pure
Italians. Thus there was a black queen in
one side of each hive, and an Italian in the
other. The point aimed at was to see wheth-
er the Italian bees, after they hatched out,
would all remain in their own side of the
hive with their mother, or would accept the
whole hive and both queens as their home.
After several examinations I found, to my
great joy, that the yellow Italians were

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

297

equally distributed in both apartments and
were indiscriminately intermixed through-
out the hive.

I next tried removing both black queens
and substituting Italians, to see whether the
bees from the other side would regard them
with disfavor : and, after releasing the new
queens and waiting several days, I examined
the hives and again was overjoyed to find my
pet queens peacefully and quietly doing
duty.

Now, friends, I have good reason to hope
that I shall yet succeed in accomplishing my
task of working out a successful non-swarm-
ing hive. 1 have had a higher motive in my
nine years' work in this line than the mak-
ing of money ; and if I succeed I will never
use it other than to benetit the bee-keeping
fraternity.

I see that friend Secor smothered two of
his best colonies in trying the Langdon ma-
chine. I should have expected this result
where a full colony was given no greater
means of exit than a passage large enough
for only a single bee to pass out. In my
own device there is no danger of smother-
ing the bees, as the closed hive may have the
entrance at the back opened the whole width
of the hive if necessary. I have frequently
noticed that, where bees from different hives
got mixed together in natural swarming,
they are quite prone to swarm out again af-
ter being hived. They seem to be in an ex-
cited and unnatural condition. Now, when
two swarms are thrown together, as in Mr.
Langdon's plan, the bees are entire stran-
gers, and I think this accounts for their
strong passion for swarming, as reported by
R. L. Taylor. In my plan the bees are not
strangers that are suddenly thrown thgether,
but members of a common family, and they
will be free from that excitement that would
naturally follow from the home being sud-
denly crowded with strangers, and I believe
I shall not fail from this cause. In Lang-
don's hive, every bee that leaves the closed
hive has to go into the already overcrowded
one. In my hive no bees go to the full hive.
After those used to flying have left the
closed hive, the yonng bees that have their
first flight will fly from the hack entrance
and will return there. Friend Langdon tried
to critisise this feature ; but I regard this as
being the strong point in my hive, as these
bees are just the needed nurses for the un-
sealed larvte, and are absolutely needed to
maintain healthy condition and enable the
queen to continue her work. If I live and
have the strength next year, I shall finish my
work with non-swarmers ; for if this fails I
shall "throw up the sponge."

But whatever comes of the non-swarmer,
the house-apiary is a complete success with
me, and I greatly wish, friend Root, that you
could be here and be convinced. I have
boomed the house-apiary : I have nursed it
as my choice pet ; and now, after three sea-
sons' trial, I declare that I made no mistake
when I said that the house-apiary had come
to stay, and that soon most good bee-keep-
ers would keep their bees in that way.

B. Taylor.

FoEESTViLLE, Minn., Aug. 19, 1993."

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

fHE Langstroth experiment which I
desired to condense from the Apicul-
turist last month was conducted
eight years ago. It starts with Bevan's as-
sertion that the drone "hatches" on the
24th or 25th day from the egg ; and the
experiment is the natural movement of the
student who " wants to know you know "
not only whether it is correct but also wheth-
er it will always be so, under all circum-
stances, and with all strains of bees. By,
the way we need a reform of language right
here, even if we do have to reform our grand-
fathers to get it. An egg hatches. A young
bee emerges — several weeks after the hatch-
ing takes place. Calling both these very
diverse occurrings by the same name,
" hatching," may in some cases lead to con-
fusion, and is unworthy of cultured people.
With words in our language by the hundred
thousand we can afford at least one for each
distinct thing.

Well in this one experiment (many more
are needed before the subject can be prop-
erly closed) the first drone emerged in 25
days 83^2 hours (probably ;) and the last one
a little scant of 27 days— quite an eye open-
er. Date and weather were favorable to
rapid development : but the honey flow was
so scant that other colonies killed drones,
and feeding was resorted to in the experi-
mental colony. Possibly they might develop
faster when all colonies are breeding drones
naturally.

There is also in this article a pretty obser-
vation of the first acts of newly emerged
drones and workers. They are quite charac-
teristic. The worker first takes a walk, stop-
ping occasionally to make a " cat's toilet ;"
and soon, having no doubt got up an appe-
tite, dips in for a square meal, asking no
odds of anybody. The drone, according to
the tenor of his nature, very soon touches a
worker bee with his antennae and begs to be
fed.

Another experiment concerning the emerg-
ing of queen and workers was conducted
ten years ago. {Ar>i. August, pp. 14-18.) A
nucleus was made, and the queen was re-
moved from it at such time that all the eggs
must have been laid inside of 24 hours. The

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

worker progeny from these eggs varied four
days, lacking two hours, in their emergency
— another eye-opener. The first worker to
emerge was only a day and a half behind
the last queen. The quickest worker time
was 19 days 2 hours. The slowest worker
time 22 days 3 hours.

Canadian Bee journal,

Except in name the Canadian seems to be
a new paper. New editor, new dress, new
style, new air — and we've got to go to work
and get acquainted all over again. That
superabundant glee in slinging in the adjec-
tives and things which we used to note will
not be found in the new editor ; but perhaps
his solid, quiet style will serve the purpose
as well. He can make a very forcible sen-
tence when he tries. In editing he besprink-
les his journal with short items in lighter
vein — not a bad plan perhaps — but most of
them have no connection with apiculture ;
and in this he is behind the times, as com-
pared with the best journals. His short edi-
torials come the first thing ; and in setting
the sub-heads he gets in a pleasant bit of
unusual style. One of the proprietors does
some of the talking under the head of
Strictly Business. We shall have to wait a
spell to see whether the intention is to make
the journal largely editorial, like the Apicul-
turist, or whether the preponderance of edi-
torials in the first numbers was owing to the
empty pigeon-holes with which a new sheet
naturally begins life. The beginners de-
partment, First Steps in Bee Keeping, is
editorial, and seems likely to be one of the
strong points of the paper — as per sample —

■' Witli the novice in the past it has too often
been the practice to work the ' Stand and Deliv-
er ' plan at any time during the honey season,
and then the ' Root Hog or Die ' system fol-
lows." Page 8.

And when you want to try to winter a weak
colony short of stores don't feed that one.
Put a few extra combs into a strong colony
that is being fed, feed enough for both, and
transfer the combs when they are ready.
See page 3:^. Tip top. Old chaps not Cana-
dians will probably be most interested in
Allen Pringle's letters from the World's
Fair. In the other journals there seems to
be a scarcity of fair letters at present. There
is a lengthy continued article of good qual-
ity, and illustrated, concerning the bee's
work in fertilizing flowers. No name is at-
tached, but it rather seems to be editorial.

Editorial answers to communications are
especially good, and show vigor of thought.
The contributors to the September number
(other than Pringle) are H. Couse, R. W'.
McDonnell, and G. M. Doolittle. The form-
er well fills a page with the orthodox rules
about Marketing Honey —

" Some days 1 sell 200 pounds or more and
often less."

That encourages me. You see if he had
said that he sold a ton each day for eight
days each week, it would have had a sort of
wilting efifect upon me. McDonnell seems
to be a little " afeerd " of those beginners —
almost on the point of petitioning the pow-
ers above to " bless us four and no more."
And then he has some sensible words on
educating people to use honey.

" Honey is too rich for the ordinary appetite
to have it served up by the spoonful and apart
from some milder food."

Very true of many people. But then
some of us have ea:6-a-ordinary appetites,
and like to sail right into a lot of it with
spoon, knife, paddle or anything that comes
handy. Alas, how many have done so just
once ? and there was a South American re-
bellion down below ; and after that, " Quoth
the raven. Nevermore."

Doolittle fights over the battle of few bees
much manipulated versus many bees little
manipulated —

" Few seem to consider * * that each of
the extra colonies ♦ * costs at least sixty
poands of honey to support."

That's so. A hundred more colonies anight
eat up a surplus of 6,000 pounds slick and
clean. Yet a man can have too few bees,
and spend too much time on them. Un-
doubtedly he can have too many, and spend
good money and valuable time putting su-
pers on a horde that can only provide their
own provender. There is a wise medium
somewhere. Probably it runs in a different
place at different apiaries ; and one of the
bee man's extra important duties is to locate
it. Friend Doolittle fails to get one impor-
tant element of the decision. Suppose there
are flowers enough in the field to keep 150
colonies busy to visit each one properly.
The visits are not made, and no honey is
gathered, because there is no secretion.
Once in a while there comes a time when the
flowers do secrete. Then if only 40 colonies
are in the field much of the honey must be
lost — and no colony get a great harvest

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

299

either. And it may transpire that 100 col-
onies may get just aboat as much per stand
in one of these runs as 40 will. This state of
things seems to be the usual situation in my
field.

The General Round Up

Carlyle named one of his books a queer

name which signified, The Tailor Retailored.

In like veiu Alley in last Apiculturist might

entitle his sauciest article, The Miller

Ground Over. Awful for the miller. And

as for the rest of us, we can fairly hear the

grim editor humming softly to himself —

" Ye living men come view the ground
Where you must shortly lie."

Our excellent friend Miller will think it
pours mostly instead of raining, as the Pro-
gressive calls for a rest on pulled queens, and
"EUery Krum," who supplies the "Fax"
for Gleanings, sings :

" When a queen is ready to gnaw from the cell,
A.ntl gettin' quite ripe, sometimes it is well
To help her climb out ; but then 1 have seen
A waste in the haste of pullin, too green."

A.B.J, has a new department, "Stray
Stings." As is becoming for stings, it is
quite sharp. Poetical also ; and none but
hardened old chaps, and spectators, can see
the poetry of getting stung.

Almost equal to Topsy at confessing a

fault is the Enterprise. Being belated with

the Angust number it comes out floating the

following " poem " at mast head :

" He never did a thing on time ;
For him all others had to wait.
Promptness he took to be a crime,
And even his drink was choco-LATE."

Books teach that drones from a pure moth-
er are not affected by her mating. To test
this, two yellow sister queens of five-banded
stock were taken. One was mated to a
black drone, and the other was made to lay
without mating at all. The virgin mother's
drones were all alike, and very yellow, just
as drones of five-banded stock should be.
Those from the mismated queen were about
all styles and colors except black. Now this
might happen by accident ; but it looks sus-
picions.

Whose experiment is the above ? Willie
Atchley's— and he is going to conduct a
queen-rearing department in the Enterprise
— the youngest in the world no doubt to
have such a charge. But if a boy mows
more grass than any man in the world why
shouldn't he write about mowing ?

" 1 will try to tell what little 1 have learned so
yon may understand it without any grammar."
Page 59.

Bravo, Willie ! We won't grumble a bit,
so long as yon give us facts, and carefully
conducted experiments. Good thing if half
the writers in the world could be deprived of
grammar — and forced to put in some infor-
mation to fill up the vacancy, else wind up.

Friend Lovesy writes " from the inside " a
letter on Mormon social afifairs which is very
interesting, A. B. J., 369.

If editor York keeps on he'll photograph
the whole of us drawn up "300,000 strong."
Eight Australians last time.

Prospect for two more babies for Uncle
Sam's post office department to strangle.

Mrs. Atchley talks business on the winter-
ing problem. Send her a car load of bees
and she will paddle their canoe all winter
for 50 cents per colony and send them back
in the spring. .4. B. J., 304. If the right
railroad official could be moved to foster this
infant for a few years it would grow to be a
big man perhaps.

■■ In our wanderings among bee-keepers we
find that shade boards are rarely used." Ernest
Root. Gleanings 633.

Dr. Miller caught a laying worker at her
nefarious trick. The worker cell she had
backed into pushed the wings up about her
head in a very uncomfortable looking way.
And that seems to be the reason why laying
workers almost always choose drone cells.
Gleanings 627.

And now Ernest finds that the Boardman
solar beats the chemical processes of the wax
room in getting wax out of dirty refuse.
Gleanings 687. Not quite level yet. Horse
eats cow's "orts," and cow eats horse's
"orts." Just so, I suspect, the solar does
well on chemical refuse, and the chemicals
do well on solar refuse.

And A. I. finds that in this summer's
drouth many things won't grow when yon
do water them. Same way here — have a
mind of their own, and are convinced that
our watering is a mere sell.

Guess Dr. Miller makes a center shot when
he reminds us that unfindable cells are usually
the forced work of qneenless bees. Glean-
ings 673.

Punic drones from two colonies scatter
through the whole apiary at Dr. Miller's.
This is a very valuable proof of what has
been quite generally assumed. And the oc-
casional crossing of bees at long distances is
not caused by queens flying long distances,
but by drones going moderate distances to
a playground, and going home with new

300

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

friends to a different apiary, and doing the
same thing next day. There need be no
wonder if a drone gets 20 miles from home
and fertilizes a queen there.

These two from Dr. Miller, Gleanings 699,
are good enough to steal.

" A queen has about 5,000 eyes ; a wurker from
that to 6.1X10. and a drone twice as many as a
worker. I'm glad I'm not a bee, for with only
two eyes I can see much that ought to be done."

" A queen's brain is not so large as that of a
worker, and Cheghire thinks a queen does'nt
know as much as a worker. The queen lays
eggs, and the workers run all the other business
of the hive."

Right in part, no doubt. The queen's
world is mnch more contracted than the
worker's world ; but she masters it more
thoroughly, I think. When she is bold she
is bold ; but when she is timid it is easy to
perceive that her eyesight is better than a
worker's, and that she plays squirrel with
you when you are seeking her.

Richards, Lucas Co., Ohio, Sept. 23, '9.3.

ADVERTISEMENTS

IMPORT AWT^^

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians havp gainpd a good name on
their own merits. Those who have tpsted them
with other bees say "they are the best honey
gatherers, cap tlieir honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are the largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

FIVE-BHflDED WORKEt^S

In March, April and May. f 1.2.T each, f, for $6.00;
.Tune, SUKleach. 6 for $o.(K); .July to Nov.. $1.00
each, 6 for $4..tI), Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send fordescrii>tivecircular.
12-9:i-tf C D DUVALL,

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

UlnstTaied Artvertlsements Attract Attention.

cuts FarnlsM for all illastratlDg PurDoses.

TYPEWRITERS.

Largest like establishment in the world. First-
class becouU-hand Instruments at half new prices.
Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Ma-
chines sold on monthly payments. Any instru-
ment manufactured shipped.privilege to examine.
EXCHAN'GING A SPECIALTY. Wholesale prices
to dealers. Illustrated Catalogues Free.

TYPEWRITER S 31 Broadway, New York.
HEADUUAETEES, \ ^^ Monroe St., Chicaga

Bind Your Back Volumes.

The back volumes of the Review are some-
what different from those of some journals :
many of them are, to a large extent, little pam-
phlets devoted to the discussion of special top-
ics. For this reason they will always be partic-
ularly valuable for reference. But how provok-
ing it is when desiring to consult some bsck
number, to find that that particular number is
missing— has been lost or mislaid. To avoid
such annoyance, some have fastened together
the issues of each year by tacking them together
with wire nails, or something of the sort. This
is better than nothing, but there is a lack of
flexibility, the book does not open out easily so
that it can be read, there is no protection to the
outside leaves, besides there is nothing hand-
some about such an arrangement.

There is a book binder here in Flint that does
excellent work at a fair price. He will put the
first five volumes of the Review into one hand-
some volume with morocco back and corners,
putting the title on the back in gilt letters, and
giving the edges of the leaves a neat, reddish
tinge — all for $1.25.

Send me your back numbers, either by mail or
express, and I will get the work done and return
the book when bound, making no charge for my
services, as the binder allows me a small com-
mission, and should any of yonr back numbers
or volumes be missing, 1 shall be glad to furnish
them as long as the supply lasts, simply charg-
ing the regular price for them, which is as fol-
lows: Vols. 1 and II. five cents a copy; Vol. Ill,
four cents a copy ; Vols. IV and V. eight cents a
copy.

The time will soon come when some of the
back numbers will be difficult to obtain, and if
yon care for the Review complete from the be-
ginriiu^r, nicely bounri, now is the time to attend
toil \V. /, Hl'TCHINSON, Flint, Micii.

Interesting Monthly for

The Family and Fireside

Welcome In every Home.

I..arKePrenilaniit for Clubs.

Sample Copy sent Btee.

Thomas G. Newman,

147 Southwestern Ave.,
CHICAOO, • - 11X8.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

301

I Names of Bee - Keepers.

m u

ia TYPE WRITTEN. E

BBBBEEiEiBEEEEiSBEEEEEEEiBEBiEiB

The names of my customers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (.in the largest States) .
and, although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2.50
per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I can furnish them
at $2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

Second Hand I

€

F %^ Supplies. I

the

second ^.
hand supplies that
1 have been advertis

CATGHIILL

The orders for un-
tested queens at To cts each ; six for $4.00. Test-
ed queens, $1 50 each, three for $4.00. Two-
rame nucleus with any queen $1.50 each, extra.
Safe arrival guaranteed. 7 93-lt

W. J. ELLISON, Catchall, S. C.

ing in the Review, the
following remain unsold : —

100 old-style, Heddon surplus
cases at 20 cts. (as a non-separatored
case, they have no superior) ; 2.5 slatted
honey boards at 10 cts. ; 20 Heddon feeders
at 40 cts. ; and half a dozen single - comb
nuclei for exhibiting bees at fairs. They
have glass sides, removable covers and are
painted a bright vermillion. They cost
$2.00 each, but will be sold at half - price.
All these are practically as good as new.

W. I. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Miclian.

The Golden Beauties.^

Our five-banded Italian queens, warranted
purely mated, at 75 cts each : two for $1.25.
Tested, $1.00 each ; two for $1.50. Safe arri-
val guaranteed C. B. BANKSTON
2-93-tf ("hriesman, Texas.

Great Reduction. OaWs comb Foundation.

SECTIONS AT GREATLY REDUCED

PRICES.
HIVES, SHIPPING CASES, <fcc.. AT BED-
ROCK PRICES.
WRITE FOR FREE. ILLUSTRATED (UTA-
LOGUE AND PRICE LIST.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

/ 93-1 f. Please mention the Review,

Wholesale and Retail. Even our competitors
acknowledge that our goods are the Standard
of their kind. Langstrotli on the Honey
Bee, Revised. New edition. Bee Veils;
anil veil material at wholesale. Bee Supplies,
Sections, Smokers, etc Samplfs of Founda-
tion and veil stuff with circular free. Instruc-
tions to beginners Send your address to

CHAS.D&DANT&SO?!, Hamilton, Ills.

4-93-l2t PI. as- mention ih- Reuie ■ .

Hastings' Lightning Ventilated Bee Escape.

Agricultural College, Mich. Sent. 1
"t have used the LightQing Bee E~capes vou
sent aod find them certainly the equal of the
Pnrier. and their superior for the reason that
they will eraptv a super more rapidlv."

Yours respectfully, J. H. LARRABEE.
'•It is our opinion that you have the best Bee
Escape ever introduced."

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Honolulu. Hawaiian Islands. April 25, 92.

"Please send me bv return mail 5 Lightning

Ventilated Bee Escapes. I have the Porter, and

the Dihbern and they hoth clog."

Yours truly, JOHN PARNSWORTH.

"IT LEADS THEJI ALL."
Read Testimonials of a few successftil

Bee-keepers.
Send for Sample and after a (rial jrou

ill use no other.
(R'alogue sent on applirat

Cherry Valley, N. Y., March 20. -93.
*'i shall take pleasure in recommending them
as the best I have ever used.

Truly yours, J. E. HETHERINGTOK.
"We believe you have an Escape that 'downs'
the Porter.'

T. PHILLIP & CO., Orillia. Ont,, Canada.
"Your Escape knocks out all competitors."

A, J. LINDLEY, Jordan, Ind.

"They did not clog, and cleared the supers

rapidly. In fact it is the best Escape I have

yet used. I cannot speak too highlv of it. and

consider it a great boon to bee-keepers. '

E, CLARK, Oriskanr

Price, by aail, each, 20e. per doz. $2.25. M. E. HASTINGS, MEW YORK MILLS, ONEIDA CO., N. Y.

302

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Cut the Price.

This is what Mr. G. E. Dawson of Car-
lisle, Ark., writes me. You may remem-
ber that he is the man who got no or-
ders. He is raising good queens and is
bound that they shall be tried, hence
he offers them as follows : Untested,
65 cts. ; three for $1.7.5 ; six for $3.00;
twelve for $5.00. Tested, $1.25. Select
tested, yellow to the very tip, $1.50.
— Ed. Review,

Plea."" mention *he Reuieui.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Doqe at the Review.

Muth's :

ONEY EXTRACTOR

PERFECTION
Cold-Blast Smokers,
Squ&^re 6I&SS Honey J^^r^, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to Chas. F. Mtjth & Son,
Cor. Freeman & ('entral Aves., Cincinnati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hints to BeeKeepers.

1-93-tf. Plensp Mmtion the Reuieui.

GO TO

HEAD
QUARTERS

FOR 4 AND 5 BANDED

i^ QUEENS

Special, breeding queen, $5.00

Best, select, tested, ."^.OO

Tested 2.50

Untested 1.00

" per dozen, .. 9.00

L. L. HEARN.
7-93-tf Oakvale, W. Va.

Please mention the Reuiew.

GOiMN~iT»"*H QUEENS

Now ready for $1.00 each. Do not order your
supplies until you see our circular for 189.3. For
the price, we have the best spraying outfit made.
Send $1.50 and get one. Wm. H. BRIGHT,
l-93-12t Mazeppa, Minn.

ITAIIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

Foii ises.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BROWN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georgia.

Please mention the Reuiew

For $ 1 .50 I will ?epcl
the Review for I 893
zipcl a fine, young,
Iziyipg, Itzilizvp queen.
Queen alone, 75 cts.

QUEENS

^

^

For $ 1 .75 I will sen<I the

Review, the queen an<J Aclvzvnced Bee <5ul-
Testecl queen5» $ * -00. The Review an<J

Zi tested queen $ 1 .75

A discount on large

I?R\^IR\a/ M order?. W. Z. Hutcb-

i •''^<'^' ^••''^' ^•^*'- -

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

303

Tbe Cbzvropion SrooKcr.

The ORIGINAL curved nozzle, steel lined, Bel
lows Smoker. The fire-chamber is 3',2x7 inches
with a corrugated steel lining, which allows a cold
current of air to pass between lining and outside
shell ; keeps the outer shell cool and more than
doubles the durability of the Smoker. It has a FORCE
draft, iind 8PARK-ARRESTiN(i (ONE connPCti"n be
tween bellows and fire-chaml)er; a base-valve to
either keep or extinguish the fire at pleasure; and
a removable apaik-arrestiug (iKATE in the curvfd
nozzle.

Price, by mail, $1.90 ; by express, 81. 05
If your supply dealer cannot supply you, write
to the manufacturer,

E. KRETCHA\ER, R«<I Oz^Kr lowa.
Boe Supply tlatalog of 70 Illustrated Pages, free.

HONEY

Superior Quality ; Price Low.

^boui tbe

MEW HIVE.

ri5H for He4<lon's Circulz^rj. A<l<lress
Jf\S. HEDDOyS, DoWAgiziC, A\icb.

HUNT'S

FOUNDATION

FACTORY.

Send for free samples of foundation and sec-
tions ; warranted good as any made. Dealers,
write for special prices and the most favorable
conditions ever offered on foundation. Send for
new, illustrated, free price-list of a Jull line of
supplies. M. H. HUNT.

1-93-tf Bell Branch, Mich.

Bee Hives and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Langstroth-Simplicity, Standard
Langstroth, Dovetailed and C!hampion Chaff
Hives, Supers, One Piece Sections antl Shipping
Cases. Foundation. Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16 page C'ircular.
1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH. New London. Wis.

Please mention the Reuieuf-

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,
FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

LOWRY JOHNSON,

1-93-tf. Masontown, Pa.

Bee - Keepers' Head - Quarters —The Louisana Hole

EDROPEAN PLAN. H. L. DAILEY, MGR.

Located at the Corner of 71st St. and Ave. B, Two Blocks from the South Side of World's

Fair Grounds, and One Block East of Stony Island Avenue and Parkside Station.

Nearly 300 Large, Light and Well- Ventilated Rooms. All modern Conveniences. Hot and Cold
Water on every floor. Free Baths Electric Call Bells. Lighted with Gas an Electricity. Steam
and Electric Cars pass near the Door every 15 minutes.

Rates— Mc, ISc, aM $1.00 per Day. Meals, 25c. ai Dnwartl.

How to Reaoli the Hotel, Parties arriving on the Baltimore & Ohio R R., take the
World's Fair train at the Rock Island Junction to the Exposition Depot, opposite the Louisiana
hotel; or if you arrive on any of these railroads— Big 4. Nickle Plate, Lake Shore, Pennsylvania,
Michigan Central, or Illinois Central - Get off at Grand Crossing and take an Electric Car to Park-
side Station. If you arrive at the Main Depot of any other R. R., take Illinois Suburban (South
Chicago) train to said Parkside Station, and walk one block east.

3U4

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

SHIPPINO

— AND —

Pasteboard Boxes or Cartons,

Everything used by Bee - Keepers. Catalogrne and Price List free. Ask for a copy of the
AMERICAN BEE - KEEPER (50 cts. a yearj especially for beginners

Tin© -VST. T. IP-A.IJOONH3R, l^FCa-. 00.,.Ja.ixiestown, N. "ST.

PATENT. WIRED, COMB FOUIATION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

TMii, Flat - Bottom Fofluflatlon

HAS NO FISHBONE IN SURPLUS HONEY-

Being the cleanest, it is usually
worked quicker than any fdn. made.
J. VAN DEU8EN & SONS,

(SOLE MANTJF.\CTDBEBS),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook, Mont. Cc.N.Y

The Bee- Keepers'

ENTERPRISE.

A cyclopedia of fresh, bright, original ideas
pertaining to Bee-Culture, carefully selected and
boiled down for busy people. Published monthly
at 50 cts— sent from now until Jan . 95 for 50 cte.

BURTOTH L. SAGE, /Hew Hav^n, CoijO.

Italian Queens

From imported mother, warranted purely mated,
$1.00 each : six at one time. $5.00. Untested
queens, 65 cts each.

C. A. BUNCH,
7-93-2t i\ye, Marshall Co., Ind.

CI

Golden"

Florida.

My location enables me to rear good queens
N O W as cheaply as they can be reared in the
North at anytime. Untested queens, 75 cts.
each ; 6 for $4.00 ; one dozen, $7.50. Last year's
tested queen, $1.25; select, $1.75 ; breeder, $2 50.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. 1-92-tf

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

If you are going to —

BUY A BXJZZ - SAVS^,

write to tho editor of the Kevikw. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
make you happy by telling you the price at
which he would sell it.

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send $1.' 0
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural ('allege, Mich.,
for his

Bee- Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

Please mention the Review.

BEES

QXJEElSrS,

SECTIONS, SMOKEBS,
^^___^^^ COMB FOUNDATION

.And all .Apiarian Supplies. Send for Catalogue.
E. T. FLANAGAN, Belleville, 111.

Please mention the Reuieu/.

Just Splendid.

Mr. AUey— The queen I got of you last fall ie
just splendid ! She is the best qneen in an api-
ary 150 colonies. I would not take $10 for her.
John A. Pease, Moravia, Calif.
Price of such queens is $1.00 each.

HENRY ALLEY,

Wenham, Mass.

Please mention the Reuieu.

-4 THE PROGRESSIVE BEE- KEEPER V^

£ISLB Olna-ngeci Hands. It is no-w I=u.tolisli©ci toy ttie

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

Hlgginsvllle, Mlsgonri.

Money, Experience and Enterprise will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicates. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 2S-page Catalogae of Apiarian Sappliee.

NOV,, 1893.

At Flir\t, Micl^igaq. — Oqe Dollar a Year.

306

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Advertising {^ates.

All adyertisemente will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make linch.
Discounts will be given as f ollows :

Ou 10 lines and upwards, S times, 5 per cent ; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 0 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 percent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On 30 lines and upwards, 8 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 80 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 tinies,
50 per cent.

Clubbing Ltist.

1 will send the Review with—

Gleanings, ($1.00)..

American Bee Journal ( 1.00) . .

Canadiau Bee Journal . . . ( 1.00) . .
American Bee Keeper . . . { .50) . .
Progressive Bee Keeper... ( .50).

Bee Keepers' Guide ( .50) . .

Apiciilturist ( .75)..

Bee-Keepers' Enterprise . . ( .50) .

.81.75.
. 1.75.
. 1.75.
. 1.40.
. 1.30.
. 1.40.
. 1.65.
. . 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— All sections to be weU filled ; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— .\11 sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed ; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white,"
" No. 1 dark," etc.

KANSAS CITY, Mo.— We quote as follows:

No. 1 white, 15 to 16 ; No. 1 amber, 13 to 14; No. 1

dark, 10 to 12 ; white extracted, 6Vi to 7 ; amber

extracted, 6 ; dark extracted, 5. Beeswax, 20 to ^.

(^LEMONS-MASON CO.,

Nov. 1. 521 Walnut St., Kansas City Mo.

CHICAGO.Ill.— Honey.— The limited demand
for comb honey does not permit our quoting it
above 16c, with no sales oi white selling below
14 to uy%. The stock that we have received this
year is of fine quality, and we advise forwarding
to market at once, so as to be received here be-
fore the cold weather sets in. Extracted is sell-
ing at 6 to 6 Vs. Beeswax, 23.

Oct. 18. S. T. FISH & Co.,

189 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

BUFFALO, N. Y.— Honey is moving very slow-
ly, but the demand will no doubt soon increase.
Stock is light for this time of the year. We liave
orders for seviral tons of buckwheat honey
which we can place at about Id f's. We quote
as follows : fancy white, 14 to 15: No. 1 white. 12
to 13; fancy dark, 10 to 11; No. 1 dark. 8r<>9;
white extractfd, 7 1o 8; dark, 5 to 6. Befeswax,
25 to 30.

BATTERSON « CO . .

Nov. r. 167 & 169 Scott St.. Buffalo; N. Y.

CHICAGO III. — There is plenty of honey com-
ing in and plenty of buyers for fancy stock.
There is good demand for white extracted which
is becoming scarce. Some inquiry for beeswax.
Honey has sold well this fall. We quote as fol-
lows : fancy white, 15 ; No. 1 white. 14 ; fancy am-
ber, 14; No 1 amber, 13; fancy dark 13; No. 1
dark, 12 ; white extracted, 7 ; dark, 5Vi. Bees-
wax, 20 to 22.

J. A. LAMON.

Nov. 1. U &48 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

CINCINN.\TI, Ohio.— Demand from manufac-
turers for extracted honey is slow, while that for
table use is fair. It brings from 5 to 8 cts.. ac-
cording to quality. Choice comb honey is in
good demand at from 14 to 16 cts. Arrivals are
good for all kinds of honey. Beeswax is in slow
(lemand while arrivals are large. It brings 20 to
23 ct8. ff)r KC)od to choice yellow wax.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON..

Sept. 26. Cincinnati, Ohio.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn., — We are receiving
large shipments of honey bat they are mostly of
poor quality. Fancy white is selling at 18 to 20
cts., but we are cleaning up more No. 1 white at
16 cts. than anything else. We quote as follows :
Fancy white, 18 to 20; No. 1, 16 ; fancy amber. 15 ;
fancy dark. 14; white extracted, 7V4 to 8; dark
extracted, 6'4 to 6?i. No sale for beeswax.

J. A. SHEA & CO.,
116 First Ave., North, Minneapolis, Minn.

Sept. 27,

CHICAGO, lU. — Fancy white comb honey
brings 15c per pound. Grades not grading first-
class are not selling at over 14c. as there has
been quite a quantity of California honey re-
ceived here that is offered at 14c. The quality is
superior to most of that we receive. Dark hon-
ey sells slowly at 12 to 13c. Extracted ranges
from 5 to 7c per lb., according to color, quality,
flavor and style of package. Beeswax 22c per
lb. The trade in honey has been large this sea-
son.

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,

Nov. 1. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

NEW YORK. N. Y.— The market on white comb
honey is weak and shows no activity. The sup-
ply is plenty and the arrivals large, hence prices
have a downward tendency and concepsions have
to be made in order to effect sales. Fancy dark
is scarce and in good demand Extracted re-
mains quiet with plenty of stock on the market.
We quote as follows : fancy white. 13 to 14 ; No.
1 white, 12 to 13; fancy amber. 12 to 13; fancy
dark, 11 to 12 : white extracted, 6 to 6!4 ; amber
extracted, 5i4 to 6. Beeswax, 24 to 25.

HILDRETH BROS. & 8EGELKEN,

Nov. 2. 28 & 30 Weat Broadway New York.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

807

^IDTEH L.OSSES

D

Are not always the result of the same cause. They ®)

may come from starvation ; from poor food ; from H

improper preparations ; from imperfect protection ; from ^

a cold, wet, or possibly a poorly ventilated cellar; -g^

etc., etc. Successful wintering- comes from a proper g

combination of different conditions. For clear, con- ]©)

cise, comprehensive conclusions upon these all-im- B

portant points, consult "Advanced Bee Culture." j^

Five of its thirty - two chapters treat as many different rr^

phases of the wintering" problem. jrai

Price of the book, 50 cts.; the Review one year and the ]@)

book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian. S

W. Z. HOTCHINSO]^, Flint, Mich. M

HOiSEY

Superior Quzility ; Price Low.

^bout the

MEW HIVE.

fish for He<l«lon's Circular?. A<}<lress
JfiS. HEDDOrt, Dowaji&c, r\ich.

Please m*>ntion the Rfuieu

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,

FOUNDATION FASTENERS,

8ECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices givpn to parties who wiU take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars aud particulars, address

1-93-tf.

DOWRY JOHNSON,

Masontown, Pa.

P]]|]P, A Whole Year's Snteription

J- -LljJ-JJJJ TO THE WEEKLY "AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL."

For the Full Particulars of this Liberal Offer of America's Oldest, Largest
and Best Bee-Paper,

SEND AT ONCE FOR A FREE SAMPLE COPY.

Address, GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 56 Fifth Ave., CHICAGO, I1,L.

To New Subscribers : The Journal Alone Sent for Three Months for Twenty Gents.

3u8

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

^^^«S^^^^^:;^::s^^ \ \ \ \ \ \ n \ \ \,n \ \ \ \ \ \ \/j>

11
jl

i

m

%

•3

*'

pop Only 50Cts.

HIS journal has a big circulation because it is made up of
practical ideas, good printing and paper, and tirst-class original engravings
— yes, lots of 'em ; in fact, because it has MERIT. But ■\nerii alone won't
boom the circulation ; so we propose to ofifer it TO NEW SUBSCRIBERS
from now until January, 1895, for $1.00. For %2J^ we will send the
journal to new subscribers from now until January, 1895, and one of those
new, imoroved, Crane smokers, postpaid. Crane smoker alone, $2.00. Send
for our free, illustrated, .52-page catalogue of bee-keepers supplies and sample
copy of Gleanings.-

m

w

m.
m

m

Pi

m

m

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, 0.

Twelve A\ontbs

The Canadian Bee Journal,, a live bee
paper edited by R. F, Holterman, will be sent
to any new subscriber for twelve months for
.")() cents in stamps or silver. Renewals. $1.00
uer year. Address GOOLD, SHAPLEY &
MUIR CO,. Ltd., Brantford, Canada.

50 Cents.

i'*/ease mention the ffeu'iew.

mmm m-

To hold twelve, Ih sections, or fourteen 7-
to-the-foot, at $6,00 per 100— with glass, $6.ti5.
They are of fine material, and the workman-
ship is of the best. Send for free price list of
everything needed in the apiary. 9-9;j-tf

M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

Please mention the Reuiew.

r^-p^A'B**' s of :^^ Keepers Supplies.

Tor *9^ Klf'^WiSLEAHY MFG. CO. HiGGlHSVlLLE

as great labor-saving implements by ("has. Dadant & Son, Prof A. J. Cook, Chas. F. Muth,
Jno. 8. Reese, J. H. Martin, Jno. Andrews, F. A. Gemmill, Wm. McEvoy, A F. Brown.
Thop. Pierce, and many other prominent bee-keepers. Descriptive circular and testimo-
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RETURN TH£M AND GET YOUR MONEY BACK AFTER TRIAL, IF NOT SATISFIED. For sale by dealers

MENTION THE REVIEW. Address R. &. E. C. PORTER, LewISTOWN, ILL

'«f>©

ee-J\eepeps' Kevieoj

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to tl^e Interests of Hoqey Producers.

$L00 A YEAR.

W. Z.HOTCHINSOfi, EditoP & Prop.

VOL VL FLINT, MICHIGAN, NOV. 10, 1893 NO.

AV'ork at IVIicliigaii's

Experimental

-A-piary.

E. L. TATLOB. APIARIST.
AN EXPEEIMENT IN FEEDING BACK.

Hungry fates !
Where went those other hundred weights ?
Siiddenly retreating "' up the spout ? "
Like a babble wlien its time is out ?

HT the end of
the white clo-
ver honey season,
finding I had a
large number of
unfinished sec-
tions on hand, as
well as honey to
extract, I planned
to make an ex-
periment in feed-
inff back extract-
ed honey to se-
cure the completion of the sections. The
experiment was begun about the last week
in .July and was continued for about four
weeks. This was too long a time for the
amount of work done. This is to be ac-
counted for partly by the weather during
August which was characterized by unusually
cool nights and partly by the fact that some
of the colonies used were not so strong as
they should have been. I also think that the
feeders used were partly to blame. They
were Heddon feeders brought from the

Agricultural College. It may be they were
not properly made, at all events when I
came to feed for winter I found I could feed
half a dozen with a tin pan to one with one
of those feeders.

The only preparation of the colonies to be
used was, where they were not already con-
fined to one section of the Heddon hive, to
so confine them by removing the extra sec-
tions of the hive containing the least brood.

en I —
3C O
IOC I -a >: l; 1

*>■ 00 3c ^ h- 1-" ;

Weight of
sections put
on.

Amount fed.

w I gcc-jjSSSo I Amount
'^1 =?'r'^*"r'T^^ I removed.

CO OO +- 2; 0-- CI OC

Gain.

oi *. m iji cu syi OS I ±'er Cent, or
^'^''"^^*- I gainofam't
fed.

cc t-^ zc K, oz io r^

ic oi *- p oc -J ^ cc Wt of hive at
Kjoccc dcv:,!- eginniHg.

§i:f:«Sg?g Wt of hive

at end.

Gain in wt.
of hive.

Ijoss in wt.
of hive.

It is hardly necessary to say that after this
the cases of sections to be furnished were
pnt upon the brood chambers as needed and

310

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

the feeder placed above the sections. The
feeders were then kept continually supplied
with the extracted honey without dilution.

Seven colonies were employed and an ac-
curate account kept of the material in the
case of each colony. The results may be
most briefly told by the use of a table as
shown on the {)receding page.

But little need be said in explanation of
the table. On the average out of every 100
pounds fed .58 (i-lO pounds reappeared in the
shape of comb honey. Some colonies did
much better than that. In selecting col-
onies some not very strong were taken to
make the fact prominent that for iUo best
results the very strongest should be chosen.
This fact of employing some colonies not
very stroii'.', with others already meuti'intd,
make the circumstances of tiiis experimn't
about as unfavorable as they could ordir a-
rily well be, yet there seems lo l>e no difficul-
ty in showing a large percentage of protit.

To show this I think we m;i\ protxily
make the calculation in this wa.\ :

Increased value of .WS lbs. Saz. of uiifin-
ishfd section honey at 7o. ;

Value of 426 lbs. 12 oz. " gain " at 15c

Increased weight of brood chambers
r)9-+ at 5c

41 Itt
tj9 41

Total

Deduct value of 788 l))s. 8 oz. fed ai Nc

98

$113 56

b;j o,s

Profit $.50 48

This does not take account of the labor of
feeding, but I think the improved condition
of the colonies may well off-et that item.

There is one draw back with this product
— it is liable to candy and so makes it neces-
sary that it be disposed of and consumed
without much delay. Perhaps on account of
this defect I have estimated the value at too
high a fij'ure. If some unobjectionable
method of preventing candying could be
found it wiiuld be a great advantage.

Lapeeb, Mich. Oct. 21, 1K!)3.

fl can say to Bvo. Taylor that J, too, have
tried feeding honey without diluting it. but
the bees take it so much more slowly that I
abandoned it. To make the best success at
feeding back, there should be populous col-
onies, with I he brood nest somewhat con-
tracted, hot weather, and the honey thinned
to nearly the consistency of nectar. It
should l)e thinned with hot water and fed
while warm.

I can tell you how honey can be treated so
that it will not candy when " fed back," but
I presume that some of my readers would

consider the plan objectionable. You know
that some of us mix a little honey with the
sugar that is fed in the fall for winter stores.
This is done to prevent crystallization.
Well, this rule will work both ways. A little
sugar mixed with the honey will prevent
crystallization. — Ed.]

Apicalture in College and Station.

PKOF. A. J. COOK.

¥'

'Oil ask for an ar-
ticle on the above
subject. As I have de-
cided convictions, I
am glad to comply
with } our request,
only regretting that
lack of time forbids
the care in writing it
that its importan(e
demands. All should
know that our special
Agricultural Colleges,
like those of Michigan, Kansas, Massachu-
setts, Maine. Peunsjlvania, Mississippi, etc.,
and the Agricultural Department of Univer-
sities like that of New York at Cornell, of Illi-
nois at Champaign, of Indiana at LaFay-
ette, of Wisconsin at Madison, of Tennessee
at Knoxville, etc., were largely en owed by
the general government, which fact alone
made the existence of many of these col-
leges possible. The Morrill Bills, one passed
in 18fW, granting 40,000 acres of public land
to each member of congress for each Slate,
and the other passed three years ago grant-
ing !jiir),000 to each college ( which amount
should be increased $1,000 annually till it
reached $2.5,000 for each college each year),
were conditioned on the fact that agricul-
ture in its various departments should be
specially taught in each college. In each
State this munificent gift from the general
government has been supplemented by the
State often with very generous liberality.

Thus we see that the money for these col-
leges has come from a general tax, either
State or National, and that agriculture in all
its branches is to receive benefit. Thus the
bee-keepers have a clear rujht to be leraem-
bered ; first because they have helped lo
found and equip colleges and stations, and,
secondly, because ai>iculture isan important

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

311

branch of agriculture : important in gather-
ing the vast stores of nectar, and perhaps
more important in increasing the fruitage
of orchards and gardens through poUeniza-
tion by the bees.

The bee-keeper, then, has a right to claim
recognition in each and every college, where
bee-keeping is located : and in what State
or Territory is it not ?

Now that we have proved the right, we
next consider the policy. Is it desirable to
have bee-keeping taught in the agricultural
colleges ? To say no, is to say that the bee-
keeper may as well be ignorant of the
sciences relating to his business, and igno-
rant regarding general matters. To be
thoroughly taught gives to the bee-keeper
the same general advantage that it gives the
horticulturist or farmer. If not, why not ?
No intelligent bee-keeper would say that a
knowledge of botany, entomology, and a
general education in science would not be of
great benefit to him. Not only in matters of
utility, but in adding to life's pleasure.

Again, if bee-keepers are trained, strained
honey in fact as well as name will soon be
no more, and will cease to injure our mar-
kets. If each neighborhood could have a
bee-keeper taught to put his honey upon the
market only in the finest condition, prices
would not be depressed as they must be by
ungraded comb honey sent in soiled and
broken combs.

Again, if we do not claim and maintain
our rights, we shall not only receive less than
is our just due, but oar business loses in
prestige, and instead of assuming its right-
ful dignity our business will have no stand-
ing, and when we appeal for legislation re-
garding spraying fruit trees, or in regard to
foul brood, etc., or ask for appropriations at
fairs, or for publications, or to exhibit at
great expositions, we must expect the taunt,
'your business is of no account," and we
are denied our just requests.

It seems to me that no bee-keeper who ap-
preciates the importance of his vocation can
feel for a minute that he and his business
are not entitled to this recognition in our
college, just as general agriculture, horticul-
ture, and floriculture are ; and can he hesi-
tate longer, when he knows his rights, to de-
mand them ? He will thus encourage a
better market, because of the excellence of
the product, and will do much to make the
dignity and importance of his business felt
in all the community. Thus with the rights

and importance of instruction in apiculture
at our agricultural colleges shown, can it be
accomplished ? I haven't a doubt of it. Let
bee-keepers rise en masse and demand this
right, and their demand, hedged in on every
side by justice, connot be refused by any
College Board. A good committee appoint-
ed to urge the matter, sustained by numer-
ous personal letters will succeed every time.
If bee-keepers in any State will demand this
right, the right will be given. This was
done in Michigan when bee-keepers deman-
ded that their Experimental Station recog-
nize bee-keeping ; and though I believe they
lost more than they gained, they proved, that
energetic action would secure rights. This
will always prove true if those who demand
their rights are sufficiently in earnest to per-
sist, and urge until success comes.

Like our Agricultural Colleges, so, too, our
Experimental Stations are endowed by the
general government. Only here the govern-
ment gives $15,000 annually to each State
and Territory, and entirely equips and
maus the stations without expense to the
State. As before, the bee-keepers have a
rigut to recognition ; they need the experi-
mentation, unless we now have reached bot-
tom facts, which no intelligent bee-keeper
bolieves. Here, too, insistance will bring
recognition, as was proved in Michigan. In
Michigan, however, while the experimentor
was secured, the station was removed from
the college where it should be located as I
showed a year ago, and all chance to teach
bee-keeping at the college was lost, for to
teach apiculture without an apiary is sheer
nonsense. I am sure that the Michigan bee-
keepers when they realize what was done,
will insist that not only shall the station be
ably manned as it is at present, but that it
shall be re-located at the college, and that
apiculture shall again be taught, and the
station and college be mutually helpful to
each other, as they must needs be when they
have so much in common. Would not the
farmers protest were the farm to be re-
moved, or the horticulturists kick if the
gardens and orchards were moved hence ;
and why not then a wave of indignation at
this strange move at the Michigan Agricul-
tural College ?

Ag'l Col., Mich.

Sept. 16, 1893.

[I fully agree with Prof. Cook that each
Agricultural College and Experimental Sta-
tion ought to have an apiary just as much as

312

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

it has a garden or an orchard. If the ex-
periments are all performed at one place
they are mutually helpful. ■ If the apiarist
wishes to decide some delicate chemical
point, an expert chemist with his apparatus
is right on hand. If it is a question in mi-
croscopy, line instruments and expert opera-
tors are near by. In this sense I agree with
the Prof, that it is a mistake to move the
apiary away from the College, but we who
were working to have bee-keeping recognized
at the Station were led to believe that $1,000
yearly (what it would cost to secure the ser-
vices of a competent apiarist at the College)
could not be spared just at present, while by
having the work done at the home of some
competent apiarist it could be done for half
the money, which could be spared. It was
a question of half a loaf or none. I do not
understand that it has been definitely deci-
ded that the apiary will never be taken back
to the College. But so far as bee-keepers
are to be benefitted by experimental apicul-
ture, there is one point that overshadows all
others, and that is the man who does the
work. I was well satisfied that Michigan
had made a wise choice, but I must confess
that Mr. Taylor is doing better work than I
expected of even him. — Ed.]

Why Ventilation Plays Such an Important
Part it the Wintering of Bees.

B. O. AIKIN.

To the puzzles thick and thin
Look a little deeper in.

JN our last, we
left you with
the testimony of
four of Colorado's
foul brood inspec-
tors favoring top
ventilation. There
was also present,
at our annual State
convention last
January, Mr. W.
L. Porter, one of
Colorado's leading
apiarists. After hearing the testimony in
favor of upward ventilation, he decided to
look into the matter. .Just at this time the

weather became quite pleasant, and Mr.
Porter and a neighbor went out to see about
the ventilation question. Mr. Porter's bees
were supposed to be uuder sealed covers in
the form of enameled quilts. The bees had,
however, made many holes in the quilts.
The result of their search was to find every
colony with big holes in the quilts dry and
nice, while those that had good quilts sealed
down, were damp and in the poorest con-
dition.

This spring we purchased bees from a lady
who had a few good hives, but most of her
bees were in boxes and old traps of hives.
Some of the boxes were not over seven inches
deep, and ten or twelve wide by sixteen to
twenty long. Many of these boxes were so
open that the bees had ceased to work from
the lower or regular entrance (which was in
many cases clogged with bees and dirt, as the
hives sat right on the ground in the grass
and weeds) and were flying from cracks and
crevices about the top. Some had openings
from a mere crack to an inch, almost the
entire length of the box. Yet the bees had
wintered equally as well, if not better, than
those beside them in the hives. One thin,'
was in favor of the good hives, most of those
in boxes were new, being last year's swarms,
and some short of stores, while the good-
hives colonies had plenty of stores, and
young queens. Now these boxes and all
were right out in open ground, except that
grass and weeds had grown up all about
them.

The situation will be better understood
when you remember that this is a dry cli-
mate. The ground is bare and often dusty
most of the winter, so you will see that these
colonies re eived much heat through direct
rays of the sun, and the heat radiating from
the ground.

Last winter we had bees out-doors entirely
unprotected, and with supposed sealed cov-
ers. One lot of seventeen colonies was in
a little deep valley in the foot-hills. The
first cover over them was a plain thin board
cleated, with bee space between it and the
top bars of frames ; above this was a regular
rimmed outer cover, same as illustrated in
the K. D. hive in both the Review and Glean-
ings some time ago. This gives about one
and one-half inches space between the cov-
ers. The inner cover become wet to some
extent and warped so as to give a little top
vent. Right behind the hives on the north
and northwest was a big rock and hill. The

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

313

rocks piled up almost perpendicularly for
fifty feet or more. Thus the sun would beat
down upon the hives, and also generate and
reflect heat from these rocks, so that almost
every clear day those bees were warmed
through. There being the two covers on,
the outer one slightly telescoped and close,
tliere could not be any decided top ventila-
tion, but where the ventilation lacked, the
heat came to the rescue. Not one colony
perished although one or two were very weak
to start with in the fall.

Another apiary was an open ground. The
hives were placed in double rows, back to
back, fronting east and west. These were
left with the summer quilts on, and a slightly
telescoping cover close on these. Most of the
quilts were more or less ragged. The most
of them had more or less top ventilation,
but none having very much. Cases were
about the hives, taking ten and twelve hives
to a case, half on one side and half on the
other. These cases came just about two
inches above the brood chamber, and had re-
movable roofs sloping both ways. About
two inches of space was between hive and
outer case. This and the spaces between
hives were packed with chaff, and about two
or three inches of chaff 6n top. Thus the
winter case cover lay upon the chaff at the
eaves, but rose to about six or eight inches
in the center, to give the pitch to the roof.

Here the loss was about five or six out of
fifty-seven so far as winter losses were con-
cerned ; more, however, were lost by spring
dwindling. This dwindling we will discuss
farther on.

Another lot previously mentioned in a hive
within a hive and sawdust packed, because
of much shade and covering, and being so
situated that the sun could not penetrate the
hives, suffered greatly with moisture and the
loss was about two-thirds. This lot was not
quite so strong to start with, which had
something to do with the difference in loss.

Six colonies we put up-stairs in the honey
house. They were left with sealed covers.
Three faced east and three south. A four-
iuch space, vacant, was between the hive-
wall and siding. The room was unplastered.
Now notice that the location and arrange-
ment would in summer give a more even
temperature, and a warmer temperature at
night. The sun upon the roof would heat up
the room and contents during the day which
heat would largely continue during the night.
In winter, this same room would become

very cold at night, while the sun's heat by
day would never reach the interior of the
hives. We put those bees in in the spring,
and were highly pleased with the results in
honey getting ; but, alas, spring again found
but one poor " starveling of a thing " to tell
the story. Ernest Root reported a similar
loss in his home apiary, but omitted par-
ticulars.

We also put a lot of bees in the cellar in
December, just after a severe spell of intense
cold. Most of the covers were sealed on
close. There was considerable water in the
hives. Nearly all the bees had diarrhoea.
Loss about fifteen per cent.

Now, friends, I feel almost like making a
positive assertion, that proper ventilation is
the main spoke in the wheel of successful
wintering. Read again B. Taylor's article
on page 129, current volume. Note the ac-
count of Mr. Hitt's successful wintering for
twenty-five years, by putting his bees in the
cellar and taking off the hive covers. Also
Mr. Taylor's own experience last winter
while experimenting with sealed covers ver-
sus upward ventilation.

In Gleanings for February 1st, page 82, A,
E. Manum discusses the wintering question
and tells of buying a colony in the spring
because it was the strongest in the lot. There
was top ventilation. Also how he packed
one apiary in shavings so there was ventila-
tion through the cushions. These wintered
well. Five colonies that were left with
sealed covers all died, and were " a dauby
mess."

On page 198. Vol. 20, Gleanings, C. P.
Dadant also gives us conclusive proof that
upward ventilation is safest. Holes in the
quilts showed him the difference between
sealed covers and ventilation.

Although we find some good authorities
on both sides of this question, I think we
may sum it up about this way : Sealed cov-
ers in open winters, and upon all occasions
when the conditions do not favor accumula-
tion of moisture, will be O. K. Absorbents
when used in such a manner as to allow the
moisture to pass out and not be retained,
will winter O. K. But either one will fail in
extreme and long continued cold, when every
thing favors the retention of moisture.

I would therefore recommend, in sunny
climes, to pack warmly all around the hive,
putting on top not over two inches of chaff,
and on the sides not to exceed four inches,

314

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

while two or three are better. A board or
cloth may be used overhead next the bees,
but leave a vent somewhere to pass off mois-
ture.

If the climate is such that a damp cold
prevails with extreme low temperature and
long continued, winter in the cellar with
plenty of ventilation, and a temperature not
too low, say 45° or over. The more damp
the cellar the higher must be the temper-
ature.

In the spring, when brood-rearing is want-
ed, is the time to economize heat. Last
year, brooding stopped early. In January a
warm spell set some colonies to brood-rear-
ing. A few matured their brood, and the
young had cleansing flights. Such colonies
were the easiest to spring. Others that had
very old bees, and did no breeding until the
last of February and first of March, had hard
work to pull through. Some were so much
weakened by the death of the old workers
that they could not well rear brood, and so
just eked out an existence trying to brood
but failed.

Right here is where packing shows its
value more than anywhere else. If these
weak and dwindling colonies are hid away
so deep as to exclude the solar heat, they are
almost as surely doomed as if exposed to the
extreme of heat and cold. But if the pack-
ing is only two or three inches thick, and so
arranged as to receive the heat of the sun
and be warmed through and through, it not
only helps the colony during the day time,
but also preserves a more even temperature
by night. A little close observation will
show that of two colonies of equal strength,
the one packed, and one not, the former will
cover the most brood, the latter being com-
pelled to contract or compactly cluster.

A large apiary in this county has been
packed in chaff now for four or five winters.
About three to five inches of chaff are above
in a hive body, and the cover left partly
open to allow moisture to escape. The past
two winters have been colder than usual, and
when the covers were left too close, moist-
ure accumulated somewhat. However, they
have wintered with scarcely any loss. The
packing has been too deep all around, but
when fairly started in the spring, breeding
was rapid.

LOVELAND, Colo.

Aug. 8, 1993.

Bee - Dysentery.— Its Cause and Prevention.

8. COBNEIL.

We shall get there by and by,
Do it right— and know the why.

JN his leader on
the above topic
the editor says : "We
do know that, in al-
most all cases of bee-
dysentery, the ftecal
mass is almost al-
ways wholly pollen."
This is a mistake.
Dysenteric dischar-
ges are distinguish-
ed from faeces voided
in health by the ex-
cessive quantity of water they contain. It
has been observed that, on the occasion of
their first flight in spring, healthy bees often
void fajces which contain at least twice as
much pollen, weight fo"- weight, as is con-
tained in the excrement of dysenteric bees.
Prof. Cook examined microscopically some
specimens of "dryfte3es" which I sent to
Dr. Miller. His report is that " as they
break up they are found to be composed
wholly, or almost#wholly, of pollen grains."
See Gleanings, page 391, 1885. Later on Dr.
Miller says " I am not mistaken, I think, as
to what I saw, for I have often seen the bees
in the act of voiding, both in this and other
years, and have seen thousands of specimens,
such as Mr. Cornell sent, both on the hive
and in the vicinity." For a fuller account
of Dr. Miller's observations see Gleanings,
page 703, 1885. Mr. Heddon has said that
fajces of this discription are evidence of dis-
ease. If so, I want to have my bees diseased
in this way every year.

The editor also says " I feel certain that
bees with only pure cane sugar for stores,
placed in a cellar where the temperature is
about 45°, will bear a confinement of four
or five months, with no trace of disease."
The editor is mistaken again. Mr. Doolittle
tried to winter bees in just this way, and lost
them. His experiments and observations
show clearly that sugar syrup in place of
honey, and the absence of pollen, do not se-
cure immunity from dysentery. See Glean-
ings, pages 231 and 342, 1885.

There is another reason which of itself
makes it imperative that pollen must not be
excluded from the larder of the bees in win-
ter. It is known that carbo-hydrates cannot

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

315

be digested and assimilated without the
addition of nitrogenous food. The highest
authorities on dietetics are in accord in re-
gard to this matter. On one occasion Mr.
Heddon's bees died, as he tells us, of cold.
A post mortem examination by Prof. Cook
revealed the fact that their stomachs were
full of sugar syrup, without a trace of pol-
len. The material for heat production was
present, but there was lacking the nitro-
genous element necessary to start in motion
the changes which result in the evolution of
heat.

I think the foregoing abundantly proves
that, not only is there nothing gained by the
exclusion of pollen from winter stores, but
its presence is essential for the health of the
bees. The editor of the Review is as much
opposed to teaching errors through the col-
umns of his paper, as any man can be.
May we not njw hope to see him boldly re-
cant his opinions, as to the consumption of
pollen being the cause of bee dysentery ?

The editor recommends a temperature of
4.'>'' for the air of the bee cellar, with the wet
bulb thermometer '6° lower. This would in-
dicate a relative humidity of 78, or, in other
words, 78 per cent, of saturation. If these
conditions are kept up continuously the
hives being sufficiently ventilated, either up-
ward or downward, and provisioned with
buckwheat honey, or other honey equally
good, and the stocks moderately strong,
there will be no dysentery. Let us consider
some of the difficulties to be overcome in
maintaining these conditions all winter.

Saturated air at 45° contains 3.01 grs. of
the vapor of water per cubic foot, and 78 per
cent, of this is 2.81 grs. ; therefore the addi-
tion of .8 of a grain to each cubic foot of the
air approved by the editor will produce com-
plete saturation.

An ounce of honey, on being consumed,
pr > 1 I ;j-i 328.125 grs of aqueous vapor. 100
colonies, consuming an ounce per day, will
give off 32,812.5 grs. which, being added to
the air approved by the editor, will satu-
rate 41.015 cubic feet per day, assuming
that no ventilation of the repository takes
place. This is more than the quantity of air
in most repositories, after the hives are put
in. In my cellar I have often found that the
readings of the wet and dry bulb thermom-
eters were almost identical, indicating sat
nration, or nearly so. My cellar is too small
to enable me to maintain a constant differ-
ence of 3° .

In the case of the higher animals, when
air is saturated, or nearly so, and is of the
same temperature as the body, "it refuses
to receive the perspiration which is offered
to it from the skin and lungs; the sewerage
of the system is dammed up." Such are the
atmospheric conditions when cases of sun-
stroke are most numerous. Supposing the
air in the cellar at 45° were fully laden with
moisture, the case of the bees is even then not
so bad. Saturated air at 45°, when warmed
to 65°, will have about 63 per cent, of sat-
uration. Evaporation of the bees will take
place under these conditions, but not so
effectually as if the air of the cellar were as
dry as recommended by the editor.

Air breathed by the bees, when expired, is
saturated, and of the same temperature as
the cluster. As the vapor laden air escapes
from the cluster at 65°, into saturated air at
55°. it deposits 3.2 grs, of water per cubic
foot, on the sealed honey, the hive walls
and surrounding objects : whereas, if the
air of the cellar were dry, and of sufficient
quantity, this vapor would be taken up by
the air, just as the clouds of condensed
steam from a locomotive are absorbed by the
atmosphere, and disappear.

Saturated air carries off the heat of the
cluster nearly three times as fast as dry air,
consequently to keep up the temperature of
the cluster, the bees must eat more honey,
now thinned by absorbed moisture deposited
on the combs. This loads their blood with
an increasing quantity of water, which i? not
completely evaporated. Josh Billings says
that when a man begins to go down hill
financially, all nature seems to be greased
for the occasion. So with the bees, each un
favorable condition brings about others, un-
til their bodies become distended, and as Mr.
C. W. Dayton says they must be " evapora-
ted down " or they will die of dysentery.

The only practical way of maintaining the
conditions approved by the editor, is to keep
the air in the repository constantly chang-
ing, and by warming th* incoming air by
bringing it through a sub-earth pipe, or by
artificial heat. I have had bees suffer from
dysentery because they were exposed to a
current of incoming air. Mr. Boardman
records a similar experience. It is not to be
wondered at that bees suffer, when ex-
posed to a constant draft for five months.
From the experience I have had I consider
it essential that the hives should not be
exposed to a draft.

316

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

It is said that sub-earth pipes are being
discarded. They are usually made of wood
or porous tile, open at the joints, in either
case admitting moisture and foul air from
the soil. The only advantage gained by
bringing the air through a sub-earth pipe is
that, no matter how cold the weather may
be, the temperature of the incoming air
never varies mure than from 'ST to 42= in
this latitude, and we have had the mercury
about as low as it can go. If the sub-earth
pipe is impervious to moisture, as it must
be if it is used at all, outtide air at say 10°
above zero, and having 80 per cent, of sat-
uration, will enter the cellar at about 40°,
and ;{8 per cent, of saturation. Of course,
the air will be equally dry, no matter how it
is brought in, when it is warmed up to this
temperature.

My neigiibor, Mr. Webster, heats his brick
dwelling by means of a furnace in the cellar.
A brick partition cuts off the furnace room
from the bee cellar. There is a door in this
partition, which is opened, from time to
time, to let warm dry air into the bee depart-
ment, and draw the cool damp air out. Mr.
Webster has wintered 100 colonies and up-
wards very successfully, in this cellar, for
several years.

If I were building a bee cellar, I should
have it wholly under ground, on account of
the greater ease in keeping a steady temper-
ature. I should cement the floor because it
would then be drier, and more easily cleaned.
There is no truth in the statement which we
sometimes see, that the uncemented floor
absorbs foul gases from ihe air, making it
less foul. If cementing the floor makes
any difference at all, in the condition of the
air, it is the other way about. Ground air is
always ricli in carbonic acid. The cement
helps to keep the ground air out of the cel-
lar. To dr.tw off the vitiated air, I should
have a 7-incii pipe, and if possible more than
one, leading from near the cellar floor to a
chimney in constant use. I should want to
know by an anemometer how many times
per hour the air is changed. I should have a
small room, cut off from the bee apartment,
by a heavy brick or stone partition, and into
this room I should bring the outside air,
either from above ground, or through a sub-
earth pipe. If from above, I should keep a
coal stove going when needed, if through a
sub-earth pipe a kerosene oil stove, as recom-
mended by the editor, would perhaps do.
To admit the warmed air into the bee apart-

ment, I should have registers at the top of
the partition, and to draw off cold air from
the floor, I should have registers in the par-
tition at the floor. In drawing off cold air
from the floor, and sending it back warmed,
there is no danger of getting an undue pro-
portion of carbonic acid gas. The caibonic
acid gas of breathed air does not separate
and fall, by its superior wtight, to the floor,
as is often stated. The belief that it does
so is a popular fallacy.

I have said nothing about the carbonic
acid produced by the consumption of honey
pari passu with the production of aqueous
vapor, the proportion of which can readily
be ascertained by means of a Mason hygrom-
eter, because with such ventilation as is
recommended above, the one will be removed
with the other. Nor have I said any-
thing about the proportion of oxygen
necessary in the air for the generation of
heat, because in the pure air introduced, as
recommended, the quantity of oxygen will
be right.

Unless the hives themselves are ventilated,
so that the waste products can pass off into
the surrounding air, as fast as produced,
ventilating and warming the cellar will not
save the bees. In the atmosphere recom-
mended by the editor, or perhaps one a little
warmer, the covering of the hive may be
removed. This will keep the bees dry and
healthy.

Dr. Miller and C. W. Dayton are quite cor-
rect as to foul air making the bees uneasy.
This was, I think, shown very clearly in Mr.
Doolittle's case, when, in order to keep the
temperature of his cellar up to that advo-
cated by Mr. Ira Barber, he burnt coal oil in
his cellar all winter, without any provision
for carrying off the products of combustion.
By the way, it may be worth while to state
that when the supposed high temperature
of Mr. Barber's cellar was being discussed,
I wrote him, inquiring how he knew that the
temperature of his cellar was from fi0° to 90°.
He replied, saying that when he had finished
putting in his bees, he found the temperature
was l'>0% and that when he returned to set
them out the following spring, he found it
was iK)°. In the mean time he did not see
the bees, nor were there any observations
made as to the temperature. Most of us
have noticed that thedisturbance occasioned
by placing the bees in the cellar, causes a
rise in the temperature, and that as the bees
quiet down, vhe temperature falls. There is

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

317

little doubt that such was the case in Mr.
Barber's cellar. The high temperature in
spring was most likely caused by foul air
and warm weather.
Lindsay, Ont. Sept. 28, 1893.

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HUTCHUMSOfi, Ed. & PfOp.

Terms : — $1.00 a year in advance. Two copies
$1.90 ; three for $2.70 ; five for $4.00 ; ten or more.
70 cents each. If it is desired to have the Review
stopped at the expiration of the time paid for,
please say so when subscribing, otlierwise it
will be continued.

FLINT, MICHIGAN, NOV. 10. 1893.

G. B. Bankston. of Chriesman, Texas, has,
I am sorry to say, lost his home by fire.

Gleanings is giving some very excellent
pictures and descriptions of English apicul-
ture.

f%

The Canadian Bee Joubnal was the first
to give a large share of the report of the pro-
ceedings of the Chicago convention.
— y

Daek Queens are the result if the nurses
are dark ; at least, this is the opinion of
some breeders, but my own experience and
that of other breeders is different.

R. L. Taylob has been sick since his re-
turn from Chicago. As a result, his
"Timely Topics" were not sufficiently
'* timely " in their arrival to be given a
place in this issue.

^

The Fighting of bees over a queen when
she is being introduced is quite likely to in-
jure her. Better keep her caged until the
bees cease to ball the cage. Doolittle gives
this good advice in Gleanings.

The Nobth Ameeican will hold its next
meeting at St. Joseph, Missouri. Emerson
T. Abbott of that place was elected Presi-
dent ; O. L. Hershiser, of Buffalo, Vice
President ; Secretary Benton was re-elected
and so was Bro. York as Treasurer.

C. C. Van Deusen and wife, of Sprout
Brook, N. Y., both lost their lives in the ter-
rible railroad accident at Battle Creek, Mich-
igan. Mr. Van Deusen was one of the part-
ners in the firm of J. Van Deusen & Sons,
manufacturers of the fiat bottomed founda-
tion. All bee-keepers will be most sincere
in their sympathy for the fattier, whose
kindly face has often been seen at our fairs
and conventions, also for the other friends
that are called upon to mourn the loved
ones that met such a terrible fate.

E. C. PoETEE, the bee escape, man was at
the Chicago convention and showed me a
letter from some one who had tried escapes
with an opening at each end and he believed
that having two openings was objectionable
in that there were bees calling at each end
and it was confusing to a bee that had just
entered the escape, she turned first in one
direction and then in the other — " halting
between two opinions." While on this sub-
ject of escapes I may say that judging from
au examination of the Porter patent, and
from a letter received from Mr. Hastings
when I asked him for an explanation, I am
led to believe that the Hastings escape is an
infriugment upon the Porter, and the
Hastings advertisement will not appear in
the Review again until I am satisfied that
Mr. Hastings has the right to make the
escape that he does.

Gkading Honey was discussed at the Chi-
cago meeting, but the rules adopted at the
Washington meeting were not changed. It
was noticeable at Chicago that some of the
members had heard the subject discussed
until they were sick of it. Mr. Muth made
one remark in his paper upon the subject to
which I would like to reply. He said he did
not see how the word *' fancy " could be ap-
plied to darA; honey. The words "fancy,"
"No. 1," and "No. 2," apply simply to the
condition of the combs and sections, not to
the honey itself which is classified into
"white," "amber" and "dark." By this
arrangement it will be seen that there may
be "fancy " dark honey as well as " fancy "

white.

©

Hasty would have us call Mr. B. Taylor's
apiary the Minnesota experimental apiary
and thinks it would be just as good as though

318

TBE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

it had the sanction of the State. I have
thought of that same thing myself, but if
our Minnesota friend could only have a few
hundred dollars from the State it would en-
able himi to devote more time to these experi-
ments, conducting more of them. I know
of no better man in Minnesota for this posi-
tion, and if the bee-keepers of that State
would only bestir themselves in that direc-
tion they could have the benefit of his best
work in that direction — I think.

Hasty is right when he says we must be
careful that no mediocrities are appointed as
apiarists, or more harm than good will
come.

M. H. Dewitt, of Sang Run, Maryland, is
an undesirable customer for queen breeders.
He buys queens and pays for them mostly
with fair promises. He owed Mrs. Atchley
more than a year and she finally brought
him to time only by threatening to expose
him. She says that she gets a great many
complaints against him from queen breed-
ers. He made arrangements last spring
with J. B. Case, of Port Orange, Florida, to
buy queens of him and pay for them in
monthly settlements. No remittances have
been made since May, but orders have con-
tinued to come accompanied by plausible ex-
cuses for non-payment. Mr. Case has re-
ceived numerous complaints against him.
He promised to pay me an advertising bill
last May. A part of it was paid in July and
now he answers no inquiries. The man may
not be dishonest, but he is certainly an un-
desirable customer. So far as I am con-
cerned personally, I would allow the matter
to pass unnoticed, but such exposures some-
times become an unpleasant, editorial duty.

VENTILATION AND MOISTURE.

The articles of Messrs. Aikin, Elwood,
Dayton and Cornell again bring up the ques-
tions of ventilation and moisture. Several
times it has been decided that ventilation
had a bearing only as it afifected tempera-
ture. It must be admitted that bees have
sometimes wintered well when there was but
little ventilation and an abundance of moist-
ure, but in these cases the food may have
been of the best. I am becoming more and
more convinced that we cannot put our fin-
ger on any one thing and say " This causes

bee diarrhoea." Or, to be more exact, oth-
er favorable circumstances may be such as
to overcome the objectionable features of
some factor that under other conditions
might prove disastrous. For instance, a
warm, dry atmosphere may enable the bees
to overcome the troubles arising from a poor
diet and vice versa. Now that Mr. Cornell
calls my attention to it I must admit that
when I have had bees perish from diarrhoea
the fteces have somethnes been watery as well
as composed of pollen ; in fact, they might
be described as consisting of water and pol-
len mixed. It is probable that a warm, dry
atmosphere would enable the bees to get rid
of this excess of water and it is possible that
they would then be able to manage the pol-
len. It is the double load that breaks them
down. Too many of us do not know whether
the air of our cellars is damp or not. A man
reports that the temperature is thus and so.
Upon another point equally as vital he is un-
informed. He knows nothing in regard to
the degree of saturation or moisture. The
Review has several times explained how easy
it is to ascertain in regard to this point by
means of the wet and dry bulb thermometer.
This is a matter for our experiment station
to take hold of. Bro. Taylor, will you try and
produce bee diarrhoea by means of a cold,
damp atmosphere ? All along we have been
trying to prevent bee diarrhoea, now let us
try solving this problem by working at it
from the opposite direction. Let us try and
prod ice it at will. If we can succeed in this
the results may be helpful.

the honey - SHOW AT THE WOBLD's FAIB.

Considering the amount of money appro-
priated by the different States for making
an apiarian show at the Columbian Exposi-
tion, and the late day at which some of it
was allotted to this purpose, the display was
very good. As the show lasted several
months, the exhibition of the honey under
glass became a necessity. This greatly
hampered the exhibitors as it prevented them
from getting up large and striking displays.
The exhibits were made in large show cases,
each case being five feet wide, about ten feet
high and perhaps twenty-five or thirty feet
in length.

First came New York. This State had two
of these large cases, besides two smaller ones
about eight feet long that fitted in nicely in
filling up a corner. The smaller cases were

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

319

filled with comb honey from such men as
Hetherington, Elwood and Hoffman. One
large case contained mostly extracted honey
in bottles and jars. In this case there were
also 112 pounds of comb honey and 140 of
extracted that had been gathered by six col-
onies of bees kept in the building, they fly-
ing out through the walls a la house apiary.
This honey was dark. F. H. Cyrenus fur-
nished a box a foot wide by four in length
and three inches deep in which were some
very fantastically built combs. A little close
study showed the initials of his name drawn
by the crooks of the combs. He also had on
exhibition another box in which were two
combs four feet in length at the points of
attachment, perhaps six inches in depth, but
about three or four inches thick. Two large
letters, N Y, were built up with pound sec-
tions in the front end of the case. There

The New York exhibit was put in place and
cared for by our old-time competitor at fairs,
O. L. Hershiser, and it showed that he haa
had experience in that kind of work.

THE ". Y. EXTKACTED HONEY EXHIBIT.

were also some beautiful mounted speci-
mens of honey producing plants. Yes, and
I remember seeing some photographs of
the Langdon house apiary — both exterior
and interior views. The other large case
was filled with comb honey ; a long pyramid
at each end and a smaller one in the middle.

THE MICH. HONEX EXHIBIT.

Michigan's show stood next to that of New
York. This is one of the States that gave
but little money towards showing up the
honey industry, and had it not been for the
self-sacrificing labors of Mr. H. D. Cutting,
it is doubtful if Michigan would have had
any honey on exhibition. Neither should it
be forgotten that such men as Taylor, Hil-
ton, Walker and Hunt came forward and
loaned honey and wax, and thus saved the
honor of the State as a honey-producer.
There was one large and one small pyramid
of extracted honey from Byron Walker, I
believe. In the center was a round pyramid
of comb honey from R. L. Taylor, and for a
large lot of comb honey, I think this was the
best comb honey on exhibition. There was
a pyramid of honey in cases from Hilton
and fine wax from M. H. Hunt.

Next in the row of cases came that of Ohio,
It contained three pyramids of comb and ex-
tracted honey and small cakes of beautiful
wax, the finest I saw, all so combined that
one added to the attractiveness of the oth-

320

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW,

era. The frame work to hold up these pyra-
mids was of metal and the shelves or sup-
ports of heavy plate glass. This gave a sort
of airiness to the exhibit that was quite at-
tractive. The comb honey was mostly from
C. E. Boyer, and was fine. That jolly,
" right man in the right place," Dr. A. B.
Mason, "setup" the Ohio exhibit, and it
showed most conclusively that he was no
novice.

Canada's honey exbibit.

So far as extracted honey was concerned,
Canada made the most attractive showing.
Especially was this true in regard to the
manner and vessels in which it was shown.
There was a great variety of kinds of honey,
both liquid and in the candied form, and the
sizes and varieties of the glass ware were too
numerous to mention. Some of the glass
jars approached a foot in diameter and two
or three feet in heighth. There was a small
lot of comb honey, from Mr. Holterman, I
believe, that was unexcelled. Some from
Mr. Hall was also very fine. The Canada ex-
hibit was under the management of Mr. Al-
len Pringle, and it is probable that no better
man could have been chosen for the work.

The exhibit from Wisconsin was not so
large as that from some of the States, but

its manager, Mr. Franklin Wilcox, had done
the best he could with the material on hand
by arranging the comb honey in arches as
large as the case would allow him to build
tliem, and in this manner he secured a
unique display entirely different from that
of the others.

I think Mr. Whitcomb arranged the ex-
hibit from Nebraska, but at the time of my
visit, Mrs. J. N. Heater had it in charge. It
contained a large pyramid of comb and ex-
tracted honey, and some figures and flowers
in wax, while the top of the case contained
the best display of honey producing plants,
pressed and mounted, that was to be found
in any of the displays.

The next case had a very meager showing
of honey from California. It seems strange
that such a great honey producing State as
this should not have had a better display. I
presume if I knew the circumstances it
might not appear so strange. There was
some comb honey but it was not first class
in appearance. Some tall glass bottles filled
with extracted honey from J. F. Mclntyre
were really the most attractive part of the
exhibit. In one end of the case were some
curiosities in the way of enormous clam
shells and the shells of ostrich eggs in which
the bees had been induced to store honey.

Iowa had one large pyramid of comb hon-
ey and two smaller ones of extracted. In
the front end of the case, the words " Iowa
Honey " appeared in letters formed by the
bees in honey. E. Kretchmer put this ex-
hibit in place, and he, too, showed by his
work that he had " been through the mill."

Minnesota made an indifferent showing,
but I heard some one say that the honey was
so damaged in transit that most of it was
unfit for display. A. K. Cooper, who once
published the Magazine, put this display in
position, and probably did as well as he
could with what he had to work with.

Illinois probably made as large a display
as any State, as it filled four cases. The
first one was entirely occupied by a castle
built of honey-comb ; there being doors and
windows, the latter being furnished with cur-
tains of foundation. The word ILLINOIS
was spelled in the side by using sections of
dark honey to form the letters. The second
case also contained a comb honey castle, the
walls being waved in and out. The next
case was entirely filled with a pyramid of
liquid extracted honey in bottles. It was
unique in that it reached the ceiling of the

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

321

case which was lined underneath with a mir-
ror, which reflected the pyramid below and
made it appear as though there was an in-
verted pyramid huny in the air above the
one below. Strange to say, it was a puzzle
to many visitors. In the last case was the
wax exhibit, the most interesting feature of
which was a two-story dwelling, with win-
dows, doors and balconies, made from differ
ent shades of foundation. This was from the
Dadants. Messrs. Hambaugh and Stone
showed a great deal to taste and enterprise
in getting up the fine display that they did.

Indiana showed a neat hollow castle of
comb and extracted honey ; the sides being

IOWA HONEY EXHIBIT.

of comb and the ends of extracted. There
was also a tall pyramid of bottles very at-
tractively labeled and filled with a kind of
drink made from honey, and called " Honey
Dew." This was from Mr. Hill of the Guide,
and he was the man who put the exhibit in
shape. It was very tastily done, as he did
not make the mistake of trying to do too
much, which was the case in a few instances.
A. I. Root made the largest display of
implements and supplies. They were in a
case of his own construction. It was about

twelve feet long and ten high. E, Kretch-
mer, A. G. Hill, the Goold, Shapley and
Muir Co.. W. T. Falconer, J. .J. VanDeusen
& Sons, Chas. White and M. E. Hastings
also had goods on exhibition. On the last
day of the convention Mr. Florance Williams
of Barnum, Wisconsin, placed on exhibition
a six-comb, self- reversing honey extractor.
The comb baskets swing around in some-
thing the same way as those of the Stanley
make, but the peculiar feature is a cog
wheel at the top of each comb basket shaft
and these cogs fit into cogs upon the inside
of a sort of hoop that passes clear around
the extractor. This causes all of the baskets
to reverse simultaneously ; otherwise, being
so close together, there would be clashing
from one basket getting ahead of another in
its reversal. A leaf spring behind each side
of each alternate basket causes the baskets
to spring out when the stoppage of the ma-
chine kills the centrifugal force, and the im-
mediate turning of it in an opposite direc
tion throws the baskets around in the oppo-
site direction.

I left the grounds with the impression that
I had seen most of the honey exhibits, but
Dr. Miller says in Gleanbujs that there was
some very fine honey from England in the
British exhibit, and that there were other in-
teresting apiarian exhibits scattered over
the grounds. I agree with him in thinking
it a pity that everything in the bee-keeping
line could not have been in one place.

THE TRIP TO CHICAGO.

As the sons of the prophet do piously try
T'. see Mecca once ere the hour comes to die.

On the Saturday preceding the convention
of bee keepers in Chicago, I packed my tel-
escope grip with a camera and nearly three
dozen dry plates. Evening found me enjoy-
ing something to which I had been a stran-
ger for several years, and that is the hos-
pitality of Mr. Heddon. I also had the
pleasure of meeting a Mr. A. E. Hoshal, of
Beamsville, Canada, who has since bought
the right of Mr. Heddon's new hive for Can-
ada and the British Possessions. Messrs.
Heddon, Hoshal, H. A. Burch, (who has for
several years helped Mr. Heddon make the
Dowagiax: Times), and myself held an infor-
mal but quite enthusiastic bee-convention of
which I may say more sometime in the fu-
ture. Before leaving, Mr. Heddon and my-
self drove out to his Glenwood apiary and

322

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

took a camera's view of it. On our way back
I noticed a deserted dwelling standing
among old apple trees and evergreens. Most
of the doors and windows had fallen from
the casements, but vines made wreaths about
the openings and hung in festoons from the
cornices. It was romanticly picturesque,
even for a deserted dwelling, and how I did
long to stop and add it to my collection of
photographs, but a stiff breeze kept the
leaves in constant motion and I knew the re-
sult would be a negative not quite good
enough to be satisfactory nor bad enough to
throw away, hence I reluctantly drove on.
Since beginning to use the camera I find
myself noticing every little bit of scenery in
a way that sometimes surprises me. Before
leaving Mr. Heddon's I made "exposures"
of his home apiary, the interior of hie honey
house and of his residence, from some of
which I may have cuts made and show them
to my readers.

From Dowagiac I went toBuchanan,
Michigan, where I visited nothing more nor
less than a skunk farm, that is, a place where
skunks are raised for their fur and oil.
About three acres of a hill side that slopes
down to a stream are fenced in with a h gh
board fence that extends four feet down into
the ground and is surmounted with several
strands of barbed wire. Inside this enclo-
sure the animals are kept in what might be
termed a half-domesticated state. One place,
where the bank is the steepest, is fairly hon-
ey-combed with their holes. There is a house
in which is a brick arch surrounding a huge
caldron kettle in which their food, consist-
ing of scraps of refuse meat and corn meal
is cooked. There is an out door cellar in
which the food is kept in winter th t it may
not freeze. There have been as many as 380
skunks inside the enclosure at one time, but
at present the exact number is not known.
I made several photographs showing the dif-
ferent phases of the business, and, consider-
ing that the skunks do not usually come out
until dusk, I was fortunate enough to catch
three in a group taking their evening meal
before it was too dark to use the camera. I
may " write up " an account of this visit and
send it to some paper for publication.

I reached Chicago early Tuesday evening
and was not long in discovering that the
" gathering clan " became rapidly greater as
the hours went by. The hotel was soon so
crowded that it was impossible to make room
for one more to sleep. There was a large

transom extending the whole length of my
room, or, rather om- room, as it contained
six bee-keepers, and when I awoke in the
night I heard voices down in the hall. I
listened a few moments and decided that E.
R. Root had arrived, as the conversation was
none other than he and C. E. Parks of the
G. B. Lewis Co., talking sections.

There was the largest gathering of bee-
keepers it has ever been my lot to witness.
There were 22.") in attendance, some .tO of
which were ladies. Many were the old famil-
iar faces that greeted and made glad my
eyes, and many were the faces with which I
at once felt acquainted although I had never
seen them before.

While there was a large gathering of the
best apiarists of the country, nothing of an
unusually valuable character was brought
out at the convention. This is not to be
wondered at, as all subjects are so thoroughly
discussed in the journals that but little of a
new character remains to be said at a con-
vention.

As a place for seeing how bee-keepers look
conventions are a grand place, but the jour-
nals are beginning to rob it of even this
feature ; but they never can forestall us in
the hand clasp, the sound of the voice, and
the glance of the eye.

One fact was brought out more clearly to
me than it had ever been shown before, and
that is in regard to the size of hives and the
contraction of the brood nest. We of the
North, with our short, early honey flow need
small hives and contraction or the season is
passed before the colonies are ready for it.
Farther south where the seasons are longer,
or where there is a bountiful fall flow, large
hives give excellent results and there is not
so much swarming.

The question of swarming and its preven-
tion also turned largely upon this same
point. With a short, early flow swarming is
undesirable, while a prolonged flow or one
that comes late in the season may make
swarming desirable

The fact that a one-fourth inch bee-space
practically prevented the building of brace
aud burr combs was also given considerable
emphasis.

There are also two points in the manage-
ment that I wish to criticise, that is the lack
of a programme pro{)erly arranged before
the convention was called to order ; and the
advertising of a three-days meeting and then
cutting it down to two. At least one hour of

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

328

valuable time was used m discussing this
subject of a programme, the appointing of a
committee to arrange it and deciding in re-
gard to the hours when it should be carried
out. I do not care to discuss as to who was
to blame, perhaps the blame does not rest
wholly upon one pair of shoulders, but it cer-
tainly is a mistake to bring together such a
body of men and women without a pro-
gramme all ready to work from. Another
point : some cannot, or do not wish to, be
present at all the sessions. If there is a
printed programme they can manage to be
present when those topics are discussed in
which they are particularly interested. The
last two meetings of the North American
have been advertised as three-day meetings.
Each time the programme has been rushed
through and adjournment brought about the
evening of the second day. I know that the
adjournment at Chicago was to meet at noon
the next day at the bee and honey exhibits on
the fair grounds, and I know that many of
the bee-keepers went there at that time, but
the gathering was simply a sight-seeing
crowd and not a convention as we under-
stand the word. I had business that kept
me in the office of the Louisana Hotel all of
the forenoon of what was advertised to be
the last day of the convention, and the clerk
really lost patience in explaining to belated
travellers who came in that the convention
was over with and they would find the bee-
keepers on the fair grounds. Bee-keepers
from a long distance had not counted on
trains being belated to the extent they were,
but consoled themselves with the thought
they would enjoy at least one day of the con-
vention, only to be bitterly disappointed. If
we cannot hold a three-days meeting and
have it profitable, enjoyable and desirable,
then let's not attempt it. but let us live up to
what we advertise.

Another thing : there was a motion made
to go sight-seeing in the forenoon and have
a convention in the afternoon, the plea being
made that this arrangement would be less
tiresome. Had this plan been adopted it
would have been a death-blow to the conven-
tion. I have seen a convention practically
destroyed by skipping one session that the
members might go in a body and visit some
institution. At some meetings there seems
to be a class of bee-keepers who are more in-
terested in sight-seeing or in going home
than they are in convention work, and they
are not easy until the convention has been

broken up or the time for holding it has been
shortened. If these people care more for
something else, why can't they let the con-
vention go on without them, that is, why not
go about their sight- seeing or go home, and
not try to compel others to join them ? Let
us have a programme and live up to it, and
when the convention is over we can go sight-
seeing if we wish. If there will not be time
for this after the convention is over then go
before. Do as Bro. Root has done. You
know a great deal of fun has been poked at
him because he visited green houses instead
of staying by the meeting ; but I believe he
has never tried to break up conventions that
he might visit green-houses.

What about the fair? Well, imagine a
mile square covered with concrete pavement.
At appropriate distances large and beauti-
fully constructed buildings of white. These
buildings have the appearance of great so-
lidity, but they are simply frame-works of
iron covered with " staff," a kind of plaster.
In one pillar perhaps three feet in diameter
and thirty or forty feet in height, I saw a
hole as large as a man's head that had been
broken in, and the coating of plaster was
not more than an inch in thickness. The
buildings are so well proportioned and so
well arranged in reference to one another
that their great size is not apparent. It was
only when I walked toward a building that
its size became apparent. It seemed quite
near when I started but receded as I ap-
proached—after walking three or four min-
utes it still seemed as far away as when I
started. Then there were the lagoons upon
which sailed the gondolas, ana the electric
launches darted hither and thither, and the
numerous water fowl made merry. Then
there were the immense fountains that
foamed and spouted, and the electric foun-
tain with its streams of many hues. Over-
looking the main lagoon stood a gilded
figure of Columbia sixty feet in height. At
twilight is the most witching scene. Sweet
chimes are played from the bells in the tow-
ers and the daylight and electricity vie with
each other, or perhaps it would be more cor-
rect to say they combined in filling the
grounds with a peculiarly soft, clear, glow-
ing, golden light. There kept running
through my mind the expression of a Mich-
igan editor that "if he didn't know better
he should think he was in heaven."

The fair is really an epitome of the whole
world. What an education it would be to

324

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

have spent the whole summer there. But it
is so immense that to attempt to see every-
thing in a short time is simply folly. I can
appreciate most fully the feelings of the man
who felt like taking the train for home at
the end of the first day. He was discouraged
in even attempting to see the fair. The only
thing that I saw thoroughly was the honey
exhibition. I spent half a day at the art
building and saw pictures that will always
remain in my memory : but just think of
trying to look at all of the pictures in eighty
large rooms in half a day, when there are
many pictures before any one of which you
would be glad to stand for half a day ! I
presume I went through half the rooms.

I had my camera with me and was anxious
to make photographs of the bee and honey
exhibits. Inquiry developed the fact that no
camera was allowed on the grounds that
took pictures larger than 4x5 inches and
mine was twice as large. An official photo-
grapher would make one picture for $3.00.
Dr. Mason went with me to the superintend-
ent of the building and stated the case, but
he could not help us any. The Doctor said :
" I guess the only way will be to smuggle in
the camera and use it on the sly. Wont it ?"
The superintendent said : " That is the way
I should do it." And I imagined that I saw
the shadow of a wink gather abont the cor-
ner of one eye. That settled it. I slept on
the floor that night in a little room back of
the honey exhibits, with a big piece of can-
vas under and another over me, while for a
sheet I used the big piece of cotton cloth that
Bro. Root uses to cover up his exhibits so
folks cannot see it Sundays. As soon as it
was light enough for me to work in the
morning I was at it and before the sight-
seers were very numerous I had made ten
" exposures." Cuts made from some of
these appear in this issue.

Monday morning I made Bro. York a short
call. I found him in a very cosy office in
the very top of one of Chicago's tall build-
ings. Why did he go there ? A printer
could easily guess ; because he could thereby
secure such excellent light.

Eleven o'clock found me on board the
train with the best part of the trip before
me — the home-going. As I neared home I
had no difficulty in recalling the follow-
ing : —

" Clime above all climeH beside
Ib where those we love abide,
And that little spot is best
Which the loved one's foot has pressed."

EXTRACTED.

Ventilation of Bee Cellars.

We think the Cosmos quite boiled down —
( 'anned in a thousand histories—
But what we know is sprinkled round
Among a tliousand mysteries.

Although it has several times been decided,
apparently, that bees needed no ventilation
in winter, I have never been fully satisfied
with that decision. When Mr. P. H. Elwood
described in Gleanings, a few months ago,
his wintering cellars and said that his views
on the subject of ventilation had been very
fully expressed in the American Bee Journal
for July, of 1878, I at once sent for that issue
and read his communication. At this sea-
son of the year, and with discussion that is
now on hand, probably nothing could be
more appropriate than its reproduction.

"Industry, skill, and economy, will secure
a competence in almost any legitimate pur-
suit. Without these three essentials, busi-
ness becomes a mere lottery, with many
more blanks than prizes ; and although the
prize of success may occasionally be ob-
tained, it adds nothing to the credit of the
obtainer.

Formerly, bee-keeping was supposed to be
a highly favored pursuit, success depending
not upon the amount of labor and skill em-
ployed, but upon the possession of a mysteri-
ous something, called luck. Happily, wiser
counsels have prevailed until, at the present
time, our leading apiarists are united in the
assertion ' That the greatest enemy of the
bee is the ignorance of man.' Nowhere do
we see the truth of this statement more con*
spicuously shown than in that much dis-
cussed branch of our business, wintering :
and were we, to-day, to examine in detail the
many theories advanced, and the equally nu-
merous practices founded upon them, we
should be compelled to accept the conclusion
that luck more often than wit is still to have
the credit of success.

As a discussion of the whole subject of
wintering would require too much time and
space, I will confine my thoughts princi-
pally to ventilation while in winter quarters ;
(a subject upon which no two authorities
agree), and in order to be consistent, I shall
have to disagree, to a very large extent, with
the many that have preceded me. At the
outset, we shall have to satisfy all that bees
require the accession of fresh air to main-
tain life and health, a proposition that cona-
mon sense would answer by an emphatic
yes, but to which many bee-keepers give an
equally emphatic no, and bring forward
many illustrations to i)rove the truthfulness
of their theory.

Gen. Adair, in an elaborate paper on ven-
tilation, mentions having had a honey box,
the air-space of which was half filled with

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

325

living bees. After proving to his own satis-
faction that it was air-tight, by blowing into
it, as a cooper does into a barrel, he covered
the entrance with waxed paper and set it
away for a couple of days. He then ex-
amined it and found that the bees did not
seem in the least inconvenienced by their
confinement.

Prof. Cook, of the Michigan Agricultural
College, reports that one of his most pros-
perous colonies, in the spring, was one that
had the entrance to the hive completely filled
with ice for nearly the entire winter. But
more important than either of these experi-
ments is the well known fact that bees have
been buried for months under ground, with
no provision for ventilation, and with the
surface of the ground frozen solid during
the whole time. Are any more facts needed
to prove that ventilation is unnecessary ? We
might subscribe to this, did we not know
that bees require food at all times, and that
1 to 3 lbs. of honey per month is consumed
by each colony, while iu winter quarters.
Chemistry tells us that the consumption of
this amount of food requires the introduc-
tion of a larger amount of atmospheric air.
It also tells us that the combustion of three
pounds of honey, within the body of the bee,
produces 2^4 pounds of watery vapor, and
nearly 24 cubic feet of carbonic acid gas.
The free atmosphere contains but three or
four parts of carbonic acid in ten thousand,
and the best European authorities are united
in asserting that for the respiration of man,
it should never contain more than ten parts
in ten thousand. Marker and Schultze, of
Germany, in their researches on the natural
ventilation of stables, have found that for
domestic animals the proportion may safely
run three times as high, or 30 parts in lO.OOC.

On the supposition that bees need an at-
mosphere no more pure than this, we find
the consumption of three pounds of honey
requires the passage through the hive of not
less than 8,000 cubic feet of air. As the
brood department of our hives usually con-
tains less than a cubic foot of free air ; this
necessitates the complete removal of this
air. at least 8,000 times.

These figures, undoubtedly, seem large,
but if I should say that 200 colonies of bees
require as much air as their owner, you
would not be surprised, hut think the esti-
mate quite small. JSow, Gen. Morin, of
Paris, (see Smithsonian reports,) has fur-
nished us the best of proof, (experimental
not theoretical), that in close apartments,
in order to keep the atmosphere around him
sufficiently pure, man requires over 2.100
cubic feet of air per hour, a result subscribed
to by the best authorities in Europe. This
is largely in excess of the amount required
by 200 colonies of bees, supposing each to
consume \^i pounds of honey per month.

But where did the bees in close confine-
ment get their supply of air ? There is no
proof given that the receptacles were air-
tight. Adair's test only proves that the out-
let was immeasureably smaller than the in-
let : and it is not claimed that Prof. Cook's
hive had no crevices through which a limited
supply of air might not enter. I have had

the entrances of several hives closed for
weeks at a time, without serious inconven-
ience to the inmates, but I know the con-
nections were not air tight. Even if they
had been, the bees would have received a
considerable quantity of air through the
walls of the hive.

It is a well established fact that atmospher-
ic air freely penetrates the tissues of all
plants. Corewinder found that a single colza
plant, in twelve hours, decomposed two
quarts of carbonic acid gas. Bousingault
found that twelve square feet of oleander
leaves decomposed about the same quantity.
These results prove that a very large quanti-
ty of air must have coursed through the plant.
Some idea of the size of the ' breathing
pores,' or stotnata may be formed, when it
is known that 100,000 of these openings may
be counted upon an average sized apple leaf.
Although the leaves are much more pervious
than the stems, air in various degrees of
purity may be found in all parts of the plant.
If green wood allows the free passage of air,
certainly dry wood will be more pervious.
We all know how freely wood imbibes water,
ana it is safe to say that air will go wher-
ever water can, for it is 770 times lighter.
On the supposition that one-half as much air
passes through an unpainted inch board as
though a lime-stone wall, well laid in mor-
tar, (not an extravagant supposition, I think
you will say), I find by computation, that
with the size of hive we use, so long as the
hive walls remain dry, quite a large per
centage of the air required by the bees in
winter will enter this way. In proportion
as the wood hive becomes saturated with
water is the passage of air impeded, a fact of
much importance in wintering.

How about the bees buried ? Facts are on
record, showing that men have been buried
for days at a time and were not suffocated.
Certainly, when men can live, bees ought to,
as they require so much less air. But the
men were not buried under the frozen ground
you say. Von Rettenkoffer, than whom
there is no better authority living, says that
he believes frozen soil is to be not much
less pervious to air than the same soil un-
frozen. I have not space to give his reasons,
and will only say that he seems to have the
best of the argument. He says, in regard to
the free passage of air through the ground,
' I know cases where persons were poisoned
and killed by gas, which had to travel twenty
feet under the street, and then throueh the
foundations, cellar, vaults and flooring of
the ground floor rooms.'

In wintering bees underground, we need
not have so much fear that the quantity of
air will fall short, as that it will be deficient
in quality. A year ago, in reading Prof.
•Johnson's admirable treatise on ' How Crops
Feed,' I learned of the impurity of soil air.
It usually contains all the moisture it will
hold, and from 10 to 390 times as much car-
bonic acid gas as the free atmosphere. In
sandy soil the air is the purest.

To keep the soil air out of our bee cellars,
last fall, we carefully coated the sides and
bottom with hydralic cement, and I find that
it makes them much dryer and better.

326

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

The material of which your bee house is
built will iutiueuce the amount of artihcial
veutilation ueeded. In order to give you au
idea of the exteut of uatural ventilation
through the walla of buildings, I cannot do
better than again quote Retieukoffer : —

' For every square yard of wall surface, at
!)K° falir. ditterence of temperature, the
spontaneous veutilation, or passage of air
through the wall, amounts per hour to

♦ 7 cubic feet, with walls of sandstone

6.5 •* •' " •' of quarried limestone.

7.9 ' " of brick.

14. i " " " " of mud.'

We prefer to build our wmtering houses of
earth. You will at first conclude that sand-
stone walls would be more porous than lime-
stone, but sandstone is a smoother stone and
does not require so much mortar. It is the
mortar that admits the larger part of the
air. There has always been a serious dis-
agreement between theoretical and practical
ventilation, until a consideration of the ex-
tent of natural ventilation reconciled the
difference. Many interesting experiments
are on record. With suitable apparatus,
candles are extinguished by air blown from
the mouth through solid brick walls, a foot
in thickness.

Another mistake still current in some of
our text books on ventilation is the state-
ment that impure air, being heavier than
pure, falls to the bottom of a room and re-
mains there, unless provision is made for its
outlet at that point. These authors are igno-
rant of the law of the diffusion of gases.
Gases intermingle perfectly, no matter what
the variation in density. Usually there is
not much difference in the purity of the at-
mosphere in the various parts of a room,
unless the changes are quite rapid.

A consideration of the moisture of the air,
as well as of the practical appliances for ven-
tilation must be deferred for the present.
P. H. Elwood.

Starkville, N. Y., Feb. 1, 1878."

After reading over the above it occurred
to me that if bees thus secured ventilation
in spite of their owners, why need there be
any attempt made to secure ventilation for
them ? I wrote Mr. Elwood saying that it
seemed as though a little explanation on
this point would make things a little more
satisfactory. He replied as follows : —

OoTOBEB 18th, 1893.
W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. :—

Deab Sik : — Yours of July, also of October
6th, came in due time, but in a busy tin^e.
You refer me to an article of mine in the A.
B. J. for July 1878 and ask why if natural
ventilation is so great it ever becomes neces-
sary to resort to the artificial ventilation of
a bee cellar ? In reply permit me to say we
have a pasture lot of about the right size for
our old Guernsey. However, if we turn in a
pair of horses with her we shortly find that

the pasture is over stocked. So with a bee
cellar having enough natural ventilation for
fifty swarms of bees. When five or ten times
that number are put in it, it is overstocked
unless the cellar is artificially ventilated.
Again, the feed in the pasture is not a con-
stant quantity, for in a time of drouth the
grasses grow very slowly if at all. So in a
bee cellar tlie uatural ventilation varies and
at times is very little. When the wind is a
gale and the temperature below zero, the
natural ventilation of our bee cellar is suf-
ficient for a thousand swarms. But let the
wind deaden to a calm, the temperature rise
outside to that within and the degree of
moisture rise to the point of saturation and
a million voices would scold you should you
depend wholly upon natural ventilation.
The most important factor in natural venti-
lation is the diffusion of gases when brought
in direct contact or what is practically the
same contact though a porous diaphragm or
partition. We inhale air into the passages
of the lungs, but diffusion causes it to pass
further in while the impure air passes out by
this process of intermingling. *' The rates
of diffusion of gases are inversely propor-
tioned to the square roots of their relative
weights." Temperature directly changes the
relative weights (besides exerting other in-
fluences) and thus becomes an important
factor in changing the rates of diffusion.
An ordinary room with a capacity of 2,6,50
cubic feet had its entire contents changed
once in an hour by natural ventilation when
the difference between the inside and out-
side temperature was 34 F. (66^ inside, 32°
outside) the doors and windows of course
being shut. When all openings and crevices
in doors and windows were pasted up and
rendered as thoroughly air-tight as possible,
there was still a change amounting to 1,0(50
cubic feet per hour which was owing to dif-
fusion through the walls. On lessening the
difference between the internal and external
temperature to 7° F. (71° in 64° out) the
change of air was reduced to 780 cubic feet
per hour, but on opening a window of eight
square feet, the change rose again to 1,060
cubic feet, showing that we may have in
winter better ventilation with windows
closed than in summer \\ ith the same open.
Thus it is seen that artificial ventilation is
most urgently called for when the temper-
ature outside and inside is nearly the same.
Yours truly,

P. H. Elwood.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

327

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

ROTHER Coleman tells us that downy
> oung bees often die of starvation in
the summer time, when there is plenty
of honey in the hive — and bee paralysis
wrongly gets the discredit of it. This new
suggestion well deserves some looking into
by all of us. Newly emerged bees feed
themselves, as Langstroth has shown. To
them, can't find the cupboard, and ' 'cupboard
was bare," amount to the same thing ; both
mean speedy death.

" I found that the honey in the hive was cou-
flned to the outside combs, and that the combs
from which the bees were hatching contained no
honey at all. * * j shifted a comb con-
taining honey. * * The young bees quit
dying in a few minutes, and have not died any
since. A. B. J., 341.

Another idea strikes me. Would not,
can't open the cupboard door, mean death
also ? In scarcity times the honey in a hive
is nearly or quite all sealed, and presumably
the old bees are not carrying any. Who
kuows that a little prilgrim, never having
broken fast yet, could (or would) uncap a
cell?

The Review.

Once nore the Review's turn has come
around. Is it the same old sixpence ? No,
not quite. It is gradually becoming more
an illustrated journal than it was. The Sep-
tember number was especially fine in that
respect ; and the apiary illustrated is one of
especial interest to the cause. If we should
only call Mr. B Taylor's apiary, The Minne-
sota Experiment Station, would it not be so
to all practical purposes ? And is it not
worth more to us just as it stands than the
average State station would be if State sta-
tions became universal 'i Would not the
State station be a ^' place ^' for some medi-
ocrity with influence — but not capacity
enough to be a valuable leader. Let's go a
little slow, brethren. Every wooden-head we
get set up in such a place, issuing semi-oc-
casional Pub. Doc, will tend to obscure the
excellent private work, and the excellent
Michigan station, we already have. Wonder
if I'm getting bilious— and is it because I
didn't go to Chicago ?

Perhaps the most apparent change in the
Review is that relief to the tedium of affairs
which is afforded by giving each article a
heading of proverb or rhyme indicating its

general character — as the Irishman would
say, "A fut-note at the head, sure." It
would be picking up Gleanings' thrown away
shoes to put a foot-note at the foot, so on
the head it goes. Many of these have a
serio-comic turn. If you don't like that, but
would rather have everything long faced,
just send in a scolding chorus to the editor,
and see if things don't come dignified. Some
want to eat their spice by the plateful, and
some don't want any at all, and some prefer
to eat it sprinkled on the food— Review
fashion. Is it right, or not ?

There is a difference between the treat-
ment an editor may rightly give tlie head of
an article and the same as applied to the
foot. On the foot he may put a mustard
plaster of reproof or opposition, and some-
times ottght to do so. Not so on the head.
What is put on there must be in line with
the writer's thought. Hear him first, be-
fore you scold him or twist the reader's ear.
Now let us see about the wintering sympo-
sium in the October number. Heddon,
Aikiu. B, Taylor, Doolittle, Prof. Cook, R.
L. Taylor and the editor, take part.i_ No use
of trying to deny that there is a certain air
of woru-out ness about the lucubrations on
wintering. Although we winter our bees on
honey we winter our readers mainly on
chestnuts. (Subdued applause.) But, breth-
ren, when we get it all found out we won't
give you anything at all except chestnuts —
then what will you do ? Better winter on
chestnuts and save the bees than on paradise
nuts and lose 'em.

What boots it, this beautiful writing.

That sweet on the ear doth melt.
CriBp. novel, fresh aiid inviting —
CD And our bees all dead as a smelt ?

R. L. Taylor advises feeding in a warpa
room tor neglected colonies that must be fed
when the almanac can't be turned back to
warm weather again. Seems to me I would
rather (as the simpler and less liable to mis-
carry plan) take out three or four of their
lightest combs and replace with combs
poured full of warm syrup. Disturbance
sooner over, and no possibility of their stop-
ping off and leaving half the syrup in the
feeder. Yet the fact that in this way the
syrup gets no chemical work put on it may
put the balance of advantage on the other
side — unless one feeds honey. And here Is
the simmer of his excellent putting into the
cellar.

ir)th of Nov.— cloudy— 45° —a frosty day one to
bejshunned- -touching nothing else laterally —

328

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

foot of open air at cellar bottom — the stronger
colonies furthest down, as that is the more try-
ing position.

Notice how moBt good authorities are
gradually getting together on keeping bees
away from the cellar bottom.

The editor's summing up seems to be
mostly very conservative and sound. Mat-
ters little whether it is or isn't a disease that
kills us, so long as we are killed. Usually
not any one thing but several things com-
bine in the mischief. And go for those
things which we can mitigate, seeing that
some of them we can not. And where there
are heavy losses every winter, under all
methods, there must be a change of food.
Prof. Cook strikes the same string.

" With other conditions mote favorable, prob-
ably any food, almost, would bo wholesome
and safe, but with other conditions awry, then
the good food may ward off disaster."

And probably he lights on an important
truth where he suggests that somehow or
other a cellar dug in sand is better than one
dug in clay. In any cellar the air we breathe,
much of it, came out of the (jroviid not long
ago, and soil air differs.

Doolittle describes the symptoms with the
ability of a medical almanac — and his prime
remedy is " good stores, or sugar syrup."

Heddon's no pollen test, and 72 out of 73
(). K.. in the same cellar where two-thirds
of those with natural stores died with dysen-
tery look^ like knock-down e idence. It
probably is conclusive as to such a wickedly
cold cellar. It is not quite full proof how-
ever that in a dry cellar with pure air, and
temperature where it should be, the pollen
would have done a particle of harm. The
bees that lived were compelled to refrain
from activity and brooding by lack of pol-
len : but whether it was the pollen, or the
untimely activity and brooding, that killed
the others is left entirely unsolved.

Possibly friend Aikiu puts too much stress
upon moisture ; but if inspectors represent-
ing more than 7, 60() colonies agree that hives
having accidental cracks in the top winter
the best we had better be looking into the
subject a little.

And friend B. Taylor seems to open an in-
side pocket and give us some nuts that are
not altogether chestnuts.

" I favor small liives. * * In a largo
hive there is much si)ace left vacant outside the
cluster ; here the air stagnates "

Quite likely (other things being equal) the
nearer the cluster comes to filling the cavity
the better. Those frequent tires in the cel-

lar are good, and no possible harm before
the bees are put in. And the diarrhoea of
starvation ought not to be forgotten, until
we understand about it.

R. L. Taylor in the station report, tries
hard to keep us from driving stakes on the
apparent conclusions about starters versus
foundation or comb for new swarms. Some
will drive 'em all the same ; so I will say so
some more. Don't do it ! This is a scant
and inconclusive beginning at an important
matter, which will require pi7es of evidence
to settle it. And, don't you see the experi-
menter draws conclusions favorable to foun-
dation and the editor draws conclusions
favorable to starters from the same big table?
Very likely the man favormg comb could
hew out a nice stake for his side also. Quite
possibly (probably, I should say) starters
ouly may be good tactics under certain con-
ditions, and wretchedly poor tactics under
other conditions. This would be unlikely to
come out in one season's experiments.

The General Round Up

What an unusually meaty number is the
American Bee Jou nal for October 12th.
How entici gly Dr. Gallup writes of Califor-
nia, and his little out-door Maggie, that
was'nt going to live and grow up. .Just lis-
ten.

"Wo use tJhinese matting — no costly carpets
— so we are not afraid to let in the sunshine and
air." A. B. .J., 469.

O how many thousand lives — yes how
many hundred thousand lives — it would save
if pretty follies that fade in the sun were
cast out of our rooms, and God's healing
sunshine let in ! It would almost amount to
bringing California to us : aud be money in
pocket too. Then we might uliuost hope (as
saying A opens the way for saying B) for
another unhoi)eable reform. Folks might
next consent to banish the mop, and cease to
murder the baby. Just imagine what the
angels must think of you as they look at
baby, and see him creeping along with his
little nose close to the floor, breathing con-
stantly the deadly gases of damp, decaying
lumber and crack crumbs ; aud all for the
worship of that C iri^tian Dagon the daily
mop I Wliy the mop is at least fourth cousin
to the saloon-keeper in the murder business.
The m ich execrated saloonist at least does'nt
feed the essence of death to the l)aby, and
the mop does.

How daring is brother Dayton to say as
he does —

rUE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

329

" Honoy is not at its best until it has remained
in tlie t)ives long enough to become travel-
stained." A. B. J.. 470.

I notice tiiat some sections stored early
come off looliing nice in October. Wish all
good bees would learn this tidy art.

Hfillo I We have here the bee words of two
moro languages, Algonquin and Iroquois.
In the latter tongue if I should feed you
some sugar-honey it would be Otsiketa-
tsinakontakwane-otsiketa. Think you would
survive ? A. B. J., 473.

Query 892 wants to know what an inventor
shall invent for our craft. Non-swarmers,
controlled mating, tool to pull dummies and
things, better hive-covers, veils and smok-
ers, and an uncapping machine that will
work on crooked coinb — seems to be the
mind of the crowd. Who knows but some
form of the sand blast (^ using very coarse
saud) could be made to fill the latter bill ?
Cappings broken into bits would release the
honey without being removed, and the Mc-
Intyre form of strainer would manage the
debris without trouble I think. All loose
sand in the honey would quickly settle out.

Now hear Muth, the honey dealer, as to the
markets.

" A fruit-canner buys a few barrels of honey
every fall for makius pickels. A few pork-pack-
ers and a few brewers bay occasionally 25 to 5U
barrels of honey. If barley should ever again
bring $ .50 a bushel, brewers would buy the bulk
of ilie honey crop of America and (.'una. Pork
men having used honey, acknowledged, in eveiy
instai;ce, the superior (luality of their meat.
But 1 cannot account for the reason why honey
18 not in more general use among them.'' A. B.
J., 163.

One tobacco man takes about nine barrels
a week, and one baker nearly as much. He
lost one good customer for honey dew
(printing rollers) by sending him good hon-
ey when there was no honey dew on hand.
That was adulterated, and no use o' talking.

But after all Jenuie Atchley seems to give
the most interesting single article. She
warns our B. Taylor that she has had his lit-
tle racket for ten years, and that it won't
work, a double swarm with two queens being
the result. But curiously it does educate
queens to tolerate each other, so that she
works more or less colonies every year with
two laying queens without any partition.
The two that survived of the four she sent in
one cage to the Roots, went to housekeeping'
kindly together when they got back. And a
quadruple colony, with three perforated par-
titions is getting to be a favorite queen-rear-
ing wrinkle with Willie. 'Pears like some-

thing profitable would sometime sprout on
from all these wonderf^il things. A woman
who could credit Mr. Dadant with suggest-
ing the idea to her ( when there was so little
to be credited) would hardly wish to rob Mr.
Taylor of any part of his due.

According to Doolittle (Gleanings, 702)
giving a laying queen to a colony that has
just swarmed keeps them with swarming and
breeding on the brain, so that they store lit-
tle ; when they might have stored (50 pounds
if let alone.

Friend Smith, of Lometa, Texas, has had
three cases this summer where a young
queen had (apparently) a second fertiliza-
tion. Gleanings, 704.

Dr. Miller, while observing, like the rest
of us, the usual tendency of virgin queens to
fight, has seen a case where two virgins
touched each other several times without a
sign of hostilities. Gleanings, 705. The
language in which he tells us this is somewhat
nervous. Don't think, dear Dr. that the
great bee-keeping family is going to doubt
your testimony in a plain case, just because
you have been harried a bit of late. We have
to eat a grain of salt with startling reports
when they come from beginners, or unknown
persons, but not with yours.

Edwin Erance says he would have been
better off had he thrown his twenty queen -
less colonies away last spring. Even those
that had queens had not vim enough to steal,
or even to clean up the combs of dead col-
o lies when set invitingly open. Like others,
he notices that the pollen from early spring
fiowers is about the only thing that puts life
into dwindling bees. Gleanings, 744.

Doolittle's guess at the composition of
food for baby bees is, two parts honey, four
parts p^llen, and one part water. This is
not fed raw of course, but well churned first
in the laboratory of the nurse bees. Glean-
ings, 772. Seems to me it is not only churned
but filtered. And what's the difference be-
tween nutriment filtered through live animal
tissues and a secretion ?

France is sure that on his ground he can
get more than twice as much extracted hon-
ey as comb. Having gone the rounds of
smoker fuels he settles on mixed straw and
tobacco stems. Gleanings, 775.

Gleanings, 173, begins a beautiful series

of camera views of foreign bee manipulation

and hives. W. B. Carr, one of the editors of

the British Bee Journal, appears as operator.

Richards, Lucas Co., Ohio, Oct. 24, '93.

330

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

UWLUU^UUUUUUMMUMUMM'^^MUUUUU

Names of Bee - Keepers.

TYPE WRITTEN.

EiEE!BiBEiB!!!CCP]CiCC!Cil5E!IEIi:EBBEBBEi

The names of my customers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a booli. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) .
and, although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds ftf dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2..50
per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, I can furnish them
at »2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. FUnt, Mich.

BEE - KEEPERS'

SURRLY HOUSE

J. H. M COOK. 78 Barclay St , N Y. City.

{SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING.)

4-93-tf S'-d for illustrated Catalogue

P/cn'sc mr-„tion the Rei'ifw

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OF BEE HIVES. SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

193-12t. RIVER FALLS. WIS.

Muth's ::

»NEY EXTRACTOR

PERFECTION
>ld-Blast Smokers,
S<|uairc Gla^ss Honey J&rj, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to ('has. F. Muth iV; Son.
Cor. Freeman & Central Aves.. t'incinnati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hints to Bee Keepers.

l-93-tf. Ple-s.- V ntlon tt'e R-uieif.

PATENT. WIRED, COMR FOOND.^JION

HAS NO SAG IN BROOD FRAMES.

TMii, Flat - Bottom Foaiidatioii

HAS NO FISHBONE IN SURPLUS HONEY.

Being the cleaiiest. it is usually

worked (jnicker tlian any fdn. made.

,1. VAN DKIKSKN & SONS,

(SOLE MANUFACTCUER8),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook, Mont. Co.,N.Y

Dadant's Comb Foundation.

Wholesale and Retail. Even our competitors
acknowledge tliat our goods are the Standard
of their kind. Langstroth on the Honoy
Bee, Revised. New edititm. Bee Veils;
and veil material at wholesale. Bee Supplies,
Sections, Smokers, etc Samples of Founda-
tion and veil stuff with circular free. Instruc-
tions to beginners Send your address to

CHAS.DmNT& SOX, Hamilton, Ills.

4-93-l2t Please mention the Reuiem.

Nearly 1000 Queens for '93

Is my record. Larger yards, best stock and

methods for '94. Golden Italian stock.

11.93-tf J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fia.

GOLDEN '"LI4H QUEENS

Now ready for $1.00 each. Do not order yoar
supplies until you see our circular for 1893. For
the price, we have the best spraying outfit made.
Send $l.ri(l and ijet one. \Vm. H. BRIGHT,
l-93-12t Mazeppa, Minn.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND SUPPLIES

FOI^ 189S.

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BKOWN,
i-88tf. Augusta, Georgria.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Doqe at the Review.

Notice to Jobbers.

G, I Lewis Com Wafertown, Wis,,

Invite all Wholesalers and .Jobbers of
Bee - Keepers' Supplies to write to them
for contracts for Hives and Sections the
coming season. » « o o 11 '.).'{ tf

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW-

Ki\

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

This cat reprfinentn our
Combined Circular and
Scroll Saw. which is the
beet machine made for
Bee Keepers' ase in the
conetraction of their hives,
sections, boxes, etc.

11 -92-1 6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOB OATAI/OGTJE, PRICKS, ETC.,

Address W. F. &, JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Huby St , Rockford, Ills

Please mention the Reuiew.

Hew Heddon Hive

FOR Having bought the Canadian

patent on the above hive I am
prepared to supply it in any com-
bination to the bee - keepers of
Canada. Circulars of interest to
all mailed free. Write for one.
ll-9:{-tf A. E. H08HALL, Beamsville. Ont.

Please mention the Reuiew,

CiNiDil.

IMPORTANT^-^

-<^T0 BEE-i^EEPE{^S T

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees tliat will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gained a good name on
their own merits. Those who have tested them
with other bees say "they are the best honey
gatherers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are the largest
and strongest bee of all the racn^s." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

FIVE-BAJIDED WOt^KEt^S

In March, April and May, $1.25 each, 6 for $6.00;
June, $1 00 each, 6 for $5.00; .July to Nov., $1.00
each, 6 for $4..50. Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriptive circular.
12-92-tf C D- DUVALL,

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

Ulnstraieil Advertlseients Attract Attention.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

w.th^^pro.ed Ej(pg|sior Incubator.

Simple, Perfect, &lj'-Regu.
ialinq. Thousands in suc-
cesenil operation. Gnaran-
teed to batch a larger per-
centage of fertile eggs at
less cost than any other
Hatcher. Lowest priced
first-class Hatcher made.
GEO. H. 8TAHL. Qulncy.lll.

Bind Your Back Volumes.

The back volumes of the Kevikw are some
what different from those of some journals ;
many of them are, to a large extent, little pam-
phlets devoted to the discussion of special top
ics. For this reason they will always be partic-
ularly valuable for reference. But how provok-
ing it is when desiring to consult some back
number, to find that that particular number is
missing— has been lost or mislaid. To avoid
such annoyance, some have fastened togetlier
the issues of each year by tacking them together
with wire nails, or something of the sort. Tliis
is better than notliing, but there is a lack of
flexibility, the book does not open out easily eo
that it can be read, there is no protection to the
outside leaves, besides there is nothing hand-
some about such an arrangement.

There is a book binder here in Flint that does
excellent work at a fair price. He will put the
first five volumes of the Review into one hand-
some volume with morocco back and corners,
putting the title on the back in gilt letters, and
giving the edges of the leaves a neat, reddish
tinge — all for $1.25.

Send me your back numbers, either by mail or
express, and I will get the work done and return
the book when bound, making no charge for my
services, as the binder allows me a small com-
mission, and should any of your back numbers
or volumes be missing, I shall be glad tp furnish
them as long as the supply lasts, simply charg-
ing the regular price for them, which is as fol-
lows: Vols. 1 and II, five cents a copy ; Vol. Ill,
four cents a copy ; Vols. IV and V, eight cents a ,
copy.

The time will soon come when some of the
back numbers will be diflicult to obtain, and if
you care for the Review complete from the be-
ginning, nicely bound, now is the time to attend
to it. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

HONEY HLPHflC

cuts FnrQlslieil for all illastratlns; Parposes.

AND Bee Books,

OF ALL KINDS.
A LARGE STOCK.
MY NEW ILI.VSTRATED

Catalogue and Price List of Supplies
for the Apiary will be sent free to all
who may apply. Send a postal card
for it, writing your name and address
^plainly. For every Order of $10.00
^and over. I will make you a pi-esent.
The Catalogue tells you all about It.
T. ©. Newman, 147 So.Western Ave.,Chlca«o.

332

THE BEE-KEEPERS' HEVIEW.

PEt^ ceHt discount

Jr rom Catalogue Prices, on all Goods Until December Ist.
( In December, 4 per cent. In January, 3 percent.)

AMERICAN BEE - KEEPEE until Jannary 1895 for .50 cents.

The W. T. Falconer M*g. Co.,

/vyanufacturer$ of Bee-Keepers' Supplies. BSTABLITHED I 5 YBARS.

tlamestouin, - _ _ fleui Yopk.

Bee Hives and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Langstroth-Simplicity, Standard
Laugstroth, Dovetailed and Champion ("haff
Hives, Supers, OnePiece Sections and Shipping
Cases. Foundation. Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16'page Circular.
1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH. New London, Wis,

The Bee- Keepers'

ENTERPRISE.

A cyclopedia of fresh, bright, original ideas
pertaining to Bee-Culture, carefully selected and
boiled down for busy people. Published montlily
at 50 cts— sent from now until Jan. 95 for SOcts.

BURTOf* L. SACe, rtew Ha^v«n,Conn.

QO TO ^^^^'''■i^P^

HEAD
QUARTERS

FOR 4- AND 5 BANDED

im QUEENS

Special, breeding queen, $5.00

Best, select, tested, 3.00

Tested, 2.50

Untested, 1.00

" per dozen, 9.00

L. L. HEARN.
7-93-tf Oakvale. W. Va.

—If you are going to—

:l5tJY A BUZZ - SAW^,

write to the editor of the Ukview. He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and would be glad to
make you happy by telling you the price at
which he would sell it.

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send $l.itO
to Prof. A J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
forliis

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

BEES

QTJEElSrS.

SKOTIONH, KMOKEKB,
^^^^^^^ COMB FOUNDATION

And all Apiarian Supplies. Send for Catalogue.
E. T. FLANAGAN, Belleville, 111.

Just Splendid.

Mr. Alley— The queen I got of you last fall is
just splendid ! She is the best qaeen iu an api-
ary 150 colonies. 1 would not take $10 for her.
John A. Pease, Moravia, Calif.
Price of such queens is $1.00 each.

HENRY ALLEY,

Wenham, Mass.

•4 THE PROGRESSIVE BEE- KEEPER ¥-

£Ia,s OlaELxigeci Heixicis. It is no-w' Fvilolislaeci toy the

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

HlgginaTlll*, Missouri*

Money, Experience and Enterprise will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicates. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 28-page Catalogue of Apiarian Supplies.

Dec, 1893,

At Fliqt, Micl^igaq, — Oqe Dollar a Year.

384

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

ADVE^TISIHG l^ATES.

All advertieementB will be inserted at the rate
of 15 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each in-
sertion : 12 lines of Nonpareil space make 1 inch.
Discounts will be given as f oUows :

Oa 10 lines and upwards, 3 times, 5 per cent ; 6
times, 15 per cent ; 9 times, 25 per cent ; 12 times,
35 per cent.

On 20 lines and upwards, 3 times. 10 per cent ; 6
times, 20 per cent ; 9 times, 30 per cent ; 15 times,
40 per cent.

On .SO lines and upwards, 3 times, 20 per cent; 6
times, 30 per cent ; 9 times, 40 per cent ; 12 times,
50 per cent.

Clubbing Iiist.

1 will send the Review with—

Gleanings, ($1.00)

American Bee Journal ( l.Od)

Canadian Bee Journal . . . ( l.OOJ

American Bee Keeper . . .( ..50)

Progressive Bee Keeper... ( .50)...

Bee Keepers' Guide ( .50)

Apiculturist ( .75)

Bee-Keepers' Enterprise . . ( ..50)

.$1.7.5.
. 1.75.
. 1.75.
. 1.40.
. 130.
. 1.40.
. 1.65.
,. 1.40.

Honey Quotations.

riNCINNATI, Ohio. -Demand is good in a
jobbing way for all kinds of honey for fnniil.v
use but from manufacturers tlie demand is ver.v
slow. Extracted brings from 5 to S cts. ; couib
honey. 12 to 16 cts. for best white. Heeswax in
in fair demand at from 20 to JJ ct*-. for good to
choice yellow.

('HAS. F. MUTH & SON..

Dec. 8. Cincinnati, Ohio.

(HICAGO.Ill. -Honey. The limited denian.l
for comb honey does not permit our quoting it
above 15c, with no sales of white selling below
14 to UVt. The stock that we have received this
year is of fine quality, and we advise forwarding
to market at once, so as to be received here be-
fore the cold weather sets in. Extracted is sell-
ing at 6 to 6 '4. Beeswax, 23.

Nov. IS. S. T. FISH & Co.,

189 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

The following rules for grading honey were
adopted by the North American Bee Keepers'
Association, at its last meeting, and, so far as
possible, quotations are made according to
these rules:

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled ; combs
straight, of even thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; both wood and comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otlierwise ; all the cells sealed
except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1,— All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified
according to color, using the terms white, amber
and dark. That is, there will be " fancy white,"
" No. 1 dark," etc.

KANSAS CITY, Mo.— We quote as foUows :

No. 1 white, 15 to 16; No. 1 amber, 13 to 14; No. 1

dark, 10 to 12 : white extracted, 6 ',4 to 7 ; amber

extracted, 6 ; dark extracted, 5. Beeswax, 20 to 22.

CLEMONS-MASON CO.,

Nov. 1. 521 Walnut St., Kansas City Mo.

BUFFALO, N. Y.— Sales are very light, but
stocks are also moderate, and we have no doubt
that liberal shipments to this market will sell to
as good advantage as in any market to which
honey can be sent. We quote as follows : Fancy
white, 14 to 15 ; No. 1 white, 12 to 13 ; fancy dark,
10 to 11 ; No. 1 dark, 9 to 9^. Beeswax, 25 to 30.
BATTERSON & CO..

Dec. 7. 167 & 169 Scott St., Buffalo. N. Y.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn., - We are receiving
large shipments of honey but they are mostly of
poor quality. Fancy white is selling at 18 to 2(i
cts., but we are cleaning up more No. 1 wliite at
16 cts. than anything else. We quote as follows :
Fancy white, 18 to 20; No. 1, 16 ; fancy amber. 1.". :
fancy dark. 14; white extracted, 7'/j to 8; dark
extracted, 6'4 to 6%. No sale for beeswax.

J. A. SHEA & CO..
116 First Ave., North, Minneapcxlis, Minn.

Sept. 27,

CHICAGO, lU. — Fancy white comb honey
brings 15c per pound. Grades not grading first -
class are not selling at over 14c. as there has
been quite a quantity of California honey re-
ceived here that is offered at 14c. The quality is
superior to most of that we receive. Dark hon-
ey sells slowly at 12 to 13c. Extracted ranges
from 5 to 7c per lb., according to color, quality,
flavor and style of package. Beeswax 22c per
lb. The trade in honey has been large this sea-
son.

R. A. BURNETT & CO.,

Nov. 1. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

NEW YORK. N. Y.— Our market for both comb
and extracted honey is unusually dull and in-
active. The supply is large and continues to
accumulate, and to move round lots, even the
above prices must be shaded. Beeswax is firm
and advancing in price. We quote as follows :
Fancy white. 13; No. 1 white, 12; No. 1 amber,
11; fancy dark, 10; No. 1 dark, 9; white e.\-
tracted, 6 to ej^ ; amber, 5^ to 6 ; dark, 5 to 5>,. .
Beeswax, 26 to 27.

HILDRETH BROS. & SEGELKEN.

Dec. 8. 28 & 30 West Broadway New York.

CHICAGO Ill.-.VU of the bettor grades of
honey have been worked off and the dark does
not sell at any price. If theweather moderat«8
we would advise those having honey of fancy
grades to send it at once so as to get it on the
market before the holidays Do not send any
dark honey, Wequote as fcdlows : Fancy white,
16; No. 1 white, U to 15; fancy amber. 13; No 1
amber. 13; fancy dark, (it don't sell) ; white ex-
tracted, 6'/2 to 7 ; amber, 6 to 6)^ ; dark. 5. Bees-
wax. 22 to 23,

J. A. LAMON.

Dec. 6. 44 & 48 So. Water St., Chicago, HI.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

335

^IHTEH I:.OSSES

Are not always the result of the same cause. Thev
may come from starvation ; from poor food ; from
improper preparations ; from imperfect protection ; from
a cold, wet, or possibly a poorly ventilated cellar;
etc., etc. Successful wintering- comes from a proper
combination of different conditions. For clear, con-
cise, comprehensive conclusions upon these all -im-
portant points, consult "Advanced Bkk Cultuk^:."
Five of its thirty - two chapters treat as manv different
phases of the wintering" problem.

Price of the book, 50 cts.; the Review one year and the
book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HUTCHINSOH, Flint, IVrieh.

HONEY

Superior Quality ; Price Low.

Muth's :::

^bout the

NEW HIVE.

lEY EXTRACTOR

PERFECTION
>ld-Blast Smokers,
S<iuarc GIzvss Honey Jar?, Etc.

For Circulars, apply to ('has. F. Mdth & Son,
('or. Freeman & Central Aves., Cincinnati, O.
Send 10c. for Practical Hints to BeeKeepers.

l-93-tf. Plamx li/i nt!on the feuieui.

ri5K for He<l<Ioo's Circular?. A<l<lress
JfKS' HEDDOfi, Dowzkgiac, A\icJ7-

niion tli-^ Reu'u

Nearly 1000 Queens for '93

le my record. Larger yards, beat stock and

metlujds for '9i. (joldin Italian slock.

ll-'J:i-tf J B. ( ASE, Port Orange, Fla.

Please mention the Reuiew.

Doolittle's Queer? - Rez^ripg Free!

W'c have some of ( J. M. ])ooHttl"'« " .Sciendlic (i)uepn-RearinK honk (HO pages) in paper
(•ov(n-s, a copy •><■ 'vliicli wo will m^'il FRE^ to the Npvv Subscriber who sends us $1.00 for the
Weekly AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL for one year. This same book in cloth
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nothing. Order (juick, if you want one. They will all soon be gone. A sample copy of the
■ i>ce -iduiual" is sent free on applic (fion to the publishers.

GEO. W. YORK G- CO., 56 Fifth Ave., ©biCAgo, Ills.

iW^ To new subscribers, the rHuiaindcv of this year will be sent free.

336

THE BEE-KEEPERS' HE VIEW.

PEt^ CENT DISCOUHT

jKrom Catrtloyue Prices, ou all Goods Until Decemljer Ist.
( 111 DocHiiiber, 4 per cent. In Jauunry, :? percent.)

AMERICAN BEE - KEEPER until January ISi).") for .W cents.

The W. T. Falconer JVIfg. Co.,

^Manufacturers of Bcc-Kecpcrs' 5upplies. ESTABLiTHEO 13 YEARS,

Uamestotxin, _ « _ Neuj Yofk.

Bee Hives and Section Boxes.

Simplicity, Ij.inK8trotli-Siiiii>licity, Srandard
LnuKHtrotli. Dovetailed and Cliainpion Cliaff
Hives, Sni)i'is, One Piece SectioriH and Shippiu^r
Cases. Fniindation. Smokers, etc., etc. Send
for 16 pa Kf Circular.
1-92-tf PAGE & KEITH. New London, Wis.

-If you are going to —

SUCCESS

In Bec-Culture,

A cyclopedia of fresh, brifjtht, original ideas
pertaining to Bee-CuHure. carefully selected and
boiled down for busy people. Published monthly
at T)!) cts-^^ent from now until Jan. 97t for oOcts.

BURTO/H U. SAGE, Higbwoo*!, Conn.
GO TO ^"""""^^^1^

HEAD
QUARTERS

FOR 4 AND 5 BANDED

Special, breeding queen, Ji.i.OO

Best, select, tested 3.00

Tested, 2.!J0

Untested,. 1.00

" per dozen, 9,00

L. L. HEARN,
7-93-tf Oakvale, W. Va.

BIJY a BtfZZ - SAW,

write to the editor of the Keview, He has a
new Barnes saw to sell and wo\ild be glad to
make you happy by telling you the price at
which he would sell it.

IF YOU WANT THE

BEE BOOK

That covers the whole apicultural field more
completely than any other published, send 81.' 0
to Prof. A J, Cook, Agricultural College, Mich ,
for his

Bee-Keepers' Guide.

Liberal Discounts to the Trade.

BEES

SECTIONS, SMOKEKS,
^__^__^^ COMB FOITNDATION

And all Apiarian Supplies, Send for Catalogue
E.T. FLANAGAN, Belleville, 111.

Just Splendid.

Mr, Alley— The (jueen I got of you last fall is
just splendid I She is the best qoeen in an api-
ary 150 colonies, 1 would not take $10 for her.
John A. Pease, Moravia, Calif.

Price of such queens is $1.0() each.

HENRY ALLEY,

Wenhani. Mass.

-51 THE PROGRESSIVE BEE- KEEPER ¥-

£2els Cln.6Ln.geci Hancis. It is no-uv Pvilolisheci t>y tl-i©

LEAHY MANUFACTURING CO.,

Higginsvllle, Missouri.

Money, Experience and Euterpri.se will not be lacking to make it all that its name
indicaten. Send for Free Samples and Copy of 2«-page Catalogue of Apiarian Supplies.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' RE^ll^W.

337

i Names of Bee - Keepers. I

a TYPE WRITTEN. B

)5!BEBIB]P!BE!EBBBBHEBHI5B5EI!3P!EBCie

The names of my customers, and of those ask
ing for sample copies, have been saved and writ-
ten in a book. There are several thousand all
arranged alphabetically (in the largest States) .
and, although this list has been secured at an ex-
pense of hundreds of dollars, I would furnish it
to my advertisers at $2.00 per thousand names.
A manufacturer who wishes for a list of the
names of bee-keepers in his own state only, or,
possibly, in the adjoining states, can be accom-
modated. Any inquiry in regard to the number
of names in a certain state, or states, will be an-
swered cheerfully. The former price was $2.50
per 1000, but I now have a type writer, and, by
using the manifold process, 1 can furnish them
at $2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

BEE - KEEPERS'

SUPPLY HOUSE

J. H. M COOK, 78 Barclay St, N. Y. City.

{SUCCESSOR TO A. J. KING.)

4-93-tf S«f d for illustrated Catalogue

ON HAND NOW.

THE MOST COMPLETE STOCK

OP BEE HIVES, SECTIONS AND

SUPPLIES IN THE NORTHWEST.

W. H. PUTNAM,

193-I2t. RIVER PALLS. WIS.

GOLDEN 'TH'iH QUEENS

Now ready for $1.00 each. Do not order your
.snpp' ii s until you see our circular for 1893. For
the price, we have the best spraying outfit made.
Send $1.50 and get one. Wm. H. BRIGHT,
l-93-12t Mazeppa, Minn.

Please nieniion the Reuiew-

Dadant's Comb Foundation.

Wholesale and Retail. Even our competitors
acknowledge that our goodi.: are the Standard
of tlieir kind. Langstroth on tlie Honey
Bee, Revised. New edition. Bee Veiis;
and veil material at wholesale. Bee Supplies,
Sections, Smokers, etc Sampl«=8 of Founda-
tion and veil stuff with circular free. Instruc-
tiona to beginners Send your address to

CHiS.DADANr& SON, Hamilton, Ills.

New as Well as Valuable

IMPROVEMENTS

IN BEE-HIVES, SMOKERS,

FOUNDATION FA.STENERS,

SECTION PRESSES AND FEEDERS.

Special prices given to parties who will take
hold of and push the sale of these goods. For
circulars and particulars, address

1-93-tf.

LOWRY JOHNSON,

Masontown, Pa.

ITALIAN QUIiENS AND SUPPLIES

FOI?, 1894,

Before you purchase, look to your interest, and
send for catalogue and price list.

J. P. H. BKOVVN,
1-88-tf. Augusta, Georgia.

If You Wish Neat, Artistic

Have it Doqe at tine Review.

Notice to Jobbers.

W- S™Lf™": y, Lewis Co JatertownJis

Till K Flat - Bottom Fo;iMaiioii

HAS NO FISHBONE IN SURPLUS HONEY.

Being the cleanest, it is usually
worked quicker than any fdn. made.
J. VAN DEIJ.SEN & SONS,

(SOLE MANUF.\CTURERS),

3-90-tf Sprout Brook. Mont. Co.,N.Y

Invite all Wholesalers and Jobbers of
Bee - Keepers' Supplies to write to them
for contracts for Hives and Sections the

coming season.

ll-93.tf

338

THE BKK-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

m

/

/
/

/
/

/
/

/
/

I

'%

■'/
/

/
/

/
/

/
/

/
/

/

Sections!

We have just C()mi)le-
ted several new and expensive automatic ma-
chines that will turn out sections that /// point
of quality camiot he excelled. They are sanded
and polished on both sides, and are of an abso-
lutely uniform thickness from end to end.
Samples and prices in quantities cm application.
Speak quick if you want to lay in a stock
of these line sections, as our stock of lumber is
low.

&. I. ROOT, Medina,

Sections 1

y
/

A''
,V
/

/
/■■::■

/
/

/

/
/

/
/

/

/%'■

/
/

/
/

/
/

/
/

/
/

/
/

/

/;•

Twelve A^optbs

'J"he Canadian Bee Journal, a live bpe
IiMpcr Mlited by R. F. Holtermjin. will be sent
to any new subscriber for twelve nionttis for
.")() eents in stamps or silver. Henewals. $1.00
Iter year. .\<l(lre s (iOOLD. SHAPLEY k
MUIR CO.. Ltd., HriiMtfonl, Canada.

50 Cents.

SttiPPiNG CftSES.

To hold twelve. 1 "s sections, or fourteen 7-
to-the-foot. at Sii.UO per UK)— with slass, ?« t>.').
They are of tine material, and the workman-
ship i*« of the bi sf. Send for free price list of
everythinir needed in tlieapiarx. '.i-;i;Mf

M. H. HUNT, liell Ijranch, Mid,.

ntion thf ffpuieu

i P0R7ZR B€€ €SC/iPe& •'""""' "^" '-"-'•" ^"*' ^

(i Jjcst, and hiRhly reconinifnde<l

|J !is great )al)or-s:!vinf; imploinents by ("has. Dadant <i ^^on. Prof A, .1 Cook. ("has. F. Miitli,

3 Jno. H. Reese, .J. H. Martin. .Jno. .Andrews, F. A. (lemmill, Wni. McEvoy,' .V V. Brown.

X Tliop. Pierce, Hn<l many other prominent bee-keepers. Descriptiv" circular and testinio-

• nials mailed free. PRICES: each, postpaid, with directions, 20 cts. ; per doz.. fi.i.'i. ^'

•* RETURN THEM AND GET YOUR MONEY BACK AFTER TRIAL, IF NOT SATISFIED. Kor sale l).\ dealers. J

9 MENTION THE REVIEW. Address R. &. E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, III. C

Ti

}e (Dee-fxeepeps J'\evie(x

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

Devoted to i\]e lr|tefests of Hoqey Producers.
$L00 A YEAR,

W. Z.HUTCHUMSOri, EditOP & Pi»op.

VOL, VI, FLINT, MICHIGAN, DEC, 10. 1893, NO. 12.

E'

Work at IVticliigaxi's

Experimental

apiary.

E. L. TAYLOR, APIAEI8T.
BEST FDN. FOB USE IN SECTIONS.

" He could distinguish and divide

A hair 'twixt south and south-west sitle "'

BUTLER.

'VER since I
first began to
use it extensively,
now fifteen years
ago, comb foun-
dation has been
to me a matter
of much interest
and thought. I
have often no-
ticed that much
interest is taken
in the best meth-
ods of extracting the wax from old combs,
and in machines that will make the thinnest
foundation, but that little care has been ex-
ercised with regard to the best methods of
manipulating wax to be used in making
foundation so as to secure the readiest ac-
ceptance and the most thorough manipula-
tion on the part of the bees and that to the
interrogatory : Does the thinness of foun-
dation bear any relation to the thinness of
the septum of the comb made from it ? I
have heard hardly an inquiring answer ;
nevertheless I have all along felt a great in-

terest on these points which experiments
conducted in a small way had served greatly
to increase, so it was but natural that when
I found myself in a position where I could
afford to do it somewhat extensively I be-
came interested in the formation of plans
calculated to bring out if possible the truth
on these and kindred points.

The plan adopted was to procure a con-
veniently large variety of foundations made
for use in sections by procuring from several
makers samples of each kind made and com-
paring them by putting them into cases al-
ternately with no separators and giving
them as thus arranged to the bees to work
out and fill. It was thought that results
might be obtained in two ways : First it
seemed reasonable to suppose that those
sorts that were most acceptable io the bees
would be drawn out first and most rapidly
and consequently when capped would con-
tain the most honey and that the preference
of the bees could easily be detected by weigh-
ing the finished sections : secondly by meas-
uring the thickness of the bases of the cells
of the comb produced it seemed clear that if
any sort were to any considerable extent
better adapted to its purpose then the others
that fact would be clearly revealed.

For the purposes of the latter case I have
so far been unable to see that the plan pur-
sued could have been improved but in the
former case there is some degree of disap-
pointment from the fact that it gradually
became evident that the plan pursued was
defective so far as the purpose sought was
concerned in at least two particulars, viz.,

340

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

iu attempting to compare too many kinds
at once in one and the same case, for it is
evident if three sections containing founda-
tion equally good were placed side by side
and the trio was flanked on either side by
sections with inferior foundation the two ex-
terior ones of the trio would derive an ad-
vantage on the side of the inferior ones
which the central one containing equally
good foundation would be deprived of, and
then sections of the usual width, seven to
the foot, were employed in the experiment
which it became evident in the progress of
the experiment were too wide to yield to the
full the natural effect of differences in the
foundation, for I saw iu several cases that
the bees worked out some kinds of founda-
tion sooner and more rapidly than others at
first but when these reached about the thick-
ness required for brood they were delayed to
some extent and more force was put on the
kinds that lagged to bring them up, so that
in this way the results sought which would
perhaps be abundantly revealed by the use
of thinner sections were to a large extent
concealed.

The remedy which should be applied in
further experiments of this character seems
to me to be evident ; each sort of foundation
which it is deemed desirable to compare
with others should be compared with each of
them separately and the sections should be
so thin that the usual thickness of com I) de-
sired by the bees would a little more than
fill the section's proportionate amount of
space.

I have been asked whether in publishing
the results of these exT)eriments 1 should
give the names of the manufacturers of the
different fonndations used. The object of
the experiments is to obtain for the use of
bee-keepers generally as much new and val-
uable knowledge with regard to their tools
and bus ness as possible and it is evident
that in the particular experiments of which
I now write tlie value of the results depends
almost entirely upon a knowledge of the
names of the makers of the several varieties
of foundation used and I believe I should be
doing injustice to any maker of foundation
to suppose that Im desired his name with-
held, for are we not bound to believe that
each one desires and is endeavoring to make
foundation that shall yield the grei'test pos-
sible profit to the user and that if he fails in
any respect he desires to know it that he
may apply the remedy ? So I think I can-

not do otherwise than give all the knowledge
I possess in the matter. Not that I think
there is anything so far that can very injuri-
ously affect any manufacturer, but I hope
there is what may prove an entering wedge
to make a way of es ape from the domain of
theory and an entrance to the domain of
fact in this matter of foundation and lead to
an effort to make it to please the mandibles
of the bee instead of the eye of the pur-
chaser. There may be something to learn
yet about the manipulation of wax as well
as about the peculiarities of foundation ma-
chines.

In the experiments now under considera-
tion eight varieties of foundation were em-
ployed of which the sources and other dis-
tinguishing peculiarities are sufficiently in-
dicated in the following table :

A Dadanf s Thin, Sheets 12^4 in., l.'i to !4 lb —

10 ft. to the lb.
H Dadanfs Extra Thin, Sheets 12x4 in., 18 to

4 lb.— 12 ft. to the lb.
(' Van D(*usen's Flat-bottom, | procured of A. 1.

Root] Sheets 16'ix3?^ in.. Itj to '/j lb.,— 13.7r>

ft. to the lb.
D Roots Thin, Sheets VoViTl^H in., 12 to '4 lb —

10.31 ft. to the lb.
E Roofs Extra Thin. Sheets U%x3?i in., U to

14 ll).-l'.?.03ft. totiielb-
F Foundation made on Given Press, Sheets

15x8 i:i-lti in., 12;'4 to Yi lb.-10.()9 ft. to the lb.
(i Foundation made on Given Press, Sheets

1.5x3 131fi in.. 12 to U lb-— 9 37 ft. to the lb.
H Fdn. three years old. made on Given Press,

about 9 ft. to the lb.

Each variety of the foundation was desig-
nated by a letter of the alphabet as indica-
ted and tlie letters were used for marking
the sections to indicate the sort of founda-
tion each contained and also as labels to
distinguish the septa of combs made
from the foundation when they (the septa)
were cut out and sent away for the meas-
urements hereinafter explained.

The foundation was cut to the same size
?>%ii''>^i inches and after being fastened in
sections were placed in Heddon cases alter-
nately as already stated so that each kind
appeared seven times iu each pair of cases.
In all, eight cases were thus prepared, but
misfortune attended them in other ways
than indicated in the foregoing ; some were
not well tilled, two contained more bee-bread
than I ever found I think in any other two
cases and there was only one pair that was
filled to my entire satisfaction so that the
material that could be fairly used for com-
parison by weighing was comparatively
meagre and consisted of five of each sort
from the two cases that were well filled,
four of each from two other cases and three

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

341

of each from still another pair. The cases
were selected with a view to their giving au
opportunity of selecting well filled sections
of each sort from the same relative posi-
tions in the cases and the sections compared
were so selected. The following figures give
the results in pounds and ounces :

My next resource was mechanical instru-
ments for fine work in measuring and weigh-
ing. I knew there were such instruments at
our agricultural college and in speaking of
the matter with Mr. E. R. Root he informed
me that his house possessed a micrometer
and generously put it at my service. To the

1 A

rt 413 5
y-13-5
!2-U

..|n-9

B

C j

D

£

4-15
3-15
2-15

F

G H

"i each SI
4 '■
i •'

4-11.5
3-12.5
2-14.3

4-13.5'

■"-13.5
2-14.3

5

3-15

!J-15.5

4-15.5

4

3-00.5

4-14.5 4-15
3 15.5 .3-' 5.5
2-15.5 2-15.5

Total

11-6.5

11-11.3

11-14.5

11-13

12

II-I3.5J1I-I4

This indicates pretty clearly what I have
been aiming at as well as the course with the
modifications already suggested which I
think should be pursued in making further
investigations in this line. Of course it
would be rash to claim any very definite re-
sult from the experiment so far but the totals
here given will be found very interesting
matter for comparison with the weights and
measurements given further on which were
procured with the expectation of evolving
something that would assist in the solution
of the general problem under consideration.

I suppose it would not be denied by any
one that so far as the amount of wax con-
tained in comb honey is concerned we must
take the amount of wax contained in natur-
al comb when used as the receptacle of hon-
ey as the standard of perfection. How near
does comb produced from foundation pre-
pared for use in sections approach that
standard ? And do combs produced from
all sorts of such foundation approach equally
near to that standard 'i It was with the pur-
pose of making a beginning if possible at
answering these and similar questions that
I undertook the experiment with section
foundation. It first occurred to me that
samples of honey made from different kinds
of foundation and from natui-al comb might
be submitted separately to several careful
individuals experienced iu the production of
honey for comparative tests with the hope
that the reports of such tests would give the
light sought. With further thought that hope
gradually grew dimmer, until the committee
of the N. A. B. K. convention to whom the
septa cut from comb made from the sev-
eral foundations were submitted for com-
parison with a view to a report, gave the
matter up in despair, when it went out al-
together.

se})ta of the foundations I added one from
natural comb which I designated by the
letter " I." I at once gave Mr. Root a set,
and measurements of them were taken by
C. C. Washburn of his establishment who is
skilled iu such work. These measurements
appear further on.

To procure samples of comb for the pur-
pose of the weighing test I took two sets of
sections of the several varieties and extracted
the honey as thoroughly as possible then af-
ter filling the cells with water I plunged
them in a large vessel of water where they
remained twenty-four hours when they were
furtlier washed and then thoroughly dried.
To get pieces of exactly the same size I first
shaved off the comb from both sides to bring
all to an equal thickness, about one-half
inch. To accomplish this I began by cut-
ting away the section box within a little less
than a fourth of an inch of the septum mak-
ing the opposite sides perfectly straight and
parallel then using these sides as guides with
a long straight sharp knife all portions of
the comb jutting out were shaved off leaving
a perfectly flat surface of comb. As guides
for shaving off the other side two straight
pieces of wood of even thickness — about
half an inch-— were nailed to a smooth, flat
board and after cutting away the other edges
of the section box sufficiently it was laid on
the flat side of the comb between these and
fixed firmly with wedges, when the superflu-
ous comb was shaved away as before. After
this process was completed a circular piece
to be used for the purposes of the experi-
ment was cut from each with a rim of tin a
little more than two and a half inches in di-
ameter, used after the manner of a cake-cut-
ter, thus leaving in each case the septum
with a portion of the cells upon each side.
The first set I thus prepared came short of

342

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

perfection to such an extent as to be unsatis-
factory so I made use of the other set only.
These were taken to the college and after
having them weighed I cut each sample in
two giving one part to Dr. Beal of the col-
lege for measurement reserving the others
and afterwards sending them to Mr. E. R.

varying number of measurements of the
samples — from once to five times — while in
the other cases these measurements were
taken in each instance.

The weighing was done by Mr. Frank S.
Kedzie, adjunct Professor of Chemistry,
with the following results in grams :

B

D

WeightinGram8|l.93 a.2398|2.093 |3.2349|l .9664 1.8482 1.8886|2.083 |l.63dl

G

H

1

If any one has a cariosity to turn the results into grains he can do
so by multiplying by 15.432 the number of grains in a gram.

The measurements of the thickness of the bases of the cells now
follow in their order in ten thousandths of an inch.
washbukn's measukemets.

i A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

95
95
125

86
90

85

85
83
93

76
110
96

86
105
92

96
70
75

73
75
75

C6
90

82

57
57
57

Total

.... 315

261

261

282

283

241

223

238

171

Average

. . . . 105

87

87

94

94

80

74

79

57

DB. bbal's

MEA8UBEMENT8.

A

B

V,

D

E

F

G

H

80
60
60

I

70
100
80

110
65
100

65
70
70

120
100
80

70
100
90

60
60

80

60
60
60

50
50
50

Total

250

275

205

300

260

200

180

200

150

83

92

68

100

87

67

60

67

50

MB

hubbellV

MEASUBEMENTS.

A

B 1 C

D

E

F

G

H

I

95

80
110
90
95
70

62 5

67.5

75

70

62.5

50

90

65
75

50
75

Total

4(5

130

140

140

125

.\.verage

95

89

65

75

70

63.5

70

70

62 5

THE

OENEBAL AV

EBAOE

A

B

C

D

E 1

F 1

G

H

I

Washburn's Av.
BphI's .Vverage. . .
HubbellR.Vv....

105

83
95

87
9.'
89

87
68
65

94
00
75

94

87
70 j

251

80
67
62 5

74
60
70

79
67
70

57
50
62.5

Total

283

268

220

269

209. sj

204

216

169-5

Average

94

89

73.3

89 6

83.8

69.8

6S

72

.56.5

Hoot to secure another set of measurements
from Mr. Washburn so as to get them from
two capable persons of the same comb as
nearly as practicable. As it turned out Mr.
Washburn was ill when these reached him
and a substitute was found in Mr. Hubbel.
As will appear in the summary he took a

All this work it seems to me has been very
satisfactory, for while there has not been
particular uniformity — a thing which could
not be expected — there has been general
uniformity.

I must close this article, already too long,
by mentioning some of the apparently ten-

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW-

343

able inferences which may be drawn from
these tests :

1st. No comb made from foundation
quite equals in fineness the natural, though
in some cases it approaches it very closely.

2nd. In foundations of the same make
the thinner has but very slight advantage
over the heavier in point of producing comb
of lighter weight.

3rd. That foundation kept for a long time
before using has but a slight disadvantage
if any as compared with that freshly made.
The slightly greater thickness of the septum
of comb made from " H," as compared with
that made from " G," may well be accounted
for by the fact that H was heavier than G.

4th. Granting that diflferent methods or-
dinarily in use of manipulating wax do not
make a difference in the character of foun-
dation made from such wax, that founda-
tion made on the Given press has a pretty
decided advantage over that made on the
roller machines.

If these investigations lead manufacturers
of foundation to strive to learn the best
methods of manufacturing wax and to find
out what peculiarities characterize the best
foundation machines they will not have been
made in vain.

Lapeer, Mich. Nov. 29, 1893.

No. 10.

E. L. TAYLOB.

'■ How can one be warm alone ? " — BIBLE.

LSickness prevented Mr. Taylor from sending
the following in time for the November issue,
but, as it contains excellent suggestions and is
needed to round out the full year of his "Timely
Topics," I give it now.— Ed.]

Tue season for the general round up of the
year has now arrived. By the time this ap-
pears all the work pertaining to the past bee-
keeping season in this latitude should either
be already done or else it should be attended
to at once. I am well satisfied there is noth-
ing gained by leaving bees out of the cellar
any longer if they are to be put in at all :
and of course if they are to be wintered out-
side all preparation to be made for the win-
ter if not already done should be completed
without any delay. And in this work es-
pecially a lookout ought to be kept for im-
proved methods, I am expecting some

genius will yet give us a method of winter-
ing out of doors having all the advantages of
both methods with none of the disadvan-
tages of either. The present method is safe
in this latitude in exceptionable cases only.
Besides it is greatly wanting in economy
both in the amount of material required and
in the conservation of the animal heat of the
colony as well as in the amount of labor re-
quired. We want the material and labor
now required for six colonies to suffice for
twenty-five. We want the heat that passes
from the colony to pass to the aid of another
so that the warmth of the cellar is aproxi-
mated. To accomplish this a warm, dry com-
pact nest to hold twenty-five or thirty col-
onies must be de ised and each colony must
be so encased as to make it as far as warmth
and dryness are concerned practically apart
of one mammoth colony. It may be that in
this direction the next advance may be
made. If a few of the thousands of inven-
tive bee-keepers would become interested in
the matter something might be done this
very winter. Who will take a hand in the
work ? I think I see a little opening which
I am preparing to investigate by experiment
as soon as possible.

Late fall and early spring are the hardest
times of the year upon woodwork left out in
the weather, so it is important if one would
have his hives last long, to gather up all
parts of hives that are still outside and stack
them up in good shape under shelter. This
is especially important in the case of the
covers. It is more important that they
should be well preserved and at the same
time they are more liable to injury as well
from warping as from decay. I am careful
at this time of the year to get together all
covers not in use making a point to include
all that need any repairs or painting, ex-
changing for some in use for that purpose,
and selecting a place where they will be con-
venient for painting and not in the way and
pile them up making each pile straight
and even and weighting it so that each
cover is held firmly to its proper shape.
With this slight care they are rendered
much more satisfactory in service. The
covers require painting much oftener than
the hives and it pays to keep them well
painted. If the shop or honey room can be
warmed the painting can be done there ex-
cellently well any time in winter. With all
this done, the honey crop all disposed of,
collections of wax reduced and all combs

344

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

safely put away, there is little left but to in-
quire what are the demands of the coming
year.
Lapeeb, Mich. Nov. 7, IS');}.

The Orange Blossom.
"bamblee."

mHE proper
Jl time for a
person who has
always resided
in the East to
come to this
far Western
Shore, is dur-
ing the h o li-
dayf or in -Jan-
uary. The dif-
ference in tem-
perature between East and West will be
prominently noticed, and if we have had our
winter rains the fresh foliage upon the trees
and the blooming flowers will attract atten-
tion. If the traveler lands in the citrus belt,
the orange and the lemon are now getting
their color. The lover of symetrical forms
will love the tree and its fruit, and while the
tree holds its form well, and attains a
heighth of twelve to fifteen feet, the fruit in
the form of those perfect golden globes rest-
ing against a background of deep green
leaves, or peeping here and there from
among the dense foliage presents one of
the most beautiful pictures of vegetable
growth, that one might with profit travel a
long distance to view. The deep green
leaves of the center of the tree is livened up
by the new growth at the tips of the branches
being of a light pale green.

The portion of the orange tree, however,
that interests the bee-keeper, is the bloom
that puts forth in May. The orange
tree is profuse in l)lossoms and presents a
very white appearance during blossom : the
blossom is borne in clusters like the apple
or cherry, and appears very mucli like the
latter. Its fragrance iierfumes the air for
quite a distance, and it is not unlike the
odor of the lilac. The bees work upon it
with as much enthusiasm as they do upon
the basswood, and during the honey flow
work continues from early morn until dewy
eve (though the fact is we have but little dew
here just at that time. ) The orange blossom

can be relied upon for some honey every
year, but like all other free bloomers it has
its good and its poor seasons. When the se-
cretion of nectar is profuse bees will go a
long distance to obtain it and apiaries di-
rectly in the orange groves get the surplus
receptacles rapidly filled. Many beekeep-
ers in the citrus belt are now taking advan-
tage of the fact and during the orange bloom
locate their apiaries among or near the or-
chards, and after giving their bees a joyous
time upon the bloom, which lasts about
three weeks, the hives are then moved out
into the foot hills where the boiled sage is
coming into blossom and ready to yield its
nectar. Whole apiaries are safely moved and
the bees are interrupted in their work but a
few hours and seem to take quickly to the
new class of blossoms that they now find
surrounding them. Though migratory bee-
keeping might be practiced to a great extent
in California, it is not in ulged in to much
of an extent, but with the growing area of
orange groves it may become a settled plan
of operations.

Orange honey in color is of a very light
amber, and when first extracted and put into
a bottle it has a creamy white appearance
owing to minute bubbles of air which grad-.
ually come to the top but so slowly that it is
several days before the honey presents a
clear appearance. The taste of orange hon-
ey is very pleasant and the person buying it
is sure to call for more of the same quality.
It is to be regretted that there is not enough
of it produced to place it upon the market as
a distinct quality. It is also to be regretted
that honey from other sources is palmed off
upon the public as orange blossom honey.
This right of substitution will probably be
practiced as long as there are so many qual-
ities and flowers in the honey produced by
the bees.

Did you ever think of the amount of adul-
terated maple sugar there is upon the mar-
ket ? At least we must judge there is a large
amount from the fact that there is a way to
make good maple syrup without a particle
of maple liquid aboutit. And the foliage of
the tree is caused to blush every autumn
over deception practiced in its name by dis-
honest men. We hear but little said by the
consumer about this adulteration and the
reason lies in the fact that there is but one
prominent flavor to maple products, be it
sugar or syrup, and when the adulterator
catches this he finds a ready market for his
compound.

rHE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

345

Honey, however, with its many flavors can-
not in all cases be so closely imitated and
people who eat honey only occasionally are
not educated to distinguish the various fla-
vors and never will be for even bee-keepers
themselves are often nonplussed over the
many flavors of their products. About all
the adulterator has to do in the case of honey
is to produce a sweet with the body and color
of honey and label it orange or clover honey
as his fancy may dictate. If the bee blushes
at this audacity, it, like the obscure rose,
blushes unseen, and while its sweetness is
wasted, not on the air, but in a sea of glu-
cose.

The bee-keeper, however, has one heroic
remedy that will enable him to get almost if
not quite clear of the adulterator, and that
remedy lies in the exclusive production of
comb honey.

Although I am not ready to change from
extracted to comb honey or ready to feed my
extracted to produce comb honey, I still
recognize the above fact that instead of
flavor for a standard quality, as we find in
maple products, the houey comb is the
standard for our product, and I am aware
that upon this point volumes might be writ-
ten to the profit of the bee-keeper.

Bloomington, Calif. Nov. 8, 1893.

Bee Spaces, Top Bars, Honey Boards and
the Preventiou of Brace and Burr Combs.

lAMES HEDDON.

TTlBOUT sixteen
xi years ago,
when I had fol-
lowed uur chosen
persuit eight o r
nine years, I be-
gan making ex-
tended experi-
ments based upon
the possibility of
so constructing a
hive that I could
manipulate it
about as readily after bees had occupied it
several seasons as when it left the shop ready
for its first swarm.

At that time I wondered if it were pvssiblf
to so construct a hive that we could remove
and re-adjust the frames and surplus recep-

tacles at will, with nearly the same readiness
after having been several years occupied by
bees, as when it had been occupied but a
single day. To this end I knew it was neces-
sary to do away with propolis and brace-
combs. With that end in view, I constructed
metal rests, after the style introduced by
Mr. Otis, twenty years ago, and introduced
grease and all kinds of top-bars, together
with several kinds of honey-boards until I
discovered two things ; first, that I could do
away with but a portion of the annoyances
above referred to, and second, what con-
struction was best to most completely ac-
complish that end.

The first thing I discovered was that the
measurement of a correct " bee-space," had
nothing to do with the requirements of the
bee regarding room for its passage, but
rather was that space in which the worker
would be least likely to attach propolis or
comb. I also found that this space differed
according to where and how it was located.
I found that the best space to leave above
the top-bars of the frames was ,5-16, and be-
tween the top-bars, was % to %, according
to the depth of the top-bar. I experimented
with top bars of different depths spaced
apart from 34 to % of an inch, these depths
varying from % to ;§ of an inch. I tried
these widths and thicknesses in different
combinations, and now have in my apiaries
a goodly number of old frames still contain-
ing comb and bees with top-bars of the above
dimensions, in standard Langstroth hives of
my own modification. At that time I used
to transfer brood-combs from box hives into
my Langstroth hives and when so doing
nearly al ays used a frame containing a top-
bar 's deep and 'g wide, square. I believe
in ^5 as the best width for top-bars of sus-
pended frames.

Right here I consider it appropriate to di-
gress long enough to say a few words con-
cerning that long abused "Honey-board."
I presume your younger readers do not know
that among the few of us who used honey-
boards, I was left almost alone in their de-
fense and advocacy ten or twelve years ago.
Those who considered themselves and were
considered by many as "leading lights " in
the dark halls of apiculture, at that time,
stoutly opposed the now cherished honey-
board ; but is it not true, Mr. Editor, that
all who have adopted and used honey-boards
containing a " bee-space," and the "' break-
joint " principle, which I invented and intro-

346

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

duced previous to that time, have carefully
adhered to them ? I am aware that but a
short time ago some leading bee-keepers
could find no merit in the " break-joint "
principle in the honey-board as a preven-
tive of brace-combs ; especially those which
annoy us by their attachment to the surplus
receptacles. I am also fully aware that any
bee-keeper that cannot find this practical
and useful feature must be nearly blind when
looking in that direction. If our experimen-
tal apiarist will use ten hives for this ex-
periment, placing the honey-boards squarely
upon five, and pushing them side-ways on
five others so that the spaces between the
slats of the honey board and those between
the top-bars of the brood-frames, range with
each other instead of breaking joints, he will
then be able to report to you the marked re-
sults, and they will be that the " break-joint "
principle prevents the attachment of almost
all brace-combs between the top of the hon-
ey-board and surplus receptacles and mate-
rially lessens the number of brace-combs
between the tops of the top-bars and under-
side of the honey-board, as well as between
the edges or sides of the top-bars and each
other.

To sum up, a pine top-bar 'r wide and %
to 's deep, under a break-joint honey-board,
is the best arrangement for prevention of
brace-combs. This top-bar will not sag but
will cost very much more than the common
bar, both for material and labor. How is
this. Bro. Taylor ?

DowAGiAC, Mich. Nov. 2S, 1898.

[This matter of the prevention of burr and
brace combs and dispensing with the honey
board was largely discussed at the Chicago
convention. The use of V inch spaces be-
tween and above the top bars will i)racti-
cally prevent burr and brace comb-:, if we can
believe a large number of most excellent
bee-keepers, and I think we can. That this
space will entirely prevent the building of
these coml)s I believe no one asserted. The
honey board will. If you don't want any
brace or burr combs, use a honey board. If
you can put up with a few, then make your
top bars wide and deep and space them very
accurately to '4 inch. Although the self-
spacing frames and no honey board arrange-
ment is being boomed, I very much doubt if
this style of management will ever take with
the majority, and I believe that many of
those who are now adopting this method

will eventually go back to the ordinary
Langstroth frames and a honey board. As
for myself , I want ?io burr combs attached
to the bottoms of the sections. I prefer to
go the expense of one cent a year for a honey
board to that of having any dripping and
daubing from broken burr combs, be they
ever so few. Below the honey board the
bees may build their braces and burrs to
their heart's content as I don't take the hon-
ey board off once a year on an average.
—Ed.]

Medium Colonie8,[Store8 Well-Placed, Plenty

of Protection ^and a Generous Entrance

Winter Bees in Rhode Island.

ARTHUR C. MILLER.

<^||BN the Review for October Mr. Hasty
ffi) calls attention to the careless use of de-
•^ scriptive terms and the confusion caused
thereby. In the same number Mr. Aikin
calls " sealed covers" a " snare in cold cli-
mates." The term "sealed covers" has
been used to mean boards, perhaps, and en-
ameled mats and sundry other articles used
to cover the top of the hive and allowed to
become sealed down by the bees. If Mr.
Aikin means board covers not chaff protect-
ed, I agree with him, hut if he includes mats
chaff protected, I do not.

Somewhat over ten years ago I l)egau ex-
perimenting on ways of prepnrinn bees for
winter, for if properly prepared the bees do
the rest. The experiments were on a fairly
large scale, the first one embracing over
forty colonies and as I was conducting the
experiments for my own pleasure I spared no
pains or expense. The results were very in-
teresting and in some cases quite surprising.

To be uniformly successful I found it
necessary to have a medium colony, an
abundance of stores properly placed, an en-
ameled mat sealed down, the whole sur-
rounded with chaff or planer chips and a ten
inch entrance wide open.

At first glance this seems like the ordinary
" colonies chaff packed," but let me mention
a few important features. First a weditoH
colony, neither very large nor very small :
second, an abundance of stores properly
placed : third, an enameled or non-porous
mat sealed down. It sounds easy and sim-
ple, but it took me years to do it every time
with my whole apiary.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW,

347

To get medium colonies that will stay
medium is quite a task. It requires good
judgement and careful selection to have
brood and bees equally distributed and par-
ticulary so to have the same proportion of
old and young bees in each colony.

" Abundance of stores properly distribu-
ted " is easier of accomplishment. The size
of the colony Hxed early in the fall, the stores
supplied, their proper placing is sure to fol-
low. Take two colonies of equal strength,
give one its seven or eight L frames of hon-
ey the first of September, the other the same
the first of October and notice the diflf erence
the following spring. A mat sealed down
prevents any draughts except those created
by the bees, and together with the chaff pack-
ing gives them complete control of the tem-
perature and ventilation of the brood nest.
Arranged as my bees are there is never any
condensation of moisture on the mat.

1 would not have it understood that I have
to manipulate all my colonies to prepare
them for winter, for by having each colony
supplied with a young queen by August very
few colonies need any alteration later. I am
led to believe that early preparation of bees
for winter is a very important factor in the
success of any method, and properly done,
it does not interfere with the harvesting of
the fall honey crop. iSome may say that it
is easy to winter bees in Rhode Island, but I
assure them it is not, as the temperature is
very variable, ranging within twenty-four
hours from 50" or 60^ to zero and vice versa.
Intense cold is frequently followed by warm
dense fogs that condense on and thoroughly
saturate everything.

The system here set forth is a success every
time, which is more than I can say of any
other method I have tried.

Fkovidence, R. I. (Jet. 23, 1893.

The Relation of Sugar Syrup to Bees.

O. H. MUBBAY.

O life.
Art thou another name for strife ?
A daily wonder are thy hidden ways.
Thou goest as thou comest, in a maze.

^||»F in order I would respectfully correct
®) a statement of Mr. J. Heddon in the
^1^ Oct. Review in regard to the nature of
the food of the bee. He says : " The food
of the honey bee may be divided into two
distinct divisions, — oxygenous and nitrog-

enous ; the former being a heat producer
and the latter tissue making."

Honey consists of carbon and water. A
part of the water is free or hygroscopic ;
that is, it is not chemically combined with
the carbon. The amount of free water varies,
but in good honey it is about ten per cent.
No where in the animal economy is the ox-
ygen of water, or of any part of the food,
employed as a heat producer. The vital
force is not sufficiently powerful to decom-
pose water and appropriate either of its ele-
ments. It is the combustion of the carbon
of honey, sugar, or of any other food, that
maintains animal heat, by its combining
with the free oxygen of air inhaled or ab-
sorbed. The product of such combustion is
carbonic acid gas. When the carbon of hon-
ey or sugar is appropriated by the bee, the
combined water is released and the bee dis-
poses of it by perspiration or otherwise.
Honey destitute of free water consists of
about forty-seven per cent, of carbon and
tifty-three per cent, of combined water, but
as honey ordinarily contains from eight to
twelve per cent, of free water we have about
forty -three per cent, of carbon in each unit
of honey. Where there are fifty or more
swarms of bees packed closely in a room or
cellar the amount of water evaporated by
them is very considerable. The vitiating
carbonic acid gas should also be taken into
account in such cases and means provided
for its renaoval and the substitution of fresh
air.

Physiologists maintain that a small pro-
portion of nitrogenous food is essential to
aid the assimilation of the carbohydrates,
such as honey or sugar. A tablespoonful of
boiled Hour paste added to each haif gallon
of sugar syrup and thoroughly mixed might
perhaps be sufficient. Undoubtedly a tea-
spoonful of salt to each gallon of syrup
would be of great advantage. Bees long fed
on pure sugar syrup alone would undoubted-
ly die, — not from dysentery, but with stom-
achs full of material that they were not able
to digest. Simple decomposition, — as the
separation of carbon in sugar, cannot be ef-
fected by vital force. The life forces — like
the electric, — require decomposition and re-
composition simultaneously in order to
maintain their operation. The presence of
some catalytic a^ent, like salt, exerts a most
favorable influence in promoting the re-
actions.

Elkhaet, lud. Oct. 25, 1893.

348

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Importance of Warm, Dry and Pure Air in

Wintering Bees and How it May

be Secarea.

C. SPAETH.

>R. EDITUR:— I have just received
the Review vyhich reminds me of
the article on house apiaries which
I promised to translate for your paper. 1
am very sorry that I did not find time to do
it ; translation is for me very slow, tiresome
and imperfect work, therefore I am not sat-
isfied with it. I send you the article in Ger-
man ; perhaps you can find somebody that
can translate it for you. You can also see
in it one of the best bee houses imaginable
for wintering bees by all methods.

The wintering trouble and cause of bee
diarrhoea is solved by Rev. C. Weygandt,
of Flacht, Germany, editor of the Bee, a
monthly bee paper. He has made the most
thorough experiments for years, and has
solved a good many riddles, mysteries and
problems that still puzzle a good many bee-
keepers and papers. I do wish you could
read two books which he published three or
four years ago on those subjects. The name
of those works are : " A Small Contribution
to Promote Bee-Keeping."

He kept a good number of bees in his
study room, where there was a coal stove
burning all winter. The entrances of the
hives were left open, the openings l/eing two
to three inches wide by one-quarter inch
high. He had holes made througli the win-
dow case or a channel under it. The bees
wintered splendidly and came out strong and
vnry healthy.

For years he closely observed bees in win-
ter and tried all kinds of experiments with
them. He found out what was the life ele-
ment that must be taken into account if we
want safe wintering. This life element is
pure, dry, warm air, and good food, which,
of course, also includes bee bread.

Some colonies he gave daily their portion
of food. He found them scattered all over
the combs, the latter, of course, keeping per-
fectly dry and clean. Their abdomens did
not become extended and swollen and there
was no need of a cleansing flight. The bees
would not try to fly out when the weather
would not permit, but they would just peep
sometimes out and then go back again.

He found out that dampness and cold com-
bined kill the most bees ; causing indiges-

tion, catarrh and inflamation of the bow-
els or diarrhcBa. He cured the worst kind
of diarrhoea in a warm, dry, pure air, and
with clover honey. Some will say, it is not
a disease. They know not what they say.
Smell it once, he says ! Does it smell like
healthy fseces ? It nearly knocks one over,
it will take your breath away.

Some bees will show much more uneasi-
ness after a few month's confinement than
others under the very same conditions, from
such bees he would never breed.

After all these experiments he built a bee
house which is a model, and not after very
many years, all our Northern bee-keepers
will have one like it, or similar to it.

He keeps his bees in a chaff hive all the
year in the bee house. This is done so that
the heat cannot directly strike the hives or
bees, it also serves other purposes. If the
weather is not too severe he does not have
the house heated, or if he has, and it should
get too warm, he opens all the doors and
windows and has wintering in the open air
or on summer stands packed. In a few min-
utes he can close the outside openings, which
he sometimes does, also the doors and win-
dows, and he has cellar wintering, but with
much better conditions for the bees. The
whole house is then pitch dark. He then
opens the entrances on the back part of the
channels of the hives.

He has no spring dwindling. As soon as
the bees bring in natural pollen, he com-
mences stimulative feeding, and breeding
once commenced in good earnest never is
checked by cold spells or poor weather. He
has giant colonies at the time of fruit bloom
and of rape, which is one of his main crops.

Some brag that they winter their bees
with success in the old way. But it is one
thing to winter bees that just pull through
and are kept busy till the latter part of .June
getting ready for the harvest, giving no
spring surplus whatever ; and another thing
to bring out very strong, rousing swarms
which give the least work for the bee-keeper
but the most pleasure and profit.

He claims that it pays to have such a house
and saves time, money and work. In the
first place he can use poor lumber for hives
and outer cases, sometimes he used dry-
goods boxes. Then they need no paint, and
he only needs to pack them once and need
not carry them to and fro, and he can do all
his work inside. His bees also have shade
and are safe from storms and thieves.

MSIASU ,SU3d331I-3aa 3HJj

349

It is a pleasure to read his works and fol-
low his experiments. He had a colony in
his room gathering pollen and building
combs at Christmas. He placed cherry and
hazelnut branches in a pail of sand for a few
weeks, pouring warm water over the sand
every day, and in this way brought them to
bloom in a few weeks. He shows how it is
done so that not a bee will try to liy at the
window to get out. Of course, he only meant
to show what could be done with bees. He
asserts, too, that his bees voided dry fteces.

He is also a great friend of the German
bee and does not get tired to sing their
praise. Of course he is not blind toward the
good qualities of the other races, but asserts
that the German bee has excellent qualities
which are entirely overlooked, and if it were
bred for years with as much care as the Ital-
ian, for instance, then its points of excel-
lence would be brought out still more yet.

You see, in the business part, practical
work and in the profits, the Americans take
the lead, but in deep thinking and thorough-
ly performed experimenting the Germans
still take the lead. If you will take the two
volumes of extracts from the German bee
journals to hand, you will lind that many
questions and problems that we try to solve
now, were solved by German naturalists and
bee-keepers years ago. I have the work. It
is written by Schmid and Klein.

Now I believe fully that the secret of w u-
teriug bees cheaply, without loss, and with
little labor is solved if the bee-keeper will
follow C. Weygandt's advice.

Bebne, Mich.

Nov. 20, 1893.

Shipping and Selling Honey in Cold
Weatber.

J. O. STEWART.

"If you want your business done, go; if uot,
send." —FRANKLIN.

fHAVE long wanted to write a letter for
the Review, and have selected this topic
as of most interest to its readers of any
thing I could write. My honey is produced
with the one-story wide-frame with tin sep-
arators so the combs are smooth and no
trouble to crate. I took them out of the
frames, put them into the shipping cases and
placed them in a spare room in my dwelling

where a tire would keep the combs from
cracking. I left tliem there till near the
holidays, then scraped, graded, and cased
them for market. I stamped them all with
a self-inker. As the sections were well filled
1 paid no attention to the weight except to
see about how they averaged. I made the
following grades No. 1 waite. No. 2 white,
No. I dark. No. 2 dark, and culls. When I
was ready to sell I went to our R. R. agent,
told him how easy it was to break comb hon-
ey in the cold, and got permission to set a
stove in the car, which I did easily in the
morning. I took a large bundle of newspa-
pers into the car and tacked them over and
upon one door, then closed the other door
near to the stove pipe and packed that one
and then made a tire. It soon was so warm
that I began to sweat. I took into the car a
rack of a buggy cart and nailed it fast and
upright, the distance from the end of the
car that would allow the honey cases and ten
inches besides at each end of the inclosure.
Hay was spread four inches deep on the car
tloor and the cases set upon it. Newspapers
were placed all over the pile, and hay ten
iucliBn deep put at the ends and all sides. I
gave ihu train men a section apiece to uot
bump ttie car. They seemed pleased and I
thmk iliey did as they promised. The car
went sixty miles but arrived safe with not a
section broken in the 1,400 pounds.

I must state that in the bottom of each
case and between the two tiers of sections I
had placed a sheet of oiled paper. On this
were laid live strips for the sections to rest
on ; so if any dripped the bottom would not
be so much daubed. I shipped no dripping
combs.

When I arrived at the city I took a sample
section in a small grip and canvassed for
orders. I told them they must average thir-
teen or fourteen ounces and I wanted IS
cents a box for it. A good many grocers
said it would never sell for 25 cents each and
they must make five cents a box. But I
sold out and delivered. If 1 could not sell
for money I traded for goods. All said it
was very high, but as it was very nice, all
white clover, they bought, and but few stop-
ped to figure on the price per pound. I
verily believe a Vji section full is large
enough, and the way to get them full is to
use them and no larger. I think they are
filled fuller, more even, and quicker, and so
are whiter than a I's section and two-inch I
would not use.

350

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

How I wish no one but specialists would
raise honey, then we should not have to com-
pete with the broken, stained mussy honey
in the market. A commission man offered
me 16 cents, but I thought that two cents
would pay my expenses and give me a chance
to see the city. The R. R. Co, said they had
no right to receive it without the cases being
crated as per Mr. Ripley, but as nothing else
was in the car they did not care. Of course I
removed the stove before the car started. I
think the car would have gone safely to New
York only for the transferring. The Mayor
told me I could not sell from house to house
without a license, but others said I could sell
anything I raised

Hopkins, Mo.

Jan. 10. 1893.

Bee-Keepers' Review.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

W. Z. HOTCHir*SOfl, Ed. & Pjpop.

Terms : — $1.00 a year in advance. Two copies
$1.90 ; three for 12.70 ; five for $4.00 ; ten or more.
70 cents each. If it is desired to have tlie Review
stopped at the expiration of the time paid for,
please say so when subscribing, otherwise it
will be continued.

FL/NT, MICHIGAN. DEC. 10. 1893.

Ontario, Canada, bee-keepers will hold
their annual convention January 9th and
10th, 1894, at Lindsay. The editor of the
Review expects to enjoy the pleasure of at-
tending the meeting.

Canada is to have another bee journal, the
first issue being already out. Its name is
the Practical Bee-Keeper and it is a neatly
gotten up quarterly, at forty cents a year,
published at Tilbury Center by C. A. Oue-
Uette, with T. N. Leigh as editor. Leading
bee-keepers contribute to the first issue.

Eight Extra Pages are added this month
to make room for the index and to allow
plenty of room in which to set forth the
prominent excellencies of the Review (see
last four pages) in order that the large num-
ber to whom this issue will be sent as a sam-
ple may more thoroughly understand " What
the Review has been, is, and will be."

A OOEREOTION.

Mr. Cornell sends the following : "In the
second paragraph, second column, page 815,
it reads ; ' As the vapor laden air escapes
from the cluster at G5 into saturated air at
.5.')°, it * * ' The figures .V) should be 45°.
In Elwood's article you have Rettenkofifer a
couple of times where it should be Petten-
kofter. I don't know who made the mistake
but I feel sure it was not Elwood."
O

Orange Blossom Honey must be very deli-
cious, or else Rambler has indulged in pic-
turesque language to such an extent that he
can use no other. After reading his article
that appears in this issue I did not feel easy
until I had written and asked him if it would
be possible to send me a can of orange blos-
som honey. He had none of his own that
was pure, but by looking about he finally
found one sixty pound can of what appeared
to be pure orange blossom honey, " the most
delicious honey he ever tasted." and he
bought it for me and it is now on its way
across the continent. It will probably be
here before the Michigan State Bee-Keepers'
Association meets, and I will then " stand
treat."

E. R. Root calls attention to Hasty's re-
mark that Mr. Taylor drew conclusions
favorable to foundation, and that the editor
of the Review argued in favor of starters,
both using that big table as a basis. Beg
pardon Bros., but Mr. Taylor called atten-
tion to the fact that those hived on starters
" held their rate of gain decidedly better
than those hived on comb or foundation."
I then called attention to this fact and ar-
gued that if the harvest had continued a lit-
tle longer, or had the test been commenced
a little earlier, those on starters might have
come out ahead. When Mr. Taylor sent in
that report he accompanied it by a private
note in which he said " There is a big argu-
ment in those figures for starters," and I
did wonder a little that he did not enlarge a
little more on this point in his summing up.

Advertising, (jood advertising, in these
times is almost half the battle. I have in
mind a queen breeder who keeps his adv.
running the whole year. Whenever I write
to him for a few queens I always have to
wait a long time before he can fill my order
— so many orders ahead. But when I send

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

S51

him a bill for adv. the money always comes
back by return mail. I have in mind other
men who send in an adv. in June, and stop it
in August or September, saying it does not
pay them. I am well satisfied that a man
can commence now and so advertise that he
will have a good trade next season in almost
anything that bee-keepers need to buy. See
what a trade Mr. Trego secured by getting
out an attractive line of ads. last year. It's
none too soon to begin advertising for next
season's trade and the better the advertising
the greater will be the trade. I feel perfectly
free to talk in this way, if I do have adver-
tising space to sell, because I know that what
I say is true, besides, I " take my own medi-
cine," as they say, and find that it does me
good.

HOW CAN THE EEVIEW BE IMPKOVED ?

Some editors make just such a paper as
suits themselves, foolishly imagining that
what pleases them must of course please
every one. Others edit their papers with the
idea of receiving praise from their contem-
poraries ; or they strive to "scoop" their
competitors, to secure some feature that will
overwhelm the other journals of that class.
This is all right in itself, but such prominent
features should be chosen mainly with a view
to pleasing the majority of the readers.
Some of us edit our journals too much from
our own personal point of view, whereas we
should try and edit them more from the
standpoint of the public. The one question
that an editor should put to himself, in de-
ciding as to the availability of an article, is,
will this please, interest or irastruct the ma-
jority of my readers ?

Several times before have I been greatly
benefitted by securing the advice and criti-
cism of my readers in regard to the manage-
ment of the Review, and I should be glad to
avail myself of it still farther. This is the
time of the year when renewals will be sent
in, and it will not be very much trouble to
simply say in a few words what you think of
the Review, which feature, or writer pleases
you best, which is of the least interest, and
what new features you would like to have
added, or what subjects you would be glad to
see discussed. For instance, I am at present
interested in photography, and frequent ref-
erences to it are creeping into the Review.
Now, if these references are afifording me
more pleasure than they are my readers,
they can't be dropped too quickly. But how

am I to know unless you tell me ? It's just
the same with other things. I am trying
most earnestly to edit the Review from the
reader's standpoint as well as from my own,
and shall be most thankful for a little help.
If you like the Review, say so ; if you don't,
say so ; but be sure and give the why in
either case, as that is the most important
point.

MICHIGAN STATE BEE-KEEPEES' CONVENTION.

The Michigan State Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold its 28th annual meeting in the
Common Council Chambers, at the City
Hall, in Flint, on Tuesday and Wednesday,
.January 2d and 3rd. The room is nicely
carpeted, furnished with chairs, desks and
tables, well lighted, and away from the rack-
et of the main street. There is a convenient
room adjoining in which supplies and imple-
ments can be exhibited. The headquarters
for bee-keepers will be at the Dayton House,
a most excellent, clean, and well furnished,
but home-like place, where rates to bee-
keepers will be only $1.00 per day. The time
for holding the meeting is placed when in all
probability there will be holiday rates on all
railroads.

The following programme has been ar-
ranged :

FIEST DAY — MOBNING SESSION.

lOKX) a. m.— " Experimental Work at Experi-
mental Stations," Hon. R. L. Taylor, Lapeer,
Mich.

FIEST DAY — AFTEENOON SESSION.

1:30 p. m — " Advantages of Northern Michigan
for Honey Production," Hon. Geo. E. Hilton,
Fremont, Mich.

3:00 p. m.— "The Futuro of the Supply Trade,"
M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

FIEST DAY — EVENING SESSION.

7:00 p. m.—" Advantages that Bee-Keepers may
Expect from Bees and Honey Having been
Shown at the World's Fair," H. D. Cutting,
Tecumseh, Mich.

SECOND DAY — MOBNING SESSION.

9:00 a. m.— " Moisture in the Bee Cellar ; What
it can do and What we can do," S. Comeil, Lind-
say, Ont.

10:30 a. m — "The Future pf Bee-Keeping,"
James Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.

SECOND DAY — AFTEENOON SESSION.

1:80 p. m. — ■' Preparing the Apiary for Winter,"
R. F. Holterman, Brantford, Ont.

3:00 p. m.— " Selling Honey Without Employ-
ing Commission Men," Byron Walker, Evart,
Mich.

It will be noticed that care has been taken
not to crowd the programme, as the Secre-
tary believes that a few topics thoroughly
discussed are more profitable than a greater
number but briefly touched upon. There is
also time in which to discuss the little side

352

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

iesues that are continually springing up.

The AsBociation is invited to hold one ses
sion (say in the evening of the first day) at
the home of the Review, corner of Wood
and Saginaw Streets, where there will be an
opportunity to sample that delicious orange
blossom honey from California, mentioned
in another column.

W. Z. Hutchinson, Sec.

8UPEBIOE STRAIN OF GOLDEN ITALIANS.

Mr. Ira Barber of De Kalb Junction, N. Y.,
has sent me a long letter in which he is very
enthusiastic in his praise of some golden
Italian stock that came from Mr. Chas. D.
Duvall.

Last summer he had thirty colonies of this
strain of bees in his yard with 120 other col-

comb to fill, which was not the case with the
others. Mr. Barber had 0,000 pounds of
comb honey, but says if all had done as well
as his light colored bees he would have had
three times as much. He has kept a large
stock of bees for more than forty years, and
he says that these are the first perfect bees
he has ever had. Very truly he concludes
that " The bees that will stick by the sec-
tions through hot and cold, through rain and
shine, and work for all they are worth, are
the bees that will gladden the heart of the
honey producer."

Occasionally we see reports telling what
miserably poor things are the light colored
bees and how the darker bees will out-strip
them at honey gathering. The truth proba-
bly is that there are both superior and in-
ferior strains of bees in either variety.

THF HOME - APIAKY OF JAMES HEDDON, DOWAOIAC, MICH.

onies of all the other different varieties of
bees in this country, and the light colored
bees outstripped all others. They are gen-
tle, industrious, good comb builders, enter
the sections readily and not inclined to
swarm. Only one of these thirty colonies
offered to swarm, and that was a case of
superseding the queen, while from the other
colonies came >«> swarms. Wet weather for
three or four days did not stop these bright
bees from comb building, they kept right on
at work and when it cleared up they had

A VISIT TO MK. HEDDON S.

As mentioned in the last Review, I stop-
ped on my way to Chicago and made Mr.
Heddou a visit. We drove out nine miles to
take a view of his Glenwood apiary. One of
the fascinations of photography is that you
are not always sure what you have got until
you develop the plate. When we reached
Glenwood it was about noon, and it was
neither bright sunshine, nor exactly cloudy.
It was "bright cloudy," but nearer bright
sunshine than I judged it was and the result

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

353

was an over-exposed plate that produced a
weak, "flat" negative unfit for printing a
photograph suitable to use in making a half-
tone.

We went over to his home apiary about
four o'clock and I found it exactly as Ram-
bler said it was when he visited it — very dif-
ficult to find a satisfactory point of view.
The high board fence surmounted by barbed
wire made it necessary to set the camera
inside the apiary, and in this way only a

necessary. The floor of the house is of hard
wood. The windows revolve upon central
pivots at the top and bottoms. Outside of
each window is a half circle of wire cloth in
which the window revolves. By reversing a
window all of the bees that may be on the
inside are thrown out into the wire cloth ad-
dition where they find a hole at the top
through which they can escape. I photo-
graphed the interior of the honey house, but
I had had little experience in photographing

THE HOME OF JAMES HEDDON, DOWAGIAC, MICH.

part of the apiary and hives could be shown,
but I selected such a position as would show
the honey house and " tired away."

The hives are packed with sawdust in cases.
Natural swarming with undipped queens is
allowed as is shown by the ladder leading up
into the apple tree top.

The honey house is well-built with an ex-
cellent cellar under it. One end of the cel-
lar is partitioned off and a stove is kept in
this little ante-room. Around the inside of
the stove pass three rings of inch, iron pipe
which extends up through the floor and con-
nects with a tank. Water is introduced
into the pipe and the heat from the stove
heats the water causing it to circulate
through the tank above, melting any granu-
lated honey placed therein. All honey is
liquified before shipment. The stove also
furnishes heat for warming the cellar when

interiors, and I made the mistake of over-
timing.

It was dusk wlien we reached the family
residence, but the family gathered on the
lawn and I took a " shot." Here I made the
mistake that most photographers do when
making exposures near the close of day — I
under-timed. The next morning I had to
take the train at seven o'clock. I waited as
long in the morning as I dared and then
made another exposure of the Heddon man-
sion with Mrs. Heddon sitting on the porch
and Mr. Heddon upon his safety with one
hand on the apple tree. From this picture I
have had a half-tone made. Yes, Mr. Hed-
don and his two sons and his daughter-in-
law (Will's wife) all ride safeties and are en-
thusiasts like all other bicyclists.

Mr. Heddon is editor of the Dowagiac
Times, and largely interested in their elec-

354

THE BEE-KEEPERS' HE VIEW.

trie light plaut, hence, bee-keeping does not
get the benefit of his undivided attention as
it did years ago. In short, almost all of the
work is done by his seventeen-year-old son,
Charlie. Extracted honey is raised exclu-
sively, and Mr. Heddon told me that he
never raised honey more cheaply than he is
doing it now. He tries to see with how little
labor he can manage the business. In his
circumstances he thinks that is the best way
for him to do, but he admitted that he longed
to be back at the work himself, doing the
work in the very best possible manner in-
stead of with a " lick and a brush."

In the evening when Messrs. Heddou,
Burch, Hoshal and myself were talking of
" feeding back • ' and feeding bees for winter
late in the fall, it was mentioned that bees
would take the food more quickly late in the
season if it were put under the brood nest.
Mr. Heddon then suggested the arrangement
of his feeder so that it could be used for
" feeding back " by being placed under the
hive, the reservoir being at the back of the
hive with a cover to be removed when the
feeder needs filling, a passage way at one
eide allowing the flying bees to pass up from
the regular entrance and gain access to the
hive. I believe this idea is worthy of con-
sideration, as the bees do certainly take the
food more rapidly from below the hive, es-
pecially if the weather is a little cool.

Since the foregoing was written Mr. Hed-
don has sent in the article that appears in
this issue, and in a private note accompany-
ing it he says : *' We have sold our electric
light plant to the city, and I am going back
to apiculture in old fashioned style ; I am
going into the old work both mentally and
physically, heart and hand." I know that
all will be rejoiced to know this.

SUPEBIOBITY OF GIVEN FOUNDATION.

It is very pleasant to know that bright,
practical men seem to have a way of getting
at the truth of things pretty closely without
recourse to such elaborate processes as ap
pear in this month's report from the Michi-
gan Experimental Apiary. Messrs. Heddon,
Taylor, E. J. Uatman, Dr. Mason, and some
others have declared in favor not only of
Given foundation, but of using quite heavy
foundation of this make in sections. Their
argument was that the press put the wax in
the walls of the foundation, leaving it soft,
because it was not subjected to pressure.

while the base was left very thin. In these
experiments it will be seen that the lightest
foundation, 13.75 to the foot gives a septum
73.3 ten thousands of an inch, while Given
foundation of 9..37 pounds to the foot shows
a septum of only (53 ten thousands of an inch,
the thinnest septum of any in the test. Not
only this, but foundation from the press
gave the best results in the weight of honey
produced. Years ago when foundation was
discussed at conventions, the Given always
came out ahead, and it has always been a
puzzle to me why the manufacture of the
press was dropped and why manufacturers
did not offer Given foundation for sale. The
only reason that ever came to my mind was
that it seemed to me that it would be more
work to make foundation on the press. I
think now that if the right man should take
up the making of the press, or the making
of foundation on the press, success would
follow. There are one or two points that I
do not understand clearly, and that is why
the press can make foundation with a thin-
ner base, or, at least make such a base that
the bees leave it thinner, than can be done
with rollers, and why the side walls are left
softer than with a mill. The columns of the
Review are open for the discussion of this
foundation question, and contributions on
either or any side will be more than welcome.

EXXRMCTED.

Riding one Hobby too Long and too Hard.

" Nothing preserves men more in their wits,
Tlian giving of them leave to play by fits."

BUTLER.

Last June somebody was trying to induce
Bro. Root of Gleanings to pay him a visit.
After mentioning quite a string of allure-
ments, he wound up by saying that he would
borrow a swarm of bees. Mr. Root pub-
lishes his friend's letter and then replies to
it under the head of " Holding too long to
one set of Ideas." Here is what he said : —

"Brother G., you need not go to the
trouble of borrowing that hive of bees : and
perhaps I should say somethiag just here
that, in justice to our readers, I ought to
have said long ago. An incident of our trip
to California brings it to my mind. While
traveling somewhere in the vicinity of the
Rockies, all at once Prof. Cook remarked :

' Look here, Mr. Root ; I want to ask you
one (luestion.'

Of course, I told him to ask any question
he saw fit. Said he :

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

365

' Yon were once so full of the subject of
bees that you could neither think nor talk
much about anything else. Of late years,
and especially within the last few days, it
has seemed to me as if you rather avoided
the subject than otherwise. What has brought
it about ? '

' I an glad to answer you. For many long
years, as you say, I never tired of talking
about and investigating and studying the
honey-bee ; and I used to think I should
never get weary of that one subject. Finally,
however, when my health began to fail, I
discovered that I turned almost involuntarily
to something else as a relief — a rest, or
change ; but when business, and a desire to
help others who wanted to know, continued
to hold me down to that subject, it began at
times to be almost painful. I went into
other things expecting and rather hoping
that a little rest from that one subject would
throw off this feeling. It has done so to
some extent : but, to tell the truth, I have,
at the present time, very little to do with the
bees. The bee-keeper of our establishment
is, at present, Ernest. Growing potatoes
and draining land, riding the wheel, and
even looking into the wonderful progress
that has been made in your line of business,
attracts me much more than bee culture.
Sometimes I have felt sad about it ; and
then I have thought that, perhaps, there was
a sort of providence in it ; and I do believe
that it is God's will that, while we look after
our own industry, we should also avoid set-
tling down into one narrow line of work too
long at a time.'

After I explained to friend Cook as above,
he astonished me by coming over to where I
sat. and putting out his hand. When I
looked up in surprise for an explanation he
said something like this :

' Mr. Root, I rather suspected something
of what you have told us ; and I want to tell
you that my experience i** much like yours.
I have felt as if I could not stand it unless I
had some sort of relief from duties that have
been wearing, month after month and year
after year, on the same set of nerves, and in
the same line of work.'

Perhaps he did not say it just as I have put
it. but it was something in that line. It is
true, there is such a thine as changing about
from one thing to another before one has
had time to accomplish anything anywhere :
but there is also an opposite extreme to be
avoided."

Several times since the foregoing appeared
have I been tempted to publish it and com-
ment upon it. Most of you know how
strongly I have plead for specialty. Not one
word that I have said would I recall. Those
old saws about a " -Jack at all trades " being
" good for nothing at none," and when there
are "Too many irons in the fire some are
burned," are only too true. A man can never
hope to attain the highest success unless he
masters one subject, and to attempt the
mastery of several means the mastery of

none. But when a man's thoughts flow con-
stantly in one channel they are necessarily
narrowed. A man should sometimes think
of something besides his business. His busi-
ness and himself will thereby be benefitted.
After a dip into something foreign to his
regular business, he returns to his post with
a sort of enthusiasm for his work. As Dr.
Miller remarked after reading the above,
•' If Mr. Root had not ridden the bee-keep-
ing hobby so long and so hard when he first
mounted it he might yet have been editor of
Gleanings.'^ Perhaps those were not his ex-
act words, but they convey the idea that he
meant to advance, viz., that Mr. Root wore
out his enthusiasm for bee-keeping by too
long continued efforts in that direction : if
he had given his mind a rest by taking up
something else to a certain extent he might
now have had sufficient enthusiasm left for
bee-keeping to be able to edit Gleanings. I
think the Dr. is correct. We all know that
Mr. Root has lately taken up gardening and
is riding this hobby as furiously as he ever
did bee-keeping.

In looking over my own life for the past
twenty years I can see that while bee-keeping
has been my business most of the time, that
is, I have made it a specialty, I have at the
same time tried different branches of it, and
occasionally indulged in by-plays. When I
was about fifteen I began to seriously con-
sider the question of what I should do in
life. I wished the question decided that I
might be studying and working in the right
direction. I had a great love for machinery
and the life of a locomotive engineer seemed
to me an ideal one. I progressed in this di-
rection until I was able to " fire " and run an
engine in a planing mill. Then the beauties
of literature took possession of me and I be-
gan studying with fresh enthusiasm and
teaching school. You may smile if you like,
and I will not be offended, but in those days
I thought I should like to become a writer.
I did not know exactly what I should write
about, but I had such an itching for writing
that several stories and sketches were sent to
different papers only to be returned, as I can
now see very clearly they ought to have been.
Then music took possession of my soul and
I almost decided to make of it a profession.
Next came bee-keeping, and twenty-one
found me yet undecided. I know that I
often felt ashamed of my vacilation ; it
seemed as though I ought to have sufficient
decision to be able to make a choice. I re-

356

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

member most perfectly going out to the barn
the spring after I was twenty-one and seat-
ing myself in a swing with a determination
to "have it out." I sat there a long time.
Most thoroughly did I go over my past life.
I tried to decide which business would best
fit my characteristics. I finally arose with
the determination that I "would be a bee-
keeper, and give my experience to the
world." I presume this was a sort of com-
promise between bee-keep^'"' -nd author-
ship, although I c.'.J; not tr.'i '" -'■ - .'j tiio
time. Had J only known at the time iiow
literally and faithfully I should be able to
carry out my decision I should have been
much happier. ^ immediately began study-
ing bee-keeping as i had never done before.
Although it was four yca.c later before I
actually began the business I think I starLc>iI
in with as thorough a knowledge of my pro-
fession as is possessed by most physicians
of theirs when they first begin practicing.

During the first year of bee-keeping I de
cided that I would make a specialty of queen
rearing. That fall the twins came. They
were very restless and wakeful nights, and
you may smile again if you like, but I took
a great deal of comfort the following winter
when rocking and singing a baby to sleep
by the fireside in the "' wee sma' hours " of
the night and thinking at the same time how
I was going to rear queens the following
summer. I studied out how I should make
a lamp nursery and arrange compartments
to prevent the young queens from killing
one another when they hatched, how I should
arrange my nuclei, how make the cages, yes,
even how I should word my advertisements.
The work proved fully as enjoyable as I had
anticipated. It was such a pleasure to see
the plump cells with their rough, corrugated
surfaces, to see the bright yellow (jueens
bite their way out to light and liberty, to
give them to the bees, and then a few days
later to find them plump and laying. Then
to make neat cages of the white basswood,
catch and cage the bees, pat the stamps of
different colors upon the cages of different
sizes, pack them into a basket and then take
a stroll of two miles to the post office going
through lanes and woods-roads, stopping on
the way home and filling the basket with
berries — all this made a happy existence.

Then my brother came to work with me
and more bees were bought and the raising
of comb honey became the order of the day.
Queen rearing was not dropped, but a new

enthusiasm, that of learning how to work to
the best advantage in securing tons of honey
in those beautiful white sections, had taken
possession of me.

In those days my spare moments and the
leisure of winter days were employed in
writing bee-keeping articles for the bee
journals and for the agricultural papers.
This proved a pleasant and profitable change
from the more arduous labors of the sum-
mer.

From such experiences as these sprang the
d-— \,ij iiG."3 ? iournal of my own. Then
camic the p'.oasuro oi ^-t'cipation and prep-
aration, lasting two or three years. Next
came the realization, and^ as I have before
stated, no part of my life has been more en-
joyable than that spent in publishing the
Revie-vVo There was one pleasure that I had
not couuic-J "L-^c: ?i?. ihat is the mechani-
cal part of making the Review, the studying
to make it neat typographically — how I have
enjoyed the putting together of types, bor-
ders, ornaments, and rules, the selection of
the paper and ink and the securing of en-
gravings, etc., etc. But, notwithstanding I
love the Review and most thoroughly enjoy
the making of it, I must admit that it is not
only a relief to sometimes turn my thoughts
into other channels, but I actually do better
work when my thoughts are again put into
their regular harness.

Perhaps some of you may know that pho-
tography is my latest hobby. I am now
deriving as much pleasure from the perusal
of books and journals devoted to photog-
raphy as I did years ago in my first study
of apiculture. This branch of picture mak-
ing was taken up with no thought of its
proving profitable in a money point of view,
but is is turning out to be a very profitable
investment in a way that I did not expect.
For instance, I had often felt that I should
enjoy writing a series of articles on trapping
mink, muskrat, foxes and the like, showing
by illustrations exactly how the traps should
be made and set. Lack of skill in drawint:
had prevented me. As soon as 1 had learned
to use the camera I took a trap, an axe, the
camera and a lunch basket, and with one of
my daughters for company and to help carry
the things, went up the river two miles one
morning in August, and in the woods I set
some traps, deadfalls, and snares for par-
tridges, exactly as I did when a boy, and then
photographed them. 1 came home in the
afternoon awfully tired, but oh, how rested !

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

357

What a pleasure it was to me to write the
articles. It was upon a new subject and car-
ried me back so completely to my boyhood's
days when I tramped the banks of the dear
old Butternut creek with a pack of traps on
my back. The articles were sent to the
American Agriculturist and the first one ap-
peared in the November issue. My next
effort in this direction was a bee hunting
article, tellins how to hunt wild bees and
was sent to the Vonths' Companion. It has
been accepted but is not yet published. To
illustrate this I made a bee box, and filled it
with comb that was nearly white, then with
a printer's roller I rolled some printer's ink
upon the mouths of the cells, thus blacking
them, and you have no idea how clearly the
net work of cells showed in the picture. I
also put a little honey in the cells and car-
ried some bees with me in a cage to where I
was to take the picture and placed them upon
the comb, and while they were " filling up "
I " pressed the button '' as the advertise-
ments say. I spent at least half a day find-
ing exactly the spot that suited me for taking
the photograph, and finally found just what
I wanted, where there were stumps and
brush, and a barn in the distance, with the
river to one side in the background, and a
tall stump in the foreground upon which to
set the bee box. I then hunted up a good
looking young man to go with me and lie
down on the ground just back of the stump
and pretend that he was watching the bees
in the box to see them take wing and then
"line "them. My visit to the skunk farm
as mentioned ia the last Review has been
written up and sent with the photos, to the
^;/i. Agriculturist, and been accepted. I
have lately been to Saginaw and photo-
graphed all of the processes of salt making
from getting the brine from the earth, to
the finished salt piled up in cords and cords
of barrels ready for market. One of my
girls lately said : " Papa is just crazy to go
somewhere and take a photograph and then
write a story around it," and she has ex-
pressed it exactly. Now, while this enthusi-
asm will be at its height, say, next summer,
I propose'to visit the principle bee-keepers
of the Northern States and Canada, taking
my camera with me and photographing these
bee-keepers, their families, residences, api-
aries, and whatever of interest I may come
across, have cuts made from the photographs,
" write stories around then," and then put
all into the Review.

A Condensed View of Current
Bee Writings.

E. E. HASTY.

1^* (-) inquisitive has modern apiculture be-
"^^ come that it is even inquiring after the
^^ drones' brains. Of course the querist
does not intend to fill vacancies with them,
but only to increase the general fund of
knowledge. In creatures that have the brain
and intelligence mainly limited to the head,
cutting the head off leaves the body a help-
less lump. On the other hand some crea-
tures of a low down sort have the brain mat-
ter so diffused that they may be cut in pieces
and the pieces will set up in life for them-
selves. T. R. Bellamy, A. B. ./., i)?A, reports
concerning the drone as follows :

'■ Once I behea<leil a drone, and in 24 hours af-
terward I saw him standing on his feet. I turned
him over on his back, and he would turn right
over and stand on his legs again."

Consider once how much this implies —
control of nerves and muscles, sense of di-
rection, and so much of thoughtfulness, if
that is the proper word, that the slight dis-
comfort of being wrong side up was noticed
and acted on. Well, late in the season as it
was, I had some drones at one colony, and I
went for their heads. Alack ! none of mine
could stand up after decapitation, much less
turn over when put on their backs. After
some five hours, being kept warm mean-
while, two out of four could feebly move
the legs a little. All were stiff and still next
morning. Wonder if friend B.'s guillotine
did not bungle its job — cut off, or tear off,
most of the bulk of the head while leaving
most of the brain attached to the trunk.
Doubtless he is right as to the great vitality
of drone brood. He has often had them sur-
vive three days of starvation and cold down
cellar, and has reports of survival after six
days of it.

I have a vitality yarn to tell also, only it
is of a worker bee. (Jn the 1.5th of October
I opened a big can of honey which was closed
and brought into the house eight days be-
fore. A bee inside, complately plunged in
honey, was still struggling, poor fellow.

AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER,

This journal saems not to require any
special remark since last time, and we can
proceed at once to a "simmer" of the orig-
inal articles in the November number.

358

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

" Wintering Bees." T. W. Wilcox. Chaff
in packing box 18x24x21. Boxes stored in a
house during summer. His boxes seem to
have bottoms to them ; and the tip-top idea
for tidiness in spring lies in storing the chaff
ovor right in the boxes.

"Wintering Bees." T. B. Darlington.
Enamel cloth covering sealed on tight — yet
with a two-inch ventilating hole in the mid-
dle. Blocks above make a tiny chamber
over this hole, and many thicknesses of
coarse cloth over the blocks prevent upward
ventilation being too lively. Did use some
packing cases, but those not cased did fully
as well. Small entrance below thought best
when there is upward ventilation.

" Progress in Bee-Keeping." G. .1. Robin-
son. This is a running comment on some
of the inventions and many of the names of
apicultural his4.ory. Some of the assertions
sprinkled in are noteworthy, and perhaps
liable to be contradicted, as —

" Bees have uo respect of persons * * are
incapable of education and learn nothing."

Considering how quickly they learn to fol-
low the apiarist around to his annoyance
while working, the latter assertion seems
rather thin.

The copied articles are Doolittle's on little
wooden boxes for candied honey, from A. B.
./. Pettit's on Wintering from the Canadian,
Wide Entrances and Robbing, from the
British Bee Jotirnal, and Lovesy 'stalk about
the ants of Utah, from A. B. ./.

For the coming year more editorial atten-
tion is promised.

SUCCESS IN BEE Culture.

This takes the place of the Enterprise
which the postal department stamped out.
If it would rile up friend Sage to put as much
more improvement on it, we might almost
hope that our venerable Uncle S. would
stamp it out again. Hereby hangs a story.
The teamsters of Maine, my native state,
have (or used to have) a peculiar way of
driving oxen, not understood in the rest of
Yankeedom. For instance I am not going
to tell you what they mean when they say
" Hoosh !" Ask my grandfather's oxen.
Well, a Yankee from some other state saw,
and heard, and reported at home how the
Maine teamsters hollered, whoa, when they
wanted an ox to pull his utmost. It was a
mighty whoa ; and the verbatim report of it
can be dispensed with as a trifle too near the
profane. The stranger's ears were truer
than his eyes. He failed to see that during

the thunderous whoas the teamster WR«
pricking his oxen with a brad. Make a pin-
cushion of an ox, and compel him to stand
still the while, and he will pull when you give
him permission. It strikes me the untoward
happenings have been hollering whoa pretty
loud to friend Sage and his publishing Kn-
terprise — at any rate he pulls this time like
the oxen of the State of Maine.

"Success" commences with one of R. C.
Aikin's best articles. The topic is the use of
foundation ; and he sums it up with —

■' First, use foundation to save the honey from
woing to wasfo while getting ready to secrete
wax. And second, using starters to save the
wax whilo gattiii'-r eeeretion stopped."

ISext comes the humorist Uncle Cass, who
seems to open out fully up front, if not a
trifle in advance of all the other apicultural
funny men. This is the way he pokes it at
Demaree about the corrugations on a queen
cell.

■' It was done by the " guards," presumably
coming to an "order arms" and denting the
soft material with the bntt of their muskets."

The next article is the first of a series in-
tended to extract and bring forward for the
profit of present readers the most valuable
things in the bee papers of many years ago.
This scheme is a bright idea of friend Sage's.
The title is Mousings Among the Early Bee
Papers. The authorship is anonymous — or
as is quaintly expressed, " by Ann on a
mouse." If Ann and her mouse mouse as
they " mout " their mousings may rescue
from oblivion some valuable things.

Then we have a right-square-from-experi-
ence article on the Home Market of Honey
by P. H. Hemingway, (^ver beyond the
editorial notes we have a noble page of ad-
vice to Success by friend Rumford of Los
Gatoft, California. In the course of this it is
suggested that a bit of cheese will cure or
prevent the colic which so often results from
eating honey — Worth keeping before the
people if it is a fact. And the copied arti-
cles are also very wisely chosen, as we might
surmise in advance.

Now " scoot," baby Success ! And don't
come round this shanty again for a third
" obituary " on your birth.

THE GENERAL ROUND UP.

" We never could get yellow bees of any race
to rear tliose large, well developed queens so
mucli desired and admired by all bee-keepers."
Alley, in Nov. Api., 150.

This from a breeder of such long experi-
ence is quite a big concession to the Ger-

THE BEE- KEEPERS' REVIEW.

359

As to second swarming he makes this sur-
prising assertion :

■' The fact is there is no queen in the hive ex-
cept those in the cells, till the moment the swarm
issues." Api., 153.

This may be sometimes the case ; but it
would require considerable proving to con-
vince me that it is always, or even
usually the fact. In red hot swarm-
fever times it may be ; and that may he
the reason why, in such times, so many
second swarms go back once before mak-
ing a go of it— swarm all out bf fore any
queen is fairly on deck ; and when one gets
out she sees no procession to join, and just
stays till next day's effort. But this conces-
sion in its very nature rather presupposes
that ordinary seconds do have one queen out
to start with.

Ernest Root's gentle robbing to stop ob-
jectionable robbing gets a counterblast {Apt.
155) by being put among the Absurdities.
My experience this fall, while taking off
honey very late, is against it — keeps them
forever on the "snoop," during weather so
cold that they would be all in their hives if
not baited out.

A new chemical 200 times sweeter than
sugar is announced. Api.,\&d. Must be ex-
tract of honey-moon. Not much prospect of
benefit to our vocation, I think. Mere im-
pression on the nerves of taste is not nutri-
tion— fails to serve the purpose when the in-
ternal provision basket " is like a lamb that
bleats." May sweeten up the rogue's glu-
cosed honey, but will hardly winter bees.
But friend Alley is going to see all about it
and report. For this he should have our
thanks, — and here's a spank ready for the
first one who accuses him of tumbling into
that new department of his.

" There is no such thing as a ' contented hum '
in the cellar ; the very reverse is the matter of
fact. * * Something is wrong, _ * *
nearly every time foul air." S. T. Pettit in Cana-
dian, 60.

I strongly suspect that this is the level
truth, and the very wide prevalence of the
opposite opinion makes the decision of the
thing a matter of great importance.

The Canadian is the first to give an ex-
tended report of the Chicago convention.

Whoever wishes to be posted on the vital
elements of the wintering problem should
dip deep into Elwood's articles in last Re-
view. Keep them, and read them more times
by and by. And perhaps friend Corneil's ar-
ticle had better be added. And those cam-
era views of the Chicago honey exhibits are

very nice — and make the Review look like a

19th century journal.

Oft we keep a little fib
Painted on our (f )lying jib

But it isn't moral to do so. The fib I am
thinking of is the well worn one that candy-
ing is proof of the genuineness of honey.
Ernest Root {Gleanings, 794) gives the re
suits of experiment in the matter which show
that it takes seventy-Jive per- cent, of glucose
to entirely prevent candying. An expert
could tell the difference between the gran-
ules from impure and those from pure hon-
ey ; but that goes for nothing, as retail
buyers (to whom the fib is told) are not ex-
perts.

Listen to the story T. K. Duke tells about
the Florida pinkvine. {Gleanings, 785.) Per-
fect sea of pink blossoms more than six
months; and twenty-seven bees visited ojie
blossom in five minutes, the average of
several observations being over five bees a
minute. But, no, we won't go out nights to
sow it round to bother people.

After introducing a laying queen to a fer-
tile worker colony H. 0. Qnirin, {Gleanings,
78B) found the following state of things —

*' Drone brood was scattered miscellaneously
over the combs-, in the ratio of one-third drone
to two-thirds worker."

Other facts also showed that ("in this case)
fertile workers were on deck all the while.
If we are ever to have an effective method of
dealing with the fertile worker nuisance we
need all the facts ; and this seems to be a
new one.

For posts on which groups of hives are to
be set to keep down ants, paint a belt around
them — three coats tar topped with a coat in
which a little lead is rubbed into equal parts
tar, axle grease and lard. (Lovesy in -4. B.
J. ) Said to be better than legs in cans of
crude petroleum ; but needs renewing occa-
sionally.

Several hundred acres of cucumbers in
reach of Dr. Miller failed to make him hon-
ey happy this fall. {Gleanings, 806.) Thip
shows that not only all signs but all plants
may fail in a dry time.

Camera pictures are a ceaseless delight to
me. To look direct on English workmen in
their own native " stamping grounds," as we
may in Gleaniyigs, 809 and 810, is very inter-
esting ; and the general look of goodness
and honest worth on the faces is reassuring
in these timesof anarchy and labor troubles.
I would like it if the skep makers looked a
little less like slaves.

36u

THE BEE KEEPERS' REVIEW.

It seeniB the Carniolans paint every front
with a rude daub of something holy, emble-
matic, historic or comic. Very likely that
is what we see in the center of fig. (J. Glean-
ings, nr^.

Two nuclei were made to test the eating
habits of drone and worker bees. The first had
1,00c workers, the second 1,000 workers and
1,000 drones with them. Confined 12 days in
Aug. the first ate 2 ozs. and the second 8J4,
(Translation from Berlepsch, A. B. J., 439.)
This seems to bring in our ease loving friend
the drone guilty of eating S^^ times as much
as a worker. Reasonable doubt, gentlemen
of the jury. 'Spects the second nucleus
ivorried at the unnatural state of things, con-
sumed an abnormal amount, and that the
workers took their share of it. The others
did not worry, both because they were fewer
and cooler, and because they were not an-
noyed by an unnatural ratio of males.

And so the lady of the section-house talked
friend Dayton down that the honey was a
little sour. (Extracted too soon.) Would
that she might talk the rest of the fraternity
down to that. See A. B.J., 497.

Whoa, ponies ! dear editorial ponies, don't
get to kicking about the question of a State
experimentor's right to sell reports. That
is one of the amazingly few things which

had better not be agitated. Suppose it turns
out that he strictly has no right, for either
love, money or patriotism, to give out any
report at all, except once a year rigidly pro
forma .'

■' Extra lai'Ke and light colored (iroiies — almost
a sure test of impurity." E. (Jallup in A. B. J.,
499.

" If one of my lighter quoeus mates with a
drone havmgan eighth part of black blood her
progeny will no longer be pure; y.'t I am unable
to detect the difference, ("has. Dadant. A. B.
J., 5U0.

"In this progressive day and age thon shalt
not rely upon 'the wise men of .the East' too
much." (Western bee-keeper Rockenbach in the
Progressive.

Mrs. Atchley's plan of packing bees for
railroading by alternating combs and empty
frames and then wedging all tight is very
simple and practical ; and —

" Whenever they begin to get too hot you can
tell it by the odor. To reduce the temperature
quickly I throw water all over the car, hives and
ail." A. B. J., 527.

Humble pie at last. How we sometimes
recount little things and let the big ones
slip ! I reviewed the Review 's growth last
time and did'nt say a word about the new
department of station reports. Looks as if
a dunce-block would have to be purchased
for me to sit on occasionally.

Richards, Lucas Co., Ohio, Nov, 12, '93.

Genepal Index to Wolume \1\.

IlSriDEiX: TO SUBJECTS.

Absorbing Cushions _

Abundant Stores Necessary in the Spring

A Condensed View of ('urrent Bee vVritings
47, 71, 110, 146, 184, 214, 241, 269, 327.

Adjusting Section Cases and Tiering up —

.Vdulteration of Honey

After-Swarming Prevented by the use of Bee-
Escapes

After-Swarming, Prevention of

Air Blast in Smokers From Multiple Tubes. .

Alsike Clover

American Bee .lournal 13,

Apiculturist . 102,

Apiculture in ( 'oUege and Station

Appreciative Words for Gleanings and the
Review

Arrangement of Hives in the Cellar

Artificial Watering Place After Nature's
Ways. An

Atchley, Jennie

Atchley's Apiary, Mrs.

Automatic, Reversible Extractor, 105,

Bankston, C. B

179
127

164
18

74
102
9
206
105
262
310

2.30
293

141

262
206
136
317

Bees Versus Manipulation 263

Bee Escape, the Infiuence by which Bees are

Actuated When Passing Through a .... 107
Bee Escapes no Help in Running Out Apia-
ries for Extracted Honey 169

Bee Escapes Ought to Have (rreater Capac-
ity, Why 92

Bee Paralysis Inherent in the Qui^en ..... 235
Bee Diarriioea its Cause and Prevention,

263, 314

Bee .lournals and the Supoly Business 143

Bee-Keeping for Profit 139

Bee-Keepers' Union 19, 73

Bee-Kec^pers' (xuide 40

Birds of Michigan -. 234

Black Bees Enable us to Dispense With Es-
capes ■. 234

Brace Combs Prevented by Wide Top Bars. . 204

Breeding, Practical 26 1

Burr(lombs and Hoffmen Frames 36

('alifornia. Winter Losses of Bees in ... 170

California Bee-Keeping, Some Phases of — 94
California Bee Keeping in Olden Times. ... 230

I'iiE BEE-kEEFERS' REVIEW.

^61

California Bee-Keepers Might Secure a iSet-

ter Price for their Honey, How 134

("alifornia Need Never be a Failure, With
Energy and Right Management Bee-

Keeping in 227

California Convention, Prominent Points

Caught in 66

('alifornia Bee-Keeping, Some of the Needs

and Necessities of 6

Canada's Foul Brood Inspector 236

('anadian Bee Journal 234,262,317

Carrying Tnem Out in the Spring, How to
Make Bees Stay in Tiieir Hives when. ... 106

Cartons, Paper ... 2U6

Cellar, Beware of Poor Food and the Cold

Damp 290

C 'ellar Wintering 1

Cheap Queens 40

Chicago, the Trip to 321

Civilization Versus Apiculture 21

Combs, The Most Profitable Use of Empty,. . 183
Conditions Under which Bees Gather the

Most Honey 74,109

Combined House Apiary and SelfHiver and

a Combined Hive and Seif-Hiver 171

Contraction of the Brood Nest 163

(.'overs on Hives, Successful Wintering of '

Bees in the Cellar with no 129

( 'orre.spondence, be Prompt in your 237

Crane and Bingham Smokers ... 14

DeWitt, M. H 318

Diversity of Southern Bee-Keeping lu

Digested Nectar 11

Diarrhoea, the Cause of Bee 294

Diarrhoea a Disease, is 289

Dibbern Bee Escape 102

Double Bellows that will Throw a Continu-
ous Stream 37

Drones and Their Trystiug Places, Frolick-
ing 231

Dysentery, Bee 284

Dysentery by the Use of Sugar Stores, Pre-
venting Bee 295

Dysentery, Warmth Dryness and Wholesome

Food will Prevent ... 287

Early Swarming is Advantageous 128

Editor of the Progressive 103

Editorials are Never Paid for 235

Enterprise, the 139,180,233,294

Enterprise and its Editor, the Bee-Keepers' 18U
Escapes that Turn Bees into the Open Air. 228
Escapes, Large Exits and Those Opening

Outside no Advantage in bee 255

Extractor Really Worth the Effort Being Ex-
pended in its Invention, Is an Automatic

Reversible 166

Extractors and Extracting 104

Extractors, Vital Points in the Construction

of 136

Extracting and Using Bee Escapes 204

Extracting Pleasant and -Vgreeable, tJonven-
iences and .\rrangements Needed to

Make 165

Experiment Stations 11, 262

Experiment Stations, why Bee-Keeping is

Neglected at the 240

Experiment Stations may do for Bee-Keep-
ers, what 265

Experimental Apiary for Vermont 258

Experimental .Vpiculture . . .208, 235

Experimental .Vpiary, Congratulations for

the 231

Experimental .Vpiary, Michigan's 181

Experiments, ( 'ostly 231

Experiments Needed with Heat and Ventila-
tion 259

Experiments in .Vpiculture at the Mich. AgT

C'illege 239

Fads and Fancies 232

Feeder, a Novel and Inexpensive 141

Feeding Bees in the Spring 91

Feeding Bees for Winter .. 292

Feeding Back, an Experiment in 308

Forestville Apiary, Experiences and Views
atthe 256

Foul Brood, What to do with

Foul Brood (ienorating From Dead Brood. . .

Foul Brood, Dead Brood that is not

Foundation for Comb Honey

Foundation Fastener, Taylor's

Foundation Profitable in the Brood Cham-
ber, is Comb 211,

Golden Italians

(ilue for Fastening Foundation

Glucose Barrels for Shipping Honey

Gleanings .... 179,

(trading Honey 18,41,

(xuide, Bee-Keepers'

Hasty. E. E

Handling Bees in Winter.

Hoffman Frames and Burr Combs.

House Apiaries ... . . 11,

House -Vpiary, Great Success with the

House .Vpiary in the World, the Largest. . . .

House Apiary, Barnet Taylor's Latest

Honey Ananlyses

Honey Consumed by Bees in Winter, Amount
of.

Introducing Queens by the Hatching Brood
Method

Individaal Checks— They are Expensive to
the Receiver

Incorporation of the North .Vmerican

•' K. D " Hive and .Super and its .Advantages

"K. D." Hive. More about the

Kretclimer, E,

Langdon Nou-Swarmer Difi'ers From the Tay-
lor, Where the . .

Langdon Non-Swarmer, Some Criticisms on
the Experiments with the

Langdon's Non-Swarming Device 145, 206,
225, 23.3, 262,291,296.

Langdon's House .Vpiary

Leather for Smokers

Loose Bottom Boards 207,

Michigan's Experimental Apiary. Work at
225, 2.52. 2S1, 309.

Michigan Experimental Apiary, A. Visit to
the

Modern Bee Farm, A

Moisture is Injurious iniWintering Bees, why

Multiple Tubes do not Increase the Blast of a
Smoker, Some Experiments and Argu-
ments Showing that

Multiple Tubes .\ssist in the Ventilation of
Rooms, Cellars and Mines, how

Non-Swarming Plans

Non-Swarming Idea, .Another Novel

Oil Stoves for Heating Bee Cellars

Old Bee Books

Opportunity for California Bee-Keepers, the
Present

Opportunity.

Out Apiaries

Pacific Coast, There is a Lack of Queen
Breeders on the

Pacific Coast, its Magnitude and Honey Pas-
turage

Photography, Interested in

Porter Bee Escape, the Superiority of the . .

Porter Escape Lacks Capacity Experiments
Have not Proved it. If the

Porter, the Hastings Bee Escape an Infringe-
ment on the . . . :

Postage on Queens

Pratt Self -Hiver 67,212,

Pratt .Self -Hiver, A few Words in Defense of
the

Pratt Self -Hiver a Success in the Hands of
E. R. Root

Protecting Bees in the Spring : ....

Progressive Bee- Keeper 13, 103, 139,

Prevention of Swarming

Preventing Swarming, (^riticisms on B. Tay-
lor's Method of. . .

Preventing Swarming by Working the Bees
of two Queens in one set of Supers .

Pulled Queens

Queen Traps Versus Self-Hivers, Some
Strong -Arguments in Favor of

263
233
234
211
64

287

9

233

233

317

317

206

13

11

36

38

256

99

108

238

103

182

277

20

7

39

233

291
212,

233

233
210,

209
140

285

101

71
177
267

41
206

94
265
11

203

35

236

47

138

317
262
2.53

96

74

92

133

139

13.-.

71
233

362

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW.

Queen-Trap Versus the Solf-Hiver

Queen Excluders,

Queens, Dark .. ..

Queens are lost in Queen Rearing, how. . . .
Queries and Replies

Residue, or " Slugum," how to f?et the wax
out of..

Removing Honey from the Hive

Reversing ("ombs on tlieir Centers. ...

Revcr.Hible Extractors

Rise and Fall of a Bee Hive

Robbers, how .Vnnoyance from them may be
.Vvoided ,

Robbing Propensity of Bees may be Used to
Advantage, how the

Robbing may be Stopped, how

Scraps From Visiting Letters

Selling (jlass at the Priee of Honey

Section Leveler

Sections, Scraping

Sections, Advantages of Shallow

Secor, Eugene

Sealed Covers

Self-Hivers 103,

Self-Hivers are too Costly and Cause too
Much Labor. Loss and Risk

Self Hivers, a Defense of

Self-Hivers, Latest Improvements in

Self-Hivers Versus Queen-Traps

Self-Hiver, Pratt's

Self-Hiver, the Evolution of the -

Self-Hiver Discourages Swarming by Killing
off Drones

Simmins System of Introducing Queens not
.\lways Successful

Smoker Construction, Some Novel Hints on

Smoker Experiments

Smokers, Experiments to Testjthe Blast of. . .

Smokers. Testing

Smoke from Propolis, Efifectiveness of

Somnambulist and the .\piculturist

Southern Bee-Keeping, Diversity of

Solar Wax Extractor and how to use it..

Some of the Things I Wouldn't do

Somers, (j. T

Specialty, Bee-Keeping is Drifting into

Stung a tireat Number of Times, What to do
When

Starters may be the Most Profitable

Sugar-Honey Discussion has Gone far
Enough at Present

Swarm, Old Bees do not Locate the Hive
Wlieu they

Swarms do not .Vlways Return to their own
Hives, why

Swarming and its Management

Supers, Removing

Taylor's Foundation Fastener

Tearing Combs, Bees

Three Colonies in one set of Supers and pre-
venting Swarming. Working.

'• Timely Topics " 83. 63, 91, 120, Wi, 199, 22(1,

Transferring and Getting tlie Honey out of
the Old ( 'ombs, an Easy Motliod of

Uncapping Machines

Uncapping Macliines are Needed More than
.Vutomatically, Reversible Extractors. . . .

Unfinished Sections

Uncertain Behavior of (ireat Masses of Bees

Van Deusen, (;. C

Ventilation 2.59, 318,

Ventilation and its Importance. Top

Ventilation Plays so Important a Part in the
Wintering of Bees, why

Ventilation of Bee ( 'ellars

Washington Trip and Something about the
( 'onvention

Wax Extractor, a Mammoth Solar and Fur-
nace-Heat

Wax in Comb Honey is not Injurious or Un-
wholesome

Weak Colonies in the Spring, Strengthening

Wells System, the

Why Younger Bees Cling to Their Hive Even
if it is Moved :

What is Honey ?

95

36

317

143

262

20
199
167
168

94

262

212

12S
3«
41
98
263
23
233
102
267

70
9.5
76
70
67
42

69

207

36

174

131

36

141

238

10

20

182

13

6

212
294

14

206

235
164
234
()4
233

201
254

142

179

166
73

228

317

324
89

312
324

15

200

107

106

74

45
40

Wiring, Vvhy Frames need 46

Winter, (Jetting tlio Bees Ready for 266

Winter, Preparation of Bees for 2.54

Wintering Bees Under the Snow a Failure.. 45
Wooden <,)neen Excluders that are a Success 41

World's Fair, Bees at the 23

World's E'air, Bees and Honey at the 173

World's l''air, Tlie Bee and Honey Show at

tlic 318

Mex to CorrespoiKleiits.

Aikin, R. C 7,20, 39, 92, 107 200, 228, 285,

.Uley, H

-\tchley, Mrs. Jennie

Barber, C.J

Benton, Frank

Corneil, S 9, 131,

Comstock, F. S

Cook, A.J 238, 290,

Crane, J. E

Daggitt, E. .V 37, 136,

Dayton, C. W 171,204,

Dibbern, C. H

Doolittle, G. M 4.5, 108,

Elwood, P. H

France, E

Frazier, W. C

Getaz, Adrian . .

Goldsborough, A . T

Green, J. A 11,

Gravenliorst. C J. H 75, 106,

Hasbrouch, J. H

Hawley, H M

Hastv, E E 21, 47. 77. 110, 146, 184, 215, 241.

297, 327.

Hewee, W. G 46,

Heddon, James Zil, 261, 284,

Hill.\. G 23,

Jaques, E. R ■.

Johnson, Lowry

Lari'abce, J. H

Langdon, H. P 99,

Manum. A E

Martin, J. H

McNay, F'rank

Miller, C. C 36, 166, 182, 212,

Murray, ( '. H

Porter, R. & E.:C 138,

Pouder, Walter S

Pringle, -Vllen

Pratt, E L 67,76,

Pryal W. A

Rauchf uss, Frank

" Rambler" 35, 66, 94, 134,170,

Root, E R..., 74,

Rumford, Isaac

Shuck, S A

Sill, Prof

Taylor, B....38, 45 71, 98, 108, 129, 177, 258, 287,
Taylor, R. L 33, 6S, 70, 91, 97, 127, 163, 199.

226, 253, 254, 265, '281, 292, 304.

Trego, S. t

Weller. Geo. R

312
182
143

69
144
314
141
310
174
167
259

95
289
324
168
6
267
141
183
109
107
107
269.

295
212
256
101
239
135
141
5
165
240

71
255
232
173

96
231
291
203
105
230

47
265
296
22.5,

Illustralioiis.

Apiary of B. Taylor

Canaclian Honey Exhibit at the World's Fair

('omb Leveler, Taylor's _.

Extractor, Daggitt's .Vutomatic Reversible..

Foundation Fastener, Taylor's

Heddon 's Residence

Heddon's Home .Vpiary,

House Apiary of B. Taylor

House Apiary, Taylor's Latest

Iowa Honey Exhibit at the World's Fair . . .
Mich. Honey iOxhibit at the World's Fair. . .

Langdon's Non-Swarmer

Michigan's l-2x peri mental .Vpiary

New York Honey Exhibit at tlie World's Fair

Self-Hiver, Pratt 44,

Self-Hiver, Dilibern . . •

Smoker, Daggitt Dc^uble-Bellows

Solar Wax Extractor, Aikin's

201

2.56

320

98

105

64

.W9

350

257

108

)f2I

319

144

210

319

76

43

37

201

DK. A B. MASON,

Ai.buindale, Ohio.

(i. >I. DOOLITTLE,

Borodino, N. V.

F. A. OEMMtLL.

Stratford. Ont.

i'H <: ICIHTDU.

Flint. Mich

•J. A. GOLDEN,

Reinersville, Ohio

Men Who Make the Review.

VT7HE succG.'!s and usefulnes-: of a periodi-
1 cal are largely dependent upon the men
chosen by the editor as correspondents,
hence it is worth while to notice who are the
REViEW-correspoudents and how they were
secured.

During the past sixteen years the editor of
the Review has attended nearly every bee-
keepers' convention of a national character :
has visited scores and scores of bee-keeijers
in their own homes ; and received and an-
swered thousands upon thousands of letters :
in short, he has eujoytd, and still enjoys,
a personal acquaintance with most of the
leading bee-keepers of the country. When
he wi'^hes for information ui on some sp< -
cial topic he knows eaacllii where to find it.
He knows who is posted on this point, who
on that — who rides this liobby, who thnt —
and this wide aoquaiutaTiee has enabl<-d him
to choose, as his principal correspondents,
successful, practical men, most of whom
have numbnred their colonies by the hun-
dred and sent hoi:ey to market by the ton,
and who can write, from ^xperience, articles
containing information of real benefit to
honey producers.

H. P. L \N(;l)()N.

East Constable, N. i'.

i. HILL,

KendallviUe, Ind.

BIN(iHAM.

Abronia, iiicli.

•I. E. CBANE,

Mid(il.-hnry, Vt.

B TAYLOH

Forestvillf, Minn

COR.NEIL,

Lindsay, Ont.

GEO. E. HiLTON.

Fremont, >lich

The Platform on Whicti the
Review was Built.

^^'^=''^^''rP^^'&^.-^4^'^:^<:^'

In order that now subscribers, and those re-
ceiving samples, may more thoroughly under-
stand the character of the Review, and the plan
upon which it is conducted, the following intro-
duction, which appeared in the first number, is
republished :

INTRODUCTORY.

As indicated by its name, one of the dis-
tinctive features of the Review will be that
of reviewing current, apicultural literature.
Errors and fallacious ideas will be faith-
fully but courteously and kindly pointed out,
while nothing valuable will be allowed to
pass unnoticed. But few articles will be
copied entire, but the ideas will be extracted,
given in the fewest words possible, and com-
mented upon when thought advisable.

Another feature will be that of making
each issue what might be termed a " special
number :" that is, the extracts, correspon-
dence and editorials of any number will
nearly all have a bearing upon some special
subject. We shall gather together, from
every available source, the best that is known
upon any given subject ; put it into the best
shape, and publish it in a single number.
In other words, each number will be. to a
certain extent, a little pamphlet containing,
in the fewest words possible, the best that is
known upon some given topic.

Oar own apiary will, hereafter, be largely
experimental, and of this our readers will
have the benefit.

We shall endeavor to advance bee-culture
by increasing the prosperity of existing bee-
keepers, rather than by adding to their
numbers.

Instead of devoting space to " hints to
b^srinners," we shall turn our attention to

the solution of the unsolved probleni 3
advanced bee-culture.

While we shall eagerly welcome valuable
truths and ideas from any and every source,
we shall do our utmost to secure as corres-
pondents practical and successful bee-keep-
ers who will be able to write, from experi-
ence, such articles as will help the man who
is trying to get his bread and butter by rais-
ing honey to spread upon the bread and but-
ter of others.

In short, we shall try to make a journal
that will be brimful and overflowmg with
ideas that are especially valuable to honey
producers : and having now introduced the
Review, and given a brief outline of its pro-
posed character, we will allow it to speak for
itself.

Another short editorial, that appeared in No.
1, may also shed some light upon the character
of the Review. It reads as follows :

PBIOE OF THE BEVIEW. ■

As the Review will be run independent of
supplies, it is evident that the price must be
such that there will be a profit in its publica-
tion ; but we will guarantee that it shall be
practical ; that its articles shall be the result
of bright brains and brown hands : that
many of them will " first see light" among
the hives — be written, perhaps, upon hive
covers, and with fingers to which the pencil
sticks — that it will come fresh with the odor
of the apiary upon it ; and it will always de-
pend for support, not on puffery, " premi-
ums,'" and a starvation price, but on an in-
telligent, popular appreciation of a good
thing.

SSSb^?Z£SSSS>?&^3Si?2^^32SSSS>??^^3SSSS

h

I
I

2S

i!3

ss

Tbc Review for 1894.

Special Topics.

If there is any one tliiuK more than another tliat has made the Review what it is,
it is its discussion of " Special Topics ;" the gathering together in one number of the
best that is known, of the latest views of the best men upon some special topic. Like
a lens, the Review brings together the lines of thought, and so illustrates the subject
that it can be clearly seen and underetood. While many of the most important sub-
jects have been thus discussed, new ones are continually coming up, and some new
discovery often puts an old idea in a new light, hence the Review will always find a
fruitful field in the discussion of special topics.

One JoorryZi].

In the main, tliecontents of our beejournalsaremadeupof original matter. From
the very nature of the case, the value of this matter greatly varies. Many bee-keepers
cannot aiford to take more than one journal, neither have they the time to read all of
the journals, and to be able to find all the most valuable matter of all the journals
brought together, condensed, reviewed and criticised, is a blessing to the busy man,
and to tlie one who " can afford only one journal." To thus furnish the cream of the
other journals is the province of the Review.

Travels Arnon? B^e- Keepers.

To make thebestpossiblebee journal an editor ouglit not to sit in his office from one
year's end to the other. He ought to have an apiary of his own, to attend conven-
tions, and visit bee-keepers at their homes. Not only will this enable him to keep in
touch with his readers, but by visiting apiaries he will run across ideas, implements
and methods of wliich the general mass of bee-keepers is ignorant, their possessors
being so accustomed to them that it never occurs to them that everybody does not
kiiow of them. In the summer of 1894, in company with his camera, the editor of the
Review exp-cts to visit a large number of bee-keepers, making extended trips through
Canada, the Eastern, Middle and Western States; and the Review will contain illas-
trations and descriptions of the bee keepers visited, their homes, families, apiaries,
implements, methods, e*^c

Experirp^ptzil Apiculture.

Last spri'"g a few bee keepers of Michigan worked hard and spent some money in
so forcibly bringing before the State Board of Agriculture the necessity for an experi-
mental apiary, that $iiOn were appropriated for that purpose, and the Hon. R. L. Tay-
lor appointed a-^ apiarist. He has proved most emphatically to be " the right man in
the riirlit place " All through the year experiments of a practical nature are under
way. and the results are given in the Review AT ONCE, months and months before
they appeir in the official report. Securing these reports and placing them before
the public while they are frpsh and can be a' once utilized is one of the best things
that the Review has ever df)ne for bee-keepers

Hasty's Reviev/.

E. E. Hasty needs no introduction. No other apicultural writer approaches him in
briglit, (luaint, or'ginal expressions Coupled with this is a thorough knowledge of
practical bee culture, and he is to use these two accomplishments the coming year in
helping to make the " Extracted Department " of the Review. He is to read ail of the
journals, and then criticise their contents in that inimitable way of his. Tlie Review
is also to come in for its share of criticism. Probably no feature of the Review for
1804 will be more interesting or profitable than '' Hasty's Review."

^t tbe Propt.

The Revif.w strives most earnestly tostand in the front rank : to publish advanced
ideas before they have become a matter of history; to be interesting, enterprising,
wide awake, up with the times, and brimful of ideas that are especially helpful to the
honey-producer.

i

i

i

i

S3

Topics Discussed in M Nos,

tfijhat the

Has Been, is, and

WiLiLi BE.

^W^T is almost au axiom that what a
(^ man has been, that he will be.
«A» Time only strengthens his habits
and characteristics. What is true of a
man is true of a periodical.

Most of the distinctive features of the
Review are mentioned on a preceding
page, but in addition to those it might be
said that its editor has for seventeen
years been a practical bee-keeper, and is
thus in a position to choose wisely in se-
lecting matter for his journal, and is also
able to write from the standpoint of
actual experience upon all subjects per-
taining to iiraf tical bee - keeping— to
criticise, if necessary, the views of cor-
respondents. Another thing : much care
is exercised that the Review shall be very
neat typographically. Good paper, type,
ink and rollers, and a good pressman are
crni)lojed, and engravings used when
necessary. While the neatness with which
the Review is gotten up may not add to
the value of the information that it con-
tains, it does add to the comfort and en-
joyment of those who read it.

Some idea of what the Review has been
may be gained by looking over the list
(given in the oi)posite column) of topics
that have been discussed. These back
numbers are for sale at the following
prices : As the supply of Vols. I and II is
quite limited, the price is five cents a
copy. Of volume HI there is a fair sup-
ply, and the price is four cents a copy.
With Vol. IV the Review was enlarged
and the price raised to !j;l.(K). Copies of
Vols. IV, V and VI, are eight ceiit-j each.

Anyone sending ^IM) for the Ukvikw
for lS;t4, and <irdering back iinml>ers at
t'lo siimi' time, may havt^ the t)-ick num-
bers at just oiie-lidlf the prices given.

•'A<lvAnce<J Bea Culture" ami tlic
Review nnf year u>r $1.2."). St.inip>< taken
either l'. S. or ( 'anadiati.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich,

.Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
.Jniic
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

.Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

.June

July

Auk.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov

Dec.

.Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Juno

July

Auk.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

Junp

July

AuK.

8pp.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

F«b.

Mar.

Apr.

May

.Tune

July

Ang.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

VOLUME I.— 1888.

Dl^<lnrblnK IJeew in Winter.
'I'emporatnre in WinterinK Bees.
I'lantinti for Honey.
Spring Management.
Hiving I^ees.
Taking Away the Queen.
Feeding Back.
Apiarian Exhibits at Fairs.
The Food of Bees in Winter.
Ventdation of Bee Hives and Ollars.
Moisture in Bee Hives and Cellars.
Sections and their Adjustment on the Hive.

VOLUME II.— 1889.

Kee Hives.

Mistakes in Bee Keei)ing.
Which are the Best Bees.
Contraction of the Brood Nest.
Increase, its Management and (V)ntrol.
Siiade for Bees.

Tlie Influence of Queens upon Success.
Migatory Bee Keeping.
Ont-Door Wintering of Bees.
Bee ( 'onventions and Associations.
Sijocialty Versns Mixed Bee Keeping.
What Best ( 'ombines with Bee Keeping.

VOLUME III.— 1890.

Brace Combs and their Prevention.

Foul Brood.

(^neen Rearing and Shipping.

Tlie Production of Comb Honey,
liaising (jood Extrac'eH Honey.

Apiarian Comforts and Conveniences.
From the Hive totlie Honey Market.

Marketing.

Management After a Poor .Season.
Ont-Apiaries.

Apicnltural .Journalism.

Use and Abnso of Comb Fonndalion.

VOLUME IV— 1891.

Buildings for tlio Apiary.

Separators.

I'rotection for Single- Wall Hives.

Introducing Queens.

.\dulteration of Honey.

Bee Escapes.
House Apiaries.

Handling Hives Instead of Frames.
I\emlering and Purifying Wax.
Moving Bees into the Cellar.
Remoiiies for Poor Seasons.

VOLUME v.— 189-2.

Writing lor the Bee Journals,

Tlie (jrading of Honey.
Mis'ellaneons Matter.

Smoke and Smokers.

Feeding a net Feeders.
Construction of Bee Cellars.
Busing Sugar Honey.
'• Best .Articles" From the Best Men.

VOLUME VI.-

>l>iis liid no' re

-1893.

S|i"cial r.>i>iis liid no' receive so much atten-
tion in tiM« viihime. ' S df-Hivers " were dis-
cussed m the FeUrnir.v and -March Nos. ;" Ex-
tracti)rs arid Kxtr.ictin:; ' in the May No.; 'Ex-
|)Mrim'>n!al Apiciillnre " in the August issue;
and ■' Bi'e Diarrhoea, its ( 'ausp and Prevention "
in the October No. I'he Kxperimental .\piary
!{e|iorts began in tlie.bily issue.

^j^ 0S^^^m

^MM^ ^^^^ ^^^^

THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW

367

Barnes' Foot and Hand
Power Machinery.

I'llit. .-Ill

ii'l^n-fx-ul^

uur

.Miiljiu.Hl

t'ircultir

and

lor.'ll Shw.

wliicli is

the

best inacliiae made for

Uee Keepers' use in the

constraction of their hives,

sections, boxes, etc.

li-92-r6t

MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

FOB CATALOGUE, PBI0K8, ETC.,

Address W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 384 Ruby St , Rockford, Ills,

Please mention the Review.

New Heddon Hive

FOR Having bought the C!anadian

patent on the above hive I am
n I II 1 n 1 prepared to supply it in any com-
I, JIM II II A bination to the bee - keepers of
UHIIHIIII* Canada. Circulars of interest to
all mailed free. Write for one.
ll-Vt:j-tf A. E. HOSHAL, Beamsville, Ont.

Please mention the Review.

IMPORT AMT^^

To make a success of bee keeping, you want
bees that will give the very best results. My
Golden Italians have gained a good name on
their own merits. Those who have tested them
with other bees say "they are the best honey
gatherers, cap their honey the whitest, as gentle
as butterflies, beautiful to look at, are tlie largest
and strongest bee of all the races." Queens
bred from mothers that produce uniformly
marked

piVE-BnflDEO WOt^KHt^S

In March, .\pril and May, 81.2.5 each, 6 for S6.00;
June, $1 OO each, 6 for $.i.UO; July to Nov., $l.tiO
each, 6 for 84..50. Special prices on large orders.
For full particulars send for descriptive circular.

12-92-tf C. D- DUVALL.

Spencerville, Montg. Co., Maryland.

Ulnstraied Aiyertlseients Allracl Attention.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

^^^^^ Excelsior Incubator.

Simple, Pfr/ecl, SdJ-Fiegu-
latini/. Thousands in suc-
ceBsfuI operation. Gaaran-
teed to hatch a larger per-
centage of fertile eggs at
less cost than any other
Hatcher. Lowest priced
first-lass Hatcher made.
CEO. H. 8TAHL. QuIncy.IU.

Bind Your Back Volumes.

The back volumes of the Review are some-
what different from those of some journals ;
many of them are, to a large extent, little pam-
phlets devoted to the discussion of special top
ics. For this reason they will always be partic-
ularly valuable for reference. But ht)W provok-
ing it is when desiring to consult some back
number, to find that that particular number is
missing— has been lost or mislaid. To avoid
such annoyance, some have fastened together
the issues of each year by tacking them togetlier
with wire nails, or something of the sort. This
is better than nothing, but there in a lack of
flexibility, the book does not open out easily so
that it can be read, there is no protection to the
outside leaves, besides there is notliing hand-
some about such an arrangement.

There is a book binder here in Flint that does
excellent work at a fair price. He will put the
first five volumes of the Review into one hand-
some volume with morocco back and corners,
putting the title on the back in gilt letters, and
giving the edges of the leaves a neat, reddish
tinge — all for $1.25.

Send me your back numbers, either by mail or
express, and I will get the work dune and return
the book when bound, making no charge for my
services, as the binder allows me a small com-
mission, and should any of your back numbers
or volumes be missing, I shall be glad to furnish
them as long as t)ie supply lasts, simply charg-
ing tlie regular price for thein, which is as fol-
lows: Vols. I and 11, five cents a copy; Vol. Ill,
four cents a copy ; Vols. IV and V, eight cents a
copy.

The time will soon come when some of the
back numbers will be difficult to obtain, and if
you care for the Review comjjlete from the be-
ginning, nicely bound, now is the time to attend
to it. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

HONEY PHKHG

cuts Furnlsned for all illnstratlns Purposes.

AND Bee Books,

OF ALL. KINDS,
A LARGE STOCK.
MY XEW^ II.,1,TJSTKATE1>

Catalogue and Price List of Supplies
for the Apiary will be sent free to all
who may apply. Send a postal card
for it. writing your name and address
^plainly. For every Order of $10.00
^and over. I will make you a present.
The Catalogue tells you all about it.
T. Gr. Newman, 147 So. Western Ave., Chlca«o.

0 ' '" ' M

m

•;■■•.<■
MP*

:i;,:i

•••■■■■:

:;«L

1'^

.:••}•.
•.•";
•*.;•;•

fll'y^Tl0SCl ^ee^^uZtuT© p

* • '=^-^^^^>^^^^c<^^^^;^^<;<=r 11

•"-■.•;'<

S a book of nearly 100 pag-es that beg-ins with The
Care of Bees in Winter, and then tells how they
oug-ht to be cared for in the spring- in order to secure the
workers in time for the harvest. Then Hives and Their
Characteristics, Honey Boards, Sections, Supers and Sepa-
rators are discussed. The Best Methods of Arrang-ing-
Hives and Building's and Shading- the Bees are described.
Varieties of Bees, Introducing- Queens and Planting- for
i.^?|v Honey are next g-iven a chapter each. Then the Hiving- of
i:"i-^' Bees, Increase, Its Manag-ement and Control, and Contrac-
i^xilfi tio^ of the Brood Nest are duly considered ; after which
iiliM Comb Foundation, Foul Brood, Queen Rearing-, the.Raising-
ri|(! of Good Extracted Honey, and "Feeding- Back" are taken
i|?jv up. After the honey is raised, then its Preparation for the
l^g Market, and Marketing- are discussed. Then Mig-ratory %fi
^ Bee - Keeping-, Out -Apiaries, and Apiarian Exhibits at
:^it Fairs are each g-iven a chapter. After this comes the
jll^ question of Wintering-, which is discussed in all its phases. ^
The Influence of Food. Ventilation, Moisture, Temperature,
Protection, etc., etc., are all touched upon. There are also
chapters upon Specialty versus Mixed Bee - Keeping-, Com-
forts and Conveniences of the Apiary, Mistakes in Bee-

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Keeping-, etc., etc. — 32 chapters in all. ^j||

^ Price of the Book, 50 els. ; the Review one year and the '^
il(i book for $1.25. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian. >#/!

ll W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, fflieh. /Jf

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