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Published by J Andeason, May 9? 179 2.

THE BEE, 4

OR

‘LITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

' CONSISTING OF

ORIGINAL PIECES AND SELECTIONS FROM PERFORMANCES
OF MERIT, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC.

A WORK CALCULATED TO DISSEMINATE USEFUL KNOWLEDGE
*AAMONG ALL RANKS OF PEOPLE AT A SMALL EXPENCE,

_BY

_ JAMES ANDERSON, 'L L D.
FRS. FAS. S.

Honorary Member of the Society of Arts, Agricultures &c. at BATH 3 of .th
Philosophical, and of the Agricultural Societies in MANCHESTER 3 of the
Society for promoting: Natural History, Lonpvon 3 of the Academy of Arts,
Sciences, and Belles Lettres, Dijon 3..and correspondent Member of the

"Royal Society of agriculture Pagis ; Author of several Perfo

BY SCIENCHS

POLITE LTTERATT. see
Ny, e AGRICULTURE

MANUFACTURES &
N

mA,

EDINBURGH:
PRINTED FOR THE EDITOR,
- My PCCjXCIIL—VOL. lik.

“Mewmotas of Dr James An-
_. derson, with a portrait, - -
Letter from Dr James, Ander-

son tothe hon. John Hol-
lond, and council, Madras, =
“From ditto to ditto, - - - -
From de. to do. - - - - -
From do. to do.
Letter from Mr Charles White
» to Dr James Anderson, - -
Letter from Dr James Ander-
son to Sir Charles Qakley, -
Extract of a‘letter from do. to
/ -do - = - Hens
*Political |progrefs of. Britain, let-
ter Vi.

Intelligence respecting litera-
ture in Denmark,
To correspondents, - - - -
Remarks on the:character and
writings of W. Drummond
of Hawthornden,
Postscript to ditto, -
Voyage to the Hebrides conti-

nued, - - - + Js
Si iterary news ja Rufiia, in
_ aletter by Arcticus, -. -
“On the natural syrnpathies of
< the brute creation, ina letter
_ by-Patricius, - - - -
be detached remark, - - -
character of the prince of
Denmark, - - - ~<
anecdote of an American
fdoyalist, - - - + =
uthentic advices from New
South Wales, - - - ¢
‘Tocorrespondents, - - -
ccount of the leming or Lap-
land marmot, with a figure,
citizen onmanufactures, -
A voyage to the Hebrides con
tinued, - -~ = - - |
trader on corn returns, =~
: Pfeay on national prejudices,

aia by Arcticus, »- =

T

4

CONTENTS OF VOLUME NINTH.
ES

PAGE

PAGE
On armaments, « - - - a02
Read nganemorandums, - = 104,

On the culture and uses of
madder, -- = - ~ = 107
Memoirs of cardinal ‘Dubois,
with a portrait, - = = 113
Voyage to the Hebrides con-
cluded, - - - 118
Antiquities in Scotland conti-
nued) - = +- «© - = 126
Letter from a country school-
master,-- - = - 134
“On the culture and uses of
madder, continued, - - 139
Directions ‘for using the roots
of madder, green, - - - 148

Adventures ofa Rufsian gentle-

man at Paris, narrated by

himself, - ee pe - 142
Review—M¢‘cartney on teach-

ing the Englifh language, + 146
Anecdotes of the king, - - 150
On the foibles of great men, 15%
The fate of genius, - ~ + 152

| Account of the ground ageite

rel with a figure, - -

- 153

055
159

- 162
173

179

187
192

4} On rearing trees, in a letter

from -Arcticus, = - -
Remarks on the above, + -
Political progrefs of Britain,
letter-viil, “= =) %.
On orthography, - -
Dream of Galileo, or the plea-
sures of knowledge, - -
State of nature, from Plow-
den’s jura Anglorum, - -
Oniscandaly a=) = js Veet.
An account of the society of
Arcadia at Rome, - - 193
Extract of a letter from Mifs
Seward toMr Boswell, onthe
subject of Dr Johnson, .- - 200
Remarks on Thunderproof’s
efsays by Alcibiades, -- - 205
Antiquities of Scotland, - - 212
Review—Reflections on the
measures France ought to

“oe

i
PAGE
adopt: relative to its pofsef-

sions in India. 219
Anecdote, - - - - 7~ 224
Account of the society of Ar-

cadia -at Rome, by abbé

Tourner, continued, - © - 225
Political progrefs» of Britain,

letter vill, - - = - = 233
Postscript to letter vili. - ~- 237
‘Thunderproof’s answer to Al-

cibiades, - - - - - 242
Detached observations on am-

bition, - - - 244
‘A letter from Sir w. Blades

stone to-Dr G. Stuart, - 246
2On stone coffins, - - - - 247
Detached observations, - - 248

‘Remarks on the petition to
parliament by the school-
masters in Scotland, for an
gee of their sala-

ries, - - 252 | Hints to the learned, - > «© 325
sAn anecdote hat Dr Magrath, 263 | Reading memorandums, - - 327
To correspondents, - - - 264 | Memoirs of madame de Main-
Introductory letter by Tkeos tenony =. sein iisaas1oE- 3ar

leon to the Editor, - - 265 | Hot-house plants. raised by |
Hints respecting the constitu- means of.steam, - = = 334 |

tion, ---- - =: = = 266,| To ee eee - = = 336]

|
4
Te OCR By Tey tle ae aera
; PAGE PAGE
. O tell me how for to. woo, ‘Verses by Thomson on the
a new Scots song, =e death, of his mother, - 197
Occhi azzurri defesi— | To humanity, -.- = - 178
Anacreontica, - = = 29 | Onhouour, - - - - ib,
To love and charity, - 30 Verses to sensibility on :
An epigram by Peares hearing the attributes of
Barrington, -- = ib. ; the muse ridiculed, - 217

The wail of Elvina, an aaa 65 A sonnet; te w=" -sleseges, Cae

_ Asonnet, - ~- - - - 66°; The negro’s complaint, - 249

~ Invocation to. peseesi ,- > ib. | Anirregular epistle, - - 250

The hue andcry,--.- - 105 | Onmarriage, - - - 289

To Julius Martial, from Asonnet, = - = «= 291
M. Val. Martial, - ~- 106 | To agentlemanonhis birth-

. Verses to chastity, - - ib.
A tenement tolet,. - - - 137
. Imitation of Catullus, - -— ib.
pAcsonnets \<e bre e 038
Beauty by Mrs Robinson, ib.
Extempore on defamation, ib.

contents,

“RAC
‘An account-of the society of
Arcadia continued,
An account of Rufsian dyes,
Short anecdotes of Anker-
stroem the murderer-of the
k. of Sweden, with aportrait,292
On the improvements in Scot-
landg - - = - = =
Gleanings of literature, =
A Persian taley = - = =

‘276
28r

Old Gregory, astory, - = 303}
To correspondents, = © = 304)
_Efsay on interdicts, - = - 305)
On the occupations of a coun-

try-gentleman, - - = 308
Remarks on Thunderproof’s

efsays, - -- --= = = «31K
Efsay on the differentmanners

of mankind, -- - = = 315
On-high hung’ cartiagesy = - 321
A character in private-lifey = 323

day). ei = dye Oe Hears
OnMoses, - - -. -
Verses inscribed to a young

lady, translated from the

Latin of Buchanan, - -
Asonnet, - += - o-

73:

THE BEE,

OR

EITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

FOR

Wenbnespay, May 9. 1792.

MEMOIRS OF DR JAMES ANDERSON __ ,-¢

PHYSICIAN AT MADRAS.
With a portrait.

Ip is a trite observation that the life of a literary
person furnifhes few materials for the biographer :
It is still more true, that a person, whose exertions
have been uniformly directed by beneficence, goes on
in a smooth and uniform tract in his progrefs
through life, that exhibits none of those tremenduous
scenes, which, by fhocking the mind, rouse the attention
of the vacant spectators, so as to afford them amuse-
ment. Hence the life of a Howard or a Hanway is
pafsed over with indifference ; while that of Jenghiz
Khan rouses the active faculties of the mind.

The object of the present memoir has been in In-
‘dia upwards of thirty years; and during all that time
thas been engaged in enterprises, calculated to promote
the welfare of the natives of that country. Instead of
applying his talents to the acquisition of wealth as his
principal object, which is so generally the case with
“those who go to that country from hence, he has ever

VOL, ix. A | y

2 memos of Dr Fames Anderson. May 9.
considered that object of inferior importance to those of
beneficence and kindnefs ; and though he has long occu-
pied a place of such consequence in India as might
have enabled him to acquire, in an honourable way,
such a fortune as might have satisfied the wifhes of
the most avaricious, he has contented himself with
applying what wealth came in his way, to acts of
kindnefs to those who have merited it at his hands,
and to generous efforts, to better the state of
the poor people around him. To accumulate wealth
for other purposes is a study that he despises. He
has adopted that country as his own: nor can he
ever feel the effects of languor, while he is engaged
in the active pursuits of measures that promise to
diffuse immediate happinefs around him, and to pave
the way for general prosperity, after he fhall be. re-
moved from this active scene.

A character so uncommon, when joined with su-
perior talents, and a liberal education, could not fail
to attract, in timve, the notice of gentlemen in India;
but time was required to ascertain the real bent of
that character. In India, as well as in Europe, there
are to be found, men who strive to advance their
own interest, under the specious pretext of general
philanthropy ; so'that there, as well as here, it is
not at once that the true value ofall such pretensions
ean be ascertained; for many years, therefore, the
efforts of this man were confined only to a narrow
sphere; they were known only to his intimate acquain-
tance, nor did he make any particular efforts to make
them be publicly taken notice of. His operations,
however, were steady anduninterrupted. He took plea-
gure in useful researches, and pursued them; nor did he

ee

17g2: memoirs of Dr James Anderson. a
ever spend a thought about the opinion that others
might formofthem. These exertions, however, pro-
duced a silent and imperceptible effect. Young
men, who, when in destitute circumstances, had
found an hospitable fhelter under his roof, caught
from him a portion of that spirit with which he was
animated ;—this inspired them with a similar ar-
dour. When they were dispersed over the extensive
provinces of India, they wifhed to recommend them-
selves to the notice of their benefaetor, by ~o-opera-
ting with him in promoting his views of public uti-
lity. An extensive correspondence, was thus esta-~
blifhed all over India, of which he was the centre.
His name came to be known, and of course revered :
it at length reached Europe. The Court of Direc
tors of the India company, struck with the useful
prospects that his plans opened up, recommended.
them to the attention of their governors abroad ;
and, by this -means, his influence there became still
mére extensive than formerly. The only’ use he
made of this influence was to recommend to _govern-
ment, and the nation at large, an attention to such
circumstances as promised to benefit the country
~where he zesides.
To difseminate useful knowledge as universally
as/pofsible in India, Dr Anderson has printed, from
/time to time m Madras, the letters that have pafsed
between himself and correspondents, on subjects of
national improvements, which, at his own expence,
he has distributed all over India. This has tended
very mueh to facilitate his views. Copies of these
publications he has regularly forwarded to the wri-

,

7 , ‘

4 memoirs of Dr ames Anderson. May gy:

,ter of this article. To give some idea of the nature

of this correspondence, and the objects it embraces,
I beg leave to subjoin the following letters :

Letter from Dr James Anderson to the honourableFohn Hollond,
president and governor, &c. and council of Madras.
How. srr anp sirs, Nov. 24. 1789.
Near three years ago, nests of insects were brought -re

from the woods, which adhered to branches of the staphy-

lza vepretum, and resembled small cowry fhells: to con-
vince me they were wholesome, the people eat many of

“them with avidity.

{ afterwards found the same kind of nests on the wodier,
sitodium, calophyllum, inophyllum, and rondeletia, filled
sometimes with a motionlefs red substance, at other times,
a numerous hive of small creeping red insects, and fre-
quently only an empty thin hufk, or pellicle of the mother
insect remained as a lining.

Lately the abbé Grofsier’s history of Cis fell into
my hands, where, under the article wax tree, I found
an insect mentioned which seemed to correspond with
what I had seen; I then threw some of the nests,
which are properly the enamel white covering of an in-
sect, in the manner of lac, into olive oil, heated over the
fire, where they were soon difsolved ; on cooling, the mix-
ture lost its fluidity, became as hard and firm as tallow
or mutton suet, and retained some degree of transparency,
although it pofsefsed the colour of bleached wax.

The Wotters call them peti billum, palm sugar; the
Talingas, sima mynum, ants wax; the Tamuls, araku koondu,
wax cover bafket; and the Chinese call theirs pe-la, white
wax.

The greater size ae the pe-la may be owing to culture ;

-and the abbé says, that only two kinds of trees, the bei

s ‘
792. memoirs of Dr James Anderson. 5
chu, and choui-la-chu, on which it is necefsary to place
the insects with care, afford them proper nourifhment.

I thought it not improper to mention this singular pro-
duction, as it promises to convert oil into the consistence
of wax, and serve other useful purposes.

I have the honour to transmit the copy of a letter of
instructions to Dr Berry, for the farther ordering the
plantation at the nopalry. I am favoured with your letter
of the 18th instant, and have no doubt, with such aisis-
tance, and foreign aid, of establifhing a collection of valu-
able plants, that may be extended to the management of
the natives in the honourable company’s pofsefsions, with
public advantage. Iam, &,

From the same to the same.

Hon. sig AND SIRS, Dee. 11. 1789.

Your ready acquiefcence to the importation of valuable
plants will enable me to derive advantage from the resear-
ches of the Asiatic Society, by the hopes I entertain that
you will solicit the supreme board for plants of the mah-
wah tree, so certainly supplying food in hot countries, as
described by lieutenant Charles Hamilton,a member of that
Society.

In this country the materta medica extends to the
bark of every tree, and is the principal cause of our want
of timber, almost every tree being stripped ofits bark at an
early period, by the natives, either for themselves, or on
purpose to cure the diseases of cattle; and it must be al-
lowed that many of them are useful in this view, such as
the melias, some mimosas, the genus ficus, and cafsia;_per-
haps the custom of livingin clay houses, has prevented them
seeing much disadvantage in the want of timber: Thatch,
in most common use, of andropogon nardus, is light and

6 memosrs-of Dr James Anderson. May 9,
easily supported, rendering large timbers, as beams of hou-
ses, unnecefsary. /
But it may be considered that the honourable company
are at a very considerable expence for the Pegu teak, em-
ployed in gun carriages, and other necefsary works, as well

as the Europeans here in house building; nor fhould the.

unhealthinefs of the clay houses of the natives, in the wet
season, pafs unnoticed, while the true riches of a country is
the number of useful inhabitants. :

It is a distant prospect to look forward to. the oalak
of trees, but this affords the best reason why no time
fhould be lost in beginning to plant them. Some vines I
planted here, gave grapes in thirteen months, when they
were of such a size, that a native of the territory of Berry
afsured me they would be deemed the growth of seven years
in France; and I am convinced that timber trees come to
as much size and perfection here in twenty years, as the
timber trees in England attain in sixty

Previously, however, to the planting of trees for timber,

it would be well if the head men of every village were.

advised of the utility of establifhing a store of bark of
every different kind of tree, the bark of which is in’ use,
that those who are in want may be supplied at a moderate
valuation, without exposing all trees pramiscuously to be
_ barked.

Another circumstance in this country merits much at
tention, being no lefs than the idlenefs of many of the
labourers, from the beginning of February, when the crop
is gathered inj until the month of August, that the par-

tial fhowers of the season enable them to scratch the ground .

with the small unimproved ancient plough.
A suspension of labour for half the year, or even a
fhorter space of time, will occasion want and disease a-

~

mong the lower clafses in any country ; and here the ex-.

treme wretchednefs that appears in their countenances,

£492.” memsirs of Dr James Anderson. ¢
marks those termed Parajadi, another cast, and Teidpu, ace
tribe, most conspicuously. ‘

In the Yalinga countries they are called Coolie tribe,
Pariar tribe ; and in general bear a proportion of one to
two, or a third of those that labour in the field for the
cultivation of the crop, and seventh of the whole inhabi-
tants of the country.

{hey are considered hereditary
slaves to the villages, and their offices, from which they are
excluded by an uncharitable superstition, to a place called
the Parcheree, and when treops march through the coun- |
try are forced out to carry the baggage of the army,
in the late war, attended with famine and pestilence, these
men were the first and greatest sufferers.

A certain ratio is extorted from the country, which is
more moderate in the pofsefsions of the honourable
eompeny than elsewhere, amounting to half the whole pro-
duce; let it be considered, however, that this half is al-
ways taken without exception, and the reason will appeat
how no work is begun or carried on, that requires time
and apparatus to accomplifh,—how most villages are éven
without a garden,—how none of the palms are to be seen}
the fruit of which are such desirable objects of food that
they are imported from other countries,—how so little good
indigo is made here, where the best indigo plant is a
weed,—how there is no cotton for exportation, although
the manufactory of cloth here declines ; the sugar boiler
and collector can never determine who fhould defray the
expence of copper vefsels to improve his work ; and>fields
ef salt are difsolved and wathed away by the rains, because
government claims a uselefs fhare, and the natives want
the incitement of a foreign market.

To improve and extend materials for foreign trade,
without which these establifhments cannot long exist, a
certain substantial provision for the labourer fhould first be

8 memoirs of Dr James Anderson. May 9:
devised, as the drynefs of some seasons does not even af-
ford a sufficient supply of rice.

It is therefore necefsary for the villages to be ialilged
in laying out the dry ground near them in inclosures, where
they might cultivate yams, potatoes, melons, pompions,
beans, Gc. and fruit trees for their own use without de-
duction. y

This would enable them to employ the slaves and low-
er clafses throughout the year, in a healthy and robust
state, for the culture of the great crop, and advantage of
the revenue.

I would recommend that villages be marked out in those
parts of the Jaguhire that remain unoccupied since the late
war, where the native pensioners may be permitted to set-
tle at pleasure, exempt from all taxation, for at least ten
years to come; and in the home farms, of like deserted de-
scription, the Wotters, who do all the heavy work of re-
moving earth, may be permitted to settle with great ad-
vantage to Madras.

It gives me much satisfaction to observe the directors
corresponding on the article of indigo, with men of such
adequate information as the lords committee of the privy
council for trade, as publifhed in October last by the ho-
nourable the governor general, and request you will trans-
mit the honourable court a small box filled with the white
covering of insects, mentioned in my last letter,’ which I
now find to be the covering of an insect similar to the lac
insect described by Mr Keir of Patna.

From the same to the same.
Hon. Sir anv Sirs, Dec. 18- ay:
Tue people I employ here have at last transplanted
healthy young trees of the diospyros ebenum, from the
mountains near Tripati, into the garden at the nopalry, the

L792. memoirs of Dr Fames Anderson. 9

' geverend Mr John of Tranquebar has supplied eugenia jam-

7

bos and artocarpus incisa; Mr Steuart at Changama, santa-
dum album; Mr Mein at Trichinopoly, some young plants
of a tree; the bark of which is a very fine kind of cork, as
well as plants of a tree said to producea kind of benzoin, and
santalum album ; and my inquiries have discovered dam-
mer trees in the neighbourhood of Tripati, the produce of
which constitutes a considerable article of the trade be-
tween the western coast of this peninsula and China.

* Qn these mountains Dr Koening described the gar-
@enia enneandria, and gardenia gummifera, as two different
species, and the care with which he distinguifhed species
precludes the idea he could be mistaken ; they both yield

_ @ resinous granulated sap, pofsefsing the aroma of the

rug called gum elemi, a concrete piece of which I have
the honour to transmit you for the pereree ee the learn-

ed in Europe.
Accompanying this is a specimen of the hemsaiiag flax

mentioned in my letter to Dr Berry of the 15th +«/i-
mo, which, for the reasons there stated, I think an object
worthy every pofsible attention, and likewise directed to
the honourable Court of Directors.

Mr Mason from Kew garden is on his third voyage to
the Cape of Good Hope, to whom, and to colonel Gor-
don, I intend transmitting copies of my publications, with
a view to render the nopalry garden more extensively use-
ful ; and as none of our outward bound fhips touch at the

' Cape, the compliment of a letter from you to that govetn-

ment, stating the establifhment of a garden here for the
culture of foreign plants, would prove highly serviceable,
by enabling these gentlemen to procure conveyance for
many valuable productions of their wide and unwearied re-
searches.

“wot, ix. B t

-

x0 memoirs of Dr James Ander som. _ May 9.
Your order to the fhips under dispatch for the receipt
of a box containing China, Isle of France, and Kew garden:
nopals, four of cachto be left at St Helena under the care
and management of the governor, will be necefsary.
In your first general letter you may acquaint the ho-
nourable Court of Directors, that the two Kew garden no-

pals, sent on the Bridgewater, have multiplied in the course ~

of sixteen months to 185 plants, although one of them was
‘killed by a sudden fall of rain in July, there being 144 at
the nopalry, sixteen in my garden, including the original
plant, which is now five feet high, three ina garden I caused
to be made near Conjeviram ; three with baron Richel, at
Ennore ; four with Mr Young at Ongole; two sent to
Calcutta; four to Mr Roxburgh, at Chamirla Cottah ; four
to Mr Fleming at Afkagéhree to major Yvon at the Isle

of France; and the four now in readinefs for St Helena,’

'

Lam, Oc,

From the same to the same.

How. siR AND SIRS, Dec. 29. 1789.

As it appears by the experiments made at the instance of
the lords committee of the privy council for trade, that the
indigo of this country is intrinsically good, notwithstand-
ing the adulterations practised in its preparation, some at-
tentions of government are, therefore, wanting to render
the permifsion of conveyance on board the honourable
company’s fhips of much utility.

To illustrate the propriety of farther attention to the
country, Ineed only mention the purchase of Pegu timber,
when Rajamundry teak is of a better quality, and in quan-
tity sufficient for the use of the whole coast.

But the Rajamundry teak, after it is purchased, and
thrown into the Gadavery, is taxed by every zemindar in
your territories bordering on the river, till it arrives at the

,

3792, memoirs of Dr James Anderson. 1
sea side, in a duty amounting to more than double the
prime cost.

It is easy to see that the company, as well as the coun-
try, would be benefitted by considering what this duty,
one year with another, amounts to, that by remitting sa
muchin the revenue the wood might pafs free, and prevent
the lofs of importing it from abroad.

A mode: ofthis kind might be adopted for indigo, and.
other articles of foreign export, which are at present use-
lef{s productions of the country, not only by such impedi-
ments as I have just mentioned, to the extensive navigation
of the Gadavery, but likewise the custom-houses on all the
market roads in every part of the country.

_ If it then appears that the company’s pofsefsions do not
yield enough to supply the market, the Lombardies will
bring indigo as well as oil seeds from the Mahratta coun-
tries in exchange for salt.

In the various expeditions of the Soubah, the Lombar-
dies are entertained as the carriers of stores; but on the
coast they are taxed by every petty zemindar through
whose districts they pafs, in a duty of eleven rupees per
hundred, for the cattle in their encampment, notwithstand-
ing your salt farms would be uselefs without them.

4 _ Lam, Ge.

!
From the same to the same.

Hon. SIR, AND SIRS, ',. Dee.'30: 1789.
_ Tue vegetation at sea of the plants from Kew garden,
being so small, amounting only to five inches in height,
and three quarters of an inch in circumference e, the at—
‘rival of insects from America must be precarious.
It is, therefore, my opinion, they fhould be first intre-
duced at St Helena; and for that purpose a dozen nopal
plants are in readinefs, for the care and cultuye of which it

h

i% memoirs of Dr James Andersom May 9.
will ke necefsary you fhould write to the government of
that places by the fhip General Goddard, now at anchor in
the roads, under dispatch.

I must likewise request your ifsuing orders for that flip:

to receive the plants on board. Iam, de.
To Dr James Anderson.

Sir, Dee. 30. 1789.

I am directed by government ‘to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of your several letters under the date aqth w/t. and
rith, 23d, 29th inst. The small parcels accompanying them
are to be sent by the General Goddard to the honourable:
the Court of Directors, and an order will be given to the
commander to receive the box mentioned by you to be
left at St Helena.

It appearing to government that your late letters to them
contain remarks on various points which do not seem to
Have any relation to the nopalry, or to fall within the
line of your department, you are therefore requested: to-
confine your observations to the objects first intended on
the establifhment of the present nopalry, and the introduc-
tion of plants. I am, dc. Cuartes Wuire, Sec.

From this last it will appear that it was only in
obedience to the commands of his superiors that
Mr Hollond gave any countenance to these pursuits.
Since the abdication, or flight, or what you please to
call it, of that géfleman, the administration of Ma-
dras has been. more favourable to the views of our
patriotic improver. :

Since that time, notwithstanding the war, so unfa-
vourable to his views, Dr Anderson prosecutes his
discoveries with unwearied attention. The rearing
of silk, and the cultivation of indigo, are the objects he

4

192. memoirs of Dr Fames Anderson. 1g
thinks most likely to furnifh employment to the bulk
of the people ; and the progrefs he has made in the
silk rearing in so fhort a time, is truly astonifhing-
Our limits prevent the insertion of letters that tend
to establith this fact. J cannot, however, deny my-
self the pleasure of inserting the following letter on
the subject of silk rearing in India:

To the hon. Sir Charles Oakety bart. senior member, and council.
Hon. sirs, April 18. 1790.

A necessary attention to the duties of my station in the
military department, has hitherto prevented any acknow-
ledgement of your favour, enclosing the extract of a gene- -
ral letter from the honourable Court of Directors, dated the
19th of May, 1790; and although a state of war is ever
precarious, yet the superior discipline of our troops, and the.
fkill of the commanders in maintaining war in the enemy’s
country, will, I trust, excuse my writing occasionally on
the arts of peace that may be promoted in this.

I am pleased with the approval of the honourable court,
because they will see from my report of Sept. 14. 1789,
the readinefs in which their nopalry stands to receive the
best kind of cochineal insects from America, where alone
they can be found. I therefore hope that no time will
be lost in sending them here.

Some mulberry trees I introduced about twenty years.
ago grew so luxuriantly, that I was at pains to obtain the
eggs of the silk-woim from Bengal at several different
times. The first embarkation could not be hatched, the
second hatched on the pafsage, but the third, which came
in one of the store-fhips in December last, has succeeded ;
and not one of the worms have died of disease in this ¢li-
mate, or till such time as all their evolutions were accom-

plithed,

14 memoirs of Dr James Anderson. . May 9:

When I tell you that the lady governefs has directed
a plantation of mulberry trees at the Fentale Asylum, and.
that several of my friends are tow employed in the care
of silk-worms on different parts of the coast, you will, I
am sure, think with me,.that so favourable an opportunity
of establifhing a manufacture of public utility, fhould be
exposed to as little rifk as pofsible ; especially when I like-
wise afsure you that I have constructed the Piemontese
reel agreeable.to the plan in the French Encyclope#ia,
which has cost the company many thousand pounds for
defraying the expence of Italian artists sent.to Bengal.

The most authentic accounts I have been able to pro-
cure, state the contracts for silk at Cofsimbuzar, to amount
yearly to sixty lacks of rupees, which is not half the value
of 22,000 bales, the former produce of that country ; in-
deed J have understood that ‘Tippoo Sultan has lately sup-
plied the interior parts of the peninsula with silk made at
Seringapatnam, yet the demand is ever considerable.

As my views have been uniformly directed to point out
the means of earning a subsistence at all times to the mean-

‘er and lower clafses of the people, of a nature adapted to

their genius and disposition, it will only be necefsary to
represent to you the mode in which this may be effected.

I therefore recommend that the revenue board be in-
structed to direct mulberry plantations at every village on
the coast, which, if 1 am not much mistaken, may be done
at little or no expence, by means of the collectors and Na-
towars, or natives, who direct the cultivation.

The ground for mulberry plantations thould be a light
friable soil, capable of being watered in the hot season ;
and at the same time so high as not to be flooded in the
wet ; such are the banks of all the rivulets on the coast.

‘As the insects can speedily be multiplied, and distributed
whenever mulberry plantations are suficiently estallifhed,

4792. memoirs of Dr Fames Anderson: 15
& have caused as many to be planted in my own garden,
and at the nopalry, as will supply abundance of cuttings
for the gardens of all the collectors, from whence they
may be afterwards distributed amongst the villagers.

The island of Cofsimbuzar and its neighbourhood, where
alone silk is made in Bengal, is but a small spot, compa-
red with the extent of the coast. In four months of cold
season neither does the mulverry put forth leaves, nor the
eggs of the silk-worm hatch, whereas the cold season here
is sufficiently warm for both, and the silk I have made is
more brilliant than that of Bengal.

In Europe the worm undergoes but one evolution in the
year, whereas mine are in the third generation since the
14th of December last.

Several gentlemen have brought silk-worms here since I
have been in India, which for want of plan, attention, or
perseverance, have come to nothing; and although the war
at present is a great hinderance to the full adoption of any.
plan for this purpose, yet from the ease with which it may
be effected, and that mulberry cuttings, planted before the
monsoon, will live with little farther trouble, I am indu-
ced to hope that ground will be laid out for plantations as

soon as pofsible. I am, de.
James Anperson.

' Extract of a letter from the same to the same

May 9. 1790. *
_As the albanian of. silk here must be attended with
increase of all the present. branches of revenue, by the
consumption of necefsaries depending on a richer popula..
tion, and nothing promises :so fair to repair the waste of
different Mysorean wars, I think it altogether worthy
your attention to hold up an exemption from taxes oy
goulberry plantations, or silk reared by the natives. =,
J am,

=

‘

16 ‘memoirs of Dr Yames Anderson. May 9.
Since the above letters were written, it appears
that he had been very rightly informed with regard
to the silk manufacture intreduced by Tippoo Sultan
into his dominions, which before the irruption of out
troops into that country, afforded employment to
many of his people. Since the conquest of Banga-
lore some of these people who are acquainted with
the rearing of silk-worms, have been induced to
become instructors to those in the Britifh settle-
ments ; and it is probable that ina very few years,
abundance of silk may be obtained from the penin-
sula of India.
Dr James Anderson the beneficent promoter of
these useful enterprises, was the son of Mr Andrew
Anderson, a man of great worth, and much esteem-
ed by all who knew him, who practised medicine at 2
village six miles from Edinburgh called Long Hers
miston. The rudiments of his education were ob-
tained at a country school-in that neighbourhood ;
and they were completed at Edinburgh, under the
tuition of Dr Cullen, and other eminent profefsors
‘of that university. His circumstances in early
youth were by no means affluent; but his progrefs
im every branch of science that he. studied was re-
markable. He was of course particularly naticed by
all his teachers. He left the university while still very
young. He went out as a surgeon to an East India
fhip in the spring of the year 1759. He went out
once more in the year 1761. Soon after his going out
this second time, he was appointed physician general
to the presidency of Madras, where he has resided

‘

7928 political progre/s, of Britam. 14
constantly since that time. His mother, a woman
above ninety years of age, of a hale constitution, en-
joys from.him a comfortable substistence in her
eld age. ,He seems indeed to velue money in
no other respect than as it enables him to be kind
to these who have occasion for his afsistance. "The
writer of this article, who was his companion in
youth, his school fellow in studies, and his correspon-
dent ever since, abstains from any eulogium, which
could not be well received. To those who know
him not, the bare truth would appear g violent exag-
‘geration ; to those who do know him, that which
would be barely tolerated by others would appear so
far fhort of truth as to give them great offence. . It
may bé with justice said, that the natives of India ne-
ver met with an European who knew their situation
0 sell, or who so cordially applied himself to pro-
mote their real interests. It is not impofsible, that,
in future times, the recollection of this man may tend
‘to preserve from total execration:the Europeaa
name in India. .

ON THE POLITICAL PROGRESS OF ase TAIN,

. LETTER VI. wd ;

Sir; To the Editor of the Bee. sa til
To the war with Spam in 1739, there was added
another against France, which was declared on the
gist of March 1744. I am now to give a fhort
wiew of tlre causes and termination of this Goatest ;
_andT begin by reciting a few miscellaneous transa¢-
tions, from the accefsion of the hoyse of Brunswick
to that period.

VOL. ix. C t

18 political progre/s of Britain. May 9.

“¢ The safety of Hanover, and its aggrandisement,
“* were the main objects of the Britifh court *.”” Oh
this principle it was, that, in 1719, George I. pur-
. chased from the queen of Sweden, and annexed to
his German dominions, the dutchies of Bremen.and
Verden. The price was a million of rix dollars +;
that interruption of commerce with Rufsia, and

those naval expeditions to the Baltic, in defence of.

Sweden, which were specified in my last letter.—On
the 16th June 1721, the king sent a mefsage to the
House of Commons, importing that he had agreed to
pay a subsidy to Sweden of seventy-two thousand
pounds, and that he hoped they would enable him to
make good his engagements. The supply was granted.
In about three weeks‘after, they were informed that
the debts of the civil list amounted to five hundred
and fifty thousand pounds; and that his majesty
‘was confident they would impower him to raise that
‘sum upon the revenue ; which, after warm opposition,
“was permitted. On the 8th April 1725, the house re-
ceived a mefsage of the same kind; upon which
***Mr Pulteney exprefsed his surprise, that a debt,
<* amounting to above five hundred thousand pounds,
** thould have been contracted in three years: Hesaid he
*¢ did not wonder that some persons fhould be so ea~

* Guthrie edit. xi. page 518. ;

+ Vide Smollet’s history. At three fhillings and sixpence per rix dol-
far, this sum amounts to one hundred and seventy-five thousand pounds 5
and at four fhillings and sixpence, to two hundred and twenty-five thou-
sand pounds. Mr Paine (Rights of Man, part ji. p. 197.) states the mo-
ney at two hundied and fifty thousand pounds, and adds what cannot be
doubted, that the purchase was made with the savings of the civil list.

o

a se at shies

5792. political peogrefs of Britain. a
*¢ ger to make good the deficiences of the civil list,
since they and their friends enjoyed such a fbare of
“ that revenue ; and he desired to know, whether
*¢ this was all that was due, or whether they /oould
** expect anether reckoning 2?” * Leave was granted
to raise any sum not excceeding a million. In 1726, his
majesty entered into an agreement with the king of
Sweden. He was to pay that monarch fifty thousand
pounds per annum for three years, and ‘the Swede
was to keep in readinefs ten thousand men for the
service of England... The landgrave of Hefse Cal.
sel was engaged to provide twelve thousand men. He
received seventy-four thousand pounds in hand, and
-was to have fifty thousand pounds more if his troops
were wanted. In 1727 his majesty obtained an un-
limited vote of credit for such sums as he fhould
think necefsary to employ in securing the trade of
England, and restoring the peace of Europe. He died
‘soon after, and we must agree with Dr Smollet “ that
“ at the accefsion of George 1, the nation had
** great reason to wilh for an alteration of measures ;’”
but unhappily, as-he soon after observes, ‘‘ the system.
** of polities which the late king had estab/ifbed, under-
** went no sort of alteration.” Anhundred thousand
pounds were immediately added to the civil list.
Mr Shippen opposed this measure in anableharangue,
and the money was voted by Walpole’s amercenaries
without areply. Ona mefsage from the king they
settled an hundred thousand pounds a-year as a pro-
vision for the queen, in case fhe survived her hus-

Ww
* Smollet’s histexy»

Ld

20 u political progrefs of Britain. » May 9c:
band. Her death in 1737, preserved the kingdom
from such a stupenduous burden. ‘
In January 1728, ‘the House of Commons granted
two hundred and thirty thousand, nine hundred and
“* twenty-three pounds for the maintenance of twelve
thousand Hefsian troops; a subsidy of fifty thousand
** pounds to the king of Sweden; and twenty-five
** thousand pounds to the duke ef Wolfenbuttle *.”
Two hundred and fifty thousand pounds had been
charged for securing the trade of England, and re-
‘storing the peace of Europe, which by the way was
not restored; conform to the vote of credit in the
the preceding sefsion. The house were honest enough
to solicit the king for a particular and distinct ac=
eount of the distribution of this sum, which his ma-
jesty refused, as it had been employed, he affirmed, by
his father and himself in services which required the
greaie: st secresy t. A fhort time after, in examining
the public accounts laid before the house, it was dis-
covered, ‘* that an article of three hundred thousand
‘* pounds, relating to the duty upon wronght plate,
‘* was totally omitted.” As usual, a violent debate
ensvied, andthe fraud was rectified. Another unli-
mited vote of credit was pafsed ; five hundred thousand.
pounds were granted for the payment of seamen’s
wages ; and the sefsion difsolved on 28th May 1728.
~The house’ again met in January following, and az
hundred and fifteen thousand pounds were voted) to
make up a freth deficiency in the civil list. Every
transaction of this kind:cest an obstinate battle. ,Our

* Sixollet’s history. + hid, yt lbid.

‘

ed

E7Q9% political progre/s of Britai. 2
‘ancestors had ‘sense enough to see what they were
about, and where they were driving; but debates.
were become a mere farce. Corruption had reached
its zenith, and then, as now, even the deformity of
public measures. vanifhed in an abyfs of personal in-
famy. In 1729, an effort was made to rid this coun-
try of ‘the maintenance of the twelve thousand Eie/-
“ sians.”? But the ministerial band bore down all op-
position. Frequent remonstrances were made, but to
no purpose, against the subsidies continued to Helse
Cafsel; and Wolfenbyttle. In 1731, lord Bathurst
moved for an addrefs to his majesty, requesting him
to discharge the Hefsians. The motion was rejected.
It is not wonderful to hear that five members were
at this time expelled the House of Commons fox
breach of trust, but it is quite inconceivable what
crime could be considered as base enough to de-
grade them, beneath a seat in such an afsembly. Du-
ring the reign of Walpole the history of England
will not bear areading. There is nothing but a dull,
uniform, and disgusting scene of treachery.
© Walpole,” says the-king of Prufsia, ‘* had cap-
“ tivated his majesty by the savings which he made
out of the civil list, from which GEORGE filled
“ his Hanoverian treasury*!” What a beautiful
system of government! In 1733, Walpole pro-
‘ceeded to a step worse perhaps than any which he
hdd attempted before. He broke in upon the send-
ing fuad,—a resource solemnly appyopriated by par-
liament to the discharge of the national debt; he

; , ; *
® History of my own times chap. ii,

A political progrefs of Britain. May g»
abstracted five hundred thoysand pounds, and the
practice having once begun, this’ fund was, in 1736,
anticipated and mortgaged*. Admitting, as we. must,
that government was divested of all sense of prin-~
ciple and of fhame,’ yet, as the nation was at peace,
and taxed to the utmost stretch, it is an object of
surprise what could have become of such immense
sums of money? and by what means a man of sense
‘and abilities, like Walpole, fhould have been reduced
to such detestable and desperate expedients? His
scheme of an excise on tobacco, as far as | compre-
‘hend it, was far lefs opprefsive than that introduced
so much to the satisfaction of all parties by the
minister of the present day. His motion was
forced through the House of Commons, which was in-
stantly blockaded by the citizens of London. The
partizans of the minister were loaded with insults,
and Walpole himself was burnt in effigy. He fore-
saw that his life was in danger, as the nation had
not then sunk into its present stupidity. The
plan was therefore laid aside, and five hundred theu-
sand pounds were obtained’ by the notable resource
of alottery. On the marriage at this time of the
princefs royal with the prince of Orange, fhe received
eighty thousand pounds, and an annuity of fire thou-
sand pounds for life. ‘There was a terrible debate
about repealing the septennial act: In which Sir

William Wyndham, in a very remarkable “speeth,

quoted verbatim by Smollet, drew the character of
his majesty as a prince ‘‘ uninformed, ignorant, un-

* Guthrie’s grammar p.298.. «

=.

»

ee eee

5792. political progrefs of Britain. 23
<‘ acquainted with the inclinations and true interest
<* of his people; weak, capricious, transported with
<< unbounded ambition, and INSATIABLE AVARICE.”*
Though we were still at peace, twelve hundred thou-
sand pounds were borrowed from the sinking fund
for the service of the current year. A subsidy of
fifty-six thousand two hundred and fifty pounds
was, not long after, voted to the king of Denmark,
and another million sterling abstracted from the sink-~
ing fund.

In February 1735, the accounts of the navy were

~ Jaid before the parliament. One article may serve

es a specimen of the rest. About two hundred and
fifty thousand pounds were exacted, not for building
of thips, but for the pretended building of ouses for
the commifsioners and other officers of admiralty *.
Walpole had not even paid parliament the previous .
“compliment of consulting them. In 1736, a million
was again borrowed from the sinking fund, and still
in the midst of a profound peace. It is natural
enough that the word Walpole has become synony-
mous to bribery. Pulteney, and some of the oppo-
sition, were but little better. They wanted the mi-
nister to settle an hundred thousand pounds a-year
on the prince of Wales. It had been fixed at about half
that sum; and this revenue was, it seems, unequal
to his necefsities. Though a temperate and moderate
man, he died bankrupt, and his debts are at this day
unpaid. Forgthe discharge of them by his family
would have been only an act of justice, not a political
job.

# Beatson’s Naval Memoirs, vol. i. page 25.

24 ‘political progres of Britain. May 9.
Jn August 14739, Britain entered into a treaty
with the landgrave of Hefse for four years! We
were to pay him two hundred and fifty thousand
crowns per annum, and to be supplied with six thou- ©
sand men.
On the 20th October 1740, died our once projected
king of Spain, the emperor Charles yi. He was suc-
ceeded by his daughter Maria Theresa. Geoyge II.
‘by one of his endlefs treaties, had engaged to defend
her dominions, if attacked, with an army of twelve
thousand men. In April 1741, he informed the
House of Peers, that he had ordered the subsidy
troops of Denmark and Hefse Cafsel, to be ready to
march to her afsistance. Sir Robert Walpole moved, —
‘that an aid of two hundred thousand pounds fhould
be granted to her. Mr Shippen protested against
any such interposition in the affairs of Germany.
He remarked, ‘* that had- such a’ connection been
‘* foreseen, it might for ever have precluded from
** the succefsion that z/ustrious family to whom the
<* nation were indebted fot such numberlefs blefsings,
*¢ such continued felicity!” The two hundred thou-
sand pounds were voted*, and three hundred thon-
sand pounds additional, to enable his majesty effec-
tually to support the queen of Hungary. Another
million was borrowed from the sinking fund.

Since the accefsion of the House of Brunswick,
they had entered into at least some hundreds of se~
parate treaties with almost every different prince

* Smollet, from whom] am abridging, a few.poges after states thissum
at tree hundred thousand pounds. And Beatson says that in April 17415
two hundred thousand pounds were granted to his majesty for a secret expe-
dition, Naval memoirs vol. 1. p. 76.

3792. = political progres of Britain. 25
cand state in Christendom. By one of these transac~
tions, concluded about this time, Frederick tells us,
** that the kings of Poland and England had formed
*‘ an offensive alliance, by which they divided the
_** Prufsian provinces. Their imagination fattened
*‘ on that prey; and while they declaimed against
“¢ the ambition ofa young prince, they were already
“¢ enjoying his spoils*.” Had their most sacred
majesties been ‘able to read Shakespeare, one might
have suspected that Falstaff was their favourite hero.
«“ Now,” says the knight, ‘ fhall I see the bottem
* of Justice Shallow. Ifthe young dace be a bait
*¢ for the old pike, I see no reason in the law of na-
* ture but Jmay snap at him.” But the dominions of
a Frederick were not to be partitioned by such adver-
saries as George or Augustus. In 1742 when Wal-
pole found himself in a minority, a mefsage was sent
to the prince of Wales, importing, that if he and is
‘party would make proper advances, fifty thousand
pounds per annum fhould be added to his revenue, and
two hundred thousand pounds thould be disbursed to
pay his debts. It is needlefs to expatiate on such a
proposal. It was rejected; and even the friends of
the prince, when they mounted the saddle, seem to
have been afhamed of attempting so profligate a pro-
ject; for in March 1751, at the distance of nine
years, they suffered his royal highnefs to die insol-
vent. Walpole was driven from his post, and a com-
mittee were appointed to inquire into his conduct.
it appeared, ‘‘ that, during the last ten years, he had
** touched for secret service, one million four hun-
* History of my own times, chap. ii.
VOL, Ix. Db t

. 26 polttical progre/s of Britain. May g.-
_.“* dred and fifty-three thousand four hundred pounds
‘¢ of the public money *.”” Of this sum more than
fifty thousand pounds had been paid to scribblers in
. defence of his ministry. A crowd of scandalous and
pitiful circumstances were discovered, though. the
inquiry was stifled in the bud. Walpole used to
boast that every man had his price, and he frankly
profefsed the most sovereign contempt for every
pretence of honesty or public spirit. Such was the
master who, with absolute authority, governed the
freemen of England for twenty years. Yet he had
three excellent qualities,—he pofsefsed much good
nature, despised personal revenge, and detested war.
‘Parliamentary bribery was very bad; but military
butchery was a thousand times worse. He therefore
differed from his. succefsors in office, as a pickpocket
differs from an afsafsin. One of the first acts of par-
liament, after his resignation, was to provide for the
subsidies to Denmark, and Hefse Cafsel; and five
hundred thousand pounds for the queen of Hungary.
The supplies of the year amounted to near six mil-
lions sterling, of which more than one half was bor-
-rowed from the sinking fund, or the bank of Eng-
land, Thus did the nation ‘‘ lavith her blood and
«< treasure, in supporting the interest and allies of
.“* a puny electorate, in the north of Germanyt |” We
mow seé one good reason why the French and Spa-
nifh privateers, took three thousand two hundred
and thirty-eight Britifh vefsels. The money which
ought to have been expended in squadrons for their
protection, was bestowed on those enemies of man-
kind, the despots of Germany. Charity begins at

* Smollet. + Smoellet.

¥792. anecdote. 24
home, says the proverb, and when your own house
is on fire, you will hardly be persuaded to run a mile
to extinguifh the flames of another. Such a history
affords about as much entertainment and satisfaction
as the chronicle of Tyburn. The’ balance both of
virtues and abilities turns perhaps in favour of the
triple tree. What is‘the guilt of a simple footpad
to that of a tyrant, who wantonly drives whole em-
pires into an ocean of blood? The Britith cabinet
may be considered as a kind of volcano in the mora/
world, spreading destruction in the proportion of an
Alps to a mole hill beyond the petty ravages of Etna,
or Vesuvius.

Laurencekirk Timotuy THUNDERPROOF,
April 16. 1792.

va

ANECDOTE.

Iy the year 1774, two soldiers took a fancy to go
hear a sermon; the orator was ‘Mr Murray, well
known for his doctrine of universal salvation, In
the afternoon of the same day, another preacher ex-
hibited; but his doctrine was diametrically the re-
verse of what they had heard in the morning.

“Tom,” said one of them, ‘‘ do you hear how
differently these folks preach? Which of them do
you intend to believe?” ‘‘ I’ll be d——n’d,” says
Tom, ‘if I believe either of em yet a while, till
I see it come out in general orders,”

—_—_—___—_-
ames re ea
eee
'

POETRY.

O TELL ME HOW FOR TO WOO-
A Scots song never before publifbed.
For the Bee.

“Overt me my bonny young lafsie,
«* © tell me how for to woo!
*< O tell me bonny sweet'lafsie,
*< O tell me how for to woo!
*€ Say mag I ronse your cheeks like the morning,
*< Lips like the roses frefh moisten’d wi’ dew! ,
*¢ Say man I roose your een’s pawky scornings
<* O teil me how for to woo.

“< Far hae I wander’d to see thee, dear lafsie!
© Far hae I ventur’d acrofs the sa’t sea 3.

«¢ Far hae I travell’d o’er muirland and mountain,
‘* Houselefs and weary lay cauld on the lea!

*< Ne’er hae I tried yet to mak love to ony,
“¢ For ne’er loe’d I ony till ance I loe’d you;

« Now we’re our lane in the greenwood sae bonny,
“¢ O tell me how for to woo!”

* What care I for your wand’ring, young laddie,
€ What care] for your crofsing the sea? P
¢ It was nae for naething ye left poor young Peggy,—
« It was for my TOCHER ye came to court me.
“Say, hae ye gawd to bufk me ay gawdy,
© Ribbans, and pearlins, and breastknots enew ?
* A house that is canty, wi’ wa/th in’t, my laddie?
* Without this ye never need try for to woo.”

4 *¢ ] hee na gowd to bufk ye ay gawdy,

*< T canna’ buy ribbans and pearlins enew3

«¢ Pveé naething to brag o” a house or o” plenty,
S€T’ve little to gi? but a heart that is true.

‘Bs T came na for tocher,—Wne’er heard 0” ony,
*€ I never loe'd Peggy,—nor e’er brak my vow;

€© T’ve wander’d, poor tool! for a face fause as bonny 5
‘¢ T little thought this was the way for-to woo!”

« Hae na ye roos’d my cheeks like the morning ?
‘ Hae na ye 100s’d my cherry red mou?
“Hae na ye come o’er sea, muir, and mountain ?
§ What mair Johnny need ye to woo?
© Far hae ye wander’d, I ken, my dear laddie!
€ Now ye hae found me, ye’ve nae cause to rue;
©Wr health we'll hae plenty,—I°ll never gang gawdy 5
ST never wifh’d for mair than a heart that is true,

1792. poetry. 2g
‘~ She hid her fair face in her trae lover’s bosom ;
The saft tear o” transport fill’d ilk lover’s ee ;
The burnie ran sweet by their side as they sabbed,
And sweet sang the mavis aboon on the tree.
He clasp’d her, he prest her, he ca’d her his honey !
And aften he tasted her bonny sweet meu ! :
And aye "tween ilk smack fhe sigh’d to her. Johnny,
© O laddie! weel can ye woo!”

DELL’ ABATE ENRICO TOURNER

FRA GLI ARcADI DI RomMAFILILLo LrpareEo.

OCCHI AZZURRI DIFESI. -Anacreontica *.

Occur cerulei *herdh Allor che placide
Vaghe pupille, Nettuno appare
Occhietti languidi Sovra le tremule
Luci tranquille, Onde del mare;
Che di Calliroe Il mar ceruleo
Splendete in fronte, L’ onde tranquille
Qual gli astri splendono Le vostre imitano
~ _ Su Porizo nte, Vaghe pupille.
Se fia che insipidi La bella Doride
Alcun viappelli ' Le Dee marine °
Occhi cerulei Anch’ efse vantano
Occhietti belli, Luci-azzurrine,
I vostri teneri -E ardenti Scoccano
Sguardi amorosi : Da le pupille
Per lui si facciano z Dardi che accendono
Torvi, e sdegnosi, Di lor faville
E da Ja gemina I Dei_chescorrono
y Splendente face _A centoy a eento
Veggendo sorgere L’ onde cl liquido
E guerra, e pace; Vasto elemento.
Quanto sfavillano Tu pur, Calliroe,
Ei dica poi Dai languid’ occhi
L’ ardenti, e vivide D’ amor-le fervide
Scintille in voi. Saette scocchi,
Se prima a I’ etere E le cerulee
Un guardo ei gira, Pupille vaghe
Quindi, o Calliroe, . Ne alma imprimono
Tue luci mira, Profonde piaghe.
Vedra che ugualiano E pur insipidi
Nel Jor colore Fia chi v’ appelli
Le lievi, e splendide Occhi cerulei,
Vesti de l’ ore. Occhietti bebli?

_ * Aracreontic by Abbé Tourner, of the Society of Arcadia in Rome, and teacher

of languages in Edinburgh. - :

| Ina fhort time the Editor hopes to be favoured by the same hand with an

_» account of the Society of Arcadia, which bas produced a great reuplution in
the taste for literature in Italy.

go

poetry.

~Giusto é che i teneri

Sguardi amorosi.
Per lui si facciano
Torvi, e sdegnosi.
La casta Pallade
La saggia Dea
Gli occhi cerulei
Anch’ efsa aveaj
E pur la ferono
I numi in terra
Maestra, ed arbitra
. Di pace, e guerra;
E il crin or cingesi
D’ oliva amica,
Or tratta intrepida
Asta e lorica :
Or Palme nobili
De’ dotti accende,

May 9.
Armatad’Egida
Nel campo or scende 5
E pur insipidi
Fia chi v’appelli
Occhi cerulei
Occhietti belli?
Sai tu, o Calliroe,
Cié che farai,
Se alcuno insipidi
Chiama i tuoi rai ?
Invola a Pallade
E impugna ardita
L’orribil Egida
Angui-crinita 5
E allor che mormora
GP iniqui accenti
Farai che mutolo
Saiso diventi.

A good translation is requested,

TO LOVE AND CHARITY.

From regions of immortal blifs above,

Impart thy genial emanations, Love!
And when Faith and Hope fhall fade,
When heaven’s portals are display’d,

When, with transports vast and new,
Things ineffable we view

.

Then (religion’s source and aim)

Charity fhall fan tke flame;

Love divine fhall be our theme,

Love—eternal and supreme !

» This+this alone our constant heav’n fhall prove,
The God of heav’n in everlasting love!

AN EPIGRAM

Said to be written by the unfortunate G. Barrington, on the Duke of Richend
Lavirg inscribed bis family vault with the title of DoMUS ULTIMA.

D: he who thus inscrib’d this wall,
Not read or not believe saint Paul ?
Who says there is, where’er it stands
Another house not made with hards.
Or thal] we gather from these words,

That house is not a House of Lords?

1792. on literature in Denmark. 3u

INTELLIGENCE RESPECTING ARTS AND LITERATURE IN
DENMARK.

“Wine so many other potentates are disturbing the peace
of nations by war and intrigues, the priace of Denmark,
(who has for some years past taken the lead in the busi-
‘nels of the cabinet,) is continually occupied in promoting

domestic improvements and encouraging literary pur-

suits. ‘

This prince had no sooner taken his seat at the council-
board, in the year 1784, than he bestowed a particular
attention to the lower clafses of the people, and has been
ever since eager to redrefs those grievances which the weak
in every country are too much subjected to by the influ-
ence of the powerful. He was very soon sensible of the in-
estimable benefits that in this respect may be derived from
the liberty of the prefs, and has therefore taken care that no
severe restraints fhould be put upon that, the only sure cor-
rector of abuses. The nobles, who felt their power in
danger of being curtailed by that means, did not fail to en-

‘deavour to persuade him to put the prefs under restraints,

‘and artfully insinuated that the character of his highnefs
had been treated with too much freedom in certain pamph-
lets ; but instead of being irritated at this, as they expected,
he calmly replied, that he was sorry that any thing in his
behaviour fhould have given occasion for animadversion ;
though if it had, he thought himself more. obliged to
those who pointed it out to his notice than to those
who endeavoured to prevent him from observing and

correcting his errors. If the strictures were just, they

would thus prove beneficial to him, if they were ground-
lefs they would soon be disregarded. He therefore left no
ather corrector of the prefs but the jucgés of the land,

32 on literature in Deninark. May 9.
who were sufficient to correct any flagrant abuses-of that
important privilege *. :

His royal highnefs is a warm patroniser of literature,
and the court of Denmark has done more within a-few
years past than any other perhaps in Europe, if the reve-
nues of the crown be taken into the account. There is at
Copenhagen a Royal Society, on the same plan with that
of London, for promoting general literature ; but there are.
two others there equally important, whose objects being
more circumscribed, are perhaps productive of still greater
benefits to the community ; oné of those is for illustrating
the Scandinavian history, and the other for the promotion of
Icelandic literature.

It isa curious trait in the literary history of Europe, that
for many, ages, while the more benign parts of Europe
were involved in the darkest ignorance, polite literature
was cultivated to an eminent degree in Iceland. This is
not a conjectural afsertion, destitute of proof, like what has
been often*repeated concerning the great learning of the
ancient Irifh sennachies, and the civilized manners of the
monks of Jona ; for there are still extant many sagas or his-
tories, written in the Icelandic language, some of which,
under the auspices of the prince of Denmark, have lately
been publifhed in an elegant quarto form, by the care of
M. de Schum, withthe Icelandic text on the one page, '
and a Latin translation of it on the other. Eight volumes
of these histories have already reached this country, and
the work goes forward till the whole fhall be publithed.
What an example for the other potentates of Europe !

The prince of Denmark is a spirited young man, and
therefore is not inattentive to the army, whose discipline

* J learn, however, notwithstanding what my ingenious correspondent
here insinuates, that some restraints have been of Jate laid upon the prefes
which prevent the people from disculsing political questions withas much,
f.eedom ac in Some other places. Edit,

ing

=
.

$792. ‘on literature in Denmark. 33
he is extremely careful to preserve. But neither litera-
-ture nor military parade attract his attention so much as
‘tomake him neglect the more important concerns of agni-
culture, manufactures, and trade, the only true sources of
:mational prosperity. In these his laudable pursuits he has:
‘been supported by-some of the principal men in the king-
«dom, who have had sense enough’to perceive that their
own prosperity depended on the welfare of the people un-
der them, and spirit- enough to promote that welfare, in
“spite of those bars that avarice and ignorance have thrown
im their way. The.peasants of Denmark, like those of most
*of the northern countries of Europe, were like, till very late-
‘dy, a sort of vegetative production of the soil, from which
they could on no account be removed without the permif-
. sion of their lord. Some enlightened spirits there, how-
ever, perceiving the indolence that this kind of slavery
‘produced among:the people, and sensible of many other
~evils originating from the same source, were desirous of
restoring the people to those rights which alone could
render them active and useful citizens tothe state, and
therefore resolved ‘to emancipate their own people, to
serve as an example to others. Count Bernstorff, prime
sminister of Denmark, had the honour of taking the lead in
this generous and patriotic enterprise. He, and count
Christian Ditlef Reventlow, afsisted by Mr Christian Col-
“biornsen, the attorney-general, have at length effected that
glorious enterprise, though not without great difficulty.
But the struggle is now over, and a foundation is thus laid
for the prosperity of Denmark, the fruits of which will be
enjoyed by future-ages.
The-minds of the peoplein Denmark were nearly as much
agitated by the prospect of thisemancipation, as are those of
“the proprietors of our West India islands-at present by the

sprospect of the proposed abolition of the slave trade. ‘The
VOL. ix, £ +

‘

34 on literature in Denmark. May ¢.
evil appeared to be of such magnitude, that a great body of the
nobility entered into a combination to oppose this dange-
rous reform, which they conceived affected'their interest
and privileges in so eminent a degree, An action was
brought by these noblemen against Mr Coibiornsen before
the high court of chancery, on account of his proceed-
ings and advice relative to the abolition of this species of
feudal tyranny. The matter was fully investigated, and af-
ter hearing parties at great length, it was proved, to the sa-
tisfaction of the court, that the interest of the nation re-
quired the emancipation of the peasants. A decree was
therefore ifsued, by which the rights of the peasants are
now fully recognised, and their protectors honourably ac-
quitted. By this decree every landholder or proprietor of
land is strictly required to accept of a fixed sum as a com-
mutation for all the feudal services. , These services were’
before unsettled, uncertain, and arbitrary, they are now to
be commuted into money, and so fixed as to prevent all
further dispute between the parties. Thus is a founda-
tion laid in Denmark for a freedom similar to that which
we have long enjoyed in Britain, and which has thrown
an energy into all our enterprises that is scarcely to be
found in any other nation.. As Poland has adopted the
same general system, it is to be hoped that Europe in a few
years will rise to a still greater degree of eminence than
has hitherto been known on the globe. l
The views of the prince of Denmark, and his worthy
counsellors, have not been confined to those objects only
that are just now enumerated; not only do they lay before
the public the literary treasures of their country, that have
been locked up in their archives for so many ages,—not
only do they, by emancipating the peasants, give energy to
their bodily exertions, and by the liberty of the prefs allow
their minds to exert their utmost power with freedom,—

baie Uy

ye on literature in Denmarb. sg 33
they have also broken down those barriers tp trade which
a spirit of monopoly had reared up with a view to opprefs
one half the natives of these dominions. The trade to
Finmark and Iceland has been, for many years past, like
our trade to the East Indies, monopolised by a com-
pany of merchants, who had the sole and exclusive privi-
lege of supplying the wants of these people, and of purcha-
sing the commodities they had to sell. The consequence
has been, that the people of those countries have thus been
_ deprefsed to anastoniihing degree, their industry reprefsed,
_and of course their population greatly diminifhed. The royal
revenue from these regions was almost annihilated ; and

though some of the servants of the company picked up 2
- comfortable subsistence, the company itself has from time
to time become bankrupt, as ever happens to companies of
this sort. The enlightened ministers above named, per='
ceived these evils, and marked the mischievous cousequen-
ces that must result to the nation at large from a longer
continuance of this absurd system*of management. This
- destructive monopoly of trade, has therefore been aboli-
thed, and it is now open-on the terms specified in the note
below *. Thetrade to Iceland was laid open at thesame

* 1, Persons of every persuasion establifhed on the tenete of the Chri-

_ tian religion, fhall have a right to settle in Finmark, and enjoy perfect li-
_ beriy of worthip.

2. Every inhabitant, of whateyer sect of the christian’ religion he be,
fhall have a right to buy lands, to. whatever extent he pleases.

3- Every citizen fhall be exempted from all taxes, and duties payable to:
government, during the term of twenty years.

4. The new settler thall moreover be free from the duty of £ per cent.
payable on capitals laid out on inteyest, and the use of stamps.

§. The town establifhed in Firmark, and ‘its inhabitants,’ fhall, for-
the space of twenty years, be exempted from all customs and excise, spi- *
Fituous liquors only excepted, which fhall pay one’ milling per-gallon, and,
Collected by the custom-house odicers, hail be appropriated. to: the public:
fit of the new settlements.

6, In the same manner, the export of home productions is free during
Course of twenty years,

.

36 on fiterature-in Denmark. May g:.

time, and put under similar regulations. The effects of
this new regulation. are well. exprefsed in the following:
extract of a letter from a gentleman in Copenhagen who:

' takes a near interest in the prosperity of Iceland...

7- Upon the same principles goods, and cargoes of every description,
imported from foreign parts, in order to bé again exported, fhall be fiee
from duty, notwithstanding they have been imported in foreign bottoms.

8. The ground which is necefsary for the establifhment of a new town.
fhall be purchased at the public expence, in case it be private property ;
but if it belong to the:crown, it fhall be given gratis, to the new settlers.
In both cases an exact survey and a legal conveyance fhall be made.

9, The new settlers are moreover entitled to the support of government
with regard to building materials.

to. The grounds which have: been surveyed, and conveyed to a new-
settler, fhail be his sacred property. for ever, unlefs it be not occupied
with a building belonging to him in the space of two years. next fol-
lowing ; under that circumstance the ground returns to the crowa, and.
may be given to another, ’

11, Every person, whether native or foreigner, applying to the.grand bai-
liff of the country, fhall receive gratis, a certificate of being. received a
citizen, after having taken the oath of allegiance.

12. A foreigner who thus settles in one of the new towns, fhall imme.

diately enjoy the same rights and privileges which belong to a native of Fin-

mari, and after the end,of six years next following, he and his posterity.
fhall be considered as entitled. to-all the rights which belong toa native

_ of either kingdom.

13. Every new settler has liberty and right to leave the country when-.
ever he pleases without paying any fine, and without respect to the length
or fhortnefs of his residence in the country.

14. A new settler may make useof any trade-he chooses, without a li-..
cence, except that of distilling spirituous liquors, and keeping a public.
house, for in both these cases an application,must be-made-to the grand.
bailiff. ’ P

15. Handicrafts, whether natives or foreigners, will’be encouraged, ins
the nuos’ effectual manner, by the chamber of financer

_16. Every person, therefore, fhall have full liberty to exercise his trade.
and businefs as.master, and-his apprentices, having served their time, fhall
enjoy all the privileges which belong to the. same.trade.in that towny.
wherein he may-settle.at a future period, )

3702. - owhiterature in Denmark. 39°

« The trade of Iceland is now very brifk, we only want)
new settlers, enlarged with ideas ‘unknown to a barberous
people. I say barbarous, for so these Icelanders are at
present, relative to every knowledge useful to scociety.
Psalms, hymns, prayers, sermons, are no where found in a
greater plenty than in Iceland ;. and yet the people grow
not a bit the wiser. How? the trade briik, and the
people ignorant and wretched ' As if the golden gifts of

_17. It is exprefsly enacted, thatno corporation fhall be permitted to take

’ place in any of these new settlements.

_18. A new settler or citizen fhall receive an annual premium of one rix
dollar, or four fhillings per ton, on every vefsel his property, laid up, in
any of the Finmark harbours during the winter.

19 Every citizen, being enrolled as amerchant, fhall have liberty, equal
with any other merchant in the-king’s dominions, to-use his trade both
with the natives or foreigners, whether they are Swedes or Rufsians.

20. All imports and exports to and from Finmark, fhall go through
the new towns.

zx. Those citizens who are retail traders fhalt have liberty to order
their commodities from whatever place they may. please in the king’ sdomi--
nions. i

22. Citizens only fhall have liberty ts sell foreiga goods in their mar-
Rets.

23. Those of the citizens who engage in the fitheries, fhall enjoy the:
same privileges which have been granted to the other citizens of the twa
kingdoms, and they fhall be entitled to a premium of fifteen rix dollars,
or L.3. perton, for every ship not exceeding five hundred and: ninety tons,
they may fit out for the whale fifhery under Spitzbergen, and the parts.
adjacent. \

24. The same laws of exchange which are prescribed in the Norwegiaa
code of law, fhall be observed in Finmark. dias

25. The government is lodged in the hands of the grand bailiff of Fin-
marlc, who besides fhall have the power of cecidirg all matters reljating to
thé customs.

26, But justice fhall be administered within the new settlements, by the
justice of peace residing in the town of Hammersfelt, till the said new
settlement can arrive at such a degree of maturity as may enable them to
appoint their own magistrate.

27. And then fhall the community obtain their own seal, after having

made an application to his mejesty for that purpose.

’

. " :

As : on literature in Denmark, May 9.
Mercury did not spread blefsings every where! I beg
your pardon for a paradox borrowed from the Hudson’s:
Bay Company, and many others. However, the diffe-
rence is very great between the Esquimaux and my coun-
trymen. The first are savages from time immemorial, but
the latter have the honour, if honour it can be called, to
have fallen from the most civilized state of society, and
be reduced to the most abject abyfs of ignorance and-
wretched pride. For amidst all their feelings and senti-
ments of poverty, they find an ample consolation in their
noble pedigrees, and antiquity of their forgotten origin 5
and so continue to lead a life indolent, and industricusly
idle. Would to heaven that the pious labours of the
prince royal, and his friends, the counts Bernstorff, Revent-
low, Mr Colbiornsen, and his excellency the privy coun-
sellor Bulow, may never suffer the least abatement in
their vigour, but cantinue firm and intrepid! I with Ice-
land may get. some new colonies from Scotland; they
will live well Iam sure in a country where land sells al-
most for nothing, and the provisions are exceedingly cheap.
They wauld be kindly received by the natives as their
countrymen, for the Icelanders pride themselves on being
descended from the ancient Scots, and they still preserv
some of the arts that are lost in Britain* .

* The sira of the Icelanders is certainly the very same thing with the

blanda of Buchanan, which he thus describes, lib. a. c. 33. Serum lactis
aliquot annos serwatum in| conviviis etiam avide bibunt. Id potionis genus
blandium appellant. Major pars agua siti: sedat. This is evidently the

sira, of which our Icelanders are now so very fond, a particular description
of which follows :
RECEIPT TO MAKE SrRA, AN ICELANDIC DISH.

Run milk, prefs the curd slightly, and run offthe whey. Put the curd
ima barrel stopped up, and now and then let out the air. After eighteen
months keeping, it is fit for use. A few spoonfuls of it, ata time, are
to be mixed with common milk of whey.

* . . . . >

Jn Icelend, whey is also put in cafks; where it is suffered to ferment,

and is drank after being six months barrelled,

’

2792. on literature in Denmark. 39
Being thus sure of a kind reception, what riches
could they not obtain, by prudent management, from the
unbounded fitheries round the island; from the salmon
fifheries, which, though inexhaustible, have not as yet tur-
ned to any advantage, and the lucrative breed of fheep and
cattle which are not attended to, notwithstanding Iceland
abounds with the finest pastures*. There were times
when this w/tima Thu/e exported in her own bottoms her
own manufactures and cloth, stockings and carpets, to Nor-
way, Ireland, and the northern parts of Scotland, Den-
mark, Sweden and Rufsia; and the laws pafsed in the e-
eventh century prove that agriculture was well attended to.
Things have indeed taken a sad revulsion since that pe-
riod; however, by the joint labours of wise and benevolent
men, the causes of guch grievances will I trust be removed,
and this long neglected spot be made to resume once
more a splendour greater even than it formerly pofsefsed.”
Such are the warm terms on which this beneficent cor-
respondent talks of the.improvements in Iceland. To
those who have only casually visited that island in its pre-
sent state, and are not acquainted with the particulars of
its past history, these particulars will no doubt appear to
be greatly exaggerated; yet the present state of Spain,
of Palestine, of Egypt, of Greece, and of Turkey, are so_
much inferior to what they once were, as to afford the
clearest proof that political mismanagement can produce ef-
fects equally pernicious as those that have occurred in
Iceland. .

The first is represented by Mr Profefsor Thorkelin, anative of Iceland,
as beisg a most refrefhing sort of food for the fishers and others, after
the most violent exercise and fatigue. The other as a wholesome, plea-
sent beveridge,

They sometimes put salmon and cod-fifh bones into, the sira, which adds
to its quality. fp

* The natives of Scotland, to their sad experience, know that similar
metural advantages at home, do not ensure prosperity. Edit, *

»

». |
4a £0 correspondents. May %.
It will afford a subject of curious disquisition to the En-
sglith reader, to trace the history of this northern nation
which has been sunk in utter oblivion for so many ages 5
and I congratulate the.public on the near prospect of their
j being enabled to do this ina satisfactory manner. Dr
“Thorkelin, a native of Iceland, profefsor of antiquities in
the university of Copenhagen, a gentleman well knowa
in Britain for several ingenious publications in the En-
oglith language, who atcompanied Mr Dempster in-his tour
‘through the Hebrides, in the year 1786, has been comman-
ded, as I am afsured from undoubted authority, by the
_priace of Denmark, to publifh an account of his travels in
Scotland. In this work he will have an opportunity of
_‘xeviving the-memory ofthe mutual intercourse that subsis-
‘ted between this country and Iceland, in formertimes, and
of illustrating the history of these northern people, by ma-
ny facts that are very little known. I {hall not fail to an-
nounce this interesting work ‘to the public, as soon as it
-appears. :
A character of the prince of Denmark by another cor-
respondent from Copenhagen, will be given in our next.

TO «CORRESPONDENTS.

T wx favour of 4. N. is received. No subjectcan be more generally in-
teresting than chemical inquiries when. conducted with propriety ;—wit+
-nefs Watson’s efsays; but long systematic treatises would not be so gene-
rally relifhed. A course of chemical observations tending to perfect arts
and manufactures, would be one of the most useful as well as entertaining
-performances that could be given. Should this ingenious correspondent
direct his views to these points, his disquisitions will be highly acceptable.,
Perhaps; medical, and pharmaceutical remarks ought to. be paringly in-
troduced, as this work is calculated for general, not particularly for medi-
-cal readers.

The remarks of preceptor are well founded, but they are too long. If
this genUeman were to try to cut out every thought, and every word that
could be spared, he would make a much more interesting paper. This is
recommended to him as an exercise which he will find redound to his owa
profit.

The Editor regrets that the verses by 77.8. are too defective for puby
slication.. <A constant reader js received,

Farther acknowledgements deferred till our-next.

AHE BEE,

LITERARY WEERLY INTELLIGENCER,

FOR

Wepwnespayr, Mar-16.-1792.

' REMARKS ON THE CHARACTER AND WRITINGS
aie OF

WILLIAM DRUMMOND OF HAW THORNDEN.
Sir, To the Ed:tor of the Bee.

Pixxertox, a man whom the Scots are pleased te
dislike because he tells them truths disagreeably, has
judiciously proposed that the poems of solid ix ge
fhould be reprinted with due selections.

I’ beg leave to second Mr Pinkerton’s motion. I
greatly and fondly cherifh the memory of Hawthorn-
den. I like his character, his muse, and his residence ;
moreover I like his companions ; for I doat upon Bea
Johnson, and I esteem Drayton. There are few lords
now like lord Stirling. He admired and honoured
Drummond, and cherifhed his friendfhip and corres-
pondence in the depth of retirement, when the peer

‘was batking in the sun-thine of Whitehall, and warm’
in the prosecution of his trans-Atlantic projects.

_- Among all the poets of the beginning of the last
century, (writes the author of-the Cursory Remarks

f VOL. ix. ¥ +

2 eae S

42 on Drummond of Hawthornden. May 16.
on some of the ancient Englifh poets, said to . be
Mr le Neve) there is not one, after Shakespeare,
whom a general reader of the Englifh poetry of
that age will regard with so much and so deserved
attention as William Drummond. He was born at
Hawthornden, near Edinburgh, in 1585, and was the
son of Sir John Drummond, descended of the family
of Stobhall, who, for ten or twelve years, was ufher,
and afterwards knight of the black rod to king
James 1. of England. ‘The poet was educated at
Edinburgh, where he took the degree of master of
arts in the year 1606, and was afterward sent by his
father to study civil law at Bourges in France ; but
having no taste for the profefsion of a sawyer, he re-
turned to Hawthornden, and there applied himself
with great afsiduity to clafsical learning and poetry.

Haying courted a daughter of Cunningham of
Barnes, whom he celebrates in his poems, and to
whom her accomplifhments, congentfality of taste,
and propensity to retirement, had strongly attached
him,—he was succefsful in his addrefses, and a day
was fixed for their marriage.

Soon after fhe was seized by an illnefs which pro-
ved fatal, upon which Drummond again quitted his
native country, and resided eight years on the con-
tinent, chiefly at Rome and Paris.

In the year 1630 he married Margaret Logan of

Restalrig, by whom he had several children, the el-
dest of whom, William, was knighted by king
Charles 1*. He spent very little time in England,

* The heirefs general of Hawthornden was married to Dr Abernethy a
non-juring bifhopin Scotland, of the ancient family of Abernethy of Sal-

>

pee as

2792. on Drummond of Hawthoraden. 43...
though he corresponded frequently with Drayton
and Ben Johnson ; the latter of whom had so greata
respect for his abilities, and so ardent a desire to see.
him, that at the age of forty-five he walked to Haw-
thornden to visit him. ;

The favourite seat of Ben Johnson, in the seques-
tered wood of Hawthornden, is yet. known, and point-
ed out to visitors, where a bust of Johnson ought to
be placed, to gratify the sentimental devotion of the
admirers of exalted merit.

This would add something spiritual to the straw-
berry feasts of Roslin, and be worthy of a precious
few in that wonderful little country that produced a
Qrummond and 2 Thomson.

Ben Johnson’s father too was a Scot; and it is fit
that 4e fhould be honoured in the land of his fathers.

Hawthornden is a Jovely spot. The house hangs
like an eagle’s nest on the romantic banks of Ek.
The ground is claisic. The genius of his plaintive
sonnets meets the fancy of the congenial soul. Here
he addrefsed his Alexis, (lord Stirling :)

Tho’ F have twice been at the doors of death,
And iwice found fhut those gates which ever mourn5
This but a light’ning is,—a truce to breathe ;
For late-born sorrows augur fleet return.
Amid thy sacred cares, and courtly toils,
Alexis! when chou fhalt hear wand’rirg fame
Tell, death hath triumph’d o’er my mortal spoils,
And that on earth I am but a sad name 3
‘If thou e’ef held me dear, by all our love,
By all that blifs, those joys heav’n here u gave,
‘I conjure you, and by the mizids of Jove,
To ‘grave this fhort remembrance on my grave:
Here Damon lies, whose songs did sometimes grace
The murmuring Efk.—May ros-s fhade the place!

toun, who presented the whole remaining manuscripts of the poet to the
ear) of Buchan, who deposited them in the musseum of the Antiquatiam
Society at Edinbu gh.

44° on Drummond of Hawthornden, » May 16.:

Let us inquire for the venerable spot in which
were placed the afhes of Hawthornden, and let these
lines be sculptured’ on the belly of a lyre, that they
may meet the eye of the traveller. _ Why fhould not
this little speck of earth of ours, so near to Iceland,
be' warmed with something that may supply the.
want of better fkies !

Ben Johnson, too, ought to be characterised by asuit--
able inscription on his seat, that the offended dignity of*
his name in Westminster abbey may be worthily re-
trieved. Orare Ben Johnson! is an exclamation that ad-
mits too much an application to him whocould only set
the table in a roar, and too little to the superior merit
of Ben Johnson. Hear what the great lord Clarens
don says of him: ‘* Ben Johnson’s name can never
be forgotten, having, by his very good learning, and’
the severity of bis nature and manners, reformed the
Stage; and indeed the Englith poetry itself. His
natural advantages were, judgement to order and go-
vern fancy, rather than excefs of fancy,—his pro-
ductions being slow, and upon deliberation, yet then
abounding with great wit and: fancy ; and they will.
‘live accordingly. And surely as he did exceedingly
exalt the Englith language in: eloquence, propriety, ,
and masculine exprefsions; so he was the best judge
of, and fittest to prescribe rules.to poetry and poets, |
‘of any man who had lived with, or before him, or-
since, if Mr Cowley had not made a fight beyond
all men, with that modesty, however, as to ascribe
much of this to the example and learning: of Ben
Johnson.” His conversation was yery good, and with
men of most note; and he had-for many years an.

.

17920. ~~ on Drummond of Hawtharnden.. 43:
extraordinary kindnefs for Mr Hyde*, till he found:
he betook himself to businefs, which he thought
ought never to be preferred before his company.

Drummond loved. Drayton,.and a great and conti-
nued friendfhip subsisted between them, fanned by
frequent letters, as appears by his papers, which were:
presented to the earl of Buchan by the reverend Dr
Abernethy Drummond, already mentioned.

Drayton, sweet ancient bard! his Albion sung,
With their own praise her echoing vallies rung;
His bounding muse o'er ev’ry mountain rode,
And evry river warbled where he flow’d tf.

I have a copy. of Latin verses addrefsed:as I sup-
pose to Drayton by Hawthornden, as it is in the’
hand-writing of the latter, and was found.in a bundle’
of Drayton’s letters to Drummond:

~

Dum tua melliflui specto pigmenta libelli

Pendet ab eloquio mens mei rapta tuo, f
At sensum expencens tumque alice pondsra mentis
Sensus ab eximio me rapit cloquio;

Sed mage dedaleo miror te pectore qui sic
Cogis ad [talicos arglica vérba modos.
Eloquiura, sensus, mentis vis dzdala longe
Toilit humo ad superos te super astra Dev.

Drummond’s family having been grafted‘as it were .

on the royal family of Scotland, by the marriage of
king Robert rit. and upheld by them,. he was a steady-
royalist during the troubles.of Charles t..; but does
mot appear ever to have armed for him. Yet it
seems he had been much employed: by the king in his.
uttermost distrefs, or by those immediately about
his person, as among his papers I. found a prima cura»
of king Charles rst’s last appeal to the people of

England, with corrections and marginal notes, in.the-

We Earlof Clacendons + Seapieees; cxnto ii. by Mr Joha Kirkpatrick:
'

46 on Drummond of Hawthornden.. May 16+
king’s own hand-writing*. As Drummond had:al-
ways been a laborious student, and had applied him-_
self equally to history and politics, as to clafsical
learning, his services were frequently rendered by
occasional publications, in which, it must be confef-
sed, he was not so happy as in the flights of his muse,
which, as Pinkerton justly observes, amply establifh
his fame. Phillip’s (adds he) who compiled his Thea.
trum Poetarum under Milton’s own eye, and may be
supposed to exprefs that great writer’s opinion, upon
many occasions, observes with regret, ‘‘ the strange
neglect into which Drummond’s poems had even
then fallen. But this was no wonder, when Mil-
ton’s smaller poems met with the same fate. Now
it may be safely said, that if any poems pofsefs a very
high degree of that exquisite Doric delicacy, which
we so much admire in Comus, and Lycidas, those of
Drummond’s do. Milton seems to have imitated
him, and certainly he had read and admired his
works ! Drummond was the first who introduced in-
to Englith that fine Italian vein; and if we had had
no Drummond, perhaps we fhould never have seen
the delicacies of Comus, Lycidas, I] Penseroso, L’ Al-’
legro. Milton has happened to have justice done him
by posterity, while Drummond has been negtected.”*
From the familiar letters of Drummond, printed in
his works, and from those unpublifhed, it appears,
that his most intimate and frequent correspondents,
and friends, besides those already mentioned, were

* This affecting paper was deposited jn-the library of the society of
aa rjans at Edinburgh. .
Lord Buchan his the picture Oli Stone painted, of the king at Caris-

brook cast tle.

Ff

2702. on Drummond of Hawthornden. 47
Arabella, or Annabella, 'countefs of Lothian, daughter
of Archibald earl of Argyll, the earl and countefs
of Perth, Robert Carre earl of Ancram, Dr Arthur
Johnstone, phycisian to the king, author of that ad-
mirable piece of humour, Parerga, a {ketch of whose
life and writings 1 hope may sometime or other
make its appearance in this Miscellany, Mr Cunning-
ham of Barnes, and a few other relations.

In a survey of Drummond’s poems two considera-
tions must be had—the nation in which he lived,
and the times in which he wrote. Yet these will
be found, not offered to extenuate faults, but to
increase admiration. His thoughts are generally
bold and highly poetical ; he follows nature, and his
verses are delicately harmonious. On the death
of Henry prince of Wales in 1612, he wrote an elegy
entitled ‘“* Tears on the death of Moeliades,” a name
which that Prince had used in all his challenges of
martial sport, as the anagram of “ Miles a Deo.” —
In this piece, according to Denham’s epithets to the
Thames, are thoughts as strong, as deep, as gentle,
and as full, as any of his or Waller’s*.

When king James, after his accefsion to the Eng.
lith throne, returned to Scotland in the year 1617,
his arrival was celebrated by every effort of poetical
congratulation. Upon this occasion, Drummond
composed a panegyrick entitled the Wandering Muses,
in which are found four lines apparently imitated by
Pope,—“ To virgins flowery, ect.” Of these two
poems, it is observable, that they date earlier than

any of Wallet’s, whose first was that to the king on

® Cursory Remarks, &c, + Vide Pope’s third pastoral.

48 on Drummond of Hawthornden. May 16.
his navy in 1625. The piece in which Denham’s
‘greatest powers are exerted, his Coopers Hill, was not
written till the year 1640. -The harmony of Drum-
‘mond, therefore, at a time when those who are usu-
ally called the first mtroducers ‘of a smooth, and
‘polithed ‘versification, had not begun to write, is an
‘ honour to Hawthornden that fhould never be forgot-
ten. His excellence hardly known, cannot be enough
acknowledged or praised.

Drummond and Petrarcha had this in their fate
alike, that each lamented first ‘the cruelty and then
the lofs of their mistrefses ; so that their sonnets are

alike naturally divided into two clafses, those after,

and those before the deaths of their-respective swect-
hearts. Drummond, in several of these composi-~

tions, has fhown much of the genius and spirit of

the Italian poet. The seventh sonnet, of the first
part, 1s much resembled by Sir Henry Wotton’s ele-
gant little poem on the queen of Bohemia:

*¢ Ye meaner beauties, @c.
And among Drummond's -Flowers of Zion, the poem
which begins, .
~ ©. Amidst the azure clear of Jordan’s sacred streams,”

eminently distinguifhes him, whether he be*consider=
‘ed as a philosopher or as a poet.

- His Polemo Meddinia, a burlesque poem, founded
on a ridiculous fray in Fife, is written with more
than the humour of a Swift, or Peter Pindar; and
may afford an excellent modern clafsical amusement
to our nobility and gentry, who cannot bear the mon-
strous bore of turning over an Ainsworth’s dictionary,
and may still have retained enough of the charming

one

2792 on Drummond of Hawthornden. ao
language of the Scipios, to be able to taste the beat.
ties of the dunghill fight. ‘These slight notices and
extracts, I have scattered on the pages of your ele-

gant journal, in the fond hope that they may draw

orth the quill of an abler eulogist.

Tle ego qui quondam patriz perculsus amore,
Civibus opprelsis, libertati succurrere ausim,
Hunc arva pateina colo fugiosque-limina regum.

ALBANICUS.

POSTSCRIPT.

“‘Wuat has been written concerning the person,
family, and residence of Drummond, in-the account of
his writings, may be thought sufficient for Scotland,
where such particulars are well known by the pub-
lic; but considering the deserved celebrity of the
poet, and the-extensive circulation of this Miscellany,
T have thought preper to set down as briefly as pof-
sible some circumstances that may deserve the atten
tion of people of taste who visit Scotland, te contem+
plate its picturesque beauties, and to meditate on the
wlafsic footsteps of her illustrious citizens.

Drummond was descended from William Drum.
mond, third son of Sir John Drummond of Drum-
mond, by Mary de Montefex eldest daughter and co-
sheirefs of Sir William de Montefex, high justiciary
of Scotland. The patriarch of the poet’s family married
a daughter and co-heirefs of Sir William Airth of
Airth, in Stirlingthire, with whom he got the barony
_-of Carnoe.

Sir John Drummond, the poet’s father, who was se

~ ‘cond son of Sir Robert Drummond of Carroe,; bought

Hawthornden, in the year 1598, from the heirs of
VOL. ix. G T

52 on Drummond of Hawthornden. May 16,
Douglas of Strathbrock, a family which, with many
other fair and opulent pofsefsions, had held Haw-
thornden for more than two centuries.

The caves of Hawthornden, cut by human art from
the rock, are certainly of the most remote antiquity,
resembling those in the vicinity of Thebes, and had

probably served for the dwellings or fastenefses of the’

aboriginal natives of the country. This conjecture
is supported by tradition, and, with the other singu-
larities of the place, gives a sublimity to the scene.
Captain Grose, in his antiquities of Scotland, has gi-
ven a very well chosen view of the sequestered dale or
den, and of the house overhanging the romantic rivu-
let of Efk.

The reverend Dr Abernethy Drummond, who
matried the heirefs, as above mentioned, caused to be
engraved, on a stone tablet placed over Ben Johnson’s
seat, an inscription to the memory of his own ances-
tor, Sir Laurence Abernethy of Hawthornden, and to
his wife’s relation, the poet ; where, ifthe public or the
future proprietors of the place fhould erect the busts
of Drummond and Ben Johnson, they ought to be pla-
ced close to gach other on the same therm. + oe

Dr Abernethy’s inscription concludes with the fol-
lowing lines :

O ! sacred solitude, divine retreat,

Choice ofthe prudent, envy of the great, |
By these pure streams, or in thy waving fhade,
I court fair Wisdom, that celestial maid ;
There, from the ways of men laid safe afhore,
AIsmile to hear the distant tempest roar;

There, blest with health, with businefs unperplex’d,
This lifel relifhy and secure the next,

amaien

P92 a voyage to the Hebrides. 5f
‘The inscription over the door of the house, engra~
ved by order of the poet, is as follows :

Divino munere Gulielmus
Drummondus Johannis,
Equitis aurati filius
ut honesto otio qui-
esceret sibi et succef-
soribus instauravit.

Anno 1638.

A VOYAGE TO THE HEBRIDES.

Continued from vol, vill. p. 286.
Ile of Herries, Loch Tarbet.

Tuts loch is now swarming with herrings, which,
for want of salt, the people are prevented from catch-
ing to the extent they might do; or indeed beyond
their own limited consumption. They dry them
without salt in their barns, which are of wicker, and
eat them in winter by the name of sour herrings: : A
harfher name would be bestowed upon them any
where else. At Scalpa is constructing, under the di-
rection also of captain Macleod, one of the new light-
houses, which all allow to be judiciously placed, pro-
mising great advantage to the navigation of the
Minche, through which all vefsels from the south-
ward pafs from Liverpool, Bristol, and Glasgow, in
their diract course to Norway and the Baltic.

_ A very obvious remark occurs to every visitor of
the Hebrides, vz. that fith might be furnifhed cheaper
to Great Britain and the rest of the world, from hence,
than almost from any other place ; for here, fifth come
to the very doors of the fithers. At Fort William, sixty
or seventy boats are sometimes seen in an evening,

ga | a voyage to the Hebrides. May 1&.
fhooting their nets within a pistol fhot of the spot where
they were launched into the water. By day-light the
fifhing is over, and the fifhers breakfast on the spoil,
rest themselves in the forenoon, and pursue their or-

dinary occupations through the rest of the day.. At

Cannay, Erifkay, and Loch Bay, the cod and ling are
landed, and put to. salt on the very day they are
caught. The herrings occasionally visit every salt
water loch along the Hebrides, and north-western
coast; whereas the Dutch have bufses to fit out at a
great expence, and a long veyage to make over to the.
Britith coast before they wet their nets. The voy-
age from Great Britain to Newfoundland is. surely
not lefs. expensive.. It is, indeed, said the Swedes,,
since about the year 1756, have caught herrings. near.

Gottenburgh, with still more facility; and that the an-—
nual visit of those fifh has been more steady to the

neighbourhood of that town, than to any one part
of the western coasts of Great Britain; but it is ad-
ded, they arrive every year later and later at that
place, and if this retardment continue much longer,
they will arrive when those seas are frozen up, and
when it would be impofsible to catch them. Tull
then the Swedes are likely. to be the great herring,
venders to Europe and the West Indies: For the
Swedes are: industrious; that part of Sweden is
very populous; and the fecal obstructions. on the
subject of salt, are next to nothing. ‘Two hundred.
thousand barrels are said to be cured there annually,,
besides fifty thousand barrels. of herring oil. If this
be true, the Swedes enjoy the same, or, perhaps, su-
pétior advantages to, our fifhers. for the present ; but.

|
|
1
7

_ 299%. a voyage to the Hebrides. $3
from time immemorial herrings have abounded or
our British coasts, inisuch plenty, that the fithers may
be always certain ef catching enough for their own
supply; and the waste of a few nets and boats may
be easily borne even in the lefs succefsful years of the
filhery.

But how can they convey their fifh to market with-
out the expence of larger vefsels? Just as they do
their kelp. When that article began first to be made
here, it was sold to chance buyers as low as 15 s. per
ton. The makers were glad to take whatever unrival-
led buyers offered. The case is now widely altered:
Vefsels come yearly to this certain kelp market, avd
the price has risen toL.5. L.5. tos. and L.6 per
ton. Is it to be doubted, that vefsels would alse
come in time to fetch the herrings, so considerable
an article of the food of our own people, and so ne-
cefsary for feeding our West India slaves? Why
then has not such a trade been already establifhed ?
This is a political question, of too long discufsion
for a journal. The causes may be thortly stated;
first, though there be some people to catch fith along
those coasts, yet they are few, and they are scattered
and dispersed, neither collected into towns nor villages.
Secondly, the industrious people are not free; they
must, in general, work for the person in whose land
they are settled. Most of them are bound to per-
form one day’s work of this kind every week, or
fifty-two days in the year, a sixth part of the year.
But if we deduct bad days, on which no work can be
performed, the proportion will be found still greater.
Salt is very inaccefsible,—fih cannot be cured for sale

54 a hii? to the Hebrides.» May 16,
unlefs the salt be exempted from duty. If exempted
from duty for fifh, numberlefs’ regulations must be a-
dopted to prevent the abuse of this indulgence. These
are so many cobwebs, in which the poor feeble fishers
are liable to beentangled totheir destruction. Thirdly,
the want of towns, where people might freely settle,
is absolutely fatal to industry. Fort William and
Stornaway, are the only spots where a freeman could.
build a house ; whereas, lots of this kind fhould be
laid out in every sea loch.—Perhaps nothing has tend-
ed more to force emigration than this defect. On.our
eastern coasts, where improvements in agriculture oc-
casioned joining many small lots into one farm, the
ancient occupiers of them betook themselves to
towns, and became useful citizens, as artizans and ma-
nufacturers ; in the Highlands that is impofsible, be-
cause there are no towns. An obvious improve-
ment on the condition of the people, would be that of
making all the subtenants tenants to the proprietor,
and granting them leases for life; and encouraging
them to settle their children round them on the waste
lands of their farms. For it is certain there are
large tracts of very improveable land in an unculti-
vated state. This will be obvious on considering the
state of the Isle of Sky, which is said to be sixty miles
long, and thirty-five broad, and a most beautiful and
improveable island, every where intersected by arms
of the sea.” It may contain six hundred thousand
acres. The rents are said to be L 6000 rear: or
about twopence sterling per acre.

T irough the Highlands and Hebrides, wate little
ground is cultivated lies near the coasts, This 3s

1792. a voyage io the Hebrides. 55
divided into very smail lots. Along with each lot
is annexed a large tract of ground, called a /beelling,
or grazing in the interior part of the country. Five
hundred acres is. no large grazlag for a coast-farm,
Paying L. 5 of rent. The grazing is thus doomed
to perpetual sterility, on which cattle pick up a
wretched subsistence for a few months in summer-
It is inaccefsible for want of roads ; and the cattle
prevent the growth of natural wood, with which it
would otherwise be soon covered. Another great
drawback on the Highlands and Hebrides, is want of
capital toemploy in their improvements. The land
in general belongs to rich non-resident proprietors.
This carries the rents they annually yield eut of the
country. The other inhabitants are tacksmen, or
gentlemen farmers, and small farmers, mostly subte-
nants to those tacksmen.

The tacksmen being gentlemen, live as such; and
what money they can spare, necefsarily goes to the
education of their children, and placing them out in
life, and to the maintenance of widows and aged rela-
tions. Besides that, few of them have leases of suf-
ficient indurance to justify expending their capital on
improvements. Some leases are for nimcteen years, a
few longer ; but many are let every five or seven
years. This is called a new sett, when a rise of rent 1s
expected; and when any improvements are made up-
on the land, or even the dwelling-house, they expose
the imprudent tenant to be out-bid by the envy or ava-
rice of his neighbour. As to the small tenant or sub-
tenant, improving his land, the same difficulties and
others stand in his way. Here and there some

36 a voyage to the Hebrides. “May 16,
merchants are to be found, who, if they make rich by
their traffic, cannot easily find land to employ their
money in improving, as we see done round our
towns on the east side of the island. Such is the ac-
counts given of the state of the Highlands and He-
brides. These may be exaggerated, although they
seem to be confirmed by the actual state of these
countries. Are the people unhappy? That is ano-
ther question. Do riches constitute happinefs? These
inquiries are rather directed to the prosperity of the
country than the happinefs of its inhabitants. It is
justice to them to say they do not seem unhappy.
They are contented with their houses such as they are.
They dispense with all kind of furniture except a
black cast iron pot. They in general have plenty of
fuel ; and potatoes and fifh supply them. reasonably
well with food. When they have no salt, which is a
scarce article, to cure their winter provisions, they

can eat them sour. It may be added, that whether ©

protestants or papists, they seem deeply imprefsed
with 4 religious turn, and attend public worfhip when
within reach very pointedly ; nor are they lefs dist
tinguifhed by their bravery in war, than by their
gentle, kind, and affectionate disposition in time of
peace. One cannot help wifhing such a people hada
larger {hare of what are generally reckoned comforts,
liberty, and money. One would with all the inhabi-
tants of a high taxed country like ours, to take a rea-
sonable fhare of the burdens of the state in time of peace
as well as war. The inhabitants of the six northern
counties of Scotland, exclusive of the land-tax, pay
about the seventy-fifth part. of a penny yearly, one

or tiie

2792. a voyage to the Hebritles. 57
with another in other taxes; and it is fully <s
much as they can afford ;—they are computed to be
four hundred thousand in number. The great pro-
prietors, from the extent of their property, and the
number of their people, may be considered as so many
princes. Quere, would it not be of advantage to them-
selves, to give the inhabitants a constitution, a Magna
Charta, to secure them, in the absence of the pro-
prietor, in the enjoyment of some privileges? Their
lands might be measured and valued, and the tenants
secured for a term of years in their pofsefsions, as
long as they paid the rent punctually ; revolutions
to take place at stated periods: All personal services
might be abolifhed ; a baillie might be appointed to
preside over the justice of each barony, and settle
disputes among the tenants by jury. Is there any

_ thing in our law to prevent a baron baillie summoning
a jury of the tenants, letting them try causes through
the whole extent of his jurisdiction, instead of trying
them himself, and adopting the verdict of the jury as
his own decree ? The people are so far removed from
the county courts, as not to be able to attend them,
but at a great expence of time and money.

' Tt isa good custom some great proprietors in the
‘south of Scotland adopt, particularly the late duke
of Queenfbury, to name two or three friends to
act as his commusioners, and with salaries for their
trouble. Nothing would afford greater protection te
tenants in the proprietor’s absence, ‘

To be continued.

WOL, ix. K +

58 detter from Arcticus. May 16,

ee
LITERARY NEWS FROM RUSSIA,

SIR, To the Editor of the Bee.
You may perhaps not be displeased to insert a little.
-of our arctic news in your Bee, in that case it is pof-
sible we may occasionally supply you with a few ar-
ticles.

Mr Heland, the Swedifh directeur economique at
"Tornea, on thearctic circle, who has, for a number of
years, made careful and accurate observations on the
tides, atmosphere, magnetic needle, tc. proposes to
leave his house and small estate to asuccefsion of ob-
‘servators, who will be obliged, in lieu of rent, to con-
tinue his observations, and transmit the result to
to the Academy of Sciences, who are left executors
of this singular but liberal will. .The baron Turbé,
the Sardinian envoy at this court, from-whom{I had
this information, says, tuat, on a tour he made some
time ago to these northern regions, he found in every
room of Mr Heland’s house, a sort of wooden thermo-
meter, suspended horizontally like a vane of a fhip,
within a few inches of the ceiling, consisting of a long
narrow thin slip of fir, which, by bending to one side
or other, marked changes of the atmosphere on a
graduated semicircle, painted on the ceiling immedi-
ately above it. I hinted to the baron that it was
“probably rather a hygrometer, of the nature of the
mahogany one suggested by Dr Franklin in the
second volume of.the American Philosophical Tran-
sactions, although it would be difficult I think to ac-
count for the semicircular motion of the. fir instru-

1
1992. letter from Arcticus. 59
ment on the doctor’s principle. I likewise suggested
that it might be hung by a twisted catgut; but
-was afsured that it was firmly held in a slit piece of
iron or nail, driven into the ceiling, and that it poin-
ted out the temperature, not the humidity of the ate:
mosphere ; and that he did not remark any ethics
kind of thermometer in the whole house.

If any of your correspondents are acquainted with
this instrument, they will probably be so kind as to
give’some description of it, until we can get farther

information upon what prowises to be of such gene~

_. ral use, from its cheapnefsand simple construction, if

it fhould be found to indicate changes in the atmos~

phere with any degree of exactnefs.

Code, the Japanese merchant mentioned’ by Cox:
and Lisippe, the French consul, in his journey from
Kamtchatka, was brought down last. winter by coun--
sellor Laxmann, his protector and friend, inspector
of the Siberian fofsils, who resides at Irkuthk, and re-
_ mained with us a few months. I had frequently am:
‘3 opportunity of seeing him, both at the. lodgings of.
_ that able mineralogist, and.at the house of our cele.
_ brated naturalist, Dr Pallas. He is a little, tight, well
made man, with le enk Serine tied behind, a Peete

aS,

+
TY

|
”

ropean in Petersburgh ; as what he could: have saved
from the wreck of his-fhip must long ago have been:
“worn out. We were all surprised at the degree of.
knowledge he pofsefsed, considering his line of life and’
‘country ; for example, in the hot house of my friend:
Pallas, he pointed out to us the plants that were na-

69 letter from Arcticus.- May 16,
at home (Mr Laxmann’s) in making out charts of his
country, particularly of the district from which he
sailed. ‘

These were much in the stile of the Chinese*. He
had saved from the wreck a couple of books; one
he said was a sort of historic and geographic
work, the other on religion. He spoke the Ruf-
sian language to make him be understood, and seem-
ed all that Lisippe describes him, for gentlenefs of
character and manners ; in fhort his whole pleasure,
when at home, seemed tolie in his pipe, books, and
charts. Her imperial majesty has ordered him to be
carried home at her expence, in a vefsel fitted out at -
Ohotfk, and Mr Laxmann’s son is to accompany him,
and to see him safe to Japan. You know the cause
of the uncommon phenomenon ef seeing a Japanese in
Petersburgh, as his misfortunes have been told in
different languages, and most certainly in English.
He sailed from Japan, in a vefsel of which he was
proprietor, loaded fortunately with rice to supply
himself and crew with food, during the incredible
time his vefsel was the sport of the winds without a
rudder, before he was fhipwrecked on one of the Fox
istands, where he dwelt long with the Rufsians, till
brought to Kamtchatka. Since his entrance into the
empire, he has resided chiefly with Mr Laxmann at Ir-
kutfk, together with his remaining crew, one of
which only was here with him. During this visit
of My Laxmann, I received, amongst some other cu-
rious fofsils, mostly his own discoveries in Siberia, a
specimen of green jade, transparent in thin pieces,

* Ave any of these charts. preserved ? Could a copy.of them be got
J hoyld deem it a particular favour ta have one. Edit.

-

17092. letter from Arcticus. 62
which Mr Laxmann afsures me is, or was employed in
lieu of iron, by all the inhabitants ofthe Pacificocean,
before supplied with that useful metal by the circumna~
vigators. He said the Tchutfke likewise had their
arms and utensils made of it,before they were supplied
bythe Rufsians, and that stillevery msancarries apiece,
of it about him as a whetstone or hone. This must
be what was erroneously termed green talc in the vey-
ages of our navigators, a stone much too soft for
such purposes, although of the same gents *.

As to the Kamtchatka expedition, conducted by ouz
countryman Billings, little can be said till the result

.of the whole be given to Europe by the command of

her imperial majesty.

In the mean time the public are acquainted with
the failure of the first object proposed, vzz. to make
a tour by landor water from the mouth ofthe Kuluma
round the Tchutfkoi Nofs to Kamtchatka. By sea, the
same icy barrier which prevented the further advance-
ment of the great and intrepid navigator Cook, in one
direction, equally prevented that of his pupil Billings
in another ; nor was the practicability of surveying the
coast by landfoundlefs difficult than by sea; so that, af-
ter ascertaining thelongitude and latitude of afew pla-
ces, he proceeded to execute the second part of his in-
structions, vzz. to proceed by sea on a voyage of dis-
covery, by the old beaten track, with two vefsels built
at Ohotfk, one of which he had the misfortune to lose
on setting out, on the Kamtchatka coast, and was obli-

* I have seen several specimens of the same stone instruments brought
from the soath seas, and agree with my correspondent ia thinking it can-
not with any degree of propriety be cated tale, _ Edit,

64 letter from Arcticus. — May 16,
ged to make his cruise alone, from which he returs
ned last year, and is supposed to have sailed again
this year; he may pofsibly build another consort
in place of the one lost, on the continent of America,
where wood proper for the purpose is so plentiful.

Since the publication of the valuable voyages and
maps of captain Cook, and his able afsistants, a-chart
has been given in Rufsia of these seas, coasts, We.
so well surveyed by that great seaman, wherever he:
could penetrate. The principal changes I have re-
marked, are, thatthe island captain Cook called Clerk’s,
and the Rufsians, Sind’s, from the first discoverers, is’
not one, but a group of islands, composed of one great,
and five small ; a circumstance which the Britifh na-
vigator’s course and distance did not permit him to.
ascertain. ‘ The other principal differences between
the Rufsian and Britifh charts are,that partof the coast
of America, forming a triangle, bounded on Cook’s:
maps by Point Banks, Cape Grenville, and Gape Tri-
nity, is an island, named by the Rufsians Kihtak, se-
parated from the continent by navig»ble straits, affor-
ding good harbours mn their course.. The Rufsians
not only.afsert that they had a place of trade at
Kihtak (discovered to be an island by Imuloff whom
Cook saw at Alaska,) but that they saw from their
station his vefsel pafs hy, when he first surveyed it,
and that their trade is, and was, carried on with a
people called Kenai, who came down Cook’s river for
that purpose.

lf this be admitted, it will account in a much easier
and fhorter manner for the iron, and European beads:
found with the people of that part of the coast of

ia

ee ee
ae":

£792. sympathy of animals. ~ 63
America, than the long course of barter ‘by which
our navigators supposed they might be pafsed from
tribe to tribe, from Hudson’s bay or the Spanifh
settlements then known. ARCTICUus.

Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

1y a work which tends, in so ample a manner, to dif.
fuse useful and entertaining instruction, to inspire
with a desire to investigate nature; and, under your
impartial and discriminating management, to pro-
‘mote the expanse of genius, I beg you would insert,
for the entertainment of the curious and the specula-
‘tion of the philosopher, the following singular in-
‘stance of antinatural affection I may call it, which
very lately oceurred, and which can be well authen-

ticated, and oblige, Sir,

Your humbie servant and reader,
¢ PaTRIEIWUs.
_—

‘A FRIEND of mine who enters into the researches of
nature with activity, happened very lately to be pay-
ing a visit to a gentieman of independent fortune and
respectability in a neighbouring county to Ayr, when,
among other subjects of a like, nature that were in-
troduced, several instances of uncommon affection,
manifested by animals of the brute creation, towards

others of a different species, were enumerated; and,

among the rest, the extraordinary instance of a cat
(which belonged to the gentleman of the house, ) ex-
‘tending its maternal care to a poor solitary caicken,

which having, by mistake, been placed along with

64 detached remark. May 16.
some duck eggs, had, agreeably to nature, made its
appearance in the world a considerable time before
its companions; and as the cat had formerly given
proofs of, I may say, a kind of philanthropic dispo-
sition, had been intrusted to its care. When my friend
was there, the chicken was about a fortnight old;
and had been nursed with a great deal of tendernefs
and care by its affectionate foster mother. When-
ever it manifested an inclination to go out to feed, or
again to benefit by the genial heat fhe afforded, fhe
immediately put her body in the most favourable pos-
ture. This must appear very extraordinary, when
we consider that a catis, by nature, of all animals the
most sullen and deceitful ; and is pofsefsed of an inhe-
rent enmity to all the feathered tribe. It will be
difficult to account for so many different principles
actuating the same animal. Can we suppose that
that noble chivalry, that generous sensibility, talked
of with such rapture by that profound orator Mr
Burke, but is now, alas ' lost to France, after having
been neglected, or discarded by mankind, can be ex-
tending itself to animals of an inferior nature; or,
that the words of the scripture are likely to be ful-
filled, and that the age is approaching when the
jamb will be found along with the wolf, and the wolf
with the lamb? This is certainly an improving age.

—_—_——e
DETACHED REMARK.

Ir must be confefsed, that to embellifh the form of
nature is at least an innocent amusement ; and some
praise is due to him that does his best endeavours
to join pleasure with profit.

a

POETRY.

‘THE WAIL OF ELVINA. AN ODE.

For the Bee.

“W a asr time the soft ey’d star of eve
“Gleam’d on the gently trembling wave,
From Bara’s isle the sighing gale

Wafted Elvina’s rueful wail :

Forlorn, her lovely locks the tore,

And pour’d her sorrows on the desart fhore.

© Ye rocks,” fhe cried, © ye fhelving caves,
“© Whose sides the briny billow laves;

‘ © Ye cliffs far frowning o’er the deep,
€ Ye lonesome isles,—to you I weep;
y ¢ Far distant from my father’s halls,
a © The tow’rs of Moran and my native walls.
‘
} © O Moran are thy warriors fled !
2 © Dismal and dark their narrow bed;
-! € Silent they sleep,—the north wind, cold,
; * Blows dreary o’er their crumbling mold;
h 6 Silent they sleep, no dawning day
5 « Visits the grave, or wakes their fhrouded clay.

-At dead of njght a cry was heard,

« O why was Moran unprepar’d!

“ No watchman on the castle wall,

€ No wakeful warrior in the hall;

« At dead of night the crafty foe

« Rufh’d from the main, and struck the vengeful blow

€ To arms! cried Moran, but in vain!
“€ L-saw my warlike brothers slain!
* ¢ I saw my father’s bosom gor’d5
oe ¢ By Cadwal’s num’rous host o’erpow’r'd
© He fell; and from the gufhing wound,
a “ Recking and red, his life blood stream’d around.

€ Mingling with Smoke I saw the fire

‘* Along the rending walls aspire 5

* Now rage impetuous in the hall, +

« (1 heard the crafhing rafters fall!)

* Now o’er the roof and turrets high,

art blazes fierce and furious to the fky !
VOL. ix, I t

66

~

poetry. May x6.

«© © sparea helplefs maiden, spare 5

€ The orphan’s piteous pleadings hear !

¢ They bore me thence.—My streaming eyes
© Beheld these awful cliffs arise:

© Foul ravifher!——Ye rocks, ye waves,

© O save me, hide me in your lonely caves!

¢ Foul ravifher!—yet pale dismay

« And vengeance mark thee for their prey!
©Unnerv’d, appall’d by conscious fear,

« Remorse fhall drive thee to despair;

« My spirit, wailing in the blast,

« Shall fhake the counsels of thy guilty breast.”

?Twas thus the wail’d,—tilly by degrees,
The voice came broken in the breeze:
The seaman, piteous of her woe,
‘Turn’d to the hore his friendly prow; : |
Beat long, alas! ere dawn of day,
The voice grew weak, and feebly died away.
A. L.

—

SONNET.

Sor as the dew drop to the vernal rose,
'Is tender pity to the aching heart;

Ev’n while the bitter tide of sorrow flows,
Friendfhip a balmy cordial can impart,
If not to heal, to mitigate the smart.

But who is he, regardlefs of distrefs,

Who views the tear, and hears unmov’d the sigh;
Who uses lawlefs powers to opprefs ?

His name I rightly deem is cRUELTY :

May innocence from him by instinct fly!

For does the butcher’s harden’d heart relent
At the mild bleatings of the patient lamb?

Or the fierce wolf his bloody feast prevent,
At the dumb anguish of the trembling dam?

TO PEACE,

Cexrsstrat Peace! from thy abode descend,
And all the habitable world befriend.

No more let nation, fill’d with ’vengeful ire,
>Gainst nation rise, ‘with ravaging desire;

Let troublous Discord haste, with rapid flight,
To the dark regions of eternal night

¥792: * on the prince of Denmark, 67
————————— eS
A CHARACTER OF THE PRINCE OF DENMARK.
Continued from p. 40.

Tuz above is the substance of several communications
from an ingenious correspondent at Copenhagen. But as-
it is always satisfactory to hear different opinions on the
same subject, I subjoin with pleasure the follewing cha~
factersof the prince of Denmark, drawn by another gentle~
man in the capital of Denmark.

* For the liberty we enjoy we are entirely indebted
to our prince royal, who I can, with the greatest justice,
ealla free born Englifhman. I do not give you his cha-
racter from mere report, but as I have found it to be..
He is sincere, steady, and free ; not rafh in promising, but:
scrupulously attentive to perform what he has once said..
In transacting businefs he is candid and open,—hears with
attention,—is. not fond of too much elocution, but. wilhes ta-
have free and candid discufsion, and directly to the. point.
in hand. His hour of audience is five o’clock in the after--
noon. In one word, the prince royal of Denmark is a:
character that would fhine in private life. As a prince,,
his time is spent for the public good ;. and the enormous:
expences that other princes ef Europe heap daily upon.
their subjects are by him spared. He is. a pattern of
ceconomy to his subjects, and appears to me to model:
after the late king of Prufsia. Since he came to act ins
government, which was in 1784, he has done more than
the most sanguine could have expected, and which-is only.
the ground work of what in future may be hoped for. The
alterations necelsary ia. Denmark were so. great and nu-
merous, that precaution, patience, and steady perseverance
alone, could effect them. ‘These he began when he was
i @ manner a child, and in. that. line he has steadily perse-.

68 on thé prince of Denmark. May 16.
vered. What may not therefore be hoped from him,
when his judgement is thoroughly ripened by experi-
ence ?

‘ The prince is an early riser. In the morning he
goes onthe parade, after which, if businefs permit, he either
walks or rides out. The court sits down to dine at two
o’clock, all is over by four, and, if not too long detained
in the audience chamber, he goes twice a week to the play-
house. His majesty is generally there Tuesdays, Thurs-
days, or Fridays. The play is commonly finifhed by
nine o’clock, except on particular occasions,—all is huth.
in the palace by eleven o’clock.

‘ Count Bernstorff, as minister for foreign affairs, is
well known all over Europe, for his knowledge and per-
spicuity in doing businefs. Count Schimmelman, finance
minister, has perhaps the most arduous tafk to perform of
any man in Denmark. The finances of this country, from
a series of events, which would be tediousto repeat, and un-
interesting to your. readers, have been long in disorder.
The revenues, though sufficient, have not been applied to
effective purposes. Hence the crown has been obliged to
contract foreign debts. When disorder happens at the
fountain, the branches cannot be free. Ii we suppose,
therefore, that before the prince royal took an active part
in the government, that these evils ‘ had increased, were
increasing, and ought to be diminifhed,? is it to be won-
dered at, that Count Schimmelman, who was at that time
called to be finance minister, fhould become an object of
public raillery. Those who derived no emoluments from:
the abuses, think he has done too little, while those who
profited by them, think he has done a great deal too much.
An angel in that situation could not have escaped re-
proach. His tafk was a most difficult one to perform;
and there are circumstances that have rendered the tafk
still more difficult, which I thall explain at another time.

ay

1792. on the prince of Denmar?. 6a

‘ Count Reventlow is an able afsistant to the finance mi-
nister, though in a difierent department. He is a man of
a clear judgement and steady application. Itis to himin pact.
we owe the riew regulations respecting the boors, which
do honour to his feelings 2s a man, and his judgement as a
minister.

‘ The arts, manufactures, and trade, have been deemed
below the notice of gentlemen in Denmark. Agricul-
ture must of course fhare the same fate. It is, however,
with pleasure I inform you, there is an appearance of a
happy alteration in favour of these useful, and hitherto ne-
glected profefsions. A superficial education has been.
the only accomplifhment ofa gentleman. To talk French,
German, a little Englifh,—to be able to dance gracefully,
and play at cards, were all the requisites necefsary. To
be acquainted with mankind, to know themselves, their
own, or any other country, absolute folly. People of
quality supposed those under them an inferior kind of
beings, created for their purposes. ‘Lhe change which is.
daily observable in these opinions, origitiates with the
prince royal, whose opinion appears to be, that actions, not
rank, dignify the character.’ '

Thus far my ingenious correspondent, whose farther re-
marks on that country fhall be reserved till another occasi-
on. May this prince be preserved from the hands of the
afsafsin, and long be spared to add to the happinefs of his
people, and the prosperity of his country!

ANECDOTE.

Ay American loyalist, who had been afked to purchase 2
ticket for general Burgoyne’s benefit, at one of the theatres
in London—replied—‘ I have paid enough for his.sword in
America,—and am determined to give nothing for his pen
in England,

40 cstate of New South Wales. May re,

AUTHENTIC ADVICES FROM SYDNEY COVE,
NEW SOUTH WALES.

Being an extract of a letter obligingly communicated to the Editor
by a gentleman of emmence in Britain.

March 24. 1791.

Ty my last to you, by way of Batavia, I endeavoured to
inform you of our wretched situation here; and aequain-
ted you, that we had unanimously resolved to lengthen
éut the scanty remains of our provision, by our united ex-
ertions, in gardening, fifhing, Oc._ By the diligent use
of such means, we did not despair of being able to hold.
cut until the supply fhould return from Batavia.

‘ But we had dropped all thoughts of receiving any re-
lief from England for some considerable time; as we
judged such fhips as might have sailed for this port were
unfortunately lost.

‘ Our savings in the public store were but very smalt
from all we could do, but still we continued chearful, hg
determined to persevere.

‘We were preparing to commemorate the birth day of
our royal master, with his excellency the governor, when,
about three in the afternoon, of the 3d of June, the flag,
at the entrance of the harbour, was displayed, as a signal
for a sail in sight; and in the evening of the same day
the fhip Lady Juliana came safely to an anchor in thé
lower part of the harbour.

‘ The glad tidings were soon commynicated through our
little town, and received with great joy and gratitude.
And our pleasure was increased from the afsurance give
us of his majesty’s perfect recovery, from a late ee
and almost fatal illnefs.

« A day of thanksgiving to God for his happy recovery:
was ordered te be given here; and an addrefs was drawm

T7792. stateof New South Wales. 5
‘up, to which we almost all signed our names, and presented
it to the governor to be forwarded to England.

‘ We are now informed that his majesty’s fhip Guardian
had struck an island of ice on her pafsage hither, and with
the utmost difficulty returned back to the Cape of Good
Hope, with the lofs of some lives, all the cattle, and the
greatest part of both public and private property.

‘ This unfortunate accident, which happened in December
1789, confirmed our suspicions of some mischance interve-
ning, and reducing us to the severe distrefses which we'suf-
fered. ,

‘The Lady Juliana had on board two hundred and
twenty-five female convicts, with two years provisions for
them only. So that, saving the good tidings of other fhips
being forwarded in their pafsage here, we had little to ex-
pect from any relief-fhe could give us. They were re-
markably healthy throughout the voyage, most likely from
the judicious plan of affording them tea, sugar, and soap,
with frequent refrefhmhents by the way. Cleanlinefs and
comforts ought to be attended te rigidly on a pafsage so
. distant and dangerous as this is, as many lives will certain-
ly be sacrificed.

‘We were entertaining-ourselves with the abundance of
news which had transpired, and anticipating the arrival of
supplies, which we were given to understand could not
be far distant, when, on Sunday the 20th of June, the Jus-
tinian of London, arrived safe in the cove, after a pafsage
of five months, only, loaded with provisions for the settle-
ment.

‘ This seasonable relief brought us full allowance, and
dispelled that gloom, .and fear of famine, which had been
likely to visit us.

“By this thip,-we learned, that part of a corps, raised for
the service of this country, were forward on their paisage,

72 state of New South Wales. May 16.
jn three transports, having on board a considerable body
of convicts. And that the major commandant would
fhortly follow in his majesty’s fhip, Gorgon, with the re-
maining part of the troops.

‘'The marines, who are to be relieved by the new corps,
feel great satisfaction at the prospect of getting home; but
they are surprised to hear, that the cause of their being
relieved is attributed to disagreements among the ofh-
cers.

‘That very unpleasant differences have taken place be-
tween their commandant and the governor, we are all well
aware of. Who is right, or who wrong, will certainly
hereafter be made known. But it is a grievous hardfhip,
that unconcerned individuals fhould, by misrepresentation,
be involved in such affairs, or be deprived of that merit
which is so dearly bought by their services in this coun-
try.

‘Much credit is due to Mr Meitland, the master of the
Justinian, for his expedition on the voyage, which he afsu-
red us would have been completed in four months, but
for the untoward. and boisterous weather he met with on
this coast.

‘ This fhip was followed by the Surprise, on the 26th of.
June, and by the Neptune, and Scarborough transports,
on the 29th, all of them after a pafsage of little more than
five months.

‘The Neptune ethbarked two officers of the troops, and
forty-two soldiers, four hundred and thirty-three male
convicts, seventy-eight females, six convicts wives, free wo-
men, and thirteen children. They lost on the pafsage one
hundred and sixty-two, and landed two hundred and sixty-
nine sick at the hospital.

‘The Surprise had on board two officers and thirty-eight
troops, one of whom died on the pafsage, and two hundred

a

3792. state of New South Wales. "3

and fifty-two male convicts, forty-two of whom died cn
the pafsage, and one hundred and twenty-six were landed
at the hospital.

‘ The Scarborough had two officers, and thirty-four sol-
diers,.and two hundred and fifty-six male convicts, sixty-
eight of whom died on the pafsage, and ninety-six were
Janded sick at the hospital. And in spite of every effort
to relieve the afflicted, one hundred and twenty-four of
them have since fallen victims to disease.

‘ It was fhocking to behold the deplorable condition to
which the poor wretches were reduced by dysentery and
scurvy. The liberal supply of hospital stores enabled
us to afsist them with some comforts as well as medicines.
But the miserable state to which they had been reduced,
by perpetual confinement below, throughout the palsage,
put it beyond the power of art to restore many of them.

‘ The sole, direction of them on board was left to the
masters of transports, who, either from inclination, or a
want of knowledge, denied them those indulgences which
might have been a mean of preserving their health, or at
least of preventing so great a mortality.

‘ The Justinian and Surprise were ordered to be cleared
as fast as pofsible, that they might carry a supply of stores,
and an additional number of people, to Norfolk island.
We entertained many doubts with respect to their situation
at that place ; and, unfortunately for us, we had no prospect
of making ourselves acquainted with their state before the
seturn of the supply from Batavia, as the fhips, on clearing
at,that part, were to proceed immediately to China.

‘I fhall not attempt to describe the confusion that ex-
sted at that time in our colony,

‘The governor now perceived the necefsity of providing
habitations for the people that had disembarked, as well
as those that were expected soon to follow. For the
jittle conveniences that had been raised, chiefly at the ex-

VOL, ix, nN +

44 state of New South Wales. May 16.
pence and labours of the first colonists, were every where
crowded by the new comers, both bond and free. And
it was said that no houses could be considered as the pri-
vate property of any individual on the settlement.

‘ Our new guests exprefsed great concern at not
finding every thing here in a very prosperous state; they
had been led to believe that matters were in a very fair
train, and that plenty of conveniences were ready for
their reception at landing ; but they found quite the con-
trary to be the case.

‘ His excellency has ordered a town to be erected as fast
as pofsible at Rosehill, and has employed all the artificers
on that duty. They have already got up about an hun-
dred huts, of one story, twenty-five feet long, by twelve
broad each. The streets are to be two hundred feet wide*,
and each hut is to be furnifhed with some garden ground
backwards. Upon the whole, the plan seems to be made
the most regular of any yet laid down at this place.

‘ Since the arrival of fhips, the following terms have been
offered to settlers, vz.

‘To every non-commilsioned officer, an allotment of one
hundred and thirty acres of land if single; and of one
hundred and sixty acres if married.

‘ To every private soldier, an allotment of eighty acres
if single, and of one hundred if-married. And an allot-
ment of ten acres of land to every child of such non-com-
‘mifsioned officer, or private soldier, as may choose to
settle. Such allotments to be free of all fees, taxes, quit-
rents, and other acknowledgements, for the space of ten
“years, but after the expiration of that time, to be liable to
an annual quit-rent of one fhilling for every fifty acres.

‘ His majesty has likewise willed that a bounty of three
sounds per man be offered to each non-commifsioned officer

* How will the grafs be prevented from growing in them? Edit.

_—"

$792. state of New South Wales. 46,
or private man, who may be disposed to continue in this coun-
try, and inlist in the corps appointed for the service of New
South Wales. And fhould their behaviour be good, they
fhall, after a farther service of five years, be entitled to a
double proportion of land, that would be granted them,
provided they quit the service, at the relief of the marines,
free of all taxes, fees, quit-rents, doc. for the space of fifteen
years, subject, however, after that time, to the same ac-
knowledgements as before.

* His majesty has also willed, as a farther encou-

“ragement to the above description of mien, that, upon

their being discharged or relieved, or after a farther ser-
vice of five years in the new corps, they thall receive, out
of the public stores, a proportion of clothing for one year,
together with a suitable proportion of seeds and grain for
the tillage of land, and a proportion of tools and imple-
ments proper for their use, for that time. And when any
of them can feed and clothe such a number of convicts
as may be judged necefsary for their use, for the time be-
ing, to.afsist them in clearing and cultivating the land,
the service of such convicts fhall be afsigned to them.
‘No proposal has been made to-any of the officers, civil,.
or military, nor do I hear that any of those to whom
they have been made, have as yet resolved on accepting:
them.
‘The country, from all we have yet been able to ob-
serve, is not by any means favourable to our withes. Some:
of the free men, who are considered as judges in farming,,
report the land at Rosehill to be light and sandy, and:
equal to such as would be let for fifteen thillings an acre,.
within three miles of Lewes in Sufsex ; but at a distance
from a market town not above halfas much. And, ow
making a calculation of the average price of land about.
High Wycomb, in Bucks, they find, by three or four thou-
sand acres, that it lets, on an average, at 19s: and Gd..

46 state of New South Wales. May 16.
per acre, not more. ‘The tenant, besides, pays the churclt
and poor rates; the poor rates amount to about rs’ and 6d.
the church to about 8s. in the pound; this land is much
better than the average land about Rosehill.

‘ These circumstances, added to the scarcity of frefh water,
want of cattle, and the proper means of agriculture, to-
gether with the bad returns that have as yet been obtained
from the different crops, are, I think prognostics, that
very little advantage can be obtained from this country ;
or that it can maintain its new inhabitants, within a great
length of time, and without a very great expence to the
nation, '

‘ The return of grain this season from Rosehill, which
is the only farm in. cultivation for the public, has not,
from all [ can learn, been more than threefold and an half,
if so much; perhaps in some measure owing to the very
great drought which has prevailed this season.

‘ But it is feared little can be expected from it at best 3.
for the farmer, on the part of government, says he sowed
forty-five bufhels of wheat in maiden land, at that place
last year, and reaped six or sevenfoldonly. He expected
a much better return this season, from the ground being
longer opened, but is disappointed ; and he has since decla-
red, that very little can be expected in future, unlefs
cattle can be procured sufficient to manure it. Two hun-
dred and ninety-three acres of land are now cleared of the
timber at Rosehill, but the roots are all left in the ground ;
a circumstance that must prevent the labouring of the land
by any other means than that of the spade, or hoe, until
they are removed; which is a work I fear cannot be ac-
complifhed.

‘ The coast has not as yet been examined by us farther
to the southward than Botany. Bay, or to the northward,
than Broken Bay. Butseveral excursions have been made
mto the country by some of the officers, whose judgement

1792. state of New South Wales. ry 3
may be depended upon. They all agree in thinking it
unfit for almost any purpose. They have for the most part
found it rugged and unkindly, and complain of a very
great scarcity of water. What they have met with is ge-
nerally contained in stagnant ponds; which seem to be
reservoirs for rain water. Sometimes there is a continua
tion of these for a little distance; and after very heavy
rains they frequently communicate with each other; and
then send forth a stream through some of the adjacent vallies,
which ceasesto run fhortly after the rain has ceased to fall.

‘ It is impofsible to tell what could have occasioned the
description of Botany Bay that appears in the voyages of
captain Cook. ‘The meadow land, after the most minute
investigation, is found to be nothing but a perfect quag-
mire. In fhort so totally different is it from what has been
said of it, that, had it not been for the latitude, and longi-
tude, which are accurately laid down, we fhould not have
known the place, from the account given of it.

‘ Of Norfolk island I can only speak from hearsay.
The return of the supply from Batavia has given us a late
opportunity of knowing something of their state at that
place, which we find to have been much worse than ours
’ before the thips arrived.

‘ And had they not been fortunate enough to save the
greatest part of the provisions from the wreck of the Si-
rius, they would have been left with not more than six
weeks provisions at the utmost, to subsist upon.

* The soil at that place is said te be goad, and the cli-
mate a healthy one. But both the wood, and the flag,
which were so much spoken of, are neither of them objects
of much consideration. ‘The flag grows only on points
jutting out to the sea, and the pine tree, as it is called, is
found to be so brittle as to render it unfit for masts, and
many other purposes.

’

98 state of New South Wales. May 16-

‘ Besides, the necefsity of clearing the island for the
maintenance of its inhabitants, precludes a polsibility of
applying more of the timber than now stands to any pub-
lic purpose, or of cultivating a sufficient quantity of the
flag plant to be of any service.

‘ But to what purpose retain a spot situated in the
middle of the ocean, and at such a distance from England,
when it is seldom pofsible for any vefsel to approach it in
safety, from the dreadful surf which in general lafhes its
fhore ; where there is no kind of fhelter for even a boat,
nor any place of anchorage to be depended upon; and
in fine, whose utmost extent does not exceed five miles
in length and three in breadth ?

© In addition to the wreck of the Sirius, and former lofses
which have happened there, a boat, unloading oe of the
transports, with seven people, was destroyed in the pre-
sence of the inhabitants, who had it notin their power to
give them any afsistance, although within a few yards of the
spot—so suddenly did the surf get up.

* Three years have elapsed, in January last, since our ar-
rival in this country, and saving a chance meal, the chief
of our diet has been salt meat, and that sometimes in very
reduced quantities.

“© The state we were in when the dispatches went from
this place in the Supply, sternly threatens us again ; there
being no more than seven months provision now in store,
at the present allowance, which must, in the course of a
month, if no fhip’ arrive, be reduced to two-thirds, and
fhortly after that to one half, (or perhaps lefs,) if no re-
hef appear.

‘ We have little to look to from our granaries ; and the
ive stock, which consists of goats, pigs, and poultry, are:
so degenerate, and few in number, from want of food,

that the whole would not afford the colony two days. sub~
sistence,

a

7702. state of New South Wales.

* What can have become of the Gorgon with major Grose
and the rest of the troops, baffles all conjectures ; the de-
tachment under captain Nepean, have been here now eight
months, in daily expectation of their arrival. I am afraid it
is our fate to be very unfortunate.

‘ The new corps seem to-have come out without being
well acquainted with their situation at this place ; it is
said they are to pay threepence fer day for their ratian,
and to have no spirits allowed them; if so, their case is
pitiable. 4 i

‘ It is probable government does not intend to continue
the allowance of spirits any longer, for except a three
months proportion which has lately been served, there has
not been any ifsued for eight mcnths past. The soldiers
feel the want of that article very much, as they live
but poorly, and have been long accustomed to the use of
it. :

* Much cannot be said respecting the natives; their
wretched manner of life is a proof, among the many others,
of the wretchednefs of their country. They have lately
been persuaded to trust themselves amongst us, and their
desire for food, without being.at the trouble of collecting
it, has induced them to continue their intercourse.

‘ Previous however to this connection, his excellency,
from reposing too great confidence in them, had nearly
Jost his life by a wound from one of their spears, and his
game-keeper has since been killed by one of them, at Bo-
tany Bay. ‘These are, I think, the only accidents that
have happened lately, and I think it is likely our attention
to them wili be the means of preventing any happening in
future.

* Five convicts, who had previously furnifhed themselves
with a few provisions and necefsaries, made their escape
from this place in a small open boat. We apprehend their

Bo to correspondents. May 16,
intention was to reach some of the East India islands; but
they were, upon the whole, so badly appointed, that it is
very improbable they could have survived long.

* Detaining and punifhing the convicts for attempting to
get away, after their terms of transportation have expired,
has occasioned much murmuring and discontent among
them, and will, no doubt, impel them to attempt their li-
berty, however dismal or distant the prospect of obtaining
it may be.

‘IT send this by Mr Morgan, surgeon of his majesty’s fhip
Sirius, who returns to England in the Dutch vefsel that
brought us a little better than two months provisions from
Batavia. He is a young gentleman of approved charac-
ter and merit.

‘ If you condescend to receive this, and give him a hear-
ing, you will receive a very just account of our situation
in this colony.

‘ Much also may be expected from captain Hunter,
whose virtue and integrity is as conspicuous as his merit ;
and his officers, who are for the most part men of respec-
table characters, can, from real experience, describe the
steril territory of New South Wales.’

TO CORSESPONDENTS.

‘Tue verses by E. I. O.arereceived. It is with regret the Editor finds
himself unable to insert one half of the pieces with which he is favoured 5
and he fears that, on account of the number and importance of his prose
‘communications, he will be under the necefsity rather of curtailing than
‘of augmenting the limits appropriated to poetry. May he once more re=
quest of his poetical correspondents to try always to perfect their pieces in-
‘to gems. It is in this way only they can insure their insertion.
The verses by J, are received and under consideration.

*.* Acknowledgements to other correspondents, in absence

of the Editor, deferred.

eee
ea ee
os
Sa

sins 75° |
ee
THE BEE,

OR

LITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

POR

WeEPNEsDAY, May 23. 1792.

THE LEMING, or tartann MARMOT.

y our northern climates we can scarcely form a8
idea of the terrible nature of those plagues of ver-
min which distrefsed Egypt ; but in warm climates,
the ravages committed by insects and vermin are
well known, and terrible. Whole countries have
been often laid desolate by locusts ! nota green thing
left for the subsistence of man or other animals ; and
extensive regions are totally uninhabitable by reason
.of the swarms of flies which there abound. With
aus, rats and mice sometimes become a little trouble-
some ; but, compared with the vermin of warm cli-
mates, these would be accounted nothing. The /e-
ming is the only animal in cold regions, which is ever
VOL. ix. L ¢

82 on the Lapland marmot. “May 23.
known to produce ravages, that can in. any respect
be compared with those of the torrid zone,

This surprising animal is found only in the north-
ern parts of Europe and Asia. It is sometimes seen
in Norway, Sweden, and ‘Lapland, bursting forth
from its concealed retreats, like.a mountain torrent
surmounting its banks by a thunder fhower, and
overspreading a vast extent of couptry, carrying
ruin and ‘desolation wherever it goes, Fortunately
its appearance is only periodical, and not very fre-
quent, or these regions, which in other respects are
inhospitable to man, must have been totally abandon~
ed.by him. As the retreats where they inhabit for
ordinary, and where they breed, have not hitherto
been fully explored by any naturalist, and as their
irruptions are so sudden, and their numbers so great
as to exceed imagination, we cannot be surprised at
the ignorant natives seriously believing that they are
generated in the clouds; from whence it has been
supposed they are poured down in fhowers ef rain,
Myriads of them march together; and, like a tor-
rent which nothing can resist, their course is mark-
ed with ruin and desolation ;—neither fire nor water
prevent their progrefs. They go streight forward,
in regular lines, about three feet asunder, and genes
rally in a south-east direction. They swim acrofs
jakes and rivers,—no opposition impedes them. If
thousands are destroyed, thousands supply their pla.
~ ees,—the void is quickly filled up, and their number -
does not appear to be diminifhed. They persist in
their course, in spite of every obstacle ; and, if pre-
yented from proceeding, they either by afsiduity sur
mount it, or die in the attempt. Their march is

1792. on the Lapland marmot. 83
‘mostly in the night. They rest during the day, and
devour every root and vegetable they can meet with.
They infect the very herbage ; and cattle are said to
perith, that feed upon the grafs they have touched.

' An enemy so numerous and so destructive, would
soon render the country they pafs through utterly
uninhabitable, did it not fortunately happen, that the
same rapacity that excites them to lay waste the pro-
‘ductions of the earth, at last impels them to destroy
one another. Having nothing more to subsist on,
they are said to separate into two armies, which en-
gage with the most deadly hatred, and continue fight-
ing and devouring each other till they are all entirely
destroyed. Thousands of them have been found
dead ; and the air, infected by their putrid carcases,
has sometimes been the occasion of malignant dis-
tempers. Great numbers of them are likewise de-
stroyed by foxes, lynxes, weasels, and other beasts
of prey, which follow them during their march.

The leming is somewhat lefs than the rat ; its
head is pointed; and in each jaw ate two very long
cutting teeth, with which it bites keenly; its ears
are fhort, eyes small, legs slender, and those before
fhorter than the hind; the colour of the head, black
and tawny, disposed in irregular patches ; the belly,
white, tinged with yellow; it runs very swiftly.—
Fortunately none of them have ever heen seen in
Britain; and as it never becomes. an intimate with
man, like the rat, our insular situation will prevent
us from ever experiencing the scourge of this dimi-
‘nutive ravager.

. Though perfectly disgusting to other people, its
flefh is said to be eaten by the Laplanders. Probably

*

84 on manufactures« May 23
necefsity has taught them this lefson, in the same
way that the inhabitants of some southern countries
have been constrained to feed upon locusts themselves,,
after these had eaten up all their other provisions, _

Where these numerous tribes of animals are bred
and collected, as has been already said, is not certain-
ly known. Linneus says they are produced among
the Norwegian and Lapland Alps; and Pontoppidan
supposes that Kolin’s rock, which divides Nordland
from Sweden, is their native place, But wherever
they come from, none return. Their course is pre-
destinated ; and they pursue their fate.

Such is the best account that can as yet be obtain-
ed of this singular animal: Probably, as its natural
history comes to be better known, some abatement
may be made from the marvellous part of it. Though,
as it attracted the attention of the great Linnzus, we
must rest satisfied that the leading traits of this ac-
count are just.

* * It is proposed, in the course of this work, to
give, from time to time, accounts of the most re-
markable objects that occur in the walk of natural
history, accompanied with figures of such as are,
uncommon, executed by that ingenious artist, Bewick
of Newcastle.
re

-ON MANUFACTURES.
Lo the Editor of the Bee.
Sir, Banks of the Tay, March 3. 1792.
I nave long been desirous that the rapid progrefs that
‘vice and difsipation have of late years made in this

1792. on manufactures. 8¢

country, by means of the great spread of manufac+
tures, had, in some very particular manner attracted

the attention, and engaged the pens of your corres-

pondents, as your respectable publication is so well

fitted to convey useful information through so many

quarters of the world.

. It was-with particular pleasure, that, under date of
February twelvemonth, I read some very judici-

ous observations on this subject by one of your cor

respondents, in an attempt to fhew the advantages ac»

cruing to the country at large, to private families,

and even to individuals, from the general extension
of agriculture, welljconducted, and properly support-

ed. I sincerely with him succefs in his laudable en-

deavours to put his. fellow citizens on their guard

against their so generad/y going into the present rage

for manufactures, pointing out to them the pernicious

tendency of too ardent a pursuit after riches, honours,

and pleasure, by their means, and, to a large body of
them, opening an avenue that leads to health and real

happinefs.

No person in his right senses will question the
necefsity of calling forth the industry of their coun-
try ; but the danger seems to arise from the giving
that industry too much one direction. On their first
appearance, manufactures afsume a pleasing and a,
smiling fhow ; but as they move on, they collect the
profligate, the daring, and the licentious; till at last,
in an advanced stage, they present to the more
innocent spectators, a spectacle hideous, alarming, and
dangerous. Perhaps the happiest period of any civi-
lized country, is, when its industry is afsiduously

86 on manufactures. May 23.
distributed among the labourers, artizans, merchants,
and all other profefsions useful to society ; and when
it is thought, that, to attain prefetment and respect in
life, requires an attention to those studies that dig-
nify human nature, and a dedication of a greater
length of time to acquire them, than is, in otr pre-
‘sent manufacturing state of society, thought necef-
sary in general to bestow. Education may certainly
be éonsidered as the source of the greatest benefits to
society as well as to individuals, as the earliest im-
prefsions determine the character of man, and ope
rate with good ar bad effect the rest of his life. Whats
ever, therefore, operates so as to fhorten too much
that necefsary and useful period of time that is spent
in acquiring virtuous instruction, or has 2 tendency
to corrupt education itself, is certainly, in the most
alarming degree, hostile to the interests .and happi-+
nefs of mankind.—A too extended manufacture, by
‘giving too early employment to children of both
sexes, of the middling, as well as in the common rank of
life, takes them off too soon, or altogether, from their
schools, where they not only acquired necefsary in—
‘formations, but likewise their habits of order and
subordination, which they naturally carried intg the
world with them, with good effects to themselves and
society.

This state of manufacture, too, lias a certain ten~
dency to corrupt the young mind, as'the first objects
which it presents to the growing pafsions are.for-
tune and greatnefs; and young people, seeing these
obtain but too much the incense and homage of their
parents, and those around them, the consequence is,

:

I7O% | ont manufactures. 84
they either tieglect the virtues, or averlook them, to
elevate themselves to these objects. The more that
manufactures extend themselves, the more they
throw society into an unnatural state, by collecting
them into too large bodies; and as admittance into
these bodies is rather to be attained by :genuity or dex-
terity in some particular manpfacture, than by any test
of moral character, or’mental acquirements, by this
means, the worthlefs. are mixed with the young of
both sexes, who, being without the advantages of an
early education, offer them but too easy means of
debauching, or, by their example, of spreading vici-
ous infection through the whole body.
Manufactures, it is true, bring into society, by means
of diffusing money, a great number of rich indivi-
duals; but the pity is, that bad and mean mem increase
in riches as fast as good men; and ¢hezr riches will
be employed too often for the purposes of seduction,
grofs gratification, and frivolous amusements: We
see that, by means of a neglected education, and
@ loose state of society, they will find a field but too
readily prepared for them to indulge inevery vice. The
more money there is diffused, the more the pafsions are
extended, and the more furious they grow, till at last
acertain foundation is laid for future misery and
wretchednefs, by the sure introduction of vice under
every form,—profligacy, drunkennefs, debility and
disease. '

The limits of your publication confine me to view
my subject as it affects the education and morals of
youth, from facts falling under my own observation ;
the subject is certainly big with importance, and in»

88 on manufactures. —* May 23:
vites to the most interesting discufsion !—Is it pof-
sible for the manufacturing character to prevail among
@ people, but with the general diminution of virtue?
or may the line of manufacture be carried as far as
it will go, and effectual means be devised to counter-
act the many evd/s growing out of it, so detrimental
to that morality which is the support of the society
we live in? To observe the great body of a people,
uniting in the eager pursuit of riches, honour, and
pleasure, by means of an over-extended manufacture,
though at the expence of almost every virtue, would
make a peevifh philosopher decide unfavourably for
human nature, though, I imagine, unjustly. The
progrefs of manufactures being gradual, their effects
on morals are seldom of a direct nature; and, by
that means, they often fail to give to many concerned
in them, that alarm for the diminution of many vir-
tues that are natural to the human heart. The evil,
at some time, must correct itself,_-the bow, when
Strained too much, must break at last. Would it not
then be best to stop at some point? or at any rate to
set about applying remedies to the existing evils
they have already occasioned ; and in some more ef-
fectual/manner than has ever yet been practised, en-
deavour to prevent the new. evils they daily threaten
aus with ? A. Citizen™,

* Nothing can be more just than the pertinent observations of this very
sensible correspondent. In all sublu.iry affairs, there is a mixture of
good and evil to be found ; and it is those alone who are unacquainted with
the world who look for unbounded prosperity, wichout expecting that it
will be attended with corresponding abatements. Energy of mind, when
accompanied with virtuous dispositions, constitutes, as I fhould suppose,
Ahe highest .exaltation of the -humog character; byt in most cases the

B7O2. @ voyage to the Hebrides. 9
ee ee ee ee

A VOYAGE TO THE HEBRIDES.
Continued from p. $7.

Jory 22. Slept on board and sailed in the the mor-
ning through the sound of Scalpa,—becalmed within
eight leagues of Stornaway ;—visited in Seaforth’s boat
Loch Shell, a beautiful small sea loch in Lewes,
svith good jand around it ;—a good station for a fith-
ery; took some large sythe, called lord-fifh, as big
as salmon; the bait cuttle-fifh, at which the sythe
were seen to dart voraciously ten or twelve fathoms
deep in the sea. Slept at sea.

July 23. Reached Stornaway by ten o’clock in the
wmorning. This harbour is very fine and spacious,
inclosed within a safe bay, reaching a mile or two
within the land. A good many trading vefsels
at anchor off the town. Landed at a commo-

very circumstances tnat tend to inspire the mind with energetic ardour,
have as necefsary a tendency to engender vice. The prospect of wealth
and independence inspire energy, though pofsefsion of these, alas! but
too often corrupt the heart. To collect young people together, at an early
period of life, to afsist in the lighter operations of manufactures, frees their
parents of a burden which tends to promote this prosperity; but in these
circumstances one vicious person, like a little leaven in the dough, con-
taminates the whole mafs. Perhaps it is impofsible in these circum-
‘stances to expect to preserve that singlenefs of heart, that innocence, that
purity of manners, which bas so long been characteristic of the lower ranks
-of people in Scotland. While they were bred up in the solitary retreats
-of a country retirement, they were poor, but virtuous. They willnow,
it is to be feared, become rich, or at least debauched and victous. It
would be a happy discovery if a plan could be devised for uniting the
*blefeings of wealth and industry, with the virtues of poverty ; but this, i
fear, can only be expected in the kingdom of U ropa. Edict

YOL. ix. M. t

g0 a voyage to the Hebrides. May 23¢.
dious quay, guns firing, colours displayed, with all
the honours the proprietor could confer on the com-
mittee. The town well laid out and clean. There
are about fifty houses with blue slate roofs, and ma-
ny other good houses, though not quite so elegantly
built and covered. The part occupied by the fifhers,
who are numercus and industrious, is about a quarter
of a mile up in the country, behind the town, and,
with the town, contains nearly 2000 inhabitants. It
has a custom-house and post office ; a packet sails to
-the main land and returns once a fortnight. Pooleu
on the main land, is the place to which it conveys paf-
sengers, goods, and letters, This may be about
forty miles north and west from Invernefs. A small
brook runs on the west side of the town, supplying
the inhabitants with water, its banks form a good
walhing ground, and separates the town from the
fields belonging to Seaforth lodge, where the com-
pany were, during their stay, magnificently enter-
tained by its proprietor.

Nothing can surpafs the beauty of the situation of
this lodge. It is placed on an eminence fronting
‘south, from whence it commands a fine prospect of the
bay, fhipping, harbour, and town. It is surrounded
by some well cultivated fields of rich grafs and corn.
Round the town, to a certain extent, the country is
also well cultivated, and wears a very smiling ap-
pearance. Seaforth has laid out several new streets,
and encourages new settlers both in town and country.
The lots for houses are about goo square yards,
fifteen in front, and sixty deep; feu duty 16.s. 8 d.
yearly. New settlers in the country have some acres

F792. a voyage to the Hebrides. gt
of waste land afsigned them, for which they pay only
one fhilling yearly for the first seven years, but nothing
fixed beyond that period. They land daily there
from other places, bringing the wood of their former
houses along with them, hut themselves and fa-
milies very fast, and in a few years convert the
land into cultivated fields, and make themselves very
comfortable habitations.

Whoever sees the exertions of these poor people,
will hesitate ever after to give his afsent to the gene-
ral character given. to the Highlanders, of their being
a lazy race of people. In the southern counties, where
they come to work, they are more industrious than
the people they come among. Would they not be so at
home with proper encouragement? They seem re-
markably qualified for making waste land fertile, and
surely need not go from home for want of employ-
ment. There are about fifteen decked vefsels be-
long to Stornaway, besides boats and small craft.
Seaforth sent vut two boats’ with small nets which
brought in some of the finest herrings in high season.
Ten or twelve different kinds of fifh, excellent poul-
try, fine mutton and beef at table, with a large com-
pany of the principal inhabitants of the town.

At some distance, north from the town, is Broad
Bay, where there is a great fifhing of salmon, and of
salmon trout ; and an inexhaustible quantity of fhelly
sand for improving the ground. No hme-stone dis-
covered on the island; but Seaforth has some stalac-
titic substances, which argue the presence of that mi-
neral, if well searched for; there is also some ap-
pearance of blue slate. Seafarth has begun a road

92 a voyage to the Hebrides. May 23,
acrofs the island, from Stornaway to the western:
side, which is represented to be naturally the most:
fertile part of it. The island is not disjoined by the
sea. frdm Herries ; they form one island. Séaforth’s
end of it may be about thirty miles long and ten.
broad, at an average. The southern end is very:
mountainous, and reserved for a forest,which abounds.
with red deer: The rest of the island is by no
means. mountainous. It consists of hills of a mode-
rate height, covered with. mofs and heath. The in-
terior parts. are annexed as grazings to the small corn:
farms on the west side ; and of course produce little:
or nothing to the tenants or proprietor. Such indeed
is the effect of building towns, that the town of Stor-.
naway, and the lands about two. miles round it, are:
said to yield a rent to the proprietor greater than all,
the rest.of the island. About 17,000 score of dog-~
fifh are annually caught by the inhabitants of this.
island; these yield near to. L.800 worth of oil. The
fifth is dried without salt in the stacks of corn, and
sold as food for the people at 4d. per score; it 1s.
said not to be a bad fifi. Mr Gillanders junior, fhew=
ed us a. large quantity of very fine, well dried, salted”
cod, in his magazine, fitfor exportation. The filers:
deliver the cod at a certain price, of which they are-
afgsured in the beginning of the season. The mer--
chant takes: his. chance of their sale in the foreign.
markets ;—.saw some otter fkins in the fhops here,
worth, from 10s. to 18s. each.

It is generally said the seasons ate lefs rainy in,
the Hebrides than on the main land, to the westward.
This is more particulerly true, as to the flatter islands,

1792. =a voyage to the Hebrides. OR:
of North and South Uist, and Benbecula, so far as:
we learnt. The winters there, and on the western
coasts of Scotland, are mild, and always. fair, with a
northerly wind,—liittle or no.snow lies—the frosts.
are seldom long or severe. The spring cold, and the
summers, until about the middle of August, not ex-
cefsively rainy. From that period the autumnal
rains set in, and continue almost without interrup-
tion, always endangering the corn, and frequently
destroying it; some of the barley, however, is saved:
before these rains. begin ; and some preserved by the
alacrity and talents of the Highlanders, in weather
which would ruin our crops. Their barns are of
wicker ; into these they carry their corn before it
be quite dry ; the air finding accefs prevents the corm
from spoiling. The duke of Argyll’s barn at In-
verary, is about 300 feet long, supported on wooden
posts, the floor is raised six or seven feet above the:
ground ; between the floor and the ground the hay is
earried as soon as cut, and there it is turned over tilF
dry, and then stacked. The corn is carried into the
barn in the same condition ; each fheaf is hung upon
a separate peg. The barn is full of latticed wooden
windows which admit of the air freely. This may:
be offered as a perfect model for a west country barne.
The expence would soon be saved by the preserva-
tion of the produce of the farms, otherwise exposed
to the greatest danger.

While at Stornaway, the committee held severak
boards on the object of their mifsion, heard many
well founded grievances, on the subject of salt, cus
tom-house clearances, and absurd regulations of the ,

04 a voyage to the Hebrides. May 23
bufs herring fifheries, which can only be remedied
in parliament, where theifeeble voice of the sufferers
can scarcely be heard, amidst the din of more inte-
resting political bustlers. Mr Morison arrived in
his herring bufs, from Tenera in Lochbroom ; and
Mr Shaw with his, from Dunvegan in the isle of
Sky. Their errand was to clear out at the custom-
house of Stornaway for the fifhery ; a voyage which
exposes them to great inconveniency, as a foul wind
may detain them in port till the swarms of herring
have left their coasts. Mr Morison has to come
over from the loch most abounding in herrings, to the
opposite side of the channel, toclear out, and then to
return to the very spot from whence he came before:
he can begin to fih.

July 25. Pafsed the day in walking out and view-
ing the island. Dr Thorkelin set out a-foot amidst
bad weather, and walked fifty miles to see the west
side of the island, which is inaccefsible by any other
conveyance. His object was to view some large cir-
cular stones, said to be the next in size to those at
Stonehenge, and vulgarly called druids temples ; but
improperly, he says, for Sweden and Norway have
many such, where there never was a druid: He says
they are the places of the meeting of the kings, or
public afsemblies for making laws ; that Stonehenge
was probably so written for Stone King.

Opposite side of the island, Roch Rag is situated ;
said to be a fine entrance from the western ocean, and
a good station for the exterior fifhery ; here Seaforth
offered the society a site for a town gratis. It were
to be wifhed the society would accept of all gratis

2792- corn returns. 95
effers, and dot out the ground for people to settle on
them. It is doing a great deal for industry, in so
feudal a country as the Highlands of Scotland, to give
a poor man a spot of ground he can call his own,
howeyer barren, or however small... Remember to
have seen a very neat house, built by a poor man on
the isle of Cannay, ona spot of ground he had ac-
quired by some means, of fourteen feet square.
To be continued.

ON THE CORN RETURNS.

Every one’s interest is no one’s care. PRovERB.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

From what I have seen of your performances, I am
sure the above saying can be by no means applied to
you. For you have often made it appear that the
interest of the public is a considerable article in
the list of your cares. But I am sorry at having
occasion to observe that it is not the case with some
persons, who, being paid by the publick, for .pub-
lick businefs, ought even to make it their own.

You were pleased, some time ago, to favour the
publick with a perspicuous and accurate abstract
of the act pafsed in last sefsion of parliament for
regulating the corn trade ; and, moreover, with some
pertinent animadversions, on the proceedings of gentle-
men in parliament, in the discufsion of that impor-
tant piece of businefs. I, therefore, supposing you
and your readers to be interested in that matter,

take the liberty of remarking the very great errours
that appear jn all the weekly accounts, of the ‘ ave~

96 corn weturns. May 23%
rage prices of corn, publifhed by authority of parlia-
ment,” according to which, the permifsion to the sub-
jects of this free country to eat bread, is given or
withheld. To observethese errours, and to pronounce
that they are a disgrace to those that commit them,
and to the parliament, whose children they are, that
overlooks them, requires only that any person of -
common sense, fhould look at the publication above
cited; but to save youand your readers that trouble,
I hall only quote the following :

Average prices for the week ended April 28. 1792,
of oat meal per boll of 140 1b. avoirdupois.

At Hexham 28 s. 8d. Berwick on Tweed 11s. 9 d.
—both'in Northumberland ; from whence the average
price of that county is made to be 20s. 2d. these
being the only returns inserted of the price of oat meal
for that county.

These two towns are about sixty miles distant ;
would it not be a good trade to buy meal at the one
for 11s. gd. and carry it to the other, and sell it for
28s. 8d. per boll, same weight ?

‘* How can we such absurdities endure !”

Iam your reader, A TRADER*.

* In addition to the above let me add that the average prices of oat
meal, by the~ boll of 140lb. (precisely the Scotch boll of eight stone
sweight) is, at the following places, for the returns of the same week, as
follow, Westmoreland 14s. 7d. and in Herefordfhire 55s. 2d. in Lan-
caster 14.8. 11d. and in Salop sos. 11d. in Chester 15s. 1d. and in
Bedfordfhire 50s. 7d. at Berwick in Northumberland and at Ro/s in Here-
fordfhire, no lefs than 62s. 6d.!!!

It is not my businefs to inquire whence these errors arise; but it is a
matter of too serious importance to sport with the lives of the people, se-»
yeral millions of whom depend upon oat meal for their principal subsis-
tence, not to take notice that these.errors ought to be inquired into, and
instantly corrected, Edit.

T7Q2. .- on. national prejudices, &e. 94 4

‘ESSAY ON NATIONAL PREJUDICES, Wve. &e.

-All-places that the eye of heave visits,
Are jo a wise MAN PorTs and happy havens. SHAKESPEARE.

Sir, ‘To the Editor of the Bee.

Awone all the.famous sayings of antiquity, there is
none that does greater honour to the author, or af-
fords greater pleasure to the reader, than that of the
philosopher, who, being afked ‘ what countryman,
he was,’ replied, that he was

-* A Citizen of the world.’

How few are there to be found in modern times
who can say the same, or whose conduct is consis=
tent with such a profefsion? We are now become so
much Scotchmen, Englifhmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards ,
Dutchmen, Germans, t8c. tc. that we are no longer
‘citizens of the world:’ So much the natives of
one particular spot, or members of one petty society,
that we no longer consider ourselves as the general -
inhabitants of the globe, or members of that grand
society which comprehends the whole human kind.

‘Did these prejudices prevail only among the meaner

sort of people, perhaps, they might be excused, as
they have few, if any, opportunities of correcting»
them by reading, iravelling, or conversing with
foreigners ; but the misfortune is, that they infect
the minds, and influence the conduct, even of our
gentlemen ; of those, I mean, who have every title
to this appellation, but anexemption fram prejudice ;
) swhich, however, in my opinion, ought to be regarded
“VOL. ix. . N +

98 on national prejudices, &c. May 23.
as the characteristical mark of a gentleman: For let
2 man’s birth be eyer so high, his station ever so
exalted, or his fortune ever so large, yet if he is not
free from national, and all ‘other prejudices, I fhould
be bold to tell him that he had a low and vulgar mind,

| and had no just claim to the character ofa géhtle-
man. And, in fact, you will always find that those
are most apt to boast of national merit, who have
little or no merit of their own to depend on; than
which, to be sure, nothing is more natural: The
slender vine twists around the sturdy o#k, for no
other reason in the world but because it has not
strength sufficient to support itself.

Should it be alleged, in defence of national preju-
dice, that it is the natural and necefsary growth of
love to our country ; and that therefore the former
cannot be destroyed without hurting the latter : I any
swer, that this is a grofs fallacy and delusion. That
itis the growth of love to our country I will allow ;
but that it is the natural and necefsary growth of it,
I absolutely deny. Superstition and enthusiasm are
the growth of religion; but who ever took it in his
head to affirm that they are the necefsary growth of
this noble principle? They are, if you will, the bas-

-tard sprouts of this heavenly plant ; but not its natu-
‘al and genuine ‘branches, and may safely enough be
lopped off, without doing any harm to the parent stock;
‘Nay, perhaps, till once they are lopped off, this goodly
tree can never flourifh in perfect health and vigour.

Isit not very pofsible that I may love my own
country, without hating the natives of other coun-
tcies? That I may exert the. most heroic bravery,

1792. criticism by Arcticus. 99
the most undaunted resolution, in defending its laws.
and liberty, without despising all the rest of the
world as cowards and poltroons? Most certainly it is.
And, if it were not, I must own I fhould prefer the
title of the ancient philosopher, vx. ‘ A Citizen of
the world,’ to that of a Scotchman, Spaniard, Ger-
man, or to any other appellation whatever. - With all
due respect, I am,
The world,

Feb. 22. abak

A CITIZEN oF THE WORLD.

CRITICISM BY ARCTICUS.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
I nore the intefdiction you appeared to lay on the
discufsion of the merits of Dr Young’s Night
Thoughts, in your fourth volume, p. 24. was only ap-
plicable to some peculiar circumstance of that sub-
ject alone, and not to others of the same kind; for al-
though pointed severity on living authors ought not
to be admitted into any periodical publication, of the
nature of the Bee, still the works of dead authors al-
ways were, and will be, the lawful game of criticism,
to the great advantage of literature, and instruction of
the public, the bulk of whom must have their judge-
ments directed, or never can a chaste and clafsical
taste generally prevail; wirilst no sort of danger is to
be apprehended from such discufsions, if carried on
with liberality and temper, as truth, like water, will

-

always find its level. However, I do not mean to —

extend my remark to critics and commentators, who
fasten on a book like aleech, and which yau are

Too criticism by Arcticus. May 23:
obliged to buy with it. I mean only that general
species, which a man may answer without writing
a folio on purpose, and finding some’ enterprising or
good natured bookseller to print.

I highly admire the judicious memorandums. and
strictures on men and things, of your sensible laco-
nic Traveller, (see vols. 4th and sth, ) who furnithes an-
other honotrable proof of a just and excellent remark,
that Britain, from the freedom of its constitution, is
a country of characters, which contrast curiously, in
the eyes of the philosopher, with the uniformity of
manners and modes of thinking in a despotic country,,
where the government seems to think for the public
at large.

Brydone, Boswell, Cox, Wraxal, Randolph, Shairp,.
Smollet, t&c. Ge. We. are only so many varieties of
the Britifh character, modified by youth, age, studies, ,
gout, bile, or hypocondria, which I must own amuse
me exceedingly ; and have much the same effect as so-
many pictures by different.masters, who seldom either
see or treat a subject in the same point of view, or
even in the same light and fhade ; so that, although
the observations and strictures of your entertaining
and instructive Traveller are of a superior cast, and.
pofsibly better calculated to please ws square toed fel-
/ows, on mature reflection, than the more light and
lively travellers he is so severe on, still I would be
sorry we were confined to such; or, in other words,
that to enjoy the mature, clear, and logical discufsions
of the bench, we were to be deprived: of the flowery,
variegated, and amusing oratory of the bar, which I
believe'is nearly the case at ifsue, and may ‘serve as

1792. criticism by Meriicus 10
some answer to the more pointed strictures of your
able judge. Permit me, however, to add one other ob-=
servation, which probably may likewise have its
weight, that although a publication like yours offers
a convenient vehicle for wisdom, yet,as books in ge-
neral must make their own way, and baoksellers
their bread, it is pofsible the seria mixta jocis, may
answer these two purposes better than either of them
singly ; especially the first, im this degenerate age,
where alittle laughing puts us in good humour to-
Leceiye graver precepts and observations, which may
be blended with its cause. I fhall- never forget Bry-
done’s painted snow ball in the mouth of the honest:
seaman, (tour to Sicily and Malta,) nor the good hu--
mour with which I accompanied him afterwards to:
see the wonders of mount Etna. and I do not.care a.
farthing whether the tar spit it out or not, and at-
tacked Sir William’s valet for the supposed trick ;
the story was excellent and I give him credit for it.
Pofsibly the same reasoning may be applied to abate
the patriotic exertions of another of your correspon-
dents, Bombardinion, (see vol. iv. page 283.) who is
giving himself no little trouble to sift our libraries
of all those gentlemen who are called great travellers,
from the great events they have witnefsed or heard,
from‘ Herodotus down to the thane of Fife. Now,
Mr Editor, with humble submifsion to your corres-
pondent’s better judgement, and much commendation
of his just rage, it appears to me that captain Boba-
dil’s ancient pistol, Sir John Falstaff, and other great
swaggerers of old, are not without their use on the
little stage ; why then may not a few such gentry be

/

103 en armaments. May 23.
permitted to amuse on the great theatre those who
luxe it? For my own part I never am indisposed,
without calling in with the doctor one of those gentle-
men ; and I really cannot take upon me to say, which
of the two has the greatest hand in the cure ; so that
I entreat you, Mr Editor, to join your influence with
mine, to deprecate the gentleman in favour of, at
least, a few of the great travellers, if you have any
regard for the health of your correspondent,
Imperial cadet corps, - ARCTICUS.

St Peterfourg. pay a
ese
ON ARMAMENTS.

SIR, To the Editor of the Bee.

I wearttty joined with the majority of parliament
in their refusal to pafs a censure on the minister re-
lative to the war with Rufsia ;—a war undertaken
for the best of all purposes, to prevent the balance of
power, which has cost this nation so much blood, and
so much treasure, from being completely oyerturn-
ed.

I am only afraid that even our present minister
dees not sufficiently guard that balance, nor does he
always interfere in its support when that may seem,
necefsary. [need not go about to prove that there.
are yarious ways in which the power of a nation
may be increased beyond that of her neighbours, be--
sides the mere acquisition of a barren, or even of a
fertile territory. Improvements of every. kind do,
in fact, more substantially add to the strength and
importance of a nation, than any enlargement of ter-
ritory whatever. By clearing her waste grounds,
encouraging manufactures, and increasing her trade,

5g. on armaments. = 1oz
a nation may become niore truly and alatmin gly for~
midable, than fhe could by conquering the mighty
émpire of all the Rufsias. But though I never heard’
that our present, or any minister, in order to pre-
serve the balance of power, thought himself autho-
rised to stop, or prevent the improvements of our
neighbours *; yet we seera to have as much right,
and as much interest to say to a nation, ‘ you fhall
not clear a foot of waste ground,’ as we have to say
yi you fhall not conguer a foot of ground.’ The
cases indeed are the same, with this single difference,
that a nation is* generally forced, by the real or pre-
tended injuries of her enemies, to engage in a war ;
and if fhe is in the right, it is but reasonable that fhe
should conquer ;—but improvements are always made
ex proprio motu, and our right to prevent their vo-
duntary operations would seem to be strongest and
best founded.

* Unlefs we include the present war against Tippoo Saib in this num-7
ber; for it is alleged, I believe with great justice, that this ambitious
prince has been, for many years past, so active in improving his countrys
encouraging agriculture, and introducing the manufactures of silk and
cotton into his dominions, and by protecting the poor against the rich, has,
by these wicked arts, fascinated his subjects, stolen the hearts of his people,
and is thus in danger of establifhing a power in India, much more formir
dabls than any thing else that has ever appeared in that part of the world;
#p as to give just reason to fear, that unlefs he fhall be now crufhed, he
willbe able, by these wicked and unlawful arts, to overturn the whole sys-
tem of Eyropean government in India; a government that is founded
upon principles much the reverse of what he has thus been practising. It
would surely have stopped the mouths of many of those roaring fellows,
_ -who constantly oppose our good minister, ifhe had frankly avowed all this,
instead of pretending that the war was undertaken merely because he laid
siaim to a small insignificant fort, which any man with half an eye can
“perceive was a mere pretext, P

*

Eo4. ‘reading memorandums. May 23.

If what-I have-said be true, our minister does his
“pusinefs only by halves. He ought, at this moment,
‘to be engaged in war with, or threatening war against,
the half, at least, of Europe, for daring to think of bet-
tering their situation or incréasing their power. In
France, for instance, not to mention controverted
-points, he ought to exert himself to prevent.them
from doubling their army by putting arms in the
hands of their females. Poland, it is allowed on all
hands, bids fair to become a great and powerful na-
tion, by the late alteration of her constitution, (re-
-yolution is now an unfafhionable phrase ;)—this ought
to be prevented. But what fhall be said of our al-
liance with his majesty of Prufsia? pofsefsed already
of the best army in the world, he makes more
hasty strides to greatnefs and invincible power, by
encouraging industry, and improving agriculture,
than the emprefs of Rufsia, had fhe overrun the al-
ready desolate country on the fhores of the Euxine,
or even driven the Turks quite out of Europe.

Edinburgh,
March 24. ie R. B:.,

READING MEMORANDUMS.

‘Wuere there is emulation, there will be vanity ;
-and where there is vanity, there will be folly.

The follies and foibles of the female sex are daily
subject to the verbal sneer or criticism of men whe
have been soured by disappointment, or those who
have been unfortunate in pursuit of lawful, or even

unlawful love.

POETRY,

THE HUE AND CRY.

[FRoM POEMS BY THE AUTHOR OF THE VILLAGE CURATE.}

Ovez !—My good people draw near,
My story surpafses belief,

‘Yet deign for a moment to hear,
And afsist me to catch a stray thief.

‘Have you chanc’d a fair damsel to meet,
Adorn’d like an angel of light,

In a robe that flow’d down to her feet,
No snow on the mountains so white ?

Silver flowers bespangled her thoe,

‘Amber locks on her fhoulders were spread,
Her waist had a girdle of blue,

And a beaver-plum’d bat had her head.

Her-steps an imprefsion scarce leave,
She bounds o’er the meadows so soon;

Her smile is like autumn’s clear eve,
And her look as serene as the moon.

She seems to have nothing to blame,
Deceitlefs and meek as + dove;

‘But there lives not a thief of such fame,
She’has pilfer’d below and above.

-Her cheek has the blushes of day,

Her neck has undone the swan’s wing ;!
Her breath has the odours of May,

And her eye has the dews of he spring.

She has robb’d of its crimson the rose,
She has dar’d the carnation to strip;
“The bee who has plunder’d them knows,

And would fain fill his hive at her lip.

She has stole for her forehead so even,
All beauty by sea and by land;

She has all the fine azure of heaven
In the veins of her temple and hand.

Yes, yes, fhe has ransack’d above,

She has beggar’d both nature and art
She has got all we honour and love,

And from me fhe has pilfer’d my heart.

Bring her home, honest friends, bring her home,
And set her down safe at my door ;

Let her once my companion become, _
And I swear the fhall wander no more,

VOL, ix, 0 t

r0G poetry. May 23.
; Bring her home and I’ll givé a reward, ;
Whose value can never be told, \ ,
More precious than all you regard,
Mare in worth than a houseful of gold.

A reward such as none but a dunce,

Such as none but a madman would mis j
O yes I will give you for once,

From the charmer you bring me,—a kifs.

TO JULIUS MARTIAL, M. VAL. MART.
FROM MARTIAL’S EPIGRAMS, LIB. X. EPIG. 47.

For the Bee.

I; you wifh a happy life,
Free from care and free from strife,
Let me tell you what conduce,
Such a blefsing to produce.
First, a fortune that descends
Not from labour but from friends,
Fruitful fields, an annual treasure,
Graceful ville,y—a daily pleasure.
Far from law, or public place,
Discontent, or double face.
Both with health and vigour blestg
And by pleasant friends carest 5
Nor too far remov'd from thee,
Pleasureful simplicity !
Deck with viands sociable, -
And pofsefs an artlefs. table 5
Drink not deep your health tv impair,
But a glafs to banifh care.
Shun a scold to plague your life,
But embrace a modest wife ;
Then you'll think each day and night,
Soon is dark and soon is light!
Such you are, if such you will,
Hold your with, and hold it stil?5
Then when peartu shall name the day,
Pleas’d you’ll go, or pleas’d you’ll stay!
Harewood, York/bire, BS? Gs
March 1.1792.

TO CHASTITY.

Tow fair angelic form, Chastity! descend;
; And with thy icy armour guard the fair;
From rude aisaults thy coldnefs will defend,
Thy counsels lead them.from the path of care;
But stormy love, that agitates the soul,
In whirling gulphs of danger makes the mind toroll, M,

2792. on the culture of madder. 107

ON THE CULTURE AND USES OF MADDER.

Asour thirty years ago, some efforts were made to intro-
duce the culture of madder into this country: Premiums
were offered for that purpose} and several treatises were
publifhed, to turn the attention of the farmers to that im-
portant subject,—but in vain. A few individuals, with a
view to obtain the premiums, reared some of it; but in a
fhort time the cultivation of it was abandoned; and for
many years past the knowledge of this plant seems to
have been lost among our farmers.

The efforts at that time proved unsuccefsful, because
the circumstances of the country did not afford a market
sufficiently extensive for this article. Things are greatly
changed since then, and the time seems now to be come,
when it may be reared with profit, because the best of all
premiums is now held out to the rearer, that of a ready
market, at all times, for almost any quantity of it he can
produce.

At the present time the consumption of madder, in the
manufactures of this country, is astonifhingly great: Not
only is this substance employed by the dyer in great quan-
tities, the calico printers consume a still greater quan-
tity of it, as madder forms the basis of almost all the dark
colours they make, so that the sums that are annually paid
by Britain to foreign countries, for madder alone, are now
immense; and as our manufactures increase, these sums
must continue to augment more and more.

In these circumstances, and seeing madder can be rear-
ed without difficulty in this country, it surely behoves us
to turn our attention to the rearing of it here ; not only
because this would tend to benefit the farmer, but because
it would tend, at the same time, to improve our manufac-

108 on the culture of madder. May 23»
turesin quality, as well as to diminifh their price, were we
to rear it here, as I fhall soon have occasion to fhow.

Madder is at present imported chiefly from Zealand,
in the state of dried powder. Now the drying of the root,
and reducing it to a powder, is not only expensive, but it
also gives rise to frauds that tend to prove hurtful to the
manufacture. It is, however, well known by the experi-
ments made about twenty years ago by Mr d’Ambour-
ney, and others in France, that, if the root be employed
while yet frefh, it naturally affords a finer colour than
oan ever be cbtained from it after it has been dried, and
also yields that colouring matter in greater quantity, near-
ly in the proportion of two to one. So that the saving
would be immense, were the plants reared by our farmers,
and furnifhed to the manufacturer frefh as they were want-
ed, without being under the necefsity of drying them, as
they must be if brought from a great distance.

These considerations induce me strongly to recommend

this plant to the notice of the Britifh farmer, as an article

that would be certain of finding a ready market, at such 2
ptice as would insure him an abundant profit, while it
would, at the same time, tend to improve our manufactures,
and prove upon the whole a great national benefit.

The culture of madder, though it requires fkill and at-

tention, is nat at all precarious. In our climate, a good

crop of it may be reared with as great certainty as that.
of almost any other article the farmer can rear, and will
as abundantly repay his pains.—It requires indeed a deep
rich soil, and those only who pofsefs such a soil ought to
attempt to rear it. But where the soil is favourable, per-
haps few articles will afford a better return.

There are several varieties of the madder plant, iia
differ considerably from each other in their qualities, and

in their mode of culture, with which the farmer ought

eS ee

1792 on the culture of madder. 1Og
to be made acquainted before he begins to cultivate it.
These are,
1st, The Zealand madder, This is the kind most com-
mon in-use. It is, when compared with the others, a
strong robust plant,—the leaves larger, and of a darker
green colour. It produces fewer seeds, and the roots send
out a much greater number of off-sets, or rambling fibres, than
the other sorts. It is of course more easily propagated by
off-sets, and more difficult to be increased by seeds than
the other sorts. Its roots afford lefs colouring matter in
proportion to their bulk, and of a lefs brilliane lustre
than the other sorts.
2d, The Hazala madder from Smyrna; sometimes also it
"is called Lizary. This plant grows naturally in the Le-
vant, and has been hitherto usually imported from Smyrna.
Its stalks are weaker than the Zealand madder ; its leaves
smaller, and of a paler green colour; its roots are smal-
ler, but firmer, and have fewer joints. And it runs more to

seed than the other. It may be therefore cultivated more
readily by seeds than by cuttings; and indeed this seems
to be, on several accounts, the best mode of cultivating
this plant, though it has been hitherto much lefs practised
than that by runners.
3d, The O:/sel madder. This is a. variety that was ac-
cidentally discovered by Mr d’Ambourney, growing wild
among the rocks at Oifsel near Rowen in France, and cul-
tivated by that gentleman with considerable succefs. It
seems to be very much, if not entirely, the same with the
Hazala above described, from which it probably differs in
no respect. The roots of both these sorts contain fewer
small uselefs fibres than the other, and a greater proportion of
firm, well ripened roots, from which alone a good colour
can be obtained, and therefore weight for weight, they
| -are of much greater value to the manufacturer than the
Zealand kind, Whether these be distinct varieties, that
:

110 on the culture of madder. May 23,
iever alter, or whether the Zealand sort may not have
been originally the same sort debased by culture, is a
question that may afford some amusemeut for the speculative
philosopher to solve,—it is of no consequence for the far-
mer to trouble his head with it; all that imports him to
know is, that in the situation they can be put under his
power, they pofsefs certain properties invariably, which
must influence his conduct in cultivating them, and to
which he ought to attend, if he hopes to derive profit
from the crop. if

The culture of the common madder has been so oftew
detailed in print, that many of my readers will be ac-
quainted with it. Off-sets that fhoot out from the roots,
-are planted in rows in the month of March. ‘The ground.
is kept-clean, and the earth dug at times, or horse hoed
between the rows. The crop is ready for taking up at
the end of the second year. The greatest difficulty atter-
ding the culture of this plant, at present, is the drying the
root properly, and reducing it to powder. To do this, a par-
ticular apparatus is required, and much nicety in the ope-
rations is necefsary. This deters people from making
small trials; and wise men are seldom disposed to enter
at /arge into any new undertaking with which they are
not fully acquainted. If the root were used by the manu-
facturer in its frefh state, this obstruction to its culture
would be effectually removed.
_ Seeds of the Smyrna kind of madder can be easily ob-
tained, by ordering it from that port. And, from many con-
siderations, it is very evident that this is the kind which
would afford most profit to the cultivator in Britain. If
it were once brought into this country; its seeds could
be obtained here in abundance,

These seeds come readily up a fhort time after they are
sown, during the spring or summer season, Perhaps the

i

———

ee

q

1792.. on the-culture of madder. Tr
most economical mode of rearing these would be to sow
them in a bed of good garden mold, in the month of May,.
or beginning of June, to water them when necefsary, and
keep them free from weeds till the month of October, when
they fhould be transplanted to where they are to remain.

A good preparation for the ground for receiving the
plants, is to have had it trenched the winter before, tho-
roughly dunged in the spring, and sowed with pease.
When the pease are taken off the ground let it be plough-
ed and planted at the same time. ‘The method of planting
is this: The young plants must be taken carefully from
the seed bed, so as to preserve their roots as entire as pof-
sible, and laid carefully into bafkets provided for that pur-.
pose. When the plough is working, let women be distri-
buted at regular distances along the ridge, each with a
bafket of plants. When the plough has opened a furrow
Jet the plants be placed in it carefully, with their top a
small matter below the surface of the ground, and the root
placed at its length downwards, fixed in the newly moved
mold. ‘The plants may be put in at about a foot from each
other in these rows. Two rows may be planted in the
two contiguous furrows; and then three furrows may be
emitted, and the fourth and fifth planted, and so on till the
field be completed. The ground at the time of planting
fhould get as deep a furrow as can be given it. And the
field be laid perfectly dry during the winter.

In this state it may remain till the spring; when the .

‘surface fhould be harrowed smooth, as early as dry wea-

ther will permit ; the annual weeds cut down by ahand hoe
as soon as the plants appear, and the intervals between the
double rows be horse hoed during the summer, as often as
fhall be found convenient. The procefs of horse hoing is as
yet very little understood in any part of Britain. The ope-
sation fhould be so conducted.as to lay the earth alternate.

Dee) on the culture of madder. May 23.
ly first to the one side the row about the whole interval, and
then on the other side, so as never to leave the plants bare
of earth at both sides at the same time. It would require
many words to describe this procefs, so as to be intelli-
gible; but any ploughman might be taught to do it by prac-
tice in a few minutes; nor have I ever seen a procefs in
agriculture that is more perfect or more easy. The plants
thus cultivated may be taken up at the end of this year if
niecefsary, or they may be taken up during any part of the
succeeding season, as fhall suit the conveniency of the par-
ties. :

- If the season fhould prove wet in the autumn, the
planting the roots may be deferred till the spring ; but im
general the autumnal planting is the most advisable, as it does
not retard the growth in the spring. This kind of madder
fhows itself earlier in the spring than the common kind. |

The roots of madder descend to a great depth, where
the soil is favourable, and being naturally tender, they must
be taken up with great care. The Smyrna roots, as has
been said, are firmer and more compact than the ordinary
sort, and have fewer crop fibres, so that they may be
more easily taken up, and have lefs refuse than the other
sort.

Where it is intended that the plants fhould be used freth, ©
they may be taken up at any season of the year they are
wanted, and they can be preserved frefh fora very long
«ime, merely by laying them pretty close together in any
convenient place, and putting earth about them, so as to
prevent them from touching each other too near and heat-
ing. In this way they can be preserved many months,
awith no danger and little trouble.

I thall conclude this article with the account of the re-
sult of Mr d’Ambourney’s experiments with the green
root, which /hall Le given in our nevt.

ENGRAVED FOR THE BRE

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‘LITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

“FOR

WeEbDNEspay, May 30. 1792.

MEMOIRS OF CARDINAL DUBOIS.
With a portratt.
‘I cive the fketch of this singular character as a lef-
son. in the art of rising at court. Many persons who
live in the country entertain'a very false notion of
the talents that are necefsary for advancing one’s
fortune, and obtaining places -of trust in the higher
departments of government ; they, therefore, respect
those people in a high degree who have proved suc-
-cefsful, and look upon them as somewhat superior to
human nature itself, both in regard to. talents and
. dispositions. Those who have penetrated into the
: secrets ‘of courts, and withdrawn the veil that con-
'ceals their real character from public view, know
well, that no deception of the most expert performer
of legerdemain tricks can be greater thanthisis. It
is by no means my intention to penetrate deep in
this mysterious walk; but as the.profefsed object of
this work, is to give my readers a just view of men
and things, it is proper that they fhould be let see as
VOU, 1x. rk af

ra) of cardinal Dubois. “May 30.
much, as to abate somewhat of thatvidolatrous vene-
ration for men in power, which has but too long
been cherifhed in Europe.

The following fketch of the life of cardinal Dubois
is translated from a splendid work now publithing
in Paris, under the title of ‘les illustres modernes ;’
and the head is copied from the same work.

‘This prince of the church was not indebted to his
birth for his high station. He was the son of a poor
apothecary of Brive-la-Gaillarde. Many people, says
the abbé de S. Pierre, were astonifhed at the great-
nefs and the quicknefs ef his fortune. But they did
not reflect that he had a great talent for knowing the
weak side of men, and great facility in adapting his
conduct accordingly. They did not reflect that he
. slept little, that he scarce ever read, that he neither
loved the table nor conversation ; and consequently
that he had four times as much time as any body
else. They did not think that neither friendfhip,
gratitude, nor probity, stood in the. way of his pro-
jects, as ofa just man. They did not consider that an
ambitious person, whose fortune depends on a single
man, whom he surrounds with spies, to gain his end
quickly ; while he is offended at nothing, but suffers
every thing with patience ; while he wilhes strongly,
and especially when he can, to destroy in the mind
of his master, by calumnies, all those who can ap-
proach him.

‘ His first secret was to persuade the regent that
there was neither probity among men, nor vir-
tne among women ; and that, in the ministry, men

ry92- of cardinal Dubois. ° ITS

of abilities, and who were fruitful in resoufces, ought
to be preferred to those of an upright and ad cha--
racter.

‘ Philip tasted these maxims of the pibecptei of the
duke of Chartres, who, from that momé¢nt, became
the soul of the prince, by serving his. pltasures. It
was in vain that F. de la Chaise said that abbé Dubois
was addicted to women and gaming.: They answered
him: That may be, but he does not attach himself,
he does not get drunk, he never loves any thing.. And.
the way to honour was open to him:

‘ The archbifhopric of Gambray became vacant :’
He had the boldnefs to demand it, but as if in jest. My
lord, I dreamed last night that I was archbifhop of
Cambray. You make-very ridiculous dreams ! Why
not make mearchbifhop of Cambray as wellas another !
You! you an archbifhop! Dubois, however, pub-
lithed on all sides that he had obtained the chair, to
keep off pretenders : And he wrote to’ Destouches, who
was at London as ambafsador, to engage king George-
to afk the regent for the archbifhopric of Cambray
for the minister-who had concluded the-alliance be-
tween the two nations. This proposal appeared!
very ridiculous to the king of England. How. could.
you with, said he to Nericault, that a protestant:
prince fhould meddle with the making a prelate in:
France? The regent would laugh at it, and surely
would not do it. Pardon me, Sire, he will'laugh at
it, but will do it neverthelefs. And directly, he
presented to him a most prefsing letter ready writ-
ten. The monarch signed it, and the most licentious:
of the clergy obtained the mitre of Fenclon, Duriag:.

116% OM i cardinal Dubois. May 30.

his absence: on. his ordination, a wit of the court.

being afked where he was. gone, malignantly an-

swered, to make his first communion at Chanteloup, .

near Triel. It was Mafsillon who had:the weaknefs
to consecrate him,

‘OnEaster day, after his promotion to the cardinal- .

fhip, his eminence, who awakened later than usual,

began to swear against his.servants for allowing him ,

to sleep so long.on 3 day that he ought to say mafs.
They. made haste to drefs him; and when he was
ready, Dubois called a secretary, and forgot’to go to
say mafs, or even to,hear it. ,

‘Of a very.irascible temper, nothing . appeased

him but coolnefs. It was necefsary to let his anger

be over and then to answer him. One evening that -
his people forgot to give him a pullet to.supper, .

which he used to eat quite alone, he got into a very
great rage. His officer told him calmly that he had

eaten it, but that if he chose they fhould put ano-

ther.to the spit. His firm afsertion persuaded him
that. he was not hungry.

‘ When cardinal Dubois was declared prime minis-
ter, the court loaded him with sareasms and ridicules.
But the most severe pleasantry was that of the count
de Nocé, who told the regent, your royal highnefs

may do with him what you, please; but you :never,

can make. him an honest man. He was.banifhed next

day.- It-was in vain the countefs du Tort reproache .

ed the duke of Orleans for that mean complaisanse:

It was only after the death of the cardinal that he.

wrote to his friend,—The beast is dead; I expect -

you this.evening at the royal palace to supper. .

1792. of cardinal Dubois. 117s

It is very singular that the regent fliould have
loaded with favours and dignities the person whom no
body else could suffer, and whose death he himself
wifhed for, that he fhould have taken into the coun-
cil, him with whom the dukes and mareschals of
France would not afsociate. He must have been a
statesman, despicable as he. was. To be. at the
height of greatnefs he only wanted the blué ribbon
of the Beaux esprits. The French. academy: gave it
him ; and Fontenelle, the-philosopher Fontenelle! af-
sured:him, in his discourse in the name of his bre-
thren, that the titles he brought them appeared to .
them greater than all others.

‘ Praises, as well as honours, distrefsed the cardinal, ’.
who, never having tasted the pleasures of humanity,
and always experienced the torments of ambition,
said at last; I wifh I were.at Paris-in my fifth year,
with a governe/s and five hundred crowns of rent.
This confefsion is the best lefson and the best-remedy
to give to those magnificent slaves who have the
fever of kings.

‘Death relieved him sooner than he wifbed from
the weight of greatnefs. He had a great deal ta suf-
fer in his last illnefs, both from surgeons and his
conscience.. The church could have given him some
consolation, but he lost his time in getting: informa-
tion about the ceremony which ought to be observed.
in administering to a.cardinal.

‘His mausoleum in, the church of St Honoré, at
Paris, is one of the masterpieces of the young Coston.
Et didicere, yt nos, marmora falsa loqui.

w
118 a voyage to the Hebrides. May 30%
‘ Services were rendered him every where, but he
had no funeral sermon any where. This cardinal
died on the roth August 1723, aged sixty-seven
years.”

A VOYAGE TO THE HEBRIDES.

Continued from p. 95. and concluded.

Juty 26. Sailed from Stornaway at one o’clock P. M..
and reached the harbour of Tenera by six or seven
o’clock ; all hands to the fifhing lines, and plenty of
haddocks, whitings, and codlings, caught by the crews
of the vefsels. "
. July 27. Breakfasted with Mr Morison at Tenera..
This is one of several islands in the mouth of Loch-
broom, of small extent. Mr Morison has built here
a very good dwelling house, a large house,for curing
red herrings, a fhed for boats ; building a quay of con--
siderable extent. Hehas cultivated some fields near
his house, and carries on the herring fifhery with fkill.
and afsiduity ; it is to be hoped, with the succefs he
deserves. He has several vefsels belonging to him-
self ; but the want of a custom-house is a sad. draw-
hack. His island is a feu from the trustees. of the
annexed estates, part of the estate of lord Cromatty.

Sailed in the forenoon up the loch, about seven
miles, to isle Martin, this is also a small island in the
loch, feued by the trustees.. Here Mr Woodhouse of
Liverpool has built a house for curing red herrings,.
100 feet long, and a house for his overseer, who re-
sides constantly on the spot. There is also here a.

%

3992- a voyage to the Hebrides. 119
‘collector and comptroller of customs, but it is not 2
_port from whence bufses can clear out for the fithe-
ries. Mr Woodhouse buys the fifh of the country
people for five fhillings the thousand. Has some boats
and nets of his own. On this, and a small island ad-
joining, the people belonging to the work are allowed
to settle and to cultivate the land, rent free. Their
industry is surprising. There may be about fifty of
them, most industrious beings; they fifh for Mr
Woodhouse in the season, wages I s. in summer, 8d.
in winter ;—could have any number of them; but
generally sends to the main land for extra hands.
Mr Woodhouse could cute 7000 barrels of herrings,
each containing from 600, to 800, ina year ; Mr Meri-
son and Mr Mackenzie of Tenera, as many; but
these last generally cure white herrings.

Visited Ulapole, some miles nearer the bottom of
the loch. This is the spot already surveyed by Mr
Beaufoy. Here letters were left by that gentleman
for the committee. The spot is a remarkable one.
In the midst of the most mountainous country of
Scotland, Ulapole runs out into Lochbroom, forming
a peninsula, which almost intersects the loch, and
contains upwards of 200 acres of flat land, some of it
already cultivated, all capable of cultivation. A lime
quarry, aad plenty of mofs, on the rising ground of
the farm, and plenty of stone every where; a frefh
water river runs through the peninsula, and a small
brook also runs half way through it. Here are the
ruins of an ancient chapel, and for the first time since
dleaving Turloifk, large fine afh trees presented them~
selves to view ; 2 grateful sight to a party who were

£20 @ voyage to the Hebrides. _ May 30:

almost’all planters of trees, and fond of them. Some
said a small island called Sandornee, in the mouth of
Lochbroom, would be a station’ preferable to Ulapole.
“But it was afserted with truth, that the fhoals of her-
“rings always pufh down to the lower end of these sea
-lochs, particularly of Lochbroom ; and that the fith-
-ers of cod might go to Sandornee, and remain there
«during the cod season in tents or huts, as the fifhers
-of Stornaway leave that place -to go to the fifhing
‘grounds. This decided the committee in preferring
Ulapole. Within the peninsula is‘a fine deep har-
“bour, proof of all weathers.—Returned to the vefsels
at Tenera. ;
July 28. Crofsed Lochbroom in the boats, walk-
ed crofs the country of Coigaht, about three miles, a-
foot. Got into country boats, rowed about six miles
to the bottom of Loch Inver in Afsynte, in the
county of Sutherland. This is’a fine harbour, about
two miles indented into the land; herrings here, and
great ling fifhery near to it. Here Mr Donald
‘Rofs has built a good house and curing-house for red

herrings; a fine situation for a filhing station. “The

land round about, rugged but improveable. “Some
romantic mountains near this ; one called the Sugar
Loaf, from its resemblance to a sugar loaf, is of a
great height. Attended part of our way back by
“Mr Rofs in anisle of Man fithing boat, decked and
‘well adapted to that businefs.
Mr Rofs was afked the value of the furniture in
-a Highland tenant’s house ; nobody, he said, could tell
ehetter than him, for he had been heir to many of
them; he gave the people meal upon trust in the fa-

—

1792, @ voyage to the Hebrides. 12
‘mine of-the year 1782. All paid him. that could.
“When they died in debt, their directions were inva-
riably to sell all: their effects to pay their meat, mean-
ing ‘meal. Qn their deaths their whole effects were
sold by auction to pay'this sacred debt ;—these might
produce at an average from 6s. to 6s. 6d. Rowed.
back in the evening, had the same long walk, got
‘back i into the boats of the vefsels, very late, and very,
Blowing weather, very tired. The country people,
‘when rowing, accompany their labour, and lighten,
it. by smging songs called crams. Requested an in-
terpretation of.a favourite iram, it was. as follows :
*I,am much vexed.at not being near'the sea, so that
Icannot sleep in.comfort ; though I am at, ease. on
horseback, the horse cannot. supply my wants. It
was. not so with my mare (my fhip,) the could carry.
many men; fhe is a racer that runs near the wind,
without spurs-to-goad heron. She was. delightful
-and easy at sea, always foremost iin the race. Her
lofty masts were built. of the. best pine, and her
white sails were beautiful from afar. The blasts
from the mountains and vallies, made her fly through
the water, and (hine on the top of the billows ; while
her mea were hauling the tarry ropes. The sound
of her oars was heard from afar; every man with
his oar in his hand rowed slowly.. When fhe reach-
ed the fhore, the sea calyes were not safe for our.
strength, ner the deer of the hills for our swiftnefs.
Though my locks are grown gray this is still my de-
light ; I hate to hold the bridle and the whip in my
‘hand.’
VOL. ix. Q uF

122 a voyage to the Hebrides. May 30:

July 29. Sailed, and with a light wind reached
Loch Ewe, to the southward, half after six o’clock in
the morning.

July 30. Visited the harbour of Ardnaback, belong-
ing to Captain Mackenzie of Green Yards; joined
a large party of ladies walking on the beech. They
came trom Tainnifilan, a jointure house of a lady near
this place. It appears a good situation for a filhing
-station. Searched the Yare for fifth. This is a part
of the beech between high and low water mark in-
closed with watlings. The fif get in here when the
sea flows, and are left by the ebb tide, always afford-
ing a plentiful supply of fifh for the use of any fa-
mily, and often for the neighbourhood. Visited
another station in the loch, called Tunag. Found
the ground round it very barren, and the situation too
far down in the loch. Held two boards in the morn-
ing and evening, Dismifsed the tender. Requisites
of a good fifhing station, or society’s village: rst. A
good harbour with easy accefs to the herring and cod
fifhery. 2d. Good land, and a sufficient quantity for
the conveniency of the inhabitants. 3d. Means of
improving the land in the adjacent country. 4th. Plen-
ty of peat fuel. 5th. Good water for domestic uses
and mills. 6th. Easy communication with the coutt-
try. 7th. Convenient position for general commerce
and navigation. gth. Good southern exposure.
aoth. Countenance of the proprietor.

On these accounts Seaforth urged strenuously a
station in Pooleu ; where there is no doubt many of
the above advantages are to be found.

1792. a voyage to the Hebrides. 123

July 31. Mr Brown and Mr Dempster took leave
of the committee in order to return by land. The
other gentlemen sailed back to the isle of Sky, and
visited several other stations. They spent some
days on the isle of Isla with Shawfield, an account of
whose extensive improvements, in that island, would
afford much satisfaction to the public, and do great
credit to that gentleman. owed down the loch to
Lochend, the seat of Alexander Mackenzie, esq. of
Lochend. A great deal of improved, and improve-
able ground here. Seaforth fifhed for salmon in the
rivet Ewe, and caught two in a fhort time.

August 1st. Attempted to sail up the river Ewe,
two miles into Loch Maree, but a violent storm from
the east prevented it.

. August 2d. After an hospitable residence of two
days with Lochend, sailed up the river and down
Loch Maree, a frefh water lake, eighteen miles long.
The land on the north side of Loch Ewe belongs to
Lochend, and to Mr Roderick Mackenzie of Cair-
sarrie. Has a fine beech and terras. ‘Fhe opposite
side of the river of Ewe is the glebe of the clergyman,

_ who has suffered people to settle on it. - It is beauti-
fully improved, and well inhabited, although the ex-
posure is to the north, and though the clergyman
can only give these settlers security during his in-
cumbency. The opposite banks are equally culti-
vable, and 2 finer exposure; yet are in a state of na-
ture. The few instances of this kind that have oc-
curred, leave little room to doubt, that long leases and

— secure pofsefsion would soon improve the Highlands.

Sensible people at Lochend afserted that, take it all

124. & voyage to the Hebrides. May 30x.
in all, Ulapole was the best herring station in the:
west ; and that the best cod. and ling fifheries might
be carried on from Loch: Gareloch, Loch Ewe, and:
Loch Invar. The same persons affirmed, from.
their knowledge of the country, that some consider=
able people might, perhaps, build houses for them-=
selves ; yet the poverty of the generality of them
made that impofgsible; so that unlefs the. society
built houses, and let them to the people, it must ex-.
pect its towns to he for a long time very thinly:
inhabited:

Took leave of Seaforth, who had obligingly ac-
companied ys to Lochend, and returned to the. rest of_
™the committee..

Here ends the maritime part of the journal any-
way connected) with. the objects. of the fithery so-
ciety..

Should the funds of this. society ever: increase to.
the original expectations of its friends, and continue-

_ under. the same intelligent and disinterested direction,,
till it has increased the number. of. their settlements
up to what the. state of‘the country and its fifheries.
require ; and fhould the government. make good roads.
of communication through the Highlands, and to the

_ western fhores ; above all, thould parliament revise

its maritime laws, and facilitate the communication,
between the Hebrides and the main land, by putting.
boats, going between them, on the same footing .as
boat nayigations in the frith of Forth, or the Thames ;.
and were the proprietors. of land to. remove the feu-
dal remains of the subserviency of: the industrious
arder of inhabitants to their superiors; it cannot be

“T792. a voyage to the Hebrides. “rag
doubted but agriculture, manufactures, andififheries,.
would soon enrich that country, and greatly improve
the circumstances of the people.

———

N. B. At Benbecula, Clanranald, though himself

@ protestant, is very attentive towards the inhabi-

tants of this island, who are all Roman catholics, in.

\ finding a place of worfhip, and doing acts af kindnefs,
to the priests of their persuasion.

At Lochfhipford. Visited a fheeling near this
‘port. Found it a temporary hut, the walls of mud,
/ about four feet high, the roof of turf. Crawled on all

fours in at the ‘door, which might be a hole about
' three feet and a half, but no wooden decor, or any

means of fhutting it. The inside divided into two
~ apartments, by a blanket hung acrofs; a bank of

earth formed a bench in the outward apartment.

Were received here by its female inhabitant, the wife
ofa neighbouring tacksman. This lady had been

educated in France ; and had the manners and addrefs.
' of persons of rank of that country ; was well drefsed,.
_chearful, spoke-Englith well, and treated the com-
! pany to some new milk, served in vefsels perfectly
clean and neat. In asmall hut adjoining was a come-
ty young woman, her daughter, busily employed at
‘her spinning wheel. When harvest approaches. the:
family return to their farm, with their cattle and
produce of the dairy. The hufband, a venerable old.
man, attended the party to their vefsels with great
eivility.—Much struck with the contrast between.
~ the hut and its imhabitants..

-

ry

pr26 antiquities in Scotland. May 3°,

a <a

ON ANTIQUITIES IN SCOTLAND.
, Continued from vol. viii. p. 333-
\ ' OWN VITRIFIED FORTIFICATIONS.

/

I wow proceed to the sixth kind of antiquities men-
tioned in a former paper, vzz. those vitrified forts that
have been lately discovered on the tops of many
high hills in Scotland.

Yt is not yet three years since I got the first hint
of this species of building*, from a gentleman who
had examined them with attention; and who was,.I
believe, the first person who took notice of them in
Scotland. This was Mr John Williams, who was
for several years employed by the honourable board
of trustees for managing the forfeited estates in Scot-
land, as a mineral surveyor on these estates +. Since

that time, I have seen and examined them myself,
and have made the following observations upon
them: ‘

These walls consist of stones piled rudely upon
one another, and firmly cemented together by a mat-
ter that has been vitrified by means of fire, which
forms a kind of artificial rock, (if you will admit
this phrase, ) that resists the vicifsitudes of the wea-.
ther, perhaps better than any other artificial. cement.
that has ever yet been discovered.

* This part of the account was written in April 17773 and: publithed

inthe fourth volume of the Archeologia. Several particulars are now ad—
ded to that account.

+ See his account of them in a series of letters toG. C, M. esq. pub—
lifhed about the year 1777, 8vo, with a plate.

7492. antiquities in Scotland. 129

All the walls of this kind that I have yet seen or
heard of, have been evidently erected as places of
défence. They, for the most part, surround a small
area on the top of some steep conical hill, of very
difficult accefs. It often happens that there is easier
accefs to the top of one of these hills at one place
than at any other ; and there they have always had the
entry into the fort, which has always been defended

_ by outworks, more or lefs strong, according to the

degree of declivity at that place. If the form of the

_ hill admitted of accefs only at one place, there are

outworks only at one place; but if there are more
places of easy accefs, the outworks are opposed to
each of them, and they are proportioned in extent te
the nature of the ground.
| The first fortification of this kind, that I’saw, was
upon the top of a steep hill called Knock-ferrel, two
miles west from Dingwall in Rofsfhire. And as an
idea of all the others may be formed from this one,
I thall here subjoin a particular description of it.
The hill is of a longifh form, rising into a ridge at
top, long in proportion to its breadth. It is of great
height, and extremely steep on both sides ; so that

‘when it is viewed at a distance from either end, it

appears of a conical fhape, very perfect and beautiful
po look at ; but, when viewed from one side, one of
‘the ends is seen to be much steeper than the other.
The narrow declivity of the hill is of easy accefs,
and forms a natural road by which you may ascend
‘to the top on horseback ; and at this end has been the
entry into the fort A. (see plan.) This fort’consists, as
J guefsed by my eye, of a long eliptical area of near

128. antiquities in Scotland. May 30.
an acre, which is entirely | level, excepting towards
each end, where. it falls a little lower than in the
middle. The fortification of vitrified wall, CC
‘Is continued quite round this area ; being adapted te
the form of the hill, so as to stand on the brink of a.
precipiece all round, unlefs it be at the place where
you enter, and at, the opposite end, B; both which.
places have been defended by outworks. Those at.
the entry had extended, as I guefsed, about an, hun-
‘dred yards, and seem to have consisted of. crofs walls
one behind another, eight or ten in number ; the.
ruins of which are still plainly perceptible, Through :
each of these walls there must have been a gate, so.
that the besiegers would be. under the necefsity of
forcing each of these gates succefsively before they .
éould carry the fort ; on the opposite end of the hill,
as the ground i is considerably steeper, the outworks .
seem not to have extended above twenty yards, and _
consist only of two or three crofs walls. Not far
from the further end was a well, marked D, now fil-
led up, but still discoverable.

To afsist you in forming an idea of this structure,
I subjoin a plan of the hill with its fortification, as if -
it were complete. This is drawn entirely from me-
mory, and is not pretended to be exact in propor-
tions ; but it has the general form, and is sufficient-
ly exact for our purpose here.

The wall all round, from the inside, appears to be
only 2 mound of rubbifh, consisting of loose stones,

now buried among some earth, and grafs that has

been gradually accumulated by the dunging of fheep,

4797. °° antiquities in Scotland. 129
which resort to it asa place of fhelter. The vitrified
wall is only to be seen on the outside.

=== —

: PLAN OF KNOCKFERREL.
Nor are these walls readily distinguifhable at 2
distance, because they are not raised in a perpendi-
cular direction, but have been carried up, sloping in-
wards at top, nearly with the same degree of inclina~
tion as the sides of the hill; so that they seem, wher
_wiewed at a small distance, to be only a part of the
till itself.

It appears at first sight surprising that a rude
people fhould have been capable of discovering a cement
of such a singular kind as thisis. It is lefs surpri-
sing that the knowledge of it fhould not have beea
carried into other countries, as distant nations m
those periods had but little friendly intercourse with
one another. But it is no difficult matter for one
who is acquainted with the nature of the country

VOL. ix. R t

- 430 antiquities in Scotland. May 30.
where these structures abound, to give a very prow
bable account of the manner in which this art hag
been originally discovered, and of the causes'that have

-occasioned the knowledge of it to be lost, even in the
‘cquntries where it was once universally practised.

Through ali the northern parts of Scotland, a par-
‘ticular kind of earthy iron ore, of a very -vitrescible
nature, much abounds. This ore might have been
accidentally mixed with some stones at a place where
-a great fire was kindled ; .and being fused by the heat,
would cement the stones-into oné solid mafs, and give
‘the first hint of the uses'to which it might be applied.
A few experiments would satisfy them of the pofsi-
bility of executing at large what had been acciden-
tally discovered in miriature.

This knowledge being thus attained, nothing seems
to be more-simple and natural than its application to
the formation of:the walls of their fortified places.

‘Having made choice of a proper place for their
fort, they would rear a wall all round:the area, build-
ing the outside of it as firm as they could of dry
stones piled one above another, the interstices be-
tween-them being filled full of this vitrescible iron
ore; and the whole supported by a backing of loose
stones piled carelefsly behind it.

’ When the wall was thus far completed, with its
‘facing all round reared to the height they wifhed for,
nothing more was necefsary-to give it the entire fi-
-nifhing but to kindle a-fire, all round it, sufficiently
jntense to melt the vitrescible ore, and thus to ces
ment the whole into one coherent mafs, as far as the
influence of that heat extended. As the country then

r7Tg2. antiquities in Scotland. 132
abounded with wood, this purpose would be readily
effected by building a stack of wood round the whole
outside of the wall, and then setting it on fire. It
was probably with a view to enable them to build
this stack of wood with the greater ease, and to suf-
fer the fire to act more forcibly and equally upon the
different parts of the wall, as it gradually consumed,
that they were induced to incline the walls so far
from 2 perpendicular position. In an aiter period,
when the woods had gradually been destroyed, and
before it was well known how to manufacture peat:
for fuel, it would be such a difficult matter to pro-
cure fuel in abundance, that buildings of this kind
would come to be disused, and the art in a fhort pe--
riod, among a people ignorant of letters, to be entires
_ ly forgotten. .

You will perhaps imagine that: the above account’

of the manner in which these walls have been form-

_ed'is only an ingenious conjecture, entirely destitute:
of proof; but that they have indeed been formed in |
this manner, can, I think, be demonstrated in as-clear

a manner as the nature of the subject will admit.

The ingenious Mr Williams, already mentioned,. by
the permifsion of the board of trustees, caused a sec-.
tion to be made acrofs the top of the hill of Knock-
ferrel, which was carried quite through the walls
on each side, in the line marked FF, on the plan, so
that any person has now an opportunity of obser-
ving the nature of these walls, and may judge of the
manner in which they have been constructed,

132 antiquities in Scotland. May 30.

SE

It appears by the section here given, that the wall
all round js covered on the outside with a crust of
about two feet in thicknefs, consisting of stones immer-
sed among vitrified matter ; some of the stones being
half fused themselves, where the heat has been great-
est, and all of them having evidently suffered a con-
siderable heat. This crust is of an equal thicknefs,
of about two feet from top to bottom, so as to lie
back upon, and be supported by, the loose stones be-
hind it.

Within that crust of vitrified matter is another:
stratum of some thicknefs, running from top to bot-
tom, exactly parallel to the former, which consists
of loose stones that have been scorched by the fire,
but discover no marks of fusion. The stones-that
are nearest the vitrified part of the wall being most
scorched, and those behind becoming gradually lefs
and lefs so, till at length they seem not to have been
affected by the heat in the smallest degree, I have
endeavoured to represent this in the drawing by the
gradual decrease in the fhading.

1792. antigutties in Scotland. 133

It deserves to be remarked, that these different
erusts or strata, as I] have named them, for want of a
more appropriated term, do not consist of sepa-
rate walls, disjoined from one another, but are parts
of one aggregate mafs; as it frequently happens
that one stone has one end of it immersed among
the vitrified matter in the wall, and the other end
of it only scorched by heat; and in the same
manner it often happens, that one end of a stone is.
scorched by heat, while the other end ‘appears never
to have suffered in the smallest degree from the ac-
tion of the fire. This affords the clearest proof that
the heat has been’ applied to them after they have
been placed in the wall.

In carrying the section acrofs the level area in the
middle of the fortification, there was foung a stratum:
of black vegetable mold B, lying above the solid tock
CCC. This mold has probably been formed in the
course of ages by the dunging of fheep which resort
often to this place for fhelter.

Nothing seems to be more judicious or simple than
this mode of fortification adopted by our forefathers.
The stones for forming the walls were probably dug
from the top of the rock that formed the ridge of the
hill, and therefore served at once to level the area of
the fort, and to erect the mafsy wails without any
expence of carriage. The walls too, although rude

‘in form, and inelegant in appearance, were extreme-
ly well adapted for the only mode of defence that
their situation rendered necefsary. For as they were

_always placed upon the brink of a precipice, no wea-
pon could have been so destructive to an afsailant as
a stone rolled down the bill; But as the inside of the

234 «© letter from a country schoolmaster. May 303
wall consisted, in every part of it, of an immense heap.
of loose stones, the defendants could never be ata lois
for weapons wherever the attack was made *.

Many hills are fortified in this manner through all
the northern parts of Scotland: I have heard of none -
of this kind that have as yet been discovered, farther:
south than the fhire of Angus; but it is pofsible
that others of the same kind may be yet discovered
that Have not hitherto been taken notice of. I think
governor Pownal mentions some in a memoir-lately
given in by him to the Antiquary Society. Ihave
not the memoir here, and therefore cannot consult
it ; but a-little attention will soon discover if-it is of
the same kind with that which is here descrrbed +.

Io be continued.

A‘ LETTER FROM A SCHOOLMASTER.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

Iy this age, so much famed for learning, and encou-.
ragement given to the learned, it is extraordinary
that we schoolmasters have been so much neglected, .
and left almost in a state of beggary. It must be
allowed that we are very useful members of society,
we may then justly claim a competent subsistence
as a reward for our labour. But whether the pre-
sent salaries and emoluments be suflicient for thaé-
purpose, let the candid reader judge, when he its in-

* In some of the hills thus fortified, there is snother iodo liar:
sometimes two, deawa round the hill nearer the base, which has pio-.

bably been intended for the security of cattle, they will be more particu-~-
larly noted in the sequel.

+ iSee the governor’s account of Penman Mawr. Archaeol, vol. iii. 303...

'

pe
‘792. — letter from a country schoolmaster. 135
-formed of ‘their amount, which is as follows, viz.
school-salary, L.5:11:13, school fees, about L. 7,
sefsion clerk’s fee and emoluments L.2, in all L. 14,
Tis. 13d. per annum. Many schools are not worth
.so much, but at least four-fifths of them in the nor-
thern part of the kingdom do not much exceed this
calculation. This does not amount to 11d. per day,
while a common mechanic receives more: than a fhil-
ling, and a day labourer-or farm servant, nearly as
muchas we. But a schoolmaster’s expences must
‘be greater than those of a mechanic or farm servant.
The value of money has fallen about one half, du+
ving the last fifty years. If this has been the case
@uring the preceding fifty years, (about ‘the begin-
ming of which period our salaries were settled in their
present form,) 2 schoolmaster’s annual income was
then worth near L. 60. of our present money. U-
/pon this we might. support ourselves in a becoming
manner. At least, L..4o. or L. 50. would be necef-
sary to make us comfortable. The nation are not so
saving of their money in any other particular; for
a minister may squander away.two or three millions
upon an uselefs armament; six or seven hundred
thousand, annually, upon a colony as uselefs, with
the approbation of a great part of the people. The
House of Commons lately voted, for an establifhment
to the duke of York, L. 8,000. per annum. This
sum, with a proportional addition to the school fee,
would make all the schoolmasters of Scotland easy in
their circumstances. It is very hard that the nation
‘cannot afford so great an augmentation to them all,
as.to one of the king’s sons upon his marriage. It

136 = Letter from a country schoolmaster. May 30.
is certain that ministry, by augmenting our sala-
ries, would do the nation more service than has
been done-by our late armaments ; and at the * tenth
part of the expence. J am sensible that a great part
of our landed gentlemen would account this an in~
tolerable burden, although in many places their rents
are ten times as large as they were a century agoe
For this reason, many of our members of parliament
‘would not: choose to run the rifk of offending their
constituents by voting for such an augmentation.
But while a philanthropic Wilberforce, and a patriotic
Sinclair sit in the Britifh senate, I have some faint
hopes that the one, so anxiously concerned about
abolifhing slavery abroad, will endeavour ‘to put a
numerous body of useful subjects at home, upon an
equitable footing ; and that the other, so usefully
‘employed in examining into the state of this king-
dom, will use his influence to improve it in this par-
ticular. If this does not happen soon, and the value
‘of money continue to fall, in a few years no person,
properly qualified, will accept the office of a school-
master, which will tend directly to the subversion of
‘every other art and science.

In publithing this fketch, and giving your opinion
‘upon the subject, you willinfinitely oblige one, who,
though no subscriber for your useful Bee, yet is, by
the friendfhip of a kind neighbour, Sir, your con-
stant reader, €9c.

Buehan,
March 30. 1792.
* These two armaments cost the nation about five millions sterling,
the interest of which at 4 per cent. is L. 200,000. one-tenth of which is
L 20,000. which would be about L. 22, to each schoolmaster in Scotland.

A COUNTRY SCHOOLMASTER.

POETRY.

A TENEMENT TO BE LET., By * * * *** Esq.

Ovez!—This is that all may learn,
Whom it may. happen to concern,
To any lady, not a wife,

Upon a lease to last for life,

By auction will be let this day,

And enter’d on some time in May,
A vacant heart,—not ornamented
On plans by Chesterfield invented ;
A plain, old fafhion’d habitation,
Substantial, without decoration;
Large, and with room for friends to spare,
Well situate, and in good repair.

Atso the furniture; as sighs, ;
Hopes, fears, oaths, pray’rs, and some few lies }
Odes, sonnets, elegies, and songs,

With all that to th’above belongs.

Axso,—what some might have been glad,
Though in a sep’rate lot t” have had,

A good rich soil of hopeful nature,
Six measur’d acres, (feet) of stature.

Likewise another lot,—an heap
Of tatter’d modesty, quite theap.

This with the rest would have been sold,
But that by sev’ral we were told,

If put up with the heart, the price

Of that it much might prejudice.

Note well.—Th’ estate, if manag’d ably;

May be improv’d consid’rably :
Love is our money, to be paid
Whenever entry fhall be made,
And therefore have we fix’d the day
For ent’ring in the month of May ;
But if the buyer of th’ above,

Can on the spot, pay ready love.

Hereby the owner makes profefsion,

She instantly fhall have pofsefsion ;

The highest bidder be the buyer:

You may know farther of—THE cRYER. -

ee eee

—

IMITATION OF CATULLUS, BY THE SAME,

Way will my wanton maid inquire,
How many kifses I desire?
Go count the conscious ‘stars that’see
How fond I nightly steal to thee;

VOL, 1x, s Vy

poetry. ' May 30.
Count ev’ry beaming glare that flies
From those more radiant stars, thine eyes;
Count ev’ry pant that heaves thy breast,
When to my panting bosom prest 5
Go count the loves that ambuth’d dwell
Jn ev'ry dimple’s rosy dell.

» SONNET.

Stow as the ev’ning draws the veil of night,
And nattre fhuts the parted view of day ;
Soft as the pale orb’d moon imparts her light,

Painting the silver’d scene with fhadowy ray

Thus Hope, once beaming, fled when Mary frown’d,
When-smiles no longer grac’d the dimpl’d cheek 5
Thus was the joy of life in anguifh drown’d,
Thus did fell sadnefs reign, and thus did break

The gleam of hope.—Reflection of the past
Yet still more mild the lustre it display’d 5

* The present happinefs excells the last,

And ev’ry hidden virtue is survey’d.
Thus pafsion gone, and reason rules supreme,
More clear the prospect fhines, and more serene.

Q. D.C.

BEAUTY. BY MRS ROBINSON.

Go tell the vain, the insolent, and fair,

‘That life’s best days are only days of care;
That beauty, flutt’ring like a painted Ay,

Owes to the spring of youth its rarest dye ;
When winter comes, its charms fhall fade away,
And the poor insect wither and decay :
Go—bid the giddy phantom learn from thee,
That virtue only braves mortality.

EXTEMPORE ON DEFAMATION.

Lixe the broad ruin pestilence extends

Over the fair fields where yellow corn bends 5

Or as the thund’ring blast’s elastic fire,

‘That scorches black the husbandman’s desire 5

So flies grim DzeramaTIoNn thro’ the air,

To frail mortality the source. of care,

And in its flight destroys the lovely Fair. M.

1792. "on the culture of madder. 139

ON THE CULTURE AND USES OF MADDER.

Continued from p. 112.

Account of M. d’ Ambourney’s experiments on the green root.

Iw the first place, says he, I wafhed the roots clean,”
that no earthy particles might remain on them ;-and as I
had experienced that madder loses seven-eighths of its
weight, when dried sufficiently to be ground into powder,
I thought it would not be amifs if I proportioned my
quantity accordingly.

‘ With this view, in a bath which would have required
one pound of ground madder, I infused eight pounds of
the green root, being first pounded in a mortar; and, having
dyed some cotton with it in the ordinary way, I found.
that the bath was still charged with colour, and that the'
cotton was so deeply dyed that it required two boilings
to bring it to the common fhade or tint.

‘ I continued to make the experiment with six, and
with four pounds of green root; and, with the last men-
tioned quantity, I obtained a colour like that whieh is got
from one pound of the dried root in powder.

“ As this is the case, half the quantity of the root is
saved by using it green; yet this, though well worth our
attention, is not the only saving.

“1. The expence of erecting stoves and fheds, to dry
the roots in uncertain weather, is entirely saved.

‘ u. There is no danger of lofs ensuing from the root

being dried two quickly or too slowly, either of which

is prejudicial to its colour.
*“ m1. The waste occasioned by cleaning the roots, when

all those of the size of the tag of a lace are lost among
the rubbith, is avoided,

146 _ on the culture.of madder May 3.

“rv. Lastly, there is no danger to be apprehended of the
roots fermenting, which the ground root constantly does,
if it is not immediately made use of. ,

‘ All these advantages together, may amount to a sa~
ying of five-ezghths in point of quantity.’

- As to the time that the root may be preserved with
safety after it has been taken up, the following experiments,
made by Mr d’Ambourney also, will prove satisfactory.

. © I caused a hole, three feet deep, to be dug in my
garden, in which, October 6. 1 threw thirty madder
plants, and the hole being filled up, remained in this man-
mer exposed to the air and rain. I caused it to be opened
on the 30th of March after, when I found all the roots in
good condition,

‘ The hole was then filled up, and remained so till the
30th of September, when even the vermicular roots, though
broken and separated from the plants, appeared to me to
be as firm and healthy as when they were first deposited
there; but being curious to know whether they had not
undergone some alteration not discoverable by the eye, I
dyed with them, at the same time with some other roots
I had taken up for the purpose, and I found no difference
in the bath, nor in the solidity or brightnefs of the co~
jour.

‘ The planter then may preserve, in cases of necefsity,
his crop for a whole year, in a trench dug in his yard, or
even in the edge of a field, observing only to lay an alter
nate bed of roots, and a little earth.

‘ In this manner he may wait for a proper opportunity
of selling them, and the consumer can no longer play the’
tyrant, by giving him what price he pleases, because he is
obliged to sell. ,

‘ The dyer, who is friend enough to himself to adopt:
my method of dying with green roots, may, in like manner,

1792 >* on the culture of madder, 54%
preserve them in a hole in his yard, or cellar, whence he
may take them as his occasions require.’

General directions for using madder roots green.

‘ They must be wafhed a little, to clear them of the
* earth which naturally cleaves to'their outer coat, and for
‘ every pound of dried madder which would be used |
‘ there must befourof the green root. The roots are to be
‘ chopped moderately small, and afterwards bruised in
¢ stone or wooden mortars, (by no means in iron) till they
£ are reduced to a sort of pulp. ‘This pulp must be put
* into the boiler when the water (to which no addition
must be afterwards made) is somewhat more than luke-
‘warm. It is then left till it be so hot as scarcely to
‘ bear the hand in it. The stuff or cotton is then to be
‘ plunged in, and kept moving for three quarters of an
‘ our, the bath being simmering all the time. Lastly, it
‘ is made to Boil for three quarters of an hour.’ '

N. B. The bath remains, when the work is done, charged
with a much finer colour than when ground Dutch madder
is used; but no satisfactory experiments have yet beea
made t6 ascertain the precise value of this substance.

The society of agriculture of Beauvais, to which Mr
d’Ambourney’s experiments had been communicated,
-thought proper to repeat the experiment, of which the
following is the result:

‘ Two pieces of flannel were dyed, one with the Dutch
madder, the other with some madder roots newly dug for
that purpose. M. Gueren, who made the experiment,
observed, that in using the green root there is a saving of
five parts in eight.

‘ The piece dyed with the madder grown here surpafsed,
in livelinefs of colour, without comparison, that which was
dyed with Zealand madder. Samples of this new manner
have been sent to the council of state.’

a

‘

542 adventures of a Rufsian gentleman. — May 30:

From these experiments it appears, that one of the
greatest obstructions to the raising of madder in this coun-
try, the dificulty of drying it properly, will be now totally
removed, and that our manufacturers will derive very
great benefits by having it reared in their own neighbour-
hood, instead of getting it imported from abroad as they
now do. The price might thus be diminifhed to them more
than one half, while the farmer would be abundantly re-
paid for his labour. Nothing but ignorance can prevent
us from engaging in the culture of this valuable article,
Fortunately for the country there is no prohibitory excise
duty placed upon the rearing of it. ;

ADVENTURES OF A RUSSIAN GENTLEMAN AT baa
NARRATED BY HIMSELF,

« My first mistrefs made the conquest of my heart at
a mafked ball, ten days after my arrival; and fhe vanqui-
fhed me by these words, alone, you are eeeas I was
then only nineteen,—fhe was handsome,—and it was the
first time in my life that a woman had told me these
words. When aman once says to a “woman, Mh love you,
the devil repeats it to her a hundred times: The devil re-
peated a thousand times to my ear, that I was charming ; :
and, on that sweet persuasion, I became terribly in love.

But I quitted this woman in a {hort time; for, besides that
fhe was very foolifh and very tiresome, I found that 1 was
ebliged to leave her to put myself into the hands of a sur-
geon. When I was again in the world, I related the suc-
cefs of this good fortune, and was consoled by being told,

that, besides being egregiously duped, I had been difho-
noured by attaching myself to a woman who did not belong
to any of the theatres, I determined very soon to repair

.

792. adventures of a Rufsidn gentlemen. 143
that fault, and attached myself to a dancer of the opera.
She had the finest leg in Paris, a young Provencal, lively,
gay, and bustling about from morning till night. She
was so greedy, I mean of louis d’ors, that fhe often made
me remember the words of the marechal.de Villars to
Lewis x1v.—the only required three things, money, money,
money. Her caprices were never ended, and, among
others I began to suspect fhe had one for my valet de
chambre ; but fhe very soon cured me of that jealousy ; for
one evening I went to see her, I found her in the arms of
a young French officer. I demanded satisfaction imme-
diately of the military gallant, and he run me through ©
the body, which put me into the hands of another surgeon
for three months. I entered again into the beau monde,
with a firm resolution to be wise for the future. They
afsured me I was improving amazingly ;—that I would
fhine on my return to my own country ;—that there is no
rose without athorn. Ah! why had not I a friend to
tell me that the roses would fade, while the thorns would
remain! Being always behind the scenes of the opera, L
was overcome at last by the temptation, and took a third
mistrefs. For my misfortune fhe sung like an angel. If
the other had a fine leg, this one had the most perfect
arms in the world,—I thought I fhould have died with plea-
sure when fhe employed them in embracing me, while fhe
sung,

O thou, the only one on earth my heart can love!

She was at once a Syreneand a Circé; the had a langui-
fhing eye, a fine fkin, an enchanting softnefs, and an air
of honesty that would have deceived Ulyfses. Her mo-
ther had been a dancer, and mifs was brought up in the opera
house; and, from her, infancy, had learned to dance, to sing,
to receive the friends of her mama, and to be present at all

—_—

144 adventures ofta Rufiian gentleman. | May 30.
iheir parties. Every thing was in her favour, birth, edu-
cation, example, precept, experience; and I was in my
twentieth year. As fhe had made it a regular study, fhe
applied herself seriously toruin me. The greatest degree
of perfection in that, art is to conceal the art itself, and
fhe had attained that last degree of perfection. All her
finefse was imperceptible, and it was only on reflecting on
it, in my sad retreat, after eight months, that I have disco-
vered it. She saw that I was distrustful, and fhe never prai-
sed me. IfI had said a bon mot, fhe applauded it only
by a gentle smile, which added lustre to her eyes, and
made her appear at once both beautiful and sincere. All
my withes were consulted and prevented. It was always
for gaity, variety, theatres, concerts, or gaming. The mo-
ther never failed to make a daily eulogium on the merit of
her daughter, nor to season her panegyric with epigrams,
the most unfavourable to her sisters of the opera. My
Sophia, said fhe, is not like these wretches, who are alk
interested, perfidious. deceivers; fhe is gentle and wise,
and God be thanked, educated in good principles. I am
persuaded that fhe was wise, for fhe well understood the
value of money, and thought of nothing but making
her fortune. I had already contracted debts, I dared no
longer afk money from my father, who already complained
of my expence, and threatened to send.me no more. [
told this one day to my mistrefs.—What does that signify
fhe answered,’ I have enough for both you and me. | And
on saymg’ these words fhe ran to her secretary and got a
purse of a 100 guineas, which fhe put into my hand, at
the same time giving me a kifs. She then sung these two
lines,

This happy day, lets love enjoy,
And care a future time employ.

a792. adventures of a Rufsida gentleman. E45

There was so much exprefsion in ‘her singing, that the
‘meaning of these two lines appeared to me very reason-
able. Of course I thought neither of my father nor my
“creditors. The Provengal ruined me, without thinking of
any thing but her pleasures. I believe I have said al-
ready fhe was without caprice, and had only one decided
palsion, that of avarice. I gave her willingly, because
fhe never demanded any thing, but allowed every thing
to appear the effect of my liberality. Her mother indeed
praised my generosity ; fhe had even reduced the’ four
‘cardinal virtues to that one alone; and at. the beginning
of the year the proved to me, that I ought to give her
daughter a diamond necklace for her new year’s gift.
Her demand appeared rather great,—it was about 30,000
francs. My lord said fhe, has given one to
this mistrefs, who committed three or four infidelities eve-
ry day. A certain German baron, whom I knew, added
fhe, has ordered one for his mistrefs, although fhe is a
creature without any kind of merit. She ended by fhew-
ing me that the glory of Rufsia was concerned. I could
mot withstand that last argument. I gave the necklace;
vor rather it was the merchant who made her a present of
it, since I forgot to pay for it. I continued to banifh
‘care, according to the maxim of my tender lover, when
“my father, not being able to support my extravagances
any longer, ceased to send me money ; and when it was
found I had no other resource, the mask fell, the girl re-
mained, and the Circé became a Megara. After a vio-
dent scene fhe fhut the door in my face. in order to get
rid of me, fhe advised the jeweller, who had furnifhed the
diamond necklace, to put me in prison; and I 4m just
come out of the Fort /’Eveque, where 1 have been these
eight months. Now,stripped of every thing, as if I had
fallen into the hands of robbers, ruined, and in dcbhy I re.

VOL. ix. T Ta

"146 on teaching the Engli/h language. May 30.
turn to my native country, where : fhall do penance for
my foolifh prodigalities. +

‘REVIEW.

AN ILLUSTRATION OF A DESIGN FOR TEACHING THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE, BY WILLIAM M‘CARTNEY, 127720. EDIN. 179!. DUNCAN*

No study ought to be more interesting to Britifh youth,
-than that of their own language ; yet unfortunately it has
happened, that unlefs it be to learn a ridiculous mimicking
-of Englifh pronounciation, little other attention has been
hitherto paid to this important article in the course of
-education. A few attempts, it is true, have also been made
to make children learn by rote the names that have been
given to the different parts of speech by grammarians, which
has been called instructing them in the piinciples of Eng-
lith grammar ; but, till the present puolication fell in our
way, we have seen nothing like a rational plan for ena-
bling Britifh youth to acquire a practical facility in the
-use of their own native language. .
Mr M‘Cartney’s plan differs from all others we have
seen proposed for this purpose, in its being entirely of a
practical nature. He justly observes, that every one ac-
quires a knowledge of his mother tongue, merely by imita-
tion and example in common conversation, and that, in e-
-very case, more or lefs of error will be thus imbibed. His
- plan goes in the first place to the pointing out these errors
“by the instructions of a fkillful teacher, and then by exer-
“cises inspeaking and in writing, always under the correc-
- tion of the preceptor, gradually to accustom the pupils to
-an ease and correctnefs in the use of language.
He justly observes, that without practice the best rules
-can be of littleavail. ‘ T’o answer the end we propose, by

.

1792+ on teaching the Englifh language. 147,
this part, therefore,’ he says, ‘ a certain. portion of a book
of acknowledged purity, simplicity, and elegance, will be
prescribed, and the scholars called to give, from memory,
in the best manner they are able, an account of more of,
lef of.it at the time of meeting. Great care must be ta-
ken to prevent this tafk from degenerating into a tafk of
mere rote, which, though improving to the memory, would
not contribute much to the end proposed. By guarding
against this practice, farther and better effects will be
produced. The memory will continue not only to be
equally improved, but the powers of reilection will be awa-
kened, and the judgement matured and confirmed. A
clear, just, and strong phraseology, will gradually mix with
the scholar’s own, which is most efsentially requisite in this
part of Great Britain, where the language that every boy
speaks is so unlike, and often so opposite to a goad Eng-
lifh style.’

The author then proceeds to develope the farther par-.
_ticulars of his plan, in a clear and perspicuous manner, for
which we refer the reader to the work itself. It consists,.
in general, in exercises in speaking, under correction of
the several pupils, and then-in exercises in writing, upom
nearly the same plan. In the exercises for writing, a sub-
ject is given out, and each: pupil is required to write upom
it as correctly ashe can; ora clafsical sentence is purposely
corrupted, and they are desired to put it into good lan-
guage. ‘This they are desired to do at home, so that they:
may be at liberty to correct it, and write it over again as
often as they picase. When it is presented to the precep-
tor, he merely marks above the words that are defective,
and allows them once more to try to correct them, he

himself only performing this tafk when they cannet do. i3
themselves.

148 on teaching the Englifb language. May 30.

Such in general are the outlines of this very natural and
judicious mode of instructing youth i in the practice of the
Englifh language*, which, if properly carried into effect,
cannot fail to prove highly beneficial to the youth of this
country’; and we sincerely wifi the ingenious author
all the succefs that its superior merit claims, The plan
meets with our warmest approbation, chiefly from this cir-
cumstance, that the author seems to confine himself entire-
ly to the efsentials of good composition, and'to disregard
all those flimsy, affected, and meretricious ornaments of
stile, which, under the name of elocution, and fine compo-
sition, have so long turned the heads of our young men,
those especially who were meant for the bar, and which
has rendered them long the pests of society, and the deri-
sion of men of sense. Our author seems well aware, that
before an orator can speak with commanding power, his
own ideas must be clear, and his understanding cultivated.

Without these first and most efsential requisites, an at-
tempt at energy is only bombast ; and fine composition
only a bundle of disgusting affectation.

_. We fhall beg leave to offer one hint tending to improve
this plan, which, if we judge aright, will coincide very
much with the author’s own ideas. Instead of desiring
the pupils, in their exercises, to give from memory, as
nearly as they can, the words of the author, we fhould
think it better to require them to give the thoughts of the
author as nearly as they could, but entirely in their
own words. For this purpose let a pafsage of some
book, to which they could not have accefs, be read

* I with here to make a distinction between the mere teaching Englifh?”
that is merely teaching children to-read Englith, and the instructing youth
jn the practice of Englifh language. The writer of this efsay does not
propose to teach the first; and these observations are by no means intend-

ed to affect those who teach reading only; many ef them haye great mezit
in that important and laborious employment,

1792, — on teaching the Englifh language. 149
by the preceptor. A little tale, or story, or historical in-
cident will be best; and let each of them be desired to
bring, not a transcription of that from memory, but an ab-
stract of it, in which they fhould aim at giving a clear
idea of it, always in the fewest words pofsible. For that
purpose they fhould be desired to distinguith, in their own
mind, the circumstances that are efsentially necefsary. and
important, from those that are more frivolous or improper,
taking care toreject the last, and to seize only the great and.
leading ideas, thus concentring, as it were into a focus, alf
the good thoughts, so as to make a strong and vivid imprefsion.
By exercises of this sort, under the correction of a judicious
preceptor, the attention of the pupil would be directed
towards thoughts instead of words. The way to find good
words, is first to.obtain clear ideas. The man who thinks
justly, will never be satisfied with a slovenly phraseology.
The man whose mind is imprefsed with a vivid idea, will
not fail to find a forcible exprefsion. He who wants to
reach the heart, will soon perceive that he must not play
with the fancy. Thus will be introduced a taste for that
manly, dignified eloquence which speaks to the heart and
understanding, whose greatest ornaments are purity and
simplicity alone.

In the prosecution of this plan, our author will have
three Goliaths.to encounter, Johnson, Gibbon, Sterne.
‘He has, however, the satisfaction to know, that they are
already gone to sleep with their fathers, while Xenophon
and Thucydides still continue to be admired. It is those
writings, alone, that are simple and pure, which continue
to be read for ages. Affectation and bombast may please
by their novelty ; but when that is over, they only ex-
cite disgust and cqntempt. ‘The little book by our coun-
tryman Dr John Gregory, on the comparative state of
man, whose language is so natural, so simple, and se

ste me ~ anecdotes of the king. ot Manges
chaste, as never to draw the attention of the reader from
the subject, will continue to be read and admired, long af+
ter the pompous volumes above mentioned fhall be lost ie
the obscurity that ‘their own affectation hath engendered.

We are not quite clear that the author’s observations
on female education are altogether just. We have often
imagined that there is an ease, an elegance, even in fe~
male compositions, superior to dat of males, which seems
to arise from a kind of franknefs, in overleaping that kind
of grammatical precision which often stops the flow of the
masculine pen, and. gives it a stiffmefs that smells of pe-
dantry. It deserves to be inquired into whether this
stiffnefs in male writers, does not originate in an attempt
to fetter our language by rules borrowed from Latin
grammar, to which it will not yield. Women, who know
nothing about that grammar, of course write the Englifh
language in a more natural and unaffected manner than
the great /ords of the creation, who will not be content
without resting their words upon props borrowed from
Greek or Latin authors.

ANECDOTES OF THE KING.

Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

As any diverting anecdote relating to a reigning sove-
reign, especially-such a one as at present fills the throne
of Britain, seldom fails to please ‘his faithful subjects, and
even to rivet their attachment to him, it is a pity that it
fhould be so little attended to. My chief design, by these
few lines, is to stimulate such as have materials, which
would tend to make us better acquainted with the ex-
emplary goodnefs of disposition, and easy deportment of
his present majesty, to communicate them to the public.
With this view I send the following ones which. have
come to my knowledge, v2.

ic on the foibles of great men. 15t

One day that the late duke of Montague attended the
tevee, for the first time after a visit to his daughter’s fa-
amily in Dalkeith house, his majesty, after thé usual com-
pliments, d’c. inquired of the duke after the health of his
grandchildren. His grace, thanking his majesty, told him
they were all well, and making a meal of cat-meal potiage
every day. His majesty asked if they got good oat-meal.
The duke told him that they had it exceilent from a Mr
‘James Mutter in Middle Mills, near Lafwade, upon which
dhis majesty desired the duke to commifsion some for him;
and I believe the royal family are supplied Wisc that ar-
ticle from the same mills.

When the lady of Sir John Clerk of Pennycuick was
presented to the king after her marriage with Sir John,
the king said to her that fhe was become mistrefs of a
beautiful estate. Her ladyfhip begged to know how his
majesty knew that ; whereupon his majesty began at the
source of the river Esk, and told the situation and appear-
ance of every villa during its course, to her ladyfhip’s no
small surprise. He made very pertinent remarks, men-
tioning how such and such estates could be improved.

As the countefs of Elgin was at court one day, his ma-
jesty came up to her and said, ‘ My lady, a’ve gotten a
letter frae your son the day, and he’s brawly.’

I understand his majesty takes pleasure in imitating the
Scotch dialect. Arcus.

ON THE FOIBLES OF GREAT MEN.

¢ Unthought of frailties cheat us in the wise.”

I+ is even so; for who could suppose that the following
_pictures came, not fromthe pencil of malignity, but of
-truth ? Who could imagine that Locke was fond of ro-
mances ? that Newton gave implicit credit to the dreams

m2 the fate of genius. May 30
of judicial astrology? that Dr Clarke valued himself
much more on his agility, than on his science ? and that
Pope was such an epicure, that when on a visit to lord
Bolingbroke, it was his custom to lie whole days in bed,
unlefs when his servant informed him there was stewed
Jamprey for dinner? Yet all these things were so.

The picture of human frailty may be extended, as the
portraits are numerous. Queen Elisabeth was a coquette,
and Bacon received a bribe! On the eve of an important
battle, the duke of Marlborough was heard to chide his
servant for lighting four candles in his tent, at a time
when he had an important conference with!prince Eu-
gene. Luther was so immoderately pafsionate, that he
sometimes boxed Melancton’s ears; and Melaneton him-
self was a believer in dreams. Cardinals Richlieu and
Mazarine were so superstitious as to employ and pension
Morin, a pretender to astrology, who calculated their na-
tivities. Tacitus, who appears in general superior to su-
perstition, was grofsly affected by it in particular instan-
ces. Dryden was also a believer in astrology, and Hobbes
firmly believed the existence of goblins and spirits.

THE FATE OF GENIUS. '

Tur Following fhort but melancholy list proves the jus-
tice of aremark which wounds sensibility, w%. that many
a wise head and many a worthy heart, are doomed to live
in misery and die in obscurity and want. Plautus turned
a mill, Terence was a slave, Boethius died in a jail, Tafso
was often distrefsed for five fhillings, Bentivoglio was re-
fused admifsion into the hospital he himself erected, Cer-
vantes died of hunger, Camoens ended his days in an alms-
house, and Vaugelas left his body to the surgeons, to pay
his debts as far as it would go!

{

77

THE BEE,

OF

LITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

FoR

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 6..1792.

EN —> i
Sl Saas Se
=

THE GROUND SQUIRREL. 3
Tue squirrel is an active little animal common ia
temperate climates, though it be not anative of Scot-
lant, These animals feed chiefly on grain and nuts ;
the fore teeth are strong, fharp, and well adapted to
its food. There are numerous varieties of this clafs
of animals which differ from each other considerably.
But the most obvious characteristics of the whole
clafs are, fhort muscular legs ; toes long, and divided
to their origin, of which there are four onthe fore
feet, with a claw behind, in some measure resembling
the human thumb, by’ the help of which they life
their food from ‘the ground, and feed themselves.
VOL. ix, 5 +

154 on the ground squirrel, Fune 6.
“There: are five-toes on the hind feet. The tail is, in
most .of the varieties, strong and heen 3 in some of
them remarkably so. - f

The ground squirrel, of which an excellent figure
_is given above, - inhabits the north of Asia; and is
found in great abundance in the forests of North Amie-
rica. The nose and feet -of this animal are of a pale
red ; the eyes are full, and the ears plain. ~The ridge
af the back is marked with a black streak, and each
side with a pale yellow stripe, bounded above and
below by a line of black. “The head, hody, arid tail,
are of a’ reddifh brown, and the breast and ne
white.

This animal never runs up treés, unlefs when it is’
pursued, and cannot escape by any other means, It.
burrows in the ground, and makes two entrances to
ifs habitation, -that if one fhould be stopped up it may
have accéfs by the other. Its hole is formed ‘with
great fkill, having several branches from ‘the princi-
pal pafsage, each of which is terminated by a store-
‘house, in which its winter food is deposited: In one
js contained acorns, in another nuts, in a third maize,
and ina fourth the chequapina chesnuts, its favourite
food.

These animals seldom stir out during winter, nor
so long as their provisions last: When these fail,
they sometimes work their way into places where
apples are laid up, or into barns where maize is
stored, and make great havoc. During. harvest,
they. fill their mouths so full with corn, that their
cheeks are quite distended ; and in this manner carry
‘it to their concealed store. They give great prefe-
sence te certain kinds of food; andif, after filling

£792. en rearing timber. Ii
their mouths with rye, they chance to meet with
wheat, they discharge the one that they may secure
the other. pa

These animals bite very hard, and are so extremely
wild that they are tamed with difficulty. Its fkin is
of little value. Gats search for, and devour these
like other vermin.

LETTER FROM ARCTICUS..
On rearing timber trees.

SIR, To the Editor of the Bee.

I'concraTuLATE both you and your subscribers, on-
the increasing interest of your fourth volume, which
I have read with increasing pleasure; and think you -
‘may now safely. adopt as a.motto for the Bee, the
chorus of the French revolution song, (fa tra, ca tra.) .
Nay, I will venture to predict, that if both go on as.
they do, it will in time be more ‘applicable to. the
one than to the other.

However, there is one paper in the plewsinigs: vo=
lume, which I must take the liberty of smiling at
in my northern situation ; I mean a grave difsertation
p- 246, to convince the good lazy people of Scotland ©
of the practicability of raising timber in their country,
whilst we, in the latitude of sixty, surrounded with
-permanent frost and snow, which cover the earth —
for six months of the year, at least, and takes ano-
ther to thaw, see the country around us covered
with spontaneous forests, and the continual labour of
the Rufsian boor, to dispute the soil with this most
predominant part of vegetation. ;

,

156 on rearing timber... Sune 6.

You fhould send, Mr Editor, your indolent in-
fidels to see what wénders have been done, even in
the stile of Englifh gardening, in this, one of the
worst Rufsian provinces, whichnothing but political
and commercial motives could make the residence of
the court and nobility ; whilst they have such a su-
perior country, and climate as Muscow to retire
to.

Putting the imperial gardens of Sarscocello and:
Peterhoff out of the question, I fhall only hint at a
few of the many, planted by subjects during my own
time, which will sufficiently justify my criticism.

‘Prince Orloff, about eighteen or nineteen years ago,
adorneda magnificent seat (Gatchina, fifteen versts east
of Sarscocello, belonging at present to his imperial
highnefs the grand duke of Rufsia,) in.a wild part
of the country, with a beautiful garden, planned by
“one, and executed by another Englifhman, of the
name of Sparrow ; and surely. amongst all the fine
things of this delightful summer residence, the noble
plantations are the most conspicuous, and draw most
-attention. Fifteen versts beyond Gatchina, where the
country, grown still wilder and apparently more
steril, without a tree to be seen. till you arrive at
his estate, Peter Demidoff, esq. a private Rufsian
gentleman, who had been Jong enough in England to.
speak and write the language, has . adorned his coun-
try seat of Sivorik with four extensive’ contiguous
gardens, in as many varieties of the Englith stile, to
suit the size, ornaments, furniture, and water. of
four houses placed at proper distances ; where he en-
tertains his friends in a stile correspondent. to the:

tr 92. ow rearing timber. 57
comparative magnificence or simplicity of the seat
and gardens, table service, and every thing else ir
character, from silver down to white stone ware.

But it is to his plantations, Mr Editor, in this un-
protected northern situation, that I wifh to draw the
attention of your readers, and [can afsure you we
may wander thirty versts, on gravel walks mean-
dring through them, and count at least fourteen * dif-
ferent kinds of trees, which afford fl.ade, independent
‘of the number of handsome fhrubs which ornament
the wide range of these carelian pleasure grounds.
Now, Sir, all this magic (for magic it must appear
to those who find difficulty to plant.in Scotland, ) has
been produced by the gentleman’s own peasants, du~
ring our fhort summers in these northern: regions;
whilst you are obliged to write’, or at least print ef-
says, to convince the negligent inhabitants of an is-
land, in a considerably lower latitude, of the practica-
bility of raising timber, in their country, kept in 2
perpetual temperature by the surrounding sea.

No, Mr Editor, people from the north of Europe
would not receive such excuses as valid for a want

* Sorbus aucaparia,—robinia caragai1—p'nus Jarix,—pinus cembra, for
these four I do not know the Englifh names,—pinus sylvestris, Sco%h
fir,—pinus abies, common fir—betula alba, birch—betula alnus, alder
—ulmus campestris, elm—populus tremula, trembling poplar—salix albay

‘ white willow—acer platonoides, maple—quercus robur, oak.
_ In this list I do not observe the ath tree, fraxinus, now the most
common tree in Scotland: It is observable that no ath trees are ever
found in any of the mofses in Scotland, hence it is doubtful whether it
was a native or not. Will my ingenious correspendent inform me if this
tree be found in Rufsia? it is a must beautiful tree and valuable; nei-
ther do.I observe the beech, fagus, thovgh a beautiful and hardy tree.
- Edis

\

z58 on rearing timber. Sune 6.
of wood in. any island under the crown: of Great '
Britain, the Bafs, probably, excepted, when they see
the scanty portion of soil that is necefsary to support -
it, even on barren rocks ; but I am afraid you will
think me in jest, when I affirm, that wesee every day, .
in driving through the streets of Peterfburg, self
sown birches, growing, in derision of such doctrine,
out of the mofs collected on the tops of old houses,
as you may be afsured by people, now in Edinburgh ;
so very little is the portion of the soil necefsary for
raising certain trees. If this last argument does not
apologize for the liberty I took of smiling at the
paper alluded to in this letter, I must plead guilty
of contumacy, after just hinting at one other consi-
deration, which militates on my side, vzz. that such
efsays may lead people to suspect thatiJohnson’s
laughable remark did not proceed so much from im-.
perfect vision, as your patriots have willingly alled-
ged, in which number, I hope, you will. include your
correspondent : ARCTICUS..

P.S» AsI write rather for information than instruc»
tion, I fhall be obliged to any of your learned corres-
pondents, to paint out if there is any thing in our long ©
duration of frost and snow, or cther circumstances
attending our climate, (which you are now well aca.
quainted with, by the philosophical transactions of
your Royal Society,) which give Finland advantages.
over Scotland, on the subject that I have ignorantly .

- . . - .
~ engaged in ; as on conviction, I fhall, in future, treat’:

‘with more respect the bare, and therefore bleak
Tinds of Caledonia,-terms of opprobrium which I amse@..

e792. “on planting. 150
‘heartily tired of hearing, that I could with, with you,
*to see them done away, by a little industry of the
kind you so much recommend, and which cannot fail
to have a wofderful effect on the climate and pro-
duce of Scotland ; whose sterility -and. chillnefs, if
well founded, can only be owing to the uncontrouled
influence of certain winds ; a real difhonour to the in-
‘habitants, when it‘is considered how much their tem-
perature must be modified, from whatever ‘quarter
they blow, by pa‘sing.over a long tract of-sea; nay,
-the very drefs of the country ascertains the fact. A
great coat, at most, being all that is required in the
most rigorous season ;. and some go withont one the
whole year round ; whilst those who laugh ‘at them
are covered with furrs,seyen months of the twelve.

Imperial cadet og

St. Peterfburg. _ ARCTICUS. _

REMARKS ON THE ABOVE BY ‘FHE EDITOR.
In elucidation of the subject that-affords these
sportive remarks to my ingenious correspondent, ‘I
beg leave to inform him that he is much mistaken
when he supposes that the people in Scotland, in ge-
~ neral, are either ignorant of the manner of rearing
trees, or backward in cultivating them. So far is
this from being the case, ‘that’ lam firmly persuaded
there is no part on the globe, of the same extent, where
so many trees have been planted within the last half
century, as-in Scotland; nor any other country where
this branch of rural economy is so well understood.
One gentleman afsured me, himself, that he alone had
planted, during his own life time, upwards of forty

160 on: planting. Fune 6.
eight millions of trees ; and he lived several years
after that ; and sent me word about two months after I
saw him, that he had, in that time, planted two hundred
thousand more. I believed no other man ever existed
on the globe who had actually planted so many trees.
This was the late Sir Archibald Grant of Monymutk,
in Aberdeenfhire. Andthoughit would perhaps be
difficult to find another person who comes near to
this, yet the present earl Fife, the late earl Findlater,
and many other gentlemen, have planted immense
numbers, and are daily increasing their plantations.
General Gordon of Fyvie.planted three millions in one
single inclosure ; -and thereis scarcely a private gentle-
man in Aberdeenfhire, who owns an estate of five or
six hundred a-year, who has not planted many hun-
dred thousand trees. Indeed all along the coast, es-
pecially to ‘the north ot the Tay, the number of
trees planted every year is astonifhingly great. It
is on the west coast only that plantations are not ge-
neral; and it is the neglect of the oAK tree, the native
wood ofa great part of Scotland, that we have reason
tocomplain of. The fact is, that many fine stocks
of oak woods, in the west Highlands, are abandoned to
cattle and fheep ; and many more are cut as copses,
on account of the quick return for bark and forge
_ wood, by which oak trees, as TIMBER, are become
\ wery rare. An evil that ought certainly to be rec-
\ tified,

The variety of kinds of wood that are here reared
for ornament, is very great; and almost every kind
hrives in one part or other; but none prosper eS)
yell, ox succeed so universally as the larch—pinge

“1492. ‘on planting. ° 16%
-Jarix, the most beautiful, and useful tree, as well as
the quickest grower, we Know; and therefore very,
generally propagated. I have asmall plantation made
by myself of that tree, which is now exactly nine
years old, most of the trees of which, are about
“twenty feet in height. Trees, therefore, are reared
here in great abundance ; and thrive as well as per-
haps in any climate equally distant from the torrid.
zone.
We ‘are not, in Scotland, surprised at finding tree
seeds spring up on the tops of houses, or on ‘barren
-soils we know well that it is on barren soils alone
that ever tree seeds can~spring up spontaneously.
No plant is so very. destructive to seedling’ trees as
-grafs ; and wherever grafs spontaneously grows up-
on the surface, self sown trees never will spring up.
If the soil be so bare as to yield no grafs, and very
‘little heath, trees will get up if the seeds be within
reach; especially those with light seeds, like the
-birch or fir; for there the plants eome-up; nor are
»eattle or wild animals tempted to brouse upon them.
But if a pile of grafs appears, if that be not eut down,
‘it soon increases, grows: thick, covers the young
plants in summer, and in winter it falls down and
»rots, suffocating the young trees. Even planiat ons
> made on such soils often fail ; for if the trees be large,
‘they frequently die down ; and if the plants be smal¥
“they are overtopped by the grafs.and smothered.
An extensive heath is the kind of soil: that admits of
_being easiest stocked with trees by planting. A
‘naked thin soil, that neither carries heath nor grafs,
will soon become covered with young plants of birch,
“WOL. ix. x

162 political progre/s of Britain. Fune 6.
or fir, if they be fenced in from cattle, if any trees
of these sorts be in the neighbourhood to afford the

seeds. ; Edit.

i

ON THE POLITICAL PROGRESS OF BRITAIN:
LETTER VII.

Continued from p. 27.
She wifhed Hanover ia the sea, as the cause of all our misfortunes.
Prince/s Dowager of Wales, Ap. Dodington.
SIR, To the Editor of the Bee.

‘Tue parliament met again on the 16th November
1742, and ear Stanhope moved for an addrefs to in-
treat his majesty, ‘‘ that, in compafsion to his people,
“ loaded already with such numerous and heavy
** taxes, such large and growitig debts, and greater
** annual expences than the nation at any time before
had ever sustained, he would exonerate his sub-
jects of the charge and burden from these mercena-
ries, who were taken into the service last year,
without the advice or consent of parliament.” The
earl of Sandwich, who supported the motion, ‘* took
*‘ occasion to speak with great contempt of Ha-
NOVER ; and in mentioning the royal family, seem~
ed to forget that decorum which the subject requi-
red. He had indeed reason to talk with asperity
on the contract by which the Hanoverians had been
taken into the pay of Britain, Levy-money was
charged to the account, though they were engaged
for one year only; and though not a single regi-
<« ment had been raised on this occasion: They had
** been levied for the security of the electorate, and
** would have been maintained 7f England had never

«6

66

ee

€6

1792. political progre/s of Britain. 163
* engaged in the affairs of the continent*.” After re~
flecting on this transaction, the reader will judge
whether I was wrong in comparing the annals of the
cabinet, with the annals of Tyburn. Lord Sandwich
was followed by the duke of Bedford, who ‘ enlar~
‘* ged onthe same subject: He said, it had been sus~
‘¢ pected, nor was the suspicion without foundation,
‘‘ that the measures of the Englifh ministry had
* long been regulated by the interest of his majesty’s
“* electoral territories ; that these had been long con-
«¢ sidered as a GULPH, into which the treasure of
‘© Britain had been thrown; that the state of Ha-
«< nover had been changed without any visible cause,
* since the accefsion of her princes to the throne of
«“ England. Afluence had begun. to,wanton in her
** towns, and gold to glitter in her cottages, without
“* the discovery of mines, or the increase of her com=.
“¢ merce; and new deminions had been purchased,
‘* of which the value. was never paid from the reve
‘¢ nues of Hanover.” Had lord Stanhope, lord Sand~
wich, and the duke of Bedford, been persons of infe-
rior rank, such language would have cost them their
lives; for a more disgraceful and, contemptuous ac-=
cusation was never advanced against any sovereign:
We are in the habit of sailing at tyrants who have
filled their palaces with domestic afsafsination. But
the author of an unprovoked war is certainly answer-
able for the lives of those victims who fall in the
course of it ; and what is the moral distinction be-
tween the murders of the bed chamber, and those of
the field of battle? Lord Bathurst and Pulteney, by

that time earl of Bath, a person distinguithed eves
* Smollet.

164 political progress of Briiata; June 6s.
among statesmen for superlative treachery, defend-
ed‘ the measures of government by a series of eva-.
sions not worth repeating. They were answered ~
by the-earl of Chesterfield. His lordfhip observed.
‘« that his majesty had.taken into Britifh pay, six-
‘© teen thousand Hanoverians, without consulting par-
«* Jiament ; that this step was highly derogatory to»
‘¢ the rights and dignity of the great council of the
<¢ nation, and a very dangerous precedent to future
“« times; that while Britain exhausted herself, al=
‘¢ most to ruin, in pursuance of engagements to the
‘*‘ queen of Hungary, the electorate of Hanover, _
*¢ though under the same engagements, and govern- .
«<.ed by the same prince, appeared to contribute no~
‘¢ thing as an ally to her afsistance ; but was paid by -
‘¢ Britain, and at a very exorbitant price, for all the -
“‘ forces they had sent into the field.” His lordfhip .
concluded in these words: ‘* It-may be proper to re- .
‘é peat what may be forgotten in:the multitude ofother
« objects, that this nation, after having exalted the
*¢ elector of Hanover from a state of obscurity, to the.
crown, is condemned to hire the troops of that
electorate to fight their own cause ; to hire them .
“ at a rate which was never demanded before, and to .
** pay levy-money for them; though it is known to
all Europe that they were. not raised for this oc-
casion*.”? In spite of these remonstrances the
motion for discharging the mercenaries was rejected ;
and we cannot be surprised to hear, that ‘* the new
‘“‘ ministers became more odious than, their predecef-

66

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66

ase

* Smellet,

W923. political pongrek of Britains 165;
** sors, and that people nani to consider public
* virtue as an empty name.” The supplies for.
17-43,.amounted to six millions. Among these were~
five hundred and thirty-four thousand pounds, for the
support of sixteen thousand men in Flanders ; two
hundred and sixty-five thousand pounds, for the pay-
ment of sixteen thousand Hanoverians in the service
of Britain, from the 31st of August to the 25th of
December 1742; three hundred and ninety-two thou
sand pounds, for the same troops, from 26th of De-.
eember 1742 to 25th December 1743; and one hun-.
dred and sixty-one thousand. pounds, for the payment -
of six thousand Hefsians during the same period *.
The parliament met again, in December 1743; .
and the same debates were renewed in both houses, .
but the torrent of corruption swept all before it.
The following grants may serve as 2 specimen of the
prodigality of a degraded and infetuated nation. Sto.
hundred and thirty-four thousand pounds were voted~
by the commons, for. the support of an army of twenty~.
one thousand men, who were to.be employed in.
Flanders; and three hundred and ninety-three thousand.
pounds, for the payment of szxteen thousand Hano--
vertans, from the 26th of December 1743, to the 25th.
of December 1744; two hundred: thousand pounds.
for the king of Sardinia; three. hundred. thousand
pounds for the queen: of Hungary ;. an hundred and
twenty thousand pounds to make good the deficiency -

of grants for the service of the year.1743 ;- and forty»

* Scots Magazine for 1742. In stating the supplies for 1742, in my
Tast letter, 1 omitted five hundred thougind poynds, voted in confidence.
to his majesty.

166 political progrefs of Britain. Sune 6-
thousand pounds for the marriage portion of the prin-
cefs of Denmark, one of his majesty’s daughters ;
five hundred and twenty-four thousand pounds.were
also voted on account of the extraordinary charges
of the troops serving in Flanders, incurred in the
years 1742 and 1743, and not provided for by par-
liament; and az hundred thousand pounds, upon ac~-
count of the extraordinary charge of forage, waggon
money, and other expences incurred, or to be incur-
red, for the service of the year1744*. It was about
the end of that year, that we entered into a treaty
with the king of Poland, by which we engaged to pay
him an annual subsidy of an hundred thousand pounds.
** A general discontent,” says Frederick, ‘‘ had
‘¢ obliged the king of England to part with his mi-
“6 nister lord Carteret, who had entered into alt his
‘¢ views ; and who, under the appearance of national
*¢ good, concealed every step GrorGE made in fa-~
‘* vour of his electorate +.””. There was a change of
men but not of measures. The duke of Bedford,
the earl of Chesterfield, and the pzous lord Littleton,
in spite of their violent speeches, accepted, as well as
others, a {hare in the plunder of their country.—
Chesterfield set out for the Hague, with the the pal-
try title of ambafsador extraordinary, ‘* to persuade,
** if pofsible, the States General to enter heartily in-
“‘ tothe wart ;” into that very war, which he had, a
thousand times over, declared to be umjust and unne-
cefsary. Behold an independent peer of Britain de~

® Scots Magazine for 1744.

+ History of my own times, Chap. xi. T Smollet,

1792. polttical progrefs of Britain. 167.
grading himself into a pander of afsafsination ! What
a dreadful picture of human nature! Wath what re-
gret might his lordfhip have looked up to the situa-
tion of ascavenger! The duke of Newcastle, and
his brother Mr Pelham, were the promoters of this
revolution in the cabinet, and the leaders of the new
ministry. As Mr Pelham’s memory is mentioned with
respect, it is but justice to observe that he was as for-
ward as others in squandering the treasure and the
blood of England. Were a private person to burn
his neighbour’s house, or cut his throat, he would.
be hanged ; but when a scoundrel, whose understand-
ing is unequal to the office of a post boy, drives an
hundred thousand brave men into the field, to deso-
late provinces, and hew nations down like oxen, we
call it glory !_ The supplies specified in the votes for
1744, amounted to six millions and a half, and those
for 1745, to about the same sum, including two hun-
dred thousand pounds to the king of Sardinia, and
five hundred thousand pounds to the queen of Hun-
gary.

In the beginning of the year 1746, “ our faithful
commons”’ settled funds for the maintenance of
@ the Dutch and Hefsian troops who were in the
** service of England, as well as for the subsidy. to
*« the landgrave. They granted three hundred thou-
*“* sand pounds to the king of Sardinia; four bua-
dred thousand pounds to the queen of Hungary ;
three hundred and ten thousand pounds to defray
** the expence of eighteen thousand Hanoverians ;
** about three and thirty thousand pounds to the elec-
“ tors of Mentz and Cologne; and jive hundred

a68) ‘political proprefs of Britain. Yune Ge.
“‘* thousand pounds, in a vote of credit and confidence,
“« to his majesty. The whole charge of the current
“¢* year amounted to seven millions two hundred and
“66 fifty thousand pounds*.” In the month of No-
«vember, of'the same year, they met a second time ;
-and the supplies for the year 1747 were still‘more
‘extravagant. “‘ They granted ‘four hundred and
“* thirty-three thousand ‘pounds tothe queen of Hun-
gary; three hundred thousand pounds to the king
of Sardinia ; Four hundred and ten thousand pounds
for the maintenance of eighteen thousand Hano-~
** verian auxiliaries +; one hundred and sixty-one
“ thousand six hundred and seven pounds, for six
“¢ thousand “Hefsians.; subsidies to the electors of
‘Cologne, Mentz, and Bavaria; and the sum of five
hundred thousand pounds to enable his majesty
““ to carry on the war with vigour. The supplies
“¢ amounted to nine millions four:-hundred and twen-
“ ty-five thousand pounds }.” -In my fourth letter,
T have already stated the supplies for 1748. A
more particular detail of part ‘of them may deserve
the reader’s attention. A new parliament met on
the 10th November 1747; ‘' five hundred and, seven
‘* thousand pounds were granted for the office of
** ordnance for dand service; twelve hundred and
‘* sixty thousand pounds for the payment. of fifty
‘* thousand Jand forces ;'one million seven hundred and
“ forty-three thousand pounds for the payment of

a.

66

6g

n

66

al
. .

a
wr

* Smollet.

+ The price of Hanoverian blood had arisen in thé course of a yeat
thirty per cent. The Hefsian subsidy is out of all proportions

t Smollet.

3792-°> = politecal progre/s of Britain. | 169
‘* sUBSEDIES to the emprefs queen of Hungary, the.
“‘emprefs of Rufsia, the king of Sardinia, the
** electors of Mentz and Bavaria, the forces of Ha.
“ nover, AND’—the devil knows how many other
German despots, who 4zred out their soldiers to
fight like game cocks for the best bidder. Five bua-
dred thousand pounds were also voted im confidence to
his most gracious majesty, who was, for no purpose
whatever, steeping Europe in the blood of her in-
habitants. The continental war appears to have
cost us, for the year 1748, about FOUR MILLIONS
STERLING, as the above sums are entirely exclusive
of those granted for the service of the Britith.
navy, and for the payment of the land forces in
garrisons and plantations. Had these and former
subsidies been applied to the privateer service, it is
very likely that the commerce of France and Spain
would have been absolutely torn up by the roots;
and we are commonly taught that such an event
would be of infinite advantage to Britain. But sup-
posing our neighbours reduced to universal bank-
xuptcy, with whom are we to buy or sell? orisa
merchant ambitious to transact businefs only with
beggars? A {hop keeper in the high street of Edin-
hurgh would not expect to increase the profits of his
businefs by reducing the whole city to afhes; yet 2
commercial nation proposes to gain universal wealth
by spreading universal depredation. Dr Swift said
that his countrymen had more pleasure in cheating.
you of A SHILLING, than iw gaining FIVE POUNDS by
fair trade. But this disposition is not peculiar to
* Beatson vol. i. p. 360,
TOL. ix. 7 4

140 political progre/s of Britain. Sune 6.
Treland. In contemplating the Spanifh war of 1739,
the following facts deserve a serious consideration.

‘The Britifh navy lost forty-eight vefsels. They
carried ‘thirteen hundred and seventy-six guns.
By the common calculation, these fhips must
have been equipped at an expence of about thirteen
‘hundred and seventy-six thousand pounds. Much has’
‘been boasted of the superior value of the vefsels
‘taken from the French and Spaniards, but “ many
“* of the most valuable prizes were insured at Lon-
4¢ pon *;” and about the-close of the war a statute
was actually pafsed to put anend to such a traffic.
“The historian adds, that this practice ‘* proved the
“* sole cause of preventing a total bankruptcy from
*¢ taking place among their merchants.” Thus, in
the midst of a bloody contest,.a2 number of Britith
privateers were actually engaged in thedestruction of
Britith property ; while the wealth of Britifh mer-
chants was chearfully employed in supporting the
last resources of the pretended enemies of Britain.
The prospect does not brighten by reflecting on the
motives which reduced us to a situation so mourn-
fully contemptible. We drew the sword in defence
of the dregs of mankind, of smugglers, and slave
stealers.

“« England,” says Voltaire, *¢ had no interest in
“‘ this quarrel, but that of a simgle /bip. She lost
** much blood and treasure, and the affair of that fhip
“+ yemained, after all, zz the same situation.” ‘* In the
** treaty of peace,” says Beatson, ‘‘ the grand mat-
“' ter, which had been the occasion of this bloody.

* Naval Memoirs, vol. i. p. 361.

F792: political progres of Britain. tha: *
*€ and expensive war, the rzght of Britilh thips to na-
** vigate the American seas without being searched,
* was NOT SO MUCH AS-MENTIONED*.” We never
would have suffered a Spanifh fhip to navigate the
seas of North America without Jeing searched ;
that our right was founded on the most egregious
insolence. Yet.in this war we at least had, and we
had no more than the fhadow of an object. In the
German war even that-was wanting. In the former,

- Britain may be compared with a country gentleman,
worth twenty thousand: pounds a-year, who has:
been detected in attempting to. steal a horse worth
twenty fhillings.—In the latter case, we resembled a
person setting his house on fire, and then driving his
wife and children over the windows. Four MILLIONS
sterling per annum for a queen of Hungary! Were
ever mortal ears invaded with such another sound !.
We began this war. by bribing her.to fight her‘own.
battles against the king of Prufsia; and, within ten.
years, we gave the kingof Prufsia szm bundred and se--
venty thousand pounds per annum to fight his own battles
against her-t+! If.this be not folly, what are we to-

* Naval Memoirs, &c. yol.i. p. 392.

+ Atthis day, what better is ourconduct? While our-agriculture, ma--
nufactures, and fifhezies are in want of hands, eighteen months have not
pef.cdover since ve were on the point of fighting and dying for the privi--
Jege of killing whales at the Souto Pole, and wild cats at twice that dis-
fauce.

Even since that time we have also. interfered, like a terrier between...
pwo mastiffs, in the quarrels of Turkey and Rufsia. When Britain was. »
divided into two independent kingdoms, Berwick upon Tweed was..a fre-
guent object of.contention ; and the Turk or the Muscovite of the four-
teeath century, might, with equal reason, have interested himself in the.
fue of Berwick, as Britons of the present.age in the fate of Oczakow...*

192 political progres of Britain. Yune 6.
call it? What service could a king of Sardinia re-
turn us adequate to three hundred thousand pounds
per annum ? As for the sums paid to the Hefsians,
and the various sums of five hundred thousand pounds’
voted i confidence, it would be needlefs to afk’
the reader’s opinion. What could Rabelais or Cer-
vantes have invented more extravagantly ridiculous,
than the circumstance of paying an hundred thou-
sand pounds a-year to a king of Poland, and to a
king of Poland too who was more than half an idiot*,.
to guarantee our domimions? This was just as. if a
lion had solicited protection from a mouse. The
bank of England might, with equal propriety, have
requested one of their porters to add his. name to the
firm of their company. The horrid infamy of such
a breach of trust defies exaggeration. As for the
faction in parliament, who committed such fathomlefs
depredations on the property of their countrymen,
they are to be detested as a herd of banditti, more
formidable to Britain than all her enemies put toge-
ther—as wretches fitter for the cells of Newgate than
the benches of a senate house.

Could I from the building?s top,

Hear the rattling thunder drop,

While the devil upon the roof,

(If the devil be thunderproof)

Should with poker fiery-r d,

Crack the stones, and melt the lead;
Drive them down on every fkull,

While THE DEN OF THIEVES is full;
Quite destroy that harpies nest,

How might then our isle be blest +!

*. The king of Prufsia has favoured, us with some curious anecdotes af
this unhappy, figure.
+ Swift, on the Irihh House of Commons.

ye

1792. on orthography. 1473

_ A fhort, but convincing answer may be given to
the miserable farce of German campaigns, and Ger-
man subsidies. Were the whole continent of Eu-
rope embodied under a single sovereign, yet, while
we pofsefs a superior navy, we can always meet him
on at least equal terms ; and even were our navy to”
be destroyed, our hereditary bravery is so well
known, that few statesmen, either sleeping or wa-
king, would dream of landing an army on the coast
of Britain. ;

I thall by your indulgence close my remarks on
this memorable war in my next letter.

Laurencekirk, Timotuy THUNDERPROOF.
May 15. 1792-

A WORD TO THE WISE.

A spirit of innovation seems to be the reigning
foible of the times. , Our neighbours, the French,
have turned their plough fhares into swords, in or-
der to maintain the deprefsion which they have ef-
fected, of their ancient government, and the establifh-
ment of a newone.. The Swedes have {hot their
king, because he was growing old in promoting the
welfare of his people; and the Britifh parliament
has invented the new expedient of prohibiting inter-
nal commerce in grain. From these political ob-
jects, nat being able to decide whether the alterati-
ons remarked are beneficial or hurtful, I turn away.
my attention; but by glancing at them I am led ta
observe another innovation in a very different mat-
ter. The alteration of language, on which, presu-
ming it to be an object of importance_to the literary

74 on orthography. Fune 6s.
circle, whetein the Bee operates, in blending the use-
ful, with the agreeable branches of knowledge, I,
fhall offer to the public my lucubrations.

It is well known that the pronounciation of every
language is very liable, to alteration, from many
causes ; such as the eventual connection with foreign
countries, for example, the accent that the inhabitants
of those parts.of Ireland, where Englith is spoken,
have acquired, has been got from the conyersation and
mixture of the aboriginal natives,—the. caprices of
fafhion, which being, as I have read in the Bee,
built upon the. weaknefs and folly of mankind, will
rule with eternal sway,—the affectation. of popular
orators and players, many of whom gain their repu--
tation ‘by being remarkable, and having something
new about them,—and. others of a similar nature.

There is a very prevailing. opinion, which, being
plausible, is the more dangerous, that the spelling of
words fhould. be accommodated@: to their pronounci-
ation. This opinion. I have it in view to refute.

When: orthography was. invented; the characters
which were to denote certain words would have
powers to,exprefs the sounds by which these words.
were-articulated, and the inventors would endeavour
to make these powers be- as nearly the same in one
word as another ;, but, from the great nicety in the
distinction betwixt sounds, nearly similar indifferent
words, he would. be obliged, in order not to swell
his alphahet to an inconvenient magnitude, to make
the same character exprefs sounds somewhat differ-
ent in different words, such as was and all.

The orthography being thus establifhed, every
person would have in his mind.a distinct idea of the

792. ‘on orthography. 17$
~sounds of these characters,_according to the pronouns
-cidtion of the words in which he found them used,
and so would the orthography remain unaltered, if
the language did not undergo any change.

But, from what 1 have animadvertéd to above,
the language being continually changing, some words
come to have a sound perfectly different from others,
in which the same characters are used, and which
were originally pronounced alike ; for example,—lve
an adjective, and ive a verb, are pronounced very
differently, though the same characters are used in
both ; and who knows whether ner were tn eet
articulated alike or net ?

The attentive reader may see from what: I have
said that where one begins to alter the spelling, in
order to accommodate it to the words, he enters on
an endlefs thread of innovation. He would, in the
quoted example, have a new. vowel for one of the
words, a8 Struck his fancy: Perhaps he would have
written /yve animals ; and no one knows that I dive
may not, in the course of a century, be pronounced
TI lave, and of course, provided these vowels re-
tain, in the notion of the public at large, the same
sound as at present they do, were the altering system
adopted, would be so written.

I need not animadvert on the numberlefs evil con-
sequences that would attend such a practice, as that of
mutilating the spelling of words, as the fancy of the
public thould suggest to be agreeable to the pronoun~

ciation. Every language would be the language of
day ; our Thomson, our Milton, our Shakespeare,
would in a hundred years be unintelligible ; and to
preserve our laws and our records from eternal ob-

x76 on orthography, | June 6:
livion, it would be necefsary to have them all ren-
dered into Latin, and their use would be confined to a
learned, quibbling, and designing set of statesmen and
lawyers.

The French have been as busy in altering their
language as their constitution. It was when one of.
their kings married an Italian princefs, that fhe chan-
ged the sound of the terminatian ozs into that of ais ;
and as it was fhorter and more melodious to the ear,
thg sound was universally. adopted; but the people
in those days had more sense than to think of losing
all their books by changing their language; and
therefore no one thought of changing the spelling till
the great Voltaire, who, like every one else, had
his follies, introduced the azs ; but yet it would not
go down with the bulk of the nation till within these
three or four years, when it would appear that the
French looked on every thing that was old as detes~
tible: They not only adopted M. Voltaire’s zmprove-
ment, but so many others, that I declare, though
well versed in the French language, I cannot read a
new French book without stammering at the sight of
these absurdities.

I fhall just farther remark that many of onr af-
fected literati pretend to use such orthography, as
honor, favor, &c. and fhould the final letter be, in
course of time, omitted in pronounciation, which is
by no means impofsible, by the same easy infatua-
tion they may come to write ono, favo, and s0 on;
adieu then to old Englifb!

Avoid such innovations as a deadly poison to the
valuable body of Englith literature,

Leith 17°52. Av Ay Le

oe

“

POETRY.

~-

‘VERSES BY THOMSON ON THE DEATH OF HIS MOTHER.

- For the Bee.

Yr fabled muses I your aid disclaim,
Your airy raptures, and yotrr fancied flame,
True genuine woe my throbbing breast inépires,

* Love prompts my lays and filial duty fires ;
‘The soul springs instant at the warm design,
And the heart dictates ev'ry flowing line.

See! where the kindest, best of mothers lies,
And death has fhut her ever weeping eyes 5
Has lodg’d,~at last, peace in*her weary breast,
And lull’d her many piercing cares to rest.
No more the orphan train around"her stands,

While herefull heart upbraids her needy hands ;
“ No more the widow’s lonely fate fhe feels,

The fhock severe that modest want conceals,

‘Th’ opprefsor’s scourge, the scorn of wealthy pride,
And poverty’s unnumber’d ills beside ;

For see! attended by th” angelic throng,

Thro” yonder worlds of light fhe glides along,

And claims the well earn’d raptures of the fky3
Yet fond concern recalls the mother’s eye;

She seeks th’ unfriended orphans left behind,

"So hardly left !-so bitterly resign’d
" Still, still! is fhe-my soul’s divinest theme,

The waking vision, and the wailing dream;
Amid the ruddy sun’s ‘enliv’ning blaze,
O’er my dark eyes her dewy image plays ;
And in the dread dominion of the night,
Shines out agiin the sadly p'ersing sight;
Triumphant virtue all around her darts,
And more than volumes ev’ry look imparts ;

~ Looks !—soft, yet awful, melting, yet severe,

‘Where both the mother and the saint are seen.
But ah! that night—that*tert’ring night remafas,

_ May darknefe"dye it with its deepest stains;

May joy on it forsake her rosy bow’rs,

And streaming sorrow blast its baleful hours !
Whea-on the margin of the briny flood, ;
Chilf’d with a sad presaging damp I stood ;
Took the last look ne’er to behold her more,
And mix’d our murmurs with the wat’ry roar;
Heard the last Words fall from her pious tongue,
Then wild into the bulging vefsel flung,

* Which soon, too soon, convey’d me from her sight,

Dearer than life, and liberty, and light !
VOL. ix. Zz ¢

178

poetr9. June .
Why was I then, ye pow’rs! reserv’d for this, i
Nor sunk immediate in the vast abyfs?
Devour’d at once by the relentlefs wave,
And whelm’d for ever in a wat’ry grave?
Down ye wild withes of unruly woe !
I see her with immortal beauty glow;
The early wrinkle, care contracted, gone,
Her tears all wip’d, and all her sorrows flown;
Th’ exulting voice of heav’n I hear her breath,
. To soothe her in the agonies of death!
I see her thro’ the blest apartments ro¥e,
And now fhe meets her dear expecting love.
Heart-easing sight! if not in part o’erspread,
By the damp gloom of grief’s unchearful fhade,
But round me, light! let this reflection pour,
Who from the night commands the fhining day,
The poor man’s portion and the orphan’s stay.

TO HUMANITY.
For whe Bee.

Dexicutrut emblem of the god of love,
I know thee by thy sympathising smile,

With look imploring help from heav’n above,
And hand outstretch’d to give relief the while.

I know thee by thy soft angelic form,
And the big tear which glistens in thine eye 5
Sure virtue doth with double grace adorn,
When beauty feels thy pow’r humanity!

Oh to the friendlefs still youchsafe thine aid,

Heal the sad wound by misery imprefs'd;
Give them relief, sweet interested maid,

And lull their sorrows to the wifh’d for rest !
When thou dost dwell with riches wisely given,
‘We feel the pow’r which points the hand of heav’n.

QD. Cc.

, ON HONOUR.

“Howowur !—What art thou, pretty flying name?

A vision? a protection for the bafhful dame ?

Away !—*tis false ;—for pleasure calls the fair,
Pleasure,-alone, employs their utmost care ;

Else why would fhe, whose soul once heav’nly fhone,
Break her pledg’d honour, and make me undone ?

She faithlefs proves! her pleasure calls—Away!

Honour’s but wind,—the vision of a day. M, ’

F792. the dream of Gatileo. 179

THE DREAM OF GALILEO,
"OR

THE PLEASURES OF KNOWLEDGE.
Translated from the German.

Gattteo was twice brought before the Inquistion at
Rome, because he defended the system of Copernicus,
which appeared to be inconsistent with the sacred wri-
tings. The second time he lay long in prison, and in
great uncertainty with regard to his fate ; at last he was
released upon this condition, that he fhould not depart
from the duchy of Tuscany. The most important of his
astronomical discoveries, made partly alone, and partly
with afsistance, are those which are mentioned in this
dream. He lived, after his last imprisonment, at his
country seat near Arcetri in Tuscany, having lost his
sight, but enjoying, till his death, the society of Viviani,
who was afterwards his biographer, and who was accusto-
med never to subscribe his name without the addition of the
‘scholar of Galileo.” These few introductory observa-
tions will probably render the following efsay more intel-
ligible than it would otherwise have been.

Galileo, whose labours in the cause of science had gi-
ven him so fair a claim to immortality, was now living at
Arcetri in Tuscany, and enjoying a peaceful and honour-
able old age. He was already deprived of the noblest of
his senses, but he still rejoiced at the appearance ofthe spring ;
partly on account of the return of the nightingale, and
the sweet fragrance of the reviving blofsoms; and partly of
account of the lively recollection which he still retained of
the pleasures that were past.

It was in the last of these seasons which he lived to en-
joy, that Viviani, the youngest and most affectionate of

Z

a8o . the dream of Galileo. June’.
his scholars, carried him out to the fields at Arcetri. He
perceived that he was advancing too far for his strength, and
therefore intreated his conductor, with a smile, that he .
would not, in. defiance ,of the prohibition, garry him be-
yond the boundaries of Florence; for you know, added
he, the solemn engagement which ;I was obliged to come
under tothe Holy Inquisition. Viviani set him down,
immediately, to recover his fatigue, upon .a little mount,
where, being still: nearer to the, plants and flowers,,and °
sitting as it were amidst a cloud of fragrance, he recollec-
ted that ardent desire for liberty, which had seized him.
once at Rome upon the. approach.of the spring; and he
was about to discharge upon his.barbarous persecutors the
last drop of bitternefs which he had. in: his heart, when he .
checked himself suddenly with this exprefsion; ‘ The spi-.
rit of Copernicus must not be provoked.’

Viviani, who was totally ignorant of the dteam to ,
which Galileo here alluded, begged for an.explanation of
these words ; butthe old man, who felt that the evening cy
was too cool and moist for his weak nerves, insisted upon .
first being carried back to the house. .

You know, he began when. he had refrefhed himself a
little, with what severity Iwas treated at Rome, and -
how.long my deliverance was delayed, when I found.that all ,
the powerful intercefsions of my illustrious protectors, the
Medicean princes, and even the recantation to which I ,
had descended, remained wholly without effect,.I threw
myself dowh in despair upon my bed, full of the most melan- ,
choly reflections upon my fate, and af secret indignation .
against, providence itself. So far, | exclaimed, as, thy re-.
' collection extends, how blamelefs has:been thy course of :
life! With what unwearied labour and zeal, for thy em-
ployment, hast thou explored the labyrinths of a false phi-.
losophy,.in search of that light which thou canst not find!
Hast thou not exerted every faculty of thy soul to esta~

ayg2- ~ the dream of Galileo. PO" :
_ blith the glorious temple of truth, upon the ruins of those -
fabrics of prejudice and.error which were reared by igno--
wance, and sanctified by time? Didst,thou not, as soon as+
nature was satisfied, retire with reluctance from the social _
board, gail deny thyself even the-slightest indulgence which...
could interfere for a moment .with intellectual pursuits ?
How many hours hast thou stolen from sleep, in order to~
devotethementirely to wisdom? Howoften, when all around -
thee lay sunk in carelefs and profound repose, hast thou
stood fhiyering With frost, while employed. in contem-
plating the wonders of the firmament? or when clouds and.
darknefs.concealed them from thy view, hung over the
midnight, lamp, anxious, to contribute, by thy discoveries,
to the glory of the deity, and the instruction of mankind ?~
Poor wretch! and what is now, the fruit of thy labours ?~
What recompence hast thou obtained for all thy. efforts to.
glorify.thy Creator; and all thy endeavours to iljuminate~.
mankind ? Qnly that the anguifh occasioned by thy.suf-~-
ferings fhould gradually exhaust all moisture from thine |
eyes ;—-—only that those faithful allies .of the soul fhould .
be more and more enfeebled every day ; and that
now these tears, which thou. canst not restrain, fhould ex- .
tinguith their scanty light for ever!

Thus, Viviani; did I speak to myself; -and then threw
an enyious.glance upon my persecutors. These wretches,
exclaimed I, who hide their ignorance under mysterious

forms, and conceal their vices in a venerable garb;
who sanctify their indolence, by imposing on the world the,
inventions of men for the oracles of God, and join to pur-
sue, with unrelenting:fury, the sage who raises the torch,
of truth, lest-their luxurious slumbers fhould be broken.,
by its splendor. ‘These vile ones, who are only active fer.
their own pleasures, and the corrupticn-of the world ;
who laugh at misery in their gilded palaces; whose life,

182 the dream of Galileo. June 6.
is only one round of difsipation, how have they robbed
merit of all, even of glory, the most precious of its re-
wards! With what blind devotion do the people bow to ,
them, whom they cozen so fhamefully of the fruits of
their pofsefsions, and provide for themselves the most lux-
- utious entertainments from the fat of their herds, and the
produce of their vineyards! And thou, poor wretch! who
hast hitherto lived only to God, and thy own vocation,
who hast never permitted a single pafsion to spring up in
thy soul, but the pure and holy pafsi6n for truth; who
hast proved thyself a priest more worthy of the deity
by discovering the various wonders of his works from the
fabric of an universe,:to the structure of a worm; must
thou be deprived of the only comfort for which thow hast
pined and languifhed so long? of that comfort which is
not withheld from the beast of the forest, and the fowls
-of Heaven?—of liberty? What eye watches over .the
fortunes of men? What righteous and impartial hand, deals
cut the blefsings of life? thus to suffer those who are un-
worthy, to plunder their betters, and engrofs every cic to
themselves.

I continued to complain till I fell asleep ; and immedi-
ately a venerable old man seemed to approach my bed-
side. He stood and beheld me with silent satisfaction,
while my eye was fixed in admiration upon his contempla-
tive forehead, and his silver locks. Galileo, said he at last,
what you now suffer, you suffer on account of the truths
which I taught you; and the same superstition by which
you are persecuted, would also have persecuted me, had
not death procured my eternal freedom. ‘Thou art Coper-
nicus, exclaimed I, and, before he could answer, caught
him in my arms. How sweet Viviani are those bonds of
alliance establifhed among us, by nature herself; but how
much sweeter are the alliances of the soul! How much

27923" thé dream of Galilee. 183
dearer and nearer to the heart, than even the bands of
brotherly affection, are the eternal ties of truth! With
what a charming presentiment of that glorious moment,
when the sphere of our activity fhall be infinitely enlar-
ged, and our faculties exalted, and rendered equal to a
free participation of all the treasures of knowledge, do we
hasten to meet a friend, who is introduced to us by wis-
dom ! tyr

See, said the old man, after returning my embrace, I
have resumed the garb of fleth which I formerly wore, and
will now beto thee, what I fhall be hereafter,—thy guide.
For in that world where the unfettered spirit labours con-
tinually with unwearied ardour, rest is only a change
of employment; our own investigation into the mysteries.
of the Godhead is interrupted only by that instruction
which we give to those newly arrived from the earth;
_ and I am to be the first instructor of thy soul in the ex-
alted knowledge of the eternal power. He led me by the
hand to a descending cloud, and we took our flight into
the immeasurable extent of heaven. I sawhere the moon,
Viviani, with her mountains and vallies ; I saw the’ stars
of the Milky Way, those of the Pleiades, and that of Ori-
on; I saw the spots of the sun, and the moons of Jupiter ;
all that I first saw here below, I there saw more clearly
with unafsisted eyes, and wandered in heaven among my
discoveries, full of the sweetest self-congratulation, like
some friend of the human race, who wanders upon earth
among the fruits of his beneficence. Every hour of my
labours here was there fruitful of the highest happinefs ; of
a happinefs which never can be felt by him who enters
futurity destitute of knowledge. And therefore, Viviani,
old and feeble as I am, will I never give over my search
after truth; for he who spends his life in the godlike em-
ployment, will find my joy spring up for him hereafter,

° $84 the dream of Galileo. “Sane 6.
’ €¥om every object on which he turns his eyes,—from eve-
‘xy conjecture which he had laboured. to confirm;—from
every doubt which he had endeavoured to remove,;—from
every mystery he had attempted to discover;—and from
every error he had afsisted to dispell: All this I felt in
‘those moments of exultation ; but the recollection that'I
“felt it} is:all that remains ; for my ‘soul, too much opprest
‘with happinefs, lost every single pleasure in the ocean of
“them all. ;
While: I:thus' gazed, and wondered; and lost myself in
“his greatnefs, whose omnipotence and wisdom‘created the
whole and whose love, ever’ active; upholds*and supports
‘it, I-was raised) by the conversation of my guide, to still
‘higher and more exalted conceptions: Not the: limits
of thy’senses, said he, are also the limits of the: universe.
Numerous’ indeed; is the host’of suns, whose’ lustte ‘is ap-
“parent even to thy view, although from such an inconcei-
‘yable distance ; but there are: many thousands more which
you'cannot discern, fhining through the endlefs expanse
of ether; and’each of these’suns, is peopled, as well as
each of the spheres which surrounded them, ‘with sensible -
beings and with thinking souls ; wherever there was space
sufficient for their motions, there’ worlds were commanded
to roll, and’ wherever intelligent -beings could be happy,
there intelligent beings were produced. In the whole im-
mensity of the Eternal’s existence,.there is not a single
‘span to be found which the provident creator has not far-
-nifhed with life, or at least with matter serviceable to life;
“and through all this countlefs multiplicity of beings, down
even to the smallest atom, reigns the most inviolable regu-
larity and order; all is maintained:by eternal laws, in ra-
vifhing harmony, from earth to earth, from heaven to hea-
-ven, and from sun to sun; the matter for contemplation
to an immortal sage; is as unfathomable as --eternity itself,

“E4AQ2. «the dream of Galileo. 385
and as inexhaustible, the spring of his enjayments. But
~why, Galileo, fhould I thus speak to you at present? such
-enjoyments cannot be comprehended by a spirit still fet-
‘ tered to a sluggifh companion, which can proceed no far-
ther in its labours:than that companion is able to go along,
wad scarcely begins to raise itself aloft, before it is forci-
bly dragged back to the dust.
It may not be able to comprehend these enjoyments in
@ all their godlike fullnefs and: perfection; but surely, Coper-
nicus, exclaimed I, it knows them in their nature, and in
- their efsence. For what joys does not wisdom procure
“ms, even in this sublunary life? What rapture is not felt
by the soul, evenin this frame of mortality, when the dark
. and doubtful twilight.of its understanding begins to-give
. place to the dawn of science, and the secret splendour ex-
tends wider and wider, till the full light of knowledge:at
‘dast arises, and displays before the enraptured eye, re-
: gions full of eternal beaiity ? Call:to mind, thou who hast
_ penetrated so far into the mysteries of God, and the plan
of his creation,—call to mind that glorious moment, wher
* sthe first bold conception arose ‘within thee, and summoned
- together all the faculties. of thy soul, to comprehend, to
» fafhion, and to arrange it ; but when all the-noble harmony
“was completed, with what intoxicating feelings of love,
, didst thou not review the labour of thy soul,-and feel thy
» zesemblance to that eternal Being, whose sublimest concep-
“tions had been copied by thee. -Yes, my guide, even
here below, wisdom is rich in. celestial joys; had the not
been so, could we, from her bosom,. have looked with
such indifference on. all the vanities of the world.
The cloud which supported us, had sunk.again.to earth,
and now it rested,as 1 thought, upon one.of the hills in
_ the-necighbourhood.of Rome. The great-metropolis of the
» world lay before us; but full of the deepest contempt for
VOL. ix. AA Oe

386 the dream of Galilee. Fune'G.
its glories, I stretched out my hand from my elevation,
‘and said, let the proud inhabitants of these palaces think
as they will of their own importance, because their limbs
are robed in purple, and their tables-loaded with gold and
silver, and heaped with the luxuries of Europe and the
Indies ; but the sage looks down upon these wretches as
the eagle upon the silk-worm enclosed within its web; |
for in their souls they are only prisoners, who can-
not abandon the leaf to which they cling; while the sage
wanders on the mountains of liberty, and sees the world
under his feet, or sears aloft upon the wings of contem-
plation, converses with the Deity, and walks am ~cthe
stars.

While I was thus speaking, a serious solemnity over-
clouded the countenance of my guide; his fraternal arm
dropt from my fhoulder, and his eye darted a threatening
glance, even to the inmost recefses of my soul. ~ Wretch!
cried he, is it then for this end that you have tasted upon
earth of these pleasures of heaven? That your name has
been rendered great among the nations? That every fa-
culty of your soul has been exalted, in order to: be exer-
cised with more freedom and perseverance in the know-
ledge of truth through the ages of eternity ? And now that
you are thought worthy to suffer persecution ;—now that
your wisdom’ fhould turn to your advantage ;—and your
heart be as richly adorned with virtue, as your spirit has
hitherto been with knowledge,—now is every spark of gra-
titude extinguifhed, and your soul murmurs against your
God? i

Here I awakened from my delightful dream, saw myself
cast, from all the glories of heaven, down to my dark and
solitary dungeon, and watered my couch with a flood :of
tears. Then through all the darknefs which surrounded
me, I raised my eye, and spoke thus: Oh God full of
love ! has the Nothing which owes its existence to thee

14792. state of nature. 184,
presumed to censure thy holy ways? Has the dust which
received a foul from thee, ascribed to the account of its
own deservings what was only the gift of thy mercy? Has
the wretch whom thou hast nourifhed in thy bosom, and
to whom thou hast given from thy own cup so many cordial
drops of happinefs, has he forgotten. his obligations to
thee ? Strike immediately his eyes with blindnefs ; let him
never again hear the voice of friendfhip ; let him grow
gray in this dismal dungeon! With a willing: spirit will
he submit to it, thankful for the remembrance of the plea
sures that are past, and happy in the expectation of futu-
rity.

- It was my whole soul, Viviani, which I poured forth in.
this prayer 5 but it was not the murmur of discontent, but
the voluntary resignation of gratitude, which was’ heard.
and attended to by that God who still reserved me for
so much happinefs; for do I not live here in freedom?
and has not my friend, this very day, carried me forth a-
mong the flowers. of the spring ?

. Here he felt for the hand of his scholar, in order to.
give it a grateful squeeze ; but Viviani seized upon his,
and carried it with veneration to his lips..

x STATE OF NATURE.

t

From Plowden’s Fura Anglorum..

Tue state of nature, in which all philosophers consider
man, and the rights and properties inherent in his nature,
is a mere theoretical and metaphysical state, pre-existing
only in the mind, before the physical existence of any
human entity whatever. As thisstate of nature, then, ne-
ver had any real existence, so also the various qualities,
properties, rights, powers, and adjuncts annexed unto it,.
are mere creatures of the imagination, attributable only to,

188 state of nature. 8) June &
man in this ideal state of speculation ; they bear the same.
sert of analogy to the physical state of man in society, as:
principles and properties of mathematical points and lines
bear to be the practical rules of mechanics. As well
might we attempt to handle and manufacture a mathema-
eal point, as to move only upon the principles of this state:
of nature, being placed by the beneficence of our Creator,
in the physical state of society. Some of our greatest philo-..
phers, as is often the case, to avoid. pleonasm, and in the
full glare of their own conviction, have omitted to say, in.
exprefs words, that this state of nature; in which they con.
sidered man in the abstract, never had an actual, physical,
or real existence in this world ; and this omifsion has, per-
haps, occasioned the error of many modern i//uminators,-
who, from ignorance, have confounded the two states to-
gether; or, from designed. malice, have transplanted the-.
attributes and properties of the one into tlfe other..

‘It requires no argument to prove when the physical}:
civilized state of society commenced ; for, from the com-
thencement of this:must be, dated the impofsible existence .
of the state of pure nature. Mr Locke establithes this
commencement from the formation and. co-existence of
our first parents, Adam and Eve; and he draws the ne-
cefsity of it from the intrinsic nature and,exigencies of “
man, as he has been actually formed and constituted by
his Creator.

This fact, then, is incontrovertible; that the only indi.
vidual, who can be said, in any sense, to: have existed in.
the state of nature, was Adam, before the formation of
his wife. But how these rights could be exercised by.
him in that forlorn svate of solitude, I know as little as
I do of the period of its duration. When, therefore, we
speak generally of the rights of man, we ought to be. un-
derstood to speak of those. rights which are attributable
te man in the civilized state of society. Thus every dis-.

17925 state of nature: 189 >
cufsion of the actual exercise of the rights of man, im-
ports necefsarily the contemplation of the socza/ civi/ man,
and no other. .

In the theoretical, or supposed transition of man, from
the state of nature to the. state of society, such natural
tights as the individual“actually retains, independently of
the society of which he is a member, are said to be re-’
tained by him, as a part of those rights which he is suppo-
sed to have pofsefsed in the state of nature. Such are the
free and uncontrouled:power of directing all his animal .
motions ; such the uninterrupted ‘communication and in-
tercourse of the soul with its Creator; such the unre-.
Strained freedom of his own thoughts ; for so long as an
individual occasions no harm, and offers no offence to his
neighbour, by the exercise of any of these rights, the so-
ciety cannot controul nor check him in the exercise of -
them, ,

But in this transition, thé satiendéved or exchanged *
rights were so-irrevocably transferred fromthe individus
al to the body at large, that it no longer remained at the.
liberty or option of individuals'to reclaim, either in the
whole or in part, those rights, which had so become unalie- -
nably vested in the community.

It is as singular, as it is unaccountable, that some of ©
the i/liminating philosophers of the present day fhould, even .
under the Britifh constitution, claim and insist upon the
actual exercise of these natural rights of marr; when it is .
notorious, even to a demonstration, that the exercise of
them would be efsentially destructiverto all political and
‘civil liberty, could they really be brought into action.
For it is self-evident, that the perfect equalization cf ©
mankind, such as is attributable to this imaginary and. .
merely speculative state of natural freedom, would pre-
vent every individual from acquiting an exclusive right
ér property in. any portion of this terraqueous globe, oz in.”

»
190 : state of nature. June G..
any other particle of matter, beyond that of his own cor-
poreal frame. Liberty pre-supposes the pofsibility of ac-.
quiring and reaping the advantages of property ; a right
of receiving and giving aid and protection ; and a power
of bettering one’s own condition, and providing for one’s fa-
mily ; it pre-supposes virtue, in holding out its. rewards ; and
the rewards of virtue necefsarily induce distinction and.
and preference of the virtuous over others, which are ef-
sentially contradictory to perfect equalization. The extent
of this proposition, “
include each individual human being, or it says nothing ;.

men are all born equally free,” must

but it admits of no other than that original sense of equa-
lity, inherent in the metaphysical efsence of man, which is
not applicable to the physical ¢xistence of social men,
since it is efsentially incompatible with the existence of
society, which denominates man social.

An Englifhman will conceive no liberty where there isna
Jaw, no property, no religion. The preservation of these
constitutes the sum total of those rights and liberties for
which he will even sacrifice his life. Upon what ground
then, fhall an Englifhman, even in theory, admit prin-
ciples into civil government, which would justify the pea-
sant in seizing the lands of his lord, the servant, in de-
manding the property of his master, the labourer, that of
his employer, the robber in purloining his neighbour’s purse,
the adulterer in,defiling the wife of another, the outlawed
in reviling, contemning, and violating the laws of, the com-
munity ?

' The greatest mischiefs arise from the misunderstanding
and misapplication of terms. _ Millions of lives have been
sacrificed in disputes and controversies upon the tenor and
tendency of words. General abstract propositions are su-
per-eminently liable to this evil, as appears in many cala-
mitous instances of our own country. The use of words
and terms can only be, te convey to others the real mean-

y
2792. state of nature. "tot
“Gng and purport of what we think ourselves. Thus, if
happen, by an unusual and awkward combination of words
-and phrases, to exprefs my meaning and sentiments upon a
subject to a third person, provided I am really understood,
‘and my sentiments are admitted, I do not see upon what
other ground, than ‘that of grammar or syntax, a dispute
ean be instituted. And in the subject under our present
consideration, if any other term had been used to exprefs
the natural rights of man, or the state of nature, the whole
animosity of the adverse disputants would have subsided,
under the conviction that neither differed in opinion sub-
stantially from the other. I have read over most of the late
publications upon the subject, and I do not find one of any
note or consequence, that does not in fact and substance
admit this state of nature, to which they annex or attri-
bute these indefeasible rights of man, to be a mere imagina-
ry state of speculation. Much ill blood would have been
avoided, much labour and pain have been spared, and
many lives have been preserved, if any other than the
epithet natural had been applied to these rights and this
state.

The bulk of mankind are little able, and lefs habituated,
to analise the import and tendency of words and phrases ;
and few amongst them will separate the idea, which they
conceive the word zatural conveys, from the state of their
physical existence. They will plainly argue, that such
as God hath made them, such they are; nor do they think
of, nor demand any other rights, than such as God hath
given them, for the purpose for which in his | goodnefs he
“created them. The practical doctrine from such argu-
ment will be what I before quoted from Mr Locke: ‘ God
having made man such a creature, that, in his own judge-
ment, it was not good for him to-be alone, put him under
strong obligations of necefsity, convenience, and inclina-
4ion; to drive him into society, as well as fitted him witk

= £92 on scandal, _ Sune 6.
» understanding - and language to ‘continue and enjoy it.”
Thus, perhaps, more properly, though lefs technically
speaking, we come to consider man in his cal natural state,

-which is that of society. For.Buchanan says truly *:
‘ First of all, then, we agree, that men by ature are made te
liye in society together, and for a communion of life.”

ON SCANDAL.

—* Heret lateri lethalis arando.”*

- Acamge Slander thére is*no defence. Hell cannot boast:
so foul-a fiend; nor man deplore so fell a foe. It
‘stabs with a word,—with. a nod,—with a fhrug,—with a
-look,—with a smile. It is the pestilence walking in
darknefs, spreading contagion far and wide, which the
most wary traveller cannot avoid ;———~it is the’ heart-
searching dagger of the afsafsin ; it is the poisoned ar-
row whose wound is incurable ;———it is the mortal sting
of the deadly adder. Murder is its employment,—inno-

cence its prey, and’ ruin its sport. Maria was a
fatal instance. Her head was a little raised from the
“pillow, supported by her hand, and her countenance
was exceeding sorrowful,—the glowing bluth of eighteen

vanithed from her cheeks, and fever rioted in luxury: upon
her damask skin. It. is even-so ;—a bursting sigh la-
boured from her bosom ;—virtue is no protection while
-detraction breathes malignity,—while envy searches for

faults and tortures truth. I might have been happy !——
but Oh! ye busy thoughts, recal not to my memory these
joyful hours! She struggled,—but in vain. The invisible
power of darknefs closed her eyes, and her heaving breast
-panted with the last throbbings of a broken heart. ——She
~ isnow no more,—scandal triumphed over the lovely maid.

Superior-qualifications made her the dupe of envy, and .a
fever followed.—She fell a sacrifice to exquisite feelings.!

* Buchanan of the due privilege of the Scots government, p- 189.

THE BEE, .

ZITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

FOR
_ WEDNESDAY, JUNE 13. 1792.

<AN ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY OF ARCADIA AT ROME, WITH 4
SKETCH OF THE STATE OF LITERATURE IN ITALY FOR THESE
LAST THREE CENTURIES. By ABBE TOURNER, TEACHER OF
LANGUAGES, EDINBURGH, AUTHOR OF THE ANECDOTES OF POPE
GANGANELLI, ©'c.

Revolutions in the epinions of mankind often take their rise from very
small beginnings; and these opinions, when once establifhed, produce
wonderful changes in the situation of men and things in this universe.
No species of history: therefore could be more interesting than that
which thould trace, with, perspicuity, the revolutions of literature, and
explain the causes of these changes. The Editor has been favoured
swith the following fketch of the changes that have taken place in the
taste for literary compositions in Italy for two hundred years past, by a
gentleman who has-had good opportunities of observing them; and who
pofsefses a natural talent of research in matters of this sort that few
can boast of. Every s*ep we advance in our researches into the history
‘of man, tends to prove, in the most decided manner, that those acc
dental distinctions which weak writers have delighted to hold up to
view, as permanent characteristics of nations, are merely casual inci-
ents, being occasioned by local circumstances, that tend to call into ace
tion, or to Jull asleep, the active powers of the mind at the time; and
that when these everruling causes are removed, man shows himself to
be, in-every country, radically and efsentially the same. Let us thea
sect aside those silly prejudices that have so long tended to estrange na~

WOL. ix. BR +

£94 Italian literature. Fune i 4s
tions fram each other. All mankind are brethreng and ought to be
friends and fellow labourers in one common cause. They all ought te
embrace each other cordially as brothers, and as friends. The time
approaches when nations, itis hoped, will be emulous only to try
who fhall be most forward in promoting the welfare of one another,
from a firm conviction, that they will thus best promote their own
hap pinefs and dearest interests.» This slight efsay will convince every
intelligent reader, that an Erglifhmen and a Roman, think nearly in
the same way, in all those great and leading principles which influence
the conduct of man, in regard to religion, morals, and sound politics.

Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

Tx consequence of the desire you exprefsed in a
late conversation with me, to have an account of the
society in Rome, distinguifhed by the name of Arca-
dia, which is so little knownin this country, 1 now
send the inclosed account of that institution, which I
hope will not proye unacceptable to yom reader: at
the present time.

As the original intention of this society was to
correct a false taste in literary compositions, which
had long prevailed in Italy, I found it necefsary to
give a brief account of the state of Italian literature
for some centuries backward. ‘The Englith reader
will probably not be displeased to see by what gra-
dual steps a few private persons, by the silent opera-
tion of reason, alone, have imperceptibly effected a to-
tal change in the taste of the nation; they will also
remark with pleasure the beneficial’ effects of mental
enlargement in this case as well as in others. We
are not at this day in Italy ignorant of the benefits
that have been derived from the reformation effected
by protestants, and are no strangers to the influence
that the free mode of reasoning, introduced by that

1792. Italian literature. 198
event, has had upon many other subjects, literary and
political. A similar effect is now experienced at
Rome, from the influence of the doctrines of the
society of Arcadia. For though the persons who form-
ed that institution had no other object in view at the
beginning, but to correct the errors of a false taste,
by setting aside all deference to every authority in lite-
rature, that was not supported by sound reason, and
common sense ; yet it has been found that those who
disregard mere authority in one case, will naturally
suspect it ought not to be blindly submitted to im
another. ‘The empire of reason is thus gradually ex~
tended ; and there can be no doubt but that that blind
ignorance, which so long establifhed the reign. of bi-
gotry in Europe, will in time be baniined from the
earth ; and that mer will soom reason with as much
freedom in Rome on every subject, as they now do
in Britain.

The inhabitants of Arcadia, a province of the Pe-
Joponnesus, have always been considered as affording
the purest pattern of the pastoral life. The tem-
perature of the climate, the multiplicity of moun-
tains, of woods, of rivers; the richnefs of their
pastures, the abundance of cattle and flocks, the
tranquil disposition of the people, their abhor-
rence of war, and their love of music and poe-
“try, to which they were accustomed from their
youth ; their manners, customs, and even their laws,
have all contributed to render them supremely emi-
nent in this respect. Polybius gives us-a most pleas~

196 Ttahan literatures Fume >.
ing character of the ancient Arcadians. The poets.
have adopted the same idea, traces. ‘of which are
found in Pindar, and Homer, among the. Greeks;
and among the Latins, not to speak of Horace, Ovid,
Propertius and others, Virgil alone would be suffi-
cient, who not only has taken.an opportunity to adorn.
his bucolics with the peculiarities of Arcadia,’ but
dedicated the greatest part of the eight book of the
fEneid to the memory of Evander, and the praises
of the Arcadians, acapo Sannazaro, a celebrated
Italian and Latin poet of the sixteenth century, un-
Ger the name of Actius Sincerus, completed what ir
a manner had been only hinted by others. His.
Arcadia, a composition: consisting of eclogues in verse
and in prose, deserves to be read and admired for the
sweetnefs. of its numbers, and the simplicity .of its.
elocution.

After his steps, and almost with the same pastoral’
simplicity, Ta/so laid the scene of his Amintain Ar-
cadia, where likewise Guarini fixed the scenery of
his Pastor Fido, a composition in which certainly;
many beauties are to be found, though, unluckily, too
much interspersed with concettz; but as for his fhep-.
herds there is nothing pastoral in them, except the
pellice, the crook, and the javelin, and they might
rather be considered as refined. citizens, and knavilh
courtiers in a.fhepherd’s disguise.

These performances, in some respect, paved the-
way to the institution of the modern Arcadia, which,
although it is nothing else but an union of men of
letters, or as it is commonly called an academy of
belles lettres, yet it has so much distinguifhed itself,

792. .. Italian hterature. 197
above allfother academies, not only in Rome and
Italy, but likewise in many other parts of Europe,
that it is respected as an universal literary republic.

This institution was intended to put out of fafhion
the barbarous taste which prevailed very much for
the greatest part of the last century in the writings
of the Italians; a faulty taste from which the wri-
ters of other parts of Europe were not at all free.
But, before I undertake to fhew how it has been by
degrees extirpated, and how the good stile was reco-
vered, by imitating the best masters of antiquity,
it will not be amifs to give a cursory review of the
state of letters in the greater part of Italy, when the
society of 4rcadia was instituted.

Four centuries were almost pafsed since the Italian
language had received all its splendour, in Dante, Boc-
caccio *§ Petrarca. For two centuries after them,
most Italian writers followed their steps with, per-
haps, even too great a degree of servility ; so that, al-~
though nothing singularly beautiful then appeared,
yet no yicious manner of stile had taken place ;
mediocrity seems to have then characterised the
works of the Italians. At last, however, the zra ar-
rived, which has been called the golden age of the
Italian language. Pope Leo x. who was no lefs in-
clined to letters, and generous to the literati, than
Augustus, and was the promoter of learning and
of arts in his dominions, had the pleasure to see flou-
rifh around him eminent writers, which, both in num-
ber and in quality, might be compared with the
sublime geniuses that surrounded the throne of the
Roman emperor, Epic poetry reached there to the

198 Italian literature. | Fune 13;
pitch of its glory by the immortal poem.of Ludovice
Ariosto, whom Italy has had no difficulty to comparé
to Homer. The same author, in the comic and the
satiric, revived ‘the beauty of Terence and of Horace.
The Italian bucolic, by the means of Sannazaro, ap-
peared adorned with new graces and in a new drefs ;
and from the pen of the same author was seen, for
the first time, the Latin piscatorial poetry, of which
only a hint had been given ina fhort idyllium by
Theocritus. Bembo then taught the manner of imi-
tating Petrarca, and the same Bembo, together with
Castighone, and Casa, attained a new manner of wri-
ting nobly and elegantly in Italian prose. Many other
fine geniuses enriched Italy with most excellent works
both in prose and verse, in Latin and Italian. At that
time Torguato Tafso was eminently conspicuous ;
and has acquired no lefs fame for his works in prose,
than for his poems, pastoral, lyric, and epic, in all of
which heexcelled Bernardo Ta/sohis father, who was a
very good poet, himself; but knowing how little poetry
was compatible with an easy life, wifhed to have his:
son follow the more lucrative profefsion of the law,
but in vain. At nineteen years of age Torguato
publifhed 17 Rinaldo; a poem, in which, receding
both from the stile of his father, and from that of
Ariosto, he paved his way to the immortal poem of
the Gerusalemme Liberata, which he afterwards pub-
lifhed at a riper age. He endeavoured to transfuse —
into it the greatnefs of thoughts, and the harmoni-
ous numbers of Virgil, with whom it is generally
esteemed he deserves to be compared. But as
Latin poetry, which having reached its highest per=

1792. Ttahan literature. 199
fection in the AZneid of Virgil, began from that period
gradually to decline, it happened likewise that the
Italian poetry, having attained its full beauties
in Tafso, afterwards declined very much from its
dignity, even in his own life time. His imitators,
making a bad use of his elegancies, began to dif-
seminate in their works the seeds of a particu-
lar manner of thinking, which approached too much
to reflection; and, as it very often happens, every one
Was striving to introduce some novelty, and endea-
vouring not to be surpafsed in merit by those who
had anticipated themin time. Upon astrict examina-
tion of Ta/so’s own works, it will appear that traces
are to be found in them of the comcettz and over-
streached metaphors, in one word, of the corrupt-
ed stile which became so universal in the seventeenth
century. It may be added to this that the idiom of
the Spanifh language, Spain at that time domineering
over the greatest part of Italy, admitted of such a
turn of thought, and such a kind of phraseology, as
somewhat approaches to the above mentioned man-
ner; so true it is that nations become easily recon-
ciled to the customs of those who govern them ;
as likewise that what may be admitted as an orna-
ment in one language, not only will not be proper,
lout even will be a fault in another.

To be continued.

ps SEE
uf @ * D a

200 on Dr Yobnson. Yune 13.

EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM MISS SEWARD TO DR BOSWELL,
ON THE SUBJECT OF BR JOHNSON,

. For the Bee.

The following dialogue was obligingly communicated to the Editor, by a
gentleman of first eminence in the literary world, with an afsurance
of his having many reasons to be satisfied that it is a genuine perfor-

‘ snance of the lady whose name it bears. Mr Boswell has given amuch

. lefs interesting or characteristic account of this dialogue in the second
volume of his life of Johnson, p. 231.

You afk me for the minutes I once made of acer-

tain conversation which pafsed at Mr Dilly’s in a

literary party ; and in which Dr Johnson and Mrs

Knowles disputed so warmly? As you seem to have

an idea of inserting this dispute in your future me-

ditated work, the life of Dr Johnson, it is necefsary
that something fhould be known concerning the young
person who was the subject of it.

Mifs Jenny Harry was, for fhe is now no more,
the daughter of a rich planter in the West Indies,
‘who sent her to England to receive her education, at
the house of his friend Mr »where an inge-
nious quaker lady, Mrs Knowles, was frequently a
visitor. This gentleman affected wit, and was
perpetually rallying Mrs Knowles on the subject
of her quaker principles, in the presence of this
young, gentle, and ingenuous Mifs Harry, who, at the
age of eighteen, had received what is called a proper
and polite education, without having been much in-
structed in the nature and grounds of her religious
belief. Mrs Knowles was often led into a serious
dlefence of her devotional opinions, upon those visits

1792. on Dr Fobnson. 201
at Barn Elms, You know with what clear and
graceful eloquence fhe speaks on every subject. Her
antagonists were fhallow theologists, and opposed only
idle and pointlefs: raillery to duty, and long studied
reasoning, on the precepts of scripture, delivered in
persuasive accents and harmonious language.

. Without any design of making a proselyte, the gain-
ed one. . Mifs Harry grew very serious, and medi-
tated perpetually on all that had dropped from the
lips of her quaker friend, till it appeared to her that |
quakerism was true christianity. Believing this, fhe
thought it her duty to join, at every hazard of world.
ly interest, that clafs of worfhippers. On declaring
these sentiments, several worthy and ingenious clergy-
men were employed to talk and to argue with her:
but we all know the force of first imprefsions in the-
ology, and Mrs Knowles’s arguments were the first
fhe. had listened to on this important theme. This
young lady was reasoned with and threatened
in vain. She persisted in resigning her splen-
did expectations, for what appeared to her the path
of duty. Her father, on being informed of her chan-
ging her principles, told her that fhe might choose be-
tween one hundred thousand pounds and his favour,
if fhe continued a church woman, or two thousand
pounds and his renunciation, if fhe embraced the
quaker tenets. She lamented her father’s displea-
sure, but thanked him for the pecuniary alternative,
afsuring him that it included all her withes in point
of fortune. She soon after left her guardian’s house,
and boarded in that of Mrs Knowles, to whom fhe
often observed, that Dr Johnson’s displeasure, (whom

VOL. ix. CG T

202 on Dr Fobnson. Fune 13%
fhe had often seen at her guardian’s house, and whe -
had always been fond of her) was amongst the greats
est mortifications of her situation ; and once fhe came
home in tears, and told her friend ‘She had met Dr
Johnson in the street, and had ventured to afk him
how he did; but that he would not deign to speak to
her, but pafsed scornfully on.’ She added, ‘ you
and he are to meet soon in a literary party. Plead
for me.’ }

You remember our all dining together at Mr Dil-
-ly’s ; andthe conversation after dinner, which began
with Mrs Knowles saying : .
_. “ Jam to intreat thy indulgence, doctor, towards

‘a gentle female, to whom thou used to be kind ‘ and
who is unhappy in the lofs of that kindnefs. Jenny
Harry weeps at the consciousnefs that thou wilt
not speak to her.”

‘ Madam, I hate the odious wench, and dislive you
will not talk to me about her.’

‘© Yet what is her crime, doctor ?”

‘ Apostacy, madam !—apostacy from the com-
munity in which fhe was educated.’

“« Surely, doctor, the quitting one community for
another, cannot in itself be a crime, if it be done
from a motive of conscience. Hadst thou been edu-
cated in the Romifh church, I must suppose thou
wouldst have abjured its errors, and that there
would have been merit in the abjuration.”

‘« Madam, if I had been educated in the Romith
church, I believe I fhould have questioned my right
to quit the religion of my forefathers. Well, there-
fore, may I hate the arrogance of a young wench,.

¥792. on Dr Fobnson. 203.
that sets herself up for a judge of theological points,
and deserts the religion in whose bosom fhe was nur
tured.’

‘*« T hope fhe has not done so. I hope the name of
christian is not denied to sectaries.”

_* Ifthe name-is not, Madam, the common sense:
is.”

“¢ T will not dispute that point with thee ;—it
would carry me too far. Suppose it granted, that, in
the eyes of a simple girl, the weaker arguments ap—
peared the strongest, her want of judgement demands
thy pity, not thy anger.” ,

* Madam, it has my anger, and always fhall have:
a -

“¢ Consider, doctor; fhe must be'sincere. What 2.
noble fortune has fhe sacrificed !”

‘ Madam !—madam !—TI have ever taught myself
to consider that the afsociation of folly cannot exte-:
nuate guilt.’ 7

‘« Ah, doctor, can we suppose the Deity will not:
pardon a defect of judgement, if such it be, in the:
breast, where the desire of serving him, according —
to its idea, in spirit, and in truth, has-been a-prefe--
rable consideration to that of worldly interesi.”

‘ Madam, I pretend not to set bounds to the mercy~
of the Deity ; but I hate the wench ; —and fhall ever-
hate her. I hate all impudence; but the impudence:
of a chit’s apostacy, I nauseate.’

‘© Alas! doctor, Jenny Harry is the most timid!
creature breathing. She trembles to have offended:
her parent, though far removed from his presence ;;
fhe grieves to have offended her guardian ;, and, pere-

204 on Dr Fohnson. Fune 3.
haps, fhe grieves yet more to have offended Dr John-
son, whom fhe loved, admired, and honoured.”’

‘ Why then, madam, did fhe not consult the man
fhe pretends to admire, to love, and to honour, upon
her new fangled scruples? If fhe had looked up ta
that man, with any part of that respect the profefses,
fhe would have supposed his ability. to judge of fit
and right, at least ha ae to that of a raw wench just
out of her primer.’

‘“* Ah, doctor, remember, that it was not from
amongst the wise and learned that Christ selected his.
disciples. Jenny thinks Dr Johnson great and good ;
but fhe also thinks the gospel demands a simpler form
of worfhip than that of the establifhed church ; and
that it is not wit or eloquence to supersede the Price
of what appears to her a plain and regular system,,
which cancels all typical and mysterious ceremo-
nies,as fruitlefs and even idolatrous ; and afks only.
simple obedience, and the homage of a devout heart.”

‘ The homage of a fool’s head, you fhould have
said, madam, if you will pester me about this ridicu-
lous wench.’

«« Suppose her ridiculous, fhe has been religious
and sincere.
ardent and well meaning folly, whose first consider-
ation has been that of apprehended duty ?”

‘ Pho! Pho! Who says they will, madam ?’

«* Then if heaven does not fhut its gates, fhall man
fhut his heart? If the Deity accept the homage: of

such as sincerely serve him, under every form of,

worfhip, Dr Johnson, and this little simple girl will,.

Will the gates of heaven be fhut to;

~

1792. on Thunderproof’s efsays. 20§
it is to be hoped, meet in a blefsed eternity, whither
earthly animosities must not be carried.”

‘ Madam, I am not fond of meeting fools any
where. They are detestable company ; and while it
is in my power to avoid conversing with them, [
certainly fhall exert that power: And so you may
tell the odiows wench, whom you have persuaded to
believe herself a saint, and whom soon, I suppose,
you will convert into a preacher. But I will take
care fhe does not preach to me.’

The loud and very angry manner, in which he
thundered out these replies, affrighted us all, except
yourself, who justly, not sarcastically, smiled at his.
injustice. I remember you whispered me, ‘ I never
saw this mighty lion so chaffed before.”

REMARKS ON THUNDERPROOF’s ESSAYS.
SIR, To the Editor of the Bee.

I nave no objection to the strictures of your corres-
pondentThunderproof, in general. The abuses he points
out deserve the severest reprehension; and the war
system he so pointedly condemns, ought to be repro~
bated By every human being who has ‘the smallest
pretensions to common sense. In these respects I
heartily concur with this gentleman. But I do not
so cordially approve of his many attempts, by indi-
rect innuendoes, to depreciate the constitution of this
country. AndJI think, Sir, that you, in your edi-
torial capacity, are not quite free from blame, for per~
mitting them to have accefs into your Bee. If you

206 on Thunderproof’s efsayss Fume 133.
wifh to raise the character of your work, permit the
most unbounded freedom of discufsion where polite-
nefs and truth are observed. But guard, above all
things, against censures of any kind of dega/ establifh-
ments, where these censures are not clearly autho-
rised by the strictest reasoning’ from the facts and.
premises adduced.

Now, Sir, it appears to me, that from some innate
prejudice, probably imbibed in his youth, your in-
genious correspondent frequently departs from. strict
accuracy of reasoning, when he thinks he can get a
wipe either at the constitution of this country, or at
the family of Brunswick, towards whom, he seems.
to have no friendly bias. Neither am 1a bigot in
favour of either of these; nor fhould I have any ob-
jection to expose the defects of the one or of the other,
where this could tend to any good purpose, and-where
these defects could be fairly attributed to either of
them, and not.to circumstances that only chance to be
incidentally connected with them. I have ever thought
that Hume and Gibbon have demeaned themselves.
exceedingly,. by their continual attempts to attribute:
the common weaknefses of humanity, which are to be
found among all clafses of mea, the one, to the cle-
rical order in general, and the other to those who.
profefs the Christian religion in particular. Did
ever a man of sound understanding believe that any
kind of institution or profefsion of faith, could so far-
overcome human pafsions as to insure angelic perfec
tion among all the members of any community ?

Upon the same plan with these respectable patterns,,
proceeds your redoubtable correspondent, Thunder.

"D2. on Thundérproof”s efsays. LO%
proof. When he discovers that men in power have |
abused it, he is ever ready with some insinuation
against the constitution, or family of Hanover; or,
does this man believe ghat ever there was, or is, or
ever will be a constitution of government that can
effectually guard against excefses in those who have
power under its authority? If he does, I fhould be
very happy to see such a constitution pointed out ;
for I have been in search of it for more than twenty
years, and have not been able to find it. He wilk
not, I presume, even allege that a popular form of
government can do it; for he is evidently a man of
parts, and has read the history of the ancient tepub-
lics of Greece and Rome; and must have observed
the terrible evils to which their form of government
perpetually gave birth. He is able also to foresee
that the chief evils of which he himself complains,
originate as much in the democratical part of our
constitution as in any thing else. He knows that
no minister can keep his seat Jong at the helm of
affairs. in Britain, unlefs he has the favour of the
‘people at large. Let him examine the conduct of
Chatham, of North, and of Pitt, with this view. If
he does not see that each of these ministers held
their places, only as long as the nation at large ap-
proved of their conduct, I fhall give up the argu-
ment. By what means did Mr Pitt obtain his place,
when Fox and his party were ousted? He will an-
swer, by the favour of the people: And justly. By
what means does Mr Pitt now hold his place? By,
the favour of the people. Thunderproof well knows,
that, had it not been for fear of losing that favour,

#08 on Thunderproofs efsays. Yune 13.
the armament against Rufsia last year had not been
abandoned as it was.

He will therefore admit that the favour of the
people is irresistible in Britain ; and of consequence
that the democratic part of our constitution is the
most powerful. Now I afk, again, how that favour
is best to be obtained? The mu/titude, it is well
known, ¢an neither examine with attention, nor rea-
son with accuracy. They cannot compare actions
with promises, nor are they able to discover the most —
striking inconsistencies in conduct ; as the experi-
ence of every day most clearly proves: And, as to
reasoning, let Thunderproof read the debates in par-
liament and draw his conclusions. Does he not there
see that the most forcible arguments are set aside by
a parcel of quibbling words, that mean nothing? and
that what.he, and other persons of sense, would deem
unworthy of any notice, is cried up dy the multitude,
when it proceeds from their favourite for the time,
as productions surpafsing in energy and every de-
sirable quality, all other human compositions? Let
him not tell me it is a corrupt parliament that does
all this. Unlefs the minister has as fully the ap-
probation of the people at large, as of parliament, he
must immediately lose his seat.

Since, then, the mu/titude are so easily misled by
specious arts, I would afk whether a nation, ghat is
to be governed entirely by the popu/ar voice, has the
best chance to be governed by honest men or by ras-
-eals ?. The answer is clear ;—by rascals afsuredly. For
it is these only who will descend to the despicable arts
ef deception and falsehood, to obtain popular ap-

4

wots. “a on Khunderproof’s fray. 209
_ plause ; (read, Shakespeare’ s Coriolanus; which
exhibits as faithful a picture as ever was drawn of
the: talents required for attaining popular favour.)
In vain do men of sense discover the fallacy of the
arguments of. the favourite of the day, and expose
the duplicity of his conduct. The people, whilst the
fascination lasts, attribute these efforts to sinister
motives, and he is idolized the more. Why, I prays
ys Ee, so many individuals displeased at. Mr Thunder-
proot’s writings, but that they think they have an
indirect tendency, to sap the foundations of the popu-
larity of their present favourite 2
_ It is the fafhion at present to think that in mat-
‘ters of government the voice of the people must be
anfallibly right. But are not the people equally ca-
able of judging aright -in other matters as in that of
government ? Is the popularity of a quack doctor al-
ways strictly proportioned to his knowledge in the
aedical art? Are those preachers who are most dis-

/

‘tinguifhed for their knowledge, the greatest favourites
of the people? Was it not the-wnerring voice of the
,people that conferred unlimited power upon the pon-
tiff of Rome for so many ages? Fy upon it! Can
men who think, can men who read, can men who
reason, for one moment act with so little consistency
as to afsert that the multitude ever can be goveried
by reason? It has ever been with them Hosanna or
crucify, merely as the whim struck them at the mo-

ment*. Yet think not, my good Sir, that though I
5 a

J

\ * Nothing is so generally detested a5 favewritism in regil goverr~ —

+ Meats, and justly; but a popular gover'unent is one uninterrupted sys~

“tem of favouritism. The creatuseof the day, though too often destitute

of virtue, or any amiable quality, is perpetually idolized asa Mod; and
VOR, 1x. DD

216 62 Thunderproof?s essays. Fune 132
am not for deifying the people, that I wifh to endow
princes or their minions with a similar power.
Thunderproof has my most perfect concurrence when
he, in his own pointed manner, exposes the vile arts
by which princes and ministers impose upon the
people. It is by watching those in power, by deve-
Joping the plans they adopt for effecting their wicked
‘purposes, and by exposing their errors to publie¢
view, that the idolatry, which the people are ever dis
posed to pay to those in power, can be abated and
their power circumscribed. But hard is the tak,
and difficult to be accomplifhed. Against the minister,
‘who has obtained the popular favour at the time, rea~
son exerts her voice in vain. In a free government,
however, wise men may still exalt their voice against
the highest, though, like Cafsandra, they may, for g
time, raise that warning voice in vain. But in a_
popular state, what man dares but whisper a word
against the demagogue of the day, or plead the cause
of him who has become the object of popular hate ?
‘Happy then may be deemed that nation where no one
can beso highly in favour either with the king or with

though his triumph may some times be but of fhort duration, he is only
pulled down to make way for anew favourite eqhally immaculate with
himself. There is just this difference between the government of Turkey ~
and that of a dernocratic state, that, in the first, the people voluntarily,
avowedly, and without reserve, confer upon the despot their favour for lifes
Tf he displeases them they cut off his head, and place another in his
oom. Whereas, inthe Jatter case, the demagogue is endowed with equal
power, though the people deceive themselves by saying they do eyery thing
themselves. Inthe first case, like a hen pecked hufband, they tamely, and
withont blufhing, submit to the rod. In the last, they resemble the taylor,
who, though obliged to creep undet the bed to avoid the fury of his wife,
peeped out in an interval of ielaxation, and proudly boasted fhe could not
deprive him at least of his manlp Jooks.

E792 antiquities in Scotland. 216
the people, as to be above the imputation of blame,
or be sunk so low as not to admit of having his cause
pleaded by a friend! Fortunate are the people when
they have it not in their power to silence their best
instructors ! Blefsed is the state when the peacema-
ker can raise his voice without fear, and dares to allay~
that fury, which, if unrestrained, leads either to im-
plicit obedience, or rath deeds of barbarism, that.
makes the heart to fhudder! It isin this state-of things,
only, that perfect political freedom can be enjoyed.
Long, then, may such writers as. Thunderproof be
permitted to exert their talents. A foolifh procla-
mation may be disregarded, while the law can be en-
forced. But who fhall set limits to the power of a
headstrong populace, when they believe that they are.
authorised to: decide *? ALCIBIADES.

ON ANTIQUITIES IN SCOTLAND,
Continued from p: 134..
VITRIFIED FORTIFICATIONS.

Lam much disposed to believe that vitrified fortifi..
cations have been entirely a Britifh invention, andi
think it probable that the art was never carried out:

* That impartiality on which the Editor piques himself, induce# him.
to insert the above, He is. not conscious that the charges against either
himself or his gorrespondent are well founded. He. does not pretend to:
adopt the opinions of his respective correspondents. His aim is only to
guard against admitting any thing that he thinks can have a pernicious .
tendency, and to do full justice to the arguments of his correspondents...
Controversy he must avoid, but a difference of opinion, where that is ex-
prefsed with temper, even where it militates against his own, he hall ever~
cherifh. It is in consequence of such differences in opinion that.truth cans
heat be attained.

212 antiquities in Scotlanid. June 1 38
of this country, That it was not known by ‘the’
Danes, at least, seems extremely probable, from @'
curious fact that I fhall now take notice of ; and if it.
was not known by the Danes, it seems probable, that’
it would not be known by the other northern nations
on the continent. “The fact I allude to is as follows :
It is well known that the Danes made frequent i in-
roads into Scotland, for several centuries, with vari-
ous degrees of succefs, During that period they
seized upon a peninsulated rock in the Murray frith,
about four miles from Elgin, which is now called
Brough-bead. Asthis was a place naturally strong, and.
formed besides a kind ofharbour, by means of which
supplies could be brought to it by sea, they thought
it a very convenient station to be occupied as a place
of arms, and aceordingly fortified it for that purpose. -
‘Fhree large and. deep parallel ditches were drawn a=
crofs theneck of the isthmus that joined it to the land ;
and within the innermost of these a large wall has been
erected, which. has been continued quite round the
peninsula, as the ruins of it at this day clearly fhow..
The circumstance that. made me here take notice
of this Danith fortification, is, that all-the stones on
the outside of the wall, appear to have been scorched ia
the fire in so much that they appear almost as red, on
that side, as bricks, although the stone is naturally of a
very white kind, and some of them are.almost burnt
10 a powder. Between these stones, on digging among
the rnins of the wall, is found a good deal of reddith
dust, exactly resembling dry clay, that has been burnt
to afhes.. But in no part of this fortification is there
the smallest appearance of vitrified matter, and the
stones in the inside are every where of their natural
colour.

al it at ee

ee ee eee

1792. antiquities in Scotland. 213)
“From. these circumstances it appears to me ex
——t probable, that the Danes, from having 'séén,”
in their inctirsions, some of the vitrified fot GOS
Rave admired the invention, and wifhed to, imitate
them. We may suppose they might have been able
to learn in general that they consisted'of walls of
stone, intermixed with dry clay in powder, which
was afterwards converted into a vitrified mafs by sur-
rounding the whole with a stack of wood, or ‘other
eombustibles » and then setting it on fire. But having’
been ignorant of the necefsity of employing only that:
particular firbstance already described, which, from
its general appearance; might be, on some occasions,’
mistaken for a kind of clay, they have probably ta-
ken some ordinary clay and employed that in its stead,
But as ordinary clay is hardly at all vitrescibie, they
have not been able to succeed in their attempt ; but,
instead of that, the stones, by the great heat apphedto
them, have been scorched in the manner they now ap-
pear, and the clay between them has been burnt to athes.’
This so perfectly accounts for the peculiarity obser-
vable in the ruined walls of this fortification, and it
is so difficult to afsign any other reason for the singu-
lar appearan ice of them, that I couid*not avoid throw-
ing this probable conjecture to-direct towards sepsis

researches. j
Although it-is ouly ef late that. the real-nature of |

these vitrified walls has beeniknown, it is long since
the vitrified matter has been observed ; but it was al-~
ways supposed that these were thenatural production of
volcanoes ; from whenc¢e it’was inferred that volcanoes;
had’ been very common in Scotland, at some very dis~
‘tant’period, But if-no, better. proof can be, adduced

a =

‘

Big antiquities in Scotland. June 23s
in support of this last hypothesis it will hardly be ad.
mitted.

From the foregoing account it appears, that these
works are purely artificial. At the same time it must
be owned, that the natural appearance of the places
where these vitrified mafses are usually found, is
well calculated to favour the opinion that they have
been produced by voleanoes.

The vitrified matter is usually first discovered by
travellers around the bottom, and on the sides of steep
hills, frequently of a conical fhape, terminating in a
narrow apex, exactly resembling the hills that have
been formed by the eruptions of a volcano. Itis
therefore very natural to think that these may have
been produced in the same way.

Let us suppose that a traveller, strongly impref-.
sed with this idea, fhould resolve to examine the top
of the mountain more nearly, and, for this purpose,
ascends to the summit; would not his former conjec-
ture be much confirmed, when, at the top, he fhould
find himself in a circular hollow, surrougded on all
sides by matter, rising gradually higher, to the very
edge of the precipice, which is there entirely envi-
roned with vitrified matter, of the same kind with that
he had found at the bottom? Could such a man be cal-
ted unreasonably credulous, if he fhould be induced
by so many concurring circumstances.to believe that
this had been a real volcano? But would he not be
yeckoned sceptical in extreme, if he fhould entertain
the smallest doubt of the truth of this opinion, if he
likewife sees the very openmg itself in the centre of the
hollow, through which the boiling /ava had been spewed.

out. Yetstrongas all these appearances are, we know
‘ .

£792 antiquities in Scotland. alg
«hat they may, and actually do, all concur, on many oc~
casions, to favour the deceit. “The formation of the
hollow bason has been already explained ; and the
well, with which every one of these forts has been
provided, and which is still discoverable in all of
‘them, though, for the most part, now filled up with
stones to prevent accidents, might very readily be
mistaken for the mouth of the volcano.

In these circumstances, a casual visitor may be ex
cused if he fhould believe in such strong appearan
ces, without inquiring minutely into the matter. But
@ philosophical inquirer, who resolved coolly to in-
‘vestigate the matter, would soqa find reason to suspect
that he might be mistaken. The vitrified mafses
themselves are of a nature extremely different from
real Java ; so different, indeed, that nothing but the
difficulty of accounting for the way in which they
could be otherwise produced, would ever have oc-
‘casioned them to be confounded with one another.
In real Java, the heat has been so intense as to fuse
almost all matters, and reduce them into one homo-
geneous mafs ; but in the matter of which we now
treat, the heat has been so slight as to vitrify searce
any of the stones, but barely to fuse the vitrescible
matter that was interposed between them; which,
‘alone, points out a very efsential difference between
the nature of the two. But if he fhould proceed
‘farther in this investigation, he would also discover,
on digging into the hill in any part, that no /ava, or
any other matters that fhow marks of having been
in the fire, are to be found ; but that they consist of
rock, or other strata of mineral matter, similar to
what is found’in other parts of the country. Nei~

Pt 4

t

p26 ; antiguitics za Scotland. i oeis a 3
wher has, there,ever been found in Scotland. any ap-
‘pearance of pumice stones, nor-large beds of athes
dike these which.are,always found in the. neighbour-
hood of volcanoes. . There is not (for the most part)
‘eyem.any appearance of Sasaltes in, the »peighbour-
hood of these fortified. hills; a cutee which» is
mow thought to be invariably generated by voleanoes
alone, although it does. not seem that the proofs, up-
on which this opinion is.founded, are so conclusive as
to leave,no.room,to, doubt of the fact. Unfortu-
nately, too, for Scotland, the parallel fails in another
respect ; for, instead of the extraordinary fertility of
‘soil that for the most part is found near volcanoes,
we here find that sterility, which is invariably pro-
duced by the vitrescible iron ore, above alluded to,
wherever it abounds.

If this,account of the artificial curiosities Fouad
in the Highlands: of Scotland, fhould afford you any
entertainment, I may, perhaps, on some future oc-
casion, make a few observations on the natural curi-
osities of these unknown regions, which, are more
numerous, and more generally interesting to philo-
sophic inguirers than the former. I know no way
in which a philosopher, who wants to view nature
undisguised, and to trace her gradual progrefs for

succefsive ages, could doit with half.so much satis-

faction as in the Highlands of Scotland. Half a day’s

ride there would do more to give such an inguirer a.

proper idea of the changes produced on this globe,
and the means by which they are effected, than twenty
years study..in the closet could produce; as-any one
whovthall attentively view these, after reading the
writings of Buffon, will readily allow.

To be continued.

POETRY.

avERSES TO SENSIBILITY, ON HEARING THE ATTRIBUTES
OF THE MUSE RIDICULED.

, , 3 —-
fA oer aad “For the alge, ra 5 7
*Puridas pueri,doctos et ornate poetasy

Aurea hec ear) pai pierid@f . Tiputrus:

I-

Lr him whom taste and genius have not bles"
Despise the tender extacies that roll
In mingled tumults thro’ the poet’s breast,
And swell to rapture his exalted soul.
iI.
Let him whose heart is tuter’d to forego,
Alike the sounds of pleasure and of pain;
Let him despise the soul that melts at woe,
And throbs with pleasure at another’s gain.
III.
I envy ’m not dull apathy’s cold blast,
That chills the slumb’ring pafsions ‘ noble rage"
And bids, without a sigh, indiff rence cast
A blot o’er fancy’s and o’er mem’ry’s page.

Iv.
But Oh thou parent of the muse I love,
To me thy magic influence impart;
And all those sweet vibrations that but move
To soften and to humanize the heart!
v.
"To me let not the joy encircled spring
Unheeded lead along her smiling train;
Nor rosy Flora from her glit’’ring wing,
Profusely fhake Elysian blooms in vain. b
Vi.
To me, array’d in summer’s fairest pride,
- Let not the landscape vainly glow serene 5
«Nor autumn lavifh round from side to side,
Her golden harvests o’er the peaceful scene.
VII.
Ev’n still be mine the joy sublime, to hail
The tempests of the fky which winter pours 5
When rufhing wildly thro’ the detug’d vale,
From the bleak hill the foaming torrent vours,
Vill.
Nor yet, ungrateful, let me e’er eraze
The blifsful days of peace for ever past 5
4aNor mem’ry’s busy hand forget to trace
The hours of joy which flew, alae! how fastq

VOL. ix, E& t

218 poetry. June 13.
IX. :
Dear, happy hours! when o’er my raptur’d mind
The magic scenes of nature burst sublime ;
And hopelefs, in despair, the muse resign’d
Her pencil to the rip’ning hand of Time.
\ xs
Scarce lefs her thrilling transports than when now
Her airy dreams of Pindus fhe pourtrays ;
While youthful fancy bids the picture glow,
And scatters o’er it her redundant rays.
XI.
Ye pow'rs, divine, while, glorying in his pride,
The stoic boasts a hgart which nought can move 5
A flinty heart,—which cold, and yet untried,
Ne’er felt the glow of friend/hip or of love.
x1I.
Give me (what e alone could e’er refuse)
A soul susceptible of joy and pain ;
To taste the converse of th’ angelic muse,
And scorn the arts of pride and usele/s gain. G. C.

SONNET.

For the Bee

Sweet smells the fragrant morn with dew,
And pearly drops refrefh each flow’r;
Each creeping fhrub and spreading yew
Sip the sweet perfume in the bow’r.

All nature smiles with joy around,
The sun returns and all is gay 3

Yet still to man no peace is found,
His schemes and joys flee fast away.

Each scene and season he revolves, t
Is still a mix’d and muddy stream, :
Still heavy grief his soul difsolves,
Tho’ peace but seldom darts a gleam.

Yo thee, O Hope! celestial maid,
Serene we look for peace above ;

‘Yo thee, O let my vows be paid,
Thou art the pow'r of peace and Jove.

Before thy fhrine the lovers bend,
The hero pours his panting soul ;
Xo courts, to huts thy blefsings send, —
*Tis thou alone supports the soul. NM.

4792. intelligence respecting India. 216

’

REVIEW OF INDIA,

@R REFLECTIONS ON THE MEASURES THAT FRANCE OUGHT T@
ADOPT RELATIVE TO ITS POSSESSIONS IN INDIA.

Paris, printed by Didot, sen. 1790, 8vo. containing 140 p.French,

One of the most important questions of French politics
is treated of in this work, whose author is not named. By
a note it appears, that it is a person employed in some of-
fice of administration.. To write on this subject, he has,
without doubt, studied very. minutely the French interest
in ‘Asia; and has, from the situation of our affairs in this
quarter of the globe, penetrated into the views and mea-
sures of the native princes, the strength and resources of
the Englith nation, lefs powerful than the French nation
in America, its rival in Europe, and superior in Asia.

It is generally agreed, says the author, in an advertise-.
ment, that, to expect and to obtain great succefses beyond:
the Cape of Good Hope, it is necefsary to have in that:
quarter, a principal establifhment, where’ we may con-
center great military forces in time of peace. Of those
belonging to us, Pondicherry, and the Isle of France, are-
the only places that claim the preference for this purpose; :
and each of these has its zealous partizans, and even en-
thusiasts, who regard each as susceptible of an exclusive
preference.

The king’s council has already pronounced in favour of
the Isle of France ; but Pondicherry has presented to the
natiqnal afsembly the most spirited remonstrances against
this decision. It is to thissupreme tribunal, that holds to-
day in its hands the fortune of France, that we must sub-
mit the impartial discufsion of this great political question.
Indebted to it for all the useful truths that we have been

220 - intelligenee respecting India. June 135
able to collect, we fhall never forget any detail which can
throw light on the great views with which it ought to be
animated.

The author reduces the examination of the whole ques-
tion to these two points, which form the two parts of his
work. 1st. What is the political advantage of the Isle of
France, since the termination of last war? 2d. What de-
gree of importance ought government to connect with the
politics of India? Ought government to attempt, at the
same time, a project offensive to the Isle of France, and
another defensive to Pondicherry ?

The three last wars are those of 1744, 1756, and 1778.
The author gives an exact summary of the operations of
France in India, during these wars.

However fhort this summary be, one there sees the
faults of the India company in the two first. The miscon-
duct of several chiefs, and of administration, in all the
bravery and the succefs of other commanders. La Bour-
donne, the chief promoter of the establifhment of the Isle
of France, discovered his genius, made use of his resour-
ces, and fhewed the greatest intrepidity in the war of 1744:
If his temper could have bent to have owned the power
of Dupleix, and to plan measures with a man of his cha-
racter, France would have acquired an immense empire in
India. Lally, governor of Pondicherry, and commander of
the land forces, was without doubt culpable of prevarica-
tion; after his condemnation, it appears that he was ill
supported in the war of 1756. De Suffreim acquired im-
mortal glory in that of 1778, who reinstated us in India,
nearly in the condition in which we were in 1763. From
the recitals of the author, it is easy to infer, that it is by the
Isle of France, that t'e French and Dutch have been suc-
coured in India during these wars ; and that moreover, we
would have been indebted to this precious isle for a-great

3792. intelligence respecting India. 228
superiority if our operations had been better planned and
conducted.

The author informs us that he owes the map of India,
annexed to his work, and the geographical details that it
contains, as well as the greater part of the historical facts,
to a military gentleman, distinguifhed for his talents, as
‘well as for his impartiality, and who has travelled with
advantage in India, during the last war.

At the peace of 1762, the Englifh restored to France
Pondicherry, Carical, &’c. which could no longer be of ser-
vice to the extension of their commerce. It was evi-
dent that France kept pofsefsion of these, only because it
had conceived the project of a military establifhment in
India. ‘They preferred Pondicherry notwithstanding the
danger of its being too near Madras. They withed to re-
build this city, which was only a heap of rubbifh. Instead
of diminifhing it, to fortify it the more easily, they la-
boured to rebuild it on the former plan. Difficulties ha-
ving arisen in constructing the works, permitted them to
finifh only goo fathoms of the fortification ; there remain-
ed 4500 to inclose the place when M. de Bellecombe arrived
to succeed M. de Laurieston, as governor: That is to
say, a little before the Englifh, who could have nothing
more than conjectures’ of the approaching rupture, came
to besiege Pondicherry, M. de Bellecombe defended him-
self some time, netwithstanding the condition of the place 5
but he was forced to yield. The remainder of the French
pofsefsions in India were soon taken.

It appears incredible that Pondicherry, being situated
in the centre of the Englifh forces in India, they fhould
have allowed France the time and liberty to fortify it so
as to be in a state to rival their power. Supposing the
French government had made exertions of which it is not
capable ; supposing that the men whom it employed to ex~

‘

222 " intelligenee respecting India. June 132.
ecute the plans resolved upon, had properly understood one
another; had, in conjunction, planned their measures ; had’
been, in fhort, eridowed with the knowledge necefsary to
prevent the commifsion of a single mistake, in’ either the
project or execution, the Englifh minister is too pene-
trating, too active, and has too many means of discencert-
ing an enterprize of this kind, at pleasure, which could
not be supported with an army equal to what they have
in India. According to the partisans of Pondicherry,
our fortune in India depends upon the pofsefsion of this
place. Nothing can be performed in India without having
there a landing place where they can form magazines and
hospitals. This is for want of having studied the poli-
tics of India in India, that they are mistaken in the instruc-
tions given to their generals. They ought to oppose this:
policy to the formidable power ofthe Englith.

The author, to'answer this objection, which, if not welt:
founded, is at least ungenerous, traces the military and po-
litical map of the powers of India, with which we are any
way connected, This method is a kind of analysis of alt.
Indostan, a vast country, divided into several states, uz the
Englith East. India company; the succefsor of Hyder Ali-
ean, the great Marhattas, the Subah of the Decan, the
little Mazhattas, and the Mogul. Among these powers the
Englith East India company is indisputably the first, whe-
ther considered in a military or a commercial point of
view, or as poisefsing an immense extent of territory. We
are informed for certain, that the Englifh have just now-
in India 13000 European troops, and perhaps 100,000
seapoys. We fhail not follow the author in enumerating —
the countiies that this company and the other’ pewers
pofsefS, nor in the rauster of their forces in infantry, caval-
ry, and artillery. It is indeed astonifhing that the Mogul
empire fhould fhut up the rear. Its immense extent once>
contained Indostan and the peninsula; but such is its:

E702. zutelligence respecting India. 223
real weaknefs by its divisions and decay, that one can
! : a Ly i
scarcely clafs it among the military powers of the peninsula.
There are, besides, some other sovereigns in Indostan ;

‘but they cannot make a figure among those just now men-

tioned ; however, the author enumerates such as merit any
attention. After having stated the interests of each, he
fhews the situation of India, as having still been in a

tottering condition since the departure of Dupleix, the on-

ly person perhaps who understood the moral connection
of affairs in this part of the world. They are wrong to
establith projects upon a foundation so unsteady. ‘ Am
excellent general, a good economist of an army, numerous
forces, money sufficient for two campaigns; such is the

‘true politics to secure a triumph in Asia; these can sup-

ply the place of every other, and when the commander by
sea fhall have defeated the fleet of the enemy, and when
the commander in chief by land fhall have taken Madras
or Bombay, that will be the time for the Indian nations to
study our politics, which, in this case, must regulate theirs.”

The work concludes with an advice of sound philosophy
and excellent policy.

‘ Let us be cautious not to frighten the princes of India,
by a rage for great territorial pofsefsions. What interest
can they take in our efforts, if we with to’ expell the
Englith only to put ourselves in their stead? The true
conqueror of this rich part of the world, fhall be the man,
who, after having deprived his rivals of the dominions that
they have invaded, fhall restore these to the princes who
ought to pofsefs them, and who fhall annex no other terms

_ to the resignation of these territories, except the stipulati-

“on of trade in his favour, with a liberty to admit, under mo-

_derate restrictions, the other powers of Europe. Let us

be this conqueror. Let us set the world this example 5 it
will be as glorious as beneficial, It is worthy of French-
men,’

B24 : anecdote. ; Sune 13:

We have inserted the above chiefly with a view to let
‘our countrymen see what were, in general, the ideas of a
sensible Frenchman two years ago, respecting Indian po-
litics. Among many circumstances that have since hap-
pened, to excite compafsion in the breast of casual obser-
vers respecting the crory, as we have vainly stiled it, of
the French nation, fhe may congratulate herself in not
being able to carry into effect those seductive plans o f fo-
reign aggtandisement which fhe has so long cherifhed,
When fhali Britain have the good fortune to be unable to
extend her plundering arms beyond her own little isle!
for we fear it will be inability, alone, that will ever teach
her that her prosperity can be most effectually promoted
by domestic industry alone.

ANECDOTE. ~.*
‘Tur late honourable judge Sewell went into a hatter’s
fhop one day, in order to procure a pair of second hand
bruthes, for the purpose of cleaning his fhoes. ‘The mas-
ter of the fhop presented him with a couple which had
become unfit for his own use. “‘ What is your price ?”
says the judge: ‘ If they answer your purpose,” replies
the other, ‘you may have them, and welcome.’ The
judge hearing this, laid them down on the plank, and
with a graceful bow directly went out at the door. At
which the mechanic said to him: ‘ Pray, Sir, your ho-
nour has forgotten the principal design of your visit.’
*« By no means,” replies the judge, “ If you please to set
your price, I stand ready to purchase. But ever since it
has fallen to my lot to occupy a seat on the bench, I
have studiously avoided receiving a single copper by way
of donation, lest in some future period of my life, it might
have some kind of influence in determining my judge-

ment,
Acknowledgements to correspondents omitted for want of room.

i

Se eal
THE BEE,

LITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

FOR

WeDNESDAY, JUNE 20. 1792,

AN ACCOUNT OF THE'SOCIETY OF ARCADIA AT ROME, WITH A
SKETCH OF THE STATE OF LITERATURE IN ITALY FOR THESE
LAST ‘THREE CENTURIES. By ABBE TOURNER, TEACHER OF

_ LANGUAGES, EDINBURGH, AUTHOR OF THE ANECDOTES OF POPE
GANGANELLI, Uc.

ca
:

Continued from p. 199.

Arter Ta/so appeared the cavalier Giambattista

Marini, who was, by nature, endowed with all the
gifts necefsary to form an excellent poet. © His un-
derstanding was quick and methodical; his verses
soft and farmonious ; he had a perspicuity in his
stile, joined to the most lively graces, and the most
tender allirements, so as to command the pafsions.
He was sufficiently acquainted with science, and abun-
dantly stored with erudition. His first appearance
in poetry, was so splendid, that it was like to oblite-
rate the fame of all those who had gone before him
in Italian poetry. He made use in his Poeste Bos-
chereccie, e Marittime, of so laudable a moderation
in his stile, that, it must be allowed, the greatest
part of these pieces may serve as examples to those who

VOL, 1X. FF +

226 Italian literature. Fune 20>
wifh to write on pastoral, or piscatorial subjects.
The applause and good reception which this his first
production experienced puffed up his spirits, and his
stile, the purity of which in his heroic, moral, and
sacred poems is entirely altered. His zdy/iiums and
epithalamiums are full of extravagancies ; as dike-
-wise his famous poem of done, which has many
great beauties, but so filled up, as his other small
poems, with strange turns of phrases, with many
false ideas, or concettz, and with such tedious ver-
bosity, that it is sufficient to disgust any one, who
has formed his taste on the pure models of the
Greek, Latin, and best Italian authors. Yet Ma-
rini’s fame daily increased, and, for a whole cen-
tury, the Italian poets contended among themselves
who could write, either in prose or in verse, in a stile
still more extravagant than his. Fulvio Testi, and
Gabriello Chiabrera, who flourifhed m this time,
may be in some measure excepted. For though they»
are not free from faults, yet they have such beauties
as tomake them worthy to be ranked amongst the good
poets. The former, in his odes, rivals the vivacity,
the truth, and the brilliancy of Horace ; whilst the
latter has transfused into our language the graces of
Anacreon, conjoined with the fire of Pindar ; and has
thus introduced into the Italian poetry, that force and
tendernefs which is the distinguifhed characteristic of
the Greek poets.
Among the crowd of the concettisti, the first place,
next to Marini, may be given to Ciro di Pers, Gi-
rolamo Preti, Battisti, and Achillint: This last

: ia

1792. Italian literature.. aan
was so lucky that for an emphatic sonnet of his,
which begins,
‘ Sudate o foclit a preparar metalli.”

in praise of Louis x1u. of France, he. received, as a
reward from this king, one thousand Roman crowns
for each verse; that is fourteen thousand crowns for
fourteen lines, full of extravagancies; so true it is that
by a malignant influence on letters,. when they are in
the highest stage of depravation and. corruption,
they meet with universal applause and approbation,
and the munificence of the great, whilst. people are
sometimes lefs disposed to favour them,. when they
are in their greatest perfection.

The compositions in prose followed’ the destiny of
those in verse ; and it is sufficient to cast one’s eyes Ons
any of the historians, or orators of those days,.to ob-
serve the deplorable state into which letters had sunk.
Bold and preposterous metaphors, astrangely inverted
syntax, a.style full.of frivolous concetti, are the only
things they can boast of, and. which, towards the lat-
ter part of the last century, made the wonder of the
academies, and-obtained the fhouts of an auditory,
which never imagined. they were giving only proofs
of a depraved taste.

From this general corruption, however, .in the belles
lettres, are to be excepted several’ literati ia many
parts of Italy. This may be attested by the works
of Galileo Galilei; Vincenzxio Viviani, father Paolo
Segneri, Francesco Redi, and the Academia del Cimen-
to; all of which are written inavery pure stile, andac-
cording to the rules of true composition. . There were,.

lesides, others of conspicuous talents, who beiag, in-

ee

228 Ltahan literature. Fune 20.
clined to poetry, and evidently perceiving that it
had deviated from the right road, they knew but too
well, that if, in their compositions, they had followed
the footsteps of the good authors, it would be the
same as to reject applause, and to renounce that fame
which is the only reward ofthose who turn their mind
to-poetry. They took therefore to a jocose kind of
composition, in order to get applause in their own days,
and they interspersed their poems with the most just
poetical traits, to the purpose that, when Italy fhould
open its ,eyes to the true beauties of poetry, posteri-«
ty might perceive that they had been free from the ge-
neral corruption. Hence it came that Antonio Malates-
ta wrote his beautiful riddles in sonnets, that Domenico
Lazxarini produced his much applauded Centurie of
sonnets against the ridiculed Don Cicero, that dlefrandro
Fafsoni composed the heroi-comic poem of the Secchia
rapita, that Franceseo Berniert publifheda very regular-
epic poem, and interpersed with many poetical beau-
ties in Romanesco, that is the common dialect of
the low people of Rome, intitled 7/ Meo Patacea, and-
Bartolomeo Nappini, imitating Fidenzio, exprefsed
his sentiments in what is called stile pedantesco, or pe-
dantic stile, which requires. a thorough knowledge of
the Latin and of the Italian languages which in this
way of writing are very nicely intermixed. Several
of these were alive when Maggi and Lemene in Lom-
bardy, Red, Filicaja, and: Menzimi, in. Tuscany,
Buragna, Schettini, and others in Naples, and Vincen-
zo Leomo in Rome, set about writing their poetical

performances according to the rules of the ancients ;

but except the Dio of Lemene, the Bacco in Toscana.

F792. - Ltahan literature. 229
of Redt, and some of the Canzoni, or songs of Filica-
ja, their poems did not go farther than the limits of
their native place, or wete approved by few.

At this time Christina of Sweden, after having
abdicated the throne, had come to settle in Rome.
Her father, Gustavus Adolphus, had taken care to
give her an education which few royal princefses
can boast of, especially in her days. In lay-
ing down the sceptre, fhe had likewise laid aside
all thoughts of war,—all notions of command; but
fhe had) not renounced that inclination, which fhe
had cherifhed from her youth, of protecting letters,
arts, and sciences. Hence fhe formed a private
academy in her palace, of men conspicuous for their
learning, and for their dignities,. who were to meet
in her presence to talk on scientific subjects. (She
thought afterwards that the de//es lettres, fhould have
an her academy a place, in order to unbend their
wearied mind from too great an application to sci-
ence. .T'wo persons were chosen for the Latin po-
‘etry, and’and two for the Italian; Benedetto Menzz-
ai and Alefsandro Guidi were destined for the latter,
and a pension afsigned to them. Menzini, who, as I
have noticed before, followed the true path of taste,
did not meet with that applause which the livelinefs
of Guidi had acquired, by letting himself be earried
off with the current of the age, as may be scen in
a small volume of poems which he then printed, and

he afterwards disapproved of himself, Emulation and.
disputes arose therefore between these poets, which
lasted even -after the death of the queen; and after
that Gujdi, observing the stile of the Arcadiaas, whiek;

230° Ltalian hterature. Fune 20...
was every day gaining more footing, acknowledged
the truth, and, preserving his former vivacity, began
to think with fustnefs. The two for the Latin poe-
try, were Abate Michele Cappellari, and father Ubertine
Carrara, a Jesuit. Several poems of theirs were prin-
ted, which, on account of the unfortunate circumstance
of their authors not having livedin a better age, have
been condemned to be devoured by the moths, or tobe
made use of as wrapping paper in the grocer’s or
apothecary’s fhops..

Vincenzo Leonio profefsionally attended the HOES a
and therefore, although remarkably eminent in the
belles lettres, was-not invited to be a member of this
royal academy. However, in his hours of relaxation,
he frequently composed some things. in the taste
of the ancient poets; and, as his manners were sweet,
frank, and sincere, he easily gained: the esteem and
love of every person that happened to become ac-
quainted with him. Thus several young gentlemen,
though: attending to different profefsions, had joined
withhim in a friendly society. In the evenings, after -
their businefs was over, they used to meet insome so-
litary and delightful place, either within or without
the walls of Rome, where, by the rehearsal of some
of their performances, they enjoyed'a decent, pleasant,
and instructive relaxation.

Whilst this literary union of well disposed youths,
under the direction of Leonio, was, as it were by chance,
laying the-foundations of a literary republic, some
other sprightly geniuses re quested of Leonto, to be
admitted into this society, in order-that they might,
frem him, and from his friends, learn what they ben

N92. Ttahian literature. 23%
‘gan to find they were ignorant of ; and, as his good
nature would not suffer that the true manner of
composing fhould be concealed, he easily persuaded
‘his companions to accept the offers, and the earnest
intreaties' of those who wifhed to increase their
number. Thus a select band was formed, of about
thirty people, all inclined to write, both in prose and
in verse, according to the directions of Leonio,
who was many years older than any of his rising
pupils.

Although their meetings were held in remote
‘parts, and only in the nature of simple recrea-
tions, they could not remain so concealed, but the
reputation of them was at last spread in Rome, until
it came to the ears of some of the most conspicuous
people. The queen of Sweden would be minutely in-
formed about it, and finding that it was the pleasure
of this literary meeting to afsemble in the open air,

_ and on the verdant fields, fhe very kindly exprefsed her
wifhes that these well deserving genuises fhould no
more wander here and there, but offered them her own
gardens, where they might repeat their productions
in her presence. Cardinal Azzolini took upon him-
self to have her withes fulfilled, and Guidi being ac-
quainted with several of them, was chosen to treat
the businefs with them. He very willingly accepted
this employment ; for, as he was very much inclined
to domineer, by putting himself at the head of a select
company, which he foresaw would soon get a high
place in ‘the literary world, he was thus in hopes
to distinguifh himself from Menzini, whom he con-
sidered rather as a rival than a cordpanion. But
the queen’s death overturned all these fine plans ; both

232 Ftalian literature. Fune v0.
Guidi and Menzini were obliged to look out for
some other provision ; and Leonzo, with his followers,
continued their learned meetings in the same ramb-
ling manner as before.

However, the queen’s offer suggested to them the
notion of forming themselves into an academical body,
which fhould be entirely directed, if pofsible, to re-
store good taste, and fhew, by their example, the
true way of composing well. To this purpose, they

- began exprefsly to form their lucubrations, wholly
according to pastoral notions, imagining that, by its-
simplicity, this might turn out the most likely me-
thod of putting out of fafhion those pompous and

eextravagant phrases, which, in the heroic stile,
had gained the estimation of the public, and ob-
tained universal applause. Jt happened that one
day, some of them having met in the fields behind
the castle of St Angelo, in a retired and solitary part
on the banks of the river, one of the company, in a
transport of pleasure, caused by the beauty of several
pastoral poems, which that day happened to be in a
greater number than ordinary, cried out, “ Egii
mi sembra che not abbiamo oggi rinnovata l’ Arcadia.”

* “Tt seems to me that we have this day revived Arca-
dia.” Some smiled at this exprefsion, and all of them
were pleased ; but none of them took any farther no-
tice of it except Crescimbent, who was one of the young
gentlemen that most frequented their meetings, and
was more than any of them united in friendthip with
Leonia. No sooner did he hear the name of Arcadia,
but he thought that, from it, one might take the idea
of the academy they were intending to establith.

‘ £792. political progrefs of Britain. 233
After they had all risen from their verdant seat, to
reafsume their occupations in the city, Crescimbenz
stopped behind with Leonio, to whom he com-
municated the thought which the name of Arcadia
had excited in his mind. Leonzo was very much plea-
sed at Crescimbeni’s proposal: they resolved to speak
of it to their companions, and to endeavour that an
academy fhould be formed, which fhould be called
Arcadia; and its members fhould be distinguifhed
by the denomination of Arcadian Shepherds. They
carried on this businefs with great secrecy until they
had regularly laid down the whole plan of this in-
tended literary republic.
To be continued.

ON THE POLITICAL PROGRESS OF BRITAIN.
LETTER VIII.

I am no orator as Brutus is

To stir men’s blood; I only speak right on.

I tell you that which you yourselves do know.
SHAKESPEARE.

Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

Tue sum total of supplies granted by parliament
during this war, extended, by Dr Smollet’s account,
to fifty-seven millions sterling. As to the applica-
tion of this money, the same historian observes, that
‘* Britain was at once a prey to her declared adver-
“ saries and profefsed friends. In 1746, fhe num-
“* bered, among her mercenaries, two emprefses, five
“ German princes, and a powerful monarch, whom
** the hired to afsist her in trimming the balance of
** Europe. Had these fruitlefs subsidies been saved ;
VOL, 1x. GG y

2 political progre/s of Britain. Fune-20.
“¢ had the national revenue been applied with econo-
** my to national purposes ; had it been employed in
** liquidating, gradually, the public incumbrances, in
‘* augmenting the navy, improving manufactures,
** encouraging and securing the colonies, and extend-
“* ing trade and navigation, corruption would have
** become altogether unnecefsary, and disaffection
** would have vanifhed ; the people would have been
‘* eased of their burdens, and ceased to complain:
** Commerce would ‘have flourifhed, and produced
** such affluence as must have raised Great Britain
*¢ to the highest pinnacle of maritime power, above
«¢ all rivalfhip and competition.” Instead of such
measures, let us observe the picture exhibited by the
same author. ‘¢ Without conduct, confidence, or
«¢ concert, Britain engages in blundering negocia-
“ tions ; fhe involves herself rafhly in foreign quar-
*¢ rels, and lavifhes her substance with the most
‘“« dangerous precipitation: She is even deserted by
«< her .wonted vigour, steadinefs, and intrepidity :
‘¢-She grows vain, fantastical, and pusillanimous;
*¢ her arms are despised by her enemies, and her
* councils ridiculed through all Christendom *.”
Had the House of Commons pofsefsed judgement
to. comprehend, or honesty to pursue, the interest of
their constituents, they would have fhunned, as an
abyfs of destruction, the war of 1739. I have com-
puted that every able bodied man is worth, in fee
simple, to the public, about three hundred pounds
sterling. We have seen, that for the service of the

* Smollet, vol. xi. p. 263,

1792. political progrefs of Britain. 235
year 1748, the House of Commons voted above an
hundred thousand men; and of these, forty thou-
sand would most likely perifh in the course of the
campaign. To this account may be added the my-
riads of followers of the forces who must have been
destroyed ; those who were killed in the service of
privateering, or in the fhips captured by those of the
enemy ; and that immense body who lost their lithbs,
and instead of a service,. became a burden to their
country. As the war lasted for nine years, we may
safely presume that, in all the various modes of de-
struction, three hundred thousand lives were lost ;
and these, at three hundred pounds. each, present us: -
with an account of human blood to the extent of
NINETY MILLIONS STERLING*. Even this sum, ex-
travagant as it may seem, is yet the smallest part of
our lofs ; for, had these men continued in this coun-
try, their posterity would at this day, in the com- ©
mon course of nature, have increased the populatiom
of Britain by an addition of a million, or fifteen hun-
dred thousand inhabitants. How much more rational
and pleasing would such a prospect have been, than
to sacrifice three hundred thousand victims on the
altar of absurdity ? I hazard this exprefsion, because
it has been fairly proved that the war itself was ab-
solutely without an object. These unfortunate men
might have been engaged to excellent purpose as
masons, blacksmiths, and carpenters, in agriculture,
in cutting canals and turnpike roads, or in catching
ad As our forces not only suffered, but ixflicted many terrible blows, we

may state the carnige of our antagonists in an equal proportion. to our
ow.

236. political progrefs of Britain. Fune 20.
a part of those incredible fhoals of cod, herting, and
other watery tribes, which nature has with such asto-
nifhing prodigality poured on the western coasts of

Scotland. An hundredth or even a thousandth part’

of the millions expended in this war, would have been
sufficient to found a colony of fifhermen in the He-
brides worth all our foreign pofsefsions put together.
But such a colony would not have answered the pur-

poses of ministerial corruption. They would not.
have entangled us in a quarrel with the rest of Eu-

rope. They would not have supplied our rulers
with a plausible pretence for loading the public with
extravagant debts. We are forced to think that the
chief object of ministers is to tear money from the

very entrails of the nation, to serve the vile ends of.

parade and luxury, or the viler end of buying a ma-
jority in our virtuous House of Commons. Hence
vevery succefsive administration fatigues, us with a
new series of absurdities. For a century past, the
history of Britain * fhould be entitled “‘ The progrefs
“* of Injustice conducted by Folly.” Our affairs can-
not, in future, be worse managed than they have
been +; and on this topic it is now full time to be se-
* It might with equal propriety be said the history of Europe. Edit.

+ For excmple, ‘© In the course of the late war, from 1776 to 1782,

*< forty-six millions five hundred and fifty thousand pounds were added

a

© to the threz per cezts. and twenty-rtine millions seven hundred and
“© fifty thousand pounds to the four fer cents. making together a capital
‘¢ of seventy-three millions four hundred thousand pounds, for which the

£¢ money advanced was cnly forty-eight milliens.’ Guthrie’s Grammar,

edition xi. p. 295. The writer has here committed a mistake. “The
two sums nominally borrowed, when added, amount to seventy-six millions
three hundred thousand ponnds. After subtracting the sums actually re-
ceived, there is a balance of premium amounting to tsverty-eight milliens

1492. political progrefs of Britain. 239°
rious, when every subject of Britain pays of public
taxes between two and three pounds sterling per an-
num. At this rate, twenty pounds sterling are ex-
acted every year from a family that consists of eight
persons ; and if the poor pay ten pounds lefs, it is
equally certain that the rich must pay ten pounds
more, and so in proportion. The sums which have
been squandered since the revolution, upon foolifh wars,
and uselefs colonies, on the balance of power, and the
balance of trade, would have been ten times more
than sufficient for converting both Britain and Ire-
land into a garden. Had this been the case, our si-
tuation would have been as much superior to what it
is now, as we are at present superior to those naked
savages who gave battle to Julius Cesar, on the coast
of Dover, lam, tc.

Laurencekirk, Timotuy THUNDERPROOF,
May 31. 1792:

P. S. The practice of hiring foreign mercenaries,
so frequently mentioned in the preceding letters, must
provoke the disapprobation ofevery reader. If we can-
not or dare not fight our own battles, what right have
we to fhed the blood of a fhoal of wretches, driven to
slaughter at so much per head by their worthlefs sove-
reign? Thenecefsities of the state may, perhaps, insome
cases, supersede the common obligations of morality;

and a philosopher may forgive, though he cannot vio-
dicate, the infidelity of an American congrefs, who,

three hundred thousand pounds. At three and a half per cent. the interest
of this sim amounts to nine hundred and ninety thousand five hundred
pounds; and this deluge of incerezt we coatinue to pay for a loan which
never was advanced.

238 «©=—-s: political progréfs of Britain. Sune 20%
standing on the verge ef destruction, are said to have:
violated some articles of the convention of Saratoga*.
But what necefsity impelled the Britifh cabinet to
hire the pedsants of Denmark and Hefse Cafsel to
butcher the peasants of Brandenburgh and Lusatia?
This is, indeed, in the worst sense of the word,
A SLAVE TRADE ; and in a thousand instancés to one,
those who buy, and those who se//, are equally detes=
table.

_ In this branch of commerce, the court of Hefse
Cafsel has long been distinguifhed by superior in-
famy. ‘The reader may be surprised by the follow-
ing anecdotes of Hefsian discipline. They were com=
municated by a gentleman of undoubted veracity;
who resided during last war in North America.

“« In this service it is a rule, that no soldier can
“ be put to death by order of a court martial, till,
** the sentence has been confirmed by the Landgrave.
‘¢ Hence it happened that a prisoner might have been
** confined for eighteen months, before his sentence
*© could have been ratified, and the confirmation re-
“turned. The Hefsian officers took a fhorter way.
““ You have heard of a north-west American snow
“storm; but unlefs you had felt it, you cannot pof-.
‘* sibly conceive its severity; with’every precaution
‘* of clothing its effects on the human body are often.

* This is a species of morality that our ingenious correspoadent has pro-
perly borrowed from the cabinet; philosophers may be there found who will
vindicate any thing. But the stern wora/ist will admit of no excuse as valid
fer a breach of contract, but physical impé/sibility alone. Our author, who

pleads the cause of justice so ably in other cases, ought not to become the
apologist for injustice of any kind. Edit.

&

“<<

#792. political progrefs of Britain. 239

terrible, and the lofs of a nose, an ear, or a chin,
is but one of its slightest consequences.

‘© A Hefsian soldier had deserted, and his officers
were determined to dispatch him as soon as pof=
sible. He was tied up to be flogged in a north-
west snow storm. Every drop of blood froze on
the cat's tail. I was within an hundred yards of
the halberts when he expired.. -

** One evening, when riding into Halifax, about
eleven o’clock, I was stopped and insulted by the

corporal of a Hefsian picket guard. I complained

next morning to his colonel, who, with all the dig-
nity of a despot, ordered the man to stand with his
left arm stretched above his head. Two serjeasts
were called, and their orders were to thrafh at him
with their sticks till I fhould bid them stop. In
ten minutes I suppose they must have pounded
him into a mummy. Ineed hardly tell you that
I immediately put an end to such.a barbarous su-
perfluity of vengeance.

“Among the Hefsians, theft was universal:
One of them, an old man, stole a great coat of
mine; it was found, but he had cut off and sold
the buttons. I interposed with his commander, but
in vain. He was condemned to run the gauntlet
twelve times through the regiment, which con-
sisted of athousand men. They were drawn up in
two lines. Every man was supplied with a switch ;
an officer, armed with a cudgel, walked up behind
each of the ranks, as the prisoner walked, and woe
be to the man who neglected to give him a severe
stroke! To make him march deliberate and erect,

+240 ‘political progre/s of Britain. Fune 20.
* a halbert was held pointed at his breast, and ano-
“« ther at his back, so that he could go but at a cer=
“ tain pace. In a few minutes -his back, his
‘* breast, and even his face, were in a gore of
‘¢ blood. So much for the buttons ofa great coat !
‘‘ His infernal majesty has not served half his
‘¢ apprenticefhip, unlefs he has been.a planter in the
‘¢ West Indies, the captain of a slave fhip, or the colo-
**. nel of a Hefsian regiment.

_. When these troops were first landed from Eu-
*¢ rope, the appearance of many of them announced
‘¢ an utmost consummation of wretchednefs ; the sick
*¢ and the dead were treated with equal indifference ;
‘¢ the scurvy had made dreadful havock, and I have
“seen them, like as many dogs, buried by cart-
‘¢ loads.

_“ Every circumstance in their behaviour was
‘¢\ marked with grofsnefs and. barbarity. In some
‘“‘ regiments, the major might at pleasure cudgel his’
‘¢ captains, the captain his lieutenant, and the latter
‘“‘ his ensign. Numbers of Americans, whose sensi-
«¢ bility would not have allowed them to fight with
‘‘ Englifhmen, were forward to exterminate these
‘«¢ devoted foreigners.”’

Inthe American war, we maintained an army of
between twenty-five and thirty thousand German
mercenaries, including those in Gibraltar and Minor-
ca. The expence was nominally about seven hundred
thousand pounds per annum, but amounted in fact to
much more; for me extraordinaries of the army, as
they were called, for 1731 alone, amounted to THREE
MILLIONS AND A HALF STERLING. Theoriginal object

j

1792 political progre/s of Britain. 24a
tof the war was to make the people of Boston pay aduty
of threepence per pound upon tea. The king of Prufsia
in his letters repeatedly affirmt, that, when they began
this contest, the parliament of England had certainly
Seen bitten by a mad dog.

If idle writers would forbear to pester us with ful-
some panegyrics on our present happy establifbment,
I fhould remain silent; but when a nation, in the
administration of whose government such abuses are
tolerated, has the stupidity to hold itself up as a mo-
del of perfection to the world, it must expect the na-
tural consequences. We look back without satisfac-
tion, and forward without hope.

The American war cost us an hundred and fifty mil-
lions sterling ; and were not the fact incontestible, it
would seem incredible that the most opulent empire in
the universe could have supported such ablow. I sup-
pose thatofthis sum at least fifty millions were never ad-
vanced* ; and of the remainder, that another fifty mil-
lions were, happily for mankind, expended in jobs, and
bubbles of all kinds, and in bribes to the peers, the
house of commons, and their constituents. This was
a lefs execrable way of wasting the public money,
than to have hired an additional twenty thousand
German ruffians to mafsacre the farmers of Virgi-

nia and Pensylvania.

* It js rot wonderful -that.a siejescsbe of ‘such unbounded prodigality
as North, held out his post for somany years; or that other ministers dis~
cover so great a fondnefs for war, and similar destructive and expensive
undertakings ; or that those who hore to profit by this extravagance fhould
applaud them for it ; but it is truly wonderful that men of sense fhould have
continued so long even to applaud such measures.

VOL, ix. HH +

242 political progrefs of Britain. | ‘Fume tee ’

All my friend Tumbledown’s predictions as to Bo-
‘tany Bay *, are fast approaching to their completion.
A boat full of convicts Ras already escaped, as he fore-
told, and has landed at Batavia! The colony is star-
ving, and the expences, exceed even our ‘‘ heaven~
“*« born minister’s” talents for calculation.

I have this moment received the candid and judi-
‘cious observations of your correspondent Alcibiades.
‘His objections to my letters are few and slight; and,
chad they been more specific, it would not have been dif-
ficult to give them a satisfactory answer. He charges
me with indirect innuendoes ; on the contrary, I have
-crowded together a profusion of facts, which neither
Alcibiades, nor any body else can deny; and, instead.
of innuendoes, | have uniformly advanced accusations in
the plainest stile consistent with decency. If these
are ill founded, I fhall be happy to learn, and proud
to atknowledge my errors. But this point can only
be gained by advancing one fact, or one argument, in
close and logical opposition to another. He charges
me witha design to depreciate the constitution of this |
country. \have-censured particular acts of folly and
corruption, and the individuals who committed them,
but I have not said a single word about altering the
constitution. In a future letter I may perhaps give a
fuller detail of the abuses in parliament, but if Alci-
biades imagines that I am a Jacobite, he has not read
my letters with attention; or if he supposes that [
wilh to introduce a mob government, he does me the
sitmost injustice.

© Wide vol. v.p.135, &c.

£792. political progre/s of Britain. 243

He acknowledges that ‘‘ the abuses which I point
** out deserve the severest reprehension, and ought:
*< to be reprobated. by every human being who has.
** the smallest pretensions to common sense.” But if
this be true, could it be expected that I was to write:
in the stile of panegyric? The sentence in his letter
which deserves most notice is what follows: ‘* Un-
“ lefs the minister has as fully the approbation of the
“ people at large, as of parliament, he must im-
*¢ mediately lose his seat.”

This is very strange language. Walpole kept his
place for twenty years, though he was universally
detested. Lord North led us into the. American war
in direct contradiction to a majority of the nation.
The Rufsian armament is a solitary instance. This
is exactly as if a person who had drawn a prize of
ten thousand pounds in the lottery, were to expect
the same fortune for ever..

The first duty of a writer is to be consistent. with:
himself. On this account, [recommend the two follow-.
ing pafsages of your correspendent’s letter ta his se-.
rious perusal: ‘‘I think that you, Sir, are not quite:
** freefrom blame, for permitting them, (thestrictures
‘of Thunderproof) to have accefs into your Bee,”
Agreed.. But what follows?‘ Bleffed is the state
‘¢ when the peacemaker can raise his. voice without
““ fear. Long then may such writers as Thunder-
‘** proof be permitted to exert their talents. A FOOL-
** ISH PROCLAMATION may be disregarded, while”-—
but my respect for ‘ /ega/ establifhments’’ forbids me.
to quote farther.

2h on ambition. - Fune' 20.

DETACHED OBSERVATIONS. ON AMBITION.
For the Bee.

Amartion isa pafsion at once so beneficial and de-
structive to mankind, that I am astonifhed it has been
so much overlooked by a set of men who are not afha-
med to thrust volumes of speculations into the world,
upon the origzm and import of that single word zdea.
When two of our affections or pafsions conspire im
aiming both at the same end; or, when stimulated to
a certain degree, are productive of one and the same
effect, even, although philosophers have distinguifhed
them (and perhaps wisely) by different names, yet
in the human mind they are inseparably linked to-
gether, and the idea of the. one never fails to pro-
duce that of the other; such is the case-with power
and ambition, The one is (if I may use the exprefsion).
of the same species with the other, or the same paf-
sion, in different stages or degrees. As a farther proof”
of this, if we attend carefully tothe youthful mind,
when it is rising to maturity,, we will find the bud of
ambition, with the stem of power, bursting forth at the
same early period of life. In the throwing ofa stone,
the school-boy’s ambition is roused to out-do his com-
ety ; and his power gratified to see an effect pro-
duced at a distance from himself.. In their small
diversions, too, ambition, with its‘concomitant, power,.
are easily discerned to be the leading objects. When
the ambitious youth, at the head of his little army,.
wants an enemy to cope with, the lower creation often.
feels his power ; and’ upon them he exercises even,

1792. . on ambition. 245
acts of cruelty to force them to submifsion. If we
look into the records of times that are past, every page
presents us with a more fatal effect of ambition than
the former, nations groaning under the prefsure of a
powerful and a haughty prince, whose insatiable ambi-
tion craves daily for the blood of thousands of his inno-
cent subjects; men raising themselves from the most
servile ranks in society, wading through whole seas
of blood, and that of their dearest relations; nor
stopping till they have even stabbed the sacred person
of a king, and laid him low, at the foot of that throne
from whence he has often distributed justice, with
the exactest scrupulosity, among a happy, a nume-
rous, and a wealthy people. The human mind turns
with detestation from scenes like these, as below the
dignity of our species ; and only loves to ruminate
on the history of that man, who, in all his actions,
sprinkled cool patience. Yet if we take a view of
the benefit which society has reaped from ambition,
we will perhaps be more anxious to cherifh it with-
in certain bounds. Of the many discoveries it has.oc-
casioned in the sciences ; of the many geniuses which.
have burst forth and overtopped mankind, like the
cedar in the forest, which, but for ambition, would
have been confined to the humble sphere in which
they were born, and their productions, with them-
selves, been buried in obscurity ! Or view-it in the
field strengthening the nervous-arm-of war; or thun-.
dering from the rostrum, and weilding, at pleasure, a
mad and unenlightened populace. But if man would
turn his attention inwards, and take a view of the
gperations of his own mind; there he would find ine.

7

246 letter on Dr Gilbert Stuarts writings. Fune-26%
surreetions, sufficient for all his power and ambition:
to over-rule; to mortify his desires, would be con-~.
quest ;.to subdue his affections, would be victory ; and:
to keep peace in that little state would be immortal;
glory, honour, and renown. Yours, tc.

Yarrow’s braes, t

ALEXIS 7uni0re.
Dec. 5. 1791- J

‘Cory oF siR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE’S LETTER TO:
DR GILBERT STUART, THE ORIGINAL IN THE HANDS
OF MR MURRAY, BOOKSELLER, LONDON.

Sir,

On my return from a part of my circuit last week,.
I found on my table your valuable work, the View
of Society in Europe, for which J return you my
thanks, and fhiall take the first opportunity my lei-
sure affords of giving it a careful perusal. I entirely
agree with you that law cannot be studied as a science,
without calling in the aid of history ; and the higher
that history ascends into the ruder ages of mankind,
the better interpreter it will be of many ancient legal
formularies and customs. I perceive by occasionally
dipping into your notes, as I opened the leaves of the
book, that in some respects you differ from a work.
of mine, to which you are pleased to pay much
greater compliments than. it deserves ; and your ob-
servations, so far as I have seen, appear to me to be
just ; and J fear that an accurate inquirer may still find.
in other parts of it, sufficient marks of what was
really the case, that. the book was not originally.

e792. reading memorandums. 249
compiled with any view of submitting it to public
inspection. I am, Sir, your obliged humble servant.
_Lincoln's‘Inn Fields,

London, t (Signed) § W.‘BiacksTone.
March 16. 1778.

ON STONE COFFINS.

Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
Iw your Bee for February rsth is.an account of an old
‘stone coffin or &zstbean, found in the parish of Kirkurd.
The flint fhaped like a halbert, is that ancient weapon
called astone ce/t ; for some account of these wea-
pons, (vide Barlase history-of Cornwall, the Archilo-
gia, ce.) The one of the circular form, and the cy-
lindrical one, were for similar purposes. The neatly
carved ring, was a druidical amulet, often purchased
vat a great price, by warriors from the druids ; its -vir-
tue was similar, though of lefs efficacy than the angui-
num. Stone celts, anguinum, adder, and coal black
-amulets, I have often known found in old sepulchral
tumuli, and they denoted the person interred to have
been a person of rank and estimation.

DETACHED OBSERVATIONS.

Genus, though, by its splendid appearance, it gene-
rally attracts the admiration of mankind, is seldom
beneficial either to its pofsefsor or the world in gene-
«al. A man of genius rarely pafses his time in the

—

238 reading memorandums. Sune 26.
world comfortably, nor are the strong efforts of his
mind; in public matters, often sufficiently seen by those
who have it in their power to render them useful to
society, that they are of any avail.

When parents happen to observe great natural
patts in their. children they fhould exert them-
selves in turning away their eyes from great objects
of pursuit, and instil in their minds a desire of be-
coming eminent in their own particular profefsion ;
also in taking every opportunity of fhowing them
examples of the great value of integrity ; for men of
abilities are more frequently dishonest than those of
moderate talents, and perons who want integrity;
seldom pafs unpunifhed even in this world ;—well
known truths, though too little attended to by those
who have occasion to weigh such things in their
thoughts.

There is apleasure even in sadnefs, which none
but mourners know.

The friendfhip of some men, is like the jealousy of
others, only the paroxysm of an hour, which rages
violently and again subsides, till a new occasion calls
it forth.

Vows and engagements of all kinds are, upon too
many occasions, only considered as nugatory forms,
which law prescribes, but custom absolves from
performing.

|

oe

POETRY.

‘HE NEGRO’S COMPLAINT.

For the Bee.

"Wore over the tremulous sea,
The moon spread her mantle of light,
And the gale, gently dying away,
Breath’d soft on the bosom of night;

On the forecastle Maraton stood,
And pour’d forth his sorrowful tales

‘His téars fell unseen on the flood,
His sighs pafs’d unheard on the gale.

Ak, wretch! in wild anguith he cried,
From.country and liberty torn!

Ah Maraton! would thou hadst died
Ere over the salt seas thou wast borne!

Thro’ the grovés of Angola stray’d,
Love arid hope made my bosom their home,
rT talk’d with my favourite maid,
(Nor dreamt of the sorrow to come.

From the thicket the man hunter sprung!
* My cries echoed loud thro’ the air;

“There was fury and wrath in his tongue,
He was deaf to the fhrieks of despair!

Accurs’d be the mercilefs band,
That his love could from Maraton tear !
And blasted this impotent hand,
: That was sever’d from all I held dear!

Flow ye tears down my cheeks, ever flow,
Still let sleep from my eyelids depart,
And still may. the arrows of woe,
Drink deep of the stream:of my heart.

But hark !—In the:silence of night,
My Addila’s accents I hear,

And mournful, beneath the wan light,
I see her lov’d image appear.

Slow o’er the smooth ocean fhe glides,
‘As the mist that hangs light on the wave,
And fondly her lover the chides,
That lingers so long from his grave.
“VOL. ix. II +

25°

(

poetry. June 29,
ec ‘Ah ‘Maraton ! haste thee,”’ fhe cries,
‘‘ Here the reign of opprefsion is o’erg
“© The tyrant is robb’d of his prize!
** And Addila sorrows, ne mere.” . ;

Row sinking amid the dim ray,

Her form seems to fade on my vieWe ©
© Oh stay thee! my Addila, stay !*

She beckons and I must pursue.

‘To-morrow the white man, in vain,
Shall proudly account me his slave ! |

My thackles I plunge in the main,
And rufh to the realms of the brave! Cc.

AN IRREGULAR EPISTLE,

For the Bee.

Now ev’ning, drefs’d in sober grayy

Steals silent on the lap of day; 4

"The lofty hills and landscapes gay, |

Deceive the sight and melt away; —

The hare that oer the lawns did stray,

‘The bird that warbled from the spray, -

The lamb, that round did sportive play,

Do each the call of night obey,

And homeward seek their wonted way.
‘Then, whilst in repose gentle nature indulges,
Whilst Old Age, by the fire, his long story divulges,
Whilst jovial mortals quaff off their full glafses,
And drown in champaigne all their cares and distrefses,

To you, my dear Tom, Ill my bosom disclose,

And freely reveal all my pleasures and woes:
For concealment soon quenches the quick blaze of joy,
Whilst it teaches grief’s slow-wasting flame to destroy.

The dreaded sting of bitter woe,
My joyful heart does seldom know,
In sweet content my days I spend,
Blest with a brother and a friend.
Not all the pleasures, all the treasures
Which fill the splendid courts of kings,
Procure a joy without alloy,
Such as from gentle friendfhip springs.

The man who lives unstain’d by vice,

Virtue, still, who makes his choice, ©
Tho’ distrefs’s loathsome form,
And misfortune’s furious storm,

poetry. 252
Overpow’r him for a season,
And bedim his clearer reason;
While to heav’n he bows resign’d,
Pleasure and content fhall find.
But all the joy the stately palace boasts,
‘She glare of titles and the pride of posts,
re but the meteor’s sudden fhort-liv’d ray,
hich mark a while the trav’ller’s wilder’d way §
The Jeaves his steps in sullen darknefs bound,
As if it only fhone to fhew the gloom around.
‘Yet tho’ friendfysp’s ample fhield,
Ward off the arrows of despair,
And tho’ virtue’s plant doth yield
Balm to cure the wounds of care;
Still is my heart devoid of rest,
Till love fhall hold his empire there:
For they alone are truly blest,
Who. love’s delicious pleasures hare.
Sweet is the purple dawn of day,
And sweet the sun’s departing ray;
Sweet is. the rose that scents the gale,
But far more sweet is love’s soft tender tales.

©. happy happy they!

Whom love invites-to:stray

Anidng the gently waving trees,

Soft murm’ring in th’ inconstant breeze !
Depriv'd of this, all other blifs

Is mix’d with pain, and grief, and care;:
Should heav’n deny love’s blifsful tie,

The heart may sink in deep despair.

When mighty Jove’s slow-winged wrath,,
Dooin’d impious man to pain and death;,
ach mercy, pitying. man’s distrefs, -
id thus his low laid race addrefs :
© Still one bright ray divine is left,
© To chear the darksome gloomy.
¢ Mortals! be worthy of the gift,
‘ Nor idly curse your doom :
« Indulge the feelings of the hearty.
© These blifs alone bestow,
* In others’ sorrow take a part,
© With others’ pleasures glaw ;
© Then heav’n your labours fhall requite
© With peace and joy usknown,
© For love, sweet parent of delight,
¢ Shall mark you for his own.’
Teach, then, kind heav’n, my languid breast
‘Thy gentle dictates to pursue,
That yet, with love, I may be blest,,
And yet bid vices;—caressadicu,,
March ath, 179% ALPiM.

;

‘

252 on schoolmasier’s salaries. June 28-

4

‘Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

J osszrve in the fourth number of the present volume of
the Bee, page 134, a letter from a country schoolmaster,
complaining of the smallnefs of the income of that clafs of
literary labourers in this country, and suggesting the pro-
priety of augmenting their salaries. As I imagine many
well disposed persons, who have not reflected. maturely on
the subject, will be inclined to concur in opinion with
that writer, as I myself once did, I use the freedom
to transmit to you a printed paper on this subject, that
was handed about some years ago, when this question was:
agitated in parliament, and I trust your impartiality will
induce you to publifh it, for the information of all con-
cerned. I fancy few of your readers have seen it, and I
reckon myself fortunate in being able to furnifh you with
a copy of it for preservation in your useful miscellany,
which I hope will descend to future ages. It contains:
a full answer to the letter of your correspondent above na-
med; and ought, besides, to serve asa useful caveat, a-
gainst being hastily misled by false reasoning, to which alt
mankind are naturally prone, where humanity is interested:
in the question. A—c—z.

Remarks on the petition to parliament, by the schoolmasters in:
Scotland, for an augmentation of their salaries anno 1784.

“ Wrrnour entering into a discufsion of the nature of the
arguments adduced in support of this preposal; or an
examination of the propriety of the mode of procedure:
they have adopted; or an inquiry into the effects that
would be produced on the different bodies of men from
whom the money wanted must be taken, if the prayer of
the petition were complied with; or a consideration of

1792. on schoolmaster’s salaries. 255 .
the propriety of the time chosen for making this demand,
the present circumstances of the country being attended
to; it is only meant, in this efsay, to inquire whether the
general effects upon the community at large would be
beneficial, or the reverse, fhould an augmentation of sala-
ry be granted to the Scottifh schoolmasters.

** Before this point can be properly determined, it ap-
pears to me that the two following questions require to be
elucidated.

“ First, Is it an advantage to a trading and manufacturing
country, to render the acquisition of learning there so easy,
as to put it within the reach of the lowest order of its ci-
tizens} or the reverse ?

“ Second, Willan augmentation ofthe salaries of the
schoolmasters in Scotland, tend to promote the cause of
literature in that country, or the reverse ?”

(The author, by some forcible arguments, which, as you
might think too long for your miscellany, I fhall omit,
points out the evil tendency in some cases that results
from too great an attention to literature among the low-
er clafses of the people ; and then proceeds as under :)

“ Let us, however, suppose for the present, that the gene-
ral diffusion of learning, through all ranks of people, were
to prove beneficial toa nation :—We are now to consider,
‘ Whether an augmentation of the salaries of the school-
“ masters in Scotland would tend to promote the cause of
* literature there, or the reverse ??—On this head the fol-
lowing observations naturally occur :

' “Tt is an undoubted truth, that the industry of man is al-
ways promoted by his wants; especially when that industry,
if exerted, has a necefsary tendency to relieve those wants.
In Scotland, the revenue of a schoolmaster arises in pare
from his salary, and in part from‘ the fees he draws for
teaching. If, in these circumstances, he-finds it impof-

254 on sthoolmaster’s salaries. June 20.
sible to subsist upon his salary alone, he will naturally be
induced to exert himself as much as pofsible, to obtain
scholars, that his prefsing wants may thus be supplied.
And as there is no compulsory. law for causing patents to
send their children to school, he finds, that the only way

he can take to. augment the number of his scholars, and ~

to obtain the good-will of their parents, is to exert him-
self to the utmost, in the faithful discharge of his duty as
a teacher; well knowing, that if he can succeed in esta-
blifhing his reputation in the neighbourhood, he will thus
not only become a more respectable member of society,
but will also have his wants proportionally relieved.—Put
the case, however, that instead of a scanty salary,|which
absolutely requires the aid of his teaching fees to furnifh
a moderate subsistence to his family, that that salary fhould
be so much augmented, as to enable him, in many cases, to
live better without teaching at all, than he can now do
even with the afsistance he derives from the fees of his
scholars ; is it not obvious, that he weuld not, in this last
case, have the same stimulus to exert his industry asin the
former ?—In this point of view, a moderate salary must
necefsarily excite the industry of schoolmasters, in a much
higher degree than a larger one ; and, by consequence,
an addition to that salary must tend to discourage the cause
cf literature, instead of promoting it. In those universities
where the salaries are high, the profefsors are universally
observed to become indolent. The care of teaching is
left to those who choose to undertake it, while the pro-
fefsors content themselves. with living in ease upon their

affluent salaries ;—but where the salaries are moderate, as.
at Edinburgh, the profefsors are under the necefsity of ex-

erting themselves to raise a reputation, and obtain nume-

roug students ; because, without the aid of their fees, they

could not support themselves with a becoming dignity..

299% on sehoolmaster’s salaries. 255
Literature is thus carried to a very high degree of perfec-
tion; nor do we hear any complaints of the lownefs of
the salaries. This example is so applicable to the case in
question, as to require no farther comment.

*“ Let us now consider the effects of the alteration pro-
posed in another light. Would the expence of education,
in general, be augmented or diminithed thereby ? that is,
would the teaching fees be more moderate than at present,
or the reverse? It cannot be supposed that they would be
lower.—To a poor man, a small matter is an object of
much greater consequence than to one who is rich. In
the first case, a man might value a fhi#ling so highly, as to
think it no inadequate recompence for his care in teaching
a boy for a quarter of an year; and for fear of losing that
small emolument, he would do nothing that might justly
forfeit the esteem of his parents. In the last, it would
appear such a trifle, as to call forth no exertions on the
part of the teacher ; so that when such fees were offered,
the boys would be neglected, and the parents despised;
and the same care that is now bestowed for a fhilling,
could ‘not then be commanded, perhaps, for a crown.—
Instead, therefore, of rendering the acquisition of learning
more easy than now, 7f the incumbents themselves were to
teach, it would necefsarily make it become more expen-
sive ; and thus, would frustrate the avowed intention of
the petition, that of rendering education in Scotland cheap,
and bringing learning within the reach of the poor inhabi-
tants.

“ The teaching of youth is in all cases a laborious tafk, to
which none will ever submit, uadefr they find their profits to
ancrease with their industry. The profits of teaching, there-
fore, must be, to every one who effectually engages in this
tafk, an object of great consequence.x—To afk whether.
a small fee will be an object of greater importance to one

256 on schoolmaster’s salartes. Fure 200
who finds it nece/sary for his subsistence, or to one who
‘has enough to ‘live on without it, were absurd; as it is ob-
wious, that though it might be highly prized by the first,
it would be despised bythe last. What follows? One
awho had such a salary.as to bear a great disproportion to
his teaching fees, would disdain the drudgery of teaching
a few dirty boys for trifling gratuities. His school would
thus be so much neglected, as to discourage. parents from
sending their children to it.. In consequence of this, the
‘schools in many country parifhes would gradually be desert-
ed; andthe office of schoolmaster, in most of these pari-
dhes, would become: a mere sinecure, to be given to the
dependants of heritors, or parsons, or those who had inte-
rest with the kirk sefsion, who would covet the salary,
merely to afsist them in prosecuting some other businefs,
without once thinking of teaching at, all., Where these
incumbents were peculiarly favoured by those of high rank
in the parifh, it would not perhaps be thought necefsary to
open a school.at all; but even where this could not be
dispensed with, unlefs the teaching fees were greatly rai-
.sed, the office of teaching would be performed by a depu-
ty, who, for an allowance far fhort of the present salaries,
would discharge the functions of the office. This is an
evil which is felt even in the present state of things, and
-is loudly complained of in many country parifhes*. But
if even the small salaries at present be an object of cupidi-
ty to those who have not an intention seriously to teach ;

* With a view to obviate this inconvenience, we frequently see, in
‘advertisements for teachers to large parifhes, this clause inserted:—Tée
place will not be given to.any one who does not enter into an engagement, that
be is not to prosecute the study of divinity. | Needy students of divinity are
almost the only persons who now covet the place of schoolmasters, with
a view to teach by proxy, as a small interim support. Were the salaries
larger, we ‘fhould soon find abundance of other competiters for the
office.

4

—;

“1792. ‘on schoolmaster’s salaries. 257
how much more desirable, in this’ view, would they be-
come, were the salaries augmented! The evil, which is
now only in part felt, would be then universally expericn-
ced. Thus would the industrious part of the community
be loaded with a heavy. burden, to support a set of lazy
drones, who would prey upon the labour of others, with-
@ut making any kind of useful returns. Idlenefs would
thus be encouraged at the expence of industry, and to the
prejudice of literature; as it might soon be discovered,
that all the learning necefsary in the performance of this
office, would, on many occasions, be an ‘ability to grant
a discharge: for their salaries.

“ Thus, likewise, would the rea/ teachers of youth be de-
graded to a much lower rank in society than they hold at
present, and involved in much greater abjectnefs and po-
verty. -Like poor curates in England, who are able to
draw but a scanty pittance from the rich incumbents, who
live at their ease on their abundant salaries, our poorer
deputy teachers would obtain a still more scanty pittance
from the nominal schoolmasters ; so that in the one case,
as well as the other, the impoxtant functions belonging to
the office of each, would come to be discharged by a set
of men, who would be involved in a state of abject pover-
ty, very unbecoming the station they hold in life. And
-as we know that the circumstance which tends somuch to
degrade the officiating cletgy in England, is prevented
from being experienced in Scotland, merely because the
stipends of: our.parsons .are such as not to admit of their
living at a distance from their cures; and, as we observe
such a strong tendency already in our schoolmasters to
“imitate the Englifh parsons in this respect, have we not
the greatest reason .to suppose, that, were their salaries
augmented, the evil would be proportionally extended,
and similar unhappy effects be experienced from it ?

VOL. 1x. - KK t

258 on schoolmaster’s salaries. ° June Zo»

“* I know it will be alleged, that the smallnefs of the
schoolmasters salaries, would, at the best, be such as to be
no temptation for any person to look after them with this
view; but though they could not be very great, yet it
will not be denied, that even a small addition to a man’s
living, when it brings no trouble along with it, is a very
desirable acquisition. And as we know that there are al-
ways abundance of persons to be found, who would be glad to
perform the office of schoolmaster for much lefs than the
salaries at present allowed in Scotland*; it is plain, that
if these salaries were augmented, they would become
more desirable than they now are, by those who meant
only to teach by proxy; and consequently the evil, as
has been said, would be augmented in proportion to.the
wisé of the salary.

* Meny attempts were made by our forefathers, while the knowledge
of political economy was in its infancy, to regulate the price of labour by

the power of the civil magistrate. Experience has now taught us, that these

attempts have ever proved inefficacious, and are therefore now in general
laid aside. I might add, that they have proved the unobserved source of
many of those political disorders, that now distrefs the community; and
therefore fhould be guarded against as pernicious. ‘The present applica-
tion is en attempt of this kind; and, if it fhould be inadvertently com-
plied with, would, like all others of this sort, prove the source of new
-disorders in the state. The just price of every kind of labour, as well as
of every other commodity, is best ascertained by that which it will bring in
a free market. If the wages, inany kind of businefs, be higher than that
of others, ia the estimation of those who are at perfect liberty to choose for
itbemselves, many men will be desirous to be employed init; and there-

fore a superabundance of hands will ever be found, in case of a vacancy »

in it; but if the wages are too low, a scarcity of hands will be experien-
eed, and every one will fhow a backwardnefs to engage in that employ-
ment. {In this last case, if the businefs must be carried on, a rise of wa-
ges becomes inevitable; and, in the first case, if the competition for em-
ployment be great, it indicates that the wages are too high, and that in
sound policy they ought to be diminifhed. ‘This is the mode that nature
Points out, fot regulating, with the strictest justice, the price of al] kinds

—

1792. on schoolmasiér’s salaries. 25g

“ Should it be thought that this evil might be obviated:
by certain restrictions imposed on incumbents, it would
be easy to fhow from experience, how inefficacious all.
such restraints have ever proved in similar cases; and it
could be: clearly demonstrated, that, in the ‘present case,
they would be peculiarly inefficacious, as it might so fre-
quently be the interest of those persons to wink at the-
execution of the law, who would be intrusted with the
enforcing of it. Should they, however, discharge their
duty, with as much zeal as it can be expected men who
are not peculiarly interested can do, it does not appear
that they could do much service. A man may be com-
pelled, indeed, to open.a school; but it-is a very difficult
matter to compel him to cause the scholars, who are put:
under his care, to make a proficiency in learnir gy where
he thinks it his-interest they fhould not do so; and if pa-.
rents find their children advance slowly, they will natu.
rally avoid sending them to school. I know a particular-
instance, where a well meaning man bequeathed several’

of tabour, in a well ordered society, without tyrannical force or constraint:
upon any person whatever.

-If we were to apply this rule to judge of the propriety ofthe claim in the:
present case, we fhould be forced to own that it was directly contrary to»
justice and sound policy; as it is obvious, from the number of competitors ;
on every vacancy, that the present salaries of office are not judged inade-
quate to the charge, by those who are to. perform the duties of it. So long,.
then, as this idea prevails among this clafs of men, it is vain to think of
raising the price of that labour above the rate-at which they estimate
jt themselves; for as those who .fhall obtain by law a title to draw this
higher pr se, will find others ready to discharge the duties at the lower
rate, which they.themselyes deem reasonable, the first will put into their,
own pocket all the superfluous wages, and the real labourers will reap as
little as if no more were paid by the employer for that work, than the ex-~-
aetsum which they receive. Here we see the origin and rationale of the order -
of curates in England; and thus we are enabled to predict the similar ten--
dency of the present demand of the schoolmasters in Scotland.

260 on schoolmaster’s salaries. June 253.
annuities-of twenty pounds each, to.be given as salaries to.
men, for.opening schools in certain parts of the country,
for teaching poor children. The salaries have been ever
since afsigned to those who. were judged well qualified for -
the task. Schools have also been opened by these seve-

_ral teachers, that no legal abjection might he against their -

drawing the salaries ; but few, indeed, are the scholars
that have. been taught at, these schools. Similar effects.
will ever be experienced in similar circumstances.

Thus are we led, from a candid examination of particu-
lars, to conclude, That no beneficial effects whatever
could pofsibly.result to.the community, if the prayer of
the petition fhould. be. complied with; but that, on the
contrary, many hurtful consequences would result from it. |
It could not tend to make education cheaper than at pre-_
sent, but the reverse ;. nor could it make. teachers more
afsiduous and attentive, but rather weuld make them care-.

lef and indolent. It would thus tend very much to dis-

eourage the cause of literature, instead of promoting it, in
Scotland. It would not even make the teachers them-
selves more wealthy, or put them upon a more respectable
footing, than they now are ; but would render them poor-
er, and more abject in circumstances, than it is pofsible far
ys at present to conceive. It would deprive a great body.
of the people of a-considerable part of their property, for
the sele purpose of encouraging idlenefs, without any pros-
pect of benefiting the public in the smallest degree. —From
which considerations, and others that might be added, I
am led to conclude, that the present demand of the school-
masters is improper in every: sense of the word; that the
granting the prayer of their petition, would be highly im-
politic, and would tend to introduce adisorder into the com-.
munity, that would in time be attended with the most perni-
cious consequences, which could uct without great difiicyl-

\

1792: on schoolmaster’s salaries. 26m~
ty be removed,—though, like the poor laws establifhed in.
England by Elisabeth, these distant effects are concealed-
under a specious. appearance of humanity. Let_us, how-
ever, be taught by the fatal experience which these poor
laws afford, carefully to guard against the very beginning
of this evil, and join with one voice in opposing a measure
that is so fraught with the seeds of future mischief. J.
therefore earnestly beseech my countrymen, now to attend
.to these consequences with care, while they may be so
easily obviated, Even schoolmasters themselves, who.
could only receive a temporary benefit from it, but who.
-would thus entail perhaps upon their own posterity, a load
that would prove highly burdensome, fhould.not in pru-
dence be. desirous of obtaining. relief by a mode that is
so highly exceptionable ; and other men, who, from a prin-
ciple of humanity, feel themselves disposed to befriend this
_ lowest clafs of literary labourers, ought carefully to advert,
that, fhould their present demand be complied with, it would
greatly increase the very evil they intended to, remove;
and therefore, while, from a principle of humanity, they
refuse to yieldthe smallest aid zn the manner proposed, they.
fhould set themselves to examine, if no other method, that
is not liable to similar objections, could be devised for af-
fording that relief which every likeral mind would . with
to bestow.

“The writer of the present paper, though he has, from-a
sense of duty, thought it necefsary to expose the evil ten-
dency of the present proposal, is sensible that the reve-
nues of the schoolmasters in Scotland are in general low-

-er than they ought, or he could with them to be; and
would therefore most cheerfully concur in any mode that
could be devised for augmenting them, which /hould not
have a manifest tendency to prove hurtful to the community :
_And though it may be difficult to devise a plan for this puy-.

262" oa schoolmaster’s salaries; June 25,5.

pose, that would in all situations prove effectual; yet he
believes that as few objections can lie against the follow-
ing, ‘as any. other that could be proposed, which induces
him to submit it to the public, as a measure that might be
beneficially substituted in place of that which has becu
proposed.

“The fees of teaching in country places of Scotland
are in general too low. In some places they are so ex-
tremely insignificant, as scarcely to be an object of impor-
tance even to those who are in very mean circumstances.
This serves at the same time to deaden the efforts of the
teacher, by precluding all hope of being able tlhius to pro-
cure, by his greatest exertions, a comfortable subsistence,
and is attended with other consequences that are hurtful
to the community, as explained in the first part of this
efsay. To obviate at once, in some measure, both these
evils, I would humbly propose, that the schoolmasters
fhould be authorised by law to raise‘their teaching fees.
I will not pretend to say that these fees fhould be exactly.
the same in all cases, as that must depend upon local cir-
cumstances; but methinks that no inconvenience could in
any case arise from fixing the #znimum of the fee for
teaching to read Englifh in country parifhes, at one fhil-
ling a quarter, and tae maximum at half a crown; autho-

rising the teacher in each parith to fix on any rate of feés -

between these two that he ‘fhould thiak proper. For all
such scholars as were not recommended to him by the
heritors, minister, and kirk sefsion, to be taught at the low-
est rate. For writing, arithmetic, and Latin or Greek,
the minimum might be five fhillings per quarter, and the
maximum seven fhillings and sixpence ; with the same re-
servation as above. ‘These fees would not be so high as-
to prevent any one from acquiring such useful branches
ef education. as were, suited to their circumstances. and:

|

‘1792. anecdote, 263
‘prospects in life, while it would operate as a reasonable
‘bar to prevent the poor from attaining those unnecefsary
acquirements, the frequency of which at present so power-
fully tends to derange that due subordination which ought
ever to prevail in civil society.
_ “TT might enlarge on the beneficial consequences that
would result to all parties, from adopting this mode of
augmenting the salaries of the schoolmasters in Scotland.
I might fhow that it would increase their industry, and
render them as independent in their circumstances as the
bature of their office will permit ; that it Would confine
“them to a faithful discharge of theit duty ; that it would
make them become more knowing in their profefsion, and
much more respectable members of society, than at pre-
sent; and that, by consequence, useful literature would.
be more perfectly taught than it now is. But this paper _
is already so long, and these consequences are so easily
deducible from what has been already said, that I think it
unnecefsary here to enter any farther into this discufsion:
I am,
A FRIEND TO LEARNING, TO INDUSTRY, AND ARTS.

ANECDOTE.

Tue late Dr Magrath being called upon to visit a tek
man, afked him, as he entred the room, how he did? “O
doctor,”’ replied the man, in a plaintive tone, “ I am dead.”
‘The doctor immediately left the room, and reported in the
neighbourhood, that the man was dead. The report was at
first believed and circulated; but as soon asthe mistake
was discovered, the doctor was afked, ‘ Why he had pro-
pagated a false report ?? He replied, that ‘‘ he did it up-
on the best authority ; for he had it from the man’s own
mouth,”

“254 to correspondents. June 20.

. TO CORRESPONDENTS. .

Tue Editor having been-absent for some time past, hopes his correspo"™=
dents will pardon him for having omitted to acknowledge their favours
s0 duly as usual.

The dialogue in the fhades by Cascabel, does not seem to mark the
characters of the speakers with a sufficient degree of force, or precisiong
without’which this kind of composition is seldom acceptable tothe public.

Thanks to G. G. for the anecdotes. His further correspondence will
be acceptable. :

The interesting observations on the fifheries from Greenock are come
to hand, and fhatl be attended to, as tlte ingenious writer desires.

The observations of Sertorius are received, and fhall be inserted with alf
‘convenient dispatch,

The reading memorandums, by an old correspondent, are thankfully re-
ceived. His farther communications, occasionally, will prove highly accept-
able. In answer to his private request, the Editor of this miscellany hopes
he fhall always so conduct himself, as to stand in no danger of being aftec-
ted by any law or regulation respecting the internal government of the na-
tion. The late proctamation can have no more effect upon him than the
pafsing wind as it goes; he never will veer even towards the borders
of libel, though he will continue to point out useful truths as usu- {
al, without regarding what set of persons they may affect. y

The very obliging and interesting communication by Timoleon is re-
ceived. The Editor returns his best thanks for this communication; it
will be inserted with the very first conveniency; the continuation is re-
quested. '

The poems by, Martial junior,are received, and fhall be duly attended to.
The verses by R. VY. with the corrections, are also come to hand and fhall
havea place as early as pofsible. The excellentverses on marriage are thank-
fully received, and will appear with the earliest opportunity. The com-
munication by 4. L. L. by Antigonus, by Alexander Ordo, Seraphina, Dante,
Recordator, (Pc. ave reccived and under consideration,

*.* The Editor has been favoured with a drawing of Ankerstroem, by
a Swedith correspondent, taken when that unfortunate being was upon the
pillory, which is now in the hands of che engraver, together with an ac-
count of his trial, and some anecdotes of his life; an abstract of which
will be given as soon as pofsible.

ERRATA,

In the absence of the Editor, the following introduction to the Rufsian

gentleman’s account-of himself, p.. 142; was accidentally omitted :
Send a fool to France, and be will return a greater fool. Proverb.

The following is a natural and well written description of the way in
~which our men of fafhion, for the most part, spend their time abroad; no
other proof need be adduced of the inestimable benefit they derive from
travelling. Since parents know that such are the advantages to be reap-
ed from that branch of education, can we be surprised that they make
such haste to allow them to enjoy it, nor grudge any expence that may
be necefsary for enabling them to reach such high attainments ?

Poge 96, line 6 note, for Northumberland and, read Northumberland
EIS. 6d. and.

THE BEE,

OF

LITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

WevdneVway, JUNE 27. 1792.

Str, To the Editor of the Bee.

‘T wave been a subscriber to your work from the
beginning, and have remarked, with pleasure, that, in
conducting it, you discover a manly independence and
firmnefs of mind, that disdains alike to bend to the in-
fluence of power, or to stoop to the meaner complian-
ces that are sometimes required to court popular ap-
plause. I have not been able to perceive in your tucu-
brations the smallest germ of prejudice against, or fa-
vour forany party, but, throughout the whole, a gene-
rous desire to promote the prosperity of your native
country, wherever it seemed to.come within the reach
of your own power. These considerations have in-
duced me to make choice of your Miscellany as a
proper vehicle for communicating to the public a few
observations, that appear to me to deserve the very
serious attention of the people in the present crisis, |
which many consider as very alarming, but which I
myself cannot yet view in that light. If you approve
of the specimen sent, be so kind as_publifh it without
VOL. ix. LL +

266 on the constitution. Fune 2%
delay ; the remainder, which may perhaps form twe
or three fetters more, fhall follow soon *. .

HINTS RESPECTING THE CONSTITUTION,
BY ONE OF THE FRIENDS OF THE PEOPLE.

Lo the people of Great Britain.

“FRrenps AND FELLOW CITIZENS,

‘Tuat there are many things in our constitution of.

government which require to ‘be amended, no person
in his sound senses can deny ; it, therefore, follows,
that those who oppose every kind of reform, how-
ever moderately and-cautiously conducted, act an ir-
rational part, and cannot be deemed the true friends

of the peo ple.

It is equally true, that, under the specious name of
reform, innovations may be introduced that may dis-
turb the peace of society, and destroy shat security
of person and property, which it is the duty of every
wise government to preserve. The real friends of
the people, by cautiously avoiding both these ex-
tremes, ought to steer a middle course, so as to pro~

* The Editor is very much obliged to this unknown correspondent for
the good opinion he is pleased to entertain of his imtentions ; he hopes op
to conduct himself as to continue to merit it. If the remainder of the lu-
cubrations be written with the same moderation and conciliatory spirit, as
the specimen here publifhed, they will be most readily inserted; but
fhould they depart from the principles that the writer has so perspicuously
jaid down ‘in his #etters and degenerate either into personal abuse, or
party invective, he will not ba surprised if the Editor, in support of
that character which he is emulous of deserving, fhould decline to inser¢
them. No difference in opinion, from what he himself may privately
entertain, fhall occasion such exclusion, if the moral or political ten.
dency of the doctrines inculcated do not to him appear pernicious. He begs
the ingenious writer of this efsay will accept his best thanks sich the pre=
oghnt very interesting communication.

792. on the constitution. 267
cure for the community all the benefits of a wise gO-
vernment, without subjecting it to the evils that
usually result from precipitate measures in matters.
of such high concern.

The executive servants of the crown seem, at pre~
sent, to have taken an alarm at the institution of a so--
ciety, which, if it acts up to its avowed principles,.
can only be friendly to the country. This alarm has
been. industriously propagated through the nation ;,
with what views, I pretend not to say. If the fol-
lowing pages, written by one of ‘ the friends of the:
people,” in his. private capacity, can tend. to allay these’
alarms, he will think the pains he has taken in wri-
ting them, amply compensated ; for no man can be a
greater enemy to disorder and contention of every
sort tham he is..

- With a view to effect these’ purposes, he means tov
state several propositions that have been brought for-
ward respecting this.question; and: leave the reader,.
after a fair discufsion, to draw his @wna conclusions ;.
for it is to the understanding, alone, he wifhes to ap-
ply for a decision in this case.

That government has. been originally instituted for
the purpose of promoting the welfare of the people.
governed, will, he thinks, be admitted by every per-
son, in the present day ; so that any attempt to prove:
this proposition may be omitted as superfluous.

. That every form.of government, which hath: been
instituted by man, since the creation of the world to:
the present day, has given rise to abuses, that have,.
in certain ‘respects, been productivé of evils to the
people governed, is another self-evident proposition
that stands in need of no proof.

268» \ — omthe coustitution. . Fune 27.
. The inference a wise man must draw -from this.
‘last fact is, that, since absolute perfection is not to be.
attained in matters. of government, the best thing that,
can be done, is to rest satisfied that it is impofsible ;,
‘and, therefore, without running away in search of
ideal refinements, to bend our chief efforts to the at-
tainment of such blefsings, only, as the imperfect,
state in which we are placed in this world, render
practicable and attainable by us. .
In every proposed plan of improvement, therefore, -
while, on one hand, our imagination puthes forward
into the regions of ideal refinement, let it be ever mo--
derated, on the other hand, by our reason, which, by,

looking backward to the past, marks what has been,

done in former times, when similar objects have been,
in contemplation. We fhall thus be led, to distin-
guifh between the things that are practicable, and
those that cannot be executed. To fix nearly the.
hounds of pofsibility will be a great point gained in.
this discufsion, )

That ‘all men are born equal ;” that is to say,-
that nature has made no distinction between the ta--
lents of men born in different ranks of society, canr
not be denied; but that nature hath endowed indi-
viduals of the human species with an infinite diver-
sity of talents and perceptions, can as little admit of:
dispute.

The natural inference to be drawn from all this is, —

that it has been the will of providence that men:
fhould not continue equal in this world. It has been:
plainly intended that they fhould afsume different de-
grees of superiority. In consequence of the superior,

4

‘

oe aes on the constitution. 269
talents of one man to another, they will afsume, of
themselves, different degrees of superiority and sub-__
ordination, —different degrees of wealth and poverty,
—different degrees of power and authority, wherever
any number of them are placed together.

Since then a diversity, in respect to wealth, autho,
rity, and power, is natural, and must necefsarily take
place in every community, where men, as they
came from the hands of the Creator, are left to the
freedom of their own wills, without constraint, we
must conclude, that any. attempt to thwart this im,
mutable decree of heaven will prove abortive; and
that of course every such attempt is founded on ig
norance, and must be productive of great disorders
in society.

Knowledge, said the great lord Bacon, with infinite
propriety, is power. Wealth, where property is se=
cured by the law, is power.—Industry is power. Who-
ever is pofsefsed of any one of these, ima civilized
state of society, must have power to a certain extent.
He who is pofselsed of them all, in the highest degree,
will-ever pofsefs, almost an unlimite: power among
men.

But all of these cannot be ats enjoyed by any one
race of men. The man of parts, though he may
transmit his wealth to his heir, cannot insure to him
his talents ; and if he leaves to him his wealth, this
very wealth naturally abates his industry. -It as na-
turally prevents him from cultivating those energies
of mind, with which nature has endowed him. In
consequence of these defects, his power is of course

abated, Indolence and folly engender difsipation ; ;

- ?

270 on the constitution. Fune 24%.
so that industry, knowledge, and wealth, being all di-
minifhed, his power sinks below that of another, who’
has received from nature the rudiments of know-
ledge, who has been instructed by zece/sity to become
industrious, and who has obtained wealth by the
combined exertions of both.

Such are the inequalities of rank, and the diversi<
ties of station, among men, with the revolutions to
which they are subjected, that necefsarily result frony

the doctrine, true as applied to the aggregate body, ~

though infinitely false as applied to individuals,
“¢ that all mankind are born equal.” An attempt to
perpetuate power to any family or clafs of men is
therefore unnatural, absurd, impofsible. An attempt,’
however, to preserve a perpetual equality among
men, is still more unnatural, more absurd, and in-
finitely more impracticable. Such a thing never
was, nor is, nor ever can be permanently establifhed
in this world.

Many awkward attempts have been made in Eu-
rope to secure to certain families, or clafses of men, 2
permanency of power, which have been productive
of a great diversity of lefser evils, and would have
been productive of the most baneful consequences,
could they have been carried’ as far as the favourers
of this system vainly imagined. But this, thank
heaven, was impofsible. The partial evils these
have produced, deserve to be adverted to'and cautious=
ly removed. But the wild system of equality in
rank, though it has been at different times adopted
by religious and political fanatics, has been at alk
‘times productive of such. immediate-destructive con=

T7Q2~ on the constitution. 27%:
sequences, as never to have for once obtained a no-
minal permanency in fact, or even in idea, in any

_ gountry on the globe. Such ideas are too absurd to

excite any alarm. Ifthey fhould spring up, they re-
quire no other refutation than to leaye mankind to
the free influence of their own understanding. Be-;
fore this tribunal they must quickly sink and disap-
pear.

_ The natural inequality that takes place among
mankind, from that original diversity of talents with,
which they have been endowed, is still farther aug~
mented by education and the habits man acquires in
society, from the circumstances in which he may be
accidentally placed. The influence of these extrinsic,»
er, as we usually call them, moral causes, are such as,
make a wonderful differeace in the natural powers,
of man. It is te the influence of these moral causes,
that we are to attribute that species of uniformity,
which we so often observe among bodies of men ; and.
which constitutes, what we call, national character.
It is to the influence of the same principle that we
must refer those local perversions of the human mind,.
which have at times led whole nations into the most
extravagant absurdities of conduct. We now con~
demn our predecefsors for the crusades and persecu-
tions,for conscience sake, which devastated the world
for so many centuries: We are astonifhed at the
weaknefs of our forefathers for humbling themselves
before the pope of Rome, and submitting to his ar-
bitrary decrees as to the voice of the Deity. We
laugh at the weaknefs of whole nations, who at pre~
shot bow with reverential adoration before an infant,

7

on on the constitution. Sune 2476
{the grand Lama.) In this respect we do well ; but
in looking back to'the whole series of past ages, cam
we fix upon a single country, or a patticular period
of time, when the human mind was not, from educa-
tion, imitation, or other circumstances, led astray’
from the truth, and idolatrous of some favourite error?
If we must admit that such a period cannot be found,
we {hall be forced to own that human reasonis a weak
and fallible guide; and that, while we think we
are following its dictates, we may, perhaps, be only
adopting a fathionable phrenzy, which has been caught
by infection from’ those around us. Since we see
that others have gone into the most extravagant ex-
‘cefses from the influence of such kinds of phrenzy,
“ought we not to moderate our ideas, when we feel a
contagious zeal taking pofsefsion of our soul, lest
our posterity, in their turn, fhould find no other mode
of palliating our crimes, but that of attributing ‘them!
to a temporary insanity ? ,
If ‘* all mankind are born equal,” a doctrine which
in the serise of it above given, I wifh to be univer~
sally admitted, we must then allow that national cha~
racters are merely the productions of chance; that
contrary systems: of religion, where revelation is out
of the question, are to be ascribed to accident ; that
religious or political zeal, is error; that all man-
kind are brethren engaged in one common career 3
that if they were capable of perceiving the truth,
there would be an end to animosities and contentions
for ever; that therefore war and wrangling, are on-
ly the ebulitions of madnefs and folly ; and that be-
neficence and philanthropy alone are true wisdom.

\

/

19925 on the constitution. ‘ 273)

Since we never can be certain that we ourselves are
free frum the influence of prejudice, sound sense
surely requires that we fhould treat with tendernefs
the opinions of those who differ from us, while we
also have a just claim toa similar indulgence from

them with regard to our own. What circumstance ;

can be adduced as an infallible proof that the rea~
soning which is in vogue, in our own country, or

during the age in which we live, is better than the,

reasoning adopted by another people, or at a former

period? If ‘all mankind are born equal,’’-have they |

net an equal right to claim pre-eminence as we
hive ?

Since abstract reasoning, then, is so extremely fale ;

lacious, let us be exceedingly cautious how we rely
upon it; let us rather be guided by facts in the

judgements we are to form of man, and the circum-.

stances that influence his conduct. By adhering to
this rule we observe, from invariable experience, that
power, with whomsoever it be intrusted, degenerates
into insolence and opprefsion. But as, in matters of
government, power must be intrusted somewhere, the
the great question to be solved is, in whose hands
may power be. intrusted with the least chance of
being abused? or to what modifications must it be
subjected, so as to guard against the evils to which
these abuses give rise ?

In the present age, when the contagious phrenzy
runs upon the ** natural unalienable rights of men,”
it is not impofsible but some may ask if it be necefsary
to intrust power in the hands of any of the executive
departments of government? Though this question ap-

VOL, ix. MM t

i

274. on the constitution. Fune 24%
pears to be too absurd to require a serious answer, yet,
when the |phrenzy runs high, jeven absurdities, must
be treated with respect. Where every person claims 2
right to decide, inevery case, according to his own per-
sonal feelings at the time, therecan surely be no pow-
er authorised to force his opinions zz any casé to bend
to those of another person. If he had even given his
consent to delegate another in his stead, he still must
retain the ‘* wnalienable right” of annulling that con-
sent, as soon as he fhall think he sees reason to bes

lieve it was improperly granted. Admitting therefore |

these claims of ‘‘ the unalienable rights of man,’”’ in
their fui extent, all government must cease, and
universal anarchy must ensue.

_ All government must necefsarily be compulsive ;
and consequently, if it isto operate at all, it must tend
to curtail these supposed ‘‘ unalienable rights of man.”?
Ifa man isto be punifhed for theft, or any other
crime, this punifhment will not, most afsuredly, take
place with his own good will. He must be compel
led to submit. But if the power to compel him cane
not, with justice, be lodged any where, such punifh-
ment can only be deemed a tyrannical exertion of pow.
er, not a strict distribution of justice. Every punifh-
ment, every law even prescribing that punifhment,
must be deemed a tyrannical infraction of the
“* rights of man.” Had the individual even consen-
téd to the very law itself, the case would not be
altered. He might only have given his consent to it
at the time, because he believed it then to be just;

but now, that he sees reason to think otherwise, it can-

with no consistency of reasoning, be forced upon him,

19792. on the constitution. 275
without depriving him of those “ unalienable rights,’”
which, from the very terms of the proposition, it is
not even in lus pewer to infringe. The doctrine of
transubstanstiation has lad its day. It is now past;
and it may be freely ridiculed. Not more absurd it
was than that which now claims our animadversion,
though it is at pr&sent too much in fafhion to be tur-
ned into ridicule. I am only anxious to free from
the imputation of such a doctrine the respectable so-
eiety of which I have the honour to be a member.
That individuals among us may embrace this doctrine,
in all its extent, is not at all impofsible. With, the
opinions of individuals I take no concern. I am only
interested in freeing the society, as @ body, from this
malevolent imputation, which I think it never, in
the slightest degree, did countenance.

Since then power must, in every effective govern=
ment, be intrusted somewhere, we still recur to the
old question, with whom may that power be most
safely intrusted? or under what modifications ought
it tobe put, so as to guard the most effectually against
the abuses of it? This will furnith the subject of
another letter from

TIMOLEoN, |
One of the Friends of the People.
London Fune ye 1792+
—_—_— .

Tue highest felicity a man can enjoy, is that of
being a husband and a father, and ending his days in
the arms of his children. Sacred ties! * connec-
tions of the soul!” a double existence! without which
man is desolate-—Alone, in the wide world, as ina
desart dragging an uselefs life, and dying without re«
gret,

276 Italian hterature. Fune 27.

JAAN ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY OF ARCADIA AT ROME, WITH A
SKETCH OF THE STATE OF LITERATURE IN ITALY FOR THESE
LAST THREE CENTURIES. By ABBE TOURNER, TEACHER OF
LANGUAGES, EDINBURGH, AUTHOR OF THE ANECDOTES OF POPE
GANGANELLI, 'c.

Continued from p. 233.

Ow the sth of October, in the year 1690, in the reign
of pope Alexander vil. when only fourteen of these
literary friends had met on a green belonging to the
garden of the convent of San Pietro in Montorio, on
the Famculum, Crescimbeni imparted to them what
he had been devising with Leonio. They were all
pleased with the idea, and prompted by joy and emo-
tion, they unanimously broke out with, ‘ E viva /’.and
saluted mutually one another as 4rcadians. To exe-
cute what they thought necefsary for laying the foun-
dations of that infant academy, they chose fourteen
pastoral names; and having drawn them by chance,
each of them afsumed the name that fell to his lot.
The following are the names of the fourteen founders
of Arcadia, in the order in which they got their pas-
toral names : “‘ The cavalier Paolo Coardi from Tu-
rin, was called Elpino ; the abbé Giuseppe Paolucci
from Spello, 4/e/si ; Vincenzo Leonio, from Spoleti,
‘Uranio; Silvio Stampiglia from Civita Lavinia,
Palemone ; Gian Vincenzo Gravma from Cosento,
Opico ; Gian Mario Crescimbeni from Macerata, A/-
festbeo ; the advocate Gian Batista Felice Zappi,
Tirst ; the abbé Charles Thomas Maillard de Tour-

17992. Italian literature. 297
non from Nice, who was afterwards cardinal, Ida/go ;
the abbé Pompeo Figari from Genoa, Montano ; Paolo
Antonio del Negro from Genoa, Siringe ; cavalier
Melehiorre Maggi from Florence, Dameta; Jacopo
Vicinelli a Roman, Mirtillo ; Paolo Antonio Viti
from Orvieto, Carino ; and the abbé Agostino Maria
Taja from Siena, Sz/vio.”

They afterwards wrote, and signed with their pas-
toral names, a diploma, by which they chose Cre-
scimbent custode, or guardian, of their afsembly, in the
following tenor :

“* We Arcadian Shepherds, afsembled in the Parr.
hasian grove, which we choose for the immutable re-
sidence of our afsembly, being willing to preserve

peace among ourselves, declare this, our dominion
of Arcadia, to be common, although the pofsefsions
are to be separately consigned to us; preser-
ving, therefore, to ourselves, the command, for the
government and mafiagement of the affairs of our
pastoral republic, which we cannot ‘always mind, on
account of the care of our flocks and cattle, and our
other domestic businefs, we elect, establifh, and de-

‘clare Alphesiboeus our fellow thepherd, our custode

or guardian, and of our Arcadia, both because he

has been the first who has set his foot in Arcadia, as
well as because we fully confide in his experience,
fidelity, and economy, being willing that he thould
govern and regulate our affairs in that manner, and
with those honours and burdens, which will be by
us this day prescribed in our regulations.”

After they all signedin the order above mentioned,

Crescimbent likewise signed his acceptation in these

‘

a8 Italian literature. June 2F~
few words I accept the above employment, Alphest-
boeus.

They then proceeded to the division and afsignation
of the lands; which I fhall relate in their own words, as
this solemn act was registered at that time. In this
deed,may be seen not only the prudence and pene-
tration, with which every thing was conducted, but

likewise the keenefs with which they had entered

into the spirit of the pastoral system, which they had
conceived ; explaining every thing with words and
phrases, accommodated to the condition of fhepherds,
and to’those circumstances which were required by
afsuming the name of Arcadia.

«© When the above businefs was over, we pro-
ceeded to the division of the lands of Arcadia, in order
that each of the present fhepherds, as well as those
who are to be received, may be guarded, not only
from ambition, but likewise from poverty, both
which are equally the destroyers of agreeable studies,,
and of good morals. The affair was therefore com-
mitted to Uranius, to Mirtillus, and to me, Al-
phesiboeus ; and we, observing not only the rights of

the afsembled fhepherds, but likewise the increase of

their number, we first collected the names of the
countries, mountains, and rivers, and any other con-
siderable right belonging to our dominion ; it was
then settled that these names, being all put in an urn,
which was to be called the Urn of Chance, there
fhould be extracted from it, to each fhepherd then
present, one of those regions from which he was to
take his denomination, and pofsefs fifty jugeras of
the adjoining lands, (declaring that the territory, or

|
|

£792. Ltalian literature. 279
rights of each place fhould be no lefs ;) and if any o-
ther lands remained, it fhould be in the arbitrium ‘of
the afsembly, for the conveniency of which, and of
the common of Arcadia, we left all the Parrhasian
grove and the territory and rights all around it, for the
space of half a stadium; and, finally, that the same
extraction and pofsefsion fhould be put in practice,
in regard to those fhepherds, who, from time to time,
might happen to come here.and be received among
the Arcadians. We thus far establifhed, and thus far
itwas approved by the full afsembly; in consequence
of which, the above mentioned urn being brought and
prepared ] Alphesiboeus, to whom, as custos, this bu-
sinefs appertained, extracted the pofsefsions for each,
of the afsembled fhepherds, who were E/pinus, A-
Lexis, Uranius, Palemon, Alphesiboeus, Opicus, Tirsts,
Idalgus, Mouatanus, Siringus, Dametas, Mortillus,
Carinus, Silvius ; and Chance provided for them
in the manner that is marked in the catalogue of ad-
mifsions on the same day. We all entered in an ob-
ligation never to make any mortgage on the pofsefsi«
ons allotted to us, nor to transmit them as an inheri-
tance to our posterity, which fhould be obliged to
ask them of our community, and obtain from it the.
investiture of it, exactly in the same manner as those
who are to be received for the future; as that land,
or right, which fellto our lot, is, at our death, to de-
volve freely to the community, and to be returned
‘into the Urn of Chance, to the benefit of those who
might be received in times to come; who, as it was
decreed, are to be likewise subjected to the same ob»
ligation.”

280 Ttalian literature. Sune 29,
No sooner was the afsignation of the lands perfor-
med, when there came some more of those who were
used to attend this learned meeting. They were six
in number. A full information was-given to them of
the intended institution of Arcadia ; and, according
as it had been establifhed, they had again recourse
to the Urn ef Chance, and the pastoral names and the
lands were afsigned to them, as it had been perfor-
med with the founders, in whose number, however,
the latter were never considered.
It may be observed, that every thing, in those first
days especially, was directed to an extraordinary sim-
plicity, as the founders of Arcadia wisely judged, that
to the end which they kad proposed to themselves,
of annihilating all notions of emphatic and bombastic
phrases, it was necefsary to descend to a kind of
thinking, of writing, and of speaking, diametrically
opposite to that which was then in use. For this
same reason, they even chose to retire from the mag-
nificent buildings of Rome, and hold their meetings
in the open air, to enjoy the liberty of the country.
Thus, happy with their simple and natural govern-
ment, they limited the legislature and administration
of their: rising commonwealth, in a few regulations,
which are registered in a book, called the golden book,
where they were signed by the founders, and several
other Arcadians, who, until the present time, have ad-
ded their names with their own hands. In my next
I will inform you of the politica] and literary econo-
my. of Arcadia, of its laws, its colonies, spread
all over Italy, and several other memoirs belong-
ing te it. Mean while let me request of any of your

£792. account of Rufsian dyes. a8
supercilious and over-serious readers, to‘ contract

their long faces, and not to cry out ‘what is all this
childifhnefs 2’ whilst they very majestically deiga
to curve their astonifhed eyebrows in admiration of
the-cruel childithnefs of detestible tyrannical despots,
overbearing aristocrates, .or raging mad democrates,
whose wrong notions of happinefs being directed on-
ly by their individual self love, disguised under the
mask of public welfare, are the destruction of peace,
the scourge ofthe innocent and good, the ufher of
ignorance and barbarity. I am Sir, your humble ser-
vant. : Friitto Liparto P. A.
I

ACCOUNT OF RUSSIAN DYES. -
~ Sir, To the Editor of the Bee. .
Asa subject of curiosity, I send you some account
of the primitive modes by which our Rufsian pea-~
sants communicate different’ colours to -the woollen,
linen, and sometimes silk stuffs, which constitute their
simple garb, all the work of their own hands, and the
production of their flocks and fields, even to the co-
louring materials, the subject of this letter,

It may pofsibly interest some of your readers, in
this age of research and inquiry, tocompare the rude
state of dying, as ebtaining amongst remote self-taught
villagers, with the improved state of that art in large
cities, where constant practice, emulation, and the
thirst of gain, joined to the aid of chemistry, have
thrown upon it so much light. But I am afraid
that these improved operations, although practised in:
the neighbourhood of philosophers, are little known
' to them ; such has been the veil of mystery and em-
piricism thrown aver the more lucrative arts, by

VOL, ix, NN +

280 . account of Rufsian dyes. Fune. rye
their mechanical profefsors, in former times. It is,
therefore, with much expectation and pleasure, that
I look forward to the period, when the plan you have so
well suggested, fhall engage the united efforts of men
of science in this, and some other of the arts depending
on chemistry, as it is only then we can hope for a
considerable addition to our very confined knowledge
of these subjects. In the mean time, however, the ra-
tionale of bleaching has been so luminously treated,
and with so much advantage to that valuable branch,
that we may hope to see the same public spirit, and
the same philosophical research, turned upon dying,
which certainly offers a much richer field, and at
least equal emolument to the nation at large.

To return to the simpler and humbler art of co-
Jouring stuffs in the villages of Rufsia, I observe,
that most of the plants employed in the businefs, are
equally natives of Scotland, a circumstance that must
recommend it, particularly to the Bee, which led me
to add their Englith names.

Preparation of the yarn for receiving the dye.

They prepare all their yarn or stuffs, by steeping
them from four to eight days in gua/s (a sour vege-
table liquor like that obtained in the making starch)
the common drink of the Rafsians, and one of the
three following sorts of mofs, vix.

Lycopodium compianatum, which, I believe, you have
not.—Lycopodium selago, fit club mofs.—Lycopodium
anotinum, jointed club mofs, both natives of Scotland.
Manner of extracting the dye, andcolouring yarn or cloth

YELLOW.

For dying common yellow colours, probably only
differing in fhade, they employ one or other of the
following plants: donis verna, anthemis tinctoria.

¢

1792. account of Rufsian dyes. | 283
Genista tinctoria, dyer’s weed.—Serratula tinctoria,
saw wort.—Carduus hetrophylus, soft or gentle
thistle Bidens tripartita, bur marigold; the last
ens; natives of Scotland.

Dyer’s weed.

This plant they reduce to powder, and add to the
sour infusion of mofs, above mentioned, where their
yarn had previously lain eight days, and let it soak
some days more in the new compound, when it is
wafhed in clean water and dried, which finifhes
the procefs. Some, to make the colour more lively,
wath their stuffs once or twice, after the dying busi«
sinefs is finifhed, in a lixivium of wood athes.

Saw wort, and gentle thistle.

To dye with either one or other of these plants,
they only make a strong decoction of them in com-
mon water and a little allum, and then steep ‘their
stuffs or yarn (which is more customary) im it, at 2
boiling heat.

Bur marigold.

To give a golden yellow colour, they treat this
plant exactly like the two last, and soak their yarn
in the decoction, in the same manner.

It is reckoned, amongst the peasants, a pretty co- -
lour for either wool or silk, and the oftener they are
dipped the richer it is.

DARK RED.

The principal difference in dying this colour, seems :

to be substituting the root for the plant itself.
Galium mollugo.

Great bastard madder, native of Scotland. They
make a strong decoction of the root with water, in
which they soal: their yarn twice, the first time only
warm, the second at a boiling heat,

284 aceount of Rufsian dyes. Sune 27.
Galium verum, native of Scotland, and asperula tince
torta, which is not I believe a native. of Scotland.
In this operation there is some little variation from:
their ordinary mode of simple decoction, as they first:
make a thick infusion of the pounded root in warm.
water, which, after standing to draw’ all night, is di-
luted and boiled next morning, to make a stronger

dye for the worsted.
SCARLET.

Their mode of giving this colour is the most curious:
and complicated of any of their dyes as it seems to
be extracted by fermentation. I fhould like to hear
some of your ingenious correspondents on this, and the:
first Rufsian dye, as well as upon the use of acids and
allum in preparing cloth to receive and retain colours ;
although I must own I suspect the sour quafs.in the:
preparation to have no other operation than taking.
up a colouring matter from the mofs, which, when
communicated to the yarn or cloth, facilitates. their:

taking on the dye.
Origanum vulgare,

Wild majoram, native of Scotland. They dry and
pound the frefh gathered flowers of this plant, to one
part of which they add one of the young leaves. of
an apple tree, and throw the mixture into an aqueous:
decoction of one-fourth part of malt, coolled down to
the temperature of new milk; then, to induce fer-
mentation, they add a little yeast, and keep it in a
moderate heat till quite sour ;, when that is effected.
they pour off the watery part, and dry the thick in
the’ course of the night by fire, stirring the com-
pound frequently during the procefs..

This dried: matter when powdered. and. boiled in;
water, produces « searlet dye for woollen and linen,
the: most beautiful of all their home dyed colours.

I79% account of Rufstan dyes. 295
: GREEN,

This colour they obtain from the tops of the arun=
@o calamagrostis, branched reed-grafs, native of Scot-
land.

; BLE. '

From a species of isatis ; but our academicians did
not obtain the manner of using either one or other of
these plants.

If these patriarchal family operations can be of
any service to one clafs,. or afford amusement to ano-
ther, of your readers,the purpose will be answered of
your most obedient servant. .

Imperial cadet corps, )
in St. Petersburgh t

ArcrTicus.
Dec. 2. 17:92-

OTS

Observations on the above.

Tue foregoing remarks cannot fail to prove inte=
resting to many of our readers ; and were the atten-
tion of men of science more frequently turned to am
investigation of the native dyes, that men in different
parts of the world have discovered, many would be
the advantages that would result from it. In the’
East Indies the natives, by procefses very simple,
produce dyes, that European manufacturers have in’
vain endeavoured to imitate. The paints of China
cannot be paralleled in Europe, for the sweetnefs and
brilliancy of their colours, all of which there is good
reason to believe are extracted from the vegetable
kingdom only. The Indians of America, it is also
well known, have many beautiful dyes, with which
we are unacquainted; and in Africa the negroes,
and the natives of the Brasils, have many plants
that furnifh ‘inestimable dyes, which are’ total.

386 account of Rufsian dyes. Funea7.
ly unknown to us. Here, then, opens up an im-
mense field for improvement that cannot be exhausted.
The natives in Scotland, and other northern parts
of Europe, know how to extract beautiful dyes from
many plants of no promising appearances. Among
lichens and mofses, in particular, the variety of co-
lours that may be obtained, is almost infinite ; some
of them inimitably beautiful. The procefs for dying
scarlet, above described, is very curious. The cir-
cumstance in particular of employing a fermentative
procefs, is a partieular altogether new to me in the
art of dying. Whether that fermentation be absolutely
necefsary, or whether the vegetable acid, obtained o-
therwise, might not answer the same purpose, deserves
to be carefully investigated. This is an experimen-
tal inquiry, which I would recommend to the atten-
tion of such of my chemical readers as have time
and opportunity to engage in such discufsions. It
is impofsible to be more usefully employed than in -
applying chemistry to the improvement of useful
arts ; and among these arts none stands in more need
of the afsistance of the chemist, thanthat of the dyer.
» In many parts of the Highlands of Scotland the
natives employ the galium verum, common yellow
ladies bed-straw, in dying woollen stuffs ; and from
this root they extract a red dye, much more brilliant
than that which can be obtained from madder. A
still finer dye is extracted from the root of the galium
boreale, crofs wort. But as this plant is more rare,
it is lefs known than the other. As these plants,
however, have never been cultivated by art, the roots
are so small as to be obtained with difficulty ; and as
they grow every where on the loose sands, especially
where they are of a fhelly nature, and serve to fix

EGR. account of Rufsian dyes. 287
them, the proprietors of such soils are exceedingly
averse to allow them to be dug up, so that they can
only be obtained for the purpose of dying, by stealth,
and therefore are very sparingly employed.

Since, however, it has been proved by undeniable
experience, that these plants afford a dye far superior
in lustre to madder ; which might be substituted
for cochineal, in grounding the colour for scarlet, is
it not astonifhing that no attempts fhould have been
made to cultivate these plants by art? We know
that the root of madder itself, in its native state, is
nearly as small and insignificant as that of the ga-
dium: It is probable they might be brought by cul-
ture nearly to equal those of that plant in size; I fhall,
therefore, here throw out a few hints, tending to ren
der the culture of this plant a matter of lefs difficulty
than it hitherto has been.

Culture of gallium verum, and boreale.

What has probably prevented men from hitherto
attempting to cultivate these plants, is the difficulty
of gathering the seeds, on account of their extreme
smallnefs, and their inequality in ripening; nor
fhould I have known how to get over that difficulty,
but for the hint afforded by the Tamuls in India in
cultivating the ché, a plant of a nature very much
resembling our galium, both in its culture and uses.
The seeds of the ché being so small as to elude notice,
they are allowed to stand on the plant till the seed
pods open, and the seed fheds on the ground. The
earth is then gathered from the surface where the
plant grew mixed with the seeds. These are sown
together on beds properly prepared for receiving them.
Let our seeds be thus gathered and sown in the same
manner,

288 account of Rufsian dycs. “Fune2r4,

Having thus obtained the seeds, let some fine
sandy soil be prepared during the winter, and ma-
nured with the best dung that can be obtained ; ‘being
perfectly free from root weeds, and thoroughly dug,
let it be laid smooth early in the spring; let drills
be made in it at a foot distance from each other, into
which let the seeds be scattered as equally as pof-
sible. As we are not certain how long the: seeds
may be in coming up, drop into these drills a few
seeds of radifhes, merely to mark the place where
the rows are, so as to allow the intervals to be hoed
svithout killing the plants. When these appear, the
radifhes may be drawn out, and the plants thinned in
the rows, leaving them not nearer than three inches
from each other. Keep the ground constantly clear
of weeds from this time, by repeatedly hoeing as of-
ten as necefsary, and water the plants wi. it fhalt
appear to be requisite. How long it may be before
the roots attain their full size I know not; but ex-
perience would soon ascertain it. Thus might be
obtained large and fine roots when ee with
those in their wild state.

I beg leave to recommend to such of my readers as
live among the Western Isles, where these plants
abound, and which are there known by the name of
a, to have this experiment fairly tried, either in a
corner of their own garden ; or to send the seeds when
collected, to the Editor, which will be deemed a fa-
vour.

N. B. The procefs for dying woollen yarn with
these roots, in Scotland, fhall be ‘given in some fu~

- ture number of this work.

%

POETRY. 3

~ON MARRIAGE.
’ ;

‘For the Bee.

A courtty fearful author has declar’d,

That all wise men their kindling hearts will guard-;
-And tries, as ably as he can, to prove ‘

That ¢ fierce Repentance’ follows youthful love ;
“That pafsion robs a man of common sense,

And in no point of view deserves defence;

That ¢ searchtefs cunning, cruelty, and death,”
‘When beauty smiles, are lurking underneath 5
“In fhort he talks insuch a surly stile,

As if each sex were infinitely vile;

As if rank falsehood fir’d each am’rous boy,

And each fond girl charm’d-only to destroy.
“First he forbids all love in ¢ rosy bow’rs,” hs
And then proceeds to ‘ wine and wANTON hours;”
But here the frosted. bachelor confounds

Facts more remote than earth’s extremest bounds.
“No man of sense, when sober, will applaud

The infamous embraces of a bawd ;

But let the boldest sophist try to prove
‘How prostitution is allied to love! _

‘Does the coy country damsel in the fhade,
“Resemble her whose claret:must de paid?

Who by obscenity pretends to please,

Her blufhes painted, and her blood disease?

‘The youth whose basom artlefs beauty warms,
May smile at‘such impertinent alarms.

And then the picture he sublimely draws
“Of one run mad when pafsién was the cause,
‘Is so absurd, fantastical, and strange,

Tis but a dreamer gives his fancy range.
“Were-half the nonsense true he quaintly tells,
_ Lovers are only fit for handcuffs and the cells.
Whatever crazy pedants choosesto say,

“No common man behaves in such.a way.

The scenery he draws with so-much pains;

Is the mere phantom of fermenting brains;

And those whom plain. good sense is apt to tire,
Are welcome, if they can, such verses to admire.
It was not thus that Ovid pour’d his soul,

Nor in such muddy foam did’ Virgil's numbers roll*.

* The writer ofthe Seasons has many beauties; but he has likewise
imperfections. The long pafgsage referred to in the text, will not bear the
sober perusal of any reader, .The story.of Amanda is but a very infecior
copy of the admirable book of Ruth. His lefty correspondence betweeia
a lady bathing, and her lover peeping from behind the bufhes, appears to
mé much over-strained,

VOL. ix, 20 4

H s poetry. June 24:

Choose her who, when the knows your credit blowa,
Will bluh to teaze you for a fiftieth gown;
Whose worthy heart would think it a reproach
To bid you borrow cath to buy a coach;
She’ll force'you not te quarrel with a friend,
Nor falsifies to serve some petty end;
She cannot say who open’d last night’s ball,
Nor sounds the trumpet o'er a sister’s fall ;
Nor ev'ry tradesman whom your purse employs,
Confounds and tortures with eternal noise>
Nor by some fay’rite chambermaid’s advice,
Would wring his bill below an honest price;
No midnight card table annoys your rest,
Nor does her chaplain form her standing jest s
Her pleasure lies in the domestic scene,
Her air is livélv, but her soul serene;
She's prouder to aftist the toiling poor,
Than see ten chairs come bustling to her door;
Her looks, more piercing far than logic, prove
‘That all her generous mind is lost in leve.
If such a female your embraces meet,
What ether human joy is half so sweet?
And though fhe has not brought a mafe of gold.
Though in no titled Jist her name’s enroll’d;
Disdain to sooth a sordid parent’s pride,
Nor the just transports of affection bide.
Aind though connected with the rich and great,
Whose sullen silence testifies their hate,
Back on themselves bid their contempt be hurl’d, -
Convince her fhe’s preferr’d to all the world,
And if the anguifh of a sinking frame,
Incefsant efforts of your kindnefs claim ;
When by solicitude opprefs’d fhe seems,
Foretells her tortures and recites her dreams,
Complacent, hear the melancholy tale,
Since ev’n predictions may not always fail.
Room for regret the best-of men may find,
When all the past comes rufhing on his mind;
And though you did whate’er your part requir’d,
Though ev'ry friend your tendernefs zdmir’d,
When scenes unknown are rising on her view,
And her last look is sent in search of you;
When death invades what nature form’d so well,
And horror interrupts your long farewell;
A thousand doubts may agonize your breast,

. And pangs perhaps ill founded stab your rest.
And though the boasted no superior pow’rs, {
Nor penn’d a page with elegance like yours;
Though ail the actions of her useful lifes
Rose not above the duties of a wife 5

3792.

poeiry.
Though from vain specuiation’s walk remoy'd,
Existing merely for the man fhe lov'd;
To ill tim’d learning the made no pretence,
Nor soar’d above the range of common sense
Nor silly praise, from silly scribbling sought,
Nor spoke one word but simply what fhe ought;
Intent to please in all the had to say,
With spirit gentle, and with wisdom gay 5
Bluth not, if you enjoy the gift of verse,
Her pure though humble virtues to rehearse 5
That wives a wife’s true merit may discern,
And future hufbands fonder feelings learn 5
Then what you lose posterity fhall gain,
And the dear victim hath not died in vain.
OF grateful feelings vindicate your part,
Still be her sacred name engrav’d upon your heart 3
Since, from the sex, no period can remove
The.sweet imprefsion of their earliest love.
Keep her example ever in your eyes,
And prove.that you deserv’d so-vast a prize 5
To those who envy'd all her worth avowy
Survive for her, as fhe but liv’d for you.

SONNET.

Gome listen ye warblers that chant in each groves

Be s \ent each throat when I sing of my love;

Le the air be serene, not a zephyr be heard,

Nor the murmuring rill, nor the’soft bleating herd s

Be Envy.ani Malice thut up in. their cells,

While I sing of Maria the maid that excells;

Who’s the pride of my heart, fhe’s so sweet and so frees
When fhe’s mine, Oh ye Gods! how happy Dll be!

Not kings, nor their cour‘s, with their glitter and thows
Could give me that peace-which fhe can bestow 5

Her neck like the lily, her cheeks like the rose,

Envy would fain blight her, so purely fhe glows;

Her breath like the fragrance of dew on the thorny

‘A thousand soft joys her ripe lips do. adorn 5

Would Heaven give the lovely Maria to me,

* No mortal can e’er be more blest than I°ll be.

The stream that now glides thro” yon sweet verdant vale,
And the echoing rock oft heard my fond tale;

At last I resolv’d my chaste love to. disclose,

She thought—then consented—and bluth’d like the roses
To the altar of Hymen [ led the fair maid,
And completed the vows I often had paid;
Content, joy, and innocence, now is my lot,
And rural felicity brightens my cot.

292

SHORT ANECDOTES OF JOHAN JACOB ANKERSTROEM,
THE MURDERER OF THE KING OF SWEDEN.

A\rxerstrorm. was. of a noble family in Sweden, of
an agreeable figure, and genteel acdreis ; but under these:

1792. “anecdotes of ¥. %. Ankersiroem, | ° 20%
favourable exteriors’he concealed a heart susceptible of the*
most malevolent affections, which discovered itself on many
eccasions in trifling incidents.that oceurred inthe common
course of childifl: amusements, or ordinary businefs. A-
mong other particulars, equally insignificant of themselves,
but which serve to mark the charactet, the followimg havé
been lately publiflied in Sweden:

While young Ankerstroem was attending his studies at
the university of Upsal, he took a pleasure in tormenting
such unsuspecting peasants as he accidentally met with, in
the foliowing manner: He used to collect. together the
points of broken knives, or other fharp points he could.
meet with, which he fixed’ in corks; these he put in his
pocket, and wlien hie saw a peasant, whose'simplicity of
appearance gave him encouragement, he took one of these
into the palm:of his’ hand, and coming up. to the peasant,
with a frank, cordial air, took him, by the and, and.
squeezing hard, run the points deep into his flefh, and
then ran off, laughing at the’ pain he had given him, and.
the distortions. of countenance it occasioned, .

When he: grew up, the cruelty of his disposition be-
came stil! more apparent.’ He-entered into the army, and,
when he was ensign in the Royals, he bought.a very fine
horse, for- which he paid above am hundred rix, dollars..
This animal was high fed, and not having been properly.
trained, it turned restive. with him one day, sé that he
could péither get. it to go one- way or other with him.
Exasperated: at. being exposed in this. awkward. situ-
ation, Ankerstroem alighted from the ‘horse, led him.
up to.a neighbouring village, where he borrowed a, large.
knife, and having fastened: the horse securely, deliberate-
ly fell’ to cutting and slafhing ‘the horse, with his own
hands, for upwards of two hours, when the animal expi~

red;

204 anecdotes of F. F. Ankerstroem. June 27.

As he advanced farther in life, this cruelty of disposi-
tion developed itself in another way. He farmed an
estate called Thorsaker. In Sweden the*peasants belong
to the lord of the manor, and are not at liberty to leave the
estate without his consent, or that of the person he sub-
» Stitutes in his stead. It chanced that one of the pea-
sants on that estate had.incurred, for some unknown cause,
the particular displeasure of Ankerstroem. This poor
fellow he treated on all occasions with such remarkable
severity, that he could no longer bear it. He therefore
proposed to find another able man in his stead, requesting
that he himself might be permitted to go elsewhere.

To this Ankerstroem objected, and in spite of every ef-
fort, the poor fellow was obliged once more to return to
the estate. He was now treated with additional severity.
His case became so intolerable at last, that he found
means to petition the king for relief, who ordered, that if
he found another able substitute, he fhould no longer be
obliged to work in person,

Perhaps this slight put upon him by the king, apd
others of a similar nature, might have operated on his
irritable disposition, and point him out to other disaffected
nobles as a proper tool to perpetrate the afsafsination in-
tended. However that might be, he had the fortitude to:
prove true to his afsociates ; and though upon his trial,
his own guilt was undeniably establifhed, yet he could
not be prevailed on to discover his accomplices.

After a fair trial, carried on before the supreme tribunal
in Stockholm, he was condemned to be degraded from —
the rank of a noble and citizen of Sweden,—te stand on
tke pillory in the market place, for three succefsive days,
clothed in a bear-fkin gown. His hand to be afterwards.
‘cut off, and then hanged. All this was executed on the ©
17th of May last. The regent has granted, we are

57902. on the improvement of Scotland. . 295
told, his estates to his family who have afsumed another
name. —

_ The drawing from which the annexed engraving was
made, was taken while he stood upon the pillory, and
transmitted to the Editor by a correspondent in Sweden,
It is said to be a very striking likenefs. :

N. B. The stake is supposed to be cut off, and repre-
sented in front, rising above the picture, to represent the —
manner in which were displayed the two murderous wea-
pons with which he was armed on that occasion. The

inscription above the head means J. J. Ankerstroem king-
killer. i

——— Se Sf ERATE 5 =

ON THE IMPROVEMENTS OF SCOTLAND.

Sim '.. To the Editor of the Bee.

A waren, describing the inhabitants of the low countries
Using peats for fuel, and brewing from malt, exclaims,

© miseram gentem, que cibem suum bibit, et terram suam urit!

‘ Oats, in England the food of horses, in Scotland, of
men,’ is the illiberal definition of an author dithonoured
by national prejudice.

Scotland eats the food of horses, burns its soil, and
drinks its grain; yet, with pleasure, every lover of his
country must observe its rapid improvement in agriculture
d manufactures.

To promote this great end, it would be of service to |
xhibit the errors whichcustom makes us overlook, and sug-
est some remedy. My present intention is to represent
he bad effects of a practice which has long prevailed in
he northern part of the island, and I hope, what I fhall -
y, will be duly considered.

‘Though agriculture has of late in this country made
onsiderable improvement, yet to enable the hufbandman

gb _ on grinding oat mea’. June 2%.
and proprietor to fhare the full benefits of the soil,-there

are several obstacles, particularly fhort leases, a diversi-
‘ty of weights and measures; services, multures, frauds in
mixing meal, and the universal ‘practice of grinding meal
small in‘the north of Scotland. I am convinced that
what improvements have been lately made, are owing to
the granting long leases ; but-still the practice is far from
being general; the slavery of ‘services is daily waxing
into desuetude ; the high multures paid at the mills would
require a particular consideration; the use of different
weights and measures creates a confusion in calculation,
and occasions a lofs to the ignorant seller. I fhall briefly
hint the frauds in mixture; but my chief intention is te
_ represent the folly practised at the mills in grinding the
-meal,

The use of oat meal is confined to a very narrow circle.
Rye is ‘the common ‘food on the continent, and Scotland
is‘unhappy from its having few markets to dispose of its
‘superfluous grain.

For this reason, I cannot help thinking that Dr Smith
was warped by local prejudice when he proposed abolith-
ing the bounty on corn, which is only payable when the
farmer cannot have a sufficient recompence for his labour
at'home. | It surely is the duty of an enlightened legisla-
‘ture to procure, if pofsible, a certain market, with a reason-
able profit, either at home or abroad; nothing else can
guard against a famine in one year, and the commodity
being too cheap in another.

As the consumption of oat meal is confined to a few
places, it cught to be the ebject of every cultivator to
enlarge, as much as pofsible, the confined market; yet by a
strange fatality, from exaction of high multures, and the
different methods of grinding the grain, this narrow mar-
ket is rendered -still mote contracted.. Thus, when there
is.more meal in one place, than is necefsary for the con- |

.

e792. -on grinding oat meal, 207
sumpt, if the superfluity be carried coastwise, it must be
fhipped to great disadvantage.

In the north of Scotland meal is ground small at the
mill, in the south it is grinded round.

‘ The consequences which ensue are,

1st. If the north countries have mealto supply the south,
the meal is sold two or three fhillings per boll cheaper
than it would do if round ground.

2d. The meal contracts a more musty smell in the thip,
than if ground larger. ;

3d. The fraud in mixing oat and bear meal is not so

easily detected when the meal is ground small, as when
round,
- This fraud has been always practised; but since the
year 1782, when necefsity was the excuse, it has made a-
larming progrefs, to the great discredit of the farmer and
merchant. In Aberdeen the magistrates have of late, ve-
‘ry ‘properly, checked the fraud, by appointing two markets,
one for pure, and the other for mixed. meal, and by pu-
nifhing those who attempt to sell the last for the first. In
the district of Buchan, resolutions have been made to
check a practice which gives a bad character to the com-
modity ; but I imagine nothing would more effectually
detect the imposition, than by grinding the meal round
universally. Probably the practice of grinding meal
small, was first introduced from its making a detection of
mixture more difficult ; and it is certainly time to check
a custom which hurts the fair dealer, and gives an oppor-
tunity for practising a fraud, that is daily i apaaenainess sige
avarice knows no bounds.

J cannot help thinking, that round ground meal, is better
than small meal, in most of the ways in which it is
wsed, and the palate of the commonalty will soon be re-
scouciled to this alteration in their food; for we are nota

NMOL, ix, PP t

_

298 on grinding eat meal. June 2
nation like the Rufsians, who raised a, rebellion against
the great Peter for making them fhave their beards, to
appear like their neighbours.

If what I have suggested have any weight, I hope it
‘will induce the gentlemen of the northern counties, to
cttake the matter into consideration; and, in that case, it
will be a considerable favour done them, if any of your
correspondents, versant in the practice of the north and
south, would inform them what is the difference of the
machinery of the mills in the north and south counties,
and how the machinery of the mills in the north could
be altered, so as to grind the meal round, as is done in the
south of Scotland. :

Any hint upon this head, with some plain pratical di-

_xections to the millars, to instruct them in the alteration
proposed, would be a serv:ce to the community at large. .

: Your constant reader,
Aberdeen. Rusticus *,

* Nothing is more easy, and every miller in Aberdeenfhire knows,
that, by merely setting the stones a litte wider than usual, the meal will
be grinded rounder. But till the culture of small corn-be abandoned, the
practice of making round meal cannot become universal; as, from that
Kind of grain, a smallkind of meal only can beobtained. While that kind
of meal, called farm meal, is payable by their leases, the tenants will ne-
ver abandon the practice of small grinding. Were nothing but avbite meal
payable by the tenants, they would not be under the same temptation as
at present.

_ IN. B. The terms farm meal, and white meal, will not be understood
by many of my readers; but they are perfectly familiar in Aberdeenthire.
The first is an inferior kind of meal, made from a very smai/ kind of oats,
‘with a long beard, that is only known, I think, in the northern parts of
Scotland. The last is meal made from the kind of oats common in eves
ry Part of the country. Edit.

-

1792. — gléanings of lwerature. 209

i a Sc Se a a a a

GLEANINGS OF LITERATURE.

Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

J xerurx you, with many thanks, the numerous volumes
of political economy, from which it appears the excellent
Adam Smith drew a great patt of the materials for his:
noble treatise on the causes of the Wealth of Nations.

I have read that book with great attention, and have
had recourse, at all the pafsages you had marked, to the
authors from which you justly suppose he drew his first
imprefsions of political conviction, on the subjects of his.
argument ; and entertain no doubt that Dr Smith would
have quoted those authors, if he had any where followed
them so closely as to render it necefsary. But the truth
is, as I know from having had the happinefs to live long
and much with him, that he reasoned, spoke, and wrote
from complex results of logical induction, conversation,
and reading, that rendered it almost impofsible for him to
retrace the sources of his knowledge. Perhaps he fhould
have been fuller in a preface to mention the various wri-
ters on his subject who had preceded him, in fixing the
principles of political economy ; but I believe he was in-
duced to forbear attempting this literary gratitude, from
his inability to recollect the nature of his obligations.

Every man must be apt to find an apology for the
worthy Adam Smith in this particular, when he attempts
to recollect the sources of his conviction on moral and
political subjects; and to this jury I trust the, reputation
of my excellent preceptor and amiable friend. .

So much for the Wealth of Nations, and its. sagacious
efsayist ; but can I pafs,the consideration and the verdict,
without exprefsing my astonifhment and concern that no
‘Jearned friend of human kind has ever attempted a sub-

300 _ © gheanings of hterature. June 27.
ject of infimtely higher importance than an inquiry into
the causes cf the wealth of nations? which might deserve
the title of 4n inquiry into the causes of the happinefs of
nations! Such a work, if executed with equal integrity,
wisdom, and abilities, would entitle its author to the
name of the Benefactor of the human race: ;

It would embrace, in its scope and argument, the
health, morals, education, industry, good order, and polis
tica] sentiments of the people.

It wovld fhow that no object of revenue to a state}
fhould induce the legislative power to encourage the use
of such food cr drink, or such habits and employments, as
have a tendency to hurt the, bodily organs, or to lower
the faculties of the mind, as im the case of tea, tobacco,
and ardent spirits ; but above’ all, jt would proscribe every
branch of businefs that had a tendency to pervert the mo-
yals, or corrupt the heart of the people. ‘The acquisition
of wealth, when contrasted with the lofs of virtue, fhould,
im no case, be put in competition.

That a modification of laws and. political’ institutions,
that have a continued’ tendency to promote venality, in-
temperance, and perjury, whether: in electing the legisla
tive body, or in attempting to evade the payment of taxes,
' ought to be changed, in such a manner as to remove the
temptation or opportunity for such immoralities as have
an immediate tendency to: corrupt the whole man, and to
destroy the moral sense, the force of parole evidence in
thé detection of crimes, and to produce an aptitude to
universal corruption. of manners, which goes to the difso-
lution of society itself.

"That no institutions ought to be favoured by the state:
that have a tendency to keep youth in ignorance, or to
expose it to such occupations or neglect, as must prevent
% from being imbued. with talents suited to ther good of

El lUl—

F702. a Persian tale, 30r
society ; and that rewards fheuld be given to parents fos
the number, health, morals, education, and dustry of
their children, or be in a certain degree exempied from

’ taxes on these accounts.

That rewards fhould be given for a system of educa-
tion suited to the principles and nature of the govern-
ment.

That the direction of industry to healthful and uncor-
rupting branches of manufacture and trade, ought to oc-
cupy the attention of the legislative body, and have its:
due weight in all its deliberations and. laws.

That in all schools the radical: principles of a free go~
vernment ought to be taught and digested in the form of
a political catechism ; and that punifhments in schools, as
well as rewards, ought to be inflicted or decreed on the
same principles, and guided by the same forms, as in the
state.

Finally, that no law or institution fhould take place,
contrary, in its principle or consequence, to the maxims
and religious philosophy of Him who was the founder of
the system of love towards God, and general heneveieste
towards man.

O what a multitude of thoughts at once,
Awaken’d, in me swarm, while I consider
What from within I feel myself, and hear
What from without comes of.en to my ears,
Ill sorting with our present state compar’d!

Tam, dear Sir, with much regard, your faithful hymbie
servant, AS Ty,

A PERSIAN TALE.
A certar rich man of Arabia was sitting down to liis re-
past, at a plentiful table, when a poor countryman, oppref-
sed with hunger, unexpectedly arrived from the place. of

302 a@ Persian tale, June 274
his abode. The rich Arabian instantly inquires, whence
came you? Not far, he replies, from the neighbour*vod:
of your family. What news do youbring? Ha! says the
‘other, [ can undertake to answer all your questions, be
they ever so many. Well, began the rich Arab, did you
see a boy of mine, that goes by the name of Khulid? Yes,
your son was at school, reading the Koran; Khulid, I
can tell you, has a clear pipe of his own. Did’ you see
Khulid’s mother? By my troth, a lady of such exquisite
beauty, the world holds not her equal. Did you observe
my greathouse? ‘The roof of your house, I remember,
' touched the fkies. Did you see my camel? A fat
young beast it is, and eats plenty of grafs. And did you
see my honest dog? In troth, it is an honest dog, and the
creature watches the house with such fidelity!. The rich
man, having heard the good news of his family, again fell
to eating, and cast the bones to a dog that lay under the
table; but he requited not the poor Arab with the smal-.
lest gratification. The hungry wretch, at this usage, re-
flected in his own mind: Of all this good news I have been
the bearer; yet he has not relieved my hunger with 4
morsel of bread. Alas! said he, giving a deep sigh,
would to God your honest dog were living, who was so
much better than this cur! The rich man, who had been
wholly engaged in eating, stopt in a instant ; what! cried
he, my honest dog dead? Why nothing would go down
with bim, but the camel’s carcase. Is the camel dead
then? The beast died of pure grief for Khulid’s mother.
The mother of Khulid! is fhe dead? Alas! too true. In
the distraction of her mind for the lofs of Khulid, fhe dafh-.
ed her head against the stones, fractured her fkull, and pe-
rifhed. What has happened to Khulid? At the time your .

great house fell, Khulid was present, and aow lies buried un-

derits ruins, What mischief befel the great house? Suck

£752 old Gregory. 303
a hurricane came on, that your great house fhgok like a
reed, was levelled with the ground, and not one stone left
upon another. ‘The rich Arab, who, at the recital of
these events, had given over eating, now wept and wailed,
rent his garments, and beat his breast, and, at last, wound
up to madnefs, rufhed forth in the wildnefs of despair.
The hungry Arab, seeing the place clear, seized the gol-
den opportunity, fastened on the viands, and regaled to
his heart’s content.

» OLD GREGORY.

I Am now worth one hundred thousand pounds, said old
Gregory, as he ascended a hill, part of an estate he had
just purchased.

- Iam now worth one hundred thousand pounds, and am
ut 65 years of age, hale and robust in my constitution;
so I will eat, and I will drink, and live merrily a// the
days of my life.

I am now worth one hundred thousand pounds, said old
Gregory, as he attained the summit of a hill, which com-
manded a full prospect of his estate; and here, said he,
I will plant an orchard, and on that spot, I will have a
pinery.

Yon farm-houses fhall come down, said old iat ri
they interrupt my view.

Then; what will become of the farmers? atked the
steward, who attended him.

That’s their businefs, answered old Gregory.

And that mill must not stand upon the stream, said old
Gregory.

Then, how will the villagers grind their cori’? afked
the steward.

That is not my businefs, answered old Gregory.

5D4 to correspondents. June 27,

So old Gregory returned home,—ate a hearty supper,—
drank a bottle of port,—smoked two pipes of tobacco,—-
and fell unto a profound sl.mber ‘rom which he never
more awoke!) The farmers reside on their lands,—the
amill stands upon the siream,—and the villag=rs all rejoice
in his death.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Misobrontes is respectfully informed, that as the tendency of the efsays
to which his criticism refers can now be distinctly enough observed, the
Editor, agreeable to his former intimation, intends soon to insert his criti-
cism; but he thinks it right to give this intimation that Misobromtes may
have an opportunity, if he chogses it, to revise it befere publication, and
to make ‘what corrections or alterations he may see requisite. ‘The per-
formance is at the Bee Office, where it will remain for a fortnight from
the day of the publication hereof, at the disposal of the author. After
that time, it will be considered as at the Editor’s disposal.

_ The sensible observations of Infortunitas are received, and fhall be at-
tended to.

The remarks on hydrophobia, by J. T. fhall be submitted to the revisal
of some one of the faculty, and shall be inserted if approved of.

The pertinent hints by Meanwell deserve to be attended to, and fhall
have a place as soon as pofsible.

The favour of 4. T.is received. If, upon a revisal, the piece he alludes
to fhall not be jud dged in all respects proper, it fhal] be disposed of as he
desires, once withina week from the day°of the publication of this.

The favour of Amicus is thankfully acknowledged, and fhall be duly at-
tended to.

The beautiful verses by Voltaire are come to hand, as also the sonnet by
Exgene; verses by N.N.N. imitation of Shenstone, and some other poetical

ieces.
r In the absence ofthe Editor, the following pieces were accidentally, mis-
laid. He regrets, that in consequence of this, they fhould have remained
so long unacknowledged.

Thanks are due to the very ingenious author of Cosmogony, for his mo-
dest performance. Modest merit fhall never be neglected. The Editer
will try to do his piece all manner of justice.

The communication by a Plebeian is also recovered4;—filial piety deserves

to be encouraged. His piece thall appear as soon as can be made con¥e-
hient.

|. Phe verses by Enon were also received.

Sr.

THE BEE,

ZITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

FOR

‘WEDNESDAY, JULY 4. 1792.

Sr, To the Editor of the Bee.

“Tnovcn I have not the pleasure of ‘being of your
acquaintance, yet I so much liked the plan of your
work, that I became an early subscriber to it; and I
am. convinced, that if you have fortitude of mind.
enough, and vigourto go on with it, in a spirited
manner, without the dread of power, or the virulence
of party spirit, you may, in time, become the means
of benefiting the country ina high degree. From
this hope, I now beg leave to offer a few thoughts
on an important subject; which, if you approve of,
may, perhaps, be followed by others on similar to-
pics.

Scotland, my good Sir, has not yet acquired that
wigour of thought, with respect to personal freedom,
that England exercises; so that many kinds of op-
prefsion are still tolerated here, which would not be
allowed in England. If you are not of a pusillani-
mous disposition, (which I think you are not, }
like most -of our countrymen who have the charge
of conducting periodical works, you would do well

VOL, 1X. 2a +

306 on interdicts. Fuly 4
to hold up to'the public eye every thing of that kind,
that our countrymen may learn to know them, and
to judge of them aright. The evil that I mean to
select, as the subject of my present lucubration, is the
strange facility that prevails in most of our courts
of justice, to grant an interdict, on any subject, when-
-ever it is demanded; without hearing parties, or even
‘bestowing the smallest attention to the case, so as te
‘be able toknow whether an interdict be really ne-
-cefsary or not.
That a summary interdict may be in some cases
necefsary,, cannot be denied ; because in some instances
.4man may do as much harm, ina few hours, as could
not pethaps’be ever repaired. Whenever a case of that
nature occurs it ought to be granted. But before an
interdict be granted, ought not the man who applies
for it to be required to declare, upon oath, that the
ease is such, as that a delay, till parties can be heard,
might be productive of irreparable injury; or at least
very high damages to himself, without subjecting
the party complained of to considerable inconvenience?
and if, upon examination, it fhould appear that the
complainer had given a false representation, or had
injuredhis opponent, by interrupting his businefs uns
necefsarily, and without a sufficient cause, that he
fhould be ordained ‘to pay all damages the other had
-sustained, to the full amount; with a fine of qua-
druple the sum, for his having wantonly and unnecef-
sarily disturbed the peace of society. If this would
. hot be justice, I beg of those who think otherwise te
specify what they think could be so,

FIQ2 onanterdicts. > 307°

Our judges, however, are so far from adhering to
this mode of procedure, ‘that, from the highest to the
lowest, as far as I have been able to learn, no question
is ever afked when.a petition is given in, stating, in g¢--
neral terms, that such aiperson is engaged in any ope-
ration, that itis alleged can prove hurtful to the
eomplainer, and'craving:an interdict, but it is grant-
ed of course, without hesitation or farther ceremony.
and thus may amanufacturer, who has, perhaps, seve-
ral hundreds of persons at work, about. a businefs that
cannot admit of being stopt for an hour, without the~
greatest and most lasting detriment to him, be in~.
stantly laid idle. Perhaps inaday or two, by a pro-
per representation, he gets permifsion to go on. But
is this enough? A wretch who takes a pique.at an=-
other, may this have the malevolent satisfaction, by
making his application at. a particular time; (against
a printer for example, during the throng of sefsion
businefs, or the publither ofa periodical work, at the
hour of publication,) to subject him to a very heavy’
jofs, though he knows that the cause which gave rise
to the interdict is altogether untenible.,

The great difference between Scotland and England,
in cases of this sort, is, that-in England, the damages
in this case would be ascertained by a jury, who fail
not, when they see the slightest attempt at oppref-
sion, to give exemplary damages; whereasim Scot-
land the amount of these dabhiccs is ascertained by
the judge, who scarce ever. gives an award that néar-.
ly compensates for the mjury committed; for men
in the sphere of life they have moved in, can seldom.
enter warmly into the situation of those mother cir:

308 ° occupations of a country gentleman. Fuly 4.
cumstances. J have just now in my eyea case exact-
‘ly in point, where a man, who owned an uninhabited.
house, in the neighbourhood of a considerable. manu-
facturer, obtained an interdict to stop his work ; and
by that means laid perhaps twenty or thirty people
idle, metely because he alleged the noise was dis-
agrgeable. Trusting to the well known lenity
usually. exercised in cases of this sort, he had no
scruple to demand this inexcusable exertion of legal:
power, and obtained it.

I will not take up more of your room at present;.
but am, Sir, your sincere well-wihher,

SERTORIUS..

ON THE OCCUPATIONS OF A COUNTRY GENTLEMAN..

Written some years ago but not publifbed, in answer toa letter
in one of our newspapers.

Your correspondent of the 27. inst. signing Amicusy
safsigns very good and sufficient reasons for a gentle-
man avoiding farming. But when he answers-his own.
query, Is a gentleman then to live idle in the country 2
he seems to fall into. some degree of contradiction ;.
for he says he ought to farm enough to maintain
cows and horses according to his rank, and to improve,
{by farming, I suppose he means,) any part of-his
estate that stands most in. need of it, and: let it off
directly.

That is to say, he fhould not farm, and fhould:
farm; for among all my. country neighbours I
know none who: farm, except for one or other of the
two reasons he afsigns..

¥792. occupations of a country gentleman. 309

Permit me to offer some reason for a gentleman not
farming, that is, ploughing, for the purpose of feed-
ing his horses and cows.

He fhould have no cows: The farmers in his
neighbourhood cannot be better employed than in sell-
ing him milk ; the price is commonly 1d. per quart.
Now, by being rid of the expence of a dairy-maid,
and winter feeding cows, it is worth a gentleman’s
while to buy milk at 2d. or 3d. per quart ; butter he
ean always command at the market price.

Next, he fhould not improve his own farms, but
let them to tenants on improving leases ; and lend
the tenants money at a moderate interest, or increase
of rent. For if he farms for the purpose of impro-
ving the land himself, and he fhould chance to have
many farms, he will be a farmer to all intents and
purposes ; and exposed to all the impositions so well
described by Amicus.

As to horses, he will find himself nearer his put-
pose to buy what is wanted for their food, than to
raise food for them. The tenants or farmers profit,
of whom he buys his hay and corn, will be lefs than
what the gentleman would suffer by the infidelity and
embezzlement ofhis servants, besides his having occa-~
sion for fewer horses and servants. __
| We now return to Amicus’s query, and fhall en-
deavour to give a better answer to it.

Is a gentleman then to live idle in the country? }
answer, No. He may be usefully and agreeably em-
ployed in the country, during the course of the long-
est life; for it is not only a duty we owe to the state,
not to waste our time in idlenefs; but he cannot be

’

gEO occupations of a country gentleman, Fuly 4%,
more profitably nor more usefully employed for
himself, than in rural occupations. There is nothing:
Scotland has more occasion for than trees ;, nor is
there a more entertaining part of country businefs.
Tf the gentleman does not plant, the tenant never
will,
No money can procure good mutton ; for rd is-not
a farmer’s interest to. keep fheep. till they grow old
enough to be fit for presenting at a gentleman’s tables
A gentleman therefore is bound to inclose a field or
fheep park near his house ; and to keép a sufficient
supply of fheep for his table, not younger, when kil-
led, than five or six years old.

A gentleman may. conttact for inclosing his far
mers fields, and superintend, with much amusement
to himself, the execution of the contract.

I have reserved for the last, one of the most con-.
stant and most. engaging occupations. in the world..
The flowers and fruits, and other productions of a
garden, are seldom to be purchased by a country.
gentleman. Necefsity therefore compels him to raise
them for himself. The garden is near the house; every
part of its management may be daily under his eyes.
our gardeners are generally among the trustiest of
our seryants, of course impositions are more difficult ;
and it is surely meedlefs to expatiate on the delight.
which the progreis of vegetation, and the renovatiois.
éf plants, flowers, and fruits, afford the human mind:
‘Ef mankind: have been unequivocally destined for «ay
one occupation, more than another, it is gardening:.
But-I cannot conclude with the sentiment ofa lively
modern philosopher, .d7 faut lebourer notre jardim sans’

792. on Thunderproof’s efsayss 318
saisonner. Far, far, be this maxim from my
-afsent. Gardening affords the finest subjecta
for our enquiries and reasoning; and his mind
must be sadly perverted indeed, whose reflexions on
a garden, do not ultimately end in admiring the wis-
dom and goodnefs of God. To this conclusion the
study of astronomy led Sir Isaac: Newton; of logic
‘the great Mr Herries ; of anatomy Dr Monro; and in
general to this every branch of genuine science
and learning ultimately tends.
HorricoLuvs.

FARTHER REMARKS ON THUNDERPROOF’s ESSAYS.
"Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

T rHayx you for so readily inserting the few remarks
I sent you on Thunderproof’s efsays; and, by your
permifsion, I add a few observations on the notice he
Jhas deigned to take of my efsay, see p. 242. _
I had said that a minister could not keep his place
in Britain without having a majority in his favour
of the nation at large, as well as of parliament. To
this, he thus laconically answers: ‘‘ This is very
** strange language. , Walpole kept his place twenty
** years, though he was universally detested. Lord
$¢ North led us into the American war in direct con-
*‘ tradiction to a majority of the nation.” These
are, tobe sure, direct afsertions ; but where fhall we
find data for establifhing these facts? I look for them
4n vain. And were I to give as positive an afsertion
%o the contrary, I think it would he better founded

312 on Thunderproof's efsays. Fuly 42
than his. Iam old enough to remember the begin-
ning of the American war perfectly well; and at that
time I had occasion to mix very much in society in 2
_ great many parts of the nation; and J was perfectly
satisfied, from the general voice of the people, as I
still am, that a very great majority of the people, had)
they been-called:to vote individually, wouldthen have
voted in favour of the war. I:know well that Mr:
Fox, and some others, were-equally free, in attribut«
-ing their own opinions to the nation at large, if their
-own afsertion could give it currency, as your corres=
pondent is; but to these afsertions, I never gave
‘much credit, I might therefore give an equally laconic
denial to.these afsertions. But if we were to argue
thus, there would be no end. I, therefore, fhall adopt
another mode of reasoning.

As Mr T. does not deny that Mr Pitt came inte
power “ by the favour of the people,” in 1784, even
in spite of a majority in parliament against him, I
must suppose he admits the fact. How was it
that the people protected him against the coallition ?
By returning members to the new parliament, who,
they knew, were well affected to-him. Does it not
follow then, that, if lord North’s administration had
been so generally disagreeable to the people, as your
correspondent thinks, they would, inthe same man-
ner, have returned members, whose judgement in that
‘respect coincided withtheir own? Did not the people of
Bristol avowedly do so with regard to Mr Burke?
And, had the people in other parts of the nation been
equally averse to North, would not they have adopt~
ed similar measures ?—they did not do it; the majo«

P7Q2. on Thunderproof’s efsays 813
rity in parliament for him immediately’after clec-
tions, was as great, at least, as before. The people,
therefore, if.they were inimical to him, acted in a
manner very different from what they did after he
had forfeited their goed opinion, by coalescing with
Mr Fox. This is somewhat like a proof that they
were not inimical to him, as I contend.

- Another proof is, that on all occasions where greet
ett! questions were agitated, and addrefses came
into fafhion, the number of addrefses, from all parts
of the country, were then invariably much greater in
favour of the minister’s plan than against it. These
two circumstances, together, are to me very satis-
factory proofs that the nation, in general, approved
of the American war: Many others might be adduced
were it necefsary ; but these I omit, 2s you do not
like long papers: Though I think it better to make
them a little long ata time, than to curtail them by
substituting afsertions for proofs.

Thunderproof accuses me also of inconsistency. It
would seem he reads, as-well as writes, with-some de-
gree of rapidity. Had he bestowed a little more atten-
tion, he would have taken notice that. I make a dis-
‘tinction between the general tendency of his writings,
which I approved, and particular parts, which I disap-
proved of. He would also’ have perceived, that it was
pofsible aman might not approve ofa particularwriting
on the whole, thoughhe would think it a very great
blefsing, that no power existed that could prevent the
publication of that. writing. I afk Mr Thunder-
_ proof, if there be not many -publications that ifsue
fcom the prefs every day, which his friends, if

VOL. ix. RR tT

Bra on Thunderproof’s efsayss Fuly 4.
they thought he either wrote or countenanced them,

might say he was to blame in doing so}; because it

tended to degrade his character, and make him be lefs

respectable in the eyes of the public, than they with-

ed him to be? Yet, though they might blame him for
taking any concern with such publication, might

they not, at the same time, rejoice that they lived in

2 country where the liberty of the prefs was such as

to admit of all-~publications, without reserve, that were

not clearly and indisputably illegal? Such, exactly, is
the case with me respecting Thunderproof’s efsays.

J see nothing z/ega/ in them; and, therefore, I thould

be very sorry to see that any power, in this country,

could be so great as to supprefs them; though I may
not perhaps think them, in all respects, such as to do

credit to your miscellany. I own that I can see no-

thing inconsistent in all this.

Withing suceefs to your miscellany ; and thinking
that must depend in a great measute upon a proper
attention on your part, to refuse admifsion to articles
that your maturer judgement fhall deem improper,
for Tam clearly of opinion, that ‘* All things that
are lawful, are not expedient.”

ALCIBIADES *,

* Though it is contrary to our plan to engage in controversy, we
have indulged this wnter by inserting his reply, as it is written with
moderation and brevity. This rule we fhsll adhere to in future.

It is requested that correspondeats, when they make quotations from
the writings of thosg who may differ in opinion from them, will take
care either to transcribe the words exactly, or give a very fair representa-
tion of the meaning of the pafsages referred to. This circumstance is
here mentioned, because we have frequently observed that disputants act
unfairly in this respect, Should the Editor remark this, in any case, he

«

17Q2- different manners of mankind. 30S:

For the Bee.

ON THE DIFFERENT MANNERS OF MANKIND,
AND THEIR CAUSES.

Naturam expellas furca tamen usque recurret. Hor,

I seciy with rusticity and politenefs. These two

opposite qualities, though often the result of an im-

proved or defective education, are as often the effect

of a particular soil, temper, or race of people; and
which no powers of education can subdue or re-
move.

In spite of the best education, and all the advantages:
of company and conversation superadded, do we not
daily meet with persons, that, when put in compari.
son with others, of far lefs opportunities of improve-

ment, are mere boors? Did not Cicero’s son, Marcus,,
with the most liberal education, and the utmost pains
taken on him by his father, remain a dunce to the
ast? Did not Chesterfield’s son, Philip Stanhope, con-
tinue rude and unpolithed, in spite of similar endea-
vours ? .

A certain ungracious behaviour, an awkward and
rough manner, too often degrade those of superior
birth, while you will find gentility, and the graces, not:
seldom tread the lowly plain, or adorn the cottage. -

Education improves, but cannot create the prin-
-eiples of politenefs. These are founded on good taste,
must either supprefs the communication entirely or point out the mis

~ quotations, in the efsay itfelf, as he goes along. Unfair quotations, ha
» thinks, if permitted, would reflect, disgrace upon his. miscellany...

316 different manners of mankind. July 4.
as well as good sense; and humanity has no small

are in their formation. Some persons, as well as
nations, are naturally humane, lively, and polite ;
others as naturally phlegmatic, dull, and brutifh: A
disparity of manners is the consequence.

The temper very often is formed by the.climate.
The ancient Athenians were naturally of the former
character; the Thebans of the latter, even to a pro-
verb ; a good deal owing to the difference of the Attic
and Beotian air. And do not, at this day, the Dutch,
who inhabit a similar climate with the latter, rank
under a like description ?-

There is reason to believe that the predominant
vivacity of the French, and even of the modern
Greeks, depends much on the serenity and moderate+
ly warm tempétature of the air and climate.

The phlegin of the Germans, and other northern
nations, their neighbours, as wellas that of the Ame-
ticans, may proceed from their having lived for ages »
in the gloomy fhelter of woods, amidst hardthips,
dangers, penury, and the prefsure of an uncleared at-
mosphere.

The Englifh, from the Saxons, inherit a portion-of
the German phlegm, though joined to brighter and.
superior: parts. Opennefs and honesty are their pecu-
liar characteristics. They are likewise bold and en-
terprizing ; ingenious, persevering, and-succefsful.in
the arts, almost beyond example.

Their perseverance they: derive -from the Germans;
their fire and spirit, from the Normans and Celts: A
happy mixture! compared to the French or Spa-
niards, their natural rivals in arts and. arms. They |

1792. different manners of mankind. 317
ate superior to the former in fire and spirit, without
levity or frivolity; and to the latter in depth and
‘solidity, without sullen and overbearing solemnity’;
though they certainly are not exempted from a great
degree of national pride.

It is, moreover, observable, that the Englifh pof-
sefs a sensibility of nerves that is peculiarly affected
by the weather. Hence they are apt to be melan-
cholic and low spirited. This has been often said ;
‘but it seems not peculiar to them. The Scots are
frequently affected in much the same manner ; and it
‘may be owing, ut both nations, partly to the incon-
-stancy of their atmosphere, their insular situation,
-and particular exposure to the dreary easterly winds;
and not a little to their intemperance, and: too free
indulgence in the luxuries of the bottle and of the
‘table.

The Irifh are lively, pafsionate, quarrelsome ; ex-
ceed in talk ; and speak by far too much either for
deep thought or just reflection. They are, however,
‘alert, strong, andactive. The peculiar oddity called
tricisms in conversation, is to be accounted for by the
above general character, from which there are many
individual exceptions.

- Their air, as well as their food, the former foggy
from the marthes, the latter consisting chiefly of po-
tatoes, a heavy nutriment, may both contribute to
produce such effects: And many of them die of apo-
plexies, (’tis probable, ) from the same cause.

The luxury and indolence of the southern nations

-. of Asia and Africa, most undoubtedly, are to be as-
_ etibed to the luxuriance of the soil, and the difsips-

318 different manners of mankind. Fuly 4.
ting and relaxing temperature of the climate. The
weaknefs of their mental powers, and violence of their
pafsions, as well as the uniform despotism or an-
archy of their governments, which have always re-
mained the same, must proceed from such, natural
causes, a3 No art, no length of time, no revolution
for the better, can ever overcome.

The difsipation produced by the climate, manifests
itself not only in the extensive plains of Asia, but in
the numerous little isles seated in the bosom of the
pacific ocean; not only im the haram of the Maho-
metan, but among the simple and rude inhabitants of
Ctaheite ; whose amorous queen, Oberea, disdained
not, though otherwise of gentle and modest manners,
to solicit with eagernefs the embraces of our diffe-
rent southern navigators.

Low cunning is another characteristic of, these
-southern nations; and it proceeds from their weak-
nefs and pusillanimity. This’ mean quality pre-
vails almost universally in the warmer regions;
but especially among the Moors of Airica; along the ~
coast of China; the peninsula of Malacca ; and in
‘many-of the Indian islands. ‘
Let us now come home to ourselves; and inquire
’ ~whatis the reason, that, even in the different coun-
ties of Scotland, a marked diversity of temper and
‘manners, seems in general to prevail.

The inhabitants of the south of Scotland are re-
marized to,be of slower speech, as well as action, than
those of the north; and this, independent of all edu-
cation. The Highlanders are certainly more quick,
more inquisitive, more social, and hospitable, than

1792. different manners of mankind. 319
our people in the Lowlands. They are at the same
time more proud, pafsionate, and resentful.

» The former being descended from the Celts, while
the latter owe their origin more to the Saxons and
Danes, seems to afsign some cause for the above di-
versity. ;

» Through the counties of Inverneis, Banff, Aber-
deen, and the Mearns, the natives. speak » generally
with a quick accent, and in a fharp tone, exprefsive of
their temper, which is alert and active. As you,
advance southward, the drawling tone begins at
Montrose and Brechin. At Coupar of Angus it be=
gomes more perceptible ; and here the people are in
general more soft and simple im their manners than
their northerly brethren. They seem in some mea
sute to partake of that calmnefs and serenity of tem-
per, so congenial to the soil and climate ; and which
are here fenced from the stormy blasts of the north,
by the fhelter of the Grampian hills, and that enor-

- mous mafs of high towering mountains that rise
above one another to the north and north-west, and
guard the south entry into the Highlands.

In some counties, and even in some parts of the
same county, a more rough or rustic manner pre-
vails than in others. The natives of Glasgow and
Lanerk fhires are remarkable for an uncouthnefs of
speech, and manners peculiar to themselves. In Aber-
deenfhire, notwithstanding the general politenefs
about Huntly and the Strath of Bogie, the vulgar
_manner is peculiarly rough and unpolifhed; and
even the women afsume a hoydening air, and loud
tgne of voice, that are.often disgusting to.a stranger.

B20 different manners of mankind. Fuly 4.

In two neighbouring Highland counties, too, there
is as great a difference in temper and genius, as is
ebservable between the»most distant provinces. The
natives of Sutherland are much praised as a sober,
peaceable, and well-behaved people; those af Caith-
nefs, on the contrary, are said to be rough, disoblig-
ing and quarrelsome ; but this is meant of the lower
ranks ; for the better sort, and those of higher birth,
are observed to be well-bred, hospitable, and soft in
their manners.

It is, indeed, impofsible to describe the number-
lefs varieties of hunian temper and genius; and in
smaller groups of mankind, although the differences
are generally distinct and well marked, yet they of-
ten run into one another with such imperceptible gra-
dations, at other times crofs each other so oddly,
that it is much more difficult to afsign the reason for
such diversities, than in large states, Aree or
empires.

It is well known that the Georgian and Circafsian
women, have been long famous for their extraordi-
nary beauty. Why ‘Should one particular spot pro-,
dace such crops of handsome women, as yearly store
the seraglios and glut the appetite of the Grand
Signior ?

In like manner in Scetland, the Cathenesian wo-
men are blest by nature with distinguifhed charms,
both of person. and spirit. Some of them I have
seen, with the most captivating graces. Though
placed ‘at the extremity of our island, in a country
-barren and marfhy, surrounded with rude mountains
and @ stormy ocean, yet, in their manners, these nor-

14792. on high bung carriages. 322
thern ladies are often mote soft and pleasing than
their southern and polifhed neighbours. Reasons of-
fered to account for ‘such singularities and excep-
tions, are often very unsatisfactory and even absurd.

We may guefs at the causes of the more obvious
appearances, such as those already mentioned, but na-
ture, who has caused infinite varieties in the humana
race, and for the wisest purposes, often baffles our
researches in ‘trying to account for them.

The subject, however, is full of entertainment, and
may be of use. I have only fketched a few of its
outlines ; and ‘propose, i some future number, to of-
fer a few remarks ona similar subject.

Edinburgh, }

Feb, £. 1792 PuILo.

See ec
ON HIGH HUNG CARRIAGES.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

Fasuton, all powerful fafhion! has become too pre-
dominant. When it serves to promote the convenien-
ces of life, it ought to be applauded and adopted, but
when it serves to take from the conveniences of lift,
it ought to be reprobated and rejected.

One of the most agreeable recreations we enjoy, is
the conveyance in coaches and chaises ; but here fa-
fhion has raised these, to such an elevated situation y.
as only to be‘fit for the accormmodation of the agile and
vigorous, whilst the aged and infirm are precluded
from that healthful and agreeable entertainment. It
is not without much difficulty, and even danger, that ,

VOL. ix. ss . +

322 on high hung carriages. Fuly 4»
they cah get into, and out ,of, high hung carriages,
particularly descending from, them, is very] peri-
lous. The afsistance from a man’s arm is but a pre-
carious, prop. © It is said that a respectable citizen of
Edinburgh, far advanced in life, bya. fall he got in
descending from a carriage, was so much hurt that
he never recovered it, , ;
It is very probable, Mr Editor, that if some of
our coach and chaise owners, were to have a few
carriages hung so low, that the aged and infirm
could easily and safely get into and out of them,
they would be employed, whilst the high hung car-
riages would be allowed to remain on the streets”
idle.
- know it is said, that high hung carriages are
easier for the horses ; this may be true, respecting
journies *, but can be of little weight respecting air-
ings to the sands, or a few miles from town. Your
allowing these strictures a place in the Bee, will
much oblige, Sir,
Your constant reader,
MEANWELL,

* The allegatio& ie not true. High hung carriages are demonstrably,
in all situations, more difficult to draw than those that are lower hung ;—
they are infinitely more liable to be overturned ;—they cannot be more
easy for the persons who sit in them. Considered in point of utility, they
are, in every respect, worse than low hung carriages. Never, therefore, did
a fafhion prevail that was more contrary to reason, than this one is, and
those who first break through it, will do a very efsential service to the pu-
lic. Edit, ©

1792. a character in private hfe. > 323

A CHARACTER IN PRIVATE LIFE.

‘Like leaves ontrees the race of man is found.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.

Tue remembrance of those who pafs through thé
humble walk of life, and have only the piety, and in-
tegrity of their lives, to recommend them to the no-
tice of the world, must, after their death, be very
soon forgotten, except by a few of their zmmediate
connections. These also, in their turn, will in a-
fhort period be consigned over to oblivion; so that
the remembrance of father and son, mother and
daughter, will be as if -mo such persons had ever
existed. Such being the certain fate of this descrip-
. tion of mankind, I beg leave to solicit a place in your
Bee, to the following imperfect charaster of a worthy
father, as a small tribute of filial duty, due to his.
memory by, Youtr’s,
: A PLEBEIAN.

BreED to a genteel, though laborious employment*, ’
he enjoyed, from exercise, a state of health seldom.
pofsefsed by the idle and intemperate. Endowed’
with great firmnefg of mind, he never felt himself
embarrafsed in the. presence of any man, of whatever’
rank in life he was, but always spoke his sentiments.’
with manlinefs and freedom. Respect of persons,
when worth was wanting, was what he never‘ could
bring himself to pay. He was a person of the stric-.
test honesty and integrity. No consideration could”

* A gardener. .

324° ‘a chatacter im private hfe. Fully: 4°
make him deviate from truth. To inforce,the ob-

servance of it to others, he used often to say that the

supreme Being’ was a- God of truth. He had a

plain, but determined manner of exprefsing his sen-

timerits, and, conscious of the uprightnefs of his own

intentions, never used many words to convince: So-
that, as it is said of Philopemen, ‘ the most inconsi-
derable exprefsions, uttered by him, were listened to

with respect, and immediately believed.” This rigid

adherence, to such plans as he had once adopted, ap-

proached sometimes, however, to obstinacy.

He had a steady and unfhaken belief in the fandamen- _
tal doctrines ofour holy religion. His piety was warm,
fervent, and sincere. He paid ‘the utmost reverence
to the holy name of God; and, therefore, could not
remain silent if he heard any person taking that aw-
fulname in vain. He was thus literally “ a@ terror to
evil doers.”? None of the proffigate, who knew him,
durst appear in his presence, and act as such. His
own life, being always a comment on his religious sen-
timents, his admonitions had of consequence a great-
er,effect. He had something of an austere manner ;
yet, when in company with those he considered as.
companions, he was facetious and communicative. -

His last ilnefs he bore with Christian fortitude and’
sadenetion Conscious of looking back upon a well
spent life, he looked forward to that futurity, at the,
thonght. of which the wicked tremble, with that
‘* pleasing hope”? which animates the breast of the.
DYING CHRISTIAN ; and the writer of this, who has,
fe ebly attempted to delineate the above traits of his,
sharacter, heard him say, when sympathising with

1979S» ~ hints to the learned. © } : 325-
him, when opprefsed by some severe fit of it, -‘ that
‘his present distrefs, and the then certain consequence
of it, were to him only light matters, as he well knew
that a fhort time would put an end to all his afflic-
tions; but that his greatest anxiety and uneasinefs
was only for the fate of his children, whom he was
now about to leave to the rasamaeaR of a wicked
and insnaring world.”

After struggling some months with a lingering
complaint, he, upon the 13th October 1762, paid the
debt of nature. He retained his senses to the last,
and was heard, just at the very instant he was expir-
ing, saying ‘* Receive my soul, thou eternal King of
glory 99 ‘ E

Peace to his fhade ;—ea few revolving years,
And all he /ov’d, like him, fhall be no more!
.

HINTS TO THE LEARNED.

Iy the whole range of literary history, beginning
from the first dawn of science, after the dark ages
that succeeded to the subversion of the Roman em-
pire, the eras of Petrarcha, the Medici, of Peiresc,
of Newton, and that which is now pafsing before
our eyes, may serve for fixed points, around which a
learned and enlightened commentator might gather.
together, and concentrate all the characteristic cir-
cumstances that have contributed to the improve-
ment of the republic of learning, embellifhing his
narration with sprightly and interesting anecdotes of
the illustrious and learned men who adorned those

ages.

ee.

326 hints to the learned. July 4.

Much has been already done for the age of Pe-.
trarcha ; and in the second period, the interesting.
notes which accompany the letters of the chancellor
de. ’Hopital, publifhed in the year 1779, have given
a very pleasing and satisfactory view of the staté of’
literature in Europe, stoking the age of that eminent
person.

It remains to do justice to the age of Peiresc ; a-
list of some of whose learned correspondents have
been formerly exhibited in this miscellany/ | /

Peiresc contributed, by his correspondence, his me-
morials, and his purse, to almost all the great pub-'
Itcations and discoveries of his time; though he had
never leisure to publifh any of his own excellent
works, except a4 tract concerning an ancient Tripod,
discovered at Frejus.

_ In the library of cardinal Alexander Albani at
Rome, there is a collection of letters from Peirese to
the cavalier Pozzo, which are well worthy of being
communicated to the learned world ; and would, it is
believed, be generously communicated to any respec-
table and learned person, who would undertake to
publith them, as'a specimen of the erudition of the
noble and excellent author.

This might lead to the publication, im numbers, or
volumes, of the great treasure of literature, in the
hands of the abbé de St Leger, formerly described in
this miscellany ; of various other works of Peiresc,
which are in the hands of M. de Noyer, his father
M. de St Vincent, in the library of Carpentras,:
founded by Mr Inquimbert, bifhop of that diocese,
er in the hands of the abbé de St Leger, as prepared:

1792. > reading memorandums. 329
for the prefs, with notes by M. Thomasien de
Mazauques.

M. Seguier, a learned antiquary of Nismes,
‘who died about seven years ago, procured for M.
de St Vincent, the perusal of a volume of letters
of Peiresc ; and, it is believed, many other precious
remains of that great man, may be found in the re-
positories of the lives of his contemporaries ; and,
as it is believed that the Bee now travels ‘to France
and Germany, the lands of erudition, it is hoped,
that these notices may attract attention, and produce
consequences favourable to the appearance of a work,
so favourable to literature, as that which has been
suggested.

———————LLL=L=L=———_—L———EeESeEeEeee——ee—eESESESESESeeSSSS

READING MEMORANDUMS.

Custom, that whimsical and capricious tyrant of
the mind, despises decency, and too often triumphs
over prudence and virtue.

There is a common infirmity in human nature that
inclines us to be most curious, and conceited, in
matters where we have the least concern; and for
which we are the least adapted either by study or na-
ture.

—a

* With a man of pride or of-pafsion, it is vain to
argue. He will despise arguments a priori and a
posteriorz. He is bent on an object, in the pursuit of
which, self gratification is his chief motive ; he can-

328 reading memorandums. July 4.
not feel the force-of words, because he is subdued ‘by
the force of pafsion.

I will leave my enemy to be punifhed by the
most painful of all reflections, ‘‘ the remembrance of
a crime perpretated in vain.”

=
=———

The vain man who despises, or the proud man who
threatens the world, is always ridiculous; for the.
world can easily go on without him, and in a short
* time will cease to mifs him.}

—

Some.men who are good companions abroad, are
more serious at home than their families could at
all times wifh ; as if they exhausted upon strangers
their whole stock of good humour.

———=
——

Let both sexes consider the uncertainty of happi-
nefs.

To cherifh the vain hope of uninterrupted feli-
city, is as absurd as it is to expect unerring perfec-
tion from any child of mortality.

Steadily to adhere to the laudable ambition of ac-
quiring happinefs by virtue, is the only receipe ever
yet discovered, that could reconcile us to our inse-
parable connection with affliction: The fharpnefs of
whose arrows are easily repelled, when not pointed
with guilt.

ee
True is the observation, that however fair the
prospect may for a time appear, affliction, that cer-
tain portion of man, will too often intercept our
most flattering views.-

}

ee

ns

POETRY.

TO A GENTLEMAN ON HIS BIRTH-DAY.

For the Bee.

Aporto ina civil way,

This morning whisper’d in my ear,
*€€ Why suffer sach a blest birth-day,

“ Te rise unsung from year to year?

¢¢ Tell Probus the whole sacred choir
¢ Protest it was a cruel wrong,

© Jn spite of fancy, taste, and fire,

¢ ‘To quit the pleasing path of song.

-€¢ When all Parnafsus clubb’d their brains
‘¢ To form a bard, we bluth’d to see

& The /awyer, laughing at our pains,
“* Forsake his Jaurel for a fee.

‘© Tell him, of three score ten though, turn’é,
€ Our suit no farther to oppose;
© But if an.Otway’s fame be spurn’d,
“¢ ‘To pay his Jong arrears in prose.”
BomBarDINION |

——— — ———— eee?

ON MOSES.

For the Bee,

Trove H, with celestial meeknefs fill’d,
Moses like saw-dust-heap’d the waters,
We thank him not for having kill'd,
And spitted two poor fornicators.
“Where would the story end thould Pitt
Take such a fell reforming fit? —

And then for wosthipping a calf
To knock so many thousands down!
At chis rate one might butcher half
The subjects of the Britith crown;
Since we must always, which is worse,
Knee! to sorge patriot hobbyhorse,
VOL. ix, TT 4

339 poetry. July 4s

The sex when Midian’s camp is takeny
Virgins excepted, too he slays.

What princefs could ensure her bacon,
At such an onset now a days ?

Good faith! Augusta Trinobantum*,

With all his quails wou’d rather want him.
* THUNDERPROOFe

VERSES INSCRIBED TO A YOUNG LADY,
[From THE LATIN OF BUCHANAN. ]

For the Bee.

Camitra, dearer to my soul
Than life with all its dearest joys 5
Thy beauty bids my numbers roll,
Thy praise ten thousand tongues employs,

Unlefs the muses and the graces
Prefer thy glory to chet own:

I swear they fhall resign their places,
And thou, sweet girl! succeed alone.

Such learning at these tender years,
Till now Minerva ne’r beheld,

And Phebus with amazement hears
His wit,—his music,—far excell’d.

Each parent’s worth in thine we trace,
Their virtues make the wonder plain;
For through thy whole illustrious race,
Parnafsus:glows in every vein.
Puito BucHANANUS,

a
SS nL Gat Wp nae eee

SONNET.

"Twas ina fhady grove where ivy twin’d

With creeping tendrils round the knotty trees,
A damsel sat,—her grief and sighs combin’d

In murm’ring whispers with the western breeze.

- She mourn’d the fate of virtue and of love,
Which, wrong directed, prove the source of pain;
But when with mutual sympathy they move,
Our pafsing days glide smoothly on gain.

So glimm’ring wanders in its heav’nly sphere,
The twinkling star of eve to ey eye,
Till once the orb increasing sparkles fair,
And gains its glorious summit in the sky. M.

© The Reman name of London.

1702. memoirs of madame de Maintenon. — 33%

MEMOIRS OF THE FIRST YEARS OF THE LIFE OF THE

CELEBRATED MADAME DE MAINTENON,
Or all the instances that occur in the history of Europe
of great changes of fortune, no one is more surprising than
those that respect madame de Maintenon; who, after a va-
riety of adventures, that would be reckoned extravagantly
absurd in a novel, became the wife of the greatest mo-
natch at that time in Europe. What follows is a slight
fketch of her parentage and history, during the early peri-
od of her life. .

‘ Frances d’Aubigné, grand- dakpbees to Theodore Agrip.
pa d’Aubigné who distinguifhed himself in the civil wars,
and of mademoiselle de Cardillac, was born on the 27th of
November 1635, in the prison of Niort, in which her fa-
ther was at that time confined, on account of his imprudent
conduct, and in which his wife, a prudent and virtuous
woman, had fhut herself up with him.

‘ Madame de Villette, sister to the hufband, came to vi=
sit the lying-in woman, and beheld them in all the hor-
rors of indigence ; her brother deprived of reason by des-
pair, and emaciated by hunger; their eldest child wrapped
in rags, and already sensible of the miseries of her condi-
tion; their second in the cradle, a girl two days old,
who, by her cries, seemed to invite death; the mother
weeping, and offe:ing her breasts, sometimes to her hus-
band, sometimes to her daughter, but hopelefs of saving
either the one or the other, as distrefs and hunger had
dried up her milk, and the was unable to pay a nuxse.>

‘ Abstracting from this description, whatever it may be
supposed to owe to the imagination of the author, we may
still conclude, that, at her birth, Frances d’Aubigné was ex-
posed to extreme misery. Madame de Villette, took her

332 memoirs of madame de Maintenons Fulyy 4a,
with her, and put her into the hands of the same nurse to:
whom fhe had intrusted mademoiseilé de Villette, her:
daughter.

* In a few years madame d’Aubigné obtained liberty tov
her hafband, and set out with him and all her family for
America, where: they had considerable claims, In the:
course of the voyage, Frances fell ill, and was reduced so:

low, that fhe ceased to exhibit signs of life. A: sailor was:

going to throw her overboard. The signal gun was ready

loaded. Madame d’?Aubigné begged: leave to: prefs. ler’

poor infant ence more in: heratms ;—{fhe put her hand on:

whe heart, and felt it still palpitate, ‘ She is. not dead,”

cried fhe; and her maternal cares restored her fully to life.
The vefsel in. which this. unfortunate family were pai-

sengers, was attacked: by « a corsair, but escaped, and arrived:

safe at: Martinico,
“ D’Aubigné establifhed himself there in. so: idakilige’

ous a situation, that he was enabled to live in opulence.

His wife was obliged to return to Europe to- settle some af-
fairs. In her absence, d?Aubigné spent his whole fortune
at play, and fhe found him, om her return, ruined’and dying.

‘Fhe widow returned to France to. obtain afsistance, leav-:

ing her daughter, who was now seven years of age, as. se=

eurity to her creditors, who sent the child about from one:
to another. The judge of the place, taking: pity on her,

received her into his house, but becoming soon weary’ of
her as the others, sent her after her mother. She fell first
into the hands. of madame de Montalambert, her kinswo-

man, who: refused to entertain her. ~She was then recei-:
ved by madame de Villette:her aunt, who brought her up»

in the Calvinist religion.
’ © Her mother, a good catholic, wifhed, notwithstand-:
ing her distrefs, to.take her daughter into: her own hands,.

2992. memoirs of madame de Mainienon. 3355
* This madame de Villette refused, alleging that ma-
dame d’Aubigné could not pofsibly support her. But to:
obviate the objection, madame de Nuillant, another rela-
tion, in easy circumstances, obtained an order to have her
delivered to her, withing to bring her back to the catho-
lic religion ;. fhe attempted that at first by gentle and fair.
means, but when these did not succeed, had recourse to se-
verity: Frances was confounded with the servants, and
degraded to the meanest tafks. about the family, the:
kitchen and the court yard.. She went every morning;
with a mask on her face, to preserve her fine-complexion,,
a straw hat on her head, a bafket under her arm, and a
switch in her hand, to watch the turkies; with orders not
to touch her breakfast, which fhe carried in the bafket un-
der her arm, till the had first got by memory five stanzas of
sacred poetry. Ill treatment had no effect to make her
gratify the wilhes of madame de Nuillant, flie therefore
placed her among the Ursuline nuns of Niort, where ma-
dame de Villette agreed to pay her board; but after her
conversion, that lady withdrew her kindnefs, and the young.
catholic then returned to madame de Nuillant.

‘ This lady went occasionally to Paris in a sedan chair,
carried by two mules, on one of which mademoiselle d’Au-
bigné used to ride. She introduced her to the company
with which fhe herself used commonly to afsociate, boasted
in public of her growing charms, and-in private exercised
over her all the tyranny which dependants are liable to
suffer from their benefactors. ‘The young lady was al-
ready charming, and promised to become completely beau-
tiful ; her figure and her understanding were both above
her years. She was about thirteen when madame de Nuil-
Jant took her to communicate for the first time with the
Ursuline nuns in St James’s street. Frances continued
with them, except when fhe went to see her mother, who:

334 intelligence respecting arts. July ge
supported herself by her labour, and madame de Nuillant,
who continued ‘to fhew her in the world.’

It was in the family of madame de Nuillant that
Scarron, the facetious French poet, became acquainted
with madame d’Aubigné. Her marriage with Scarron,
when he was in a state of decrepitude; her exemplary
conduct as his nurse, rather than his wife; her marriage,
while in her state of widowhood, with Louis x1v. and
her subsequent history, under the name of madame deiviain-
tenon, are so well known, as not to require to be here
developed. She was the most amiable woman that ever
figured at that court; and her history makes a beauti-
ful exception to the general train of base anecdote that
so deeply degrades mankind in the eyes of the philoso-
phical reader of the private history of that period.

INTELLIGENCE RESPECTING ARTS.

Hot house plants reared by the aid of steam, a new discovery.

A cenrteman, who is eminently distinguifhed for his me-
chanical talents, and his improvements in’several branches
of rural economics, ha lately contrived to rear pine apples,
melons, and other hot house plants, without the use of
tan, or other fermentative mixtures, the necefsary heat be-
ing communicated by means of steams and after having |
practised it for at least two years, he can now, with some
degree of confidence, pronounce, that it has even exceed-
ed his highest expectations; and is, in several respects,
preferable to any mode hitherto practised for any hot
house plants, particularly in respect to insects; for he does
not find that any’ one clafs of insects, have ever once at-
tacked any of the plants that have been reared after his

new method.
Lom

1792. intelligence respecting arts. 335 .

The circumstance that led him to the discovery, was
the difficulty of finding ¢a#, in his particular situation.
Chagrined at this, he began to reflect if it might not be
pofsible to do without it.. It readily occurred to him,
that heat and moisture are the two great agents in promo-
_ting vegetation,and he thought, that if these two could be
conjoined together, it could not fail to prove salutary;
steam properly managed seemed to promise to dothis. He
then contrived an apparatus by which water can be kept
properly heated to transmit steam; and this steam, so ma- .
-naged, as to be capable of acting either by its heat only,
_or by its heat and moisture united, as circumstances fhould
indicate to be proper; by means of flues, either horizon«
tally disposed under a bed of earth, or in a perpendicular
wall, both the soil, in which the plants grow, or the wall,
to which they are nailed, can be heated to any degree
wanted ; and by admitting the steam itself at pleasure, ¢i-
ther into the body of the mould, or into the hot house, the
plants may be subjected to a heated bath, if you please so
to call it, which appears, by the experience he has had of
it, to be wonderfully kindly to vegetation. The whole
plant comes to be moistened with a warm vapour, which
slowly condenses into a dew, which seems to penetrate
every part of the leaf, and confers an envigorating frefh-
nefs to the whole plant, that nothing else could have ef-
fected. It is impofsible to conceive any thing more beau-
tiful, luxuriant, and fruitful, than the vines I saw that had
been reared by this mode of management.

‘The world is indebted for this discovery to. Mr Wake-
field of Liverpool, a gentleman, who, to indefatigable
activity and industry, conjoins a spirit of research, and a
talent for mechanical invention, that gives room to hope
for many additional discoveries from that quarter ; among
ethers, he has already made a machine 4or cutting chaff,

376 to correspondents. Fully a:
that, for its simplicity of construction, facility in working,
and perfection in ‘performing its businefs, deserves to be
more generally known. Mr Wakefield has communica-
zed to Mr Moreland of Manchester all the drawings of
his apparatus for managing steam in ‘the rearing of plants,
with ithe full instructions for conducting the whole opera-
tions, andthe latter gentleman is just now preparing the
materials for publication ; so that the public will soon have
‘an opportunity of being fully informed as to all these.
Mr Wekefield’s attention is but incidentally directed to-
wards his garden. He is active in the prosecution of a-
gvicultaral improvements on a larger scale; his dairy, con-
sisting of about 100 cows, cannot perhaps ‘be paralleled
by any other in the island ;—his calves he usually sells at
ten guineas, new dropt ;—his bull is a fine animal, whose
portrait ought to be preserved;—he intends to ‘have it
drawn by Stubs.—These cattle are chiefly fed in winter by
the grains he gets from the large brewery of Liverpool, a
‘monopoly of which article he has obtained for a good
many years; this enables him to keep a very large stock
of cattle in proportion to the size of his farm, which afs
fords so much dung, as must enable ‘him, if he fhall live
avery few years, to make it one of the richest fields in
England. When wealth, and industry, aad good sense, are
mnited, great is their power. )
7

“TO CORRESPONDENTS.

T we favour of Theologus is received. His requisitions fhall be complied
with. The critique on a pafsage in Shakespeare by W.G. is come to hand;
we Will try to give it a corner. Misobrontes will see by the notes to cor-
respondents in our last, that his'suspicions were ill grounded: Hints to the
darned, from a respectable conrespondent, are received, apd will appear the
first convenient Opportunity. Amicus on leases is also received. . The

observations of this correspondent are sensible and pertinent, and fhall be
uly attended to,

SHORT CHRONICLE

OF EVENTS.

May 23. 1792.

Foreren.

; France.

Paris, April 23. About
19000 livres were presented to
the national afsembly, towards
defraying the expence of the
war by different members, re-
quested by their acquaintances
to be the medium of their pa-
triotism. The members of the
national afsembly come to the
resolution of giving up one-
third of their salary, during
the months of May, June, and
July, the whole will amount
to 406,000 livres, (from hence
» we learn that the pay of the
members of the national af-
_ sembly amounts to 4,872,000
livres, or about L. 224,500 per
annum. )

The next day, however, this
decree was revoked.

- The afsembly have decreed
not to grant letters of marque,
as there is not a war against
individuals.

M. la Fayette disapproves
of the war thus hastily entered
into ; asno man knows better the
real strength of the French ar-
my, many are deeply affected

VOL. 1x,

by his conduct, and apprehend
the worst consequences.

The Swifs have annulled
their treaty with France, and
have ordered all. their regi-
ments in the French service to
be recalled.

The following are the sta-
tions of the French general of-
ficers :

Army of Rochambeau, com-
prising the first and sixth divi-
sions——mareschal Rochambeau
at Valenciennes; lieutenant ge-
nerals, —d’Aumont at Lisle,
d’Elbeck at Dunkirk, Crillon,,
senior, at Walenciennes, Cau-
laincourt at Arras, d’Harville:
at Cambray ; nine camp mare-
schals in the before mentioned:
places. 7

Army of la Fayette, con-
taining the 2d, 3d, and 4th di-

| visions,—M. de la Fayette at

Metz, lieutenant generals. Witt- _
genstein and de Bellemont at
Metz, Crillon, junior, at Nan-
cy, Paiquet at Thionville, De-
franc at Luneville; fourteen
camp mareschals in the before
mentioned places.

Army of Luckner, eompre-
2 .

ji historical chronicle.

hending the sth and 4th divi-
Sions,--M. Luckner -at Stras-
bourg; lieutenant generals—de

Gell at Strasbourg, la Moliere’

at Besancon, de Costine, Hel-
terman at Landau; eleven
camp mareschals at. the above
named places.

Defeat of the French forces.

The 28th ult. in the “morn-
ing, M. de Biron, at the head
of 10,c00 men, marched from
near Valenciennes, and pro-
ceeded towards Mons. He
dislodged the Austrian parties
which he found in his pafsage.
The 29th he appeared before
Mons, near which he saw the
enemy most advantageously
posted’ on rising grounds, and
much more numerous than he
had reason to expect, M. de
Biron immediately sent off. a
courier to the commander in
chief, to. acquaint him with: his
position, and pafsed the night
under arms. While he was
waiting for orders, he was in-
formed that the queen’s regi-
ment had deserted, and, as they
fled, had given out that the ge-
neral was gone over-to the e-
nemy. He followed, and for-
ced the deserters back. ‘The
Austrians, perceiving the con-

great havoc.

above four ‘leagues, took most
of their baggage, and many of
their cannon. General Biron
had his horse fhot under him
on the onset; the colonel of
Esterhasy’s regiment was ta-
ken prisoner with his thigh
fhot off.

The same day, at sevenin the
evening, a detachment fromthe
garrison of Lisle sallied out
under the command of major
general Theobald Dillon. His
orders were to march against
Tournay, and make a feint on
that place, to cause a diversion
of the enemy’s forces, while
Biron’s army was employed in
reducing Mons. Inthe morn-
ing, as the detachment halted,
they descried a formidable bo-
dy of Austrians close by. The
enemy’s artillery immediately,
began. to play upon them with,
General Dillon
ordered a retreat to. be sound-
ed, and here too only one
corps (the chafseurs) kept thejr,
ranks, and answered the ene-
my’s fire, all the others ded to
Lisle in the utmost confusien..
Being within a small distance.
of the town, the coward sol-,
diers cut general Dillon in pie-

ces. They dragged. his limbs,

fusion amongst the French to Lisle, and threw them into.
troops, attacked them, and ob- | a fire kindled on purpose in the,
liged them-to retreat. Whole market place. They. hung M.
regiments ran away,—only one! Rerthois, an engineer officer,
corps. behaved with intrepidi- | M. Chaumount, the general’s.
ty, it was the second battalion | Aide de camp, and a priest, for.
of Parisian volunteers. The; no ostensible reason; and then.

Austrians. pursued the French they hung up all the Austrian

historical chroniele.

*prisonérs which the general, by
a good manceuvre, had taken.

Mareschal Rochambeau has
resigned. He complained that
the war minister only commu-
nicated with M. de Biron, and
‘M. d’Aumont, officers under
‘his command.

The minister at war-has re-

‘signed.
Poland.

It is said that Rufsia and
Prufsia intend‘to attack Poland
and destroy its new constituti-
‘on. I -fhall insert the follow-
ing paper, which fhews the u-

manimity of the diet, and the’

confidence they have in the
King.

On the 16th of April, the
diet pafsed a preparative of
public defence. The preamble
states, ‘ That taking God and
all the peopse of the earth to
wwitnels, that we do not mean
to declare war against any.
power; that we hold in the
greatest regard the friendfhip
and good understanding that
has subsisted between us and
our neighbours; and that we
are occupied only in maintain-
ing our liberty and indepen-
dence — and considering that
the negociations between for-
reign courts require from us,
for the guarantee of the terri-
tories of the républic, of the
nation, and of our happy con-
stitution, that we fhould pre-
pare for our defence, we de-
cree,

ai
ert the power invested in hina
by the laws, with the: greatest
activity and efficacy, im pro-
viding for the defence of the
nation.

‘2. We authorise the ing
to engage two orthree foreign

‘generals, and to place them at

the head of the army, with the
rank of commandants in chief,
as well as experienced. officers
of artillery. and engineering. »

‘ 3. We charge the treasury
to negociate a loan, at home
or abroad, for thirty millions,
on a mortgage of the produte
of the sale of starosties.

‘ 4. We .authorise the king
to dispose of all the money a»
rising from ‘this loan, as well as
what may be in the treasury,
if war fhould take place, which
God forbid, in the neceisary
defence of the republic, under
the responsibility of the mini
ter

‘ 5. In: two months from this
date, the minister fhall give ad
account of the ifsues of money.’

They afterwards voted theit
thanks to the prince Czartory-
ki on his mifsion to Dresden.

Miscellancous,

Count d’Aranda has with-
drawn the royal edict of the
20th of July, requiring an oath
from strangers. ‘This edict
contaiied very great inconve-
niences, and served as a pre-
text for vexations of every
kind, and greatly checked the
freedom of trade in Spain.

*y, That the king fhall ex-! The Dutch settlements in

iv historical chronicle.

the eastern world, are in a de- jrelative to the French revoluté-
plorable situation. - At the}on. 3d. That he did not tell
Cape of Good Hope a revolt | all he knew upon his examina-
is hourly looked for—at Bata-|tion. 4th. That he was mem-
via, where the same spirit of|ber of a club connected with
disaffection prevailed, a pesti- | foreign clubs, |

lential fever had swept off} The following sentence is
1600 of their troops; and a|pafsed on Ankerstroem ; ‘ that
whole Chinese colony, consist- | he is adjudged to be infamous
ing of more than 2000 persons, | and unworthy of anyofthe rights
had likewise been destroyed | of a citizen. That he fhall be
by it. put into the pillory fortwo hours’

The states of Brabant. af-]in the forenoon for three suc-
sembled on the 17th April, | cefsive days, and whipt with
when they agreed to grant the | six pair of rods. ‘That his
subsidies with-held from the | head thall be severed from his
two late emperors, and made |body, his right hand cut off,
solemn profefsions of attach-|and his body, thus mutilated,
ment and submifsion to their | fhall be impaled. An inscrip-
new sovereign. The only boon |tion to be placed on the pil-
they afked in return, was the |lory as follows: ‘ Johan Ja-
restoration of the five former|cob Ankerstroem, afsafsin of
counsellors of the council of |the king.’ He was pillored and
Brabant, which is to be grant-.| flogged on the 12th ult. sor
ed. the first time,

The Rufsian forces employ-|_ The duke regent has given
ed against the Turks, are now his property to his children
on their return. (who are to change their

Ismael was evacuated and re-| names) though it was forfei-
stored to the Turks on the |ted to the state by the laws.
25th of last February. The king of Hungary and

The council of two hundred | Bohemia has ifsued an edict
of Bern; have condemned Mr Jenjoining all the French,
Rofset to 25 years imprison-| who are not emigrants, to quit
‘ment on the following charges: | the city of Brufsels in forty-
ist. That being the afsefsor of | eight hours; and those who
Lausanne, he did not denounce | may be in the other cities, and
the crime of a banquet, on the | places of the low countries, are
14th of July last, in honour of | to quit his dominions within
the French revolution. 2d. { eight days after the publicati-
That he suffered buttons and | on of the edict.
ribbons to be worn, and songs} ‘The council of finances at
to be sung at the said banquet, | Brufsels have publifhed an or-

_bistorical-chronicle. v

-dinance prohibiting the vend-

‘ing to, or furnifhing the
French with provisions, ammu-
nition, dc.

One hundred thousand men,

under the command of the
prince of Hohenloe, are on
their march to the low coun-
tries, where they will be join-
ed with 60,000 Prufsia s un-
d rthe command -t the duke
of Brunswick.
_ The latest answer obtained
by the French minister at Ma-
drid, respecting the intentions
of that. monarch, were highly
descriptive of the national cha-
racter. The king of Spain
briefly represents himself as
master of his own affairs, and
mot accountable to any other
power for his actions, much lefs
Sor his thoughts or intentions.
Notwithstanding this, it does
not appear, from any steps yet
taken, that any afsistance will
be afforded to the ex-princes
from that quarter.

A sample of a new sort of
gun-powder has been present-
ed to the national afsembly of
France, the force of which has
been proved to be to that of
common powder as 130 to 107.

Leyden, April 27. It is the
custom for the ministers to pray
for the Stadtholder and fami-
ly. The inhabitants of Heuf-
den, as often as the minister
began this prayer, thewed
“their difsatisfaction by cough-
ing, spitting, blowing the nofe,
and scraping with their feet,

so that a word of the prayer
could not be heard in the
church, however it might as-
cend to heaven. The regen-
cy publifhed an edict, forbid-:
ding all coughing, spitting,
blowing ef noses, during di-
vine service. The citizens”
were peaceable, but from that
day the churches have been
deserted.

Lord Cornwallis, in a letter
to Sir George Oakley, bart.
Ge. dc. dated Camp, ten miles
from Bangalore, Oct. 24.1791.
gives an account of the capture
of Nundy Durgum. :

‘The following are a fe
particulars of.the afsault :

‘The firing of three guns
was the signal of the storm,
whilst the band, with infinite
effect, played “ Britons strike’
home.” Climbing from rock
to rock, and pafsing the deep.
ravines of the mountain, the
patty reached the summit; the:
enemy fled with terror and sur-
prize at the gallant efforts they
saw, after firing a few mufkets,
and throwing a small quantity
of rockets, which did no exe-
cution. Captain Monson car-
ried the works to the right
with much gallantry. He-was
sent merely to scour the wall
and the works, and prevent an
ensilading fire, but seeing the
confusion of the enemy, he
closely pursued them, entering
five different gates immediate-
ly on their heels ; a stand was
made at the last, where a kil-

e

Wi

Jedar arid 200 or 300 of the |

enemy were killed.’

Dowestic.

Extract of a letter from
Deal, May 7.‘ Yesterday some
boats came in from Dunkirk.
They bring the melancholy
intelligence, that on Thursday
- night the town was thrown in-
to the greatest consternation
by the drums beating to arms,
owing to’ a violent disagtee-
ment between a king’s regi-
ment and: a regiment of the
national troops, which arose
to such a height, that the two
parties fired on each other,
and the people who brought
the intelligence, fearing the
consequences, fled to their
boats and sailed immediately ;
but that the firing continued
without intermifsion for a con-
siderable time.’

An attempt was made on
‘Wednesday, May 9. to fire the
House of Commons, which was
happily rendered abortive by
the diligence of the watchman
of the house.

’ The publither of Mr Paine’s
work, on the rights of man,
has received a notice of prose-
cution by the attorney gene-
ral!

The exhibition for this year
at Somerset Place, is augment-
ed by two additional rooms,
and upwards of 200 more pic-
tures than last year have been
admitted. The additional rooms

Pistorical chroniche.

The duke’ of York is ap-
pointed commander in chief of
the third regiment of guards.

A court martial afsembled
on board his majesty’s hip
Brunswick in Portsmouth har-
bour, on the 27th of April, pro-
ceeded to inquire into the cause
and circumstance of the lofs of.
his majesty fhip Sirius, and to try
captain Hunter, her comman-
der, her officers, and company,
for their conduct on that oc-
casion; and having heard the
evidence, and completed the
inquiry, the court is of opinion
that the lofs of the Sirius was
not in any respect owing to
mismanagement, or a want of
proper attention to her safety ;
but that captain Hunter, her
officers, and company, did
every thing that was pofsible.
to be done for the preserva-
tion of his majesty’s said fhip
Sirius, and for the good of his
majesty’s service ; and the said
captain Hunter the other of-
ficers, and company of the said
fhip, are therefore honourably
acquitted.

An acre of ground on the
banks of the Clyde, a little be-
low the new bridge Glasgow,’
which has been rented for

‘these sixteen years past at L. 5

a year, was lately sold by pub-
lic auction, for L. 350 sterling.
A striking instance of the in-’
creasing value of landed pro-

| perty in that part of the coun-
_try. ;

are the plaister gallery, and | A letter was received May 2.’

the library.

historical chronicte.

in town from Sierra Leone, |
giving an account of the safe
arrival there of the com-

pany’s fhip. Harpy, and, other
velsels which sailed from Eng-
land about the beginning of
the year, as well as of the fleet
from Nova Scotia, with up-
wards of 1100 free blacks, all
in good health and spirits.

A warrant has lately recei-
yed the royal signature, for if-
‘suing from thetreasury L. 1674
Zos. and 3d. to Evan Nepean
esq. for presents to the In-
dians.

» A number of the freemen
of Carlisle, after timely notice
given, accompanied by Mr
Lowthian their attorney. pro-
ceeded on the 4th of May
to Kingsmuir, near that city,
and took pofsefsion ofan estate
there, by breaking open a gate
and digging a turf. This, it
seems, is done in order that
the pofsefsor may join ifsue,
and try the rights of property
therein. The question also re-
spects several other estates in
that place.

_ We learr. from Dumbarton,
that,on the 3oth of !ast month,
a liberal subscription was en-
tered into to support the free-
holders of Kirkcudbright in the
appeal, relative to the eldest
sons of peers being entitled
to vote in the election of com-
Moners, or to he chosen as
representatives of the commons
in Scotland. At the same
mecting, the following gentls-

vit
men are appoiited delegates
from the county of Dumbarton,
to meet the delegates from the
other counties’ in Scotland, in
Edinburgh, on the 2d of July
next, to take into-consideration
the present state of the election
laws: of the country, wz. lord
president, lord. Stonefield, Mr
Graham of Gartmore, Mr
Campbell younger of Claw-
thick, and Mr’ Buchanan of /
Ardock.

Oa the 15th inst. a daring
and most ingeniously conduc
ted forgery, was imposed up-
on the public, as news from
the East Indies. It so far an-
swered the purpose of those
concerned in the plot, as to
raise India stcek jive, and con-
sols two per cent.

We never remember any
stery (the spurious gazette ex-
cepted) to have been practised
upon the public: with greater
succels, Letters were recei-
ved by the court of directors,
and by the secretary of state,
dated from Bristol, and with
the Bristol post mark, inform-.
ing them that a vefsel had spe-

‘ken off Scilly with the Vestal.

frigate, which had been dis-
patched by Earl Cornwallis,
with the important intelligence
of his proceedings : That lier=
tenant Abercrombie was char-—
ged with dispatches to govern-
ment; that the Vestal had
been beating up fer severak

days against a hard gale of

wind from the N. E. and, bes.

viii
ing disabled, lieutenant Aber-
crombie, fearing that he fhould
not soon get into port, had re- |
solved to write out a fhort. ab-
stract of his important news,
to send home by the first vef-
sel he fhould meet with.
The accounts given in th:s

letters were the most favour- |

able that could have happened,
that Tippoo Saib had been en-
tirely defeated, and Seringapa-
tam taken.

So ready are we to give cre-
dit to joyful tidings, that no
doubt was entertained of the
truth. The court of directors,
‘afsembled for the ballot, an-
nounced it with three cheers.
Mr Dundas was equally eleva-
ted. He ordered a letter to
be sent to Lloyd’s from the
‘ India House, and he himself
“set out post to Kew, to an-
nounce the triumphs to his
majesty. Nay, so determined
were men to believe the fact,
that a rumour gained credit of
the actual arrival of the vefse]
in Plymouth sound, and a no-
tice to this effect got upon
Lloyd’s books. Towards the
evening, people began to doubt
the truth of the intelligence,
for a circumstance, which, in
the first moment of general
joy had been entirely over-
looked, now presented itself
with great force. No vefsel
had been entered upon Lloyd’s
books, as arrived at Bristol] for
two days preceding, in con-
sequence, the entry of the vef-
sel was at night erazed.

historical chronicle.

May 14. The General Af-
sembly of the church of Scot-
, land met.—The right hon. the
earl of Leven, his majesty’s
commifsioner, attended by a
number of noblemen and gentle-
men, waked from his lodging
to the High Church (the 53d
regiment and the city guard
lining the streets), where he

was received by the magis- —

trates in their robes. The rev.
Dr
ministers of Dundee, the late
moderator, preached before the
commifsioner, from Hebrews
Xlil. I.
love continue.’

After sermon his grace went —

to the afsembly-room, and the
members preceeded tochoose a
moderator for the ensuing year,
when Dr Andrew Hunter, pro-
fefsor of divinity in the uni-
versity and one of the mini-

sters of Edinburgh, was unani- —

His Grace’s

mously chosen.

commifsion was then read, and _

also his majesty’s letter, and

warrant for L. 1000 for propa~'
gating religion in the High-'

lands and islands of Scotland,
which were ordered to be en-
grofsed in the books of the
Alsembly.

May 18. The foundaticn

stone of the Glasgow infirma-’
ry was laid by the lord provost,’
attended by the magistrates

council @'c. of that place.

The whole company were
drefsed in black, and made a J

very fine appearance.

Robert Small, one of the |

rs And let brotherly ;

SHORT CHRONICLE ‘<

OF EVENTS.

ee Se

June 13. 1792.

“Foreicn.
France.

‘M. Barrseremy has received

positive afsurances from the

«council of 200 at Berne, that
the most exact neutrality will
be observed by the troops of
the republic, and that they
‘hope a similar conduct from
the French.

Mareschal Rochambeau per-
sists in demanding his dismif-
sal. It has been accepted.

M. de Crillon, the elder, who
served in Rochambeau’s army
as a general officer, and M. de
Beauharnois, who distinguithed
himself so. much in the expe-
dition against Mons, who were
both members of the constitu-

-ent afsembly, constantly at-
tached to the popular party,
and both of distinguifhed mili-
tary abilities, have also given
in their demifsion; and we
are afsured, that a great num-
ber of officers of the northern
army will follow their example.

On the 16th the Austrians
marched to Bavai, an inconsi-
derable place, between Valen-
ciennes and Maubeuge; it

VOL. 1x.

was guarded by 100 of the re-
gulars—at an early hour in the
morning, the French: detached
scouts from their little body ;
but these returned without
having discovered the enemy,
—2500 Austrians, however,
soon appeared and surrounded
the town. The besieged fired
some musquet fhots, but the
Germans fhowed their cannon.
—The French surrendered,
and were made prisoners of
war; the inhabitants were dis-
armed. The Austrians took
five wagon-loads of ammunition
with them, and marched with
their prisoners to Mons—some
of the soldiers began to’pillage,
but they were immediately ta-
ken before the French magis-
trates, and received in their
presence fifty strokes of a stick
each. A party of - dragoons
rode-into Valenciennes, and
gave information of what had
taken place ; the French gene-
rals afsembled, and it was re-
solved that marfhal Luckner,
with 3000 men, fhould march
to Bavai, while general Rocham-
beau put himself at the head
b i

4
of the grand body.

Luckner marched into
place, without experiencing
any resistance, the Austrians
having evacuated it two hours
before.

The French officers are dai-
ly quitting the army ;—you
have here the list of those who
arrived at Treves, from the qth
to the 11th instant—On the
4th of May arrived forty-two
of the Poitou’s regiment, and
several soldiers of different
corps. On the sth, twenty-
eight officers of artillery from
Metz, with some privates,
—the 6th, thirteen officers of
artillery, from the same garri-
son, with fifteen citizens, well
armed, well mounted, and ha-
ving their pockets well lined ;
the latter went immediately
to the prince of Condeé’s quar-
ters; the same day, a spot was
chosen on the frontiers of Ger-
man Lorraine, for a camp of
34,000 emigrants,—on the 7th
arrived ten officers of different
regiments,—on the 8th twelve
officers of the regiment of Al-
sace, and almost the whole re-
giment of Berchiny,—the goth
twelve officers of Lorraine,—
the roth intelligence was gi-
ven that the Royal Allemand
horse, were within two leagues
of Treves, and solicited per-
mifsion to march in,—the men
had not eaten for fourteen
hours; all the emigrants,
above 4000 ip number, ran
out to meet the regiment, ha-

historical chronicle.

Marthal! ving previously purchased prov
the |

visions of every kind for the
troopers. ‘J’he first expreisi-
ons of joy were vive le roi!—
On the rith a courier announ-
ced that Saxe’s regiment had
joined the princes.

The bedy guard of the king
is disbanded, and the com-
mander Brifsac accused.

Germany.

Vienna, March 16. Her im-
perial majesty has followed her
consort to the grave. She.died
on the rsth, highly regretted
by her family, and indeed by
all the inhabitants of this ca-
pital, on account of her many
illustrious virtues. Her mo-
ney, jewels, &c. are left in e-
qual proportions among her
other children.

Lieutenant genexal count de
Clairfait, who lately set off
from this residence for the low
countries, has been instructed
to tell the French. generals,
that in case any more murders
be committed upon their pri-
soners, the Austrians will take
the most ample vengeance on
such of the enemy as may fall
into their hands in the course
of the war.

Coblentz, May 17. On tlie
11th the archives and treasure
of the chapter of Treves, were
brought in a number of chests,
and placed in our fortrefs for
security, for fear of an attack
upon the frontiers of Treves.

The Austrian troops have
received orders to hasten their

historical chronicle.

Xi

arrival at Landau as much as'|on of Rufsia, with regard to-

Pofsible by forced marches.

‘The arrival of emigrants and
French deserters is so great,
that in the course of a few
days their number amounts to
Near 500.

The elector Palatine is great-
ly alarmed for the safety of his
territories on the Rhine. The
French have demanded of him
leave to march 6000 men thro’
his bailiewick of Gemerfheim,
which he thought proper not
to refuse.. Of this circumstance
his minister has informed the
court of Vienna.

The property left by the late
emperor is stated to amount to
15,000,000 of florins.

Brandenburgh May 19. The
troops destined to act against
the national afsembly of France,
as it is exprefsed in the orders
ifsued on that subject, have
been on a war footing since
the r5th of this month. They
will not, however, march be-
fore June;
France. are not the: sole motive
for putting the king’s troops in
motion. . ‘J ne regiments stati-
oned in Pomerania, have re-
ceived orders to hold them-
selves in readinefs to march to
the frontiers of Poland. Twen-
ty-five thousand men will be
ready to afsemble there by the
8th of June. The regiments
of Braun and Lignowdki, at
Berlin, are also to prepare to
march to Silesia. We only

wait for the final determinati- |

Poland.
Poland.

Warsaw, May 14. Mefsen-
gers are continually going be-
tween this place and Peters-
burgh, and we hope the Ruf.
sians will be kept fyom com-
mitting hostilities. They are
still on the frontiers of Lithu-
ania, We expect that by the
27th inst. it will be determi-
ned what will be done on their
part. In the mean time all the
officers are ardered to join their’.
regiments, and we are putting:
the kingdom im the best state

f defence pofsible.

Two corps of Tartars, of.
5co men each, are raising, be-
sides two regiments of cofsacks
of 1000 men each, and four’
battalions of light infantry.

Warsaw, May 20. The
grand blow, which we have soy
long expected, is struck. Ruf
sia, seeing war declared be-
tween Austria and France, and

and the affairs of | finding herself likely to be cal-

led upon to fulfil her engage-
ments’ with the former of those
two powers, has now avowed her
intentions, which are to over=
turn the present constitution
of Poland, and give to it a
form of government, which
may best suit herself. An of-
ficial declaration has been de-
livered to our government on:
this subject, dated the 18th of
this month, and filling twelve
pages, in three languages, Po.
uih,. French, and Rutsian, It

xl
announces therein the entrance
of the Rufsian troops on the
territory of Poland, and the
formation of a new confedera-
tion. War is therefore decla-
red.— The republic, afsured
that all Europe is fully convin-
ced, that it neither. merited
nor provoked such a step, has
taken such measures as may
supply the deficiency in point
of forces; and amongst other
resolutions adopted by the diet,
a decree was ifsued the 11th
of this month, entitled,‘ A mea-
sure for a just concurrence of
citizens for the general defence
of the country ;’ the substance
of which is, that whoever, in
the present war, suffers by the
inroads of the enemy, fhall be
indemnified by a fraternal con-
tribution of the whole nation,
agreeably to the report of
an extraordinary commifsion,
which fhall be appointed to ex-
amine their claims; but those
Poles who prove rebels, and
traitors to their country, fhall
forfeit their fortunes, and suf-
fer the death they deserve.
Lifbon, April 10.

The queen is much better,
and her health returns daily ;
but.it, will still require a long
space of time toeffect a perfect
cure. The prince of Brasil is
very wellsatisSed with Dr W3l-
is, and protects him against his
numerous competitors who are
jealous of his succefs.

Erufsels. May.25.
This government has recei-

historical chronicle.

ved an. account that -genera!é
Sztaray, who had ‘been quar-
tered at Charleroy, to watch
the movements of M. la Fay-
ette’s army, having understood:
that a large detachment was
posted at a place called Flo-
renne, at no great distance
from Philipville; he resolved.
to attack it, though his force
was much inferior; M. de
Gouvion’s numbers being esti-
mated at 7000, and those. of:
general Sztaray at but three. .
‘The French, after an obstinate
resistance, in. the end gave
way, leaving 150 dead, several
wounded, three pieces of can-
non, and all their baggage and :
ammunition ; the lofs of the
Austrians was four killed and..
twenty-two wounded.
Miscellaneous.

Nine thousand Italian troops .
under the command of general .
de Strasaldo, are to unite with
those of the king of Sardinia ;
so that an. army of 30,000 men .
will oppose the French on the
side of Savoy.

The Prufsian troops are in.
motion, and part of them will
pafs through Bohemia, by way.
of fhortening their journey.

The court of Bruisels has
ordered all the French who are
not provided with certificates,
given by the agent of the
French princes at. Brufsels, to.
leave the Jow countries in two
days; after. which, if appre-
hended, they will be regarded
as prisoners of war.

historical chronicle.

. IM. de Calonne’s manifesto,
intended ta be read at the head
of the emigrant army, as soon
asit obtains a footing in France,
contains the ground work for
the new constitution which is
to govern that country. Its
leading features are the same
as our own; it proposes to
have two chambers of parlia-
ment, of course the nobility
will be restored.

. The. American funds have
fluctuated in a very uncommon
degree, within. the last six
months. ‘Those who specula-
ted in them in the first instance
made immense sums. And so
high was the public opinion in
their favour, that the six per cents
were run up to L. 150. But
this fictitious value didnot last
long ; and the fall has produ-
ced several considerable failures

-at New York. They are aow
down to 120, producing > anin-
terest of five per cent.

_ The pope has had another
apoplectic attack, in a journey

‘tothe Pontine marshes. On
the ,oth he was somewhat re-

covered, and expected at Rome. !

At. Stockholm every thing
is in the utmost tranquillity.
The government notes are ri-
‘sing every day. The subscrip-
‘tion of one-fifth in billets d’e-
tat to the bank of discount,
was filled iy half an hour.
The criminais, against whom
‘the fiscal has drawn his con-

; usions, set their defence yes-
ay ; but count Morn is ex-

XTi

| ceedingly ill; Besides the con-

clusions of the fiscal alcveady-
known, the royal secretary,
John d’Engeletrom, brother of
the chancery counsellor, and
Nordel, the territorial judge,
are condemned to live on bread.
and water four days, to lose
their places, and the first is al-
so, to be degraded from the.
rank of nobility. . Secretary
Haldin will be set at liberty.

Domesric.
Jaa. 19. 1792.
Extract of a letter to ibe Editor
| fromFortS: George, by theP henix...

‘I wrote you. to day a few
lines with the Madras couriers, .
directed to the care of Mr
—and did net intend ta.
write farther at present; but
the importance of the news.
just received, which must have
a great influence in terminating
the war speedily, has made me
appropriate the few moments .
betore the closing of the packet
for that purpose.

‘Our arms have been succefs-
ful beyond every expectation,
since I last wrote you in Sep-
tember ;.and the panic. with-
Tippoo’s best trowps, is now so
great, that they desert their
strongest holds on the sight of
a white face, as you will see
by the accounts in the couriers .
of the hill torts, or droogs that
have been taken, wh at are SO
‘strong, by mature and art, as
to be almost impregnable with.
a good garsison.. About seven:

i al

xiv
months ago Purseram Bhow,
second in command of the Ma-
hratta army, a brave and ac-
tive officer, separated from
Hurry Punt the Mahratta ge-
neral, and took with hima
great force, 30,000 fighting
horsemen; for there are a num-
ber attendants also mounted to
each trooper ; a small body of
Mahratta infantry and our two
Bombay battalions. He has
been ever since ‘hanging about
the confines of the Bidanore
country, from which Tippoo
could only expect ‘any supply
of provisions, and which indu-
ced Tippoo to detach one of his
most experienced generals with
eight guns and a large and se-
lect body; they came so vn-
expectedly on the Bhow, that
the advanced guard, sent to re-
connoitre, were cut to pieces.
The Bhow and his people had
just time to mount when the
action commenced, which is
said to have lasted from morn-
ing to night, for the particu-
lars are not yet publicly
known; andthat Tippoo’s army
was totally destroyed, their
guns, Ge. and their general
taken ; the Bombay battalions
had the greatest fhare in the
attack, but the numbers of Ma-
hratta cavalry no doubt com-
pleted the defeat. The Mah-
rattas are supposed to have
suitfered severely 3 we have on-
ly lost one officer, and a few
seapoys. Tippoo had no doubt

historical chronicle.

it would have inspired courage
into his people if he had suc-
ceeded. His succefs against
the Nizams troops at Gurrum-
cundah, who were surprised’
and cut to pieces, must have
added to his hopes.

‘ This bcdy must have been
the flower of his army ; and
as he has now lost all his hill-
forts, before thought impreg-
nable, it is not imagined that’

his people will defend Se-
ringapatnam. Lord Cornwal-

lis is within forty miles of his
capital, completely equipped
with a battering train and every
military store ; and is by this
time on the move, [| think it
very probable before the end’
of this month that all will be
finithed, as far as the taking of
the capital, and annihilating
Tippoo: as a sovereign. tor be
dreaded 5 he may get into the
Bidanore country, and support
himself in a small .way for:
some time.’

Advices have been receiv-"
ed from Ireland, stating that
an afsociation of the Roman
Catholics had been formed, to:
which Napper 'Fandy (although
a protestant difsenter) is secre-
tary, and of which every des-
cription of people, within this
kinedom, unrepresented in par-
liament, are invited to become:
members. The object held’
out is a parliamentary reform,
on the great basis of admitting: ©
the Roman catholic,and other

great expectations of succe{s,and| difsenters, to the right of yoting® ”

historical chroutcle. xv

for and. sitting as representa- | fame; but they were very soon
“tives. quieted, but not till after they
And in order to accomplifh | had destroyed allthe disorder-
this, a long and solemn oath is | ly houses of the place.
to be taken, that each person On the 4th of last month, a
who becomes a member, will, |subscription was opened at
‘at the hazard of his life and| Armagh in order to make a
property, and by every means| donation to the National Af
in his power, endeavour to ac- | sembly of France, to enable it
complith this great purpose. to carry on the war against
On the arrival-of captain|the king of Hungary. The
Edwards of tlt Pandora, at | Belfast second society of uni-
Copang, the capital of the | ted Irifhmen, at a meeting late-
Dutch settlements at Timor, |iy, also unanimously resolved
in the schooner,. after the lofs] on contributing their fhare of
of the‘thip, they were treated | money to afsist the people of
with the greatest humanity | France in the present war.
and attention by governor] On the 23d of May, died,
Wanjon,and the other gentle-|in the 74th year of hisage, the
men ofthe place. There they | right honourable George Brid-
found eight men, a woman, and | ges Rodney, lord Rodney; ba-
two children, who had made|ron Rodney of Rodney Stoke,
their escape from Botany Bay,| Somersetfhire, baronet and
in an open six-oared cutter. K. B. an admiral of the white,
Orders have been ifsued|and vice admiral of England.
from the. admiralty for the | His lordfhip is succeeded in his .
-thips of war which areto com-|estate by his eldest son the
pose the squadrons on foreign | honourable George Rodney.
stations, to be ready for sail- Chere lately arrived in
ing on the fhortest notice. Glasgow, from the island of
"Phe. store-thiy ps and. trans-| Bara, twenty - four families,
ports for carrying the convicts | consisting of 131 men, women,
of both sexes. to Botany-Bay, ;and children, all of whom the
are to go out under convoy of |afsociation for preventing emi-
the Lyon man of war of sixty-| gration has taken charge of,
four guns going on the Asiatic | and procured employment for
station. them, in and about Glasgow.
_ There were some distur-} Twenty farnilies more are soon
dances at Birmingham on the | expected fromthe island ofMull.
22d of last month, occasioned! The king has lately signed
by the death of a soldier, in a proclamation for preventing
consequence of wounds he had |the officers, privates, or any 0-
aeccived in a house of bad therindividual under the Britifb

‘xvi “historical chronicle.
crown, from entering into the which was taken by the offi-
service of either the French| cers, according to their direc-
er the Hungarians. tions. We understand strict
The marquis of Abercorn! orders are ifsued to “his ma-
is to succeed the earl of West- | jesty’s officers ‘to search all
moreland, as lord lieutenant of | suspected persons; and wri-

Ireland.

Alexander Abercrombie esq.
is appointed to be one of the
senators of the college of jus-
tice, in the room of the late
lord Rockvile.

The musical festival, in ho-
nour of Handel, and for the
establifhment ofa musical fund
was celebrated this year ‘at St
Margaret’s, instead of West-
minster abbev.

On the 23d of May a riot
happened in the town of Der-
by, in which ‘several gentle-
men had their windows broken ;
but by the timely interference
of the magistrates, further mis-

chief was prevented.

Canterbury, Fune x. In con-
sequence of an information,
two officers from the custom-
house at Dover yesterday fol-
lowed a gentleman to Canter-
bury, who had arrived from
France in the packet ; the in-
formation ftated him to have
in his pofsefsion seditious and
treasonable writings. On search-
ing his trunk, only one packet
was found (except some family
papers), which was addrefsed
to the president of the consti-
tutional Whig Club in Lon-
don. It contained some pro-
‘fefsions of friendfhip from the
Jacobin Club of ‘Thoulouse,

| tings of a seditious tendency
|found in their pofsefsion, are
|immediately to be forwarded
| to the council-board.

On Saturdaya greater num-
ber of aieiibelimae beth houses
of parliament attended at St
James’s to present the addrefs _
respecting the late proclama-
tion, than was ever witnefsed
on any former occasion, even
on the memorable event of the
American war. The chancel-
lor had fifty carriages in his
train ; and the speaker upwards
of twice that number. His
royal highnefs the prince of
Wales, and royal dukes, attend-
ed for the first time, not as
princes, but as individual peers.

On the 4th, 5th, and @th of
this month, there were some
appearances of riots in Edin-
burgh, some gentlemen got
their windows broken, but no
other mischief was done by the
mob. By the interference of
the military they were very
soon quelled, not however till
some lives were lost, they
being obliged to fire before
the mob would disperse. 1

London June 4th. We are
sorry te observe that a riot |
took place in Monmouth-street
on the king’s anniversary, but
no material damage was done.

SHORT CHRONICLE

OF EVENTS.

July 4. 1792.

ES 2 ere
\

France. | have been sapping the: founda~-
France has long exhibited altions of true freedom. The
very interesting appearance to|Jast national afsembly seemed:
all surrounding nations, andjto foresee this before their dif-
affairs there begin now to al-|solution, and therefore disco-
sume a very scrious-cast; andap-|vered the most earnest. solici-
proach to some important crisis.jtude to fx and define the con-
‘There is a determined firmnefs| stitution, and guard it from.
in the following letters of Ja innovations with all the caution
Fayette, that could only pro-!in their power. .. This consti-
ceed from a conviction that he}tution, having been. solemnly
is to have a powerful support.|approved of by the nation at
From whence that is to arise, al|lJarge, has: been a powerful bar-
little time will probably disco-|rier to their views. They

ver; but now, we conceive, be-
gins the most interesting peri-
ed of the French revolution;

durst not.directly attack it;.
but, no. means: have been. ne-
glected to sap its foundations,

and it deserves to be adverted|and to: get it overturned by
to with care. indirect means, As it is pret-
All our readers know, that |ty generally believed, that the

for a long while past, a set of |king adopted the constitution
levellers, under the name of |rather from. necefsity, than
the club of Jacobins, | have |choice, their chief efforts have
_borne sovereign sway in France. |been iehdcae directed towards.
They dictated to the king, to ‘the inducing him, and the royal
the national afsembly, and dg learsity, to do something that,
the nation itself. “ By, their|might be deemed an infraction
influence, the most. atrocious! of the constitution, on his part,

deeds have been sanctioned| which would have afforded a,
with applause, and under the fas-| fair pretext, for them making,
inating name of liberty, they|such decrees, by way af pror.

VOL, 1X, a

XViil historical chronicle.
viding for the: saféty of the | written, which, as very impor:
public,;-as would have answer- | tant state papers, areshere sub-.
ed the purpose they had in |joined for preservation. -
view; .but the king has been} National afsembly, June 109.
so well advised, as not to fall] The president announced ‘a
into the snare that was prepar-|letter from M. la Fayette,
ed for him. dated June 17th, in which
The sober part of the nation ‘. The general congratu-
have not, in the mean while, | lates France that the ministry,
beheld these proceedings with
indifference. They have per-
ceived that the liberty they
wifhéd to secure, was in great
danger of degenerating into li-
centiousnefs; and they have
‘gradually begun to speak, and
to act, with @réater._caution and
circumspection than formerly.
Their “hopes of succeeding in
establi(hing a free constitution,
ona firm basis, and‘ without’
bloodfhed, seem to have been
founded on presetving the life
of the king and éstablifhing his
constitutional authority, as a
proper counterpoise to’ the
wild ebullitions of democratical |
phtenzy. Hence it has been ve-
ry obvious fora long while past,
that while one party have been
endeavouring to depreciate the
king in the eyes of the nation,
the other party have endea-
voured to make him obtaia the
popular favour. -'The popular
favour he has, accordingly, ob-
tained of late; in a: very high.
degree. Ps
The above, we concéivé, to
be a very fait representation
of the internal state of France,
at the period whea the follow-
ing resnarkable letters~ were
{ .

on, without: any means to re-
gulate the destiny of the coun-
try, is now on the’ eve of be-

of his colleagues.’
firronefs, the wisdom, and the

be very careful never to devi-

constitution points ‘out. :

“* The utmost rigour fhould
be employed: speedily to ‘exter-
minate those. who stile. them~-
selves: the Jacobin faction,
-who are the focus of conspira-
cy, the center of insubordinati-
on and disorder’; . in fine, the
source’ of past’ and present
evils, and the contagious germ
of fature mischief.

“‘ Tinyite the afsembly to
reflect that this distinct party
is an empire within an enmpire;s—
they usurp the- tights and the
power of the ‘people;-they
have celebrated the afsafsins of
Desiles;—they have celebra-
teda. Jourdan. © oyive

® J denounce to you this»

which had the vain presumpti--

ing unmatked, after having sa--
crificed to their ambition: three:

“ France is in danger,—it: |
founds all its hopes on the

dignity of its representatives. -
Those représentatives fhould.

ate from that path -which’ the’

historical ebronicle.

‘faction as hostile tothe consti-
tution, hostile to the glory of
the legislative body, hostile to
the king, hostile to the natio-
‘nal guards, hostile to all the
constituted powers, hostile to
the ‘discipline of the army,
hostile to all France, which it
‘keeps in continual ferment
-and disorder.

“ I will communicate to the
‘the afsembly the correspon-
‘dence of the principal minister
who made use of the influence
-of this faction for his own ele-
vation. It will be perceived,

‘to advance without precaution,
‘and to attack without means,
‘he only gave us perfidious,
~weak, and false counsel.

“ I clearly ‘see, and others
‘likewise will, perhaps, be sen-
sible, that there is a-good un-
‘derstanding between the mem-
“bers of the public agents of a-
‘ristocracy, and those who af-
‘sume the mask of patriotism,
‘and who call tuemselves the
most zealous patriots. -In the
sarmy which I command, .I see
‘on all sides, patriotism, confi-
‘dence, and all the virtues,—
here calumny and faction are
equally unknown. In order
‘that we, soldiers of our coun-
try, may fight and die ‘profit-

ably in her defence, it 4s ne-

cefsary that the number. of her
supporters fhould be equal to
that of her enemies, and'that
thousands of arms fhould be
opposed to them-in-the field,

*RIX
while, in the mean time, the
sacred principles of the consti- ~
tution are preserved in the in-
terior parts of the empire, with
all the care due to so precious
adepot. May liberty receive
no injury,—may the royal. pow-
er remain. inviolate and inde-
pendent, for it exists in the
constitution,—may tlie king be
revered, he is invested with
the national dignity,—may his
council not wear the chains of
faction,—may the clubs des-
troyed by you, give place to

‘the reign of the laws.
-that, after having ordered me}

“ Sach are ‘the representa-
tions, the petitions ofa citizen,

‘to whom no one can with ; jus-

tice impute any want of attach-
ment to liberty. In addreising
this letter to you, I obey the
dictates of my -conscience; I

-could not delay it longer; for

amid the chances of war, the
obligations to duty are neither
diminifhed nor suspended.”
(Signed) La Fayzrre.
Extract of a letter from M. /a

Fayette to. the king.
Entrenched camp of Maubeuge,

June 16.1792. 4th year “of

Liberty.

“ Sire,

“ T have the honour to send
your majesty the copy of alet-
ter to the national afsembly,
in which your majesty will
find the exprefsion of. senti-
ments that have animated my
whole life.. The king knows
with what ardour, with what

constancy,;-I have been at all

XX
times devoted to the cause of
diberty, tothe sacred princi-
ples of humanity, equality, and
justice. He knows that I was
always the adversary of facti-
ons, the enemy of licentious-
_nefs, and that no power which
I thought unlawful, was ever
acknowledged by me. He
knows my devotion to his con-
stitutional authority, and my

attachment to his person.
Such, Sire, are the bases of my
letter to the national afsembly,

-such will be those of my con-
«luct towards my country and
your majesty, amid the storms
which so many combinations,
hostile, or factious, strive to
draw upon us.

“ It belongs not to me, Sire,
to give to my opinions or my
‘measures, a higher degree of
importance than the unconnec-
ted acts of a simple citizen
ought to pofsefs ; but the ex-
prefsion of my thoughts was
always a right, and on this oc-
casion becomes a duty ; and
although I might have fulfilled
this duty sooner, if, instead. of
being to be heard from the
midst of a camp, my voice had
been to ifsue from the retreat
from which I was drawn by
the dangers of my country, I
do not think that any public
function, any personal conside-
Yation, releases me from exer-
cising this duty of a citizen,
this right of a freeman.

“ Persist, Sire, strong in the

Bstorical chronicle:

will has delegated’ to you, in
the generous resolution of de-
fending the principles of the

|constitution against all their

enemies. Let this resolution,
supported by all the acts of our
private life,,as by a firm and
full exercise of the royal pow-
er, become the gage,of harmo-.
ny, which, above all in. the mo-
ments of crisis, cannot fail to
be establifhed between the re-
presentatives elected by the
people, and their hereditary re-
presentative. It is in, this re-
solution, Sire, that for your
country and. yourself, are glo-
ry and safety. There you will
find the friends. of liberty, all
good Frenchmen, ranged around
your throne, to defend it a-
gainst the machinations of the
rebellious, and the enterprises
of the factious. And I, Sire,
who, in their honourable ha-
tred, have found the recom-
pence of my persevering oppo-
sition, —I will always merit it
by my zeal to serve the cause
to which my whole life is.de-
voted, and by my fidelity to
the oath which I have taken
to the nation, the law, and.the
king.

“Such, Sire, are the unalte-
rable sentiments of which j
subjoin the hamage, and th:
of my respect,”

(Signed) La Faverr

Before the above letter a,
peared the,clubists were, in t!
most violent rage,—this }

authority which the national} made them desperate, —2

. historical chronicle.

we now touch the very crisis |

of our fate. Either the king |
or the club must triumph in|
two days from this date.

Last night, Monday, the Ja-
-cobins declared their sittings
permanent. Nothing could e-
qual the extravagance of their
conduct.
M. ia Fayette fhould be sent to
Orleans to stand trial as a trai-
tor; but it was recollected
that he was ‘at the head of an
‘army who might not give a
‘civil reception to the huifsier
of their club. It was even
proposed that a decree fhould
be paised, declaring him to be
the enemy of France, and that
consequently every citizen had
aright to kill him. And it
-was finally proposed, that the
national legislative afsembly
fhould be declared an a/semblee
constituente.

Finding themselves howe-
ver in a minority in the nati-
onal afsembly, they had next
recourse to the agents, on
whom they had hitherto de-
pended, the mob. By the in-
stigation of these leaders, a
vast body of people, consisting
of men, women, and children,
armed with weapons of all
sorts, entered the national af-
sembly, and pafsed through
it with drums beating and
_ colours flying, Irom thence
they proceeded to the Thuil-
leries, leaving the afsembly in
the most. anxious solicitude

They proposed that |

XX
for the safety of the king;
and bursting open the doors of
the palace, the whole royal a-
partments were filled for near-
ly the whole day with a perpe-
tual succefsion of armed bands,
who loudly demanded the king
would sanction the two obnox-
ious statutes. But even among
this mob the-king has now be-
come so popular acharacter, and
he behaved with.so much firm-
nefs and decorum, that no one
was found so wicked as to inflict
that wound which was probab-
ly expected by those who in-
stigated. it, and which must
have plunged the nation into
a sea of bloodthed.

Thus pafsed over a day that
will probably be long celebra-
ted in the annals of France, as
one of the most important that
ever occurred in that country.
This violent procedure imme-
diately removed that mist from
the eyes of the national alsem-
bly, which had hitherto pre-
vented them from seeing the
infinite absuzdity and danger of
countenancing the proceedings
of-a mob, under any pretext
whatever: And it was unani-
mously decreed, That, on no
account, {hall any armed force
be admitted in future into the
national afsembly.. What will
be the farther effects of this
check to the proceedings of
the Jacobin club, and the con-
sequences of the increase of
power to the opposite party,

xxii
are still in the womb of futu-
rity, and will be gradually dis-
Played by succeeding events.
Poland.-

Affairs in Poland wear an
»unfavourable and melancholy
aspect; and never did the in-
trigues of princes display them-
selves under a more ungracious
form. The revolution in’ Po-
land seems to have been con-
ducted with so much cordiali-
ty, unanimity, good sense, and
sound policy, by the nation at
large, as to leave no room to
.doubt that it is agreeable to
a very great majority of the
people themselves, who are to
be governed, and that it will
have a necefsary tendency to
promote the general welfare of
the whole ; nor doesit appearto
infringe upon the rights of any
external power. It is entirely
a private regulation of police
which concerns the Poles alone.
Yet not only has Rufsia at-
tacked that ill-fated nation
with a powerful force, but
Prufsia, and-the court of Vien-
na, have openly avowed their
intention to force upon the
Poles that barbarous system of
government, which has made
them so long the pity of all
other nations. One would
think that foreign powers had
as good a right to prevent
people from cultivating whole-
some food for nourifhing their
bodies, as to prevent them
from adopting such a salutary
system .of government as -fhall

bistoricalcchroniele,

enable them to perfect their
mental powers,.

The king of Poland exhi-
bits, at the present moment,
one of the noblest spectacles
that ever can attract the atten-
tion of mankind. A’ man
whose long life has been: spent
in trying to heal those divisi-
ons which rendered his people
miserable, and who had, at last,
nearly succeeded in ‘his desire
of making.them all happy, now
in his eld age, to be called
forth to battle, in defence of
that internal freedom, which,
with much solicitude, he has
so long endeavoured to pro-
cure for his family ; for go he
emphatically calls. his “eh
people,

The following thbisrestlll
proclamation deserves to be
preserved to all future ages: -

‘ We acquaint you, there-
fore respectable citizens, in our
names, and that of the afsem-
bled confederate states, that
the present state of Poland is
that of self-defence against the
Rufsian power; that Rufsia’ has
declared war against Poland.
But-at the same time let us in-
form you, that, confident of the
courage and spirit of the nati-
on, the more efforts our ene-
mies make to destroy our go-
vernment and country, the
more vigoreus will our: mea:
sures be to repel this forties
invasion.

‘ Worthy citizens, the fate of
your dear country is now at

historical chronicle.

stake’! such as you fhall pre-
serve it by your courage and
virtue, will it pafs to your re-
motest posterity. You are go-
ing to fight in defence of your
country, your privileges, your
freedom, and your fortunes ;
in defence of your parents,
wives, and children ; in fhort,
of all that is most dear to man.

‘ We have an army raised by
your zeal and afsistance, sup-
plied with every requisite,
which will be your protection.
There is an heroic spirit and
courage Which promises ta sup-
port it. Such a noble ardour
in defence of the country and
national liberties, as is only-to be
found in free nations, inspires us
with the most flattering hopes.
We receive fromail parts news
the most consoling to’ our pa-
ternal feelings with what ‘ea-
getnefs citizens’ of all condi-
tions, at the call of their coun-
try, enlist and join the nation-
‘al army.

* The love of our country
pervades all mdividuals, and
excites their generosity in the
public support.
elafs of citizens, who, inflamed
with a patriotic zeal, do not

contribute according to their’

capacity. We have a certain

There isno

xxii

‘ But above all, respectabls
citizens, seek for the- safety of
your country in union and
Marmnefs. “We have sufficient:
strength to oppose our enemy,
but nothing can/save us from
the effects of division and dis-
cord: A foreign war is never
so dreadful to a nation as the
internal disunion of the citi-
zens. Has any power been able
to effect any thing against Po-
land, while all the citizens;
joining their king, have boldly
stood forward’ in defence of-
their national laws, immunities,
and territory? You will soon
hear, dear citizens; the voice
of falsehood and deceit ; you
will receive. writings full of
treachery and fraud. Those:
whose blindnefs and obstinacy
have carried. them so far as to
make them insensible to the
horror. of raising their arms
against their own country, and
of bringiag foreign soldiers a-
gainst her, will calumniate the
present government, will cre-
ate distrust against us, and the.
virtuous Diet ; will try to di-
vide and separate you, know-
ing that they cannot resist
your united strength and en-+
deavours. Arm yourselves.
with fortitude and virtue, and’

confidence, that the same gra-igive proof of such unanimity,

‘ious power who has inspired
the whole nation with such a
noble: ardour, considering the
justice of our cause, and the

isuch concord, im the defence
of your country, im resisting
perfidy and deceit, as you have

\demonstrated in accepting, in

purity of cur intentions, will |voluntarily swearing to mainz
not refuse us his irresistible aid.’ tain: this happy constitutica

xxiv
and lately on the same occa-
sion in the exprefsion of your
patriotic sentiments, so dear to
our ‘paternal feelings.
who have brought a foreign ar-
my against your country, de-
serve your vengeance, and not
your confidence. That army
which comes for the purpose
ef destroying your govern-
ment, prepares only the return
ef your former slavery instead
of liberty. You have already
experienced at how deara rate
Rufsian protection is obtained.
Violently carrying off from our
residence, and during the Diet,
senators, ministers and nuncios;
the contemptuous treatment of
our nobility ; the violation of
property ; the opprefsion of the
towns, the seizure and forcible
transportation of peasants and
their families; and finally the
dismembering of the republic—
these are effects of the guaran-
tee imposed upon us by Ruf
sia. And can you expect any
better at present. from’ this
power ? As soon as Rufsia has
seduced you, fhe will renew
the ancient wounds of your
country, fhe will renew all our
misfortunes. The nobility and
citizens will only feel the hea-
vier the prefsure' of a newly
enforced’ yoke, for having da-
ted to become free and inde-
pendent; the poor villagers,
our labourers,.and husbandmen,
whom the law (benefitting all
the Polith inhabitants) has re-
ceived under its protection, » will
be driven in numbers from

They”

_ historical chronicle.

their fertile fields, into desart’
wastes ; and lastly, the parti-
tion of the republic, and the
final extinction of the Polifh
name, will be the fatal con-
sequence of the disunion of

‘Polanders.

‘ Citizens and dear country-
men, this is the advice and
warning you receive from
your king and father, and from
the confederate states of the
republic. But your virtue, the
love of freedom,'so natural to
every Polander, afsures us that
fraternal concord will unite
you in the defence of your
country ; that, inspired with
the same spirit which guides
your king and father, you will

afsemble around him, and will...

make a rampart impenetrable to
all the attempts of the enemy.
‘You see, citizens, what is

your situation, you see what -

measures your) king and Diet
undertake for the common
safety. Let the defence of
your country engage all your
thoughts and attention, let the
strictest peace and unity pre-
vail amongst you in such a cri-
tical moment'as this.
your king, your father, and com-
mander; follow him whom you
have raised to the throne from
amongst yourselves 3 and who

in his advanced age, is going _

with you to expose his life in
the phar ache defence of his
country.’

The length < these papers

prevent the insertion of miscel-
laneous articles in this number.

Follow

INDEX.

A,

A. counT of the society of Ar-
cadia at Rome, by Abbé Tour-
ner, 193-225-276
Adyentures of a Rufsian gentleman

in Parisy 143
Advices from New South Wales, 70
Albanicus on W. Drummond of

Hawthorntlen, 4!

Alcibiades on Thunderproof, 205-311
Alexis junior on ambition, 244
Ambition, observations on, 242
Anderson, Dr, of Madras, memoirs
ofwith a portrait, 1—letters ftom
to J. Hollond &c. Madras, 4-5-8
40. 41—to Sir Charles Oakely, 13-15
Ankerstroem, J. J. portrait and
anecdotes of, 292
Anecdotes, 27-69
Anecdotes of the king 150—of
Judge Sewell, 224—of Dr Ma-
grath, 263,—of J. J.Anker-
stroem, 292
Antiquities in Scotland, continued
from vol. viii, 126-211
Arcadia, society of at Rome, ac-
count of,
Arcticus, letters from, 53-155-
281—eriticism by, 99
Argus’s anecdotes of the king, 150
on Armaments, . 102
Arts, intelligence, reaps ci 334

Blackstone’s. letter to. Gilbert
Stewart,
Britain, political progrefs of,
1£7-162-2.33

246

C
Carriages, observatigns.on high

hung ones, 32.6

193-225-276},

Character in private life, 324.
Character of the prince of Denmark,

34-67

Citizen of the world on national
prejudices, 97
Citizen, on manufactures, $4.

Code, the Japanese merchant, ac-

count of, 59
Constitution, hints respecting, 265
Corn returns, observations on, 95

to Correspondents, 40-80-264-304-336

Country gentlemen, on the occupa-
tions of, 308

Criticism by Arcticus, 99

(Culture and uses of madder, 107-139

iY

on

139

D’Ambourney’s. experiments
madder,
Denmark, intelligence respecting,

31-67"
Detached. remarks, 64-247
Different manners of mankind, 415,
Dream of Galileo, 179

Drummond W. of Hawthornden,
remarks on, 4m
Dubois, memoirs of, witha portrait,.11 3+

|\Dyes, Rufsian, account of, 23%
\Lfsay on natienal prejudicesy, 97
i F.
Fate of genius, 152°
Filillo Lipareo, P. A. on Italian
literature, 193-225-276:
\on the Foibles of great men, 151.
ia Fragment, 192.
Galileo, dream of, 179
Genius, fate of, bay
Gleanings of literature, 299
Gregory, old, 303:

on Grinding oat meal, 2.955

XXV1
Ground squirrel, account of,

Hawthorrden, Drummond of, re-
marks on,

Hebrides, voyage to, continued
from vol. viii,

Herries, isle of, account of,

Hints respecting the constitution,

Hints to the learned,

Horticulus oncountry geatlemen,

Hot house plants reared by steam,

5

om Improvements of Scotland,

India, intelligence respecting,

Intelligence respecting arts and li-
terature in Denmark,

Intelligence respecting arts,

on Interdicts,

Johnson, Dr, conversation between
him and Mrs Knowles,

Italian literature, account, of,

1937225 -27

King, anecdotes of,

Knockferrel, account of,

Knowledge, pleasures of,

Knowles, Mrs, conversation be-
* tween and Dr Johnson,

Lapland marmot, account of,

Leming, or Lapland marmot, ac-
count of,

Learned, hints to,

Letters from Dr Anderson of Ma-
dras concerning the culture of

_silk, cochineal, &c, in India, 4-

§-8-10-11-13-15—from a coun-
try schoolmaster, 134—answer
to do..

Literary news from Rufsia,

Literature and arts in Denmark, 31-67

Literature, gleanings of,
M

Madder,. on the.culture and uses
of,

Maintenon, madame de, memoirs of

Mankind, on the different manners

of,
Manners of mankind,
Manufactures, observations on,
Marmot, Lapland, account of}.

51-Sg-118
51

/-_— m

wndex. ..
153, M‘Cartney’s design for teaching .
Englith, review of, - do
Meanwell on high hung carriages, 326
Memoirs of Dr Anderson of Ma-
dras,with a portrait,I—of cardi-.- .
nal Dubois with a portrait, 113
—of madame de Maintenon, 331%
: N

41

265 : :

326 | National prejudices,” 97

308 | Nature, on the state of, 13%

334.| New South Wales, state of, JO"
Oo.

295, | Oat meal, on grinding of, 295
219 | Observations on armaments, 10z-
Observations on Thunderproof's

31-67 efsays, 205-31T-
334 | 01 the Occupations of a country
305 gentleman, 308
Old Gregory, 303~
200 | One of the friends of the people
on the constitution, 265
on Orthography, Yh be
P.
150| Patricius on the sympathy of
127 animals, 63
179 | a Persian tale, Zor’
Philo on the different manners of
z00| mankind, 315
Piscator’s voyage to the Hebrides,
31 51-89-118
on Planting, 155
81 | Pleasures of knowledge, 179
326 | Plebeian, a character im private.
life by, 324.
Plowden on the state of nature, 187-
Political progrefs of Britain,
317-162-233
Progrefs, political, of Britain,
252 17-162-233
58 ;
Reading memorandums; 104-327
299 | on Rearing timber, 155
Remarks on the character and
writings of W. Drummond, 4I-
107-139 | Review, a design for teaching En-
glifh,-146—Reflections on the
331 French pofseisions in India, 219
Rufsian dyes, account of, 28r
315 | Rofsian gentleman’s adventures in
315 Paris, 143
84 | Rufsia, literary news from, 53
$1 | Rusticus on grinding oat meal, 295

— = | :

=

. a index. ~ XXViE°
S. Bombardinion on a gentleman’s’
on Scandal, 192 birth day, 329-
Schoolmaster, letter from, on aug~* ~~~ * 3 ce
menting their salaries, 134— _| Catullus, imitation of, 137
answer to 252 |to Chastity, _ iH 106
Scotland, on the improvements phe D.
of, 295 | Defamation, extempore on, - 13g
Scottifh antiquities, “326-211 E.
Sertorius on interdicts, 305 | Elvina, wail of, 65
Seward, mifs, her letter to Mr Bos- Epigram by G. Barrington, 30
well, 200 | Extempore on Defamation, 178
Sira, an Icelandic difh, 38 .
State of nature, 187 | on Honour, 178
Steam used in hot houses, _ 334 | Hue and cry, ‘ 105
Stewart, Gilbert, Blackstone’s let- to Humanity, 178
ter to, 246 ie
Stone coffins, explanation of, 247 | If you wifh a happy lifes 106"
Stornaway, account of, 8g | Imitation of Catullus, 147°
Sydney cove, intelfigence respec Irregular epistle, 250
ting, Jo sae Te
Sympathy of animals, 63 | to Love and sere? 30
T. ‘e
Tale, Persian, 30x | on Marriage, 289:
Thunderproof on the political pro- on Moses, 329
grefs of Britain, 17-162-233— N.
observations on ditto 205-311 Negro’s complaint, 249"
—his answer to Alcibiades, 242 : i
Timber, on rearing of, 155 | Occhi azzuri difesi, 29
Timoleon onthe constitution, 265 |O tell me how for to woo, 28,
Tourner, abbé, his account of-the im FP.
society of Arcadia in Rome, — |fo Peace, 66
193-225-276, | Philo Buchananus, translation from
Trader on corn returns, 95} Buchanan, 330.
U. Ss.
Ulapole, account of, . 119 | to Sensibility, 217
V. Sonnets, 66-1 38-218-291-332
Vitrified fortifications, 126-211 T.
Voyage to the Hebrides continu- Tenzment to let, 137
ed from vol. viii. §1-89-118 | Thomson, verses by, on the death
. of his mother, 177
a Word to the Wise, 173 | Thunderproof on Moses, 329
Tourner, abbé, occhi azzuri difesi
— by, = 29 2
, POETRY. Verses inscribed to a young lady, 330
Bieingtin C igeam by 4 Vees by Thomson’ on the death
. " ae
Beauty by Mrs Robinson, 38 ans 5 119
Wait of Elvina, 65
Fert PaH.
i Enp oF Votume Nintul 280%
Z xX
— #

° Bouse.) ERRATA:

Page 247 line 1 for Barlaseand Archilogia read Borlase and Archiologia.
— 267 p. 21 and 22 for apply read appeal.

— goo line 12 for Dr Boswell read Mr Boswell.

See also page 264. t

_ DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.

xy a Pace,

Portrait of Dr James Anderson to face — — — I
The Leming, — — — _-_ — a ES 2
Portrait of Cardinal Dubois, — os — — — IiI3
Plan of Knockferrel, a —- —_-> — = _ 129,
Section of ditto, — _ — —_ - — 13;
The ground squirrel, — — — — — — 1535
Head of Ankerstroem, — = — — 292.

Place the Contents immediately after the Title Page.
Place the.Chronicle before the. Index at the end.of the. Volume.

bet
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Silicate OS