Wesie",
irs
meee N.S ob OLT ANY
KEY AND FLORA
NORTHERN AND CENTRAL STATES
EDITION
BY
JOSEPH Y. BERGEN, A.M.
INSTRUCTOR IN BroLoGy, ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL, BosToNn
BOSTON, U.S.A.
GINN & COMPANY; PUBLISHERS
The Athenxum Press
1901
CoPpyRIGHT, 1901
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
A
H
i
4
is
|
Aw 0 1
+7
PREFACE
Tus flora furnishes a key to the commoner spring-flower-
ing families of Phanerogams and descriptions of the charac-
teristics of these families, together with such genera and
species under each as seem most available for school study in
the central and northeastern states. The descriptions have
been in part compiled by the author from various sources,
and in part written with the plants themselves in hand. The
characterizations of many families and of some genera are
taken with slight simplifications from Hooker’s Student’s
Flora of the British Islands; a few are from Warming’s
Systematic Botany. The remainder are mostly adapted from
the floras of Gray and Wood, from Sargent’s Silva of North
America, and from Britton and Brown’s illustrated Flora of
the Northern States and Canada.
The sequence of the families (and sometimes the genera
under their respective families) is based on Engler’s Syllabus
der Pflanzenfamilien, which has also been followed as regards
nomenclature of families. In other regards the sixth edition
of Gray’s Manual, and Bailey’s revision of Gray’s Field, Forest,
and Garden Botany have been followed as authorities. Valu-
able information concerning the precise time of flowering of
many species has been derived from Darlington’s Flora Cestrica
and Ward’s Guide to the Flora of Washington and Vicinity.
By arrangement with Professor 8. M. Tracy a considerable
portion of the key and a large number of the following
descriptions have been copied (a little simplified) from his
Flora of the Southeastern States ; these are designated by an
asterisk at the end of each description.
ls
2 PREFACE
Especial acknowledgments are due to Professor Benjamin
L. Robinson, Director of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
University, who has given most valuable advice and has
revised the manuscript of the keys and flora, thus contribut-
ing greatly to any value which they may be found to possess.
Much aid has been derived from the careful proof-reading
of Professor J. M. Holzinger of the Minnesota State Normal
School, Professor L. H. Pammel of the Iowa State College,
and Miss Mary P. Anderson of the Somerville, Mass., English
High School. The author wishes heartily to thank these
critics for the many errors which they have corrected and
the valuable additions which they have sugggsted.
The territory covered overlaps that dealt with by Professor
Tracy in the flora above cited, and nearly meets that embraced
in Miss Eastwood’s Flora of the Rocky Mountains and the
Salt Lake Basin, since many of the species treated in the
present work range west as far as the hundredth meridian.
The plants chosen to constitute this flora are those which
bloom during some part of the latter half of the ordinary
school year, and which have a rather wide territorial range.
Enough forms have been described to afford ample drill in
the determination of species. Gray’s Manual of Botany or
Field, Forest, and Garden Botany will of course be employed
by the student who wishes to become familiar with most of
the seed-plants of the region here touched upon. Those
species which occur in the central and northeastern United
States only as cultivated plants are so designated. The illus-
trations are mainly redrawn from German sources. A few
of them are the work of Mr. E. N. Fischer of Boston, but
the greater portion are by Dr. J. W. Folsom of the Illinois
Industrial University.
J, Xai
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., January, 1901.
HOW TO USE THE KEY AND FLORA
In order to determine an unknown species, the student is
first to make a careful examination of the plant in hand.
After noting in a general way the appearance of the root,
stem, and leaf, including a cross-section of the stem, he
should study the number, coherence, and adnation of the
parts of the flower, then make and draw a cross-section and
a lengthwise section of it. Irregularities in calyx or corolla,
peculiarities in the shape, structure, or operation of the essen-
tial-organs, such, for instance, as anthers discharging through
chinks in the end, should be noted.
Next, the inquirer should look carefully through the Key
to the families. He is first to decide whether the plant in
question is a Gymnosperm or an Angiosperm; if not a conif-
erous tree or shrub, it will of course belong to the latter
division. He is then to settle the question whether it is a
Monocotyledon or a Dicotyledon; then under what division of
the group the plant comes; and, finally, to decide upon its
family.
Turning now to the page at which the family is described,
a rapid inspection of the characteristics of the genera will
make it evident to which one the species under examination
belongs. It may not infrequently prove that none of the
genera described agree with the plant studied, and in that
case the student must either consult a larger flora or rest
satisfied with having determined the family to which his
3
4 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
specimen belongs. The identification of the species, after
the genus has been reached, presents no difficulty in a little
flora like the present one.
The author does not believe in spending much of the time
of a class upon identifying species, but would rather recom-
mend comparative studies of as many plants of a group as
are accessible, and making these studies thorough enough to
bring out fully the idea of the family, the genus, and the
species.2, The descriptions in this flora may be used as a
check on the cruder ones which the pupil is first to frame for
himself.
1 It will greatly simplify matters if the teacher selects for examination only such
species as are here described.
2The teacher will find abundant suggestions for such a course in Spalding’s
Introduction to Botany, pp. 152-260.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS
DESCRIBED IN THIS FLORA
CLASS I
GYMNOSPERMS. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually evergreen and needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or
scale-like. Flowers moneecious or dicecious. Fruit a scaly cone, or sometimes
appearing berry-like. 1. Pine Family, page 18
CLASS II
ANGIOSPERMS. Ovules enclosed in an ovary.
SUBCLASS I.—MONOCOTYLEDONS. Fiowers usually with their parts
in threes, never in fives. [eaves usually parallel-veined. Cotyledon 1.
Flowers enclosed by chaffy bracts. FAMILY PAGE
Flowers 2-bracted. Leaves 2-ranked. Stem cylin-
“0S RES es at UE Soe” GEE ere mer mere: MGR Cc - GOMRMEO oc. ME GA =
Flowers 1-bracted. Leaves 3-ranked. Stem trian-
PUR ME A nk oo econ a eee Saleen ag the ancgo-s es RE oa, coe eae ae
Flowers on a spadix.
emnuenger, hury, and bristly’. . < . .-... 2. Cat-tail-.-2~..< 2220
SMETANMA cms Ce ye ke ey a we es Ge Se A Eo ee
Flowers not on a spadix.
Carpels usually numerous and nearly or entirely
separate 5. Water-plantain . 21
Carpels united.
Perianth free or adnate only to the base of the ovary.
Perianth regular, its parts similar,green,orchaffy 9. Rush..... . 29
Perianth of 2 sets, one sepal-like, the other petal-
like.
Style and stigmai. Petals 3 or 2, soon disap-
meeeenne ns weer. ie Tel 8 tek eT Sper worky: ss. Le eee
13. Orehis. \. -c) Ae
SUBCLASS II.— DICOTYLEDONS. Flowers usually with their parts in
fives or fours. Leaves netted-veined. Cotyledons 2.
I. Apetalous Division. Flowers without a corolla or without either calyx or
corolla.
A.
Flowers moneecious or dicecious, one or both sorts in
catkins.
Staminate flowers in catkins, the pistillate ones soli-
tary or clustered.
Leaves pinnately compound .
Leaves simple
Both kinds of flowers in catkins.
Leaves alternate.
Ovaries in fruit becoming fleshy and combining
into an aggregate fruit
Fruit 1-seeded, a stone-fruit or minute nut. Aro-
matic shrubs
Fruit a capsule, seeds with silky hairs
Fruit a minute nut or akene. Mostly large shrubs
or trees, not very aromatic .
Leaves opposite, small parasitic shrubs
B.
Flowers not in catkins, both calyx and corolla wanting
1 When only one floral envelope is present, this is
corolla is considered to be missing.
16. Walnut. 2...
18. Beech- <-iiecaeee
20. Mulberry .. . 61
15. Bayberry .:. 49
14. Willow. .i. saa
17. Bigeh ! . eee
67. Passion Flower 151
Zo. Farsinne * oc 2 ee
338. Barberry ... 84
46. Pea or Pulse. . 117
Ge. Violet 3.52.0 2 140
So. PERRY. ates, Oo
10
Ovary single, 2-5-celled, fruit dry.
Ovary 2-celled.
Flowers in umbels, stamens 5 << ss). . 27.072;
Flowers not in umbels, petals 4 or 0, stamens 6 . 39,
Flowers not in umbels, petals 3,stamens 6or8 . 52,
Ovary ad-celled capsule . - . 2... 0s 2 ee TO
Ovary of 3 nearly distinct lobes, which become
thick and ficehy.intruse ... ...5..0 hee
Ovary a 5-celled capsule.
Leaves simple.
Parasitic white or yellowish herbs, or ever-
green herbs, not parasitic, capsule many-
FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
FAMILY
Parsley.
Mustard .
Polygala .
PAGE
. 158
. 93
. 134
Evening Prithiides 156
Indian Cress .
peeded . 2 2 ee 8 ees tee en GE Pe
Terrestrial, not much if at all fleshy, capsule
5=10-seeded 5-0 5 ok sve ce +e ve ba Me ol A Gea
Terrestrial, stem fleshy and translucent, cap-
sule elastic, several-seeded. . . .. . . 60. Balsam
Leaves of Sleaflets. ...... .. ..+ «+» » 49. Wiogdesouees
Ovary of 5 principal cells, each more or less divided
by a partition into 2 cells; seeds flattish, with a
mucilaginous coating ... . mY ee
Ovary single, 2-5-celled ; fruit a ee ssi is es ars aM
Ovaries 2, seeds hairy-tufted ........ +» Sl
. Flax.
. Ginseng .
. Milkweed
. 132
. 164
. 129
. 143
131
. 132
-
. 180
III. Gamopetalous Division. Calyx and corolla both present, the petals more
or less united.
Trees, shrubs, or woody vines.
Leaves alternate.
Fruit splitting open.
Fruitalegsume ........... - 46. Pea or Pulse
Fruit a5-celled capsule . ...... =. . 75, Heath.
Fruit not splitting open, astone-fruit . . . . 55. Holly .
Fruit a berry.
Ovary not adnate to the calyx ; seeds few, large 77, Ebony .
Ovary not adnate to the calyx; seeds many,
a Pre
Ovary adnate tothecalyx ....... . 75. Heath,
Leaves opposite.
Fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule . ... . . 95. Madder ..
Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule.
Seeds winged
. 117
. 166
. 188
. 174
. 198
. 166
) oe
. 90. Bignonia. . . . 206
KEY
Seeds not winged ; shrubs
Fruit a 5-celled capsule .
Fruit a stone-fruit or berry.
Fruit 1-2-seeded ; stamens 2
Fruit 1-4+-seeded ; stamens 4
Fruit 1-5-seeded ; stamens 5
Herbs.
Ovary not adnate to the calyx, flowers regular.
Ovary separating into 2 distinct follicles.
Style single, stamens distinct
Styles 2, stamens united
Ovary 1-celled.
Fruit a legume .
Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate.
Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla
Stamens alternate with the lobes of the
corolla .
Leaves opposite
Leaves all reduced to mere scales, plants never
green, root-parasites
Ovary 2-several-celled.
Stamens 2 or 4
Stamens 5, cells of the ovary 1-2-seeded. °
Fruit separating into 4 nutlets
Fruit a capsule
Stamens 5, cells of the ovary several-seeded.
Stigmal .
PAN SES. Pn See Se ery tak col he
Ovary not adnate to the calyx, flowers irregular.
Ovary 1-celled.
Fruit a legume
Fruit a capsule .
Ovary 2-4-celled.
Cells each 1-seeded.
Ovary deeply 4lobed
Ovary not deeply lobed.
Stamens 2or4 .
Stamens8. . .
Cells each 2-several-seeded.
76.
86.
52.
FAMILY
. Honeysuckle
Heath.
. Olive .
. Verbena
. Honeysuckle
. Dogbane
. Milkweed .
. Pea or Pulse
Primrose
. Waterleaf .
. Gentian.
. Broom-rape .
. Plantain
. Borage . :
. Morning-glory .
. Nightshade
Phlox
. Pea or Pulse
. Bladderwort.
. Mint
Verbena
Polygala
11
PAGE
. 215
. 166
« Its
. 192
. 215
. 178
. 180
ame
Se ee
12 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
ore. Corolla lobes imbricated inthe bud. . . . 89,
Corolla lobes convolute inthe bud .-. . . 98,
Ovary adnate to the calyx tube.
Flowers in an involucrate head. . . . . . . 100.
Flowers not in heads.
Stamens 3.
Teaver anpoaiie. 505. 8% ose kee Vea Co
eaves alternate «5: ws ae cee we ee
Stamens 45.
ILheavesalternatey.. 6.2 (5-557 Os Poh Sees
Leaves opposite or whorled . ; eer eety eae fo)
CLASS I.—GYMNOSPERMS. ©
Plants destitute of a closed ovary, style, or stigma. Ovules
generally borne naked on a carpellary scale, which forms part
of acone. Cotyledons often several (Fig. 1).
1. CONIFERZ. Pine FAmILty.
Trees or shrubs with wood of peculiar structure (Part I,
Ch. V1), destitute of ducts, with resinous and aromatic juice.
Leaves generally evergreen, and needle-shaped or awl-shaped.
Flowers destitute of floral envelopes, monecious or dicecious,
the staminate ones consisting of catkin-like spikes of stamens
and the pistillate ones consisting of ovule-bearing scales,
arranged in spikes, which ripen into cones.
A:
Each scale of the cone borne in the azil of a bract. Seeds 2, with
wings.
Leaves evergreen, in bundles of 2-5. Pinus, I.
Leaves evergreen, solitary, sessile, keeled on both surfaces.
Picea, II.
Leaves evergreen, solitary, petioled, flat. Tsuga, ITI.
Leaves solitary, evergreen, flat above, keeled below. Abies, IV.
Leaves clustered, deciduous, flat. Larix). ¥;
B.
Scales of the cone without bracts, cone becoming globular and woody.
Leaves linear.
Leaves alternate, deciduous. Taxodium, VI.
13
14 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
Cc.
Seales of the cone few, without bracts. Leaves evergreen, generally
scale-like or awl-shaped.
Cones dry and thin-scaled. Thuya, VII.
Cones berry-like. Juniperus, VIII.
I. PINUS, Tourn.
Sterile flowers somewhat resembling inconspicuous catkins,
borne at the base of the young shoot of the season, each
flower consisting of pollen-scales in spiral groups (Fig. 1, 2).
Fertile flower-spikes which consist of spirally arranged carpel-
scales, each scale springing from the axil of a bract and bear-
ing at its own base two ovules (Fig. 1, 3). Fruit a cone,
formed of the thickened carpellary scales, ripening the second
autumn after the flower opens. Primary leaves, thin and
chaffy bud-scales, from the axils of which spring the bundles
of 2-5 nearly persistent, needle-like, evergreen leaves, from
1-15 in. long (Fig. 1).
1. P. Strobus, L. Wuitre Pine. A tall tree, 75-160 ft. high,
much branched and spreading when growing in open ground, but
often with few or no living branches below the height of 100 ft.
when growing in dense forests. Leaves clustered in fives, slender,
3-4 in. long, smooth, and pale, or with a whitish bloom. Cones
5-6 in. long, not stout. The wood is soft, durable, does not readily
warp, and is therefore very valuable for lumber. In light soil, com-
monest N.
2. P. Teda, L. Losiotty Pine, O_pFIeLp Pring. A large
tree; bark very thick and deeply furrowed, becoming flaky with age,
twigs scaly. Leaves in threes, 6-10 in. long, slender, very flexible ;
sheaths 3-1 in. long. Cones solitary, oblong-conical, 3-5 in. long ;
scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge very prominent
and armed with a short, stout, straight, or recurved spine. Common
and often springing up in old fields ; trunk containing a large pro-
portion of sap wood; timber of little value for outside work.*!
3. P. rigida, Mill. Norrnern Pircu Pine. A stout tree,
30-80 ft. high, with rough scaly bark. Leaves in threes, 3-5 in.
long, stiff and flattened. Cones ovoid-conical, 2-3 in. long, their
? Descriptions followed by an asterisk are taken (more or less simplified) from
Professor Tracy’s flora in the Southern States Edition.
GYMNOSPERMS £5
scales tipped with a short, abruptly curved spine. Wood hard,
coarse and resinous, mainly used for fuel. Poor, sandy soil,
especially eastward.
Fig. 1.—Scotch Pine (P. sylvestris).
1, a twig showing: a, staminate catkins; J, pistillate catkins ; c, a cone; d, needles.
2, an anther, a, side view; 0, outer surface. 3, a carpel-scale, a, inner surface ;
6, outer surface. 4, a cone-scale, a seed-wing, anda seed. 5, section of a seed,
showing the embryo. (1) is natural size ; the other parts of the figure are magni-
fied by the amount indicated by comparison with the vertical line alongside each.
4. P. inops, Ait. Scrusp Prine. A small tree, usually 20-30 ft.
high, but sometimes much taller; bark of the trunk rough, nearly
black; twigs smooth and with a bloom. Leaves in twos, 1-2 in.
16 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
long, rigid, sheaths very short. Staminate catkins dull yellowish-
purple, 1 in. long. Cones solitary, short-peduncled, often reflexed,
ellipsoid-conic, about 2 in. long; scales thickened at the apex and
armed with a slender, straight, or recurved prickle. On dry, sandy
soil; wood light, soft, weak, and of little value.*
5. P. sylvestris, L. Scorcu PINE (wrongly called Scotch Fir). A
medium-sized tree, with the older bark reddish and scaly. Leaves in
twos, 14-24 in. long. Cones rather small and tapering (Fig. 1, I ¢).
Cultivated from Europe.
6. P. resinosa, Ait. Rep Pinr, Norway Prine. A tall, rather
slender tree, with bark reddish-brown and moderately smooth.
Leaves in twos, slender, and 5-6 in. long. Cones borne at the ends
of the branches, smooth, about 2 in. long. A valuable timber tree,
which often grows in small, scattered clumps; wood firm, pale red,
and not very resinous; used in house and bridge building, and for
masts and spars.
7. P. palustris, Mill. Lone-LeEAvepD Pinr. A large tree; bark
thin-scaled, wood very resinous, old trees with only a few spreading
branches near the top. Leaves in threes, 10-15 in. long. Sheaths
1-11 in. long, crowded near the ends of very scaly twigs. Staminate
catkins 2-3 in. long, bright purple, conspicuous. Cones terminal,
ellipsoid-conical, 6-10 in. long, diameter 2-3 in. before opening, 4-6
in. when fully opened; scales much thickened at the apex and armed
with a short recurved spine at the end. The most common tree in
the pine barrens; wood hard, strong, and durable, especially valua-
ble for floors and inside work.*
Il. PICEA, Link.
Sterile flowers generally axillary (sometimes terminal), borne
on the twigs.of the preceding year. Fertile flowers terminal.
Fruit a nodding, thin-scaled cone, ripening in the first autumn.
Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, four-angled, scattered or
spirally arranged.
1. P. nigra, Link. Buiack Spruce. A small tree, usually only
20 or 30 ft. high, often less. Leaves strongly 4-angled, bluish-green,
and glaucous, }-3 in. long. Cones ovoid, pointed, 4-14 in., usually
about 1 in. long, persisting sometimes for 20-30 years. Wood of
little value except for paper-pulp. The tree is especially abundant
northward, and is of common occurrence in peat-bogs.
2. P. rubra, Dietrich. Rep Spruce. A large tree, 70-80 or even
100 or more feet high, of strict conical habit. Leaves dark green
or yellowish and glossy, 1-3 long. Cones ovoid-oblong, acute, usually
14-2 in. long, mostly falling the first year. This is the principal
GYMNOSPERMS 17
timber-spruce of the northeastern United States, and furnishes much
rather tough lumber for use in floor-joists, scantling, and similar
purposes.
3. P.alba, Link. Waite Spruce, Skunk Spruce, CaT SPRUCE.
A tall, rather conical tree, 60-70 ft. high. Leaves pale and with a
bloom sometimes 3 in. long. Cones cylindrical, with rounded ends,
about 2 in. long, falling inside of one year. A handsome tree,
valuable for timber, ranging far northward.
4. P. excelsa, Link. Norway Spruce. A large tree. Leaves
dark green, 3-1 in. long. Cones 5-7 in. long. Cultivated from
Europe.
Ill. TSUGA, Carriére.
Sterile flowers, clusters of stamens springing from the axils
of leaves of the preceding year. Cones terminal, on twigs of
the preceding year, drooping, thin-scaled, ripening the first
year. Leaves minutely petioled, short, flat, white beneath,
2-ranked.
1. T. canadensis, Carriére. Hemiocx. A large tree, in age
branchless below when growing in dense woods. When young the
spray is very graceful and abundant. Leaves short-linear. Cones
3 in. or less in length. The wood is coarse and splintery, but useful
for fences and other rough work. The thick reddish bark is of
great value for tanning.
IV. ABIES, Link.
Sterile flowers from axils of leaves of the preceding year.
Cones erect, on the sides of the branches, with deciduous
scales, ripening the first year. Leaves scattered, but on hori-
zontal branches appearing 2-ranked, flat above, silvery, and
with a prominent midrib below.
1. A. .balsamea, Miller. Baxtsam Fir. A slender tree, 50-60
ft., occasionally 80 ft., high, with dense foliage. Leaves narrowly
linear, less than 1 in. long. Cones violet-colored until old, cylindri-
cal, 2-4 in. long. The bark contains many large blisters, filled with
the well-known Canada balsam. The wood is brittle, and of little
value.
V. LARIX, Tourn.
Flower-spikes short, opening in early spring, before the
leaves; the fertile ones, while still young, of a beautiful crim-
18 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
son color. Fruit a small cone, with thin scales. Leaves none
of them scaly, but all needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, very
numerous, in little brush-like bundles.
1. L. americana, Michx. AMERICAN LARCH, TAMARACK, HAck-
MATACK (wrongly, but quite generally, called Cypress and Juniper).
A tall, slender tree, 30-100 ft. high. Leaves slender and less than
1 in. long, very pale bluish-green. Cones 3-2 in. long, few-scaled.
Wood hard, tough, and heavy, of considerable use for ship-building.
2. L. europea, DC. European LArcu. Leaves bright green
and longer; cones longer than in the preceding species and many-
sealed. Cultivated from Europe.
VI. TAXODIUM, Richard.
Trees; leaves spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, decidu-
ous; flowers moncecious, appearing before the leaves; stami-
nate ones numerous, globose ; forming long, terminal, drooping,
panicled spikes; anthers 2—5-celled; pistillate flowers single
or in pairs, bractless, the peltate scales 2-ovuled ; cone globose ;
the very thick woody scales angular, separating at maturity ;
seeds 3-angled, pyramidal.*
1. T. distichum, Richard. Batp Cypress. A very large tree;
bark dark brown, rough, fibrous ; many of the twigs deciduous with
the leaves. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, 2-ranked, flat,
linear, 3-3 in. long. Cones terminal, globose, about 1.in. in diameter ;
ends of the scales much thickened, wrinkled, and with a distinct
triangular marking. Common in swamps and on the borders of
streams; wood reddish, soft, light; specially valuable for shingles
and fence posts, and for boat-building.*
VII. THUYA, Tourn.
Flowers small, terminal, moncecious, on different branches.
Stamens each consisting of ascale-like portion bearing 4 anther-
cells. Pistillate flowers consisting of a few overlapping scales
which ripen into a small, loose cone. Leaves evergreen, oppo-
site, and closely overlapping on the stem, of two kinds, those
on the more rapidly growing twigs awl-shaped, the others mere
scales.
1. T. occidentalis, L. ArBor Vir, CrpAR. A small tree, 20-50
ft. high, with soft fibrous bark. Leaves mostly awl-shaped and blunt.
GYMNOSPERMS 19
Cones ellipsoidal, their scales 2-seeded. Grows on rocky ledges, but
reaches its greatest size in cool cedar swamps. Wood soft, yellowish,
fragrant, durable, prized for shingles and fence posts.
Vill. JUNIPERUS, L.
Flowers very small, lateral, dicecious, or sometimes mone-
cious. Scales of the staminate flower shield-shaped, with 3-6
anther-cells. Fertile flowers with 3-6 fleshy scales which
unite into a berry-like, 1-3-seeded fruit. Leaves awl-shaped
or scale-shaped.
1. J. communis, L. Juniper. A low, spreading shrub (one
variety prostrate in circular masses). Leaves linear-awl-shaped, with
needle-like points, each marked with a distinct stripe of bloom along
the center of the upper surface, borne in whorls of three. Fruit a
dark blue aromatic berry, + in. or more in diameter. Grows in dry
pastures and on sterile hillsides N.
2. J. virginiana, L. Rep Crepar, Savin. Ranges in size and
shape from a low, rather erect, shrub to a conical tree 90 ft. high.
Leaves of two kinds, those on the rapidly growing shoots awl-shaped
and pointed, those on the shortest twigs scale-shaped, obtuse, or
nearly so, and closely appressed to the stem. Fruit small, bluish,
with a white bloom. Found all the way from British America to
Florida. Wood soft, fragrant, reddish, exceedingly durable in the -
ground, valued for the manufacture of moth-proof chests and espe
cially for lead-pencils.
20 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
CLASS Il.— ANGIOSPERMS.
Plants with a closed ovary, in which the seeds are matured.
Cotyledons 1 or 2.
SUBCLASS I.—MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Stems with the fibro-vascular bundles scattered among the
parenchyma cells; in perennial plants no annual rings of
wood. Leaves usually parallel-veined, alternate, nearly
always entire. Parts of the flower generally in threes
(never in fives). Cotyledon 1.
2. TYPHACEZ. CatT-TAIL FAMILY.
Perennial marsh or aquatic plants. Rootstock stout, creep-
- ing; stem simple, cylindrical, erect. Leaves simple, strap-
shaped, sheathing at the base, nerved and striate. Flowers
moncecious, in a single terminal spike, staminate part of the
spike uppermost, each part subtended by spathe-like deciduous
bracts; perianth of fine bristles ; staminate flowers sessile ;
stamens 2-7. Filaments connate, subtended by minute bracts ;
pistillate flowers short-pediceled. Ovary 1—2-celled ; styles
1-2. Fruit small, nut-like.*
TYPHA, Tourn.
Characters of the family.
1. T. latifolia, L. Cat-rart. Stem erect, jointed below, 5-8 ft.
high. Leaves nearly as long as the stem, about 1 in. wide, netted
and witha bloom. Spike cylindrical, dark brown or black ; staminate
portion above the pistillate, usually without any interval between
them, each 4-8 in. long and about 1 in.in diameter. Fruit furrowed.
Common in marshes and shallow ponds.*
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 21
3. ALISMACEZ. WaATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Annual or perennial marsh herbs, usually with creeping run-
ners or rootstocks. Stems scape-like. Leaves long-petioled,
sheathing at the base ; petiole rounded ; blade nerved, netted,
or sometimes wanting. Flowers in racemes or panicles, per-
fect, moncecious or dicecious; pedicels in bracted whorls.
Sepals 3, persistent, petals 35 or wanting. Stamens 6 or more.
Ovaries few or many, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Style short or none.
Fruit a 1-seeded akene.*
I. ALISMA, L.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves erect or floating, blades
prominently ribbed and netted, or even pinnately veined.
Scapes erect, becoming longer than the leaves, cylindrical,
spongy. Flowers perfect, in paniculate 3-bracted umbels,
small, white or pink. Stamens 6-9. Ovaries numerous in
one or more whorls on a flat receptacle. Fruit 1-seeded
akenes which are ribbed on the back and sides.*
1, A. Plantago, L. WaAtTER PLANTAIN. Perennial; root fibrous.
Leaves ovate or somewhat cordate, 5-7-nerved when erect, floating
leaves narrower and sometimes linear. Scapes usually single ; pan-
icle 1-2 ft. long; flowering branches whorled, subtended by three
narrow, striate bracts; pedicels slender, elongated. Ovaries 15-20
in a single whorl ; base of the short style persistent, forming a beak
at the inner angle of the akene. Akenes obliquely obovate, 2—3-
keeled on the back. Common in ponds and muddy places.*
Il. SAGITTARIA.
Perennial; rootstocks mostly knobby or tuber-bearing.
Scapes erect or decumbent. Leaves long-petioled, sheathing
at the base, the blade round and netted, or wanting. Flowers
moncecious or dicecious, racemed in 3-bracted whorls of threes,
the upper flowers usually staminate. Sepals 3, persistent.
Petals 3, withering-persistent or deciduous. Stamens few or
many. Ovaries in globose heads, 1-ovuled ; style short, per-
sistent. Fruit a subglobose head of flattened akenes.*
Ze FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
1. S. variabilis, var. latifolia, Willd. BroAp-Leavep ARRow-
HEAD. Leaves very variable in size and shape, from broadly
sagittate to linear; those growing on the drier soil being usually the
broader; petioles 6-30 in. long. Scape smooth or slightly downy,
6-36 in. high; bracts acute. Flowers moncecious or sometimes
dicecious, white, 1 in. or more in width; pedicels of the staminate
flowers twice the length of those of the fertile flowers. Filaments
long, smooth, and slender. Akenes with beak nearly horizontal.
Ditches and muddy places.*
2. S. graminea, Michx. GRASS-LEAVED SAGITTARIA. Leaves
long-petioled, lanceolate, or elliptical, and acute at each end, 3-5-
nerved, or often linear, the earlier
often reduced to flattened petioles.
Scape slender, usually longer than
the leaves, simple, weak, often pros-
trate in fruit; bracts small, ovate,
connate at the base. Flowers monce-
cious or dicecious, on long, thread-
like pedicels, about 4 in. wide.
Stamens 10-20, filaments downy.
Akenes nearly beakless. In ditches
and shallow pools.*
WON A,
(Wi
si
an
Fic. 2, — Diagram of Inflorescence
pratensis).
g, sterile glumes ; P,, a flowering glume; A, spikelet (compare Fig. 2); B, a
P,, a scaly bract (palea); e, transparent ‘flower, the lodicules in Pecos nal
scales (lodicules) at the base of the the palea behind; C, a lodicule ;
flower ; B, the flower. D, ovary. :
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 23
4. GRAMINEZ. GRaAss FAMILY.
Mostly herbs, with usually hollow stems, closed and en-
larged at the nodes. Leaves alternate, in two ranks, with
sheathing bases, which are spht open on the side opposite the
blade. Flowers nearly or quite destitute of floral envelopes,
solitary, and borne in the axils of scaly bracts called glumes,
which are arranged in two ranks overlapping each other on
1_many-flowered spikelets; these are variously grouped in
spikes, panicles, and so on. Fruit a grain. (The family is
too difficult for the beginner, but the structure and group-
ing of the flowers may be gathered from a careful study of
Figs. 2, 3.)
5. CYPERACEZ. Srepce Famity.
Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with solid, usually triangular,
stems, growing in tufts. The sheathing base of the generally
3-ranked leaves, when present, is not slit as in grasses. The
flowers are usually somewhat less enclosed by bracts than
those of grasses; the perianth is absent or rudimentary ;
stamens generally 3; style 2-cleft or 3-cleft.
The general appearance of a common sedge may be learned
from Part I, Ch. V, and the flower-cluster and the flower
understood from an inspection of Fig. 4.
The species are even more difficult to determine than those
of grasses.
6. ARACEZ. Arum FamiIty.
Perennial herbs, with pungent or acrid juice, leaves often
netted-veined, small flowers (perfect or imperfect) clustered
along a peculiar fleshy spike called a spadix, and frequently
more or less covered by a large, hood-like bract called a
spathe. Perianth, when present, of 4-6 parts ; often want-
ing. Fruit usually a berry.
24 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY :
Fic. 4.— Inflorescence, Flower, and Seed, of a Sedge.
(Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris.)
A, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogynous bristles; B, the
seed; C, section of the seed, showing the small embryo enclosed in the base
of the endosperm.
I. ARISAZMA, Martius.
Perennial herbs, springing from a corm or a tuberous
rootstock.
Spathe rolled up at base. Summit of spadix naked, the
lower part flower-bearing; staminate flowers above, pistil-
late ones below. Stigma flat; ovary 1-celled ; berry 1—few-
seeded,
: MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 25
1. A. triphyllum, Torr. InpIAN TURNIP, JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.
Leaves generally 2, each of 3 elliptical-ovate, pointed leaflets. Spadix
club-shaped, bearing usually only one kind of fully developed flowers ;
that is, full-sized pistillate and rudimentary staminate ones, or the
reverse. Spathe much longer than the spadix, and covering it like
a hood. Corm turnip-like, but much wrinkled, very starchy, and
filled with intensely burning juice.
2. A. Dracontium, Schott. GREEN Dragon, DraGon Root. Leaf
usually single, divided into 7-11 rather narrow-pointed leaflets ;
spadix tapering to a long, slender point, often bearing fully devel-
oped staminate and pistillate flowers.
II. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb.
Rootstock very stout, with many long, cylindrical roots.
Leaves clustered, very large, and entire. Spathe shell-shaped,
very thick. Spadix globular, thickly covered with perfect
flowers. Sepals 4. Stamens 4. Style 4-angled. Fruit glob-
ular or ellipsoidal, with the seeds slightly buried in the
enlarged spadix.
Coarse, stemless herbs, with a powerful scent like that of
the skunk and of onions.
1. S. fetidus, Salisb. Skunk CABBAGE. Leaves many, slightly
petioled, 1-2 ft. long, appearing after the flowers. The latter are
usually seen before the ground is wholly free from frost, often earlier
than any other flower. Bogs and wet meadows, very common N.
Ill. ACORUS, L.
Rootstocks horizontal, long, and moderately stout, aromatic.
Leaves long, upright, sword-shaped. Spathe much like the
leaves. Spadix projecting from the edge of the spathe, con-
sisting of numerous perfect flowers. Sepals 6. Stamens 6.
Ovary 2-3-celled, with numerous ovules. Fruit 1—few-seeded.
1. A. Calamus, L. Sweet Frac. Scape with a long, leaf-like
prolongation (spathe) beyond the green, very closely flowered, spadix.
Along borders of brooks and swamps.
The rootstocks furnish the well-known calamus or “sweet flag-
root ” sold everywhere by druggists.
26 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
7. COMMELINACEZ. Spiperwort FAmILy.
Herbs, with slimy or mucilaginous juice ; stems somewhat
succulent, jointed, leafy, simple or branched. Leaves simple,
succulent, narrow, entire, sheathing at the base, sheaths entire
Fie. 5.— Acorus Calamus.
' A, spadix ; B, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged.
or split. Flowers in terminal cymes or umbels, perfect, often
irregular. Sepals 3, persistent, foliaceous or colored. Petals 3,
soon falling or liquefying ; stamens 6 or fewer, often some of
them abortive. Ovary 2—3-celled ; style single, stigma entire
or 3-lobed, fruit a 2—3-celled, 2—3-valved capsule, seeds soli-
tary or several in each cell.*
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 27
I. COMMELINA, Dill.
Annual or perennial, stem branching, erect or procumbent,
smooth or downy. Leaves petioled or sessile, entire, the
floral ones heart-shaped, folded, and forming a spathe enclos-
ing the base of the cymes. Flowers irregular, sepals mostly
colored, 1 of them smaller. Petals blue, unequal, 2 of them
kidney-shaped and long-clawed, the other smaller. Stamens 6,
only 5 of them fertile, filaments smooth. Capsule 1-3-celled,
seeds 1-2 in each cell.*
1. C. virginica, L. ViraintA Dayriower. Stem erect, downy,
1-2 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
3-5 in. long, somewhat rough above, sheaths inflated, hairy,
the opening often fringed. Spathes containing a slimy secretion.
Flowers 1 in. wide, the odd petal lanceolate. Capsule 3-seeded, the
dorsal cell not splitting open. On moist, sandy soil.*
II. TRADESCANTIA, L.
Perennial, stem simple or branched. Leaves very narrow.
Flowers in terminal and axillary bracted umbels, regular,
1 in. broad. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3, soon falling or
liquefying to jelly. Stamens 6, sometimes 8 shorter than the
others, filaments bearded or smooth. Ovary 3-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell, pedicels recurved in fruit. Capsule
3-celled, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded.*
1. T. virginica, L. Spiperwort. Stem erect, stout, smooth,
or with long, soft hairs, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves linear, keeled, often
purple-veined, long, taper-pointed, 1 ft. or more in length. Bracts
similar to the leaves, umbels sessile, 2-many-flowered, flowers in 2
rows in the bud. Petals blue or purple, twice as long as the sepals.
Stamens blue, filaments densely bearded. Capsule ovoid or oblong.
On dry, sandy soil.*
2. T. pilosa, Lehm. Harry SpipeERwortT. Stem stout, erect, or
zigzag, branched, with long, soft hairs, or nearly smooth, 1-2 ft.
high. Leaves linear-oblong, taper-pointed at the apex, narrowed at
the base, hairy on both sides. Umbels axillary and terminal, many-
flowered. Pedicels and sepals with soft, glandular hairs. Flowers
blue or purple, 3-1 in. wide. Seeds pitted. In rich soil.*
28 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
Ill. ZEBRINA.
Trailing or slightly climbing herbs. Leaves often striped.
Flowers irregular, usually in pairs. Calyx with a short tube,
regularly or irregularly 3-parted. Corolla nearly regular,
with tube longer than the calyx. Filaments naked or bearded.
Ovary 3-celled, 3-6-ovuled.
1. Z. pendula, Schnitzl WANDERING JEw. Stems perennial,
prostrate, or nearly so, branching freely, rooting easily at the nodes.
Leaves somewhat succulent, lance-ovate or oblong, crimson beneath,
green or dark purplish above, often with two wide silvery stripes.
Cultivated from Mexico.
8. PONTEDERIACEZ. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.
Perennial marsh or aquatic herbs, stems simple or branched,
succulent. Leaves simple, alternate. Flowers solitary or
spiked, each subtended by a leaf-like spathe, perfect, mostly
irregular. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6,
unequal, inserted irregularly in the tube or throat of the
perianth. Ovary free, style single, stigma entire or toothed,
ovary 1 or 3 celled. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle.*
PONTEDERIA, L.
Stem erect, from a thick, creeping rootstock, bearing a
single leaf above the middle and several sheathing, bract-like
leaves at its base. Radical leaves numerous, thick, parallel-
veined. -Petiole long, from a sheathing base. Flowers in
terminal spikes. Perianth 2-lipped, lobes of the upper lip
ovate, of the lower oblong, spreading. Stamens 6, the 3
upper short and often imperfect, the 3 lower protruding.
Ovary 3-celled, but only 1 cell ovule-bearing. The 1-seeded
utricle enclosed by the base of the perianth.*
1. P. cordata, L. PickeEREL-wEED. Stem stout, erect, 2—4 ft. high.
Leaves long, from heart-shaped to lanceolate and often halberd-
shaped, apex and basal lobes obtuse, finely nerved. Spike dense,
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 29
2-4 in. long, peduncles enclosed by the spathe. Perianth hairy,
blue, the upper lip with 2 yellow spots, tube 6-ribbed, curved, rather
longer than the lobes. Ovary oblong. In ponds and slow streams.*
9. JUNCACEZ. Rusu Famity.
Grass-like perennial or annual herbs, mostly growing on
wet soil. Stems mostly erect but sometimes creeping, simple
or branched, naked or leafy and jointed. Leaves cylindrical,
sheathing at the base, very slender and pointed or flattened
and grass-like. Flowers in cymes or panicles, which may be
very loose and spreading, or so compact as to form a head,
sometimes with a rigid scape prolonged beyond the flower-
cluster. Flowers usually bracted, perianth of 6 nearly equal
scale-like persistent divisions. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on
the base of the perianth. Ovary free, 1 or 3 celled, many-
ovuled. Style single, stigmas 3, usually hairy. Fruit a1 or
3 celled, 3-many-seeded capsule. [Most species flower late in
the season, and their identification is too difficult for one
without considerable experience. | *
10. LILIACEZ. Lity Famity.
Mostly herbs. Flowers regular and symmetrical. Perianth
free from the ovary. Stamens nearly always 6, one before
each division of the perianth. Ovary usually 3-celled. Fruit
a pod or berry, few—many-seeded.
Except in the genus Trillium the divisions of the perianth
are colored nearly alike.
30 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
SUBFAMILY I.—LILIACE PROPER.
Not tendril-climbers, rarely dicecious.
A.
Styles or sessile stigmas 3, more or less separate.
Leaves 3-ranked, strongly nerved and plaited. Flowers some-
what moncecious, small. Veratrum, I.
Leaves flat, lanceolate, or spatulate. Flowers dicecious, showy.
Chamelirium, II.
Leaves grass-like. Flowers perfect, showy. Amianthium, III.
B.
a
Style undivided (in No. XXIII, 3 sessile stigmas). Plants from root-
stocks.
Leaves perfoliate. Flowers solitary, drooping, yellow.
Uvularia, IV.
Leaves broad, clasping. Flowers solitary or nearly so, drooping,
yellow. Oakesia, V.
Leaves scale-like. Thread-like branches borne in their axils.
Flowers small, bell-shaped. Asparagus, XVII.
Leaves several-many, sessile or clasping, alternate. Flowers
small, 6-parted, white, in a terminal simple or compound
raceme. , Smilacina, XVIII.
Leaves only 2-3, sessile or slightly petioled. Flowers very
small, 4-parted, solitary or in a small terminal cluster.
Maianthemum, XIX.
Leaves clasping. Flowers solitary or in pairs, greenish-white or
rose-purple, borne on pedicels abruptly bent near the middle.
Streptopus, XX.
Leaves nearly sessile or partly clasping. Flowers axillary,
greenish, on pedicels jointed near the flower.
Polygonatum, XXI.
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 31
Leaves only 2, directly from the rootstock. Flowers in a raceme,
bell-shaped, white, sweet-scented. Convallaria, X XII.
Leaves 3, netted-veined. Flower single, large, terminal.
Trilium, XXIII.
C.
Style undivided. Plants from fibrous roots.
Flowers yellow or orange. Hemerocallis, VI.
Flowers white. Yueca, XVI.
D.
Style usually undivided. Plants from coated or solid-looking bulbs.
Leafy-stemmed plants. Flowers large, solitary, or apparently
umbelled. _ Fritillaria, IX.
Apparently stemless plants.
(a) Plants with the smell of onions or garlic. Flowers
umbelled. Allium, VII.
(b) Flower solitary, erect, large. *~ Tulipa, x.
(c) Flower solitary, nodding. Erythronium, XI.
(d) Flowers racemed. Perianth with hardly any tube.
Stigma a single knob. Scilla, XII.
(e) Flowers racemed. Perianth with hardly any tube.
Stigma 3-cleft. Camassia, XIII.
(f) Flowers corymbed. Perianth with hardly any tube.
Leaves linear. Ornithogalum, XIV.
(g) Flowers racemed. Perianth with a tube. Leaves
lance-linear. Hyacinthus, XV.
E.
Style undivided. Plants from scaly bulbs. Lilium, VIII.
SUBFAMILY II.—SMILACEZ.
Climbers, often tendril-bearing. Flowers diecious. Smilax, XXIV.
32 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
I. VERATRUM, Tourn. .
Simple-stemmed perennials. Roots fibrous, from the thick-
ened base of the stem, poisonous, emetic. Leaves 3-ranked, —
plaited, and veiny. Flowers panicled, greenish, or brownish.
Sepals 6, spreading, nearly free from the ovary. Stamens
shorter than the perianth, and inserted on its base. Ovary of
3 carpels united at base. . Fruit a few-seeded capsule, splitting
into 3 parts. ¥
1. V. viride, Ait. Wuirr Hetiesore, Inp1ian Poxe. Stem —
stout, 2-7 ft. high, very leafy. Flowers very numerous, in a panicle, —
composed of spike-like racemes. Sepals yellowish-green. Wee
meadows and brooksides.
' 2. V. Woodii, Robbins. Stem slender, 2-5 ft. high, not very leafy.
Flowers in a long, narrow panicle. Sepals greenish-purple or almost
black. Woods and dry hillsides. a :
i
Il. CHAMA-LIRIUM, Willd. Be
Rootstock short and thick, bitter. Stem simple, erect, leafy, —
smooth. Lower leaves spatulate to obovate, the stem-leaves
narrower. Flowers small, white, in a spike-lke raceme,
dicecious. Perianth of 6 linear-spatulate segments. Stamens —
6, filaments longer than the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, styles
3. Fruit an ovoid, 3-angled, many-seeded capsule.* Z
1. C. carolinianum, Willd. Unicorn-root, Devit’s Bit. Stem —
furrowed, staminate plants 1-2 ft. high, pistillate taller, often 3 ft.
or more. Lower leaves obovate, clustered, the upper small and
bract-like. Staminate racemes slender and drooping, the pista
erect. Flowers short-pediceled. Capsule 3-valved, seeds line
oblong, winged at the ends. On low ground.* rae
I. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. i
Stem simple, glabrous, erect from a bulbous base. Leaves —
long and slender. Flowers white, in a simple terminal raceme,
perfect. Perianth of 6 segments which are sessile and glan¢ -
less. Stamens 6, inserted in the base of the perianth. Ovar is
3-lobed, 3-celled, fruit a dehiscent, 3-lobed capsule, the lobes
becoming awl-shaped by the persistent style bases; cells fey
seeded.* |
j=
oN
ig
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS oe
1. A. muscetoxicum, Gray. FLy Porson. Bulb ovoid or oblong.
Stem somewhat angled below, 1-3 ft. high. Lower leaves strap-
shaped, channeled, the upper small and bract-like. Raceme dense,
cylindrical, pedicels from the axils of minute ovate bracts. Peri-
anth segments ovate, white, becoming greenish, nearly as long as
the slender stamens. Styles spreading. Capsule with divergent
lobes; seeds ovoid, red. In rich woods.*
IV. UVULARIA, L.
Rather low plants with short rootstocks. Leaves alternate,
broad, and parallel-veined. Flowers yellow or yellowish,
drooping, borne singly at the end of the forking stem.
Perianth of 6 similar and separate narrow spatulate sepals,
each grooved and nectar-bearing inside toward the base.
Stamens 6, with linear anthers, which are much longer than
the filaments. Style 3-cleft. . Pod 3-lobed, 3-celled, few-
seeded.
1. U. grandiflora. LArGER BeLtLtwort. Leaves oblong, with the
base clasping the stem so as to make it appear to run through the
leaf a little way from the base; flowers greenish-yellow, 14 in. long,
anthers obtuse. A leafy plant, 1-2 ft. high.
2. U. perfoliata. Mraty Brettwort. Leaves much as in the
preceding species ; flowers very pale yellow, with shining grains on
the inner surfaces of the twisted sepals; anthers sharp-pointed ;
plant about 2 the size of the preceding.
V. OAKESIA, Watson.
Plants with much the aspect of the preceding genus, but
with merely sessile leaves, triangular winged pods, and slen-
der creeping rootstocks.
1. O. sessilifolia. Witp Oats, Straw Lixies. Stem slender,
zigzag. Leaves lance-oval, thin, smooth, pale beneath, 1-14 in.
long. Flower cream-color, nearly 1 in. long.
VI. HEMEROCALLIS, L.
Perennial, from a fascicle of fleshy roots. Stem erect,
branched, smooth. Leaves mostly basal and linear. Flowers
on branching scapes, large, yellow or orange, solitary or
7
ot,
34 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
corymbed, perianth funnel-form, with a spreading limb mina F
longer than the tube. Stamens 6, inserted in the top of the |
tube, shorter than the lobes, curved upward. Ovary 3-celled, — oe
many-ovuled, style longer than the stamens, curved upwalea
stigma knobbed. Fruit a 3- celled, 3-angled capsule.* ff
1. H. fulva, L. Day Liny. Scapes stout, branched above, with a |
few bract-like leaves, smooth, 3-5 ft. high. Leaves very long, strap-— Fi:
shaped, acute, channeled. Flowers short-pediceled, tawny-yellow, —
perianth lobes oblong, netted-veined, lasting only one day. Intro-— =
duced from Asia and common in old gardens.* .
Vil. ALLIUM, L.
Stemless herbs from coated bulbs with the characteristic
odor of onions. Bulbs solitary or clustered. Leaves aa
linear or slender-tubular, with a bloom. Flowers small on
slender pedicels, in fatal umbels on naked seapes, thea 3
umbels often bracted or enclosed in a spathe. Perianth —
6-parted, persistent ; stamens 6, inserted on the base of the —
perianth, filaments filiform or dilated below. Ovary sessile, —
3-celled. Style thread-like, jointed; stigma entire. Fruit a a
3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded capsule. Flowers sometimes —
changed into bulblets.*
1. A. canadense, L. Mrapow Garuic. Bulbs ovoid, the outer
coats of white and thin, dry, netted fibers. Leaves narrowly linear, —
flat, or concave above. Scape cylindrical, 1 ft. high. Bracts of the Sa
umbel 2 3, ovate, acuminate; umbel consisting mostly of sessile —
bulblets. The few flowers long-pediceled, rose-colored. Perianth —
about as long as the stamens. Filaments dilated below. Capenlaas ce
shorter than the perianth, 6-toothed, ovules 2 in each cell. On moist :
soil.*
58 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
B. Fruit annual; leaves not bristle-tipped, though often
mucronate.
6. Q. alba, L. Wuuite Oak. A large tree with light gray bark.
Leaves obovate-oblong, 3—9-lobed, lobes rounded and mostly entire,
bright green above, paler below, short-petioled. Cup hemispherical,
scales rough, woolly when young, but becoming smooth with age ;
acorn oblong-ovate, about 1 in. long. Common in damp soil; wood
strong and durable; one of the most valuable timber trees.*
7. Q. stellata, Wang. Posr Oak. A tree of medium size with
rough gray bark. Leaves broadly obovate, deeply lyrate-pinnatified
into 5-7 rounded, divergent lobes, upper lobes much the longer,
smooth above, yellowish-downy beneath, petioles about 1 in. long.
Cup hemispherical, nearly sessile ; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as long as
the cup. On dry soil; wood hard and valuable.
8. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oax. A medium-sized to very
large tree, with roughish gray bark. Leaves obovate or oblong,
lyrately and deeply sinuate-lobed, smooth above, pale or downy
beneath. Cup very deep and thick, abundantly fringed about the
margin, 2 in. to 2 in. in diameter. Acorn, half or more [sometimes
entirely] enclosed by the cup. Reaches its full size only on rich
bottom lands S. and W., where it becomes one of the finest timber
oaks. Wood very hard and heavy.
9. Q. lyrata, Walt. Swamp Oak. A large tree with gray or
reddish bark. Leaves obovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, lobes
narrow, often toothed, thin, smooth above, white, densely woolly
beneath. Cup round-ovate, scales cuspidate, enclosing nearly the
whole of the depressed-globose acorn. On wet soil; wood strong
and very durable.*
10. Q. prinus, L. Swamp Cuestnut Oak. A large tree with
brown, ridged bark. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rather ob-
tuse, crenately toothed, minutely downy beneath, petioles slender,
about 1 in. long. Cup hemispherical, peduncles longer than the
petioles, scales acute, tubercular, appressed ; acorn oblong, acute,
1 in. or less in length, edible. Common on low ground. Wood
strong and valuable.*
11. Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Yrtrrow Curestnut Oak. A
tree of medium or large size with gray bark. Leaves oblong or
oblanceolate, usually acute at the apex and obtuse or rounded at the
base, coarsely and evenly toothed; veins straight, impressed above
and prominent beneath ; petioles slender. Cup hemispherical, sessile
or short-peduncled, with flat scales, } in. broad, enclosing about half
the ovoid acorn, which is 2—3 in. long. Common on dry soil, wood’
close-grained, durable, and valuable.
12. Q. virginiana, Mill. Live Oak. A large tree with rough
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 59
gray or brown bark and a low, spreading top. Leaves leathery,
evergreen, oblong or oblanceolate, often somewhat 3-lobed on young
trees, margin rolled under, dark green and shining above, pale
below ; petioles short, stout. Fruit often in short racemes, cup top-
shaped, scales closely appressed, hoary, peduncles 4-1 in. long; acorn
from subglobose to oblong, the longer form occurring on the younger
trees. On low ground near the coast ; wood very hard and durable ;
valued for shipbuilding.*
19, ULMACEZ. Exum FaAmity.
Trees or shrubs with watery juice, alternate, simple, petio-
late, serrate, stipulate leaves, which are usually 2-ranked ;
and small, perfect, or somewhat moncecious, apetalous flowers.
Calyx of 3-9 sepals which are distinct or partly united,
stamens as many as the sepals and
opposite them. Ovary 1-—2-celled,
styles 2, spreading. Fruit a key,
nut, or stone fruit.*
Ra S
=
Fic. 9.— Ulmus campestris.
A, a flowering twig ; B, a flower; C, longitudinal section of a flower; D, a fruit.
I. ULMUS, L.
Trees with straight-veined, unsymmetrical, doubly serrate
leaves; stipules early deciduous. Flowers perfect, calyx
bell-shaped, 4—9-cleft. Stamens slender, protruding. Ovary
compressed, styles 2, spreading. Fruit membranaceous, flat,
winged on the edge.*
60 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
1. U. americana, L. Wuitre Erm. A large tree with gray bark,
drooping branches, and smooth or slightly downy twigs. Leaves
oval or obovate, abruptly taper-pointed at the apex, obtuse and
oblique at the base, slightly rough above, soft downy or soon smooth
beneath. Flowers in close fascicles, peduncles slender, smooth.
Fruit oval or obovate, with 2 sharp teeth bending toward each
other at the apex, wing reticulate-veined, downy on the margin.
In moist, rich soil. A widely planted ornamental tree; wood
strong but warping badly, and not durable when exposed.*
2. U. alata, Michx. Wincep Exim. A small tree with branches
corky-winged. Leaves small, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate,
base nearly equal-sided, rough above, downy beneath, nearly sessile.
Flowers in small clusters. Fruit oblong, downy on the sides, ciliate
on the edges. On rich soil. Occasionally producing a second set of.
flowers and fruit from September to November.*
3. U. fulva, Michx. Srtippery Erm. A tree of medium size
with rough downy twigs, and rusty, densely woolly bud-scales.
Leaves large, thick, very rough above, downy beneath, ovate or
obovate, taper-pointed at the apex, unsymmetrical, obtuse or some-
what cordate at the base, coarsely and doubly serrate, calyx-lobes
and pedicels downy. Fruit broadly oval, downy over the seed, the
wing smooth. Inner bark very fragrant when dried, and a popular
domestic remedy.*
II. CELTIS, Tourn.
Trees or shrubs with entire or serrate, petioled leaves.
Flowers greenish, axillary, on wood of the same season, the
staminate in small clusters, the fertile single or 2-3 together.*
1. C. occidentalis, L. Hackperry. A large or medium-sized
tree haying much the appearance of an elm, bark dark and rough.
Leaves ovate, taper-pointed at the apex, abruptly obtuse and inequi-
lateral at the base, sharply serrate, often 3-nerved from the base,
smooth above, usually somewhat downy below. Fruit a small, dark
purple stone fruit. On rich soil.
2. C. mississippiensis, Bosc. sone HackBERRY. A tree
usually smaller than the preceding, bark gray, often very warty.
Leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate, long taper-pointed at the apex,
obtuse or sometimes heart-shaped at the base, entire or with very
few serratures, smooth on both sides, 3-nerved. Fruit a purplish-
black, globose stone fruit,*
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 61
20. MORACEZ. Muvu.perry FAmILy.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, usually with milky juice, alternate
leaves, large deciduous stipules and small monecious or dic-
cious flowers crowded in spikes, heads or racemes, or enclosed
in a fleshy receptacle. Staminate flowers with a 3-4-lobed
calyx, stamens 3-4, inserted on the base of the calyx, fila-
ments usually inflexed in the bud, straightening at maturity.
Pistillate flowers 3—5-sepalous ; ovary 1-2-celled, 1—2-ovuled ;
styles 2, receptacle and perianth often fleshy at maturity.*
I. MORUS, Tourn.
Trees or shrubs with milky juice, rounded leaves, and
moncecious flowers in axillary spikes. Staminate flowers
with a 4-parted perianth, and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud.
-Pistillate flowers with a 4-parted perianth which becomes
fleshy in the multiple fruit, the pulpy part of which consists
of the thickened calyx, bracts and so on of many flowers;
ovary sessile, stigmas 2, linear, spreading ; the fleshy perianth
enclosing the ovary at maturity.*
1. M. rubra, L. Rep Mutperry. A small tree. Leaves cor-
date-ovate, often 5—5-lobed on vigorous shoots, taper-pointed at the
apex, serrate, rough above, white, densely woolly beneath. Mature
fruiting spikes oblong, drooping, dark red or purple, edible. On rich
soil. Wood very durable, bearing exposure to the weather.
2. M. alba, L. Wuitrt Muvutperry. A small tree. Leaves
ovate, heart-shaped, acute at the apex, rounded and often oblique at
the base, serrate or sometimes lobed. Smooth and shining on both
sides. Mature fruit light red or white. Introduced and common
about old dwellings.*
II. MACLURA, Nutt.
A small tree with milky juice. Leaves alternate, petioled,
spines axillary. Flowers dicecious. Staminate flowers in
short axillary racemes ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, inflexed
in the bud. Pistillate flowers in axillary, peduncled, capitate
clusters ; calyx 4-parted, ovary sessile, style long; calyces
becoming thickened and fleshy in fruit and aggregated into a
large, dense, globular head.*
62 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
1. M.aurantiaca, Nutt. OsAGrOrANGE. Asmall tree with ridg
yellow ish-brown bark. Leaves minutely downy when young, be 0
ing smooth and shining with age, ovate or ovate-oblong, tay
pointed at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, entire, petioled
Staminate racemes about 1 in. long. Pistillate flower clusters abou it
1 in. in diameter. Fruit yellowish, tubercled, 3-4 in. in diamet
In rich soil. Native in Texas and extensively planted for hedges.
Wood very durable when exposed to the weather, and therefore used —
for fence posts. As the wood does not swell or shrink with dance
in its moisture, it is highly valued for wheel hubs, etc.*
Ill. BROUSSONETIA, L’Her. “f x
Small trees with milky juice. Leaves alternate, petioled ; e ae
flowers dicecious. Staminate in cylindrical spikes, with
4-cleft calyx, 4 stamens, and a rudimentary ovary. Pistil- —
late flowers in capitate clusters. Calyx 3—4-toothed. —_ #
stalked, style 2-cleft, fruit in a globular head.*
1. B. papyrifera, Vent. Parer MuLperry. A round-topped ie .
with yellowish-brown bark. Leaves cordate, often irregularly 2-3- —
lobed, serrate, rough above, downy beneath, long-petioled. Stami-
nate spikelets peduncled, 2-3 in. long. Pistillate heads stout, pedun- :
cled, about 1 in. in diameter. Introduced from Asia and very —
common §S. about old dooryards.* i,
hay
IV. CANNABIS, Tourn. ;
Coarse herbs with very tough, fibrous bark. Leaves usu-
ally opposite, palmately compound. Flowers small, pee
greenish, the staminate ones in compound racemes or panicles, —
the pistillate ones in spikes. Calyx of the staminate flowers
of 5 sepals, that of the pistillate flowers of 1 large sepal R
which covers the ovary and the akene.
|
1. C. sativa, L. Common Hemp. An erect plant, 4-8 ft. high.
Leaves large, petioled, of 5-7 lanceolate, irregularly serrate or
toothed leaflets. Cultivated from Europe, S. and W., for its fhe
and sometimes runs wild along roadsides in rich soil.
21. URTICACEZ. NeEtTTLE FamIty. ioe
re ss
Herbs with watery juice, stem and leaves often clothe d
with stinging hairs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flow
eal ;
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 63
small, greenish, imperfect, apetalous in axillary clusters.
Calyx of the staminate flowers 4—5-parted or 4—5-sepalous ;
stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, filaments
inflexed in the bud and straightening at maturity, anthers
2-celled. Calyx of pistillate flowers 2-4-sepalous; ovary
sessile, 1-celled, stigma simple or tufted. Fruit an akene
commonly enclosed in the dry, persistent calyx.*
URTICA, Tourn.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves with stinging hairs,
opposite, petioled, several-nerved, dentate, or incised, stipulate.
Flowers moneecious or dicecious. Calyx of the staminate
flowers 4-parted ; stamens 4, inserted around a rudimentary
ovary. Pistillate flowers with 4 unequal sepals, the inner
ones dilated in fruit; akenes smooth, compressed.*
1. U. urens, L. Smarty Nettie. Annual; stem stout, 4-angled,
hairy, 12-18 in. tall, with few stinging hairs; branches slender.
Leaves elliptical or ovate, serrate or incised, 3—5-nerved, acute or
obtuse at the ends, thin, hairy ; petioles often as long as the blades ;
stipules short. Flower clusters axillary, in pairs, loose, mostly
shorter than the petioles. On damp soil in waste places.*
22. LORANTHACEZ. MIstTLeTOE FAmILyY.
Parasitic shrubs or herbs, leaves opposite, leathery, with-
out stipules. Flowers monecious or dicecious, clustered or
solitary ; perianth of both calyx and corolla, or of a calyx
only, or sometimes wanting ; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary,
sepals 2-8. Stamens as many as the sepals, and opposite
them; ovary 1-celled, ovule 1. Fruit a berry.*
PHORADENDRON, Nutt.
Evergreen, shrubby plants, parasitic on trees; branches
greenish, jointed, and very brittle. Leaves leathery. Flowers
dicecious, in short jointed spikes. Staminate flowers globular,
calyx 2-4-lobed, stamens sessile at the base of the lobes,
64 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
anthers transversely 2-celled. Pistillate flowers with the |
calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, stigma sessile, berry
1-seeded.*
1. P.flavescens, Nutt. AMERICAN MISTLETOE. Veryround, bushy ;
branches very brittle at the joints, opposite or whorled, 6 in. to 2 ft.
long. Leaves flat, leathery, or somewhat fleshy, nearly veinless,
obovate, entire, with short petioles. Flowering spikes solitary or
2-3 together in the axils of the leaves. Berry roundish, white,
glutinous. Parasitic on many deciduous trees.*
23. SANTALACEZH. SanpAaLtwoop FAmMILy.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with entire leaves. Flowers usually
small. Calyx 4-5-cleft, its tube adnate tothe ovary. Corolla
wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite
them, inserted on the margin of a fleshy disk. Style1. Ovary
1-celled, with 2-4 ovules borne at the top of a free central
placenta. Fruit 1-seeded.
COMANDRA, Nutt.
Low, smooth perennials with herbaceous stems, rather
woody below, often parasitic. Leaves alternate and nearly
sessile. Flowers nearly white, in small umbel-like clusters,
perfect. Calyx bell-shaped at first. Stamens borne on a
5-lobed disk which surrounds the pistil, anthers connected
by a tuft of hairs to the calyx-lobes.
1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Bastarp Toap-rLrax. Plant 8-10 in.
high, with very leafy stems. Roots attached to the roots of trees,
from which they draw nourishment. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate,
pale, nearly 1 in. long. Umbel-like clusters about 3-flowered, longer
than the leaves. Rocky, dry woods.
294. ARISTOLOCHIACEZ. DutTcuHMAn’s Pier FAMILY.
Herbaceous plants, stemless or with twining and leafy
stems. Leaves alternate, without stipules, petioled, mostly
roundish or kidney-shaped. Flowers axillary, solitary or
clustered, perfect, regular or irregular. Calyx tubular, 3 or
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 65
6 lobed, usually colored. Petals none. Stamens 6-12, inserted
onthe ovary. Pistils 1, ovary mostly 6-celled, many-seeded.*
I. ASARUM, Tourn.
Perennial, stemless, aromatic herbs, with slender, branch-
ing rootstocks. Leaves long-petioled, from kidney-shaped to
halberd-shaped. Flowers axillary, peduncled. Calyx regular,
3-lobed, withering-persistent. Stamens 12, the filaments par-
tially united with the style and usually prolonged beyond the
anthers. Ovary 6-celled with parietal placentze, many-seeded.
Mature capsule roundish, often somewhat fleshy.*
1. A. canadense, L. Witp Gincer. Plant soft, hairy. Leaves
2, large, kidney-shaped, on long petioles, with the flower borne on a
short peduncle between them. Flower greenish outside, brownish-
purple inside. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, calyx-lobes
taper-pointed, widely spreading, reflexed at the tip. Rich, shady
woods, common N.
2. A. virginicum, L. VirGrnrA AsARuUM. Leaves evergreen, 1-3
to each plant, smooth, mottled, round-cordate, entire, 2-3 in. long
and broad; petioles smooth or downy along one side, 3-7 in. long.
Flowers nearly sessile, greenish without, dull purple within, 2—3 in.
long, tube inflated below, narrow at the throat, lobes spreading.
Rich, shady woods.*
II. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn.
Erect or twining perennial herbs or woody vines. Leaves
alternate, heart-shaped at the base, palmately nerved, petioled,
entire. Flowers irregular, solitary, or in small clusters.
Calyx more or less adnate to the ovary, tubular, irregular.
Stamens mostly 6, sessile, adnate to the angled and fleshy
3-6-lobed or angled stigma. Capsule naked, 6-valved, seeds
very numerous.*
1. A. Sipho, L’Her. DuTcHMAn’s Pipr, PirE Vine. A tall
climber. Leaves dark green, smooth, round-kidney-shaped, some-
times 1 ft. wide. Peduncles 1-flowered, with a single clasping bract.
Calyx 14 in. long, bent into the shape of a pipe, its border abruptly
spreading, brownish-purple. Rich woods, often cultivated.
2. A. tomentosa, Sims. DuTcuMaAn’s Pipr. Stem woody, climb-
ing high, branches and leaves densely woolly. Leaves heart-shaped,
prominently veined, 3-5 in, long and broad. Flowers axillary,
66 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
mostly solitary, on slender peduncles. Calyx bent in the shape of
a pipe, yellowish-green with a dark purple throat, limb unequally
3-lobed, rugose, reflexed. Anthers in pairs below the 3 spreading
lobes of the stigma. Capsule oblong. Stems sometimes 30 ft. long.
Rich woods S.*
25. POLYGONACEZ. BuckwHEAT FAMILY.
Herbs with alternate, entire leaves and usually with sheath-
ing stipules above the swollen joints of the stem. Flowers
apetalous, generally perfect, with a 3—6-cleft calyx, generally
colored and persistent. Fruit a compressed or 3-angled akene,
enclosed in the calyx. Seeds with endosperm, which does not
generally enclose the embryo. Stamens 4-12, on the base of
the calyx.
I. RUMEX, L.
Coarse herbs, many of them troublesome weeds. Flowers
small, usually green or greenish, generally in whorls borne in
panicled racemes. Calyx of 6 nearly distinct sepals, the 3
inner larger and more petal-like than the 3 outer, and one
or more of them usually with a little knob or tubercle on its
back. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Stigmas short, fringed. Fruit
a 3-angled akene, closely covered by the 3 inner calyx-lobes,
enlarged and known as valves.
1. R. Acetosella, L. Surerep Sorrext. Erect annual or perennial
herbs with creeping rootstocks. Stem simple or branched, smooth.
Leaves petioled, narrowly halberd-shaped, usually widest above the
middle, the apex acute or obtuse, upper stem-leaves often nearly
linear and not lobed. Flowers dicecious, small, in terminal, naked,
panicled, interrupted racemes. Calyx greenish; the pistillate pani-
cles becoming reddish. Fruit less than J, in. long, granular, longer
than the calyx. A common introduced weed, in dry fields and on
sour soils. Foliage very acid.*
2. R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock. Perennial, stem stout,
smooth, erect or ascending, 3-5 ft. tall. Lower leaves oblong,
obtuse at the apex and usually heart-shaped at the base, long-
petioled, often 12-18 in. long, upper leaves narrower and often
acute at both ends. Flowers perfect or somewhat moncecious, in
dense whorls, pedicels slender, 1-2 in. long, tapering downward,
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 67
reflexed at maturity. Calyx green, the valves broadly triangular,
abruptly pointed, reticulated, a distinct long and narrow tubercle on
the back of each. Swamps and wet ground.*
3. R. crispus, L. YrLLow Dock. Stout, smooth, 3-4 ft. high.
Leaves lanceolate, margins very wavy, acute, the lower more or less
heart-shaped. Root long, tapering gradually downward, yellow,
very tough. Flowers in whorls crowded in long, straight, slender
racemes. Valves roundish heart-shaped, mostly tubercled. A very
hardy weed, introduced from Europe.
Il. POLYGONUM, L.
Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, with
enlarged joints and simple, alternate, entire leaves; the
sheathing stipules often cut or fringed. Flowers perfect,
usually white or rose-colored, each flower or cluster subtended
by a membranaceous bract, similar to the stipules of the
leaves. Calyx mostly 5-parted, the divisions petal-lke, erect
and persistent. Stamens 3-9. Styles 2-3-parted. Fruit
lens-shaped or 3-angled.*
1. P. aviculare, L. KNot-Grass. Annual or perennial. Stem
prostrate or ascending, diffuse, smooth, 6-24 in. long. Leaves small,
lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly
or quite sessile. Stipules thin and dry, 2—3-
cleft or cut. Flower-clusters axillary, 1-5-
flowered, flowers inconspjcuous, nearly ses-
sile. Calyx greenish-white, 5-parted, the
lobes with white or colored borders. Stamens
5-8. Style 3-parted; akene 3-angled, not
shining. A common weed in dooryards and
where the ground is trampled.* Fig. 10.— Buckwheat.
2. P. Dumetorum, L. Fatse Buck- 4, flower, longitudinal sec-
WHEAT. Perennial; stems slender, twining, eg, eH ase Cn
branched, 2-10 ft. long. Leaves ovate, be ar ee
taper-pointed, heart-shaped to halberd-shaped at the base, long-
petioled. Stipules cylindrical, truncate. Flowers in axillary, more
or less compound and leafy racemes. Calyx greenish-white, the
outer lobes winged and forming a margin on the pedicel. Stamens
8. Stigmas 3; akene 5-angled, black, smooth, and shining. Margins
of fields and thickets.*
68 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
26. CHENOPODIACEZ. Goosreroor FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, without sti-
pules. Flowers small, regular, either perfect or more or
less moncecious or dicecious. Calyx free from the ovary.
Corolla wanting. Stamens usually 5, opposite the sepals.
Styles or stigmas generally 2. Fruit with 1 seed, usually
enclosed in a small, bladdery sac, sometimes an akene.
I. SPINACIA, Tourn.
Herbs. Flowers dicecious, in close axillary clusters. Stami-
nate flowers 3—5-sepaled, with 4 or 5 projecting stamens.
Pistillate flowers with a tubular 2-toothed or 4-toothed calyx.
1. S. oleracea, Mill. Sprnacu. A soft annual or biennial herb.
Leaves triangular, ovate, or halberd-shaped, petioled. Cultivated
from Asia as a pot-herb.
II. CHENOPODIUM, Tourn.
Annual or perennial herbs. Stems erect or spreading.
Leaves alternate, usually white-mealy. Flowers small, green-
FIG. 11.— Chenopodium.
A, flower; B, fruit.
ish, in panicled spikes. Calyx 3-5-parted, the lobes often
slightly fleshy and keeled. Stamens 5; filaments thread-
shaped. Styles 2-3, distinct or united at the base. Seed
lens-shaped.*
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 69
‘1. C. hybridum, L. Mapire-LeEAvep GooseEroot. A tall annual
herb 2-4 ft. high. Leaves 2-6 in. long, thin, bright green, long,
taper-pointed, with several angled lobes on each side, terminating in
pointed teeth. Flower-clusters rather large, consisting of loosely
panicled racemes. A rather common weed.
2. C. Botrys, L. JERUSALEM Oak. A low spreading plant coy-
ered with sticky down. Leaves with slender petioles, oblong, sin-
uately lobed or the lobes pinnate. Flowers in loose, diverging,
leafless racemes. The whole plant is sweet-scented. Introduced
from Europe and naturalized in gardens and along roadsides.
27. PHYTOLACCACEZ. PoKEWEED FAMILY.
Plants with alternate entire leaves. Flowers perfect, 5-
parted, with the characters of the Goosefoot Family, but the
ovary generally consisting of several carpels, which unite to
form a berry.
PHYTOLACCA, Tourn.
Perennial herbs. Stems tall, branching. Leaves large,
entire. Flowers small, in terminal racemes, pedicels bracted.
Calyx of 4-5 neatly equal, persistent sepals. Stamens 5-15,
inserted at the base of the calyx. Styles 5-12, recurved at
the apex. Fruit a depressed-globose, juicy berry.*
1.'P. decandra, L. PokEWrEED. Stems erect, smooth, branched
above, usually dark purple, 4—7 ft. tall; root large, fleshy, poisonous.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth, acute, long-petioled. Racemes pedun-
cled, many-flowered, opposite the leaves, flowers white, becoming
purplish. Stamens 10, shorter than the sepals. Styles 10, car-
pels 10; fruit a dark purple berry. A weed on waste ground.
The young branches are often eaten like asparagus, and the root,
known as “ garget root,” is used in medicine.*
28. AIZOACEZ. IcEr-PLANT FAMILY.
Mostly fleshy plants, mainly natives of Africa. Flowers
often large and showy. Stamens often doubled and some of
them petal-like. Ovary 2—many-celled.
[Our only very common genus belongs to a subfamily
which has little resemblance to the fleshy “ ice-plants,” found
in some gardens, which best represent the family as a whole. ]
70 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY
MOLLUGO, L.
Low branching annuals. Sepals 5, greenish outside, white
inside. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, alternate with the
sepals, or 3, alternate with the cells of the ovary. Capsule
3-celled, many-seeded.
1. M. verticillata, L. CARpPET-wEED. Stems branching and
forming radiating patches. Leaves clustered in apparent whorls at
the joints of the stem, spatulate. Flowers in little sessile umbels at
the joints. Stamens commonly 3.