rene ot at å pt
Er

v pot onfnket em mfatnr Jeannetr deep
uren

fat yr toner tp
rute per DP der

our

pst mr ge sp D tp 8 ml gn Den
pe EE NE ØK ET TSG Ar

MUS. $5.3,10.3

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

vere

LIBRARY
OF THE
PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN
ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY

20 AN
å vr EG

KD
Ka JE
EG

er
0) DA Å

;
å en ER Fa

FE

Ha
oa

hd ar då

AT,
Ar

bu) då ER: |
Kand ET an

3 å

y

n

GS
2
Q
Oo
0
Yad
ap)
Gp)
D
Ve

906.
C

form broo

Aarbog 1

8.

ns Museums
No.

erge

Haakon Scheiel

ig.

æ—-

——

the text).

ions in

th 194 ilustrati

i

i

G—

i
2 if: p
& På
Å p
Li t
Å i
ER, I

f 4
p å N
| er
&
( å
; vr
2 enn
GE
å
$

Bergens Museums Aarbog 1906.
No. 8.

The erueiform broocehes of Norway.

By

Haakon Schetelig.

(With 194 illustrations in the text).

ND -

or

OG EN KI

Contents.

Page

Pretaee.xvv sedrer 5
I. Typological description of the cruciform brooches.
Orsi of d00 fiss (å
mhegeankygereiormibioodkes FAA STN 20
Development of the cruciform brooches in the Eastern parts of the
Seandimnmavianpbennsulas.. "er dark eee saa ee dude 28
Mregeruerormibrooehes im Western Norwas SJ NE 58
Negerciroimbrosehesforkndande 97
Il. Chronology of the cruciform brooches.

Toe ay ork EN EE NILG
Cruciform brooches contemporary with silver-plated brooches ....... 128
Cruciform brooches contemporary with early brooches in relief...... 132
Cruciform brooches contemporary with late brooches in relief....... 139
General chronological conelusions compared with the typology ...... 151
ne of Used 155

Mistodabbreviatonseeee Fatal ee Ale ate ee BA Eiet 160

Preface.

most necessary basis for all researches in prehistorie
arehaeology is an.exact knowledge of the antiquities themselves, as
it is impossible to draw ceonelusions from the combinations of anti-
quities in the graves or from the loeal distribution of certain types
without being familiar with the forms of antiquities concerned.

The study of forms for their own sake is thus quite as indis-
pensable to the archaeologist as grammatical studies are to the
linguist, and when published, the value of this study should not be
estimated from its immediate results only, but it should also be
considered as å contribution to the material accessible to the scientific
public. Upon this prineiple I have given in the following pages å
deseription of the eruciform brooches of Norway, recording all the
varieties even when my explanation of the facts may seem doubtful,
or when I have not been able to give any satisfactory explanation
at all.

As the history of eruciform brooches, in its main features, has
already been given in several publications, my chief purpose has
not been to start any new theories, but to give å complete survey
of the whole material in order to establish å basis for current
opinions of the subject. For this purpose I have found it desirable
to give as many illustrations as possible — taken partly from other
publications and partly from original drawings and photographs —
although the number of figures may thus seem rather out of pro-
portion to the text. My conelusions will be found new only in
very few points, and I do not pretend to have made any discoveries
of importance. But with regard to some questions where opinions
are divided, I hope to have afforded the means to a better under-
standing, for instance as to the origin of the type, and the relations

13

6 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

between the eruciform brooehes found in different parts of Scandinavia
and England.

In the text and the foot-notes are given complete references
to publications concerning these brooches. For much valuable in-
formation and for many of the drawings and photographs I am
greatly indebted to the directors and keepers of Scandinavian,
English, and German museums, and I take this opportunity of ex-
pressing my sincere thanks for all the kindness shown to me when
engaged in these researches. I wish especially to thank the foll-
owing gentlemen who have kindly allowed me to trouble them with
various questions: Mr. G. GUSTAFSON, Professor at Kristiania,
Mr. Gustav Mørk, of the Kristiania Museum, Dr. Sornus MULLER,
Director of the Copenhagen Museum, Mr. Cart NEERGAARD, of
Copenhagen, Dr. Oscar ALMGREN, of Stockholm, and Mr. REGINALD
A. Smarag, of the British Museum.

Bergen, July 1906.

I. Typological deseription of the erueiform brooches.

1. Origin of the type.

The term ,The eruciform brooch* as it is generally used by
the Scandinavian archaeologists especially means that Teutonic form
the upper part of which consists of a square flat plate, attached to
the bow on one side and bearing on each of the other three sides
a moulded knob. This cross-like part of the brooch which has
given its name to the type, is constantly preserved through the many
varying stages of development, and also gives an undisputable proof
that the different forms enclosed by this signifiecation, though often
much diverging from each other, must all be derived from å common
origin. They are å branch of that large class of brooeches commonly
called the cross-bow brooches, åa elass which has best preserved
many of the features of the early brooches with returned foot, and
consequently they belong to that family of brooches which, during
the last two centuries of the Roman empire, were used all over
Western Europe, both in the Roman provinces and in the Teutonic
distriets. |

Before entering upon our special research into the origin of the
Teutonic eruciform brooches, we must make out the limits of our
subject by excluding those forms which, although apparently similar
fo our series and in all cases elosely allied to it, have not directly
eontributed to the main development of the type here in question.

In the different parts of Western and Northern Europe we find
in the 4th cent. A. D. å number of local variations of the eross-bow
brooeh. Of these variations we may at once put aside the Prussian
forms, where the spring-eoil always is very long and whose foot
in its later development gets that particular shape called the

8 Haakon Schetelig. [No 8

starpattern foot.) The Prussian forms may perhaps have influeneed
some of the late varieties of the eruciform brooches — as we shall
see below — but they touch in no respect the early development of
this type.

The brooeh which was in the 4th cent. most commonly used in
the Roman provinces (fig. 1)*) and which is so well known to all
students of the archaeology of Northern Europe has, on the other
hand, been regarded as the prototype of the eruciform brooches by
two of the first authorities of Scan-
dinavia, dr. I. Unpset and dr. Sopnus
Mönner.*) Å ditferent opinion has
always been pronounced by the Swe-
dish archaeologists, from the first
great typological researches by dr.
H. HrLpeBranD to the recent books
by dr. 0. ArtmGREn and dr. B.
Sann. The Swedish school finds,
in contradiction to dr. Unpset and
dr. MöLLEr, in the eruciform brooeh
a form of pure Teutonic origin de-
veloped from the brooch with returned
foot. I shall here try to give detailed
proofs that the last mentioned opinion
is the right one, though it must al-
ways be understood that the Roman
forms of that age generally influenced
the taste of Teutonic tribes, even in cases where the ditferent elements
constituting the form as å type owed their origin to entirely native

1) Illustrations of such Prussian brooches are found: Dr. ÅLMGREN: Studien

iiber nordeurop. Fibelform. Stockholm 1897, fig. 167 and 168. — Photograpbi-
sches Album der Ausstellung zu Berlin, Section I, Taf. 9—11 (brooches with
starpattern foot Taf. 10, fig. 445—450). — Dr. San: Die altgermanische Thier-

ornamentik, Stockholm 1904, p. 69 ss.

2) The specimen is found in the Rhine-provinces, now in the Bergen Museum.
To the development of this type see ÅLMGREN, 1. c. p. 88.

3) INGVALD UNDSET: Das erste Auftreten des Eisens in Nordeuropa p. 295.
— Dr. Soprrus MÖLLEr: Ordning af Danmarks Oldsager, Jernalderen fig. 256
and text p. 59 (to fig. 548). — The same opinion was pronounced by Mr. B. E.
BENDIXEN as early as 1877 (see Ab. 1877, p. 191: , This form seems to be åa
provincial or local development of the late Roman brooch with three knobs*).
— H. HILDEBRAND: Bidrag til spånnets historia, Antiquarisk tidskrift för Sve-
rige IV, p. 201. — ALMGREEN 1. ci p. 87.

1906] The eruciform brovehes of Norway. 9

sources. Moreover, we are able to make out that the common Roman
form (fig. 1), imitated in the Northern countries, produced forms
whieh are not identical with our eruciform brooehes.

It is very natural that such imitations should take place, as
some brooches evidently of Roman workmanship have been found

Fig. 4.

in Scandinavia. Å specimen of this sort, found in Denmark, is
given as fig. 2), and some Scandinavian imitations of the Roman

1) From MULLER 1. c. fig. 256.

10 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

type as the following four figures (figs. 3—6).') They have all the
upper knob placed directly upon the top of the bow, and the heavy
and solid character of the form with its thick and sharply facetted
bow gives them rather å Roman appearance compared with the
pure Teutonic brooches of the 4th cent. They
are, however, most decidedly pointed out as
a form imported in our district by the
cireumstanee that they are always very rare”),
while the genuine Teutonic type, our eruei-
form brooch, is found in great numbers. Ås
is seen from the figures, the Roman type has,
in the Northern countries, gone through no
remarkable development, but only some more
general changes, which followed its transfer
into Teutonic hands; the foot has become
longer and narrower, and the tension of the
pin is nearly always brought about by å short
spring-eoil, the Romans generally preferring
for this purpose å simple hinge with back-
stop. The ornamentation too, as seen in tigs.
5 and 6, is purely Teutonic, and the trans-
verse section of the bow in figs. 4 and 6 has
certainly å non-Roman appearance.

The introduction of this form into Scandi-
navia must date from the 4+th cent. which was
the last period of the direct influence of Roman
forms among the Northern barbarians. An
ornamentation consistins of strips of silver
inlaid in the surface, as seen in fir. 5, was
| probably especially much used in the early

Fig. AR 1. part of the 5th cent. and may be taken as å

hint for the fixing of the date of that brooeh.

The next one, fig. 6, might be referred to the same century, and probably
the latter half of it, as it was found associated with å bronze-vessel

)) Fig. 8: Stockholm Museum, no. 8191, published with the kind per-
mission of the Museum and Academy of Stockholm; — fig. 4: Slettebø, Eger-
sund pgd. Jæderen, B. 2293, Loranez: N. Olds. i B. M. p. 54; — fig. 5: RycGH,
fig. 242; — fig. 6: Tveiten, Mo pgd. Telemarken, 0. 8434, Ab. 1877, fig. 16.

?) Compare ÅLMGREN, 1. c. p. 88, and 198. He makes in his lists no
difference between the Roman brooches of this sort and the Teutonic imitations.

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. i!

of the same form as RyceH fig. 353. The youngest specimen of
this sort which I have seen, Is given as fig. 7;)) it is said to have
been found in å grave, containing besides the brooch some weapons
which are not likely to be older than the 6th cent. The brooch
itself indicates by its form, especially by the bow which is broad
and concave from the underside, å later stave of development.
The other parts show very little variation from the original type,
an evident proof that it has not been this form, which produced
the rich development of the eruciform brooehes of the 5th and 6th
cent. in Scandinavia. We must, however, before leaving it, note
another form, produced by a slight variation of the Roman type
and represented here by the specimens tids. 8
and 9.” The only difference from the form
described above is found in the piece separat-
ing the upper knob from the end of the bow.
Though this detail is found in no Roman
brooeh, the connexion with those mentioned
above is not to be mistaken; it has perhaps
come up as å form of compromise, the Teutonic
brooches of the same family always having the
knob placed a little above the end of the bow,
though arranged in another way than the variety
treated here.”) That this one is closely con-
nected with the Roman type is, moreover, brought
to evidence by some of them having, instead
of a spring-coil after the common Teutonic
fashion, å hinge just of the same arranvement
as the contemporary brooches from the Roman
provinces. We find this peculiarity in the
specimen fig. 10*), — probably from the time about 400 — showing
not only the Roman arrangement of the hinge but also an imitation
of the solid beam which, in the Roman forms, took the place of
the spring-eoil of the Teutonic brooches. The other parts of this

1) Tuneim, Lye pgd. Jæderen. Stavanger Museum, no. 111—117.

2) Fig. 8: Gjerløv, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. Tønsberg Museum, no. 40. —
Fig. 9: Øvstebø, Vikedal pgd. Ryfylke. Stavanger Museum, no. 2261, Stav. mus.
aarsb. 1900, p. 71.

3) For the history of this detail compare also MESTORF: Altertiimer, fig. 581.

3 Litleland, Haaland pgd. Jæderen, Stavanger Museum, no. 2595. Stav.
mus. aarsb. 1903. p. 98.

12 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

brooeh bear evident marks of its Teutonic origin; it must be ranged
among the similar Teutonic brooches figured above.

It is clear that such imitations of the Roman brooches have
little to do with the origin of the type especially signitied — in
England and Scandinavia — as the erueiform brooches. The bronehes
figs. 7—10 and others of the same family, though not completely
without descendants among the later Scandinavian forms, are well
distinguished from the erueiform brooches in the meaning I have

FE

ER SES

Fig. 8. Fig. 9. 1.

given to this signifacation. The question being of some interest, I
will in å few words mention some brooches which are, I think,
representing the later development of the half Roman forms, in
spite of my studies upon this point not being quite complete. I think
it is necessary to explain in that way the specimens figs. 11 and 12;))

1) Fig. 11: Vestre Vestrum, Hedrum pod. Larvik. OC. 193877. Ab. 1885,
p. 114. — Fig. 12: Bjerke, Hedrum ped. Larvik. U. 2496. Ryen fig. 245.

1906 The eruciform brooches of Norway. 9
> D

respecting the upper part of the brooch this form has certainly
sprung from another origin than the common erueiform brooches,
and it resembles mueh upon some of the brooches illustrated above.
A later stage of the development of the same form is shown as
er 139)

Fig: 108 4:

In all the forms hitherto seen, we miss the square plate at
the top of the bow which is one of the most characteristic elements

I) Obrestad, Haa ped. Jæderen. B. 4254. Ab. 1884, p. 86.

14 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

of our series. We are forced, therefore, to exclude from our special
research both the Roman brooches of the 4th cent. and the Teutonic
imitations of them, as they have not directly contributed to the
development of the eruciform type, and by searching elsewhere for
the origin of the detail in question — the plate at the top of the
bow, which is commonly called the ,,head-plate" of the brooech — we
must acknowledse the non-Roman origin of the erueiform brooehes.

The brooches with returned foot appear in the Western and
Northern parts of the Teutonic district in the form given here
as fig. 14.1) They are rather large brooches, always with a semi-
eireular bow, a very short spring-coil, and å long and narrow foot.

Bie 11090 Fig. 12. 1/.

They have often å knob placed at the top of the bow, or two knobs
fixed upon the axis of the spring-coil; in most cases there are three
knobs, one at the top of the bow, and two fixed upon the axis.
The knobs have probably been introduced here by imitation of
Roman forms, though many other Teutonic brooches of the same
age are provided with knobs partly showing forms very different
from the Roman ones. But at least the knobs here in question
recall the Roman taste. This is, however, a cireumstance of no

1) Myklebostad, Lødingen pgd. Nordland. OC. 10617. Ab. 1881, p. 148.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 15

great importance, the type as å whole being purely Teutonic with
no more remarkable traces of the Roman influence than most
of the other barbarian productions of the same time. The bow is
comparatively broad, like a ribbon — not thick and high as the
Roman form, — the facets are not very marked, and the arrangement
of the upper part — ,the head* — of the brooch at once presents
itself as quite ditferent from the Roman and half Roman forms.
From the varying number of knobs on these brooches of the
4th. cent. we may deduce several of the ditferent types of the fol-
lowing time. The simple and most primitive variety, provided with

no knobs at all, proved to be least fit for any changes. Of
course it soon loses the curious detail ealled the returned foot,
but in other respects we find its descendants nearly unchanged in
the 6th cent., while other forms of the same family had gone through
a considerable development. It is naturally explained by the cir-
cumstance that the simplest brooches, generally being the smallest
ones too, had a practical purpose only and were not regarded as
ornaments, in which case the claim of changing tastes ousht
to be followed. — They are found in great numbers in Norwegian
graves from the 5th and G6th cent.

16 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

Another variety with knobs fixed only upon the axis of the
spring-coil has played no important part in the Western and Nor-
thern countries. In Scandinavia it is represented by some small
and simple specimens contemporary with the early eruciform broo-
ches (fig. 15). They seem to disappear before the end of the 5th
cent.; at all events they were not preserved as long as the first
mentioned variety. I have seen one brooch only which may be
counted as a later development of this type (fig. 16).*) though the
form of the foot of this brooch certainly has been transferred from
a Prussian form. It is an interesting fact that influences from that
country can be tra-
ced as far as Western
Norway, a fact which
Is of importance re-
specting some points
of the following in-
vestigation.

At last we have
to study å third
variety with three
knobs, placed in
about the same man-
ner as in the Roman
brooehes, or with
one knob only, pla-
ced at the top of the
bow. Ås å whole,
this form too has
been derived from

1 15 Ve the same Teutonic

origin as the others

just mentioned; but the top-knob produces some difference regard-
ing the arrangement of the hinge and the spring-coil. The knob
is not placed directly upon the bow but separated from it by the
small perpendicular plate, in the centre of which is fastened the

1) Kvasseim, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. B. 5975.
*) Indre Bø, Stryns pgd. Nordfjord. B. 4842. Ab. 189150 p ORP INT

1906 The eruciform brooches of Norway. 1

I

axis of the spring-coil, as seen in figs. 17—18.') The spring-coil
is still seen uncovered between the bow and the knob, but soon this
little space is covered with åa horizontal plate which thus connecets
the broad end of the bow with the inner side of the knob. The
plate is sometimes triangular or so narrow that still a part of
the spring-coil is uncovered (tigs. 19 and 20),*) — these cases probably
representing the early staves of development; generally the plate
is square and large enough to fill the whole space between the bow
and all three knobs (tig. 21).%)

Fig. 17. 1.

We have thus seen the origin of the most charaeteristic part
of the erueiform brooches, viz. å square plate and three moulded

I) Fig. 17: from ENGELHART: Nydam Mosefund, pl. V, fig. 18. — Fig. 18:
from MEsToRF: Alterthiimer, pl. XLIX, fig. 584.

2) Fig. 19: Slinde, Sogndal pgd. Sogn. B. 4963. Ab. 1898, p. 144. —
Fig. 20: Jæderen, locality unknown. Stavanger Museum.

3) From MestorF: Alterthiimer, pl. XLIX, fig. 583.

18 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

knobs building together the head of the brooches; we have seen
that this form is derived from Teutonic brooches and that it shows
little influence from Roman forms. Itis certain that we must search
for the most primitive cruciform brooches in the country around the
mouth of the Elbe, as it has already been pronounced by dr.
Unnpset. The first erueiform brooches are numerous just in graves
in Hannover, Holstein, and Sleswick, and in the find from the moss
of Nydam, but all their different stages of development are also
represented by specimens from Norwegian graves of the same age,
and one brooch of this sort has been found in England. It ought

Fig. 18. 3/4. Fig. 19. 1.

to be remarked, however, that the Norwegian specimens generally
have lost some of the more original characters — for instance the
returned foot which is preserved only in a few cases, as in the
brooeh fig. 19 — a ceireumstanee indieating that the type was at
first introduced into Norway from Hannover and Holstein.

I think it likely that this introduction has passed Jutland,
though none of the oldest specimens have been found in that
country, as they have in the distriets both South and North of it.

N

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 19

Here is not the place to diseuss the intercourse between Scandinavia
and other countries during the migration-period; I only intend to
point out that the whole of the Eastern coast of the German Ocean
has taken part in the development of the eruciform type of broo-
ehes.*) I also think it convenient here to pronounee å few words
about the absolute date of the first eruciform brooches, in spite of
the special ehronological questions having been reserved for a later
part of this research, as it will be useful to know at once the
earliest date for our typological series and also to assure that we are
beginning the research at the right end. 'Therefore I recall only that
the find of Nydam by Scandinavian archaeologists is referred to

about the year 400 A. D. 'Thus the brooches belonging to this find
must date from the time before 400, the middle or the latter half
of the 4th cent., and we shall see later on that the crueciform

1 This opinion differs in some degree from the pronouncement by dr.
UnDset in Aarb. f. nord. Oldk. 1880 p. 1382. He dates the first appearance
of the eruciform brooches in Norway from a small specimen (1. c. p. 95, fig. 6)
found in the cemetery of Braaten and Veien in Ringerike. 'Typologically this is
certainly wrong and founded only upon the presumption that all the graves in
this piace belong to a very early part of the Iron-Age.

20 Haakon Scheteliu. [No. 8

brooches about the same time have come into use over the whole
district mentioned. They were in use from the latter half of the
4th cent. through the 5th and part of the 6th cent.; in England
probably even towards the end of the 6th cent.

In this space of time, Scandinavia and England have produced
innumerable variations of the eruciform brooches, and all the time
many different forms must have been used contemporarily. Ås Is
well known to all students of prehistoric typology, it is impossible
from the state of typological development of å brooch directly to
conelude at what time it came into the erave tovether with its
possessor, nor ean we from its form only in all cases make out the
date of its manufacture. It ought to be remembered as å main
prineiple of all typologieal development that only the best executed,
commonly also the largest and
most ornamented, specimens
are an exact expression of the
style of the day, the cheaper
and less carefully executed
specimens at the same time
very oftenshowing degenerated
variations of an earlier fashion.
The following typological series
is then to be regarded in some
degree as å generalisation of
factsin order to explain the main
features of development. Later

Fig. 22. 1 on I shall try to give an ac-

count of all the irregular com-

binations shown by the material from the graves; it will best be

done in connexion with some remarks about the chronology of the
different forms.

«in —

2. The early erueiform brooches

are, as we have seen, in all respects closely connected with their
prototype (fig. 17—19), but already from their first stage we have
to note certain changes, brought about partly through influences
from other types, partly owing to the tastes of the Northern
people at that time. Ås has been mentioned, some Roman brooches,

,

1906] The ceruciform brooches of Norway. 21

marked by especially thick and heavy forms and by å preference
for sharp facets of the bow, were imported to Scandinavia during
the late 4th cent. and here they produced some barbarian imitations,
but they also influeneed in åa high degree the early eruciform
broocehes, chiefly concerning the shape of the bow. This part of
the Teutonic brooehes being, originally flat as å ribbon now, commonly

Fio. 2) te

gets å form more or less strongly recalling the Roman facetting,

though we find very few erueiform brooches the faeets of which

are made exactly in the Roman fashion. The Roman brooches in

question being contemporary with the very first development of

the ceruciform type, we shall expect to find this influence working

already upon the prototype of the eruciform brooches. "That so
14

para)

29 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

is really the case, we see from a specimen like fig. 22") with an
edged bow, the section of which is triangular and whose facets are
marked by ornamental lines along the edge. Å typical example of
this form of the bow in the early erueiform brooches is given as
fig. 23;7) it must only be remarked that the part along the middle
of the bow often is flat, sometimes even a little concave, probably
to give åa sharper appearance to the facets, as seen in fig. 24.*)

ål

Å

ell LET

pa

rH

frmsdder LL brt ETL LI

BG 1/
Fig. 25. /1-

From the earliest stage the foot of the erueiform broocehes is
subject to many variations, though without any influence from Roman
forms. Commonly it is long and narrow as in the prototype, but

1) Kvasseim, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. B. 5282.
*) Stangeland, Klep pgd. Jæderen. Stavanger Museum, no. 1057. AD. 1880,
p- 277.

3) Dalven, Brunlanes pgd. Jarlsberg, Skien Mus. 1053. Drawn from åa
photograph kindly sent me by Mr. CHRISTIE, director of the Skien Museum.

1906] -- The eruciform brooches of Norway. 28

pa)

the surface is facetted somewhat in the same manner as the bow,
and the end of it is often formed like an animal-head. The broo-
ches shown as in figs. 23 and 24 are early specimens of this sort.
I shall not try here to make out the origin of this ornament which
has, moreover, been treated recently by dr. Saran.') It may only
be mentioned at once, that we shall soon meet with å number of
variations of this ornament, as seen from the following figures, and
that the different forms of it in some points will help us in the
typologieal research. Though the animal-head is the most common
ornament of the foot, it is at no time the only one used, some rare
varieties appearing already at an early stage of the development

(compare figs. 28 and 29); but it is not till å later time that oder
forms get å more general importance.

Proceeding to the description of the upper part — ,,the head*
— of the brooeh, I first note that the knobs which, generally, pre-
serve the more original round form, sometimes are seen distinctly
polyedrous (fig. 25).*) This form is probably å somewhat younger
variety but preserved through the whole development of the eruci-

1) Thierornamentik, p. 183 ss.
2) Gjervik, Hammer pgd. Nordhordland. B. 2267. LorancE: N. Olds.
B. M. p. 85.

24 Haakon Schetelig. [No &

pt

form type, though it is always rarer than the round one. More
interesting is the development of the square plate. From the fol-
lowing four figures!) we see how the plate is gradually made
larger, probably to give a better room for the ornaments placed
here. Sometimes the extended plate is plain as before, sometimes it
has preserved a higher middle part as å rudiment of the original
connexion between the bow and the knob (efr. fig. 30). The ex-
tension of the plate seems to be no practical improvement and,
as the spring-coil always is very short as before, there even arise
some difficulties respecting the fixing of the knobs upon the axis.
In the brooches tigs. 27—29, the knobs are placed at the back of the
plate and partly covered by it, but this arrangement must have been felt

Fig. 28. 1.

unsatisfactory, as we see that there were at the same time made
several experiments to bring about a closer connexion between the
plate and the knobs. For this purpose the axis is made so long that

1) Fig. 26: Gjedsfjorden, Herø pgd. Nordland. LoranGE: N. Olds. i B. M.
p. 1138; RyeuH: fig. 248. Fig. 27: Øland. Stockholm Mus. The cliché for
this figure is kindly afforded by år. 0. ALMGREN, Stockholm. Fig. 28 and 29:
Nordre Fevang, Sandeherred pgå. Larvik. OC. 7027 and 7028. Ab. 1874, p. 148,
pl. V, fig. 24 and 25. — Concluding from such brooches as figs. 27—29 I can
not agree with dr. HILDEBRAND'S opinion as to the reason regarding the ex-
tension of the plate. The plate is evidently not extended to suite the fastening
of the knobs. Compare dr. HILDEBRAND |. c. p. 202.

D

1906] The erucifurm brooches of Norway. 25

ps)

the knobs with their inner side get clear of the edge of the plate
and reach a little above its level, and there are also commonly
seen some special arrangements to keep them there and to give å
higher degree of solidity to the whole construction. In some broo-
ehes (figs. 30—32)) the knobs are on their inner side provided
with projections with a split into which the plate is inserted, an
arrangement found all over Scandinavia and in England, though it
has never been very commonly used and has given no important
contribution to the main development of the
type. Much oftener the knobs have got a
little groove into which is inserted the edge of
the plate, sharpened for this purpose. The
sharpening of the edges divides the surface
of the plate into three facets which, at first,
are not even visible when the knobs are in
place (fig. 33),*) but they will later on in
some degree influence the development of
the type.

We see thus that the forming of the
plate is a little more complicated than it
seemed to dr. HiLpkBranD. We find three
contemporary varleties: the simple flat plate,
the plate with åa higher middle part and the
plate with sharpened edves, none of them con-
siderably earlier than the others, though the
last mentioned, typolovically, has been derived hen e
from the first one. During most of the fol-
lowing time they continued to be used contemporarily with each
other, though not equally much in the different parts of the whole
district.

1) Fig. 80: from MEstorr: Alterthimer pl. XLIX. fig. 593. — Fig. 31:
Skogen, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. OC. 19771. Ab. 1900, p. 284 fig. 1. — Fig. 32:
Jutland, from MöirLcer: Ordn. af Danm. Olds. Jernalderen, fig. 548. — The

explanation of the form seen in figs. 30 and 31 is perhaps found in the circum-
stance that some Roman brooches have their knobs fixed by a real screw (for
instance HILDEBRAND I. c. fig. 126) which, when discovered by å barbarian workman,
may have induced him to imitate the form though, in Roman brooches, the
serew is not visible when the knobs are in place. — The corresponding pro-
jections of some English brooches are most like the specimen from Jutland,
fig. 32 (compare fig. 125 below).

2) Holmegaard, Holme pgd. Mandal. OC. 2665. N. NIconaysEN: Norske
Fornlevninger p. 271.

26 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

Up to this point I have been deseribing the erueiform brooches
as they appear in all the countries where they are found, without
observing any important difference between speeimens found even
in great distance from each other. Å brooch from Hannover for
instance (fig. 34) ) is very like the one shown as fig, 25 above, which
is found in Nordhordland in Western Norway; other specimens exactly
of the same form have been found in Fiinen and Jutland in Den-
mark. It is evident that the ease still is the same as mentioned

in connexion with the question about the original home of the
erueiform broocehes. Also the early erueiform brooehes have been
developed commonly over the whole Eastern coast of the German
Ocean. But during the following stages of development we shall soon

1) Midlum, Kr. Lehe; Hannover Mus. 5530. From: Phot. Album der prå-
hist. Ausstellung zu Berlin. Sect. V, taf. 9, no- 9206.

1906] The crueiform broocbes of Norway. 27

find certain varieties confined to different loealities; Denmark, Fng-
land, and different parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula produeing
each their own forms which, for the most part, are not found out-
side their special district.

As this development chietfly takes place during the 5th cent.,
we meet with very few traces of it in Northern Germany which
then cradually ceased
to be a Teutonic coun-
try. Denmark, especi-
ally Jutland, has on the
other hand produced so
many original and inter-
esting forms of the eru-
eiform brooches, that I
do not doubt that Jut-
land has been one of
the richest districts in
this respect and of spe-
eial importance by its
influence upon the Eneg-
lish forms. But on ac-
count of the funeral rites
in Denmark at that
time the Danish graves
have contained very few
eruciform brooches, and
those aceidentally found
elsewhere are sufficient
only to present some
unique and remarkable
varieties without giving
an opportunity of stu-
dying the development
of forms in details. Eg

In Scandinavia it Fig. 34 11 cm. long.
is only the abundant
material from Norway which enables us to put together complete
series of successive forms showing the unbroken development. But
here too will be found a difference between the Eastern parts of
the Peninsula and the Western parts, åa difference most marked

28 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

—

towards the end of the development, but observed already at an
earlier stage. I proceed first to treat the Eastern forms which
preserve best the original character of the type.

3. Development of the erueiform brooches in the Eastern
parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

The Swedish archacologists, in their deseription of the typolovy
of the erueiform brooches, assert as a general rule that the two
knobs which were at first placed upon the ends of the axis of the
spring-coil, gradually lost their suggested practical destination —
to keep the axis and the coil in
their proper place — and became
mere ornamental parts of the broo-
ches. It seemed then natural to avoid
the original and more complicated
arrangement of these knobs by cast-
ing them in the same piece as the
main part of the brooch,*) and this
change, which removed all practical
difficulties respecting the construc-
tion of the pin, was just the be-
ginning of the pure ornamental
development of the form. Generally
speaking, this pronouncement very
well corresponds with the facts
known; it must be understood, how-

Fig. 35. 9 ever, that the rule is at no time

without exceptions, that the trans-

formation took place much later in England than in the Scandinavian
Peninsula, and that in Denmark traces of it are not found at all.
It must be eounted, however, among the most important points in

1) Å similar ehange had taken place already at an earlier stage of
development respecting the knob placed at the top of the brooch. In the case
of specimens belonging to the prototype of the eruciform brooches also the third
knob is made separately and fixed upon a projection continuing the loop of
the axis, figs. 17, 19, and 22. The same detail is observed in åa brooch of the
half Roman form (Tromsø Museums Aarshefte 1904, p. 247, fig. 1) and is even
preserved in some ceruciform brooches with fully developed head-plate (for in-

stance U. 7752, Ab. 1876, p. 72, from Østerhus, Landvik pgd. Nedenes.)

N

—

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 29

the whole development of this type, and to us it is of special im-
portance, because it will help us in some degree to distinguish between
the forms characteristic of the different distriets. The transformation
first took place in Norway and Sweden, and probably earlier and
more generally in the Eastern parts of the Peninsula than in the
Western ones; in England it was partly due to influences from
Western Norway.

From åa great number of transition forms it is seen that this
change began as a practical
improvement of the brooch.
At the stage where we left
the common development of the
type, the two knobs were pla-
ced upon the ends of the axis
of the spring-coil with a little
groove in their inner side to
keep the edge of the plate.
The edses of the plate are
sharpened for this purpose, and
consequently the middle part
of it is a little elevated from
the edees, å detail which is
also often marked by the orna-
mentation of the plate (fig.
35).)) But this arrangement
is not without difficulties, the
axis coming now to0 elose to
the underside of the plate to
give sufficient room between
them for passing the string
which forms the spring-coil.
The diffieulty is removed in
different ways; in Denmark Fig. 36. 1/.
by bending the plate a little
and thus making the underside of the plate sufficient concave to
give place for the spring-coil, even when the edges are touching
the knobs; this arrangement is also the most common one in Eng-
land. In Norway and Sweden the plate was kept straight, but the

1) Aak,. Gryten pxd. Romsdalen. OC. 6200. Ab. 1872, p. 94, pl. IT, fig. 12.

30 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

spring-eoil and the knobs being then not conveniently combined,
the knobs sot a separate axis of their own, independent of the
arrangement of the pin.

I have observed this construction in å great number of Nor-
wegian brooches which have the axis of the knobs placed either
just behind the spring-coil or a little above it (figs. 36 and 37).!)
It is found, too, among the best and largest specimens. and it is
sometimes preserved at a very late stage of development. But as
the separate axis of
the knobs has no prac-
tical purpose, it is re-
placed by projections
from the edses of the
plate, as seen in fig.
38.*) Coneluding from
my own observations I
should think that this
arrangement has been
rarely used; it must be
confessed, however, that
the corrosion of the
bronze often makes it
diffieult to discern a
detail of this sort. Dr.
HILDEBRAND has men-
tioned it as a fact of
importance to the study
of the development.
And certainly, from the
proceeding of placing
the two knobs upon

Fig. 37. 11. projections from the

sides of the plate it is -

a small step to the next stage of development, viz. to east the
whole upper part of the brooeh in one piece.

With this change is finished the development of the practical

1) Fig. 36: Norway (locality unknown). B. 428. — Fig. 37: Høiland,
Nordre Undal pgd. Mandal. OC. 17990. Ab. 1895, p. 66.
?) Kvalen, nordre Fron pgd. Gudbrandsdalen. OC. 5700. Ab. 1871, p. 95.

y

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. Sy

construction of the eruciform brooches in Norway and Sweden; the
short spring-coil, nearly always made of iron, is constantly pre-
served,') but being no more visible and taking no part in the develop-
ment of the form, it will not be especially mentioned in the fol-
lowing deseription. The development being now purely ornamental,
it presents at the first glance a lot of irregular variations of all the
parts of the brooches, from which it should seem impossible to make
out å general direction of the changes. Asit would be ineonvenient
too, for this purpose to count here all the varieties found in the
Eastern parts of the Peninsula, I have tried to find a classification
giving å general view of the varieties most commonly used in the
distriet. As the basis for this classification I have chosen the
Joot of the brooehes, this part of them showing differenees better
marked out than either the bow or the upper part of them. Itis
very natural that it should be so; the eross-like upper part having
already from the prototype a characteristic form to which very little
could be added, ånd the bow by its practical destination being
nearly excluded from further ornamental changes, the imagination of
the workman had to work chiefly upon the foot, originally plain
and narrow, as å space especially reserved for decoration. I have
tried, therefore, from a survey of the variations of the foot to esta-
blish å number of different series, for the most part contemporary
with each other. As mentioned, I do not treat the form of the animal-
head from an ornamental point of view; it will be studied only,
as an element taking part in the form, as far as regards the diffe-
rences which it produced in the building of the foot. One more

1) Upon this point, as commonly respecting the erueiform brooches, dr.
HILDEBRAND has the best observations. A pronouneement of dr. EkHorr that the
late eruciform brooches have no spring-coil and no axis (in ,,Bohuslens och
Götebores fornminnen och historia,* vol. V, p. 359) must be referred to some
rare specimens and ought not to be regarded as a rule. Professor GUSTAFSON
has accidentally expressed a similar opinion (Ab. 1894, p. 172, no. 67 b) probably
induced by the authority of dr. EkHorr. I have observed very few cruciform
brooehes having no spring-coil, though it is sometimes difficult to make it out,
this part being commonly of iron and consequently worse corroded and damazed
than the rest of the brooch. The brooches which have really no spring-coil,
generally belong to the earlier forms, where this peculiarity must be regarded as
an imitation of Roman forms. Of younger specimens may be noted a brooch
from Sweden, illustrated in Månadsblad, 1898—99, p. 146, and another from
Jutland (Copenhagen Museum, 25502), where the double hinge indicates that

there has been no spring-coil.

32 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

dd

reservation is perhaps needed; as most of the variations of the foot
mentioned in the following description, appear also in Denmark and
England as well as in Western Norway, these variations are not
in themselves sufficient to point out å form as belonging especially
to the Eastern parts of the Peninsula. Only when these variations
are found in brooches the other parts of which are made in the
fashion characteristic of Eastern Norway and Sweden, we may
refer the brooeh in question to that distriet. I also note at once
that, as the variations of the foot are in some degree common to

Fig. 38. 1.

all the countries, where these brooehes were made. they must be-.

long to å time before the form developed separately in the different
countries.

As characteristies for all the later Norwegian and Swedish
forms may here be mentioned, that the plate never has å coneave
underside, and that the knobs are nearly always cast in the same
piece as the plate, which as mentioned above is not the case in
Denmark and England. The brooeh, except the pin with its sprirg

er "å

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 33

eoil') and the axis, eonsequently consits of one piece; very rarely
and only in the case of unusually large specimens the foot has been
made separately and fixed to the bow with small rivets. In Norway
and Sweden is observed an inelination to make the bow relatively
shorter than it is in Denmark, which is not however a constant and
eharacteristic difference between the two distriets. The separate
characters of the forms developed in Western Norway will be better
treated in connexion with the detailed description of the Western
forms which is given in the following.

a. Ås the first form from the Eastern parts of the Peninsula
I present the brooches whose foot im its total length is formed as an
animal-head, which consequently gets a comparatively long and
narrow shape, according to the original shape of the foot. The
combination of the moulded head, which always has an edge along
its middle line, and the flat end of the bow, is brought about in
different ways, either by leaving a triangular flat space projecting
downwards from the end of the bow (tig. 26 above, figs. 39 and
40)*) or by two small ineisions forming a straight line across the
neck of the head and thus giving å more unorganical termination
towards the bow (fig. 38 and fits. 41 and 42).%) The brooceh fig.
42 may be regarded as an intermediate form of these two varieties,
showing that they are closely allied to each other; I have preferred,
therefore, to place them together as forming one series in the elassi-
fication. The former of them was much used in the early Scandinavian
brooches, often in especially large and well executed specimens with
the knobs fixed upon the ends of a separate axis and provided with

1) In some few instances it has been suggested that the spring-coil and
the pin have not been made of one piece of string, but separately, the pin of
bronze, the coil of iron. I have not observed such an arrangement in any case
respecting the cruciform brooches, and it is of course impossible as long as the
spring-eoil has not lost its practical destination of producing the tension of the
pin and has been reduced to a mere typological rudiment, preserved from an
earlier stage of development. It is not likely that it should be so, where the
spring-coil is not visible when the brooch is used.

?) Fig. 39: Giskegjerde, Borgund pgd. Søndmør. B. 719. RycH: fig. 249.
— Fig. 40: Gryten, Romsdalen. B. 444. Loraner: N. Olds. i B. M. p. 110.

3) Fig. 41: Stenstad, Telemarken. (Copenhagen Museum. From STEPHENS:
The Old-Northern Runic Monuments vol. II, page 840. — Fig. 42: Eine, Vang:
pgd. Hedemarken. GC. 15688. LorancFE's collection.

34 Haakon Schetelig.

[No.

8

a vroove to keep the edge of the plate;

ha N Å
Å pi

Vi
I

of Norway.

1) Copenhagen Museum, no. 25562.

none of the other varieties are repre-
sented by such fine specimens at the
same stage of development.
ehes (figs. 39—40), being found in Nor-
way only, must be regarded as å Nor-
wegian speciality, developed here from
a very primitive form of the foot. a
form which is seen in fig. 143 below.
The fine specimens are richly ornamented
with silver inlaid in the surface or with
geometrical patterns executed with a
punch. Their origin must probably be
referred to the Kastern parts of the
country, in spite of the cireumstance
that the best specimens have been actu-
ally found in Romsdalen and that some
of them are known from Western Nor-
way; for ornaments
punch are commonly met with in all
Eastern varieties of the cruciform broo-
ehes but are seen rarely in brooches
belonging especially to the Western part

These broo-

executed with a

The variety represented here as figs.
41—42 is found most commonly in Nor-
way, but as one specimen whose foot is
arranged in å similar manner, is known
from Jutland*'), I think it likely that
both the Norwegian and the Danish
specimens of this sort are derived from
a common origin in the district about
the mouth of the Elbe, though I know
of no specimen found there.

ne:

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 35

| b. Prineipally different from the first series, though in some
| points apparently similar to it, are the brooches which have between
the bow and the animal-head a small plate, separated from the

animal-head by å moulded ribbon indicating the neck. In the Eastern
parts of the Peninsula this variety is represented by few and rather

36 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

late specimens only, while it is very common in the Western coast-
distriets of Norway, and I intend in the following to make out, how
its origin there may be traced back to åa quite early stage of de-
velopment (compare fig. 86). In the Fastern parts of the Peninsula
we have on the contrary very few indications of its early develop-
ment, and it is at least å very rare feature in that district. I am
inelined, therefore, to explain its Eastern appearance as due to in-

1 Alo ke Fig. 49, 14.

fluenees from Western forms. Å few specimens belonging to the
same series and of pure Western origin have also been found within
the Fastern territory, where they without doubt were imported
from Western Norway.

Most of the specimens found within the Eastern districts are,

,

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 37

however, certainly made here, as is clearly seen by comparing the
details of figs. 48—46 with Western brooches of the same diseription
(figs. 88—102). I eall special attention to the frequent appearance,
in brooches from the Fastern parts of the Peninsula, of an orna-
mentation of the foot-plate, consisting of parallel lines and ineisions
in the edges, which is never observed in such brooches from Western
Norway. In the four brooches (figs. 48—46) is seen å marked
progress respecting the dimensions of the foot-plate, indicating the
origin and development of this detail, as the plate is at first as

FA

Fig. 43. 11. Fig. 44. 1.

broad as the bow only, and later on extends on both sides of it.
But it is evident that already the first of the brooches illustrated
(fig. 43)*) must belong to a late stage of development, the knobs
having a flat underside, the eatch-plate of the pin being very short,
reaching only from the end of the bow to the neck, and the head-

1) From MonrteLIus, Svenska Fornsaker, fig. 327.

38 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

plate being broadest in the direction transverse to that of the bow,
as all these features are characteristic of the advanced transformation
of the type.

In the brooeh illustrated in fig. 44") the foot-plate is just a
little broader than the bow and consequently not much diverging
from the preceding one; it is fully developed in the large and fine
specimens figs. 45%) and 46. In fig. 46 the nose of the animal-
head is ornamented with three small knobs of silver. The note-
worthy variations in the
shape of the bow will be
treated separatelv below.

As already mentioned,
I explain the appearance
of such brooches in the
æ== NW / Eastern parts of the Penin-
| sula by supposing an intlu-
ence from the Western
forms, but before leaving
the question, I ought to
remark that such an influ-
ence from the Western
forms, though I regard it
as the most satisfactory ex-
planation, is by no means
an established fact; it is
not exeluded that the form
in question has developed
independently in both di-
striets. Such å parallelism
is very natural in the de-
velopment of forms originat-
ing from the same prototype.
A third explanation perhaps deserves to be taken into consideration.
Ås Is well known; the rich funeral rites through which are distingu-
ished the Norwegian graves from the 5th and 6th cent. came out

I TT

po
hf

QU G

I NLA

fil

i

ed

1) Medelpad, Sweden. Stockholm Museum, no. 10940. — From Månads-
blad 1898—99 p. 146.

2) Fig 45: Bohuslen, Sweden. Stockholm Museum, no. 10128. From

Månadsblad 1896, p. 59. — Fig. 46: Arendal Museum, no. 124. From a photo-

graph kindly forwarded by the council of the Museum.

,

1906] The erueiform brooches of Norway. 39

of use about the end of that time and, consequently, very few
antiquities are known in Norway from the following two centuries.
It is possible that this change in the rites has taken place at a
somewhat earlier time in
the Eastern parts of the
country than along the West
coast, and the scarce appea-
rance of the latest eruei-
form brooches in the FEast-
ern district compared with
Western Norway could then
with some reason be ex-
plained by the cireumstance
that the Eastern graves, at
the time when the latest
varieties of the cruciform
brooehes had come into use,
were no more so rich in
orave-go0ds as before. I
think, however, that a closer

inspection of the material TE ar nl TM
3 | MH H
will show that the pre- HH |
hen. € | VW Li HAM
sumed difference of time i Mp LA VA

respecting the change in
the funeral rites, if any, is
not great enough to allow
of a conelusion of this sort.

The Western parts of
Norway have in any case
produced a richer develop-
ment of the latest forms of
the eruciform brooches, and
the production of them has
perhaps here lasted longer
than in the Fast, which
would well correspond with
the fact that England, the
most western district of the Teutonic world, has produced fine
and remarkable varieties of the type later than any found in the
Scandinavian Peninsula.

40 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

As an irregular variation of this series I record here the brooeh
fig. 47,5) though its foot has been much changed to obtain å more
realistie appearance of the animal-head. The head itself is very
remarkable as the intention of the workman evidently was, not to
produce an ordinary ornamental head in the style of the time, but
to form åa horse's head as natural as he was able to do. Part of
the foot has also been curved to imitate the line of å horse's neck.
I take the opportunity to note, that it may be allowed to con-
elude from this brooch that the ornamental heads of these brooches
really were regarded as
the heads of horses:*)
but it is not at all cer-
tai that the heads have
always been explained
in that way, and at
least it is evident that
in most cases the work-
man had no intention
to make the head re-
semble any living ani-
mal.

PT
é

In the next two
series the animal-head,
instead of taking the
whole length of the
foot, is contined to being
a terminal ornament,
nearly always separated
EE from the rest of the

åt AU foot by å moulded rib-

bon. —Naturally, the

dimensions and the form of the head are here different from those
treated above, but as the variations of the ornamental form of the
head have little influence upon the typological development of the
brooehes, they will here, as before, not be the special subject of

1) Røsø, Steigen pgd. Nordland, Tromsø Mus. 1197. Ab. 1897, p. 2, fip il:
2) They have been explained in the same manner by some modern archaeo-
logists, so lately by Mr. ScHirmEr. AD. 1905.

Ke kikke

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 41

our observations. The rest of the foot is seen in two prineipally
ditferent varieties, contemporary with each other, but not of the
same importance: the one, which is of all the most common form
in the KFastern district, is facetted in the same way as the bow,
while the other is provided with transverse mouldings. In the
description here, I think it most convenient to treat first the last
mentioned series, which is the less numerous and also, in some
degree. confined to å more restricted district than the former one.

Vain /
Fig.

ce. Brooches with the peculiar transverse mouldings of the foot
are no speciality of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as brooches of this
sort are met with also among the early specimens from Sleswick-
Holstein and among the later ones from Jutland, though they are
always in the minority compared with other varieties. The typo-
logically oldest specimen known from Norway is the fine brooch,

42 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

pel

shown as fig. 48,1) whose side knobs are fixed upon the ends
of the axis. Respecting the later appearance of this form, very
few specimens have been found in Norway, but they are relatively
common in Sweden from where I have illustrated two specimens,
fjøs. 49 and H0A ME
seen from the tigures
that, respecting the form
of the foot, this series
has gone through no note-
worthy changes in the
district here in question,
and it seems to have
gone out of use at å
somewhat earlier time
than most of the other
varieties. 'To conelude
from our present know-
ledge, this variety is
certainly the form whieh,
of all the cruciform broo-
ches of the Scandinavian
Peninsula, has the most
decided incelination to-
wards the Fast.

I think it likely that
this form of the foot
did not originally belong
to the eruciform broo-
ehes, as it is rarely seen
in this connexsion and
has produced here no
noteworthy development.

Fig: 51. 1. It is also met with in

another type from about

the year 400 (fig. 51)”) — appearing just in time to influence the
early eruciform brooches — and I have seen the most original form

1) Øie, Kvinesdal pgd. Mandal. B. 95. Lorance: N. Olds. i B. M. p. 92.
?) Fig. 49: Østergøtland; from Svenska Fornminnesför. tidskr. XIT, p. 253,

fig. 37. Fig. 50: Vestergøtland; from Månadsblad 1901 och 1905, p. 103, fig. 43.
?) Aak, Gryten pgd. Romsdalen; from Ab. 1872, fig. 17.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 43

of it in åa very ceurious brooch from Western Norway, shown as
fig. 52, which must certainly date from the 4th cent. The upper
part of this brooch is explained as an imitation of certain forms
from the Roman territory; the form of the foot is not Roman, but
I am not able to make out its first origin. FExamples of its later
development will be found in Mörrer: Ordn. af Danm. Olds., Jern-
alderen fig. 516 and in fir. 12 above. Transferred to the eruciform
brooehes the mouldings got å more rounded eharaeter which, however,

did not much change the original form of the foot, which was always
relatively long and narrow with parallel sides.

d. The series of brooches whose foot consists of å facetted stem
amd a short animal-head is without comparison the most numerous
one in the Eastern parts of the Peninsula, as it is also among the

1) Western Norway, (locality unknown). B.559L B.M. Aarb. 1094, no. 6,
p. 45.

44 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

Danish and English forms. We have also seen several specimens
of it among the early brooches illustrated above, which all show
that the form here in question is perhaps the one that most pro-
perly belongs to the eruciform type and best corresponds with the
original shape of the foot. We have seen that most of the early
specimens are long and narrow in all the countries where cruciform

Rico Fi

brooehes are found; but also here, as was the case respecting the
forms treated above, we soon find some differences characteristic of
the different districts. In Denmark and England the facetted stem
is generally made shorter, so that it must be regarded only as å
link of connexion between the animal-head and the bow, and traces

N

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 45

of å similar transformation are sometimes seen also in Norway, for
instance in the brooch fig. 31 above which is, as well in this respect
as in others, a rarity here, much
resembling, however. some of the
early specimens from Sleswick-
Holstein (Mkstorr: Alterthiimer
fig. 593, fig. 30 above). Asa
rule the Norwegian and Swe-
dish specimens have preserved
the foot long and relatively
narrow, and the animal-head is
shorter than seen in the early
forms of the Southern district.
The fine brooches of this series,
as they are represented here
by the figs. 53 and 54,1) are
perhaps the most harmonious
form of the erueiform brooehes
and certainly the form most
eharacteristic of the Eastern
parts of Norway. 'The speci-
mens belonging to this stage of
development are exceptionally
uniform.

The late development of
the series treated here I have
illustrated in the following four
figures,*) three of them repre-
senting: exceptionallv large and
fine brooches and consequently
to be regarded as an exact ex- Fig. 5:
pression of the taste of the
time. Respecting the foot it must be observed that it is made
oradually broader, at the same time as the animal-head becomes

1) Fig. 53: Vøien, Gran pgd. Hadeland. 0.9460. Rve fig. 247. — Fig.
54: Eine, Vang pgd. Hedemarken. 0. 15687. LoranGE's collection.
?) Fig. 55: Ertseid, Søndre Undal pgd. Mandal. 0. 9188. Ab. 1879, p.

170, pl. V, fig. 23. — Fig. 56: Langlo, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. C. 5952. Ab.
1872, p. 103 ss. — Fig. 57: Foldvik, Brunlanes pgd. Larvik. C. 10322. Ab.
1880, p. 217. — Fig. 58: Bringsdal, Holme pgd. Mandal. 0. 8961. Ab. 1878,

pp» NSZSSUGBL jol, 100 bakes MOA

46 Haakon Scheteliu. [No. 8

larger and the facetted stem shorter than before. Tlus series is
also very instructive as to the changes of the other parts of the
brooches during the late development in the Kastern parts of the
Peninsula. In the brooch fig. 55 the form and the proportions
of the original type are not much changed, as the knobs have pre-

ee
INT Å
ML

Bio O ae les bie

served the round form though they are all east in the same piece
with the rest of the brooeh, and as the dimensions of the plate,
which is only a little broader than it is high, have the same rela-
tions to each other as in the early forms. In the specimen fig. 58

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 47

the knobs are concave from the underside, and the plate is nearly
twice as broad as it is high; an intermediate stage is represented
in fig. 57, the knobs of which have a flat underside. The pro-
portions of the whole form are thus transformed, as the bow, which
is now broader than before and concave from the underside, must
become åa more predominant part of the brooch, when both the
plate and the foot are made shorter. More than any of the trans-
formations of the details does
this change of the proportions
of the whole form prove, how
far we have come here from
the early form of the cruciform
brooches. Regarding the last
two figures is to be mentioned
also the very degenerated form
of the animal-head, though it
is in both cases directly devel-
oped from earlier forms. Some-
times are found more curious
variations, as seen in the details
illustrated in figs. 59 and 60,
which apparently have a less
direct connexion with the forms
known from an earlier stage of
development.

Besides the large brooches,
the transformation of which we
have just seen, are to be noted
some smaller specimens preserv-
ing more of the original form
even at åa time when the former
had been much changed. As
they are not numerous and have Ho SA
no important variations, they
are represented here by one figure only (tig. 61)*) showing their
most characteristic features: the nearly quadratic plate with small,

1) Fig. 59: Ertseid, Søndre Undal pgd. Mandal. OC. 9189. Ab. 1879, p.
170. — Fig. 60: Hole, Gryten pgd. Romsdalen. T. 2913. Ab. 1882, p. 127 s.
2) Nordre Fevang, Sandeherred pgd. Larvik. 0. 6980. Ab. 1874, p. 139.

48 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

but relatively high knobs, the narrow bow and the long foot. In
spite of its rather archaic appearance it must be counted among
the latest varieties (compare fir. 173 below).

Among the early eruciform brooches the foot sometimes appears
in rare and irregular varieties — as seen for instance in figs. 28
and 29 — of which, however, no traces are found in the following
development. But also among the late forms we meet with irre-
oularities; and we shall here especially treat two not very numerous
varieties of the foot, different from all we have hitherto seen and

Ul: Fig. 60. 1

certainly not originally belonging to the eruciform type. These
varieties have the foot terminated by a semicireular or by a tri-
angular plate. Such forms are unknown among the erueiform brooches
till å relatively late stage of development and, consequently, it is
in itself most likely that they have been transferred here from other
contemporary types, but as both the forms are of different origin
they ought to be treated separately.

e. The brooches with the foot terminated by a semicireular plate
are rather rare in all parts of Scandinavia, and there is little
ditference between the specimens found in the Eastern and in the

,

1906] The erueiform brooches of Norway. 49

Western parts of the Peninsula; it will then be practical to keep
together as å whole all the brooches of this sort, and I consequently

reserve the special treatment of them — their origin and develop-
ment — for the following deseription of the forms in Western

Norway. Here I have figured only two specimens to show the
form as it appears in the Eastern district (figs. 62 and 63),*) both
of them in many points showing an advanced stage of development,
as the knobs are cast concave from the underside, the side-knobs
are somewhat smaller than the top-knob, and the bow is relatively
longer than commonly seen in the erueiform brooehes.

We also note that not only the peculiar form of the foot is
here a novelty for the type; in most of these brooches the bow
has got a flat little plate at the top, å detail nearly unknown in
all the ordinary varieties of the type. "This eireumstance is å proof
more that we have here to do with a hybrid form, produced by
combining the upper part of the late erueiform brooches with ele-
ments originated from a different source. Respecting the foot, a

1) Fig. 62: Lund, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. OC. 6075. Ab. 1879, p. 120. —
Fig. 63: Bjørke, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. 0. 17859. Ab. 1894, p. 102.

50 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

trace of its original form is probably to be found in the cases where
the semicireular plate along the edge is provided with a series of
holes, placed close to each other, as seen in å fragment of such
a brooeh illustrated in fig. 64.1) Such a form is evidently very
like the corresponding part of the Prussian brooches with star-
pattern foot. The possibility thus indicated will be diseussed in
the following.

f. The brooches with the foot consisting of å triangular plate
must be considered as å variety chietly belonging to the Western parts

AA

of the Peninsula, and of the not numerous specimens found within the
Eastern district great part is probably imported here from the West.
It will be convenient also respecting this variety to reserve the
description for the following and at the same time to treat in con-
nexion with it a certain type of small bronze brooches with a
square upper plate, which has hitherto been regarded as a late
variety of the cruciform type.

1) Lasken, Sem pgd. Jarlsberg. 0. 116238. Ab. 1883, p. 119 s. Of. Mon-
TELIUS: Från Jernåldern, pl. 4, fig. 16, from Skaane.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norwav. 51

o show the form here in question, I have viven as fig. 651)
a pA brooeh where the foot seems to represent the more original
shape of this form, and as fig. 66%) å brooeh representing nearly
the most advanced degeneration of form possible. In the latter
figure the bow is provided with a little top-plate, å detail which is
here rarer than in the variety treated above.

Some of the Swedish specimens with the foot consisting of a
triansular plate are in many points different from all I have seen
in Norway, as also in other cases several more isolated varieties
found in Sweden seem to indicate an independent development in

that country; but the material is here too scarce to admit of any
precise conelusions.

I will not close the description of the erueiform brooches in
the Eastern territory before having mentioned å very remarkable
find of three such brooches at Friedefeld in Pommerania (figs. 67—
69)*), the forms of which are most closely related to some Swedish

1) Giskegjerde, Borgund pgd. Søndmør. B. 720. Loraner: N. Olds. i B.
M., p- 108.
?) Nordre Fevang, Sandeherred pgd. Larvik. OC. 6935. Ab. 1874, p. 134.
3) Dr. H. SCHUMANN: Skeletgrab aus der Völkerwanderungszeit aus Friede-
feld, in Nachrichten iiber deutsche Altertumsfunde, 1898, p. 983, figs. 1—14.

52 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

pa

brooches, especially from the Southern parts of that country, as
seen in figs. 70—71,1) all of them being rather late specimens. I
have not seen the three Pommeranian brooches myself, and therefore
I am not able to make out whether they are to be regarded as
imported from Sweden or as brooches made in the country where
they were found; but as some of their details — for instance the
rounded corners of the plate — as far as I have seen, are unknown
in Scandinavia, I am inclined to think the latter possibility the
most likely one, though the find seems to be å quite unique appear-
anee in the whole of Northern Germany. But howsoever this may
be decided, I think it certain in any case that the appearance in

Fig. 69.

Pommerania of the ceruciform brooches, which must be referred to
the late 5th cent., is due to an influence from the Scandinavian
Peninsula, and that they may well be ranged in the series of de-
velopment within the Eastern district. Dr. H. Scavumann has kindly
informed me that all the three specimens have the knobs cast in
one piece with the rest of the brooeh, a proceeding which has
never been met with in Sleswick-Holstein and very rarely in Den-
mark. I cannot agree with the pronouncement of dr. ScHUMANN
1) Fig. 70: from MontzLius: från Jernåldern, pl. 4, fig. 13. — Fig. 71:
Halland. Stockholm Museum nr. 733] : 597. From a sketch by the author.

sr

—

|
P

1906] The ceruciform brooches of Norway. 53

who has carefully described the find, when he thinks the brooches
from Friedefeld closely allied to the forms known from Sleswick
and Holstein. As the brooches found in the last mentioned distriet
have all been of earlier forms and as the intermediate stage, which
could connect them with the form known from Friedefeld, is yet
missing in these distriets I think it at present the most reasonable
explanation to suppose that they have in Pommerania been produced
by imitation of Swedish forms, though I will not deny the possibility
that this opinion may be contradieted by future finds.

General transformations of the form during the development m
i g pm
Eastern Norway. On several places in the previous description of

the special varieties of the type I have also occasionally made some
remarks upon the general transformation which equally in all the
parallel varieties indicates the advancement of the development.
Though these features are commonly well known and moreover can
be extracted from the figures above, I think it practical to make
here some further remarks upon them.

The technical proceeding in the making of the brooches is
always the same. They are nearly without exception of bronze —
a few specimens are of silver; but hitherto no erueiform brooch is

16

54 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

known neither of gold nor of iron — they are cast as perfect as
possible in the form intended, only corrected afterwards with a
file and provided with the ornaments executed with punch or drill.
As no unfinished specimen has been found we do not know in what
degree the filing was required; but that this part of the work was
not at all insignificant is seen by comparing specimens which have
come from the same mould, as in such cases the finished brooches
are diverging not a little form each other respecting the details of
the form. In all cases the exactness of the workmanship is well
worth our admiration respecting the fine brooches really destined
to be ornaments of the dress.

As mentioned above the brooches are originally cast in the
full thickness indicated by the facets of the surface, a cireumstance
especially characteristic of the early stages of development. Later
on, when the brooches often became larger, of broader forms, and
of å more marked moulding than before, they are generally made
coneave from the underside, the bronze being cast relatively thin
in all parts of the brooches. This proceeding, which no doubt
signifies a progress in the workmanship of casting, of course did
not diminish the ornamental ettect of the form when the brooch
was used, and it also afforded å practical improvement by diminish-
ing the weight of the piece, å cireumstance not unimportant in the
case of so large ornaments destined to be worn in the dress.

The general transformation of the form, though in some degree
influenced by this change in the workmanship, is chiefly due to
the gradual forgetting of the original meaning of the ditferent ele-
ments constituting the form. As we have seen were all the cha-
racteristic parts of the eruciform brooches produced in connexion
with some practical purpose; the long and narrow shape of the
foot had been a necessary consequence of the returned foot which
was at its time a very useful invention in order to form the brooeh
by bending a piece of string and not by casting; the three knobs
had got their natural place at the upper end of the brooch as the
completion of the arrangement of the spring-coil, and the square
plate had originally the destination to cover the spring-coil and to
connect the three knobs with each other. When all the elements
of the form were reduced to mere ornamental parts of the brooch
the transformation of them seems to have gone rather rapidly, but
1t was just of this reason never consequentially and equally brought
about in all the brooches made at the same point of time. It is

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 55

evident that the workman always had the opportunity of seeing
older brooches still in use and that consequently some of the features
characteristic of the early stages of the development may spontan-
eously have been combined with the late forms of the type, especi-
ally as the whole development of the erueiform brooehes in Norway
has taken place, in my opinion, within a space of time not much
more than å hundred and fifty vears.

Respecting the head of the brooches I will first draw the
attention to a detail which ought to be spoken of — though of
little importance as to the transformation of the form — as it has
sometimes been mentioned as aå feature indicating a late stage of
development. As seen from many of the figures above it is a fact
that, when seen from the side, the plate is a little sloping å pro-
portion to the foot, being a little raised. This peculiarity is seen
already in the prototype of the cruciform brooches and is also very
common through the whole development of them, but sometimes
missing even among the early forms. It is not till the very latest
varieties that it is resularly given up.

The variations of the dimensions of the plate and of the shape
of the knobs have already been spoken of sufficiently to give an
impression of the general transformation of them; it may be men-
tioned only that the head of the brooches in the Eastern distriet
generally have preserved the original shape better than in the late
Western forms. I proceed to treat the not uninteresting question
about the development of the form of the bow.

The simple bow with parallel edges, which is certainly the
original form of it, is always preserved besides the later variations,
though it is gradually made shorter and broader than before.") But
even early we find specimens the bow of which is a little broader
in the middle than at the ends, and somewhat later the middle part
is extended so as to form å pointed angle on both sides. Å marked
specimen of this sort is seen in the late brooeh fig. 72.7) The form
of the bow seen here is certainly a speciality of the erueiform
brooehes, developed from the original form of this type, and it
seems also to be confined to the Scandinavian Peninsula, as I have

1) As mentioned above, the shortness of the bow is one of the typical
differences between brooches from the Scandinavian Peninsula and from Den-
mark. In the later English brooches the bow is also generally very short.

*) Nordheim, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. Skien Museum, nr. 39720. Published by
the kind permission of Mr. J. CHRISTIE, director of the Skien Museum.

56 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

seen it in no English and only in one Danish specimen.') It is,
however, most marked in the late forms from Western Norway.
Where a similar form of the bow appears in the large brooches
with relief ornaments from a later part of the migration period, I
think it transferred here from the eruciform brooches, å eireumstance
not without interest as it probably proves that such large brooches
have been made within the Peninsula.

A rarer variety of the bow has been
shown already in fig. 41 above, having å
rhomboidal figure drawn with four lines upon
the surface of the bow. This form is found
only in the eruciform brooches and only
in Norway and Sweden. It is often com-
bined with the form of the bow just men-
tioned (as in fig. 45), though it is not
necessarily connected with it. I am not
able to make out the origin and gradual
transformation of it, because it is rather
rare in the early stages of the develop-
ment.

The third variety — of which we
have å specimen in fig. 46 — does not,
in my opinion, originally belong to the
eruciform brooches. This kind of mould-
ing of the bow, being regularly found in
the large, silver-plated brovcehes*), which
are contemporary with the middle eruei-
form brooches, and being certainly a fea-
ture properly belonging to that form, must
from here have been transferred to some
erueiform brooches. It is sometimes com-
bined with the two previously treated
varieties. In Norway it is not very rare,
in Denmark I have seen it only in å few instances, and it seems
to be unknown in England.

1) The Danish specimen is found in Jutland (Copenhagen Museum), it is
of silver and provided with ornaments cast in relief. A fragment of åa brooch
in the Copenhagen Museum (nr. 8414) showing å marked development of this
form of the bow, has probably come from Norway.

*) Compare MöLLEr: Jernalderen, fig. 264 and fig. 148 below.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 57

At last may be mentioned that the cateh-plate of the pin,
being originally as long as the whole foot of the brooch but not
very broad, gradually was made shørter and broader and thus by
its form gives one of the best indications of the relative stage of
development, though not even the form of this detail alone is suffi-
cient to admit of a reliable conelusion. I have seen some brooehes,
which show in all other parts an advanced transformation, but where
the cateh-plate reaches from the bow to the nose of the animal-
head. Such instances are, however, to be regarded as exceptions,
and I have only noted very few irregularities of this sort.

Also the ornamentation of the brooches is subject to some
changes during the development of the form, as far as it in the
early brooches consists nearly exclusively of ineised lines and small
rtigures executed with a punch, while we in the
later brooches find å more extended use of
groups of eoncentric eireles, drilled in the sur-
face with åa special instrument. In å few early
specimens even figures of silver are found in-
laid in the surface, and sometimes is found an
ornamentation in relief, though only forming
veometric patterns. Å brooch of the last sort
is seen fig. 73.1) The ornamental part at the
bow is made of a separate little plate of bronze
fastened in an ineision in the bow; the brooch is so much worn,
that the pattern is here no more quite distinet. Along the edges
of the plate are placed a series of small triangles executed with
a punch.

Of these different sorts of ornamentation the punched patterns
and the incised lines are also well known from Denmark and Eng-
land. The drilled circles, so commonly met with in Eastern Norway,
are rare in the brooches from Denmark, and from England I know
only one instance of them, which will be especially mentioned in
the following. The very extended use of concentric circles as seen

1) Langlo, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. O. 5951. Ab. 1872, page 108 ss. pl. I,
fig. 6. Though this brooeh in other respects has not the appearance of an early
specimen and, as I will show in the following, really must belong to a relatively
late time, its side-knobs are fixed upon the axis of the spring-coil and provided
with a groove to keep the edge of the plate.

58 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

in the late brooches from Eastern Norway must consequently be
regarded as a speciality of that district, å proof more how, during
the migration period, the Teutonic tribes in the ditferent distriets
diverged from one another respecting the taste as expressed in
forms and ornaments. E

4. The erueiform brooches of Western Norway.

A general knowledge of the Norwegian antiquities, as they are
arrapged in the chief museums of the country, is already sufficient
to show a difference between the Eastern parts and the Western
parts of the country respecting the eruciform brooehes. It is striking,
that most of the later forms are confined to the one or to the other
of these main distriets, and it is not difficult to make out that the
varieties most diverging from the original form of the type are
especially characteristic of the West coast of Norway. (Certainly
these varieties have been found also sometimes in the Eastern
district, and they often appear in the Northern parts of Norway
and Sweden, but in such cases the brooches always belong to å
late stage of development, and — as far as I have seen — their
typological origin is only to be found in the coast distriets between
Lister and the promontory of Stat. The sivnitication of Iestern forms.
as used here, consequently is not to be understood as meaning the
forms exelusively found in Western Norway; I intend in this way
to comprise the forms chiefly belonging to this part of the country
and probably indicating åa somewhat independent transformation of
the type here, but also occasionaliy found in other parts of the
Peninsula.

These coast distriets having been till the later part of the
Iron-Age, at least in some degree, isolated from the Eastern parts
of the country, it is no more surprising to meet with å separate
development in Western Norway than it is to observe certain
differences of the brooches found in Jutland from those found in
Norway. In what degree the Western forms are diverging from
the common type in Eastern Norway is seen from the following
description. I will not here diseuss the question, whether we may
from these differenees deduce any more general conelusions; it must
be repeated only, that in my opinion these differences are not ehiefly
due to åa difference of time between the finds in the Eastern parts

nar ke ii

2 SENERE SP EE EE EEE SE SE

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 59

and in the Western parts of the Peninsula, but to å different direction
of the typological development in the two districts.

The earliest erueiform brooehes in Western Norway are, as
above mentioned, exactly like specimens from the other Northern
countries, and some of them have been figured already in the first
part of this description. The early development of the type has
also here gone in the same direction as described respecting the
Eastern parts of the Peninsula; the knobs, originally placed upon
the ends of the axis of the spring-coil or upon å separate axis, and
generally provided with splits to keep the edge of the plate, are
in later stages nearly always cast in the same piece as the rest
of the brooch. As it would be superfluous through examples from
Western Norway to repeat the description of this transformation of
the construction, I proceed at once to describe the different later
varieties of the territory here in question, intending after the
description to resume the chief points in which they diverse from
the varieties of the Eastern territory. To get å general view of
the many varying forms I have also here arranged the brooches in
different series, distinguished from one another especially by the
variations of the form of the foot. As before, this arrangement is
to be regarded chiefly as a practical division of the material and
not as expressing deeper differences of importance respecting the
origin of the type.

For practical reasons the Western varieties are not described
in the same order as the corresponding Eastern forms.

a. Brooches whose foot is im its whole length formed as an
animal-head are not numerous in Western Norway, and all those
found have the form with a flat triangular space stretching down-
wards from the end of the bow, the other form, fig. 41, being
here totally wanting. 'The former is represented in Western Norway
already from an early part of the development,') but as the oldest
specimens are not at all different from the corresponding brooehes

in Eastern Norway — though never as fine and large as some of
these ones — I shall here only deal with the later development of

1) As an early brooch of this sort may be mentioned å specimen from
Lygren, Lindaas pgd. Nordhordland. B. 3175. Ab. 1877, p. 69, with the side-

knobs fixed upon a separate axIs.

60 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

them, of which three specimens are shown in figs. 74—76,)) all
showing å rather advanced transformation especially respecting the
bow and the knobs. The more surprising is it to see in the first
of them a form of the foot very closely resembling the same part
of some of the early specimens figured among the Eastern forms
and appearing as an archaism in combination with a brooch of the
later development. To explain how so original å form of the foot
could be used in å brooch the other parts of which have been
transformed already
in å high degree, I
must here anticipate
the concelusion, ehiefly
founded upon the fol-
lowing series, that the
veneraltransformation
of the form has taken
place more rapidly
in Western Norway,
and that consequently
some more advanced
forms here may be,
chronologieally, coin-
eident with earlier
stages in Eastern
Norway.

In the next two
fivures I note the
punched and ineised
ornaments, as such de-
corated brooches are
Te rarer in the Western

parts of the Penin-
sula; it is also remarkable that on these specimens the ornamen-
tation is generally not so rich as on the specimens found in Eastern
Norway and i Jutland.

1) Fig. 74: Dirdal, Høgsfjord pgd. Ryfylke. C. 3457. N. NICOLAYSEN:

Norske Fornlevninger, p. 798. — Fig 75: Gjervik, Hammer ped. Nordhordland.
B. 2266. Lorancz: N. Olds. i B. M. p. 85. — Fig. 76: Obrestad, Haa pgåd.

Jæderen. B. 4344. Ab. 1885, p. 83.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 61

The peculiar transformation of the side-knobs, seen in fig. 76,
Is å nearly unique appearance.

From this brooch and several others which must be attributed
to the latest part of the development, it seems that the variety here in
question lasted longer in Western Norway than in any other district.
The late specimens of them are, however, small and in no respect
especially remarkable; they were certainly at this time an obsolete
and degenerating form.

b. The variety with the animal-head separated from the bow
by å facetted stem is in Western Norway far from being the most
numerous sort of the
erueiform brooches and
consequently in no way
so important as in the
Eastern parts of the
Peninsula, though they
are certainly better re-
presented than the tirst
series.

In the brooch fig.
77,5) which has the
side-knobs fixed upon
the axis of the spring-
coiland where the catch-
plate of the pin is of the
same length as the foot,
we see already the pro-
portions not a little
different from the ori-
ginal form of the type,
and we especially note
the inelination to å broa-
der shape and an extreme sharpness of the facets, which is cha-
racteristie of so many of the later brooches in Western Norway.
Owing to the corrosion of the bronze the details are not quite
distinet, especially respecting the animal-head of the foot. Itis
certain, though, that punched or ineised ornaments are totally wanting.

1) Horr, Haa pgd. Jæderen. B. 4834. Ab. 1881, p. 144.

62 Haakon Schetelig.

[No. 8

The relatively advanced transformation of the general shape of this
brooeh is a striking feature when seen in combination with the very
original arrangement of the constructive parts of it — the side-knobs
and the cateh-plate of the pin — and the same peculiarity is observed
also in the following two brooches, firs. 78 and 79,1) though the
transformation here is somewhat different from tig. 77. Tvypologically
they are referred to a later stage by having the side-knobs cast
in one piece with the rest of the brooch, but in both of them all
the knobs have preserved the full roundness, and the cateh-plate of
the pin is as long as the foot. In relation to other Norwegian broo-

ches they are no doubt to be regarded as earlier than the middle
stage of the development; the details of the form are, however, more
different from the original type than I have seen in any instance
of the corresponding forms in the Eastern territory.

I am fully aware of the risk by inferring from a few brooches
of this sort åa more general rule of development, but from the
number of such cases in Western Norway — and more of them

1) Fig. 78: Western Norway. Locality unknown. B.5631a. B.M. Aarb.
1904, no. 6, p. 55. — Fig. 79: Obrestad, Haa pgd. Jæderen. B. 43440. Ab.
1885, p. 83.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 63

will be found in the fourth series of the description, p. 71 ss. — I have
got at least å personal impression that in this district the primitive
arrangement of the knobs and of the cateh-plate of the pin are oftener
found in brooches of an advanced transformation than is the case
in Eastern Norway. I am consequently inelined to suppose that the
transformation of the shape of the brooches has in Western Norway
taken place more rapidly than elsewhere. Certainly this is not the
most important difference between the two distriets, but I think
it å fact worthy of mention, as this greater disposition for varying
the form has probably been
the origin of the very far-
going transformation of the
later brooches in Western
Norway.

In the middle stage of
the developmentthe Western
brooches are found in cha-
racteristic and fine varieties,
well distinguished from
those belonging to other
distriets. In fig. 80") there
Is given å good specimen
of this sort, well executed
and of good proportions,
in all worth being com-
pared with the best Fast-
ern brooches of åa corre-
sponding development, as
seen in fig. 55. But from
a comparison it will soon
be found that nearly all the
details are here treated in a different manner. The ornaments
are reduced to some slight lines following the edges of the facets
and along the middle of the bow — in the last place now nearly
totally effaced by use, — while the mouldings and the facets are
evidently executed with the intention to produce alone the ornamental
effect of the brooch. For this purpose the knobs have got å more

1) Stedje, Sogndal pgd. Sogn. B. 4640. AD. 1890, p. 111. — Respecting
the form of the animal-head seen here I refer to SALIN: Thierornamentik, p. 185.

64 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

complicated moulding; the higher middle part of the head-plate is
strongly developed; the bow is short and steep. Ås It is not seen
in the figure, I especially remark that the pin's catch-plate reaches
from the end of the bow to the neck of the animal-head. The
underside of the brooch is concave.

The later brooches belonging to this series can only illustrate
the dissolution and the degeneration of the form. They are mostly
small specimens of bad proportions and carelessly executed; the

1 ØY Ui

form is getting flat and the facets are losing their sharpness, which
is all seen in figs. 81—83.%) It is åa curious fact that sueh
declining variations of this series are contemporary with the largest
and most remarkable specimens of the numerous series described in

1) Fig. 81: Rongve, Haus pgd. Nordhordland. B. 439. LoranGE: N. Olds.
i B. M.p. 90. — Fie. 82: Western Norway. Locality unknown. In Bergen
Museum. — Fig. 83: Dragsvold, Vossestranden, Voss. B. 43583. Ab. 1885, p. 85.

1906 | The eruciform brooches of Norway. 65

the following (tigs. 91—96), and that consequently the development
is not necessarily parallel even among forms so elosely allied to each
other as the different varieties of the cruciform brooches.

It is of little attraction to 20 deeper into the study of these
degenerated forms, but one point must especially be mentioned. The

terminal heads in the brooches figs. 82 and 83 are modelled in a
marked and characteristic manner and thus forming åa striking
contrast to the other parts of these brooches. The ornamental
form of these heads is certainly developed from another origin

66 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

than the heads commonly seen in the eruciform brooches,') thoush
it is known in not a few specimens from all parts of Scandinavia.
The study of pure ornamental forms not being within the limits of
this paper, I have elsewhere not especially mentioned such instanees;
an exception is made here, because the heads seen in figs. 82 and
83 are of å more special interest, appearing in å characteristic and
constant form, confined to the small district of the present diocese
of Bergen — the country between Hardanger and Nordfjord —
and found only in

certain varieties of

the late development

of the type. It has

as clearly seen in

the brooch fig. 83,
the appearance of a

new element com-

bined with a type
already old; the

knobs, the plate,

the bow, and the fa-

cetted part of the

foot having lost all

of the organic pro-

— portions and of the
original elegance of

the form, while the

broad animal-head,

in itself by no means

Re Bi UV a harmonious termin-

ation of the brooch,

is the only part well formed and carefully executed. That this
brooeh really belongs to the latest stage of the development is seen
also from the fact that the underside is very conceave.*) It is

Hi
NA
NA

1) Compare fig. 80 and SaLmN 1. ce. I cannot in all points agree with dr.
SALIN's opinion about the development of this head in the cruciform brooches.
It seems to me that the form of the head in fig. 80 here must be older than
fig. 84, and the variations figs. 82 and 83 the youngest of all of them. Dr. SALIN
has arranged them just in the opposite order.

?) For the date of such brooches compare the find illustrated in figs. 179
and 180 below.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 67

evident that the maker of this and of similar brooches has tried
to give fresh interest to an obsolete form by introducing a strange
head as å more modern element in the decoration.') The puzzling
appearanee of this new element I think, at least in some degree,
explained by the brooches deseribed in the next series.

ce TT thimk it convenient to treat here å very rare variety,
which is always combined with the form of the animal-head just
mentioned, and which is only found within the small district,
the present diocese of Bergen. The foot here consists of å broad
plate, projecting om both sides of the end of the bow and getting
farther down the same dimension as the neck of the animal-head.
The few brooches of this
sort known from Norway are
all late specimens, as Is
clearly seen from the one
figured here, fig. 84; ap-
parently it is not badly
formed, but on closer inspec-
tion it will be found that
the original proportions are
not a little corrupted, that
the plate is not sloping in
relation to the line of the
foot (which is of some weight
being åa common feature of
all the Norwegian brooches
of this series), further that
the catch-plate is very short, and that the underside is very
concave. As the animal-head is very like the same part of the
brooeh fig. 83, it also seems probable that the two brooches are
not very different of age, or at least that both of them belong to
a late stage of the development, though the animal-head of fig. 83 Is,
typologieally, the later of them.

The Norwegian brooches of the form fig. 84 are thus in dif-
ferent respects a rather surprising feature, as one should expect

Fio, 82. 14.

1) Such typological instances have often been observed, compare the re-
marks of dr. HILDEBRAND in Månadsblad 1876, p. 216.
2) Mo, Førde pgd. Søndfjord. B. 2828. Lorance: N. Olds.i B. M. p. 101.

68 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

neither to meet with these relatively good specimens at å time when
other varieties were already declining towards the final degeneration
of the type, nor to find here å peculiar variation of the foot nearly
unknown among all the earlier varieties in Norway. When searching
elsewhere for the more original stages of this variety of the foot,
we notice in Sleswick and Jutland a few specimens indicating its
earliest appearance already as early as in å middle stage of the

development of the type, as seen in fig. 30, å brooch found in
Sleswick, the foot of which is provided with two small projections
at its upper end, which do not, however, influence the form of the
rest of the foot. And in å brooeh from Jutland, fig. 85,7) we see

1) Jutland. Locality unknown. Copenhagen Museum, no. C. 8719. — The
drawing is most kindly afforded by the director, dr. Sopnus MöLLER.

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. " 69

how these small projections have afterwards produced åa change in
the shape of the facetted stem, which has here got a more tri-
angular shape not principally different from the West-Norwegian
variety here in question. It is remarkable that in the brooch from

Fig. 84. te

Jutland the animal-head is of the same family as the head which

is always found in these brooches in Western Norway. That these

brooches do not belong to the next series is proved by the fat,
17

70 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

that they have always preserved distinet typologieal rudiments of
the facetted stem.

Coneluding from the facts referred to here, I think the appea-
ranee of this variety in Western Norway most likely explaimed, if
we suppose that it has here in a relatively late time been imitated
from Danish brooches, and I do not think it an important objection
against this supposition, that the variety is known from Denmark
by one specimen only, which has not even exactly the same form
as those from Norway. Ås already observed, the
Danish material is very scarce and evidently gives
no complete impression of the richness of varieties
which have really existed in the country. More-
over, from the material now known it seems cer-
tain that the eruciform brooches preserved in Jut-
land their original character much better than in
Western Norway, which is in itself an acceptable
reason why they should be imitated here, and
which also explains why the imitations show
a less advanced transformation of the type than
the contemporary brooches of the native develop-
ment.)

I think it also worth notice, that this variety
of the foot as well as the characteristic form of
the animal-head connected with it, is found only
within the present diocese of Bergen, in the di-
striets of Voss, Sogn and Søndfjord. But the
erueiform brooches in Western Norway are known
in so great numbers, that this cireumstance is not
well explained by supposing an aceidental lack
in our knowledge, and the form must consequently
be regarded as a local appearance, ceonfined to
these fjord-distriets, which is also more natural
if we suppose the form produced by influences from another country,
than it would be, if the form in question exelusively belonged to
the native development. Fxamples are not wanting, how in historie
times aceidental and personal connexions may have occasioned in
one place å strong influence of the industry of one place in another

)) To the study of tbis variety, compare the remarkable brooch, RYGH
fig. 250, fig. 114 below. This brooch is found in Sogn.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 7

country, and it is not impossible, I think, that somewhat similar
connexions may have taken place during the prehistoric periods.!)

d. The brooches with the foot consisting of a square plate
separating the animal-head from the end of the bow are in Western
Norway more numerous than all other varieties and certainly the
most eharacteristic form of this district. As we have already seen,
it is very rare in the Eastern parts of the Peninsula, and in Den-
mark it is known only from a few late specimens; in England it
is rather common, especially
among the later brooches.
But the real home of this
form is the West coast of
Norway, where it is found
in all stages of development
and partly in excellent spe-
cimens. Ås this variety in
all probability did not appear
till after the development
had taken a separate direc-
tion in the different parts
of the Northern district, we
find here the explanation
why it has been ehietfly con-
fimed to å smaller district
than most of the others. The
very earliest specimen I have
seen of this sort, is at all
events the brooch given here
as fig. 86,7) where the plate Fig. 86. 1.
is only a little broader than
the bow, with its edges sharpened so as to be inserted into small
orooves in the knobs; it is thus an early specimen of the Norwegian
development, but the proportions and the form as å whole already

1) From my observations respecting this variety I should be tempted to
suggest that it was brought from dJutland to the districts in Western Norway
through immigration of a Jutish tribe. The supposed immigration must then have
taken place at the beginning of the 6th cent. The material seems, however,
not yet sufficient to make reliable conclusi ons of this sort.

*) Reve, Klep pgd., Jæderen. Stavanger Museum, no. 2830.

FE Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

indicate the special features characteristic of the separate form of
the Peninsula. Consequently, with the earliest appearanee of this
variation of the foot we have left the stage of development ccmmon
to all the Northern countries, and I am inelined to think that where
later brooches of this sort appear outside Western Norway it must
be explained through influence from that part; this is at least å fact
respecting specimens found in other parts of the Peninsula.

The special form of the foot seen in this brooch (fig. 86) is
no doubt celosely related to the form represented in fig. 41 as
the difference between them
ehietly consits in the thick
neck of the animal-head
which is a constant feature

| å MT in the West-Norwegian broo-
IE AN å ches of this sort. It is also
AA V få by the thick neck of the
j animal-head that the little

| flat space of the foot is
marked as a distinet part of
it and prepared for further
development. It must be
remarked that the special
shape ot the neck of the
animal-head seen here (in
fig. 86), which is certainly
the most original form of
this detail, is only found in
Western Norway where it

is preserved also in some
Fig. 87. 1. later specimens (so in fig.

87), ) but it is generally

changed into å moulded ribbon placed across the foot between the
animal-head and the flat space. Commonly this ribbon is quite
narrow (fig. 88)*) and very like the same detail in many other
varieties; in some instanees it is broader and very like the shape of
the neck of the animal-head first mentioned, as seen in fig. 89,%) å

1 07
285)

EA
Es

1) Varhaug, Haa pgd. Jæderen. Stavanger Museum no. 1559.
2) Maandalen (?) Romsdalen. B. 5102. Ab. 1894, p. 172.
3) Varhaug, Haa pgd. Jæderen. Stavanger Museum no. 1460.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 783

very late brooch I conelude from the remarkable development of
the bow and from the eurious form of the animal head.

The most important feature in the transformation of this series
is, however, the widening of the flat part of the foot which is
venerally provided with two wings, making the foot broader than
the end of the bow. At first the wings are very narrow, appearing
only as lower edges along
the sides of the foot (fig.
90).)) In later specimens
they become broader and
appear in varying forms.
Commonly they have
rounded corners and an in-
eision in the middle, which
gives to each of them the
shape of two semicireular
projections (fig. 91).*) By
a slight change these pro-
jections are transformed
into ornamental animals
placed along the sides of
the foot (fig. 92).3)

The form seen in the
last two figures represents
one of the most uniform
varieties of the eruciform
brooehes; it is found in
great number all over
Western Norway and in
specimens showing very
little difference from one
another. The only part
which shows some more
striking differences is the
animal-head or rather the nose of the head, å point apparently
especially fit for further ornamental additions. "Two such variations

NG
Å

Hy

Æ

OG
7
Dr

AN

Fig. 88. 21:

1) Kvasseim, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. B. 5806.

2) Indre Opedal, Brekke pgd. Sogn. B. 2671. Lorancr: N. Olds. i B. M.
p. 100—101.

3) Røldal, Hardanger. B. 450. LoranGE: I. c. p. 79.

74 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

may be seen already in the last two specimens mentioned above
(figs. 91 and 92); å simpler and more tasteful termination of the
head than usual is found in fig. 93.))

As seen from the figures, all the parts of these brooches have
become much transformed, but the workmanship is good and the
details are sharply and precisely executed; we cannot yet in this
stage of the development call them degenerated forms, though they
have diverged from the original form of the type in å degree sur-
passed only by the latest varieties of the English development. As
the most characteristic feature of the advanced stage of development
of this series may
be noted the exag-
verated moulding,
the sharpness of
all parts of the
form, the total want
of ornaments, and
the large dimen-
slons which are
common to nearly
all the specimens
of this sort. Nearly
always the head-
plate has a higher
middle part, and
the bow is very
short.

As I have just
mentioned, I think

Fig. 89. 1, these brooches can-

not be regarded as

degenerated forms as long as none of the original elements of the
form have been effaced, but the final degeneration is not far away
as none of these elements have here preserved any practical meaning,
and the further ornamental additions soon led to the dissolution of
the type. In this respect an alteration of the form of the knobs
Is very illustrating; they are in many cases replaced by what seems
to be at first imitations of the small animal-heads placed at the end

1) Skeie, Klep pgd. Jæderen. B.49226a. Ab. 1883, p. 68.

|

—p—:

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 75

of the foot in such brooches as fig. 92; one of the oldest specimens
of this sort is seen in fig. 94.) This alteration is in itself remark-
able as it is the first transformation of the head of the erueiform
brooeh, the part from which the type has got its name and which
has been nearly unaltered through so many transformations of the
bow and the foot. It is noteworthy that the plate and the knobs
are not much transformed even in so late å stage of development
as fig. 92. But the plate also became altered in consequence of
the transformation of the
knobs. These being now
three animal-heads re-
quired å more orvanic
eonnexionwiththebrooch
than did the moulded
knobs, and consequently
we generally find in such
brooches that the corners
of the plate have been
eut off and the three
animal-heads connected
with each other through
an elevated ribbon run-
ning along the edve of
the plate (fig. 95).”) In
fig. 96%) is represented
an intermediate form
where only the top-knob
is formed like an animal-
head while the plate is
of the same sort as fig.
95. Thus we miss here de GOL

the most constant and

characteristic part of the cruciform brooches, the rectangular plate
provided with three knobs, round or polyedrous, which is generally
regarded as the evident mark of the cruciform brooches, but con-

1) Braasten, Høiland pgd dJæderen. B. 9476. LoranGE: N. Olds. i B.
M. p. 69.
2) Tu, Klep pgd. Jæderen. . B. 2514. Loranee: N. Olds. i B. M. p. 58.
3) Tysnes, Hammerø pgd. Nordland. Tromsø Museum 1286. Ab. 1900,
p- 261.

76 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

eluding from the typological development as given here, and from
all the other parts of these brooches, we may be certain that they
are produced by åa transformation of the cruciform type alone,

HA

=5%=—===5

PS

without any influence from other types, as the radiated brooches
with three projections from the head (Sam: Thierornamentik,

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. FG

fig. 37, figs. 108—115) to which they have an aceidental likeness.
Moreover, such brooches as the form just referred to are unknown
in Western Norway
at this time.

When we re-
member that the
large and characteri-
stic broocehes, figs.
91—95, are contem-
porary with the most
degenerated forms of
other varieties (com-
pare figs.57—58 and
81—83) it is not
astonishing that they
eould spread out-
side Western Nor-
way where they had
been originally de-
veloped. They are,
however, very rare
in the Eastern parts
of the Peninsula
whose direct com-
munications with the
West coast were at
that time — as far as
we know — carried
on at å rather small
scale. They found
their waynorthwards
to the Romsdal and
to the country around
the Trondhjemsfjord
where Eastern forms
had till that time
been predominant, if
we may conelude
from the scanty mate-
rial of eruciform brooches preserved here. From here they
came to the Northern districts of Sweden; many of them are

78 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

found in Medelpad and Helsingland, and here the further trans-
formation of them seems to have, in some degree, taken another di-
rection than in Norway.') — From the country around the Trondhjems-

fjord they came also to the Northern parts of Norway (cf. the foot-
øke ud mer OG 10 755 SK

1) Swedish biooches of this sort are figured Antikvarisk tidskrift för Sve-
rige II, p. 264; MonrteLius: Huru gamal er bygden i Helsingland, Stockholm
1901, p. 18, fig. 39; Svenska fornminnesföreningens tidskrift X, p. 58, fig. 130.
MonrerLmus: Från Jernåldern, pl. 4, fig. 3. — Rexarding the special Swedish
development of them see MonreLits: Huru gamal-er bygden i Helsingland,
p. 16, fig. 35.

1906] The ceruciform brooches of Norway. 79

We return to the development of this series in Western Nor-
way. In some cases the flat part of the foot is not provided with
lower wings such as we have seen in all the former brooches of
this series, but the flat part is itself made broader, thus forming å
flat, rectangular plate, broader than both the end of the bow and
the neck of the animal-head (tig. 97).)) It is possible, though not
certain, that this form which we have already met with in a few

Fig. 94. DÅ.

brooches of the Eastern district (for instance figs. 45 and 46) may be
explained as a simplification of the form treated above (figs. 90 —
96). This explanation is at least typologically very probable and
the two forms may be regarded as closely related to each other.
The flat plate of the foot appears in varying forms; in the frag-

1) Bø, Haa pgd. Jæderen. OC. 7580. Ab. 1875, p. 88, no. 112.

80 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

ment, fig. 98,1) it is broadest downwards; generally it has on each
side two semicireular projections, formed in the same way as the
cerresponding wings of the brooches mentioned above (fig. 99 2)

Fig. 95. U.

A later specimen of the same sort is the brooch, fig. 100.3)
Here we see the type in full degeneration; all parts of this brooeh

l) Angestadsanden, Jondal, Hardanger. B. 4338. Ab. 1885, p. 80, no. 40.
?) Kvalbein, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. B. 5550. B. M. Aarb. 1904, no. 6, p. 32.
3) Skeie, Klep pgd. Jæderen. B.49226d. Ab. 1883, p. 68, no. 47.

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 81

are flat and carelessly executed, the details are effaced, and of the
animal-head are only left the eyebrows and the nose which may
be recognized by comparison with better and earlier forms (compare
figs. 92 end 96). The bow is broad, without any facets, and lower
and thinner than any other Norwegian varieties of this type. In
short we miss here all the characteristic features of these brooches

N

> De
— -— — == op 1 —
-— — — =——=—==—=—==N"
-

Fi d6

in Norway, though the general shape of the type is quite well

preserved.
At last I have given in fig. 101") a nice little brooch showing

how in the small brooches of this sort the animal-head has some-

1) Skeie, Klep pgd. Jæderen. B. 4226,f. Ab. 1888, p. 68, no. 47.

82

Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

times been replaced by a flat plate without any details recalling its

former figure.
Such small and simple brooches afford an illustrating example

of a rule often referred to in this
paper, that during å typological de-
velopment the large and fine specimens
are in å high degree subject to the
alterations required by taste and fashion,
while the small specimens, regarded
merely as implements, were made with-
out any consideration to the elegant
and modern form, although they cer-
tainly belong to the common type of
the time. The striking difference be-
tween the fine and the cheap brooches
is best seen where we compare two
brooehes such as fig. 91 and fig. 100;
in both of them all the elements of
the form are the same, but in the one
they are seen in the highest degree
of development, while the other re-
presents the oreatest degveneration
possible.

A similar opposition is found by
comparing the two following brooehes,
figs. 102 and 108.*)

These two brooches also in an-
other respect attract our interest, as
the flat part of the foot here has got
a rare and remarkable form which we
have seen in none of the brooches
treated above. Probably it is å hybrid
form.*) It is surprising that the best
specimens of this sort are found in

Eastern Norway and I am not able to explain why it should be

80.

no. 154, fig. 5:
Museum, 949.
*) Compare Ryen fig. 254, SaLm: Thierornamentik p. 68, figs. 146—149,

But as the form of the upper part of these brooches and also

1) Fie. 102: Fen, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. OC. 20154a. Ab. 1902, p. 339,
— Fig. 108: Kvasseim, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. Stavanger

though these specimens are later than the eruciform brooches before us.

»

1906] The cruciform brovehes of Norway. 83

the composition of the foot — the animal-heads excepted — are
certainly most closely related to the West-Norwegian series here
before us, I have preferred to introduce them at this place in the
description. It may be noted in this connexion that a similar
ornamentation of the foot is common among the eruciform brooches
in England, but there arranged in such aå ditferent manner that I
consider an influence from that country excluded.

We have now reached the last stave of development of the
eruciform brooches in Norway; from this point the erueiform type
ceased to be the fashionable ornament of the dress and was there-
fore subject to no more typological transformations. The large and
fine brooches were now made after another type than the eruci-
form. Only a few of the smallest
and most worthless specimens
which will be mentioned in con-
nexion with the chronological
questions treated in the following,
may be of a later date than any
of the specimens mentioned in the
description.

It would be å tempting task
to explain why the eruciform broo-
ches were used no longer in our
country while they in England
produced a series of remarkable
variations later than all the broo-
ches found in Scandinavia. lt is
diffieult to answer a question of
this sort. But I think the disappearancee of the erueiform brooehes
in Norway was partly due to the increasing taste for a surface
ornamentation in relief which became at that time predominant in
the Teutonic world. We are going to see that the latest develop-
ment of the erueiform brooches in England is directed by this taste, -
and that the surface of the brooches becomes more and more covered
with complicated ornamental patterns; but the Norwegian brooehes
were not fit for such ornamentation, as their attraction consisted in
the lively contrasts of light and shadow produced by the sharp
facets and edges of the form itself; consequently they did not afford
such large and flat surfaces as were necessary for the decoration
with animal-ornaments in relief.

84 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

Among the Eastern varieties of the cruciform brooches I have
briefly mentioned å small number whose foot ends in å semieireular
or å triangular plate. Theywere pointed out as forms that, ap-
pearing first at a relatively late stage of development and never
very numerous, probably are to be regarded as å combination of
the cruciform type with details taken from other types, and the
two forms mentioned have certainly come from different parts. But
before entering into the special research it must be remarked that
regarding most of these brooches it is impossible to establish å clear
distinetion between specimens from the Eastern and from the Western
parts of the Peninsula,
a fact probably ex-
plained by the foreign
origin of the form;
these brooches being in
some respect strangers
in Scandinavia were not
subject to local varia-
tions in the same degree
as the entirely native
forms.

e. The semicircular
termination of the foot
is most commonly found
in the Prussian broo-
ches of the Migration
Period. — Generally,
though not always, the
edge of the foot-plate
is in these brooches shaped like å cog-wheel, a form which has
caused the signification of brooehes with star-pattern foot (,Stern-
fussfibeln*), and very often they also have a little square plate at
the top of the bow. Å Prussian brooch showing these characteristic
features is here given as fig. 104.1) Such brooches are found also
in other distriets around the Eastern Baltic and in Finland,*) but

1) From dr. OTro TIscHLER: Ostpreussische Altertiimer, herausg. v. HEIN-
RICH KEMKE, Kønigsberg 1902, taf IV, fig. 4.

?) Dr. ALFrED Hackman: Die åltere Eisenzeit in Finland, Helsingfors 1905,
p. 158 ss. pl. 3 and 4.

1906 The cruciform brooches of Norway. 35
| J 85

they are very rare in Scandinavia; in Øland only some few Speci-
mens are found.” A similar termination of the foot is unknown
in brooehes from the Western parts of the Teutonic countries with
the one exception of some of the crueiform brooches in the Scan-
dinavian Peninsula. It is then very likely that this form, when
appearing in Scandinavia, has been borrowed from the Prussian
brooehes.

This conelusion is confirmed by some peculiarities observed in
the Scandinavian brooches of this sort. The edge of the semi-
cireular plate is sometimes cogged in å way much resembling the

Fig. 100. 1. Fig. 101. 14.

shape of the real star-pattern foot (tig. 105,7) fig. 64, and Ab. 1878
fig. 3); in other cases the splits in the edges have been replaced

ID)

by a series of holes placed at some distance from the edge, while
small ineisions in the surface still indicate the places of the former
splits (see Ab. 1878, fig. 3); sometimes the holes are left as the

1) The brooches from Øland are enumerated by dr. Hackman 1. c- p. 161,
foot-note 2. Besides those mentioned there dr. ÅLMGREN has kindly informed
me about two instances of such brooches in Øland, both from the parish of
Gårby (Kalmar Museum no. 2165 and Göteborgs Museum no. 1911). An irregular
brooceh, though with foot-plate of the sort treated here, is figured by SAL:
Thierornamentik fig. 457; it is also found in Øland.

?*) Vestly, Lye pgd. Jæderen. B. 25832. Loranee: N. Olds. i B. M. p. 56.

18

86 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

only reminiscenee of the original form, (Monrermus: Från jern-
åldern, pl. 4, fig. 16, compare Hackman: Die åltere Eisenzeit in
Finland, I, p. 162, flg. 123 and pl. 3, fig. 5). Itis not possible
to explain these features otherwise than as borrowed from the
Prussian brooches.

Many of the eruciform brooches whose foot ends in å semi-
eireular plate show also in
another respect å remarkable
difference from the common
Scandinavian form. As the
bow of these brooches very
often has sot a square top-
plate it is reasonable to think
that this peculiarity has been
borrowed from the same model
as the plate of the foot, the
more so as the same detail is
very common in the Prussian
brooches here in question. On
the other hand this form of
the bow is nearly unknown in
the eruciform brooches whose
foot ends in an animal-head.

It ought also to be noted
that this form of the foot
makes its earliest appearance
in Scandinavia in brooches of
so late forms as the two speci-
mens given in figs. 106 and
107." In both of them the
proportions of the head-plate
5. are the same as in the later

Fig. 102. 1. Western forms and the knobs
are concave from the underside.

From all these features we may with certainty deduce the
foreign origin of the semicireular plate of the foot.

As the form has been little used and has been subject to no

1) Both from Obrestad, Haa pgd. Jæderen. B. 4344, Ab. 1885. p. 83 and
B. 4254, Ab. 1884, p. 86.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. (SU

noteworthy development in Scandinavia, it is not possible to put
together a typological series showing the successive transformations
of it. In fact, it presents rather åa uumber of different combinations
than what might be called å development of the form, with exception
of the eradual effacing of the splits in the edge of the foot-plate
already mentioned. The form of the bow is not constant, as the
top-plate is often missing, and the bow has then got the common
facetted form (see fig. 62 and fig. 108;)) the bow of the last men-
tioned has, however, varied in a very peculiar way, known only
from two brooches of the series here in question; they are of å
late date (compare fis. 181 below). In other specimens the bow

Fig. 103. 11. Fig. 104. 3.

is flat and its surface ornamented with three parallel ribbons, å
form sometimes observed in the erueiform brooches, but probably
originally belonging to another type (Ryen fig. 557—560); a speci-
men of this sort is given fig. 109.%) The bow is here of å very
simple execution.

This braneh of the cruciform brooches seems to have degene-

1) Lunde, Vanse pgd. Lister. B. 4234. Ab. 1883, s. 76.

2) Fig. 109 and 110 are both from Vestly, Lye pgd. Jæderen. B. 2532
and 2531. Loranee: N. Olds. i B. M. p. 56. — In the last of them is seen an
interesting combination with the form of the foot from late West-Norwegian
brooches.

88 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

rated very rapidly which is quite natural as the form was first
introduced when the type was already declining towards the end
of its history in Scandinavia; but the final decline went on even
faster with respect to å hybrid variety, as the one before us, than
was the case with the pure forms. An example, showing this
process, is given in the brooch fig. 110") where the general form
is quite well preserved, while the head-plate with the knobs has
lost all of distinet form and moulding. The degeneration is also
easily traceable in the not good proportions observed in most of
these brooches, though the corruption of the proportions may in
some degree be attributed to the introduction of foreign elements;
as that the bow, when provided with å square top-plate, is made
broad and flat to suit this novelty. But on the whole the very
rapid decline of these brooches is best explained by the missing of
a fixed and conventional form, the appearanee of which was pre-
vented by the cireumstance that they were not made in any con-
siderable number. — Most of these brooches are of small dimensions,

0

UH

I
|

Fig. 105. 2.

and the one fig. 106 is one of the largest specimens found; an
exception is seen only in the enormous brooeh tiv. 114 below, which
is also in other respects not a little different from the normal form
of this series.

Ås already mentioned this form is contined to the Scandinavian
Peninsula; it is known neither from England nor from Denmark,
a fact which, together with the searce appearance of it, indicates
that it was never much in vogue. (Certainly it was å late form of
hybrid origin and ceonsequently å form without the organie life
capable of producing a long series of descendants. Ås its only
contribution to the main development of the type may be counted
the fact that in some eruciform brooehes — in other respects not
of the sort treated here — the bow has got åa top-plate which is
probably borrowed from here.*)

1) See foot-note 2 pag. 87.

?) See fig. 158 below. Another example is OC. 17475. AD. 18983, p. 107.
Two Swedish brooches (Stockholm Museum 2549 and 9589: 38) show the same
peculiarity.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 89

f. The brooches whose foot ends in a triangular plate have also
been mentioned in the description of erueiform brooches from the
Eastern part of the Peninsula; they have, at least in some degree,
got different forms within each of the two distriets. But respecting
these brooehes it is still more diffieult than it was in the preceding
series to make out the successive stages of the development. Most of
the known speeimens have little in common with each other except
the peculiar form of the foot. In fact this triangular termination
seems to have been
combined with dif-
ferent variations of
the crueiform broo-
ches, and as it did
not in other re-
spects influence the
shape of the broo-
ehes it did not pro-
ducee åa new and
distinet variety of
ode ngnest) Oil
in one instance is
the flat triangular
foot found in a fixed
combination with å
constant form of
the brooch, namely
in the late broo-
ches of the variety
most characteristic
of WesternNorway,
asseen in fig. 111.*)
In every respect is
this brooeh quite identical with the late brooches represented by
figs. 91—95, the only differenee being that the animal-head of the
foot is replaced by the flat, triangular plate. This form is known
from many specimens, all of them of exactly the same form, å
feature which is also characteristic of the West-Norwegian brooches

1) See figs. 65 and 66 above. SaLIN: Thierornamentik p. 73, fig. 159.
?) Skeie, Klep pgd. Jæderen. B.4226b. Ab. 1883, p. 68, no. 47. Com-
pare Ryen fig. 253.

90 Haakon Schetelig [No. 8

from which it is derived. An interesting fact may be noted in
this connexion; this late and certamly hybrid form is the only one
of the Western varieties whieh has in any greater number been
found in the Eastern parts of Norway, and the specimens found
there are so like those found in the Western coast districts that I
think that they have been imported from here. But on the whole,
the influence of this form upon the general development of the type
is even less important than was the case respecting the preceding
series which at least in some instances produced å change in the
form of the bow. The form here in question has only been å com-
bination of one new element with forms already existing; any influence
upon the ordinary varieties
of the type is then naturally
excluded.

As the model from which
this form of the bow is bor-
rowed I regard the type re-
presented by fir. 112,5 aå
type whose origin has not
yet been made out with full
certainty, but which is at
least contemporary with the
later eruciform brooches. It
has commonly been regarded
as å development of the eruci-
form brooches, which has,
however, never been proved

>

jæs LOM He in å satisfactory manner.*)
3ut as the said type has not
been without some influence upon some of the later erueiform broo-
ches of Scandinavia, I think it is of interest to survey briefly its

general development.

1) From MEestorr: Alterthimer, pl. XLIX, fig. 592. See also figs. 161 and *
167 below.

*) I ceite the recent observation of dr. Saumn: Die Anordnung der Knöpfe
ist höchst wahrscheinlich unter dem KEinfluss der oben behandelten Armbrust-
fibeln (i. e. the common eruciform brooches) entstanden, vielleicht dachte man
dabei an eine Form wie etwa Fig. 159, doch in einem ålteren Stadium der Ent-
wicklung, denn bei keinen anderen als den Armbrustfibeln sitzen die Knöpfe so
dieht zusammen, dass sie das Vorbild zu der bezweckten Anordnung håtten bilden
können. — Thierornamentik p. 73.

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 91

In my opinion this type is not derived from the eruciform
brooehes properly said; I think that it has sprung from the same
prototype as the series figs. 11—13 above, as the form of its head
is most celosely allied to that form (see fig. 113)") and as the tri-
angular foot-plate, in its most original stage of development, is met
with already in the half-Roman brooches from which the said series
Is derived (see Mkstorr: Alterthimer, pl. XLIX, fig. 581).
The origin of this foot-plate is also best explained, if we suppose
that it is å Teutonic transformation of the rather broad foot seen
in Roman brooches of the sort given in figs. 1 and 2.

It is an important fact that the peculiar, crosslike head-plate
in these brooches always appear in combination with the flat, tri-
angular foot; but also the
bow has here another cha-
racter than the bow of our
eruciform type (fig. 113 and
nøsselonkand 167). It is
thus clear that the broo-
ehes in question appear as
a distinet type with hardly
any details in common with
the eruciform type.

But their history is in
most respects parallel to that
of the eruciform brooches; AV
from Sleswick-Holstein they MD D
were brought to England il Vid
where they are found in Fig. 108. 14.
great numbers, and to Scan-
dinavia. In Sleswick-Holstein*) this type is found only in the
cemetery of Borgstedt which is regarded as the latest of the
cemeteries of the Migration-Period in that country, though there
has also been found brooches with returned foot besides the eruci-
form brooches of an already developed form corresponding to the
independent development in Denmark and in the Scandinavian
Peninsula. Many specimens of both stages were found in the

|
|

U

|

1) Kvasseim, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. B. 5984. B.M. Aarb. 1905, no. 14,
p- 43.

?) For the following details I am indebted to dr. FRIEDRICH KNORR who
has kindly informed me about the finds in Sleswick-Holstein.

992 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

pt)

cemetery, but as they were never found in the same graves
as the brooches of the type fig. 112, the date of appearance

1

Fig. I, Uro

of this type is still uncertain. It is stated, however, that it
Is never found in the earlier cemeteries of the Migration-Period,
and it seems therefore that its origin must have been of a later

1906] The erueiform brooches of Norway. 93

date than that of the eruciform brooches. In Norway it has been
found in association with erueiform brooches of very late forms.)

The development of this type is, generally speaking, the same
in all districts, it being ehietly characterised by the disappearing of
the ineisions in the head-plate which thus gets åa simple square
form. An instructive description of this development is given by
dr. SazIN: Thierornamentik, p. 73—74. Especially England is
very rich in varying forms belonging to this type, of which some
later specimens have certainly been influenced by the erueiform
brooehes; in some instances it is even difficult to tell whether aå
brooch is to be elassified as belonging to the one or to the other
of the two types. but upon
the whole it is, perhaps, most
striking to see how little con-
nexion there has existed be-
tween this form and the eruci-
form brooches, a fact also
pointing towards the different
origin of the two forms.

Before finishing the gen-
eral typological description of
the cerueiform brooches in
Scandinavia I think it inter-
esting to try an analysis of a
more irregular form, as seen
in the brooeh, fig. 114.%) It
is found in Sogn, and we see
both from its form and dimensions, that it must be a product of
Western Norway.

Being cast very concave from the underside it must belong to
a late stage of the development, and the shape of the head-plate
and the knobs ranges it among the late specimens of the variety
represented by figs. S6—100. The bow, however, has quite another
appearance tban the bow of these brooches; it is much longer than
usually seen in West-Norwegian brooches of that time, the facetting

1) See figs. 159—162 and figs. 163—167.
2) Hove, Vik pgd. Sogn. B. 560. LoranGz: N. Olds. i B. M. p. %.
RyeGH fig. 256.

94

Haakon Schetelig.

[No.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 95

is very little marked and its middle parts is not broader than its
ends. Certainly this form of the bow is so unique in Western
Norway that we must conclude that it has come from another part
of Scandinavia. Another point of interest is the ribbon along the
middle of the bow which at once recalls å corresponding detail often
observed in the prototype of the eruciform brooehes (fig. 21); per-
haps it must be considered as an archaism, very surprising in this
late stage of the development. I am not able to give a satisfactory
explanation of the oceurence of this remarkable form of the bow in
a late brooch made in Western Norway; but as å whole the form
reminds us of a few of the Danish brooches,!) and I consider it
likely that the model of it has been a brooch from Denmark.

The foot consists of two plates separated by a broad moulded
ribbon. The upper of the plates is by its form related to the rare
variety secn in fig. 84 which I have suggested may also have been
derived from å Danish form. — The broad moulded ribbon in the
form seen here is certainly different from the moulded neck of the
animal-head, common in the late cruciform brooches of Western
Norway, but very like the same part in many of the brooches of
the type fir. 112 (compare fig. 161 and also fig. 65) and, conse-
quently, I am inelined to regard it as borrowed from that form,
the more so as the whole form of the foot is not very unlike in
these two instances. — Finally, the terminating plate, of semicireular
form, is the plate whose origin I have tried to deduce from the
Prussian brooches with star-pattern foot.

It is not a new discovery that late forms show a combination
of elements which have sprung from very different sources, and of
course we must not imagine to ourselves that the workman, when
making the brooch in question, picked out the different elements
of it from a collection of different brooehes actually placed before
him. The different forms of ornaments used at the same time might
in some instances naturally induce the workman to try å new com-
bination of forms. But the general taste of prehistoric times does
not seem to have been much inelined to such experiments as most
of these combinations only got å short life. It is å most remark-
able fact that the types remained so free from foreign elements as
really was the case.

1) As for example Copenhagen Museum no. OC. 3930, 9817, 2771, all found

in Jutland, and all of them being in a late stage of development.

96 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

Respecting the general transformatiom of the type and the
technical improvements observed in the eruciform brooches of West-
ern Norway I may refer to the remarks upon the same matter made
in connexion with the deseription of the Eastern forms (page 53)
with addition of the special ditferences noted in the deseription
above. Only in one brooch from Western Norway may be noted
a technical innovation, thoush of no great importance. In the

specimen fig. 115") which is in all respeets an excellent example
of the workmanship characteristic of the late Western varieties, the
concave underside of the foot and the top-knob is covered with
thin bronze-plate to give to the brooch an aceomplished appearance

1) Grindeim, Etne pgd. Søndhordland. Stavanger Museum no. 2616. Stav.
mus. aarsb. 1904, p. 76, fig. 19.

1906] The erueiform brooches of Norway. 97

even when seen from that side. The side-knobs also are, although
retaining the full roundness of the form, of very thin bronze with
only å small hole in the base to pass the axis; a remarkable proof
of ability in small metal-work. Thus the brooch is made very light
as compared with its size, at the same time as it certainly is one
of the best executed specimens known from Western Norway. It
is also in all probability in order to obtain å more accomplished
appearancee of the brooeh that the workman has taken the trouble
to make the side-knobs separately and to fix them to the plate by
a separate axis of bronze, an arrangement at that time nearly quite
forgotten.

As å summary of what has been said in the description of the
Western forms, it may be pronounced that the original shape of
the brooch in Western Norway has been subject to more fargoing
changes than it has in the Eastern parts of the Peninsula, and
that the late Western varieties are distinguished by sharpness of
form and by good workmanship in å higher degree than is the
case with corresponding specimens in Eastern Norway. "The scarce
appearance, in the brooches from Western Norway, of ornamental
patterns executed with å punch or å drill, has also been noted as
a difference between the brooches in the Eastern and in the Western
parts of the Peninsula. On the other hand, the practical arran-
gement of the pin and the gradual changes of the head of the
brooch are prineipally the same in all parts of the Peninsula and
very different from the development which took place in Denmark
and partially also in England.

5. The eruceiform brooches of England.

My knowledge of this braneh of the erueiform broocehes is not
sufficient to give a detailed description of all the variations of the
form or of the local spreading of the type in the island;") I must
content myself with trying to draw the outlines of the general de-
velopment of the type within the English district, especial respect

1) I know from personal examination the brooches preserved in The
British Museum, London, and in the museums of Newcastle, Oxford and Cam-
bridge; for information about the collection of York I am greatly indebted to
dr. GEORGE Å. AUDEN who has kindly afforded photographs of the specimens

preserved there.

98 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

being given to the traces of connexion between the English and
the Scandinavian varlieties.

Brooches representative of the origin and the first part of the
development of the type seem to be very rare in England. A
specimen from Dorchester, now in The Ashmolean Museum,*') may

Fig. 118. 1.

be considered as a variety of the prototype of the erueiform broo-
ches, showing, however, in the building of the head some influence
from the contemporary half-Roman forms known from Scandinavia,

1) BERNHARD SALIN: Några tidiga former af germanska fornsaker från
England. Månadsblad, 1894, p. 24, fig. 1.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 99

and as the head-plate is missing it certainly cannot be included
among the eruciform brooches in the meaning in which it is used
in this paper. But it is — as pointed out by dr. Satin — very
interesting as indicating å ”Teutonic population in the middle of
England already in the 4th cent., and conse-
quently it is not excluded that future discov-
eries will give evidence of the existence of
the contemporary erueiform brooches (of å form
as figs. 19, 20, 23, 25) also within the English
district.

The erueiform brooches, properly said,
which I know from England are all in å more
advanced stage of development, and some of
them, showing the earliest variations known,
are given in the following four figures (116—
119).") It is evident that such forms have
already passed the first stage of development
which was common to the distriets on the Fast
side of the German Ocean, but compared with
the brooches from this side of the sea they
certainly are most closely allied to some forms
from Nleswick-Holstein and from Jutland, and
they may be said to continue the development
from about the same point where it is finished
in Sleswick-Holstein. Here the latest brooches
found are of å form as Mestorr: Alterthimer
fig. 593 which is rather earlier than the broo-
ches figs. 117—119. As signs of å more ad-
vanced development I note in these brooches
the larger dimensions and the broader shape of
the whole form, the animal-head included, to
which may be found very close parallels in Fi
Jutland?*) but not in Sleswick-Holstein. te, ØL Ya

Respecting the shape of several details
these English brooches also suggest connexion with brooehes from
Jutland, while hardly any trace is found of influenee from earlier

1) Fig. 116: Rugby; ÅkErmaNn: Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pl. XVIII,
fig. 2. — Fig. 117: Icklingham, Suffolk; Brit. Mus. From å photograph. —
Fig. 118: Wildbraham, Cambs. NEviLLE: Saxon Obsequies, pl. 8, no. 143. —
Fig. 119: Wildbraham; NEvILLE, pl. 8, no. 73.

*) For instance Copenhagen Museum: 2817, OC. 5411, C. 7258.

100 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

forms properly belonging to the Scandinavian Peninsula; thus the
nose of the animal-head in the said English brooches is shaped like
two semicireular, slightly convex wings, å form appearing in several
Danish brooches and also observed in åa few specimens from Nor-
way; but the form so common in Norway with a nose marked by
two hemispherical knobs (as seen for instance in the figs. 38, 57,

p)
på
D)
>
)
d
d
d
d

Fig. 191.

90) is never seen in the erueiform brooches from England. 'The
brooeh illustrated in fig. 116 is also related to Danish forms by
having a longer bow than is usually the case in Norway and
Sweden, though it must be added that this is not such a regular
feature in the English as it is in the Danish brooches. Of greater
importance is the form of the head of the brooches, the shape of

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 101

the plate, and the way in which the side-knobs are tixed to the
brooeh. It should be observed in the first place that all the broo-
ehes, figs. 116—119, have the side-knobs fixed upon the axis of
the spring-eoil, which is also the case with the contemporary broo-
ches of Denmark while corresponding specimens from Norway and
Sweden generally have the side-knobs cast in one piece with the
brooeh. Regarding the way in which the knobs are connected with
the plate we find again the same variations which have been already
noticed in the tirst part of this paper. In the specimen fig. 116
the plate has lower edges, probably
sharpened in order to be inserted into
grooves in the bases of the side-knobs;
in fig. 117 the plate is bent for the
same purpose and consequently has the
underside concave, åa peculiarity also
known in Denmark, but not in the
Scandinavian Peninsula; in fig. 118 the
bases of the knobs are provided with
eylindrical projections which have been
split so as to hold the edges of the
plate; in fig. 119 the plate has å higher
middle part of the same form as already
seen in brooches from Sleswick-Holstein
(Mzstorr: Alterthiimer fig. 593). But
in one respect these English brooches
diverge from the Scandinavian forms;
they have a larger plate than is ever
seen in the corresponding stages of de-
velopment in Scandinavia and thus al-
ready indicate the Anglo-Naxon ineli-
nation to broad and flat forms of the
ornaments, which in åa high degree marks the later eruciform broo-
ches of England.

The tendeney to enlarge the size of the plate is fairly expressed
in the two brooches figs. 120—121.*) In the first of them the
underside of the plate is concave in the same manner as noted in
fig. 117, and the brooch is also remarkable for the polyedrous form

1) Fig. 120: Rudstone, East Riding, Yorksh. Brit. Mus. From å photograph.
Fig. 121: Stow Heath, Suffolk. Brit. Mus. From a sketch by the author.

19

102

Haakon Schetelig:. [No. 8

of the knobs, åa form which is very rare in English brooches.
In the other brooeh may be especially noticed the two ineisions in
the upper edge of the plate, å feature which is also known in

Fig. 1283.

Denmark") but is never seen in broo-
ehes from Norway and Sweden. This
brooeh is å good example of the
English form m å middle stage of
development and already so cha-
racteristic of England that it would
be impossible to confound it with
the forms from other countries.

It may thus be pronouneed that
the earlier stages of the development
of the erueiform brooches in Eng-
land are chiefly independent of,
though in some points allied to the
contemporary Danish brooches, while
nothing is found indieating influenees
from Norway or even contact with
the forms common there. I have
noted one brooch only which may,
perhaps, be considered as å proof
of connexion with Norwegian forms
corresponding to the stave of de-
velopment here in question. The
brooeh fig. 122,7) remarkable also
as the only eruciform brooceh found
in Kent, is by the shape of the
head closely allied to some Nor-
wegian specimens, f. inst. fig. 41
above, but rather a stranger among
the contemporary English brooches
respecting as well the dimensions
of the plate as the proceeding of
casting the side-knobs in one piece

with the brooch. It is however certainly made in England, which
is proved both by the low and flat bow and by some details in

1) Copenhagen Museum, OC. 6396, found im Jutland, to be compared especi-
ally with the one figured by Neville, pl. 7, no. 31.

?) Lyminge. Kent; Brit. Mus.

From å photograpl.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 103

in the animal-head to be spoken of below, and I am inelined to
think that the English workman when induced to form å brooch
in this peculiar manner different from all the current forms of his
own country, must have seen å somewhat similar brooeh of Nor-
wegian workmanship. It is of no little importance to state the
earliest trace of connexion between Norwegian and English forms
of the Migration-Period and I therefore antecipate here the
ehronological tixation of the corresponding Norwegian forms which
is treated in the following; they are attributed to the latter
half of the 5th cent. Probably it is
contemporary with the English brooches
just dealt with and shown in the figs.
120 and 121.)

Respecting the Kentish brooch I
draw attention to the small serolls
forming the nose of the animal-head;
they are the most primitive form and
the earliest appearance of this detail
so common in the later eruciform broo-
ehes of England, and are also inter-
esting as another link of connexion
with the Danish forms. In Denmark,
however, this detail is by far less
commonly used than in Engiand and
it is not observed in the eruciform
brooches there, but it is at all events
not unknown among the ornamental
forms of Denmark*) while it is quite
unknown in Norway and Sweden. I =-
am not able to make out whether this Bios He
form has come from Denmark to Eng-
land or vice versd and for my present purpose it is sufficient to
point it out as å trace of the close connexion existing between the
forms in England and those in Denmark at that time.

To indieate the latest stage of development of what might be

pl

1) The Kentish brooch is found in association with another brooch provided
with five projections from the semicireular head-plate (SALIN: Thierornamentik,
p. 35, fig. 79) a fact which agrees well with the date given here.

2) Of. Mörner: Jernalderen fig. 509. SALIN: Thierornamentik, p. 189,
fir. 459.

104 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

called the Anglo-Danish series of brooches I have given the brooch
fig. 123") which is in every «respect a characteristic specimen of
the middle forms in England. Note especially that the wings of
the plate become broader
towards both sides and
note also the flat and ex-
tended shape of the animal-
head. The apparently in-
significant split at the
upper end of the animal-
head is a most charac-
teristic detail which I have
seen in no specimen out
of England.

In all the Enelish
brooches —hitherto men-
tioned the building of the
foot is chiefly the same, a
facetted stem of a rather
short and broad shape
eonnecting the neck of
the animal-head with the
bow. Inthe later varieties,
on the contrary, another
combination is seen nearly
without exception; the
facetted stem being here
replaced by a flat plate
which is often provided
with lower wings pro-
3 jecting on both sides and
Y thus assuming å form most
closely —resembling the
most common variety in

Fiv. 195. the late brooches in West-

; ern Norway. It seems

almost certain that this change of form was produced by Norwegian
influenees as its first appearance and early development are re-

1) Haslingfields, Cambs Brit. Mus. From a sketch by the author.

y

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 105

presented from no other district than from the West coast of Nor-
way, and as the earliest English specimens of this sort are very
like the Norwegian form. The characteristic curve of the wing's
outline, so often seen in Norway, deserves in this respect a special
attention when also found in England; it is seen in the brooch
fig. 124,15) and this brooch is no unique appearance. Consequently
I believe that the relationship is
here fairly established and also
that the direction of the influence
is not doubtful as the introduction /
of the form in the English broo-
ches must be contemporary with
the rather late stages of the de-
velopment in Western Norway.
Most of the late English broo-
ches develop from this form; the
further changes in the foot being
here shown in the three following
figures (125—127).?”) The side-
wings of the foot are soon replaced
by animal-heads which are generally
preserved through all the following
stages of the development, though
the form is sometimes indistinet
(as in fig. 127) and sometimes com-
pletely effaced. More interest is
attracted by the remarkable chan-
ges in the shape of the terminating
animal-head whose nose with its
two serolls is gradually enlarged,
then separated from the rest of
the head by a transverse moulded
ribbon and treated as an indepen-
dent ornamental motive, and certainly as å motive more important
than the head itself. By this process the surface is also gradually
losing all relief articulation, the termination of the foot being finally

aa!
en

17 v vyQvgv

sg

A|4 Aa aåbh å

1) Wildbraham, Cambs. NEVILLE pl. 10, no. 173.

2) Fig. 125: Northwold, Norfolk. Brit. Mus. From a sketelh by the author.
— Fig. 126: Kilham, Yorksh. York Mus. From å photograph. — Fig. 197:
Wildbraham, Cambs. NEVILLE pl. 4, no. 95.

106 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

shaped like a flat plate. Thus the late English development is in
full contrast to the taste for a sharp and exaggerated moulding
which marks the late brooches in Western Norway, and it seems
that the ruling ten-
dencies in the two
countries were t%00
different to allow of
any further exchange
of forms, though it
must be supposed
that the intercourse
indieated by such
brooches as fig. 124
continued to exist
even afterwards,
which is also sug-
vested by the trans-
ferring of åa later
type from Scandi-
navia to England.
In the inereasing
dimensions of the
head-plate we trace
the same inclination
for broad and flat
forms. The knobs
are now generally
east in one piece
with the brooch, fig.
125 being one of
the latest specimens
where the side-knobs
are fixed upon the
axis of the spring-
coil, and the begin-
ning degeneration of
the knobs is indi-
cated by their gradual diminution (especially characteristic in this
respect is the specimen figured by Nrvitrr, pl. 8, no. 116). But
the knobs had still to go through a last stage of development in

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 107

England. In the specimen fig. 1281) the knobs are provided with
flat projections whose origin may probably be found in the circum-
stanee that in some cases the axis of the spring-coil projected
somewhat from the top of the side-knobs, and this peculiarity is
also in some instances imitated when the knobs were cast in one
piece with the brooch (as seen in the figure NeviLee, pl. 8, no. 116).

And when onee formed, such flat projeetions were only in too good
accordance with the Anglo-Saxon taste not to be enlarged at the
expence of the moulded knobs. Stages of this process are seen IN

Fig. 128.

1) Soham, Cambs. Brit. Mus. From a sketeh by the author.

108 Haakon Sehetelig. [No. 8

the two following figures (129, 130)") of which especially the latter
has in å marked degree obtained the broad and flat shape so cha-
racteristie of the late English brooches. We get å good idea of
the contrast between the late varieties in Norway and in England
by comparing the last of these brooches (fig. 130) with one of the
latest specimens from Norway as for instance fig. 95; it must be re-
membered, however, that the English brooch probably is the later
of these two, although the difference in time cannot be great.
Thus we have reached the
time where the erueiform broo-
ehes disappeared in Scandinavia,
but in England their history
was not yet finished. It was
suggested above that in Scan-
dinavia the eruciform brooehes
got out of use because they
were not well fit for å de-
coration with animal-ornaments
in relief so predominant in the
style of the latter half of the
6th cent. The broad and flat
English brooches, on the other
hand, were especially adapted
to such å decoration and conse-
quently continued until nearly
everything of the special cha-
racter of the form had been
effaced by the ornaments. Å
first step in this direction is
observed in the brooch fig. 1319)
Fig. 1929. where the terminal plate of the
foot and the three terminations
of the head are ornamented with animal-heads of the same form
as the heads which had already at an earlier stage of development
replaced the side-wings of the upper part of the foot. An innovation
of no less importance is the gilt surface and the square projecting

1 129: Woodstone, Hunts. Brit. Mus. From a sketch by the author. —
Fig. 1380: Wildbraham, Cambs. NEVILLE, pl. 2, no. 8Å.

?*) Sleaford, Lincolnshire. Brit. Mus. From a photograph. See note to
fig. 132.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 109

ornament close to the end of the foot, in whieh is set å cut garnet.
Both these features whieh are never seen in the earlier brooches,
at least not in specimens of bronze, must be regarded as an imitation
of the contemporary large
brooehes with a square
upper plate which are
regularly giltand decorated
with animal patterns, and
which are also often or-
namented with garnets;
thus we see in the brooch

fig. 131 fairly indicated
the beginning assimilation |- i |
of the erueiform brooches V= %
with this type. SU

The brooeh fig. 1323),
also thiekly gilt and pro-
vided with nine projecting
ornaments in which are
set glas pastes, now much
decayed, shows in all parts og
a further decomposition.
of the type, though the Se
head with its three ter-
minations may be easily
recognized and even the
shape of the foot which
is here so utterly deprived
of all organie composition,
is understood by comparing
it with forms as fiys. 126
and 127 above. But cer-
tainly, very little is left
of the character properly
belonging to the cruceiform brooches. Ås the final stage in this
series I record here å specimen (fig. 133)*) whose head-plate and

OO0OTLUG:

1) Sleaford, Lincolnshire; Brit. Mus. GEORGE WILLIAM TnHomas: On ex-
cavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery of Sleaford, Lincolnshire. Archaeologia,
vobemip 060! ss. pl. XXX, fe 1.

2) Kenninghall, Norfolk. Brit. Mus. From SALIN: Thierornamentik, p. 72,
fig. 157.

110 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

knobs have grown together into one square plate, where typological
rudiments of the knobs are found oniy in the ornamentation. But
E even in this late stage of
degeneration the type has
preserved many characteristic
details, such as the higher
middle part of the head-plate
and the little flat plate of
the foot connecting the bow
with the neck of the animal-
head. — Such late brooches
as figs. 181—133 probably
belong to the latter half of
the 6te cent.
Dr. HIcDEBRAND has
already sugvested that many
of the English brooches are
typologieally later than all
known in Scandinavia, from
which he ceoneluded that the
original home of this form
is not in England but some-
where in the Northern coun-
tries, and I have found this
opinion confirmed by the
larger and better material
now at hand.” He also
mentioned the possibility of
making out especially close
eonnexions between the Eng-
lish and Danish brooches, å
presumption being, in my
Jøher 18 UV opinion, evidently proved by
the existing material, though
I think that the other part of his eonelusion — that such brooches
are rare in Denmark because the population here had emigrated

1) Dr. Hans HICDEBRAND in ,Antiquarisk tidskrift för Sverige*, IV, p.
209—210. 'The same question was treated by dr. UNDSET (Aarbøger f. nord. Oldk.
Copenhagen, 1880, p. 131) with whom, however, I cannot agree, as he supposed
that the eruciform brooches were first introduced in Norway from England.

11

The eruciform brooches of Norway.

1906]

Semseng

STAN,

pt)

112 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

to England — is not yet confirmed by evident proofs. In ad-
dition to dr. HitLDEBraND I have in the, previous pages tried to
make out that the English development was at å certain point of
time in contact with the special West-Norwegian varieties from
which was derived å detail in the building of the foot, observed in
nearly all the late brooches of England. But certainly the English
development was not only of longer duration than it was in other
countries, it was in å high degree independant of and so different
from that in Scandinavia, that one feels inelined to divide all the
erueiform brooches into two branches, the
one comprising all the Scandinavian forms,
the other the English forms.
(Connexions between them are, how-
ever, not wanting as it is pointed out in
the preceding description, and it is very
illustrative of the intercourse between
Denmark and Norway on the one side
and the Anglo-Saxons on the other during
the Miegration-Period that the. Anglo-
Saxon forms were at first derived from
the Danish forms, and that later ditferences
seem to be not so much due to the ab-
sence of contact with the Scandinavian
countries — influences from Norway being
observed from the end of the 5th cent. and
from the first half of the 6th cent. — as to
the eradual divergence of taste and style
on the opposite sides of the German Ocean.
Before finishing the description of the
English forms, I briefly note the appear-
Fig. 133. ance of the flat triangular termination of
the foot also in England,*) which con-
firms the above pronouneed conelusions about the origin of this
form, as the supposed model of it (fig. 112) is especially numer-
ous here.

1) See NEVILLE pl. 9, no. 122. Other instances are å brooch from Sleaford
in The British Museum, and one from Fairford in The Ashmolean Museum,
Oxford.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. ILLE

As å supplement to what was said about occassional influences
from Norway upon the brooches in England, I mention here å
Norwegian find of great interest. "The brooch fig. 1347) was found
together with two other brooches of which the one, only a frag-
ment of which is preserved, shows the late typical form of the
bow as figs. 91 and 92; the other is of å narrower shape but cer-
tainly also of Norwegian origin and contemporary with the first
mentioned. The brooch illustrated here is of quite a different cha-
racter, all parts of it being distinet from the other varieties found
in Norway, and on the other hand being most elosely allied to the
common forms of England. 'Thus the head-plate is unusually large,
the side-wings of it are
bent a little downwards,
producing å corresponding
cavity of the underside,
and the side-knobs are
fixed upon the axis of the
spring-coil; the bow is
longer and less raised than
in Norwegian brooches
and the foot with the short
facetted stem and the small
serolls at the nose of the
animal-head is also shaped
absolutely in the manner
characteristic of the middle
English varieties. The
differences from the normal
forms of Norway are so Fig, 134 1.
great and the accordance |
with English brooches is so complete, that this brooeh must have
been made in England and aceidentally imported to Western Nor-
way, as å Norwegian workman, even when copying an English
model, would not have failed to introduce some features peculiar
to the brooehes current in his own country, and moreover, if such
imitations of English brooches had actually taken place, we should
expect to find more traces of them than this unique specimen. But

1) Maage, Ullensvang pgd. Hardanger. B. 5738. B. M. Aarb. 1908, no. 3,
p- 10 (1902: 55).

114 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

among the hundreds of erueiform brooches preserved in Norwegian
museums this is the only specimen showing å close relationship to
a form common in England.

One specimen found in å West-Norwegian grave is, however,
sufficient to prove the existence of an intercourse between England
and Western Norway, and it is of the greater importance as this
grave is attributed to the time when the English brooches were
under åa certain influence from the late West-Norwegian form as
already mentioned.

II. Chronology of the eruciform brooehes.

By a detailed description of the different varieties of a type,
such as is given respecting the erueiform brooches in the preceding
part of this paper, it is possible to distinguish perfectly the different
stages of a development and to attribute each of the specimens to
their proper place in the series of successive forms. But it has
often been stated by archaeological writers that prehistoric chronology
is not to be simply derived from typological features as the de-
velopment of forms has not always been parallel in the different
countries and as, in some cases, successive stages of the develop-
ment may have been nearly contemporary even in the same place.

To fix the limits of the period comprised by the duration of å
type such as the cruciform brooches it is therefore necessary to
take into consideration å larger material than this type alone and
especially to study the antiquities associated with it in the graves,
and this is the more requisite when one is trying not only to fix
the general age of the type but also to make out the approximate
date of its ditferent varieties.

Most important help is here afforded by the chronological
systems which are put together by the Danish and Swedish archaeo-
logists, but as they do not in all points agree with each other, å
closer comparison between them is necessary before treating our
special questions. Though only a relatively short period of the
Iron-Age is concerned in the question about our brooches I will here
state the complete systems in order to give a better impression of
the principal differences between them and also to point out in
what degree it is necessary to consider the chronological questions
regarding any of the periods in connexion with the preceding and
following periods.

116 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

In a series of publications, Prof. dr. 0. Monrzuivs has recently
pronounceed his opinions about the chronology of the Iron-Age of
Seandinavia,') dividing it into eight periods —

1. 500—300 B. C. — First part of the Pre-Roman Period.
I 00150, — Sesgidl 4 —= 2 pe
3. 150 B. C.—J. Chr. — Late E —- —— —
4. J.Chr.—200 A. D. — First part of the Roman Period.

55 200—400 A: D. Late! == -— —

6. 400—600 — First part of the Migration Period.

7. 600—800 — Late. » — — —

8. 800—1050 , — Viking Period.

Opinions differing in some points from this system have been
pronounceed by the Danish archaeologists who have fixed the Iron-
Age periods in the following way —

1. 4th cent. B. C.—J. Chr. — Pre-Roman Period.
2. J. Chr.—300 A. D. — Roman Period.

3. 300—500 A. D. — Migration Period.

4. 500—8th cent. A. D. — Middle-Iron-Age.

5. From the end of the Sth cent. — Viking Period.

It will be seen that the Danish archaeologists divide the Iron-
Age into fewer and consequently somewhat longer periods than
does Prof. MoNnTELIUs, owing to their inelination to avoid the fixing
of absolute dates, which naturally often involve mistakes. But as
they too distinguish between the earlier and the later antiquities
within each period, it may be said that the different views about
the relative chronology of the Iron-Age of Scandinavia — no re-
spect being had to the absolute dates — agree quite well with
each other. Thus it is allowed to regard the chronological order
of successive forms as fairly established. For practical reasons I
prefer the system arranged by Prof. Monteuivs as it affords the
possibility of more precise references even without the indication
of absolute dates in centuries, and as I think the names which he

1) Bihang til Månadsblad 1898. — Svenska fornminnesför. tidskr. IX
p55 Xe påd!

*) Dr. Sopnus MULLER: ,Ordning af Danmarks Oldsager*, and ,Vor Old-
tid". — CARL NEERGAARD in Aarbøger f. Nord. Oldk. 1892, p. 209. — E. Veper:
Efterskrift til Bornholms Oldtidsminder og Oldsager.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. Fi;

has given to the periods better express the arehaeological character
of each period — at least respecting Norway — than is the case
with the terms of the Danish system. KEspecially when one is
working in Norwegian archaeology and with the later parts of the
Iron-Age the Swedish system gives the impression of being founded
upon more detailed researches, due to the fact that the Danish
material from the 6th cent. and downwards is very scanty, while
the Norwegian and Swedish collections are very rich in antiquities
from that time. From the Danish material only, the finds from
Bornholm being excepted, it seems to me quite impossible to get
a clear impression of the very remarkable development which took
place during the Mieration-Period of Monrerus (the Middle-Iron-
Age of dr. MÖLLEr).

When one is going to deal with the important questions about
the absolute chronology, the ditferences seem greater and more
diffieult to settle. But even upon this point I am inelined to follow
the Swedish opinions, especially after the recent researches by dr.
SALIN,') and it will perhaps be seen by a closer examination of
the antiquities, that even respecting the specification of absolute
dates the opinions are not so different as it appears from the
systematic indications stated above. As a matter of fact it should
be always remembered that the following dates are given approxim-
atively and that they never claim an exactness of the same sort as
the years of historie facts. They are, however, an excellent help
to obtaining å elear expression of the length of time comprised by
the different staves of the typological development.

1. The early forms.

I have mentioned already that the prototype of the eruci-
form brooches (figs. 17—19 above) which is represented among
the objects belonging to the deposit discovered in the moss of
Nydam, is by Prof. Montzrius referred to the 4th cent. and as
the deposit in the moss is to be dated towards the end of the
century, the brooches in question most probably originate from about
350 A. D. Itis evident that about the same time, such brooches
were introduced even into Norway, which is proved by their appear-

1) Thierornamentik p. 354 ss.
20

118 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 119

ance in Norwegian graves associated with antiquities of the same
forms as in the find of Nydam. 'Thus the brooch fig. 135 was found
in å grave associated with the bronze mountings of a scabbard
shown as fig. 1361) which is just of the form most characteristic
of the Nydam find. Specimens belonging to the prototype of the
eruceiform brooches are, however, not numerous in our country and
in most cases they have not been found in association with objects
that could afford more precise indications regarding the absolute
date of the find. Å
erave at Kvasseim on
Jæderen contained,
besides the brooeh fig.
22 above, only a small
oval-shaped buckle of
iron. In another grave
of the same cemetery
were found two broo-
ches fiss. 137 and
esbutt no other
things which could
cornfirm the said dat-
ing of the brooches.
The ineident is, how-
ever, of much interest
as indicating that
these two forms —
the prototype of the
erueiform —brooches,
fig. 137, and the half-
Roman crossbow type,
fig. 138 — were con-
temporary and also
that they appear originally as distinctly different forms.

From the date of the prototype as it is derived from Prof.
Monrenivs' dating of the Nydam-find, it seems very likely that the
early eruciform brooches belong to the late part of the 4th cent.
and this supposition is ascertained also by a find from Sleswick-

1) Moldestad, Tveid pgd. Nedenes. OC. 1589—94. RycH figs. 197 and 241
with text to fig. 197.
?) Kvasseim, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. B. 5292.

120 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

Holstein. From å small group of graves at Tolkwade are preserved
in The Kiel Museum the two brooches figs. 189 and 140.1) Ås
the few graves in this loeality have probably been arranged in
eontinuation one of another the ehronologieal difference between
them cannot be very great, which may be inferred also respecting
the two brooches though they are
not said to have been found in
the same grave. The brooch fig.
139 certainly belongs to the late
Roman Period of Scandinavia,
to the end of the 3d and the be-
ginning of the 4th cent. according
to the date given by prof. Mon-
TELIUS,? and the cruciform brooch
from the same locality is conse-
quently in all probability to be
referred to a later part of the
4th century.

Upon this point our dating
agrees quite well also with the
opinions of the eminent Danish

Fig. 139. 3/4. Fig. 140. 3/,. expert, Mr. E. Vepzer.*) As espe-
cially characteristic of the 4th

century graves in Bornholm he counts his type ,H 1* (fig. 141 here)
and ,F 1 (fig. 142) of which the one is most elosely allied to

1) I. Mestorr: Urnenfriedhöfe in Schleswig-Holstein, p. 45, pl. V, figs. 11
and 19.

?) Svenska Fornmimnesför. tidskr. IX, p. 234.

3) E. VepeL: Bfterskrift til Bornholms Oltidsminder og Oldsager, Kjøben-
havn 1897, p. 28 and 29, cf. ib. p. 79. — These dates aud periods in some
respects approach to the Swedish system; his opinions are systematized in the
following scheme:

I. Harly Iron-Age

| ——===—=—=— —=——=—=————=—=—22020200072000 1 V= 1 ———TÆEÆT—QFÉ-T==Z——2—2—20———2000200200 ——————200 20002
1. Pre-Roman. 2. Roman. 3. Roman-Teutonic.
( — ce. 50 A. D.) (c. 50 — ce. 300 A.D.) (ce. 800 — ce. 500 A. D)

I. Late Iron-Age
| = ———=——=———=========="="=="===="==="="- 225
4. Teutonic. D. Irish. 6. GCarolingian.

(c. 500 — c. 700 A.D.) (ce. 700 — e. 850 or 900 A.D. —(c.850 or 900 — ce. 1050 A. D.)

Dm

Respecting the names of the periods, as given here, it should be noted
that the 3d and 4th periods are signified in closer alliance to the Swedish than

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 1624

the small brooeh found at Tolkwade, though it is an older variety
of the form. |

Of great importance is also Mr. Veper's attribution of his
type ,F 1" (fig. 142) to the 4th cent., as this, typologically, is
contemporary with the prototype of the cruciform brooches. Thus,
we should also from this cireumstance suppose the development of
the erueiform brooches to bave begun during the same century, and
this coineidence with the date given by Prof. Montznivs is the
more noteworthy as these archaeologists have made their researehes
quite independently of each other.

It may then be taken as å most likely supposition that the
prototype of the erueiform brooches appeared about the middle of
the 4th cent. and that such early forms as figs. 23—25 above were
used during the late part of the same century.

Tera NAN Fig: 1420 2

Some examples should here be recorded to show how careful
one must be not to fix the dates too precisely as the graves and
other deposits from which our knowledge is drawn, naturally contain
objects that are not all absolutely of the same age. — In å grave
in Ringerike the fine brooch fig. 143 was found associated with
the mountings of å scabbard fig. 144.) The brooeh is of the early
form corresponding to specimens which have been attributed above
to the end of the 4th ceent.; it is solidly cast and ornamented with
silver inlaid in the surface. 'The silver mountings of a seabbard
(fig. 144), found in the same grave, are on the other hand very

to the Danish system, and that the 5th of them is in good accordance with the
7th period of prof. MoNTELIUS, no respect being had to the absolute dates; in
the ,Irish style” of this period no distinetion is made between the really Irish
motives and the ornaments which dr. SaLmn (Thierornamentik) has called the
Teutonic style II and II. — As already remarked the graves of Bornholm
afford a more complete survey of the later parts of the Iron-Age than any other
district in Denmark.

1) Veien, Norderhov pgd. Ringerike. C.325—348. N. NICOLAYSEN: Norske
Fornlevninger, Kristiania 1862—68, p. 144, and R. KEYsEr in Annaler for Nord.
Oldk. 1836—37, p. 142—150.

122 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

different from objects of the same kind known from the middle of
the 4th cent. They are decorated in a peculiar style with punehed
and engraved ornaments and partially inlaid with niello. This sort
of. silver mountings is best known from the recent and smaller find
of Nydam (not to be confounded with the larger deposit at the
same locality which is referred to above). This find is by mr. Hans
KJÆær attributed to the beginning of the 6th cent.') but according

Fig. 143. 1/.

to the Swedish system it should be not a little earlier, and by
comparing these mountings with the large silver-plated brooches —
whose development is mentioned in the following — I am inelined
to attribute the recent find of Nydam to about the middle of the

1) Hans KJÆR in Nordiske Fortidsminder I, p. 181, pl. XXIX and XXX.

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 2

5th eent., the date of the deposit in the moss being probably rather
after than before that point of time, though I think some of the
objects somewhat
older. Thus the
brooeh which from
its form alone might
belong to the end
of the 4th cent.
has been found in
a grave that cannot
be older than to-
wards the middle
of the 5th cent.
In connexion
with this grave
from Ringerike I
draw the attention
to some brooches
found in Sogn and
shown here as figs.
145—147.1) The
bow of the fine
silver brooch (tig.
146) is ornamented
in å way closely
allied to the moun-
tings fig. 144 and
still more closely
to some pieces of
the smaller Nydam-
find, and this sort
of ornaments, being
so peculiar respect-
ing as well the
patterns as the
proceeding used in
executing them, nes Me
must have been
confined to a rather short time; the brooch here in question

1) Ølnes, Sogndal pgd. Sogn. B. 5968. B. M. Aarb. 1905, no. 14, p. 36.

124 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

may therefore be regarded as nearly contemporary with the
mountings mentioned above and this brooch was consequently
used at the same time as the brooch fig. 143. This conelusion
which seems at first rather surprising, as the silver brooch presents
in all its parts å much more advanced stage of development than
the brooch from Ringerike, is confirmed by an examination of the
two other brooches found in the same grave (figs. 145 and 147).
The larger of them, which is in itself of vreat typologieal interest.
is best classified, as to type, with the brooch from Ringerike (fig.
143) while the smaller
specimen (fig. 147) pre-
sents an intermediate stage
between that brooch and
the silver brooch. It is
then certain that these
very different varieties of
the type have been used
at the same time and have
sometimes been worn even
by the same person, but
from this single fact we
are not allowed to con-
elude that these different
brooehes were made at
the same time. Itis more
likely that people ceased
to make brooches of the
older varieties when new
forms had come into use,
Fig. 145. 1. and the instances in which

different stages of the
development are represented in one grave, viz. in the possession
of one person, only prove that these different staves are not separated
by so long an interval of time that the earlier forms had disap-
peared before the new ones were introduced. From the finds eited
here, it is therefore clear that the typological change, which con-
sists of casting the side-knobs in one piece with the brooch, as has
been done in the case of the silver brooeh fig. 146, took place in
Norway at a time not much later than the date of the early broo-
ehes, figs. 143 and 145, probably during the former half of the

vr
h
ar

n

ee Ä————r Är An å m— —Ä—Ä———— AG å SER de Vind, mm ri MA en mem EE ==
bn DN EE EE 2 ee

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 125

5th cent. This supposition is confirmed by the ornamentation of the
silver brooeh tig. 146, which has been, in another way, attributed
to the same time.

Asa basis for the further research it is necessary briefly to sketeh
the history and the dates of another sort of brooch, namely the
large one with å square head-plate and å rhomboidal foot, made at
first of tbin silver plate and later on cast of silver — rarely. of

Fig. 146. 11.

bronze — and then ornamented with relief patterns. To make the
comparison more easy I have in the following five illustrations shown
the principal stages of the development of this form (figs. 148—
152).") During the early stages, when the brooches were made of

1) Fig, 148: From SaLIN: Thierornamentik, fig. 105, Sjælland, Denmark.
— Fig. 149: ib. 489, Jutland. — Fig. 150: ib. fig. 128, Skaane, Sweden.
Fig. 151: Ab. 1900, p. 298, fig. 4. Nordheim, Hedrum psd. Larvik. — Fig. 15
Byau fig. 257. Trygsland, Bjelland pgd. Mandal.

D-
pa

126 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

pel

thin silver-plate, they are referred by the Swedish archaeologists
to the latter half of the 4th- cent. and the first part of the 5th
cent. while Danish writers have assigned the same brooches to the
late part of the 5th cent. The earlier date which was first put
forward by Prof. Monrteuius has lately been supported by dr.
San!) from sources independent of the researches made by Prof,

sosser) CT

Et FEN
Scd pr RR Å hul
å Er :

Fie. 148. Se

Monrteuavts and I think that m following them I should be on the
right side.” In the same way, in agreement with the Swedish

1) Monrtenums in Svenska Fornminnesför. tidskr: IX and X. — Sarcrn: Thier-
ornamentik p. 355.

?) From a comparison with these silver-plated brooches are also deduced
the date of some of the silver mountings from Norwegian graves and from the

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norwav. 197

Pa

archaeologists, I attribute the next stage which might be called the
early brooches in relief, ornamented for the most part with spirals
and other geometrieal

patterns, to the latter æg TITeSSEESSTV

half of the 5th cent. —
while I would place the
late brooches in relief
where animal-motives
have replaced the ge-
ometrical patterns, to the
6th cent. Å marked
distinetion between the
earlier and the later of
these brooches belonging
to the 6th cent. is far-
ther established by the
eradual degeneration of
the animal-figures, as
will be elearly observed
if we compare the com-
plete and well executed
figures along the edges
of the brooch fig. 170
below with the meaning-
less patterns of the later
brooches (as fig. 191).
Naturally, these ab-
solute datings are given
as approximate only and JP
with the reservation al- me 1
ready mentioned, but in :
any case it is evident that the large and tine brooches just recorded
vive å more complete expression of all chauges in taste and style
than any other contemporary antiquities and, consequently, that they

recent find of Nydam, as these mountings and the bronches mentioned are closely
allied in the patterns of the ornaments and still more in the technical process
of their manufacture. The delicate ornamentation of these, punched or engraved,
and decorated with the black enamelled lines of niello, represents a distinet
period of the style in Scandinavian ornamentation, å period immediately pre-
ceding the development of relief ornaments and to some extent contemporary

with the first geometrical relief patterns.

128 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

afford å most valuable help in making out the chronology of other
objects associated with them in the graves. I think it then con-
venient to enumerate the instances of association of these large
brooehes with specimens of the cruciform type.

2. Crueiform brooches contemporary with silver-plated
brooches.

The two brooches figs. 153 and 154!) which are found together
in å grave in the county of Larvik, seem to be almost contemporary.

1) Roligheden, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. OC. 14888—350 and 14589—90. Ab.
1888 p. 145, 146, pl. IT fig. 6 and 7.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 129

They are both of silver, and the seometrical relief pattern of the
one ceorresponds well chronologieally with the stamped and niello
ornaments of the other,
which is referred by
Prof. Montenivus to the
beginning of his 6th
period of the Iron-Age,
viz. the first part of the
din cent. A. D. Typo-
logieally, the eruciform
brooch shows a stage of
transition between the
form which has the side-
knobs fixed upon the
axis of the spring-coil
and the form which has
the knobs cast in one
piece with the brooch;
upon the three free sides
of the plate are seen
projections which were
passed through the holes
in the middle of the
knobs. When dealing
with the brooeh fig. 146,
I briefly mentioned that
the transition from sepa-
rate knobs, fixed upon
the axis of the spring-
coil, to knobs cast in
one piece with the
brooeh, had probably
taken place in Norway
during the first half
of the 5th cent. and as
the find before us must,
in itself, be referred to
the same time these two datings will mutually confirm each other.

From another grave in Jarlsberg we possess the two brooches

130 Haakon Schetelig. [No 8.

figs 155 and 156.') For typological reasons the age of the silver-
plated brooch must be about the same as that of the one above,
fig. 154, but the erueiform brooch certainly belongs to å more ad-

IS

JET p
| | AES EE
Å NU - V.

i
45
å ka VA
7 å tl
Å
p .
H

OPP
ST

with the fine silver-plated brooeh fig.

1) Eidsten, Brunlanes pgd. Jarlsberg. CO.
p. 8891.

?*) Jutland. Copenhagen Museum OC. 5813.

vaneed stage of the de-
velopment. All knobs are
cast in one piece with the
brooeh and the side-knobs
are flat on the underside,
while the top-knob has pre-
served the full roundness.
Also the dimensions of the
plate and the relatively
broad proportions of the
rest of the brooch indicate
a more advanced develop-
ment than observed in the
brooches tigs. 146 and 153.
For typological reasons one
might be inelined to con-
elude that one of the two
brooches found in the grave
here in question was al-
ready an old specimen at
the time when they were
buried with their possessor,
but even upon this sup-
position, the date of the
grave cannot probably be
fixed later than about the
middle of the 5th cent. or
shortly after that time. The
erueiform brooeh should
most likely be referred to
a time about 450 Å. D.
A small erueiform brooeh
was found in association
149 above.?*) It is of the

19235 and 199237. Ab. 1898,

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 131

variety in which the foot is provided with transverse mouldings;
the head-plate is narrow — just a little broader than the end of

tert
MAN. eseee eee nen eee ee = ee ee ee ee Så OA

IIS SS WD
N 4 JIN
GN JR
VÅ IN! AN:
AN AN
y Ni < V hd
GP EN
ANE AN
AN GN
AN ÄN
DN GAR
VAN AN
ZN 48 GN
DID POP AER PET
Så 5 RRIIIIIIIIIEDIN

the bow — and the side-knobs, which are now lost, have been fixed
upon the axis of the spring-coil. It confirms what was said above,

132 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

respecting the principal differences between the Norwegian and the
Danish varieties; the head of the brooch in question has undergone
very few changes,
but its later date
is indicated by
other features, c.
g. by the unusu-
ally high catch-
plate of the pin
which is consider-
ably shorter than
the foot, exact-
ly recalling the
catch-plate of the
brooeh fig. 155.

From these
finds it must be
coneluded that
erueiform broo-
ehes of the early
and middle stages
of development
were used during
the time of the
silver-platedbroo-
ehes, viz. the end
of the 4th and the first half of the 5th cent. A. D.

ae
Fiolodl 4:

3. Crueiform brooches contemporary with early brooches
in relief.

In the first place I record here two small and apparently in-
significant fragments, figs. 157 and 158,*) from å grave on Jæderen.
The erueiform brooch belongs to the middle stage, the knobs having
preserved the full roundness though cast in one piece with the
brooeh. The spiral-patterns of the other brooeh indicate that this
brooeh was probably made during the latter part of the 5th cent.

1) Anda, Klep pgd. Jæderen. B.2973—2974. HLoraneE: N. Olds. i B.
M. p. 683.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 13

eo)

It seems most likely that the two pieces are of about the same
age. Both of them are of silver.

The large silver brooeh fig. 159) is of å different type from
the common brooches in
relief; but as it certainly
dates from the same age
as the early brooches in
relief here in question, I
think it most convenient
to deal with this find here.
The figures which are ar-
ranged along the edges
of this brooeh are counted
by dr. Saz1x*) among the
oldest animal-patterns of
this sort found in Scan-
dinavia and the brooch is
consequently to be ranged
among the early brooches
in relief. It was found
in å very rich grave of
whose contents I mention åa
eruciform brooeh (fig. 160),
two other bronze brooehes
(fig. 161) belonging to the
same type asfig. 112 above,
and the silver buttons of
two elasps (fig. 162) which
are also provided with
relief ornaments and con-
sequently of importance
for the dating of the find.
The buttons belonging to
the one of these clasps
are provided, along the
edge, with a rather low edging and their surface is provided with
a peculiar veometrical pattern which is also found upon some of

1) Lunde, Vanse pgd. Lister. B. 3543. Ab. 1880, p. 254, pl. IV, fig. 20.
2) Thierornamentik, p. 207.

1314 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

the earlier brooches in relief (for instance Saturn: Thierornamentik,
p. 61, fig. 30) while the buttons of the other, on the contrary, are
provided with very high edgings and
ornamented with an animal-motive.
From these features it is not too
daring to claim å difference of time
between the two elasps, the last men-
tioned certainly being the younger of
158. 14. them and belonging to a time after

the end of the 5th cent. The date
of the srave, which can naturally not be earlier than the date of
any of the antiquities found in it, may thus be fixed towards the

Fie.

2580

Fig. 159. %,.

middle of the 6th cent.') and the erueiform brooeh found here is
probably not earlier than the silver brooch fig. 159 and not later

») At another occasion I have assigned this grave to the middle of the
6th cent. which is probably rather too late. AD. 1904, p. 79.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 135

Fio.

|—
G:
—
—
==
les!
å
oe)

Moe NG 1/
Ea 162 b. /:

IT
Vg
Ve

136 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

the clasp; I am inelined to suggest that it must be of about the
year 500 A. D.

The association of these antiquities with the small brooch fig.
161, is of great interest, affording help to date the origin of that
form, but as I do not consider it to belong to the erueiform type
I think this is not the place to go deeper into the question.

I know of no other find presenting an association of early
brooches in relief with cruciform brooches, but one find more ought
to be mentioned in this connexion, as in some degree contributing
to the solution of these questions. Å remarkable series of broo-
ches from one grave in
Lister is illustrated in
the following five figures
(163—167).*) The grave
contained eight brooches
— besides those illu-
strated two specimens of
exactly the same form
as fig. 166 and åa frag-
ment insufficient for elas-
sification — of which six
belong to the eruciform
type, probably the great-
est number of this type
known to have been
found in one grave, and
as the grave was exa-
mined by an expert, Mr.
Å. SALVESEN, no doubt
exists as to the correct-
ness of the report. One
of the brooches is of silver and its head-plate is ornamented with
a spiral pattern which, though rather awkwardly executed, is
evidently of the same sort as the common ornaments of the early
brooches in relief. For an exact fixing of the date, these ornaments
are, however, not very instructive; it may be said only that they
are certainly later than the time of the silver-plated brooches —
vie. the middle of the 5th cent. and they are probably to be dated

1) Lunde, Vanse pgd. Lister. B. 4986. Ab. 1884, p. 95.

1906] The erueiform brooches of Norway. 13

«I

rather before than after the end of the 5th cent. I think it al-
lowable to use this indication as å hint to the dating of the grave,
the more so as others of the antiquities found here — two pins,
a girdle-ring, and an earthenware pot — point in the same direction.
From the indications thus afforded, the crave might be fixed late
in the 5th cent., but as some of the erueiform brooches (tigs. 163
and 166) are typologically younger than the silver brooch with
spiral patterns, I am inelimed to date the foundation of the grave
somewhat later, most probably to about the year 500 A. D. The
brooehes from this grave should, consequently, be counted as con-
temporary with the specimen fig. 160, å supposition which agrees
well with the typologi-
cal state in both instan-
ces. The brooeh fig. 163
only has the appearance
of. being considerably '
later than the others;
it must be remembered,
however, that it belongs
to the hybrid forms
which are always in-
elined to a faster de-
generation than the
genuine types.

From the finds
quoted, we see that
the erueiform brooches
found in association
with early brooches in
relief, or counted as contemporary with them, all belong to å rather
advanced stage of the development. They might be signified as
middle forms, but partly declining already towards the last part of
the development. Generally such forms are to be dated to the:
latter half of the 5th cent. and the time about 500 A. D.

Oj rå 11 på
Faoslbor i UG:

As an appendix to my treatment of this period, I may briefly
mention å find from Mandal, though it is certainly of more interest
in respect to the typology than as å contribution to the chrono-

138 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

io 08.004: RPG GEN Le

PÅ

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 139

logical questions. The grave alluded to!) contained å eruciform brooch
(fig. 168) associated with a fragment of another brooch (tig. 169)
and some other antiquities. The fragment forms part of a brooch
of the same sort as fig. 159 and is probably from about the same
time. The erueiform brooch, on the contrary, is very peculiar. I
eall attention to the slightly bent head-plate with concave under-
side; to the side-knobs, now lost, but originally fixed upon the axis
of the spring-eoil; to the neck and the nose of the animal-head
whose form is allied to some Danish antiquities, for instance the
bronze-mountings illustrated by dr. MöLLEr, in ,Ordning af Dan-
marks Oldsager, Jernalderen* fig. 509. By all these features the
brooeh is pointed out as å stranger among Norwegian antiquities,
though it does not sufficiently conform with any Danish brooch
known to prove that it was really made in Denmark. It is how-
ever marked by a strong influence from the peculiarities predominant
among the eruciform brooches in Denmark and, consequently, its
association with the fragment of a brooch, illustrated in fig. 169,
allows of no direct conelusion respecting the chronology of the
normal! Norwegian forms. It affords å good indication as to the
principal difference between the contemporary brooches in Denmark
and those in the Scandinavian Peninsula.*)

4. Crueiform brooches contemporary with late brooches
in relief.

When passing to the finds dating from the 6th cent. we leave
with verv few exceptions the early and middle forms of the eruei-
form brooches. A distinction ought here to be made between finds
from the earlier part and from the later part of the 6th cent.; it
seems very doubtful wether the cruciform brooches were actually
in use down to the end of the 6th cent. and one should in any
case expect to meet with two different stages of development within
this century. In continuation of the forms attributed to the time about
the year 500 we naturally find the culmination of the ornamental de-

1) Stoveland, Holme pgd. Mandal. OC. 8933—8950. Ab. 1878, p. 178, pl.
II, fig. 7 and 8 (0. Ryen: Undersøgelser paa en gvravplads fra ældre jernalder

paa Holme ved Mandal).
2) A eruciform brooch of almost the same form is known from Sweden;

Stockholm Museum 6765: 7. (Locality unknown).

140 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

velopment of the form, and after that time, when the type was no
more the favourite ornament, there ousht to have existed some
degenerated varieties. When enumerating, as much as possible in
the natural chronological order, the finds which I intend to treat
here, it will not be diffieult to point out two different stages of
the character just indicated; the date of transition is probably to
be placed about the middle of the century, which thus also indicates
the end of the development. But I must at once remark that,
with respect to the earlier half of the century, the largest and
finest of the cruciform brooches are rarely found in association with
the fine brooches in relief, as venerally only one of the large broo-
ches was wanted for the dress of one person; the conelusions re-
garding the chronology of this part of the development must there-
fore be drawn from åa small number of finds and partly from
specimens which are not of the highest workmanship of the time.

In the first of these finds, however, we have to do with the
very remarkable. brooch shown as fig. 73) above. Both the di-
mensions and the ornaments show that this brooch is one of the
finest specimens from Eastern Norway, and by the peculiar moulding
of its knobs and by its gilt surface it is marked as a rather late
specimen in spite of the fact that the side-knobs are made separately
and placed upon the axis of the spring-coil. The ornaments are
in some degree allied to the early brooches in relief. Ås it is
worn — the ornaments at the top of the bow are partially etfaced
by long use — it must have been an old brooch already at the
time when it was placed in the grave. The large silver brooch
fig. 170 was found in the same grave. It represents an intermediate
stage between the early and the late brooches in relief, as the
head-plate is still ornamented with geometrical patterns, while the
edges are decorated with four animal-figures, and the whole sur-
face of the foot has been covered with similar animals. This sort
of brooches must be attributed to the earliest part of the 6th cent.
and it seems likely that also the erueiform brooch belongs to the
same time, though its date must probably be somewhat earlier than
the silver brooch. Itis diffieult, however, to draw more conelusions
from this find as the erueiform brooeh in question is in every re-
spect very irregular.

1) Langlo, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. OC. 5951. Ab. 1872, p. 104, pl. I fig.
5 and 6.

1906] The crueiform brooches of Norway. 141

In association with a silver brooch of almost the same cha-
racter as fig. 170 and in a locality not very distant from the finding
place of this brooeh were found two erueiform brooches, one very
different from the other in respect to form and dimensions, but
both of them showing features which indicate the late stave of de-
velopment. The three brooches are shown here as figs. 171—173.))
A gold bracteate from the grave (fig. 174) is also of importance

ot MØ

for the fixing of the date; as the representations upon it are very
distinetly execeuted, we must consider it as one of the earlier brac-
teates of this sort. This find must therefore also be attributed to
the first part of the 6th cent. The larger erueiform brooch of this

1) Tveitane, Brunlanes pgd. Larvik. OC. 11220—36. Ab. 1882, p. 173, på.
II fig. 9 and 10.

p)

149 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

find is in many points allied to the late forms from Western Nor-
way, å fact which is probably due to an influence from that side.
I should therefore think that this find would allow of a reliable
conelusion about the date of such Westerns forms as figs. 91—97
above.

In one instance å eruciform brooch of pure Western form,
though of the hybrid variety with triangular foot (tig. 176), has

been found tovether with a brooch belonging to our leading type.
The brooeh in relief, shown as fig. 175,71) is of bronze and of smaller

1) Tjøtte, Klep ped. Jæderen. OC. 4923—24. AD. 1869, p. 83, pl. ITI, figs.
18 and 14. — For a detailed information of the brooeh I am indebted to Mr.
Gustav Mørk. Mr. Mørk writes that the whole surface of the brooch is de-
corated with animal-patterns, but that the edges of the head-plate are purely
geometrical. In the drawing the brooch seems more corroded than it actually is.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 143

dimensions than the silver brooches already recorded; moreover the
surface is badly corroded and consequently the ornaments are in
some degree etfaced. Its form seems to indicate å more advanced
development than the mentioned silver brooches but from such details
as the edzes of the head-plate I am inelined to attribute it to a
time not later than about the middle of the 6th cent. Thus this
erueiform brooeh also most probably belongs to a time within the
earlier half of the century. Å date is thus given also for the other
West-Norwegian brooches which are just the forms referred to
above, figs. 91—97. After all what I have said here, I think it

Ma

vi

og NY Ale
likely that the development of these forms was finished before the
middle of the 6th cent.

From about the same time as the brooches in relief before us
must be the small imitations of them, made of bronze and withont
ornaments, but well preserving the form of their models. Theugh
we miss here ornaments which are the best help for making out
the date of the large brooches, we are not left without all indications
as to the age of the finds, as some details of the form, for instance
a series of small holes arranged along the edges of the head-plate,
distinetly point to the stage of development of the model brooch.

144 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

On the other hand the missing of some details cannot in all cases
be interpreted as indicating a later date, as both the missing of
marked details of the form and the missing of ornaments must be
counted for by the cheap and careless workmanship generally ob-
served in these small brooches. Å better help for the fixing of
the date is found in another fact; in the latter half of the 6th cent.
similar small and cheap bronze brooches (for the most part of the
same form as fir. 181 below) were still in use, but now an orna-
mentation in relief is generally met with even in the case of these
small brooches (compare fig. 192), and it is therefore very probable

| |

Fig. 177. 1.

that most of the specimens not decorated in that way belong to an
earlier part of the century. Respecting the question of fixing the
date more precisely, it is difficult to say more than that these
imitations, generally speaking, must be a little younger than the
large and fine brooehes from which they are copied, but that the
difference ot time cannot be considerable.

Thus å brooch from Vestergøtland (fig. 177)*) cannot be later

1) Brunnhem, Gudhem sn. Vestergötland. Stockholm Museum, no. 11052.
Månadsblad 1900, p. 148, figs. 35 and 36.

,

1906] The erueiform brooches of Norway. 145

than the earlier half of the 6th cent. as the peculiar shape of the
edges of its head-plate must be å copy from a form of the large
brooehes which probably ceased to exist before the middle of the
century. A cruciform brooch found in association with it is shown
as fig. 178. This brooch has little of the characteristic features
which mark the late brooches from Norway, but the bad proportions,
especially those of the head-plate, and other details such as some
peculiarities of the bow's facets and the shortness of the foot's
stem may be mentioned as indications of a late variety of the type.
It need not be mentioned that the knobs are all cast in one piece
with the brooch.

12 Fig. 180. 1.

Respecting the two brooches from Western Norway which are
shown as figs. 179 and 180!) the ehronological question seems more
diffieult as the small bronze brooeh is here deprived of all details
that could show the stage of development of the model brooch. In
itself the small brooch should probably be regarded as later than
fig. 177, but the difference between these is not of a sort to allow
of more precise conelusions. I am inelined to date this find to the
middle of the 6th cent. — rather after than before that time. The

I) Hauge, Voss pgd. Voss. B. 5637. B. M. Aarb. 1904, no. 6, p. 97.

146 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

date of the crueiform brooch is here of some importance as it points
also to the date of other cases of the same form such as figs. 82 —83
above. The very peculiar form of the animal-head leads also to
the fixing of the date of another variety, fig. 84, which is somewhat
earlier than the others as far as can be concluded from the typology
of the animal-head, å conelusion supported also by a closer study of
the cases were this form is found associated with other antiquities.

In connexion with the considerations before us I will mention
a few brooches of hybrid forms, but partially developed from the
large brooches in relief and which ought therefore to be included
in å diseussion on these chronological questions. Thus the specimen

SE ig. 189. 1. Fig: 18300

fig. 181") is by the form of the head-plate so closely allied to some of
the large brooches in relief that it affords an indication as to the date
of the grave where it was found. The typologieal origin of some other
parts of it may be put aside as of no interest to our researches; I will
only call attention to the special form of the edges of the head-plate,
a form which undoubtedly reminds of a similar feature in some of the
large brooches from the earlier half of the 6th cent. For reasons already
mentioned I think this brooch must be from about the same time
as the said large brooches, and this conelusion must be extended
to comprise also the erueiform brooeh, shown as fig. 108, whieh
was found associated with it. This brooeh is with respect to typo-

1) Lunde, Vanse pgd. Lister. B. 4234. See foot-note p. 87.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 147

logy fairly marked as a late specimen, and as it is of åa very rare
form its date has no special importance.

The two brooches shown as figs.182—183*) have the appearance
of being later than the two just mentioned, though they are pro-
bably not later than the. middle of the 6th cent. The erueiform
brooeh of this find is å very late specimen, but it has not yet lost
any of the characteristic details of the type.

Tie Tex, Han Bier. Sn io

All the erueiform brooches which I have till now enumerated
as belonging to the earlier half of the 6th cent., are of a late
stage of development and they afford satisfactory evidence that this
stage of development of our type prevailed throughout Scandinavia

2) Vik, Fjære pgd. Nedenes. 0. 7072—82. Ab. 1874, p. 73, figs. 27 and
28; RycH fig. 263.

148 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

at that time, which means that brooches of this sort were then
commonly made by the Scandinavian workmen and were the fashio-
nable form of the time. Before describing the very latest finds from
which we intend to study our type on the point of disappearing I ought
to mention that even in the 6th cent. some older brooches were

still in use and oceasionally interred together with objects that are
certainly relies from the earlier half of the 6th cent.*) Similar

1) So in a find from Øfsthus, Fjelberg pgd. Søndhordland. B. 3731. Ab.
1881, p. 87, pl. IT figs. 12 and 13; and I. Ross: Arkeologiske undersøgelser i
Fjelberg: 1881; Ab. 1881, p. 40—45. The eruciform brooch from this grave is
certainly not later than the middle of the 5th cent., probably earlier, as it has

1906] The cruciform brooches ot Norwav.

149

cases of graves in which are found objeets of different ages have
already been mentioned in this paper and they are,

indeed, åa well
known and most natural feature.

Fig. 191. Ui

Instances of this sort are of great interest with respect to

completely preserved all the features characteristic of the early part of the de-
velopment and as it shows no traces of influence from later forms. The brooch
is corroded and damaged so that it is impossible to tell wether it was much
worn when it was placed in the grave. The foundation of the grave must be
assigned to the earlier half of the 6th cent.

[Ke]
ID

150 Haakon Schbetelig. [No. 8

typology, as some irregular specimens are explamed by the fact
that brooches representing different stages of deveiopment were in
use at the same time and probably sometimes also by the same
person. The importance of this has been set out already at some
places in the previous typological description. But from the latter
half of the 6th cent. I know no finds where cruciform broocehes
of older forms are found associated with antiquities from that late
time; it seems as if tbe type had suddenly disappeared about the
middle of the century leaving only a few and insignificant descen-
dants. The most satisfactory explanation of this fact is the sup-
position that the type got totally out of fashion about that time
and that consequently the still existing brooches of the erueiform
type were generally no more used even if they were practically
well fit for use. They may have been for the most part gradually

Q n
KEN KU AG

kr get
Uddu

Fig. 193. 1. Fig. 194. 1.

recast into ornaments better corresponding to the taste of the time.
I cannot otherwise explain why the brooches which were made at the
beginning of the 6th cent. should not as well be occasionally met
with in graves from a later part of the century, as brooches from
the middle of the 5th cent. are occasionally found in graves from
the earlier half of the 6th cent. This explanation seems also in
itself to be a reasonable one. As long as eruciform brooches were
still made in great numbers and commonly used, some elder speci-
mens were naturally oftener preserved than at åa time when new
and modern brooches of the same form were never seen. It is
certain at least, that no specimen of the marked varieties which
belong to the first part of the 6th cent. have been found in asso-
ciation with antiquities from the following time, and among the
erueiform brooehes from the latter half of the century only one is
of so characteristic form and of such dimensions that it may be
considered as continuating the previous development.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 151

It is important that this brooch (fig. 184) !) was found i Northern
Sweden, in Helsingland, where it represents a late development of
å variety originally belonging to Western Norway. It was found
together with another brooch (fig. 185) with decoration in relief
ornaments which are characteristic of the latter half of the 6th
cent. (Saurn's late style I). The figure shows that the erueiform
brooeh is transformed in å very high degree both with regard to
the form and to the proportions of the brooeh.

The contemporary erueiform brooches of Norway have already
lost all the marked characteristics of the form, as shown here in
the figs. 186*) and 190.% The former of these brooches was found
in assoeiation with åa brooch in relief, fir. 187, and two gold brac-
teates, figs. 188 and 189, which are of å much more advanced de-
velopment than the corresponding forms from the beginning of the
6th cent. (compare fig. 174 above). The other find makes the im-
pression of being still later if we judge from the brosches in relief
figs. 191 and 192. Two bracteates from the same grave are shown
as figs. 193 and 194. It is certain that neither find is earlier than
the middle of the 6th cent. and later than the end of this century.*)
Little is to be said about the two brooches; both of them are small
and plain and, although they undoubtedly belong to the eruciform
type, they have preserved very little of the characteristic details
of the earlier varieties. They indicate as clearly as possible the
stage of a type on the point of becoming extinet, and they represent
the latest finds of eruciform brooehes which I know from Scandinavia.

1) Utnås, Forsa sn. Helsingland. Hudiksvall Museum no. 87. From Prof.
MonTtEnius: ,Huru gamal er bygden i HelsingJand?* Stockholm 1901, p. 16,
figs. 35 and 36. — Dr. ÅLMGREN has kindly informed me that this cruciform
brooch is the specimen which should have been figured by dr. HILDEBRAND in
»Antiquarisk tidskrift för Sverige" IV, fig. 181, but by a curious mistake during
the printing it was replaced upon the plate by an English brooch, borrowed from
NEVILLE, which also appears as fig. 187 in the same work. The error has been
repeated in some later publications, so by MOoNTELIUS in ,Svenska Fornminnes-
föreningens tidskrift* X, p. 58, fig. 130, and by Sacrn: Thierornamentik, p. 190,
fig. 462; it was first corrected by MonTELIUs in the paper cited here.

2) Gyland, Bakke ped. Lister. OC. 7456. Ab. 1875, p. 82, pl. II figs. 13
and 14.

3) Aagedal, Bjelland pgd. Mandal. B. 3410. Ab. 1879, p. 2387, pl. VII
figs. 41 and 42.

% The date ot the last mentioned find given by Prof. 0. RyaH and re-
ferred to by Prof. SorHus BuaaE (Norges Indskrifter med de ældre Runer, vol.
I, p. 187) is certainly too late.

152 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

5. General ehronologieal Gonelusions compared with the
typology.

From the recorded finds I think it possible to make out,
roughly, some main periods of the typological development expressed
by absolute dates in centuries. Of course the dates are always
given with the reservation before mentioned, and the discussion of
the date in each of the above instances may have given results of
no great exactness, as the graves in most cases contain objects of
different age. But when å general progress of the typologieal
development has been contirmed by the study of the finds, it is
allowed also to combine typological features with evidences drawn
from the graves in order to obtain a closer chronological evidence
than it is possible to obtain from the graves alone. When a form
has passed through a so rich typological development as is the
case with the erueiform brooches, we may be sure that none of the
distinet stages of the development has lasted for any long period;
the development is to be considered only an unbroken series of
small changes which gradually produced varieties very different from
the first form. Thus it must be evident that the date of a certain
stage of development is most exactly stated by the earliest appear-
anee of it, and that specimens of the same form from graves of å
considerably later date are to be regarded as specimens which were
old already at the time when they were buried in the grave. With
a suffieient knowledge of all the forms and of the other contents
of the eraves where they are found, it is thus possible to decide
that, for instance, å brooch was made about the middle of the 5th
cent. but was not buried till after the beginning of the 6th cent.
In the following statements it must be remembered, however, that
I have regard only to the Norwegian material, as my knowledge
of the material from other countries does not permit me to draw
reliable conelusions.

I have arranged the periods of the cruciform brooches from
Norway in the following way:

I. 350—400. A. D. Farly crucifornm brooches, before the be-
ginning of å separate development in the different distriets.

The foot is long and narrow; the bow is long and approaches

to the semicireular form; the head-plate is small and the side-

knobs are fixed upon the axis of the spring-coil. Perhaps

Y

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 153

some brooches of this sort were made after the beginning of

the 5th cent. but the following period of the development must

have begun at the time about 400 as it ended within the
middle of the 5th cent. — Specimens from this first period

are shown as figs. 20, 23—27.

II. 400—500. A. D. First part of a separate development in
the different distriets. Farly Norwegian forms. "The head-
plate becomes larger and is brought into contact with the
side-knobs; different combinations of these two elements are
found; in Norway and Sweden the side-knobs are finally east
in one piece with the rest of the brooeh. The animal-head
becomes aå constant ornament of the foot. In Norway the
bow is generally made shorter than before. — Specimens from
this second period are shown figs. 35—40, 47, 48, 86, 8S, 90.

II. 450—500. A. D. Niddle Norwegian forms. "The knobs are
nearly always cast in one piece with the brooch, and they
have often a flat underside. The first ornamental changes of
the form are found in the extension of the head-plate and
of the bow, though the form is on the whole fairly well pre-
served. Culmination of the development in Eastern Norway. —
The hybrid variety with semicireular foot appears though it
ehiefly belongs to the next period. — Specimens from this
third period are shown figs. 41, 42, 49, 53—56, 74, 75, 77,
87, 106, 107. In fig. 80 is represented the transition to the
fourth period.

IV. 500—550. A. D. Late Norwegimm forms. The knobs are,
with very few exceptions cast in one piece with the rest of
the brooeh; the whole brooch has a concave underside. Cul-
mination of the development of Western forms and degenera-
tion of the type. Hybrid forms with semicireular or triangular
foot-plate. — Specimens from this fourth period are shown
les 29 15,06 50 57 bles fyre å eg og OG
With this fourth period the development has come to an end

and only å few and degenerated specimens are met with after the

middle of the 6th cent.

As it will always be diffieult to make out ehronologieal que-
stions of the sort treated here I suppose that my conelusions will
be subject to future corrections. I should, at least, not be surprised
if more detailed comparisons will prove my periods to be too long
and if consequently the end of the whole development will thus be

154 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

attributed to an earlier date than is given here. But as far as I
can see do the statements expressed in the above system best
correspond to the features of the present material. Therefore I
do not think it too daring to make — by the help of typology and
within certain limits — chronological distinctions within each of my
periods and thus to fix the date of a brooch with å supposed error
of about +- 25 years.

DD =

SOE»

FI

List of Illustrations.

Rhine-Provinces, locality unknown. — Bergen Museum. — From the original.
Denmark. — Copenhagen Museum. — From MörLcer: Ordn. af Danm. Olds.
Jernalderen, fig. 256.

Sweden. — Stockholm Museum no. 3191. — From the original.

Slettebø, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. — B. 2293. — From the original.

Lille Re, Stange pgå. Hedemarken. — C. 4970. — From Ryen fig. 249.
Tveiten, Mo pgd. Telemarken. — C. 8434. — From Ab. 1877, fig. 16.
Tuneim, Lye pgd. Jæderen. — Stavanger Museum no. 111—117. — From
a photograph.

Gjerløv, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. — Tønsberg Museum no. 40. — From a
sketeh by the author.

Øvstebø, Vikedal pgd. Ryfylke. — Stavanger Museum no. 2261. — From a
photograph.

Litleland, Haaland pga. Jæderen. — Stavanger Museum no. 2595. — From
Stav. Mus. aarsb. 19083, p. 98.

Vestre Vestrum, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. — C. 12377. — From a photograph.
Bjerke, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. — 0. 2496. — From Ryen fig. 245.
Obrestad, Haa pga. Jæderen. — B. 4254. — From the original.
Myklebostad, Lødingen pgd. Nordland. — C. 10617. — From a photograph.
Kvasseim, Egersund pga. Jæderen. — B. 5275. — From the original.

Indre Bø, Stryn pgå. Nordfjord. — B. 4842. — From Ab. 1891, pl. IL, fig. 7.
Nydam, Sleswick. — From ENGELHART; Nydam Mosefund, pl. V, fig. 13.
Borgstedt, Sleswick. — Kiel Museum. — From Mkstorr: Alterthimer, pl.
XLIX, figs. 584.

Slimde, Sogndal pgd. Sogn. — B. 4963. — From the original.

Jæderen. — Stavanger Museum. — From å sketch by the author.
Borgstedt, Sleswick. — Kiel Museum. — From MestorF: Alterthiimer, pl.
XLIX, fig. 583.

Kvasseim, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. — B. 5282. — From the original.
Stangeland, Klep pgd. Jæderen. — Stavanger Museum no. 1057. — From åa
sketch by the author.

Dalven, Brunlanes pga. Larvik. — Skien Museum no. 1053. — From å
photograph.

Gjervik, Hammer pgd. Nordhordland. — B. 2267. — From the original.

Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

Gjedsfjorden, Herø pga. Nordland. — B. 728. — From Lorance: N. Olås.
i B.M. p. 114.

Øland, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum. — From the original.

Nordre Fevang, Sandeherred pgd. Larvik. — C. 7027. — From Ab. 1874,
pl. V, fig. 24.

Nordre Fevang, Sandeherred pga. Larvik. — OC. 7028. — From Ab. 1874
pl. V, fig. 25.

Borgstedt, Sleswick. — Kiel Museum. — From MEsTorF: Alterthiimer, pl.
XLIX, fig. 598.

Skogen, Hedrum pga. Larvik. — 0. 119771. — From Ab. 1900, p. 284, fig. 1.
Andrup, Viborg A. Jutland. — Copenhagen Museum (OC. 5776. — From
MUrLrLer: Ordn. af Danm. Olds. Jernalderen fig. 548.

Holmegaard, Holme pga. Mandal. — 0. 2665. — From a photograph.
Midlum, Kr. Lehe, Hannover. — Hannover Museum no. 5530. — From Phot.
Album der pråhist. Ausstellung zu Berlin. Sect. V, taf. 9, no. 206.
Aak, Gryten pgå. Romsdalen. — C. 6200. — From Ab. 1872, pl. II, fig: 12.
Norway, locality unknown. — B. 428. — From the original.

Høiland, Nordre Undal pgå. Mandal. — C. 17990. — From å photograph.
Kvalen, Nordre Fron pga. Gudbrandsdalen. — OC. 5700. — From å photograph.
Giskegjerde, Borgund pga. Søndmør. — B. 719. — From Ryen fig. 249.
Gryten, Romsdalen. — B. 444. — From the original.

Stenstad. Telemarken. — Copenhagen Museum. — From STEPHENS: The Old-
Northern Runic Monuments, vol. II, p. 840.

Eine, Vang pgå. Hedemarken. — C. 15688. — From a photograph.
Bjørbyn, Vermland, Sueden. — Stockholm Museum 3825 : 18. — From Monx-
TELIUS: Svenska Fornsaker, fig. 327.

Medelpad, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum no. 10940. — From Månadsblad
1898—99. p. 146.

Bohuslen, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum mno. 10128. — From Månadsblad
1896, på (99: ;
Mellusmoen, Froland pga. Nedenes. — Arendal Museum no. 194. — From
a photograph.

Røsø, Steigen pga. Nordland. — Tromsø Museum 1197. — From Ab. 1897,

ds Å en I po
Øie, Kvinesdal pgå. Mandal. — B. 95. — From the original.
Østergøtland, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum 9589 : 387. — From Svenska

Fornminnesför. tidskr. XII, p. 253, fig. 37.

Vestergøtland, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum 11396 : 5. — From Månadsblad
1901 och 1902, p. 108, fig. 43.

Aak, Gryten pgd. Romsdalen. — OC. 5875. — From AD. 1872, pl. III, fig. 17.
Western Norway, locality unknown. — B. 5591. — From B. M. Aarb. 1904,
no. 6, p. 45.

Vøien, Gran pga. Hadeland. — OC. 2460. — From Ryen fig. 247.

Eine, Vang pgå. Hedemarken. — OC. 15687. — From å photograph.
Ertseid, Søndre Undal pgd. Mandal. — C. 9188. — Fom Ab. 1879, pl. V,
fig. 23. :
Langlo, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. — C. 5952. — From a plotograph.

Foldvik, Brunlanes pgd. Larvik. — 0. 10322. — From a sketch by the author.

1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 157

58. Bringsdal. Holme pga. Mandal. — C. 8961. — From Ab. 1878, pl. IT, fig. 10.
59. Brtseid, Søndre Undal pgd. Mandal. — OC. 9189. — From a sketch by the
author.
60. Hole, Gryten pgd. Romsdalen. — T. 2913. — From a sketch by the author.
61. Nordre Fevang, Sandeherred pga. Larvik. — C. 6980. — From the original.
62. Lund, Stokke pgå. Jarlsberg. — OC. 6075. — From the original.
63. Bjørke, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. — OC. 17859. — From the original.
64. Lasken, Sem pga. Jarlsberg. — OC. 11623. — From the original.
65. Giskegjerde, Borgund pgd. Søndmør. — B. 720. — From the original.
66. Nordre Fevang, Sandeherred pgd. Larvik. — C. 6935. — From the original.
67—69. Friedefeld, Pommerania. — From Nachrichten iiber deutsche Altertums-
funde, 1898, p. 93.
70. Wemmenhög, Skåne, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum 3217: 23. — From
MonrteLus: Från Jernåldern pl. 4, fig. 13.
71. Halland, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum 7331: 597. — From a sketch by
- the author.
72. Nordheim, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. — Skien Museum 3720. — From å photo-
graph.

73. Langlo, Stokke pgd. Jarlsberg. — C. 5951. — From ab. 1872, pl. I, fig. 6.
74. Dirdal, Høgsfjord pga. Ryfylke. — OC. 3457. — From aå photograph.

75. Gjervik, Hammer pgd. Nordhordland. — B. 2266. — From the original.
76. Obrestad, Haa pga. Jæderen. — B. 4344. — From the original.

77. Horr, Haa pgd. Jæderen. — B. 4834. — From the original.

78. — Western Norway, locality unknown. — B. 5631 a. — From the original.
79. Obrestad, Haa pga. Jæderen. — B. 4344 b. — From the original.

80. Stedje, Sogndal pgå. Sogn. — B. 4640. — From the original.

81. Rongve, Haus pga. Nordhordland. — B. 439. — From the original.

82. — Western Norway, locality unknown. — Bergen Museum. — From the original.

83. Dragsvold, Vossestranden, Voss. — B. 4353. — From the original.

84. Mo, Førde pga. Søndfjord. — B. 2828. — From the original.

85. Jutland, locality unknown. — Copenhagen Museum OC. 8719. — From the
original.

86. Reve, Klep ped. Jæderen. — Stavanger Museum 2830. — From å photograph.

87. Varhaug, Haa pga. Jæderen. — Stavanger Museum 1559. — From a sketch
by the author.

88. Maandalen (2) Romsdalen. — B. 5102. — From the original.

89. Varhaug, Haa pga. Jæderen. — Stavanger Museum 1460. — From a sketch
by the author.

90. Kvasseim, Egersund pga. Jæderen. — B. 5306. — From the original.

91. Indre Opedal, Brekke pgå. Sogn. — B. 2671. — From the original.

92. Røldal, Hardanger. — B. 450. — From the original.

93. Skeie, Klep pga. Jæderen. — B. 4226 a. — From the original.

94. Braasten, Høiland pga. Jæderen. — B. 2476. — From the original.

95. Tu, Klep pga. Jæderen. — B. 2514. — From the original.

96. Tysnes, Hammerø pga. Nordland. — Tromsø Museum 1286. — From Ab.
1900, p. 261.

97. Bø, Haa pga. Jæderen. — C. 7580. — From å photograph.

98. Angestadsanden, Jondal, Hardanger. — B. 4338. — From the original.

158 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

99. Kvalbein, Egersund pga. Jæderen. — B. 5550. — From the original.

100. Skeie, Klep pga. Jæderen. — B. 4926 d. — From the original.

101. Skeie, Klep pga. Jæderen. — B. 4296 f. — From the original.

102. Fen, Stokke pga. Jarlsberg. — 0. 20154. — From Ab. 1902, p. 339, fig. 5.

108. Kvasseim, Egersund pyd. Jæderen. — Stavanger Museum 949. — From a
sketeh by the author.

104. Prussia. — Königsberg Museum. — From Or'To TISCHLER: Ostpreussische
Altertimer, herausg. v. HEINRICH KEMKE, taf. IV, fig. 4.

105. Vestly, Lye pgå. Jæderen. — B. 2532. — From the original.

106—107. Obrestad, Haa pga. Jæderen. — B. 4344. — From the original.

108. Lunde, Vanse pgd. Lister. — B. 4234. — From the original.

109110: 'estly, Lye pgd. Jæderen. — B. 2532 and 2531. — From the original.

11. Skeie, Klep pga. Jæderen. — B. 4226 b. — From the original.

112. Borgstedt, Sleswick. — Kiel Museum. — From MEsTorF: Alterthiimer, pl.
XLIX, fig. 592.

118. Kvasseim, Fgersund pgå. Jæderen. — B. 5984. — From the original.

114. Hove, Vik pgå. Sogn. — B. 560. — From Ryen fig. 256.

115. Grindeim, Etne pgd. Søndhordland. — Stavanger Museum 2616. — From
Stav. Mus. aarsb. 1904, p. 76, fig. 12.

116. Rugby, England. — From Akrgrwman: Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pl.
XVIII, fig. 2.

117. Icklingham, Suffolk. — British Museum. — From a photograph.

118. Wilbraham, Cambs. — From NEviLLE: Saxon Obsequies, pl. 8, no. 143.

119. Wilbraham, Cambs. — From NEeviLLr, pl. 8, no. 73.

120. Rudstone, East Riding, Yorksh. — British Museum. — From a photograph.

191. Stow Heath, Suffolk. — British Museum. — From a sketch by the author.

1992. Lyminge, Kent. — British Museum. — From a photograph.

123. Haslingfields, Cambs. — British Museum. — From a sketch by the author.

124. Wilbraham, Cambs. — From NEviccE, pl. 10, no. 1783.

125. Northwold, Norfolk. — British Museum. — From a sketch by the author.

126. Kiliam, Yorksh. — York Museum. — From aå photograph.

124. Wilbraham, Cambs. — From NEevILLE: pl. 4, no. 95.

128. Soham, Cambs. — British Museum. — From a sketch by the author.

129. —Woodstone, Hunts. — British Museum. — From a sketch by the author.

130. Wilbraham, Cambs. — From NEviILLe: pl. 2, no. 81.

131. Sleaford, Lincolnshire. — British Museum. — From a photograph.

1382. Sleaford, Lincolnshire. — British Museum. — From Archaeologia, vol. L, pl.
XXX, fig. L

183. Kenninghall, Norfolk. — British Museum. — From SALmn: Thierornamentik,
på 72 ed 157:

184. Maage, Ullensvang pgåd. Hardanger. — B. 5733. — From the original.

135—1836. Moldestad, Tveid pga. Nedenes. — OC. 1589—94. — From Ryen figs. 197
and 241.

187—138. Kvasseim, Egersund pgd. Jæderen. — B. 5292. — From the original.

139—140. Tolkwade, Sleswick. — Kiel Museum. — From MEsTtorF: Alterthimer,
pl. XLVIII fig. 576, and pl. XLIX, fig. 590.

141—142. Bornholm. — Copenhagen Museum. — From E. VepeL: Efterskrift til
Bornholms Oldtidsminder og Oldsager, p. 28, fig. 34 and 30.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 159

148—144. Veien, Norderhov pgd. Ringerike. — C. 325—348. — Fig. 143 from a
sketeh by the author; fig. 144 from Rye fig. 200.

145—147. Ølnes, Sogndal pgå. Sogn. — B: 5968. — From the original.

148. Sjælland, Denmark. — Copenhagen Museum. — From SALIN: Thierorna-
mentik, fig. 105.

149. Jutland, Denmark. — Copenhagen Museum. — From SALIN: Thierorna-
mentik, fig. 489.

150. Skaane, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum. — From SauIn: Thierornamentik,
fig. 128.

151. Nordheim, Hedrum pgd. Larvik. — C. 19858. — From Ab. 1900, p. 298,
fig. 4.

152. Trygsland, Bjelland pga. Mandal. — Copenhagen Museum. — From RyGH
fig. 237.

153—154. Roligheden, Hedrum pga. Larvik. — 0. 14888—50 and 14589—90. —
From Ab. 1888, pl. II, figs. 6 and 7.

155—1356. Eidsten, Brunlanes pgå. Larvik. — C. 19235 and 19237. — Fig. 155
from a photograph; fig. 156 from Ab. 1898, p. 89, fig. 9a.

157—158. Anda, Klep på. Jæderen. — B. 2973—2974. — From the original.

159—162. Lunde, Vanse pgd. Lister. — B. 3543. — Fig. 159 from Ab. 1880 pl.
IV, fig. 20; figs. 160—162 from the original.

163—167. Lunde, Vanse pgd. Lister. — B. 4286. — From the original.

168—169. Stoveland, Holme pgå. Mandal. — C. 8933—8950. — Fig. 168 from a
sketch by the author; fig. 169 from Ab. 1878, pl. II, fig. 7

170. Langlo, Stokke pgdå. Jarlsberg. — C. 5951. — From Ab. 1872, pl. I, fig. 5.

171—174. Tveitane, Brunlanes pgd. Larvik. — C. 11220—11236. — Figs. 171 and
174 from Ab. 1882, pl. II, figs. 9 and 10; figs. 172 and 173 from photo-
graphs.

175—176. Tjøtte, Klep pga. Jæderen. — C. 4923—4924. — From Ab. 1869, pl.
III, figs. 13 and 14.

177—178. Brunnhem, Gudhem sn. Vestergøtland, Sweden. — Stockholm Museum
11052. — From Månadsblad 1900, p. 148, figs. 35 and 36.

179—180. Hauge, Voss pgd. Voss. — B. 5637. — From the original.

181. Lunde, Vanse pga. Lister. — B. 4234. — From the original.

182—283. Vik, Fjære pgd. Nedenes. — C. 7072—7082. — From Ab. 1874, pl. VI,
figs. 27 and 28.

184—185. Utniis, Forsa sn. Helsingland, Sweden. — Hudiksvall Museum 87. —
From Prof. MonTELIUs: Huru gammal år bygden i Helsingland, p. 16, figs.
35 and 36.

186—189. Gyland, Bakke pga. Lister. — OC. 7456. — Fig. 186 from a sketch by
the author; figs. 187—189 from Ab. 1875, pl. IT, figs. 13 and 14.
190—194. Aagedal, Bjelland pga. Mandal. — B. 3410. — Figs. 190—192 from
the original; figs. 193—194 from Ab. 1879, pl. VII, figs. 41 and 42.

The extra figures upon pp. 6, 114, and 154 are borrowed from Ab. 1874,
figs. 13—15. These three brooches were found in a grave å Gammelrød, Raade

pgd. Smaalenene.

List of abbreviations
used in referring to books and papers.

Aadb. f. nord. Oldk. = Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, udgivne
af det kongelige nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab. Copenhagen.

Ab. = Aarsberetning fra Foreningen til norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring.
Kristiania.

Akerman, John Yonge: Remains of Pagan Saxondom. London 1853.

Almgren, O.: Studien iiber nordeuropåische Fibelformen der ersten nachehrist-
lichen Jahrhunderte mit Bericksichtigung der provinzialrömischen und
siidrussisehen Fibeln. Stockholm 1897.

Amnnaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed, udgivne af det kongelige nordiske Oldskrift-
Selskab. Copenhagen.

Antiquarisk Tidskrift för Sverige, utgifven af Konel. Vitterhets Historie och
Antiquitets Akademien. Stockholm.

Archaeologia: or, Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. Published by the
Society of Antiquaries of London. London.

B. M. Aarb. = Bergens Museums Aarbog. ÅAfhandlinger og Aarsberetning ud-
givne af Bergens Museum. Bergen.

Bendixen, B. E.: Fornlevninger i Nordmøre og Romsdal. Ab. 1877, p. 173 ss.

Bugge, Sophus: Norges Indskrifter.-med de ældre Runer. Udgivne for det norske
historiske Kildeskriftfond. I. Kristiania. 1891—1903. (Norges Indskrifter
indtil Reformationen. Første Afdeling).

Ekhoff, Emil: Bohuslinska fornsaker från lednatiden. Göteborgs och Bohus-
låns Fornminnen, vol. V.

Engelhart, Conr.: Nydam Mosefund. 1859—1863. (Copenhagen 1865.

Göteborgs och Bohuslins Fornminnen och Historia = Bidrag til Kånnedom om
Göteborgs och Bohuslåns Fornminnen och Historia utgifna på föranstal-
tande af linets Fornmminnesförening. Stockholm and Göteborg.

Hackman, Alfred: Die åltere Eisenzeit in Finland. I. Die Funde aus den fiinf
ersten Jahrhunderten n. Chr. Published by ,Finnische Altertumsgesell-
schaft*. Helsingfors 1905.

Hildebrand, H.: Fenikisk eller gutnisk. Månadsblad 1876, p. 199.

Hildebrand, H.: Bidrag til spånnets historia. Antiquarisk Tidskrift för Sverige.
vol, NY

Keyser, R.: Beskrivelse over tvende fund paa Ringerige i Norge af Oldsager
fra Hedenskabets sidste Periode. Annaler f. nord. Oldk. 1836—37.

1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. 161

Kjær, Hans: Ft nyt fund fra Nydam Mose. Nordiske Fortidsminder I. Copen-
hagen. :

Lorange: N. Olds. i B. M. = Samlingen af norske Oldsager i Bergens Museum
ved A. Lorange. Bergen 1875. Publishel by Bergen Museum.

Månadsblad = Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens Månads-
blad. Stokholm.

Mestorf, J.: Altherthiimer = Vorgeschichtliche Alterthiimer aus Schleswig-Holstein.
Hamburg 1885.

Mestorf, J.: Urnenfriedhöfe in Schleswig-Holstein. Hamburg 1886.

Montelius, 0.: Svenska Fornsaker. Stockholm 1872.

Montelius, O.: Från Jernåldern. Första håftet. Stockholm 1869.

Montelius, 0.: Huru gammal år bygden i Helsingland? Helsingland Fornminnes-
sållskaps årsskrift 1901. Stockholm 1902.

Montelius, 0.: Den nordiska jernålderns kronologi. Svenska Fornminnesföreningens
tidskrift IX and X.

Miiller, S.: Ordning af Danmarks oldsager. II. Jernalderen. Copenhagen 1888
—1895,

Miiller, S.: Vor Oldtid. Copenhagen 1897.

Neergaard, Carl: Jernalderen; Meddelelser fra Nationalmuseet, Aarb. f. nord.
Oldk. 1892.

Neville = Saxon Obsequies illustrated by Ornaments and Weapons: discovered
by the Hon. R. C. Neville in å cemetery near Little Wilbraham, Cam-
bridgeshire, during the autumn of 1851. London 1852.

Nicolaysen, N.: Norske Fornlevninger. Kristiania 1862—66.

Nordiske Fortidsminder, I udgivne af det kgl. nordiske Oldskrifts Selskab. Copen-
hagen 1890—1908.

Phot. Album der Ausstellung zu Berlin = Dr. A. Voss: Photographisches Album
der Ausstellung Praehistorischer und Anthropologischer Funde Deutsch-
lands. Berlin 1880.

Rygh = Antiquités Norvégiennes arrangées et déerites par O. Rygh. Kristiania
1885.

Rygh, O.: Undersøgelser paa en gravplads fra ældre jernalder paa Holme ved
Mandal. Ab. 1878.

Salin, Bernhard: Några tidiga former af germanska fornsaker från England.
Månadsblad 1894.

Salin, Bernhard: Die altgermanisehe Thierornamentik. Aus dem schwedischen
Manuskript iibersetzt von J. Mestorf. Stockholm 1904.

Schetelig, Haakon: Spandformede lerkar fra folkevandringstiden. Ab. 1904.

Schirmer, Herm. M.: Dragehoveder. Ab. 1905, p. 57.

Schumann, H.: Skeletgrab aus der Völkerwanderungszeit aus Friedsfeld. Nach-
richten iber deutsche Alterthumsfunde 1898.

Stav. Mus. aarsb. = Stavanger Museums aarsberetning. Published by Stavanger
Museum.

Stephens, George: The Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and Eng-
land. Copenhagen 1866—1901.

Svenska fornminnesföreningens tidskrift. Stockholm.

Thomas, George William: On excavations in an Avglo-Saxon cemetery of Slea-
ford, Lincolnshire. Archaeologia vol. L.

162 Haakon Schetelig. [No. 8

Tischler, Otto: Ostpreussiscehe Alterthiimer, herausgegeben von Heinrich Kemke
Königsberg 1902.

Tromsø Museums aarshefte, published by Tromsø Museum.

Undset, Ingvald: Das erste Auftreten des Eisens in Nordeuropa. Deutsche Aus-
gabe von J. Mestorf. Hamburg 1882.

Undset, Ingvald: Fra Norges ældre jernalder. Aanrb. f. nord. Oldk. 1880.

Vedel, E.: Efterskrift til Bornholms Oldtidsminder og Oldsager. Copenhagen
1897.

In referring to the catalogue numbers of the chief museums of Norway I
have used the following abbreviations:
B. = Bergen Museum.
OC. = Kristiania Museum.
T. = Trondhjem Museum.

p D
yet y
(434 y
å I 5

0 å 3
X o
7
å Å :
K , FG , B
I 1)
p
7
-
på
3
N
r
Å
3 t
SE
I
ee
v
- %
å
- 2 5 £
8 - 3
c E 5
E NG
2 RS
i N
E 3 EG
Å = 2
»
Ger - vi
Så %
3 E
i ,
z AN
pr N ,
- N I)
I
-
i is i
i 5 ø
I 3
Å
3 s

3

nn

|
|

This book should be returned
to the Library on or before the

last date stamped below.
Please return promptly.

pen ADR ar: 95 pe
past 0

Erin Hj Pk

Ep

der å pr 3 meg 4
i =p a per
over 3 54 bon Øie ASA)

NE NE i in tren NE ve "rer ig

rd:
= dpi

Erter pl
mg 2 gg tp Np

pr
Vatn den

Fn 5 Mr
EE

ha bk
en ere
SE ET ea si —- e
pr ea ri råskap einar i ed